text:
Carr Fire
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2018 wildfire in Shasta and Trinity Counties, California, United States
Not to be confused with Car fire.
Carr Fire
The Carr Fire on July 28, 2018
Location
Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area, California, United States
Coordinates
40°39′15″N 122°37′25″W / 40.6543°N 122.6236°W / 40.6543; -122.6236Coordinates: 40°39′15″N 122°37′25″W / 40.6543°N 122.6236°W / 40.6543; -122.6236
Statistics[1][2]
Cost
>$1.659 billion (2018 USD)[3][4][5]
Date(s)
July 23, 2018 (2018-07-23) – August 30, 2018 (2018-08-30)
Burned area
229,651 acres (92,936 ha)
Cause
Sparks from mechanical failure of a vehicle
Buildings
destroyed
1,604
Fatalities
3 firefighters, 5 civilians
Non-fatal injuries
11
Map
Location of the fire in California
[Full screen]
Point of ignition of Carr Fire
The Carr Fire and the nearby Hirz Fire on August 24. Ignition points and areas of active burning are shown.
The Carr Fire was a large wildfire that burned in Shasta and Trinity Counties in California, United States. The fire burned 229,651 acres (92,936 ha; 359 sq mi), before it was 100% contained late on August 30, 2018. The Carr Fire destroyed at least 1,604 structures (at least 1,077 were homes) while damaging 277 others,[1] becoming the sixth-most destructive fire in California history,[6] as well as the seventh-largest wildfire recorded in modern California history.[7] The Carr Fire cost over $1.659 billion (2018) in damages, including $1.5 billion in insured losses and more than $158.7 million in suppression costs.[3][4][5] At its height, the fire engaged as many as 4,766 personnel from multiple agencies. [8] The fire was reported on the afternoon of July 23, 2018, at the intersection of Highway 299 and Carr Powerhouse Road, in the Whiskeytown district of the Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area. The fire was started when a flat tire on a vehicle caused the wheel's rim to scrape against the asphalt, creating sparks that set off the fire.[9]
On July 26, the fire jumped the Sacramento River, making its way into the city of Redding, causing the evacuation of 38,000 people. Evacuations also took place in Summit City, Keswick, Lewiston, Shasta Lake City, Igo, Ono, and French Gulch. Eight people died in the fire, including three firefighters.
Contents
1 Timeline
1.1 July
1.1.1 Redding fire whirl
1.2 August
2 Impact
2.1 Recreation
2.2 Transportation
2.3 Resources
2.4 Cultural
2.5 Air quality
3 Fatalities
4 Fire growth and containment progress
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Timeline[edit]
July[edit]
The Carr Fire was reported on the afternoon of July 23, 2018, at the intersection of Highway 299 and Carr Powerhouse Road, in the Whiskeytown district of the Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area, in Shasta County, California, near French Gulch. The fire was believed to have been started accidentally by a vehicle towing a dual-axle travel trailer. One of the tires on the trailer blew out, causing the steel rim to scrape along the pavement, generating sparks that ignited dry vegetation along the edge of the highway. Wind caused the fire to spread quickly.[10][11] Hot conditions and steep, inaccessible terrain presented challenges for fire crews as they strengthened containment lines. Highway 299 was closed and French Gulch was placed under mandatory evacuation.[12]
Overnight from July 25 to 26, the fire grew to 20,000 acres (8,094 ha) in total area burned.[13] By the evening of July 26, the fire had burned 28,763 acres (11,640 ha) and was 10 percent contained.[14] It was reported to have destroyed 15 buildings and damaged 5, while remaining a threat to 496 other buildings.[1] The fire jumped the Sacramento River and portions of the western area of Redding were put under mandatory evacuation orders. Power to residents in North Redding was shut off by Redding Electric Utility. A state of emergency was declared by Governor Jerry Brown.[14] The evacuation center at Shasta High School was relocated to Shasta College.[15] A firefighter was killed while operating a bulldozer.[16] The National Guard was called in to help fight the fire on the night of July 26.[17]
The fire remained active overnight, with fire crews continuing to build containment lines. However, crews were stalled in their work due to the fire's extreme behavior.[18] Just after midnight, evacuation orders were put in place for Shasta Dam, Summit City, and neighborhoods in western Redding.[19] A second firefighter, Jeremy Stoke of the Redding Fire Department, was killed and it was reported that three firefighters from Marin County sustained burns. They were defending a structure when a heat blast from the flames came towards them. All three were released, with one being evaluated at the University of California, Davis Burn Center for burns on his face, hands and ears.[16][20][21]
By the evening of July 27, the fire had destroyed 500 structures and threatened almost 5,000. CrossPointe Community Church was named the third evacuation place.[22] Amtrak announced that their Coast Starlight service would stop in Sacramento and Klamath Falls with alternative transportation being provided.[23] Containment lines remained the priority for firefighters overnight. Red flag warnings and heat advisories were put in place for the area.[24]
