text:
2 Esdras
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Apocalyptic appendix to Vulgate (70-218 CE)
For other biblical books called "Esdras", see Esdras.
Illustration of the triple-headed eagle from Ezra's vision (head-piece from Bowyer Bible, Apocrypha, 1815).
Tanakh (Judaism)
Torah (Instruction)[show]
Genesis
Bereishit
Exodus
Shemot
Leviticus
Wayiqra
Numbers
Bemidbar
Deuteronomy
Devarim
Nevi'im (Prophets)[show]
Former
Joshua
Yehoshua
Judges
Shofetim
Samuel
Shemuel
Kings
Melakhim
Latter
Isaiah
Yeshayahu
Jeremiah
Yirmeyahu
Ezekiel
Yekhezqel
Minor
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Ketuvim (Writings)[show]
Poetic
Psalms
Tehillim
Proverbs
Mishlei
Job
Iyov
Five Megillot (Scrolls)
Song of Songs
Shir Hashirim
Ruth
Rut
Lamentations
Eikhah
Ecclesiastes
Qoheleth
Esther
Ester
Historical
Daniel
Daniyyel
Ezra–Nehemiah
Ezra
Chronicles
Divre Hayyamim
Old Testament (Christianity)
Pentateuch[show]
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Historical[show]
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1 and 2 Samuel
1 and 2 Kings
1 and 2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Wisdom[show]
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song of Songs
Prophetic[show]
Major prophets
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Minor prophets
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Deuterocanonical[hide]
Tobit
Judith
Additions to Esther
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Wisdom of Solomon
Sirach
Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah
Additions to Daniel
Orthodox only
1 Esdras
2 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm 151
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees
Odes
Orthodox Tewahedo
1 Enoch
Jubilees
1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
Paralipomena of Baruch
Broader canon
Bible portal
v
t
e
Christian eschatology
Eschatological views
Contrasting beliefs[show]
Historicism (Interpretations of Revelation)
Futurism
Preterism
Idealism
Dispensationalism
The Millennium[show]
Amillennialism
Postmillennialism
Premillennialism
Prewrath Rapture
Posttribulation Rapture
Dispensationalism
Biblical texts[show]
Daniel
Seventy Weeks
Synoptic Gospels
Olivet Discourse
Mark 13
Matthew 24
Sheep and Goats
Pauline Epistles
2 Thessalonians
Johannine literature
Revelation (Events)
Pseudepigrapha[show]
1 Enoch
2 Esdras
Key terms[show]
Abomination of desolation
Antichrist
Armageddon
The Beast
False prophet
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Gog and Magog
Great Apostasy
Great Tribulation
Katechon
Kingdom of God
Lake of fire
Last Judgment
Man of sin
New Heaven and New Earth
New Jerusalem
Number of the Beast
Rapture
Resurrection of the dead
Second Coming
Seven bowls
Seven seals
Son of perdition
Two witnesses
War in Heaven
Whore of Babylon
World to come
Christianity portal
v
t
e
2 Esdras (also called 4 Esdras, Latin Esdras, or Latin Ezra) is the name of an apocalyptic book in many English versions of the Bible[1] (see Naming conventions below).[2][3] Its authorship is ascribed to Ezra, a scribe and priest of the 5th century BCE, although modern scholarsip places its composition between 70 and 218 CE.[4]:37 It is reckoned among the apocrypha by Roman Catholics, Protestants, and most Eastern Orthodox Christians.[5] Although Second Esdras was preserved in Latin as an appendix to the Vulgate and passed down as a unified book, it is generally considered to be a tripartite work.
Contents
1 Naming conventions
2 Contents
2.1 5 Ezra
2.2 4 Ezra
2.3 6 Ezra
3 Author and criticism
4 Usage
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Naming conventions[edit]
Main article: Esdras § Naming conventions
As with 1 Esdras, there is some confusion about the numbering of this book. The Vulgate of Jerome includes only a single book of Ezra, but in the Clementine Vulgate 1, 2, 3 and 4 Esdras are separate books. Protestant writers, after the Geneva Bible, called 1 and 2 Esdras of the Vulgate Ezra and Nehemiah, and called 3 and 4 Esdras of the Vulgate 1 and 2 Esdras, which became common in English Bibles.[6]
Ambrose refers to this book as 'Third Esdras', as likely too did Jerome. Medieval Latin manuscripts denoted it 4 Esdras, which to this day is the name used for it in modern critical editions,[7][8] which are typically in Latin, the language of its most complete exemplars.[9]
It appears in the Appendix to the Old Testament in the Slavonic Bible, where it is called 3 Esdras, and the Georgian Orthodox Bible numbers it 3 Ezra. This text is sometimes also known as Apocalypse of Ezra (chapters 3–14 known as the Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra or 4 Ezra, chapters 1–2 as 5 Ezra, and chapters 15–16 as 6 Ezra).
Contents[edit]
5 Ezra[edit]
The first two chapters of 2 Esdras are found only in the Latin version of the book, and are called 5 Ezra by scholars.[10] They are considered by most scholars to be Christian in origin; they assert God's rejection of the Jews and describe a vision of the Son of God. These are generally considered to be late additions (possibly third century) to the work.
4 Ezra[edit]
Chapters 3–14, or the great bulk of 2 Esdras, is a Jewish apocalypse also sometimes known as 4 Ezra,[10] or the Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra.[11] The latter name should not be confused with a later work called the Greek Apocalypse of Ezra.
The Ethiopian Church considers 4 Ezra to be canonical, written during the Babylonian captivity, and calls it Izra Sutuel (ዕዝራ ሱቱኤል). It was also often cited by the Fathers of the Church. In the Eastern Armenian tradition it is called 3 Ezra. It is conjectured by Protestant scholars to have been written in the late 1st century CE following the destruction of the Second Temple.[11]
Among Greek Fathers of the Church, 4 Ezra is generally cited as Προφήτης Ἔσδρας Prophetes Esdras ("The Prophet Ezra") or Ἀποκάλυψις Ἔσδρα Apokalupsis Esdra ("Apocalypse of Ezra"). Wellhausen, Charles, and Gunkel[citation needed] have shown that the original composition was in Hebrew, which was translated into Greek, and then to Latin, Armenian, Ethiopian and Georgian, but the Hebrew and Greek editions have been lost.
Slightly differing Latin, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic, Georgian, and Armenian translations have survived; the Greek version can be reconstructed (without absolute certainty, of course) from these different translations, while the Hebrew text remains a bit more elusive.
4 Ezra consists of seven visions of Ezra the scribe. The first vision takes place as Ezra is still in Babylon. He asks God how Israel can be kept in misery if God is just. The archangel Uriel is sent to answer the question, responding that God's ways cannot be understood by the human mind. Soon, however, the end would come, and God's justice would be made manifest. Similarly, in the second vision, Ezra asks why Israel was delivered up to the Babylonians, and is again told that man cannot understand this and that the end is near. In the third vision Ezra asks why Israel does not possess the world. Uriel responds that the current state is a period of transition. Here follows a description of the fate of evil-doers and the righteous. Ezra asks whether the righteous may intercede for the unrighteous on Judgment Day, but is told that "Judgment Day is final".[12]
The next three visions are more symbolic in nature. The fourth is of a woman mourning for her only son, who is transformed into a city when she hears of the desolation of Zion. Uriel says that the woman is a symbol of Zion. The fifth vision concerns an eagle with three heads and twenty wings (twelve large wings and eight smaller wings "over against them"). The eagle is rebuked by a lion and then burned. The explanation of this vision is that the eagle refers to the fourth kingdom of the vision of Daniel, with the wings and heads as rulers. The final scene is the triumph of the Messiah over the empire. The sixth vision is of a man, representing the Messiah, who breathes fire on a crowd that is attacking him. This man then turns to another peaceful multitude, which accepts him.
Ezra produces the ninety-four books (Codex Amiatinus, 8th century)
Finally, there is a vision of the restoration of scripture. God appears to Ezra in a bush and commands him to restore the Law. Ezra gathers five scribes and begins to dictate. After forty days, he has produced ninety-four books: the twenty-four books of the Tanakh and seventy secret works:
Make public the twenty-four books that you wrote first, and let the worthy and the unworthy read them; but keep the seventy that were written last, in order to give them to the wise among your people." (2 Esdras 14:45–46 RSV; 4 Ezra 12:45–46)
The "seventy" might refer to the Septuagint, most of the apocrypha, or the Lost Books that are described in the Bible.
Most Latin editions of the text have a large lacuna[13] of seventy verses between 7:35 and 7:36 that is missing due to the fact that they trace their common origin to one early manuscript, Codex Sangermanensis I, which was missing an entire page. In 1895 Robert Lubbock Bensly and James published a critical edition restoring the lost verses; it is this edition that is used in the Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate. The restored verses are numbered 7:35 to 7:105, with the former verses 7:36–7:70 renumbered to 7:106–7:140.[14] For more information, see the article Codex Sangermanensis I.
Second Esdras turns around a radical spiritual conversion of Ezra in a vision, where he stops to comfort a sobbing woman who turns instantly into a great city (2 Esd. 10:25–27). On this pivotal event, one scholar writes that Ezra
is badly frightened, he loses consciousness and calls for his angelic guide. The experience described is unique not just in 4 Ezra but in the whole Jewish apocalyptic literature. Its intensity complements the pressure of unrelieved stress evident in the first part of the vision, and it resembles the major orientation of personality usually connected with religious conversion.[4]:31
The following verses (10:28–59) reveal that Ezra had a vision of the heavenly Jerusalem, the true city of Zion, which the angel of the Lord invites him to explore. As the angel tells Ezra at the end of Chapter 10 in the Authorised Version:
And therefore fear not,
let not thine heart be affrighted,
but go thy way in,
and see the beauty and greatness of the building,