By the next morning, over 38,000 individuals had been evacuated.[21] The Shasta College evacuation center reached capacity by July 28 and two more shelters operated by the Red Cross, and one at Grace Baptist Church, were opened.[25] President Donald Trump declared a state of emergency for the state of California due to this fire and other fires burning in the state.[26] The communities of Happy Valley and Anderson, as well as other areas, were put under mandatory evacuation in the mid-morning.[1] A woman and two children, who were reported missing on July 26 due to the fire, were reported dead.[2] More buildings were evaluated for damage, bringing the total up to 536 destroyed and 117 damaged. Winds were erratic, fueled by hot weather, which created spot fires throughout the fire area.[27] Weaverville Elementary School was closed as an evacuation center and a new center was opened at Trinity High School.[28] In the evening, new evacuation orders were put in place for Highway 299 at Trinity Dam Road west to Douglas City and other nearby subdivisions.[29]
A sixth fatality was reported on July 29, as the fire moved from densely populated areas and into rural parts of Shasta and Trinity Counties. The community of Lewiston was evacuated. By the evening, fire containment had grown from 5 to 17 percent. The National Guard was assigned to Redding to monitor for looting in evacuated neighborhoods.[30] The next day, repopulation began of areas of western Redding, Shasta Lake, and Happy Valley that had previously been evacuated.[31][32][33] Overnight, strengthening containment lines remained a priority as east and west winds converged and created challenges for firefighters.[1] Repopulation efforts continued, starting on the morning of July 31 for areas of western Redding, Summit City, Buckeye, and Happy Valley.[34][35] Celebrity chef Guy Fieri provided food for evacuees in Redding.[36]
By the evening of July 31, the fire had burned 112,888 acres (45,684 ha) and was 30 percent contained.[1] Crews were challenged by the fire along the western edge, where the fire burned in high terrain with strong winds and dry fuels.[37]
Redding fire whirl[edit]
A powerful fire whirl with winds estimated in excess of 143 mph (230 km/h)—equivalent to an EF3 tornado—developed within the Carr Fire in Redding, California, on July 26. Remaining on the ground from 7:30–8:00 p.m., the fire whirl reached an estimated height of 18,000 ft (5,500 m) and caused extensive tornado-like damage while spreading the fire.[38][39] The winds toppled transmission towers, shredded foliage, and debarked and uprooted trees. The smoke plume from the whirl "dominated" the majority of the wildfire.[39] Substantial damage occurred in areas untouched by fire, including signs of ground scouring.[38] Three people were killed inside their Redding home after the structure's walls were blown out and the roof collapsed on the occupants. Several other homes suffered significant roof damage.[40]
August[edit]
Smoke rises from the fires
The fire grew over 2,000 acres (809 ha) and to 35 percent containment, as the fire burned into August 1.[37] Late morning, evacuation orders were lifted for the Mary Lake Subdivision and, later in the day, residents were allowed back to Plateau Road.[41][42] The City of Redding shut down their Carr Fire-related missing persons hotline as all missing people were accounted for. Shasta College, which served as an evacuation center, resumed normal services. Six people were reported as arrested for alleged looting or illegally being in evacuated areas.[41] The area west of Lakehead, California, was closed to public access to allow for fire crews' safety.[43] Thus far, the fire had destroyed 1,546 structures, including 1,058 residential and 13 commercial.[44]
On the morning of August 2, the fire was 125,842 acres (50,926 ha) and remained 35 percent contained.[1] Over 1,600 structures remained threatened, due to the fire. The Carr Fire continued to grow as the terrain, wind, and dry fuels continued to create challenges for fire crews. The Sunset West, Sunset Terrace, Ranch Land Acres, Middletown Park neighborhoods, and Centerville were reopened to population in the morning.[45]
By August 4, the fire grew to 145,015 acres (58,685 ha) and to 41 percent containment. California Governor Jerry Brown toured the site and announced that he had requested a major disaster declaration, which provides federal assistance.[46] Later that day, President Donald Trump approved the request for Shasta County.[47] A seventh fatality was reported when a PG&E employee died in a vehicle incident.[48]
By August 9, the fire grew to 178,752 acres (72,338 ha), with 49 percent containment. Early that morning, a Cal Fire heavy equipment mechanic was killed in a traffic incident, bringing the total number of fatalities to eight.[49]
During the evening of August 30, the Carr Fire was reported to be 100% contained, at 229,651 acres (92,936 ha).[1]
Impact[edit]
The Carr Fire is currently the sixth-most destructive in California history.[45] It caused evacuations of over 36,000 people in the communities of French Gulch, Igo, Ono, Lewiston, Douglas City, Shasta, Shasta Lake City, Summit City, and the City of Redding, and caused closures of portions of California State Route 299. The fire directly impacted the water sources Keswick Dam and Shasta Dam.[50]
Recreation[edit]
The fire affected recreational activities. At early stages, the access to Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area was halted, specifically in Shasta County, including access to Whiskey Creek and Whiskeytown Lake.[12] The area surrounding Shasta Dam and the dam's visitors center were evacuated and closed.[1] Lake Redding Park and the adjacent golf course were closed due to the fire after it jumped the Sacramento River, destroying close to 40 homes in the surrounding neighborhood.[51] The Bureau of Land Management closed trails in western Redding.[1]
Transportation[edit]
Many roads in the area were closed
Amtrak service on the Coast Starlight was disrupted between Sacramento and Klamath Falls, Oregon. Amtrak arranged alternative transportation for travelers between those two cities.[23]
Large portions of Highway 299 were closed as a result of the fire. Many sections of the highway's route through Redding were closed, including the North Market Street Bridge which connects downtown Redding to the Benton Tract neighborhood. Highway 273 was closed in many areas.[1]
Resources[edit]
Access to Keswick Dam was restricted and the surrounding areas were evacuated as a result of the fire.[1]
Cultural[edit]
Access to the remains of the historic ghost town of Gas Point was restricted due to the fire. A 2008 fire had destroyed the historic town.[52] The historic town of French Gulch was evacuated and closed. This was the second time the community had been evacuated due to a fire, the prior evacuation taking place in August 2004, in which 103 structures burned in the community.[12] The Shasta State Historic Park was also affected, where the 1920s schoolhouse was destroyed and other buildings were damaged. Artifacts had been removed before the fire.[53]
Air quality[edit]
The fire affected air quality throughout Northern California and the Central Valley down to Bakersfield, Oregon, Washington and Nevada. Smoke reached as far north as Seattle, Washington, and Boise, Idaho.[54][55]
Fatalities[edit]
Two firefighters have been killed in the Carr Fire. One was a contract firefighter who was driving a bulldozer when he died.[16] The second was Redding-based fire inspector Jeremy Stoke.[50] On July 28, a great-grandmother and her two great-grandchildren were found dead, as they did not have a car and were unable to evacuate.[56] A sixth fatality was reported on July 29. An evacuation order was issued to the victim, but they did not evacuate.[30] The victim was recovering from heart surgery, which possibly prevented him from leaving.[57] On August 4, a PG&E employee was killed in a vehicle incident.[48] On August 9, a Cal Fire heavy equipment mechanic was killed in a traffic incident.[49]
Fire growth and containment progress[edit]
Fire containment status[58]
Gray: contained; Red: active; %: percent contained;
Date
Area burned
acres (hectares)
Containment
Jul 23 1,500 (607)[59]
0%
Jul 24 3,126 (1,265)[60]
2%
Jul 25 6,773 (2,741)[61]
10%
Jul 26 28,763 (11,640)[62]
6%
Jul 27 48,312 (19,551)[63]
5%
Jul 28 83,800 (33,913)[64]
5%
Jul 29 95,368 (38,594)[65]
17%
Jul 30 103,772 (41,995)[66]
23%
Jul 31 112,888 (45,684)[67]
30%
Aug 1 121,049 (48,987)[44]
35%
Aug 2 126,913 (51,360)[68]
37%
Aug 3 133,924 (54,197)[69]
39%
Aug 4 145,015 (58,685)[70]
41%
Aug 5 160,049 (64,770)[71]
43%
Aug 6 164,413 (66,536)[72]
47%
Aug 7 172,055 (69,628)[73]
47%
Aug 8 176,069 (71,253)[74]
47%
Aug 9 178,752 (72,338)[75]
49%
Aug 10 183,633 (74,314)[76]
53%
Aug 11 190,873 (77,244)[77]
57%
Aug 12 201,680 (81,617)[78]
61%
Aug 13 206,816 (83,695)[79]
63%
Aug 14 211,019 (85,396)[80]
65%
Aug 15 214,527 (86,816)[81]
69%
Aug 16 215,368 (87,156)[82]
72%
Aug 17 223,610 (90,492)[83]
77%
Aug 18 227,085 (91,898)[84]
81%
Aug 19 227,098 (91,903)[85]
85%
Aug 20 229,651 (92,936)[86]
88%
Aug 21 229,651 (92,936)[87]
91%
Aug 22 229,651 (92,936)[88]
93%
Aug 23 229,651 (92,936)[89]
93%
Aug 24 229,651 (92,936)[90]
94%
Aug 25 229,651 (92,936)[91]
95%
Aug 26 229,651 (92,936)[92]
96%
Aug 27 229,651 (92,936)[93]
96%
Aug 28 229,651 (92,936)[94]
97%
Aug 29 229,651 (92,936)[95]
98%
Aug 30 229,651 (92,936)[96]
100%
See also[edit]
2018 California wildfires
List of California wildfires
Hirz Fire – A wildfire burning a few miles northeast of the Carr Fire
Delta Fire – A wildfire burning just east of the Carr Fire
Thomas Fire
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Carr Fire - Incident Update". CALFIRE. State of California. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Bransford, Scott; Caron, Christina. "Woman and 2 of Her Great-Grandchildren Die in Carr Fire, Family Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Don Jergler (2 August 2018). "Carr Fire Losses May Reach $1.5B in Likely Another Destructive Season for California". Insurance Journal. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
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Jump up ^ California, State of. "Governor Brown announces federal approval of presidential major disaster declaration for Shasta County". www.gov.ca.gov. Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "PG&E employee becomes seventh Carr Fire fatality". Redding Record Searchlight. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Browning, Kellen (9 August 2018). "Eighth person dies in relation to Carr Fire". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
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Jump up ^ Kim, Daniel. "See the devastation from the Carr Fire on Harlan Drive in the Lake Redding Estates". The Tribune. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
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Jump up ^ NWS Boise [@NWSBoise] (2018-07-29). "Today's simulated wildfire smoke forecast across the West. Smoke will increase on Monday across our region as upper level winds shift to the southwest, bringing wildfire smoke from the CA wildfires. #orwx #idwx" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Smoke predicted to blow out of Seattle, Western Washington, Seattle: KOMO News, July 30, 2018
Jump up ^ "Two Missing Kids, Great-Grandmother in Redding Found Dead: Family". NBC Bay Area. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Woman remembers brother who died in Carr Fire: 'He needed help to get out of there'". Redding Record Searchlight. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carr Fire.