as much as thine eyes be able to see;
and then shalt thou hear as much as thine ears may comprehend.
For thou art blessed above many other
and art called with the Highest and so are but few.
But tomorrow at night thou shalt remain here and so shall the Highest show thee visions of the high things which the Most High will do unto them that dwell upon earth in the last days. So I slept that night and another like as he commanded me (2 Esd. 10:55–59).
6 Ezra[edit]
The last two chapters, also called 6 Ezra by scholars,[10] and found in the Latin, but not in the Eastern texts, predict wars and rebuke sinners. Many assume that they probably date from a much later period (perhaps late third century) and may be Christian in origin; it is possible, though not certain, that they were added at the same time as the first two chapters of the Latin version. It is possible that they are Jewish in origin, however; 15:57–59 have been found in Greek, which most scholars agree was translated from a Hebrew original.
Author and criticism[edit]
The main body of the book appears to be written for consolation in a period of great distress (one scholarly hypothesis is that it dates to Titus' destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE).[15] The author seeks answers, similar to Job's quest for understanding the meaning of suffering, but the author doesn't like or desire only the answer that was given to Job.
Critics question whether even the main body of the book, not counting the chapters that exist only in the Latin version and in Greek fragments, has a single author. Kalisch, De Faye, and Charles hold that no fewer than five people worked on the text. However, Gunkel points to the unity in character and holds that the book is written by a single author; it has also been suggested that the author of II Esdras wrote the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch.[15] In any case, the two texts may date from about the same time, and one almost certainly depends on the other.[15]
Critics have widely debated the origin of the book. Hidden under two layers of translation it is impossible to determine if the author was Roman, Alexandrian, or Palestinian.
The scholarly interpretation of the eagle being the Roman Empire (the eagle in the fifth vision, whose heads might be Vespasian, Titus and Domitian if such is the case) and the destruction of the temple would indicate that the probable date of composition lies toward the end of the first century, perhaps 90–96, though some suggest a date as late as 218.[15]
Usage[edit]
The book is considered one of the gems of Jewish apocalyptic literature. Except for the Orthodox Slavonic Bible (Ostrog Bible, Elizabeth Bible, and later consequently Russian Synodal Bible), it was not received into European Christian canons. The chapters corresponding to 4 Ezra, i.e. 2 Esdras 3–14, make up the Book of II Izra, aka Izra Sutuel, canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; it was also widely cited by early Fathers of the Church, particularly Ambrose of Milan. It may also be found in many larger English Bibles included as part of the Biblical Apocrypha, as they exist in the King James version, the Revised Standard Version, and the earliest editions of the Catholic Douay-Rheims Bible, among others.[1]
The introitus of the traditional Requiem Mass of the Extraordinary Form of the 1962 Missal in the Catholic Church is loosely based on 2:34–35: "Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them." Several other liturgical prayers are taken from the book. The same chapter, verses 36 and 37, is cited in the Introit of Pentecost Tuesday, “Accipite jucunditatem gloriae vestrae, alleluia: gratias agentes Deo, alleluia: qui vos ad caelestia regna vocavit, alleluia, alleluia, alleluia. Ps. 77 Attendite, popule meus, legem meam: inclinate aurem vestram in verba oris mei. Gloria Patri. Accipite. – Receive the delight of your glory, alleluia, giving thanks to God, alleluia, Who hath called ye to the heavenly kingdoms, alleluia, alleluia, alleluia. Psalm 77 Attend, O my people, to my law: incline your ears to the words of my mouth. Glory be. Receive.”[16] Jerome states that it is apocryphal along with 3 Esdras.[17]. Clement VIII placed it in an appendix to the Vulgate with other apocrypha, "lest they perish entirely".[18]
Christopher Columbus quoted verse 6:42, which describes the Earth as being created with 6 parts land and 1 part water, in his appeal to the Catholic Monarchs for financial support for his first voyage of exploration.[19]
See also[edit]
Esdras
1 Esdras
Ostrog Bible
Vision of Ezra
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Including the KJB, RSV, NRSV, NEB, REB, and GNB
Jump up ^ NETBible, Apocalyptic Esdras Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 4 Ezra is the title used in modern English translations as in Charlesworth's (ISBN 978-0-385-09630-0). See also bibliography there.
^ Jump up to: a b Stone, Michael Edward (1990). Fourth Ezra; A Commentary on the Book of Fourth Ezra. Hermeneia. Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-6026-9.
Jump up ^ For example, it is listed with the apocrypha in the Anglican Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion.
Jump up ^ "Esdras." Catholic Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ Bensley, R. The Fourth Book of Ezra, the Latin Edition edited form the MSS Cambridge 1895
Jump up ^ Metzger, the Fourth Book of Ezra in J. Charlesworth the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha vol 1 pag 517ss
Jump up ^ See for example the article Esdras in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia
^ Jump up to: a b c See for example B. M. Metzger, "The Fourth Book of Ezra", in Charlesworth, James H. (ed.) The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol 1 (1983). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. p. 517. ISBN 978-0-385-09630-0
^ Jump up to: a b Theodore A. Bergren (2010). Michael D. Coogan, ed. The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha: New Revised Standard Version. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 317–318. ISBN 9780195289619.
Jump up ^ 2 Esd 7:102–104, GNB
Jump up ^ Article from Early Jewish Writings
Jump up ^ Biblia Sacra Vulgata, 4th edition, 1994, ISBN 3-438-05303-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jewish Encyclopedia article
Jump up ^ Actual Apocrypha in the Liturgy.
Jump up ^ "St. Jerome, The Prologue on the Book of Ezra: English translation".
Jump up ^ Clementine Vulgate, Note to the Appendix
Jump up ^ Longenecker, Bruce W. (1995). Two Esdras. A&C Black. p. 112. ISBN 9781850757269.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The King James Version of 2 Esdras
Holy Bible, Douay-Rheims Version, O.T. Part 2 at Project Gutenberg. (See in the appendix: The Fovrth Booke of Esdras in a 1610 translation. Also included is Robert Lubbock Bensly's 1874 translation of a "rediscovered" 70-verse fragment (7:36–105) on a page that was omitted from the 1610 translation, though present in all earlier versions.)
Revised Standard Version (includes the missing page with 7:36–105)
2 Esdras at earlyjewishwritings.com
Latin text of 2 (4) Esdras
World Wide Study Bible: 2 Esdras
Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras: The Books of Esdras: IV Esdras
Jewish Encyclopedia: Esdras, Books of: II Esdras
"Ezra, Fourth Book of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
2 Esdras 1—NRSV
King James version of 2 Esdras.
Ezra/Esdras Chart
2 Ezra: 2012 Critical Translation with Audio Drama at biblicalaudio
hide
v
t
e
Books of the Bible
Principal
divisions
Hebrew Bible/
Old Testament Protocanon
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1–2 Samuel
1–2 Kings
1–2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Deuterocanon
and Apocrypha
Catholic
Orthodox
Tobit
Judith
Additions to Esther
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Wisdom
Sirach
Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah
Additions to Daniel
Susanna
Song of the Three Children
Bel and the Dragon
Orthodox only
1 Esdras
2 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm 151
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees
Odes
Tewahedo Orthodox
Enoch
Jubilees
1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
Paralipomena of Baruch
Broader canon
Syriac
Letter of Baruch
Psalms 152–155
New Testament
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Romans
1 Corinthians
2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
1 Thessalonians
2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy
2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
1 Peter
2 Peter
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Revelation
Subdivisions
Chapters and verses
Pentateuch
Wisdom
Major prophets / Minor prophets
Gospels
Synoptic
Epistles
Pauline
Johannine
Pastoral
Catholic
Apocalyptic literature
Development
Old Testament canon
New Testament canon
Antilegomena
Jewish canon
Christian canon
Manuscripts
Dead Sea Scrolls
Samaritan Pentateuch
Septuagint
Targum
Diatessaron
Muratorian fragment
Peshitta
Vetus Latina
Masoretic Text
New Testament manuscript categories
New Testament papyri
New Testament uncials
See also
Biblical canon
Luther's canon
Authorship
English Bible translations
Other books referenced in the Bible
Pseudepigrapha
list
New Testament apocrypha
Studies
Synod of Hippo
Textual criticism
Category
Portal
WikiProject
Book
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
SELIBR: 268804
VIAF: 185886917
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2_Esdras&oldid=856198536"
Categories:
1st-century books
3rd-century books
3rd-century Christian texts
Old Testament apocrypha
Christian apocalyptic writings
Jewish eschatology
Works of unknown authorship
Texts in the Septuagint
1st-century Christian texts
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles with short description
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014
Articles with Project Gutenberg links
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
አማርኛ
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Français
Frysk
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Magyar
Malagasy
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Suomi
Українська
اردو
Walon
中文
18 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 August 2018, at 15:13 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Bowyer_Bible
mw-redirect
Bowyer Bible