Office of Emergency Service Fire Map
ArcGIS Carr Fire Activity Map
Live Audio: Cal Fire SHU Scanner
Google Crisis Response Map: Carr Fire
California's Viral Fire Tornado Has Scientists Searching For Answers

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Bernardo
Tomahawk
Poinsettia
Cocos
Shirley
Bully
Happy Camp Complex
Meadow
King
Boles
2015
Round
Lake
North
Wragg
Rocky
River Complex
Frog
Rough
Dodge
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Cuesta
Butte
Valley
Tassajara
Solimar
2016
Pony
Sherpa
Border
Pine
San Gabriel Complex
Erskine
Trailhead
Deer
Curry
Sage
Roblar
Sand
Soberanes
Goose
Cold
Pilot
Mineral
Chimney
Clayton
Blue Cut
Cedar
Rey
Gap
Bogart
Willard
Owens River
Canyon
Sawmill
Marshes
Loma
2017
Gate
Holcomb
Schaeffer
Salmon August Complex
Manzanita
Hill
Winters
Alamo
Wall
Whittier
Detwiler
Empire
Parker 2
Young
Pier
Railroad
Ponderosa
Mud
Slinkard
Helena
La Tuna
Palmer
Mission
October 2017 wildfires
Atlas
Tubbs
Canyon 2
December 2017 wildfires
Thomas
Creek
Rye
Skirball
Lilac
2018
Lions
Lane
Pawnee
Waverly
County
Klamathon
Georges
Valley
Holiday Fire
Ferguson
Natchez
Carr
Cranston
Mendocino Complex
Whaleback
Holy
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Delta
Category
Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carr_Fire&oldid=864523847"
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text:
National League
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see National League (disambiguation).
National League
Sport
Baseball
Founded
February 2, 1876
President
Bill Giles (honorary)[1]
No. of teams
15
Country
United States
Most recent
champion(s)
Los Angeles Dodgers (22nd title)
Most titles
San Francisco Giants (23 titles)
The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, known simply as the National League (NL), is the older of two leagues constituting Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada, and the world's oldest current professional team sports league. Founded on February 2, 1876, to replace the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, it is sometimes called the Senior Circuit, in contrast to MLB's other league, the American League, which was founded 25 years later. Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series. After the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 113 World Series contested from 1903 to 2017.
The 2017 National League champions are the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Foundation
1.2 Competition with other leagues
1.3 Expansion (1887–1899)
1.4 Partnership with the American League
1.5 Divisional reorganization
1.6 Permanent interleague play
2 Teams
2.1 Charter franchises (1876)
2.2 Other franchises, 1878–1892
2.3 "Classic Eight"
2.4 Expansion, relocation, and renaming, 1953–present
2.5 Current teams
2.5.1 National League East
2.5.2 National League Central
2.5.3 National League West
3 National League presidents, 1876–1999
4 See also
5 Footnotes
6 References
History[edit]
Foundation[edit]
By 1875, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was dangerously weak. The N.A. suffered from a lack of strong authority over clubs, unsupervised scheduling, unstable membership, dominance by one team (the Boston Red Stockings), and an extremely low entry fee ($10) that gave clubs no incentive to abide by league rules when it was not convenient.
William Hulbert, a Chicago businessman and an officer of the Chicago White Stockings, approached several N.A. clubs with the plans for a league with stronger central authority and exclusive territories in larger cities only. Additionally, Hulbert had a problem—five of his star players were threatened with expulsion from the NAPBBP because Hulbert had signed them to his club using what were considered questionable means. Hulbert had a great vested interest in creating his own league. After recruiting St. Louis privately, four western clubs met in Louisville, Kentucky, in January 1876. With Hulbert speaking for the four in New York City on February 2, 1876, the National League was established with eight charter members, as follows:[2]
Chicago White Stockings from the N.A. (now the Chicago Cubs, not to be confused with the current Chicago White Sox of the American League)
Philadelphia Athletics from the N.A. (expelled after the 1876 season)
Boston Red Stockings, the dominant team in the N.A. (now the Atlanta Braves, not to be confused with the present-day Boston Red Sox of the American League)
Hartford Dark Blues from the N.A. (folded after the 1877 season)
Mutual of New York from the N.A. (expelled after the 1876 season)
St. Louis Brown Stockings from the N.A. (folded after the 1877 season, having committed to Louisville stars for 1878)
Cincinnati Red Stockings, a new franchise (expelled after the 1880 season)
Louisville Grays, a new franchise (folded after the 1877 season when four players were banned for gambling)
The National League's formation meant the end of the N.A., as its remaining clubs shut down or reverted to amateur or minor status. The only strong club from 1875 excluded in 1876 was a second one in Philadelphia, often called the White Stockings or Phillies.
The first game in National League history was played on April 22, 1876, at Philadelphia's Jefferson Street Grounds, 25th & Jefferson, between the Philadelphia Athletics and the Boston baseball club. Boston won the game 6–5.
The new league's authority was tested after the first season. The Athletic and Mutual clubs fell behind in the standings and refused to make western road trips late in the season, preferring to play games against local non-league competition to recoup some of their losses rather than travel extensively. Hulbert reacted to the clubs' defiance by expelling them, an act which not only shocked baseball followers (New York and Philadelphia were the two most populous cities in the league) but made it clear to clubs that league schedule commitments, a cornerstone of competition integrity, were not to be ignored.
The National League operated with six clubs during 1877 and 1878. Over the next several years, various teams joined and left the struggling league. By 1880, six of the eight charter members had folded. The two remaining original NL franchises, Boston and Chicago, remain in operation today as the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs. When all eight participants for 1881 returned for 1882—the first off-season without turnover in membership—the "circuit" consisted of a zig-zag line connecting the eight cities: Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Troy (near Albany), Worcester, Boston, and Providence.
In 1883 the New York Gothams and Philadelphia Phillies began National League play. Both teams remain in the NL today, the Phillies in their original city and the Gothams (later renamed Giants) now in San Francisco.
Competition with other leagues[edit]
The NL encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play in 1882. The A.A. played in cities where the NL did not have teams, offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where permitted, and sold cheaper tickets everywhere (25 cents versus the NL's standard 50 cents, a hefty sum for many in 1882).
The National League and the American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence. These contests were less organized than the modern Series, lasting as few as three games and as many as fifteen, with two Series (1885 and 1890) ending in disputed ties. The NL won four times and the A.A. only once, in 1886.
Starting with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1887, the National League began to raid the American Association for franchises to replace NL teams that folded. This undercut the stability of the A.A.
Other new leagues that rose to compete with the National League were the Union Association and the Players' League. The Union Association was established in 1884 and folded after playing only one season, its league champion St. Louis Maroons joining the NL. The Players' League was established in 1890 by the Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball Players, the sport's first players' union, which had failed to persuade the NL to modify its labor practices, including a salary cap and a reserve clause that bound players to their teams indefinitely. The NL suffered many defections of star players to the Players' League, but the P.L. collapsed after one season. The Brooklyn, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York franchises of the NL absorbed their Players' League counterparts.
Expansion (1887–1899)[edit]
The labor strike of 1890 hastened the downfall of the American Association. After the 1891 season, the A.A. disbanded and merged with the NL, which became known legally for the next decade as the "National League and American Association". The teams now known as the Cincinnati Reds, Los Angeles Dodgers (originally Brooklyn) and Pittsburgh Pirates (as well as the now-defunct Cleveland Spiders) had already switched from the A.A. to the NL prior to 1892. With the merger, the NL absorbed the St. Louis Browns (now known as the St. Louis Cardinals), along with three other teams that did not survive into the 20th century (for those three teams, see "Partnership with the American League"). While four teams that moved from the A.A. remain in the NL today (Pittsburgh [1887], Cincinnati [1890], Los Angeles [originally Brooklyn; 1890], and St. Louis [1892]), only two original NL franchises (1876) remain in the league: the Chicago Cubs and the Atlanta Braves (originally in Boston, and later Milwaukee). The Cubs are the only charter member to play continuously in the same city. The other two pre-1892 teams still in the league are the Philadelphia Phillies and the San Francisco Giants (originally New York), both of which joined in 1883.
The National League became a 12-team circuit with monopoly status for the rest of the decade. The league became embroiled in numerous internal conflicts, not the least of which was a plan supported by some owners (and bitterly opposed by others) to form a "trust", wherein there would be one common ownership of all twelve teams. The NL used its monopsony power to force a $2,400 limit on annual player wages in 1894.
As the 20th century dawned, the NL was in trouble. Conduct among players was poor, and fistfights were a common sight at games. In addition to fighting each other, they fought with the umpires and often filled the air at games with foul language and obscenities. A game between the Orioles and Boston Beaneaters (a precursor to today's Atlanta Braves) in 1894 ended up having tragic consequences when players became engaged in a brawl and several boys in the stands started a fire. The blaze quickly got out of hand and swept through downtown Boston, destroying or damaging 100 buildings. Team owners argued with each other and players hated the NL's $2,400 salary cap. Many teams also ran into trouble with city governments that forbade recreational activities on Sunday.