value: i

values: Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex

value: td

values: width:22em;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: width:22em;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;

values: width:22em;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); display: none;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;

values:
/wiki/Wisdom_books
mw-redirect
Wisdom books

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;line-height:1.4em;

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;border:none

values: Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values:
/wiki/New_Heaven_and_New_Earth
mw-redirect
New Heaven and New Earth

values:
/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Bible
mw-redirect
English translations of the Bible

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic Church

values:
/wiki/Orthodox_Church
mw-redirect
Orthodox Church

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/The_Vulgate
mw-redirect
The Vulgate

values:
/wiki/Slavonic_Bible
mw-redirect
Slavonic Bible

values:
/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox
mw-redirect
Georgian Orthodox

values:
/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox
mw-redirect
Ethiopian Orthodox

values:
/wiki/Second_Temple_of_Jerusalem
mw-redirect
Second Temple of Jerusalem

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values:
/wiki/Judgment_Day
mw-redirect
Judgment Day

values: Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible

values:
/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)
mw-redirect
Born again (Christianity)

values:
/wiki/Authorised_Version
mw-redirect
Authorised Version

values:
/wiki/Job_(Biblical_figure)
mw-redirect
Job (Biblical figure)

values:
/wiki/Syriac_Apocalypse_of_Baruch
mw-redirect
Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch

values:
/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church
mw-redirect
Ethiopian Orthodox Church

values:
/wiki/Ambrose_of_Milan
mw-redirect
Ambrose of Milan

values:
/wiki/Biblical_Apocrypha
mw-redirect
Biblical Apocrypha

values:
/wiki/Douay-Rheims_Bible
mw-redirect
Douay-Rheims Bible

values:
/wiki/Traditional_Requiem_Mass
mw-redirect
Traditional Requiem Mass

values:
/wiki/Clement_VIII
mw-redirect
Clement VIII

values:
/wiki/King_James_Bible
mw-redirect
King James Bible

values:
/wiki/Fortress_Press
mw-redirect
Fortress Press

values:
/wiki/39_Articles
mw-redirect
39 Articles

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ezra, Fourth Book of

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bombaxo.com/ezrachart.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.biblicalaudio.com/ezra2.htm