Billy Sunday, a prominent outfielder in the 1880s, became so disgusted with the behavior of teammates that he quit playing in 1891 to become one of America's most famous evangelical Christian preachers. Most fans appear to have felt the same way, because attendance at games was plummeting by 1900.
Partnership with the American League[edit]
After eight seasons as a 12-team league, the NL contracted back to eight teams for the 1900 season, eliminating its teams in Baltimore, Cleveland, Louisville (which has never had another major league team since), and Washington. This provided an opportunity for competition. Three of those cities received franchises in the new American League (AL) when the AL opened for business in 1900, with the approval of the NL, which regarded the AL as a lesser league. The AL declined to renew its National Agreement membership when it expired, and on January 28, 1901, the AL officially declared itself a second major league in competition with the NL. By 1903, the upstart AL had placed new teams in the National League cities of Boston, Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, and St. Louis. Only the Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates had no AL team in their markets. The AL among other things enforced a strict conduct policy among its players.
The National League at first refused to recognize the new league, but reality set in as talent and money was split between the two leagues, diluting the league and decreasing financial success. After two years of bitter contention, a new version of the National Agreement was signed in 1903. This meant formal acceptance of each league by the other as an equal partner in major-league baseball, mutual respect of player contracts, and an agreement to play a postseason championship—the World Series.
Major League Baseball narrowly averted radical reorganization in November 1920. Dissatisfied with American League President and National Commission head Ban Johnson, NL owners dissolved the league on November 8 during heated talks on MLB reorganization in the wake of the Black Sox Scandal. Simultaneously, three AL teams also hostile to Johnson (Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, and New York Yankees) withdrew from the AL and joined the eight NL teams in forming a new National League; the 12th team would be whichever of the remaining five AL teams loyal to Johnson first chose to join; if none did so an expansion team would have been placed in Detroit, by far the largest one-team city at that time. Four days later, on November 12, both sides met (without Johnson) and agreed to restore the two leagues and replace the ineffective National Commission with a one-man Commissioner in the person of federal Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis.[3]
The National League circuit remained unchanged from 1900 through 1952. In 1953 the Braves moved from Boston to Milwaukee; in 1966 they moved again, to Atlanta. In 1958 the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants moved to Los Angeles and San Francisco, respectively, bringing major league baseball to the West Coast of the U.S. for the first time.
Divisional reorganization[edit]
The NL remained an eight-team league for over 60 years. (For the eight teams, see "Expansion (1887–1899)", above, and "Classic Eight", below.) In 1962—facing competition from the proposed Continental League and confronted by the American League's unilateral expansion in 1961—the NL expanded by adding the New York Mets and the Houston Colt .45s. The "Colts" were renamed the Houston Astros three years later. In 1969, the league added the San Diego Padres and the Montreal Expos (now the Washington Nationals), becoming a 12-team league for the first time since 1899.
In 1969, as a result of its expansion to 12 teams, the National League—which for its first 93 years had competed equally in a single grouping—was reorganized into two divisions of six teams (respectively named the National League East and West, although geographically it was more like North and South), with the division champions meeting in the National League Championship Series (an additional round of postseason competition) for the right to advance to the World Series.
In 1993 the league expanded to 14 teams, adding the Colorado Rockies and the Florida Marlins (which became the Miami Marlins shortly after the end of the 2011 season). In 1998, the Arizona Diamondbacks became the league's fifteenth franchise, and the Milwaukee Brewers moved from the AL to the NL, giving the NL 16 teams for the next 15 seasons.
In 1994, the league was again reorganized, into three geographical divisions (East, West and Central, all currently with five teams; from 1994 to 1997 the West had one fewer team, and from 1998 to 2012, the Central had one more team). A third postseason round was added at the same time: the three division champions plus a wild card team (the team with the best record among those finishing in second place) now advance to the preliminary National League Division Series. Due to a players' strike, however, the postseason was not actually held in 1994.
Before the 1998 season, the American League and the National League each added a fifteenth team. Because of the odd number of teams, only seven games could possibly be scheduled in each league on any given day. Thus, one team in each league would have to be idle on any given day. This would have made it difficult for scheduling, in terms of travel days and the need to end the season before October. In order for MLB officials to continue primarily intraleague play, both leagues would need to carry an even number of teams, so the decision was made to move one club from the AL Central to the NL Central. Eventually, Milwaukee agreed to change leagues.[4]
Often characterized as being a more "traditional" or "pure" league, the National League never adopted the designated hitter rule that was adopted by the American League in 1973. In theory, this means the role of the manager is greater in the National League than in the American, because the NL manager must take offense into account when making pitching substitutions and vice versa. However, this is disputed by some, such as former Detroit Tigers manager Jim Leyland, who claims the American League is more difficult because AL managers are required to know exactly when to pull a pitcher, where an NL manager merely pulls his pitcher when that spot comes up in the batting order.[5] Overall, there are fewer home runs and runs scored in the National League than in the American, due to the presence of the pitcher in the NL batting order.[citation needed] It should be noted, however, that from the 1970s until the early 1990s, the use of artificial turf in place of natural grass was far more prevalent in National League ballparks than in the American League.
Permanent interleague play[edit]
For the first 96 years of its coexistence with the American League, National League teams faced their AL counterparts only in exhibition games or in the World Series. Beginning in 1997, however, interleague games have been played during the regular season and count in the standings. As part of the agreement instituting interleague play, the American League's designated-hitter rule is used only in games where the American League team is the home team.
In 1999, the offices of American League and National League presidents were discontinued and all authority was vested in the Commissioner's office. The leagues subsequently appointed "honorary" presidents to carry out ceremonial roles such as the awarding of league championship trophies. Additionally, the distinction between AL and NL umpires was erased, and instead all umpires were unified under MLB control. With these actions, as well as the institution of interleague play, little remains to differentiate between the two leagues other than the use of the DH in the AL and tradition.
By 2011, MLB had changed its policy on interleague play, deciding to have interleague games throughout the season. This policy would allow each league to have 15 teams, with one team in each league playing an interleague game on any given day. As a condition of the sale of the Astros to Jim Crane in November 2011, the team agreed to move to the American League effective with the 2013 season.[6]
Through the 2016 season, the Giants had won the most NL pennants, with 23. Representing the National League against the American, the Cardinals had won the most World Series (11) followed by the Giants (8), Dodgers (6), Pirates (5), and Reds (5). St. Louis also holds the distinction of being the only A.A. club to defeat an NL club in the 19th-century version of the World Series.
Teams[edit]
Charter franchises (1876)[edit]
The eight charter teams were the following:
Athletic of Philadelphia from National Association, expelled after 1876 season
Boston Red Stockings (some sources say Red Caps[7][8][9][10]) from National Association (exist today as the Atlanta Braves)
Chicago White Stockings from National Association (exist today as the Chicago Cubs)
Cincinnati Red Stockings new franchise, expelled after 1880 season
Hartford Dark Blues (later the Brooklyn Hartfords) from National Association, folded after 1877 season
Louisville Grays new franchise, folded after 1877 season
Mutual of New York from National Association, expelled after 1876 season
St. Louis Brown Stockings from National Association, folded after 1877 season
Other franchises, 1878–1892[edit]
Joined in 1878
Indianapolis Blues, folded after 1878
Milwaukee Grays, folded after 1878
Providence Grays, folded after 1885
Joined in 1879
Buffalo Bisons, dropped out of the league after 1885
Cleveland Blues, folded after 1884
Syracuse Stars, folded after 1879
Troy Trojans, folded after 1882
Joined in 1880
Worcester Ruby Legs, folded after 1882
Joined in 1881
Detroit Wolverines, folded after 1888
Joined in 1883
New York Gothams (exist today as the San Francisco Giants)
Philadelphia Quakers (exist today as the Philadelphia Phillies)
Joined in 1885
St. Louis Maroons, joined from U.A. Relocated to Indianapolis for 1887 season as the Indianapolis Hoosiers, folded after 1889
Joined in 1886
Kansas City Cowboys, folded after 1886
Washington Nationals, folded after 1889
Joined in 1887
Pittsburgh Alleghenys (exist today as the Pittsburgh Pirates), joined from A.A.
Joined in 1889
Cleveland Spiders, joined from A.A., folded after 1899
Joined in 1890
Cincinnati Reds, joined from A.A.
Brooklyn Grays (exist today as the Los Angeles Dodgers), joined from A.A.
Joined in 1892
Baltimore Orioles, joined from A.A., contracted after 1899
Louisville Colonels, joined from A.A., contracted after 1899
St. Louis Browns (renamed Perfectos in 1899, exist today as the St. Louis Cardinals), joined from A.A.
Washington Senators, joined from A.A., contracted after 1899
"Classic Eight"[edit]
The eight-team lineup established in 1900 remained unchanged through 1952. All franchises are still in the league, with five remaining in the same city.
Boston Beaneaters (later called the Boston Braves, then Milwaukee Braves, now the Atlanta Braves)
Brooklyn Superbas (later called the Brooklyn Dodgers, now the Los Angeles Dodgers)
Chicago Orphans (now the Chicago Cubs)[11]
Cincinnati Reds
New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants)
Philadelphia Phillies
Pittsburgh Pirates
St. Louis Cardinals
Expansion, relocation, and renaming, 1953–present[edit]
See also: Major League Baseball relocation of 1950s-1960s
1953: Boston Braves move to Milwaukee
1958: Brooklyn Dodgers move to Los Angeles and New York Giants move to San Francisco
1962: Houston Colt .45s and New York Mets enfranchised
1965: Houston Colt .45s renamed Astros
1966: Milwaukee Braves move to Atlanta
1969: Montreal Expos and San Diego Padres enfranchised
1993: Colorado Rockies and Florida Marlins enfranchised
1998: Arizona Diamondbacks enfranchised
1998: Milwaukee Brewers transfer from the American League. (Before the 1998 season, the American League and the National League each added a fifteenth team. Because of the odd number of teams, only seven games could possibly be scheduled in each league on any given day. Thus, one team in each league would have to be idle on any given day, or there would have to be at least one interleague game almost every day. This would have made it difficult for scheduling. To avoid this problem, Milwaukee agreed to change leagues.)