values: The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children

values: Development of the Christian biblical canon

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/268804

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/185886917

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014

values: Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/2_Esdras
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=2_Esdras&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: መጽሐፈ ዕዝራ ሱቱኤል – Amharic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Esdras
2 Esdras – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: חזון עזרא – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Esdras
II Esdras – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Третья книга Ездры – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Третя книга Ездри – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 2 ایسدرس – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values: 以斯拉續篇下卷 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-2_Esdras rootpage-2_Esdras skin-vector action-view


text:
99-yard pass play
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A 99-yard pass play is the longest play involving a forward pass that is possible in an American professional football game, and gains 99 yards for the offensive team.
Contents
[hide]
1 Details
2 Occurrences in the NFL
3 See also
4 References
Details[edit]
Specifically, a 99-yard pass play starts with the line of scrimmage at the offensive team's one-yard line, the quarterback receives the ball and passes it from his own end zone, completes a forward pass, which is then carried for a touchdown at the other end of the field. Since in American football a forward pass is measured by the number of yards gained in the play, a 99-yard pass play can also be referred to as a 99-yard pass, even though the actual pass was much shorter than 99 yards. In addition to 99-yard pass plays, there has been one NFL 99-yard running play, by Tony Dorsett.
This play is a high-risk play, since the pass is coming from the offensive team's end zone. If the ball is intercepted, the opposing team will either score a touchdown or have very good field position and a sack can result in a safety or even a touchdown for the defense. A safety can also occur if a holding or intentional grounding penalty occurs in the end zone.
Occurrences in the NFL[edit]
Thirteen 99-yard pass plays have occurred in the history of the National Football League:
From
To
Team
Opponent
Game result
Date
Details
Frank Filchock Andy Farkas Washington Redskins v. Pittsburgh Pirates W 44–14 October 15, 1939 "Filchock flipped a pass from the end zone to Farkas, who gathered it on the ten for a stirring 90 yard jaunt to the goal behind perfect blocking by his mates."[1]
George Izo Bobby Mitchell Washington Redskins at Cleveland Browns L 37–14 September 15, 1963[2] "Izo had faded into the end zone and fired high and long. Mitchell ... caught the ball around midfield and scampered untouched for a touchdown."[3]
Karl Sweetan Pat Studstill Detroit Lions at Baltimore Colts L 45–14 October 16, 1966 "Studstill ... gathered in the pass at the Lion 45 on a dead run and raced on to pay dirt."[4]
Sonny Jurgensen Jerry Allen Washington Redskins at Chicago Bears W 38–28 September 15, 1968 Allen caught the ball at the Washington 35 and ran the remaining 65 yards[2][5]
Jim Plunkett Cliff Branch Los Angeles Raiders at Washington Redskins L 37–35 October 2, 1983 Branch caught the ball at the Raiders' 35 and ran the remaining 64 yards for the score.[6]
Ron Jaworski Mike Quick Philadelphia Eagles v. Atlanta Falcons W 23–17 (OT) November 10, 1985 "Jaworski hit Quick ...at about the 20. Quick ran the 80 yards for the score."[7]
Stan Humphries Tony Martin San Diego Chargers at Seattle Seahawks W 24–10 September 18, 1994 Martin caught the ball at the 35, and with Patrick Hunter pursuing him, ran the remaining 65 yards to score.[8]
Brett Favre Robert Brooks Green Bay Packers at Chicago Bears W 27–24 September 11, 1995 On Monday Night, Favre pump-faked a quick post pattern to Robert Brooks, who then ran an up-route that left Donnell Woolford in the dust. Brooks caught the ball at the Green Bay 32 and ran the remaining 68 yards untouched for the TD to put the Packers up 21–0 in the second quarter.
Trent Green Marc Boerigter Kansas City Chiefs v. San Diego Chargers W 24–22 December 22, 2002 Green took the snap and retreated deep into the Chiefs' end zone, then stepped up and heaved the ball toward Boerigter, a rookie receiver who was streaking down the middle. Boerigter took the ball in perfect stride at the Kansas City 40 and outran Rogers Beckett the remaining 60 yards.[9]
Jeff Garcia André Davis Cleveland Browns v. Cincinnati Bengals W 34–17 October 17, 2004 Davis was near the Browns' 40-yard line when he caught the pass from Garcia.[10][11]
Gus Frerotte Bernard Berrian Minnesota Vikings v. Chicago Bears W 34–14 November 30, 2008 Berrian caught the ball at the Vikings' 46 and ran the remaining 54 yards to score.
Tom Brady Wes Welker New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins W 38–24 September 12, 2011 Brady lofted a pass to Welker at the 17 from 7 yards deep in the end zone. Welker then stiff-armed defender Benny Sapp on his 83-yard sprint into the end zone.[12]
Eli Manning Victor Cruz New York Giants at New York Jets W 29–14 December 24, 2011 Manning threw a pass to Cruz at the 11, which was followed by Cruz avoiding 3 tackles while running down the right sideline to score a touchdown.[13]
See also[edit]
List of National Football League records (individual)
NFL team records
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Skins Strike Through Air to Defeat Pirates", Frederick (Maryland) Post, October 16, 1939, p3
^ Jump up to: a b Macrevace, Phillip (2007). The Redskins Encyclopedia. Temple University Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-1-59213-542-4.
Jump up ^ AP report, in the Lima (O.) News, September 16, 1963, p15
Jump up ^ AP report, "Unitas Sparkles as Colts Crush Detroit Lions 45–14", Ironwood (Mich.) Daily Globe, October 17, 1966, p8
Jump up ^ (UPI report) "Redskins Defeat Bears Behind Jurgensen 38–28, Cumberland (Maryland) News, September 16, 1968, p5
Jump up ^ AP report, "'Skins win over Raiders like another Super Bowl", Frederick (Maryland) News-Post, October 3, 1983, pD-1
Jump up ^ Sheridan, Phil (November 11, 1985). "Eagles survive against Falcons in overtime-Quick and Jaworski team up on 99-yard touchdown pass". Newspaperarchive.com (subscription). The Daily Intelligencer, Doylestown, Pennsylvania. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Rick Telander, "A Means Machine", Sports Illustrated, September 26, 1994, p50
Jump up ^ "Chiefs Chargers Matchup Through the Years". National Football League. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Dulik, Brian (October 18, 2004). "Two backs, one big result". Newspaperarchive.com (subscription). Chronicle Telegram, Elyria, Ohio. p. 25.
Jump up ^ Davis, Nate (September 13, 2011). "Brady, Welker get kick out of 99-yard touchdown". USA Today. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ehalt, Matt (December 24, 2011). "Cruz changes game with 99-yard touchdown". ESPN. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
Additional sources
NFL individual passing records
NFL individual receiving records
[hide]
v
t
e
National Football League records and leaders
General
Super Bowl records
Team playoff records
Team records
Individual records
Games played
Consecutive games and starts
99-yard pass play
All-purpose yards
Scoring
Passing
Career
Touchdowns
Regular season
Playoffs
Yards
5,000 passing yards
Completions
Passer rating
Wins
Playoff win–loss records
Consecutive starts
Consecutive games with a TD pass
Annual
Touchdowns
Yards
Completion percentage
Rating
Game
Touchdowns
Perfect passer rating
400 passing yards
Rushing
Career
Touchdowns
Yards
Attempts
Annual
Touchdowns
Yards
2,000-yard club
1,000-yard duos
Receiving
Career
Touchdowns
Yards
Receptions
Annual
Touchdowns
Yards
Receptions
Defense
Career
Sacks
Interceptions
Annual
Sacks
Interceptions
Special teams
Annual
Punting yards
Punt return yards
Kickoff return yards
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=99-yard_pass_play&oldid=805485252"
Categories:
American football records and statistics
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from March 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 15 October 2017, at 18:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: href title

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: span

attrs: class dir xml:lang

values: toctitle ltr en

value: li

values: Safety (American and Canadian football score)

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Baltimore_Colts
mw-redirect
Baltimore Colts

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles_Raiders
mw-redirect
Los Angeles Raiders

values:
/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers
mw-redirect
San Diego Chargers

values: List of career achievements by Brett Favre

values:
/wiki/NFL_Records_(Team)
mw-redirect
NFL Records (Team)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of National Football League records (team)

values: List of most consecutive starts and games played by National Football League players

values: List of National Football League all-purpose yards leaders

values:
/wiki/NFL_career_scoring_leaders
mw-redirect
NFL career scoring leaders

values: List of National Football League career passing touchdowns leaders

values: List of National Football League playoffs career passing touchdowns leaders

values: List of National Football League career passing yards leaders

values: List of NFL quarterbacks with 5,000 passing yards in a season

values: List of National Football League career passing completions leaders

values: List of National Football League career passer rating leaders

values: List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders

values: NFL starting quarterback playoff records

values: List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback

values: List of most consecutive games with touchdown passes in the National Football League

values: List of National Football League annual passing touchdowns leaders

values: List of National Football League annual passing yards leaders

values: List of National Football League annual pass completion percentage leaders

values: List of National Football League annual passer rating leaders

values: List of NFL quarterbacks with seven touchdown passes in a game

values: List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating

values: List of 400-yard passing games in the National Football League

values: List of National Football League career rushing touchdowns leaders

values: List of National Football League career rushing yards leaders

values: List of National Football League career rushing attempts leaders

values: List of National Football League annual rushing touchdowns leaders

values: List of National Football League rushing champions

values: List of National Football League career receiving touchdowns leaders

values: List of National Football League career receiving yards leaders

values: List of National Football League career receptions leaders

values: List of National Football League annual receiving touchdowns leaders

values: List of National Football League annual receiving yards leaders

values: List of National Football League annual receptions leaders

values: List of National Football League career sacks leaders

values: List of National Football League career interceptions leaders

values: List of National Football League annual sacks leaders

values: List of National Football League annual interceptions leaders

values: List of National Football League annual punting yards leaders

values: List of National Football League annual punt return yards leaders

values: List of National Football League annual kickoff return yards leaders

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:American football records and statistics

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/99-yard_pass_play
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-99-yard_pass_play rootpage-99-yard_pass_play skin-vector action-view