2005: Montreal Expos moved by MLB to Washington, D.C., renamed the Washington Nationals
2012: Florida Marlins renamed the Miami Marlins
2013: Houston Astros moved to the American League West (Interleague play is expanded to occur throughout the season to accommodate each league having fifteen teams.)
Current teams[edit]
National League East[edit]
Main article: National League East
Shea Stadium prior to the start of a New York Mets game in 2008. Shea had the best attendance in the National League that year, garnering over 53,000 fans per game on average.
Atlanta Braves, the oldest continually operating team in Major League Baseball; enfranchised in 1871 as the Boston Red Stockings (or Red Caps) in National Association, and with connections to the original independent professional Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869–70; joined National League as charter member (1876). Known as "Beaneaters" and other nicknames, as original nickname faded and became re-associated with Cincinnati (and later with the Boston Red Sox). Adopted nickname "Braves" in 1912. Moved to Milwaukee (1953) and to Atlanta (1966). Prior to the 1994 realignment, the Braves competed in the West division.
Miami Marlins, enfranchised 1993 as the Florida Marlins, changed name to Miami Marlins (2012).
New York Mets, enfranchised 1962.
Philadelphia Phillies, enfranchised 1883 as the Quakers and adopted the Phillies name officially in 1884. From 1943 through 1948, the Phillies unofficially changed their name to the "Philadelphia Blue Jays." Although their jerseys retained the name "Phillies", they wore a blue-jay patch on their sleeve. The team is the oldest continuous, one-name, one-city franchise in American professional sports history.[12]
Washington Nationals, enfranchised 1969 as the Montreal Expos. Moved to Washington, D.C. (2005).
National League Central[edit]
Main article: National League Central
Chicago Cubs enfranchised 1870 as an independent professional team, chartered into the National Association in 1871, but suspended operations for 1872 and 1873 following the Great Chicago Fire. The team has been continuously active since 1874, making it the oldest continuously active team in its original city in Major League Baseball. It joined the National League as a charter member (1876). Originally called the "Chicago White Stockings" and later the "Chicago Colts" and several other names, the team was first called "Cubs" in 1902.
Cincinnati Reds enfranchised 1882 in American Association, joined National League (1890).
Milwaukee Brewers enfranchised 1969 as the Seattle Pilots in American League, moved to Milwaukee (1970), transferred to National League (1998).
Pittsburgh Pirates enfranchised 1882 in American Association, joined National League (1887).
St. Louis Cardinals enfranchised 1882 in American Association, joined National League (1892).
National League West[edit]
Main article: National League West
Arizona Diamondbacks enfranchised 1998
Colorado Rockies enfranchised 1993
Los Angeles Dodgers enfranchised 1883 as a minor league team, entered into the American Association as the Brooklyn Atlantics in 1884, soon acquired nickname "Dodgers" (from "trolley dodgers"), joined National League (1890). Also dubbed "Bridegrooms", "Superbas", and "Robins" at various times, in addition to "Dodgers". Moved to Los Angeles (1958)
San Diego Padres enfranchised 1969
San Francisco Giants enfranchised 1883 as the New York Gothams, nearly half of its original players were members of then just disbanded Troy Trojans, moved to San Francisco (1958)
National League presidents, 1876–1999[edit]
Further information: List of National League presidents
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017)
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
19th-century National League teams
List of National League pennant winners
National League Championship Series (NLCS)
National League Division Series (NLDS)
List of National League Wild Card winners
Major League Baseball
American League
World Series
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Jensen, Mike (October 16, 2008). "'Fantastic feeling' for Bill Giles". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Almanac – weekly". January 27, 2009. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Koppett, Leonard, "Koppett's Concise History of Major League Baseball" New York: Carroll & Graf, 2004, pg. 141
Jump up ^ For more details, see Milwaukee Brewers#1994–98: Realignment / "We're taking this thing National".
Jump up ^ Mayo, David (May 22, 2011). "Detroit Tigers manager Jim Leyland compares managing in AL and NL". Mlive.com. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ For more details, see Houston Astros#2012–present: Jim Crane era and move to the American League.
Jump up ^ Dewey, Donald & Acocella, Nicholas. The Ball Clubs, p. 28. HarperPerennial, 1996. ISBN 0-06-273403-2.
Jump up ^ United Press. "Once Pirates Were Called Innocents!". The Pittsburgh Press, April 21, 1943, p. 31. Retrieved on May 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Shaughnessy, Dan. "This Series is fantasy baseball". Sun Journal (Lewiston), October 20, 1999, p. C1. Retrieved on May 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Boston, like many early teams, had no official name, just nicknames applied by sports reporters, often derived from their uniforms
Jump up ^ "Cubs Timeline".
Jump up ^ "History: Phillies Timeline (1800s)". Philadelphia Phillies. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
References[edit]
The National League Story, Lee Allen, Putnam, 1961.
The American League Story, Lee Allen, Putnam, 1962.
The Baseball Encyclopedia, published by MacMillan, 1968 and later.
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