text:
Britain Yearly Meeting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain
Classification
Protestant
Orientation
Quaker
Associations
Friends World Committee for Consultation
Region
England, Scotland, Wales,
Channel Islands, Isle of Man
Founder
George Fox
Born in Fenny Drayton (Drayton-in-the-Clay, at the time)
Origin
1652
Pendle Hill, Lancashire
(See History of the Quakers)
Separated from
Church of England
Congregations
474 (as of 2017)[1]
Members
22,641 members and attenders (as of 2017)[1]
Hospitals
1
Aid organization
Quaker Peace and Social Witness
Secondary schools
9 [2]
Other name(s)
Britain Yearly Meeting (since 1995)
London Yearly Meeting (until 1995) Quakers in Britain
Official website
www.quaker.org.uk
The Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain, also known as the Britain Yearly Meeting (and, until 1995, the London Yearly Meeting), is a Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in England, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. It is the national organisation of Quakers living in Britain. Britain Yearly Meeting refers to both the religious gathering and the organisation. "Yearly Meeting" is usually the name given to the annual gathering of British Quakers. Quakers in Britain is the name the organization is commonly known by.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 First Quaker meetings in Britain (1654–1672)
1.2 Seventeenth century
1.2.1 Establishment of Yearly Meetings (1672)
1.2.2 The end of official persecution in England (1689)
1.3 Eighteenth century
1.3.1 Yearly Meeting for Women (1784–1907)
1.4 Nineteenth century
1.4.1 Fritchley General Meeting (1868)
1.5 Twentieth century
1.5.1 Meetings outside London
2 Organisational structure
2.1 Central committees
2.1.1 Meeting for Sufferings
2.1.2 Committees
3 Yearly meeting
3.1 Events for young Quakers
3.1.1 Under 19s Programme
3.1.2 Junior Yearly Meeting
3.1.3 Transition Group
4 Relationship with international Friends
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
First Quaker meetings in Britain (1654–1672)[edit]
Britain Yearly Meeting, which until 1995 was known as London Yearly Meeting, grew out of various national and regional meetings of Friends in the 1650s and 1660s and has met annually in some form since 1668. The first meeting of Friends from different parts of Britain to be organised was at Balby in Yorkshire in 1656. This consisted of representatives from each Church in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire "to consider of such things as might (in the Truth's behalf) be propounded unto them; and to enquire into the cause and matter of disorder, if any be."[3] The Quaker book of discipline, Quaker Faith and Practice:
We may think of that at Swannington in 1654 or Balby in 1656 (the postscript to whose lengthy letter of counsel is so much better known than the letter itself) or Skipton the same year, or the general meeting for the whole nation held at Beckerings Park, the Bedfordshire home of John Crook, for three days in May 1658, and attended by several thousand Friends. This in some ways might be considered the first Yearly Meeting were it not for the fact that the 1660s, through persecution and pestilence, saw breaks in annual continuity. The meeting in May 1668 was followed by one at Christmastime, which lasted into 1669, since when the series has been unbroken. It is 1668, therefore, that we have traditionally chosen as the date of establishment of London Yearly Meeting. But many (though not all) of the meetings up to 1677 were select, that is, confined to "publick" (or ministering) Friends: from 1678 they were representative rather than select in character.[4]
Seventeenth century[edit]
Establishment of Yearly Meetings (1672)[edit]
In 1660 was a meeting which was attended by representatives from Friends from the whole of Britain. At this meeting it was decided that an annual "General Assembly of the Brethren" be held in London annually, the first being held in Fifth Month (May) 1661. For various reasons, this meeting was not held every year, although there has been a national annual meeting of some sort in Britain every year since 1668.[3]
At the "General Meeting of Friends for the Nation" in 1672, it was decided that there would be a:
Generall Meeting of friends held in London once a yeare in the week called Whisun week to consist of six friends for the Citty of London, three for the Citty of Bristoll, two for the Towne of Cochester and one or two from each and every of the Counties of England and Wales respectively (sic)
Minutes are preserved from 1672 which record that this meeting was held in 1673, and from 1674–1677 consisted only of recorded ministers. The Yearly Meeting with representatives from each area as described above was restored in 1678, and has met on an annual basis every year since then.[3]
The end of official persecution in England (1689)[edit]
See also: History of the Quakers, Margaret Fell, and Francis Howgill
Under James II of England persecution practically ceased.[5] James issued a Declaration of Indulgence in 1687 and 1688, and it was widely held that William Penn had been its author.[6]
In 1689 the Toleration Act was passed. It allowed for freedom of conscience and prevented persecution by making it illegal to disturb anybody else from worship. Thus British Quakerism became tolerated though still not widely understood or accepted and were instead identified in English and Welsh law as a dissenting group.
From almost the very beginning of the movement in the middle seventeenth century, Quakers became notable in the popular imagination not merely for their radical religious ideas and seemingly peculiar social habits but also for their legendary willingness to be jailed or punished for their beliefs.[7]
Eighteenth century[edit]
During the first full century of Quakerism, Quakers underwent a transformation from enemies of the Church of England to quiet pursuit of inward faith. Responding to the struggles and persecution of the seventeenth century, Friends insisted on pursuing a practice of "peculiarity" to protect Quaker communities. This often meant that the business of monthly meetings was taken up with incidents of "outside marriage" and Friends who had chosen a path upon which to "walk disorderly".[8] Women were entitled to remain single or choose to defer marriage and according to James Jenkins' records of the time, Quakers recognised the presence of a "call" or "service in all"[9] that existed "beyond their function in family".[10] This parity of roles may have led to a higher rate of literacy for Quaker women than for women in Britain at large during the eighteenth century.[11] Employment and civil rights were a major Quaker concern during this period. John Bellers, a Fellow of the Royal Society and educational theorist called for "the rich to take care of the poor and their education" and in his 1714 text, About the Improvement of Physick advocated for a national system of hospitals to treat the poor and train doctors, a precursor to the National Health Service.[12]
Throughout the century there were a significant number of Quakers who travelled as missionaries to Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Quaker missionaries from England were supported spiritually, financially, and logistically by London Yearly Meeting. The Yearly Meeting "routinely funded"[13] transatlantic crossings for Quaker ministers to Pennsylvania. However, within British society this period is marked as an "inward" era – more commonly known as the Quietist period (a reference to early Christian Quietists).[14] Influenced by Quietists such as Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de la Motte-Guyon, Francois Fenelon, and Miguel de Molinos,[15] the spiritual practices of nonviolence and inward nourishment resonated with Quaker testimony and significant numbers of Friends adopted plain dress and a "concern against ostentation".[16]
Yearly Meeting for Women (1784–1907)[edit]
Participation in Yearly Meeting was originally limited to men but in 1784, the Yearly Meeting for Women was established, which corresponded with equivalent Yearly Meetings for Women abroad, and corresponded with the Monthly Meetings for Women and Quarterly Meetings for Women in Britain. In 1898, London Yearly Meeting produced a minute stating that:
in future, women Friends are to be recognized as forming a constituent part of all our Meetings for Church Affairs equally with their brethren
and since then women have had an equal right to attend London Yearly Meeting. The Yearly Meeting for Women was laid down in 1907.[3]
Nineteenth century[edit]
The actions of British Quakers in the nineteenth century can be characterised by political activism (political and philanthropic), social reform, and industry. The society underwent a number of changes and series of revisions to the Quietist method which ultimately led to the breakaway denominations of Hicksite, Gurneys, White Quakers, Waterites, and Fritchley General Meeting.[17] London Yearly Meeting in the nineteenth century was a central base for political activity, allowing individual Quakers to "distribute doctrine and ideas" supported by the centrally managed Yearly Meeting based at Devonshire House. A significant number of Quakers began to take seats in Parliament during the nineteenth century. Amongst them, Joseph Pease, John Bright, Fowell Buxton, John Ellis, Edmund Backhouse, and Charles Gilpin. Bright was a vocal opponent to the Crimean War, the Quaker peace testimony a central part of his pacifism and campaign, beginning a thirty-year tenure as the MP for Birmingham from 1857–1885. Fowell Buxton was a prolific campaigner for the abolition of slavery, founding the Anti-Slavery Society with Joseph Pease (younger) in 1823 and becoming leader of the abolition movement following William Wilberforce in 1825. Joseph Pease served as the president of the Peace Society for twelve years alongside the Quaker scientist and philanthropist William Allen.
In 1818 on capital punishment Yearly Meeting was not merely preoccupied with introspective consideration of the state of the Society: it sought to awaken the public conscience. A statement in 1856 on liberty of conscience was translated into half a dozen languages and taken by deputations of concerned Friends to ecclesiastics and statesmen from Madrid to St Petersburg.[4]
Fritchley General Meeting (1868)[edit]
Fritchley Meeting in Derbyshire split off from London Yearly Meeting in 1868 because they felt that London Yearly Meeting was becoming too evangelical in its outlook.[18] They also objected to Friends in London Yearly Meeting stopping the practices of plain speech and plain dress.[18] They therefore established Fritchley General Meeting as a self-proclaimed Yearly Meeting for Conservative Friends in Britain, which existed as a separate Yearly Meeting entirely independent of London Yearly Meeting, until 1968.[19] Friends from Bournbrook in Birmingham also joined with Fritchley Friends for a few years, before emigrating to Saskatchewan in Canada.[18] The separation was healed in 1968 with Fritchley Meeting rejoining London Yearly Meeting. Fritchley Quaker Meeting is now a full member of Britain Yearly Meeting, with a variety of theological outlooks amongst its membership.[20]
Twentieth century[edit]
Meetings outside London[edit]
In the twentieth century, Yearly Meetings started to be held outside London, namely in Leeds in 1905; in Birmingham in 1908; in Manchester in 1912; in Llandrindrod Wells in 1924; in Scarborough in 1925; in Manchester in 1926; in Bristol in 1937; In York in 1941 and in 1942. in Edinburgh in 1948. In 1945, London Yearly Meeting produced a minute stating that the Yearly Meeting should be held in Eighth Month (August) outside London every four years.[21] These four-yearly meetings, which have become known as "Residential Yearly Meetings" have been held in Exeter in 1986; in Aberdeen in 1989; in Coventry in 1993; in Aberystwyth in 1997; in Exeter in 2001; in York in 2005; in York again in 2009; and in Canterbury in 2011.
London Yearly Meeting in 1994 decided on a change of name to "The Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain" in 1994, with the short form being "Britain Yearly Meeting". This name change came into effect at the start of 1995.[22]
Organisational structure[edit]
Britain Yearly Meeting is the name used to refer to both the Yearly Meeting of Quakers and the central organisation of Quakers in Britain, based in Friends House, London. Britain Yearly Meeting is the national organisation of Quakers in Britain. Its membership consists of the members of all Area Quaker Meetings in England, Scotland, Wales, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands. Any member of Britain Yearly Meeting is entitled to attend the Yearly Meeting.
The national work of Quakers in Britain is undertaken by Meeting for Sufferings and four central standing committees. The committees are composed of representatives who correspond with Area Quaker Meetings throughout Britain. Similarly, Area Quaker Meetings are made up of representatives from Local Quaker Meetings, which cover smaller areas. This correspondence and representation means that Quakers in Britain can have unified response on major issues. The central work of Meeting for Sufferings and the standing committees is supported by the staff of Britain Yearly Meeting who work from London,(Friends House), Swarthmoor Hall, and Edinburgh, and Vibrancy teams whose work covers large areas of Britain.
Central committees[edit]
There are committees set up to deal with particular issues, including long running committees consisting of representatives from all over Britain: Meeting for Sufferings, Quaker Life and Quaker Peace and Social Witness.
Meeting for Sufferings[edit]
Meeting for Sufferings is a national representative committee which deals with decisions which need to be made on a national basis for the Yearly Meeting during the year whilst Yearly Meeting is not in session. It has two representatives from each Area Quaker Meeting in England, Wales, Scotland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The General Meeting for Scotland is a member of the ecumenical organisation Action of Churches Together in Scotland.[23]
Committees[edit]
Britain Yearly Meeting currently has four national committees who carry out work at a national level on behalf of Friends in Britain. Each have both representative committees of Friends appointed by Yearly Meeting to oversee the work, and a paid secretariat who carry out the day-to-day work of each department:
Quaker Life deals with the running of Quaker meetings within Britain, including outreach work within Britain, education and development for Quakers in Britain, activities for children and young people.
Quaker Peace and Social Witness deals with Quakers' peace and development work, both in Britain and overseas.
Quaker Communications deals with publications, advertising, advocacy, the organising of large Quaker events including Yearly Meeting, committee support, and meeting and donor relationships.
Quaker Committee on Christian and Interfaith Relations deals with relationships between Quakers and other Christian and faith groups.
Britain Yearly Meeting assembles and publishes British Friends' Book of Discipline, which since 1995 has been known as Quaker Faith and Practice.
Yearly meeting[edit]
Before 2009, three out of four yearly meetings of BYM were held at Friends House over one of the May bank holiday weekends, and once every four years a week-long Residential Meeting was held in the summer. In a change to this practice, the first Yearly Meeting Gathering (YMG) was held in York in 2009, with the 2010 Yearly Meeting being held at Friends House in London on May. The second YMG was held in Canterbury in 2011. A new three-year rotation has been extablished with Yearly Meetings being held two years running at Friends House, and the third year as a residential YMG.
All types of issues are discussed in the standard fashion of Quaker decision making. Among several lectures over the gathering, one of the highlights is known as the Swarthmore Lecture, relating to issues concerning Quakers. There is also an under 19's programme, with activities tailored to each age group.
Year
Date
Location
2005 30 July–6 August A residential Yearly Meeting held at the University of York.
2006 26–29 May YM 2006 took place at Friends House in London over the second May Bank Holiday in the UK
2007 4–7 May YM 2007 took place at Friends House in London over the first May Bank Holiday in the UK
2008 23–26 May YM 2008 took place at Friends House in London over the second May Bank Holiday in the UK
2009 25 July–1 August A residential Yearly Meeting Gathering was held at the University of York. For the first time this encompassed Junior Yearly Meeting (JYM) and merged both Yearly Meeting and the scheduled Summer Gathering into Yearly Meeting Gathering, a new biennial event.
2010 28–31 May YM 2010 took place at Friends House in London over the second May Bank Holiday in the UK
2011 30 July–6 August YMG 2011 took place in Canterbury.[24]
2012 25–28 May YM 2012 took place at Friends House in London.
2013 24–27 May YM 2013 took place at Friends House in London over the second May Bank Holiday in the UK
2014 2–9 August YMG 2014 took place at the University of Bath.
2015 1–4 May YM 2015 took place at Friends House in London.
2016 27–30 May YM 2016 took place at Friends House in London.[25]
2017 27 July–5 August YMG 2017 took place at the University of Warwick.
2018 4–7 May YMG 2018 will take place at Friends House.
Events for young Quakers[edit]
Under 19s Programme[edit]
The Under 19s Programme is held during the annual Britain Yearly Meeting and is attended by young Quakers aged 0 to 19, with appropriate age grouping (i.e. 0–3,...,15–18). The programme aims to provide young Friends with an insight to Quaker beliefs and values, as well as providing a safe environment for relationship building within the society.
Junior Yearly Meeting[edit]
Junior Yearly Meeting, commonly known as "JYM", is an event for young Quakers aged 15 to 18. The annual event is normally held around the Easter holidays at the Pioneer Centre in Kidderminster, and coincides biennially with Yearly Meeting Gathering in late July. It acts as a stepping stone for the transition from the Under 19s Programme into the Society of Friends.
Transition Group[edit]
The Transition Group is a fairly new programme for young Friends aged 19 to early twenties who would still like to attend yearly gatherings however do not feel ready for the full adult programme.
Relationship with international Friends[edit]
Britain Yearly Meeting participates in the international Religious Society of Friends through the Friends World Committee for Consultation. Quakers are a highly decentralized denomination with a great degree of diversity in beliefs and practices. The faith and practice of British meetings resembles that of the Ireland, Canada, Australia and US meetings affiliated with the Friends General Conference, and is characterized by unprogrammed worship and liberal to universalist theology.
See also[edit]
Book of Discipline
Friends House
George Fox
Junior Young Friends
List of Quakers
Margaret Fell
Meeting for Sufferings
Quaker Life
Quaker Peace and Social Witness
Swarthmoor Hall
Swarthmore Lecture
Young Friends General Meeting
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain. "Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain: Tabular statement".
Jump up ^ Friends' Schools' Council. "Quaker Schools".
^ Jump up to: a b c d London Yearly Meeting (1931). "1". Church Government. London: Friends Book Centre. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain (2014). Quaker Faith & Practice 6.01, Fifth edition
Jump up ^ "Society of Friends", Catholic Encyclopedia 1917
Jump up ^ Lodge, Richard The History of England – From the Restoration to the Death of William III 1660–1702 (1910). p. 268
Jump up ^ Landes, Jordan (2016) "The London Yearly Meeting and Quaker Administrative Innovation in an Atlantic Context'" in Gribben, C. et al. (2016) Puritans and Catholics in the Trans-Atlantic World 1600–1800, Springer, pp. 175-194, 176.
Jump up ^ Abbott, Margery Post, Historical Dictionary of the Friends (Quakers), p. 266.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, James (1735) The Records and Recollections of James Jenkins, quoted in Hobhouse, Stephen (1927) William Law and Eighteenth-Century Quakerism, London, 73.
Jump up ^ Larson, Rebecca (2000) Daughters of Light: Quaker Women Preaching and Prophesying in the Colonies and Abroad, UNC Press, p. 136.
Jump up ^ Larson, Rebecca (2000) Daughters of Light: Quaker Women Preaching and Prophesying in the Colonies and Abroad, UNC Press, p. 83.
Jump up ^ Bellers, John (1714) An Essay Towards the Improvement of Physick in Twelve Proposals, Sowle London, 22.
Jump up ^ Larson, Rebecca (2000) Daughters of Light: Quaker Women Preaching and Prophesying in the Colonies and Abroad, UNC Press, p. 101.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Thomas C. (2001) British Quakerism, 1860–1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community, Oxford University Press, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Abbott, Margery Post, Historical Dictionary of the Friends (Quakers), p. 290.
Jump up ^ Murray-Rust, David M. (1995) Quakers in Brief, Birkenhead Local Meeting, p. 23.
Jump up ^ Pink Dandelion, Ben (2007) An Introduction to Quakerism, Cambridge University Press,114.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pink Dandelion, Ben (2007). An Introduction to Quakerism. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84111-9.
Jump up ^ Paz, Denis (1995). Nineteenth century English religious traditions: retrospect and prospect. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-29476-3.
Jump up ^ Nottingham and Derbyshire Monthly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends. "Fritchley Quaker Meeting". Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
Jump up ^ London Yearly Meeting (1945). "Minute 17". Minutes of London Yearly Meeting.
Jump up ^ Britain Yearly Meeting (1995). "6.02". Quaker Faith and Practice. London: Britain Yearly Meeting.
Jump up ^ "General Meeting for Scotland | Quakers in Scotland". www.quakerscotland.org. Retrieved 2016-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Yearly Meeting Dates". Quakers in Britain. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Yearly Meeting". Quakers. Retrieved 2016-06-25.
External links[edit]
Britain Yearly Meeting (Official Website)
Pentecostal Unprogrammed Quakers
Quaker Faith and Practice (Online)
Coordinates: 54°11′11″N 3°06′07″W / 54.1864°N 3.1019°W / 54.1864; -3.1019
[hide]
v
t
e
Quakers
Individuals
Susan B. Anthony
Robert Barclay
Anthony Benezet
Kenneth E. Boulding
Howard Brinton
John Cadbury
Levi Coffin
Judi Dench
Margaret Fell
George Fox
Elizabeth Fry
Edward Hicks
Elias Hicks
Herbert Hoover
Rufus Jones
Thomas R. Kelly
Benjamin Lay
Dave Matthews
Lucretia Mott
James Nayler
Richard Nixon
Parker Palmer
Alice Paul
William Penn
Robert Pleasants
Bayard Rustin
Jessamyn West
John Greenleaf Whittier
John Woolman
Groups
Yearly Meeting
Monthly Meeting
American Friends Service Committee
A Quaker Action Group
Britain Yearly Meeting
Evangelical Friends Church International
Friends Committee on National Legislation
Friends General Conference
Friends United Meeting
Friends World Committee for Consultation
Nontheist Quakers
Quaker Council for European Affairs
Quaker Peace and Social Witness
Quaker United Nations Office
World Gathering of Young Friends
Testimonies
Peace
Equality
Integrity ("Truth")
Simplicity
By region
North America
Latin America
Europe
Africa
Other
Businesses, organizations and charities
Science
Clerk
Faith and Practice or Book of Discipline
History
Homosexuality
Inner light
Meeting houses
Query
Schools
Tapestry
Wedding
Women
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britain_Yearly_Meeting&oldid=824175296"
Categories:
Quakerism in the United Kingdom
Quaker yearly meetings
Quakerism in England
1660 establishments in England
Annual events in the United Kingdom
Quakerism in Scotland
Quakerism in Wales
Hidden categories:
Coordinates not on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Русский
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 February 2018, at 19:35.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: scope style

values:
row
white-space: nowrap;

attrs: href class title

values: /wiki/Protestant mw-redirect Protestant

values: /wiki/Quaker mw-redirect Quaker

values: width:22em;width: 24em; font-size: 88%; text-align: left;

values: Edit section: First Quaker meetings in Britain (1654–1672)

values:
/wiki/Quaker_Faith_and_Practice
mw-redirect
Quaker Faith and Practice

values: Edit section: Establishment of Yearly Meetings (1672)

values: Edit section: The end of official persecution in England (1689)

values:
/wiki/Act_of_Toleration_1689
mw-redirect
Act of Toleration 1689

values:
/wiki/English_and_Welsh_law
mw-redirect
English and Welsh law

values:
/wiki/Francois_Fenelon
mw-redirect
Francois Fenelon

values: Edit section: Yearly Meeting for Women (1784–1907)

values:
/wiki/Peace_testimony
mw-redirect
Peace testimony

values: Edit section: Fritchley General Meeting (1868)

values:
/wiki/Monthly_Meeting
mw-redirect
Monthly Meeting

values:
/wiki/Bank_Holiday
mw-redirect
Bank Holiday

values:
/wiki/UK_national_holidays
mw-redirect
UK national holidays

values:
wikitable
5
margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;

values: Edit section: Relationship with international Friends

values:
/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends
mw-redirect
Religious Society of Friends

values: Canada Yearly Meeting (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Unprogrammed_worship
mw-redirect
Unprogrammed worship

values:
nofollow
http://qfp.quaker.org.uk/passage/6-01/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.quaker.org.uk/yearly-meeting

values:
nofollow
external text
http://quaker.org.uk/news-and-events/ym

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.quaker.org.uk/
external text

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity
mw-redirect
Testimony of Simplicity

values: List of Quaker businesses, organizations and charities

values:
/wiki/Inner_light
mw-redirect
Inner light

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Quakerism in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Annual events in the United Kingdom

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Британское Годовое собрание квакеров – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Britain_Yearly_Meeting rootpage-Britain_Yearly_Meeting skin-vector action-view