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Vallathol Narayana Menon
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Mahakavi
Vallathol Narayana Menon
Born
(1878-10-16)16 October 1878
Chenara, Tirur Malabar District, Madras Presidency, British India
Died
13 March 1958(1958-03-13) (aged 79)
Nationality
Indian
Occupation
Poet, translator
Known for
Poetry, Indian independence activism, social reform, revival of Kathakali
Awards
Padma Bhushan (1954)
Vallathol Narayana Menon (16 October 1878 – 13 March 1958) was a poet in the Malayalam language, which is spoken in the south Indian state of Kerala. He was one of the triumvirate poets of modern Malayalam, along with Kumaran Asan and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer. The honorific Mahakavi (English: "great poet") was applied to him in 1913 after the publication of his Mahakavya Chitrayogam.[1] He was a nationalist poet and wrote a series of poems on various aspects of the Indian freedom movement. He also wrote against caste restriction, tyrannies and orthodoxies. He founded the Kerala Kalamandalam and is credited with revitalising the traditional Keralite dance form known as Kathakali.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Poetry
3 Kathakali
4 Involvement in Nationalist movement
5 Works
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Vallathol was born in Chenara, Tirur, in Malappuram District, Kerala, as the son of Kadungotte Mallisseri Damodaran Elayathu and Kuttipparu Amma.[2] He did not receive any formal education but was trained in Sanskrit language, first under the Sanskrit scholar Variyam Parambil Kunjan Nair and then under his own uncle Ramunni Menon, who introduced him into the world of Sanskrit poetry. Ramunni Menon also taught him Ashtanga Hridayam, a medical treatise, and young Narayana Menon soon began helping his uncle in medical practice and teaching.[2] He also trained for a year under Parakkulam Subrahmanya Sastri and Kaikkulangara Rama Variar in Philosophy and Logic.[2] He married Vanneri Chittazhiveettil Madhavi Amma in November 1901 and shifted to Thrissur, the cultural capital of Kerala. He worked as manager in the Kalpadrumam Press in Thrissur from 1905 to 1910.[2] During this period, his hearing began to deteriorate. From 1915, he started working in Keralodayam newspaper and later joined Amrit Ritesh, a journal published from Thrissur.[2]
Poetry[edit]
He started writing poems from the age of twelve. Kiratha Satakam and Vyasavataram were his earliest published works.[2] He won Bhashaposhini magazine's poetry award in 1894.[2] His poems began appearing in Bhashaposhini, Kerala Sanchari and Vijnana Chintamani magazines.[2] His first major literary ventures was a rendition of Valmiki's Ramayana into Malayalam, the work of which started in 1905 and took two years to complete.[3] Unlike some of his contemporaries, Vallathol did not have any acquaintance with English language.[4] He earned the title Mahakavi after the publication of the Mahakavya Chitrayogam in 1913. Chitrayogam conformed to all the principles of a traditional Mahakavya and was divided into 18 Sargas. The story of Chandrasena and Taravali, taken from Kathasaritsagara, was the theme of this poetry work.[5] Vallathol portrayed the protest of Parvati against Siva in the work Gangapati (1913) and of Usha defying her father for the sake of her love in Bandhanasthanaya Anirudhan (1914).[4] In 1917, the first of his eleven-volume work Sahitya Manjari (A Bouquet of Literature) was published. These volumes, published from 1917 to 1970,[4] contain his collected short romantic poems dealing with a variety of themes.[6] Many of these poems earlier appeared in P. V. Krishna Variar's Kavanakaumudi magazine. His khanda kavya on Mary Magdalene titled Magdalana Mariam paved the way for a new tradition in of Christian symbolism in Malayalam.[6] The poet's own struggle with deafness from his early twenties features in the work Badhiravilapam.[3] Other celebrated short poems of Vallathol include Sishyanum Makanum, Virasinkala, Achanum Makalum, Divaswapnam and Ente Gurukulam.[3]
In addition to subjects from nature and the lives of ordinary people, Vallathol's opposition to the indignities of the caste system and the injustices suffered by the poor form the themes of many of his poems.[7] He is also regarded as the greatest nationalist poet of the language.[8] He was one of the triumvirate poets of modern Malayalam, along with Kumaran Asan and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer. Literary critic K. M. George has noted that, together with Kumaran Asan, Vallathol was "responsible for bringing about a revolutionary change in Malayalam poetry in the [nineteen]-twenties. Asan concentrated on social themes and Vallathol championed the national movement; yet both made very significant contributions to the khandkavya, ie: the short poem of the lyrical type."[9]
He was awarded Padma Bhushan title, India's third highest civilian award, in 1954.[10]
Kathakali[edit]
Vallathol is credited with revitalising the traditional Keralite dance form known as Kathakali.[1] He played a prominent role in setting up the Kerala Kalamandalam at Cheruthuruthy, near the banks of Bharathapuzha River. The revival of the art of Kathakali in modern Kerala was mainly due to the efforts of Vallathol and the Kerala Kalamandalam.[3] He stimulated the world's interest in this art during his tours abroad between 1950 and 1953.[11]
Involvement in Nationalist movement[edit]
Vallathol is regarded as the greatest nationalist poet of the language.[8] He actively participated in the Nationalist movement. He attended the all India Conferences of the Indian Congress in 1922 and 1927 and rejected a royal honour bestowed upon him by the Prince of Wales during his India visit in 1922.[12][13] Vallathol remained a great admirer of Mahatma Gandhi and wrote the poem "Ente Gurunathan" ("My Great Teacher") in his praise. At the same time, he felt attracted by the Communist ideology and wrote poems praising the achievements of the Soviet Union.[3] He wrote several patriotic poems hailing India's nationalist movement.[7]
Works[edit]
Abhivadyam
Achanum Makalum
Allah
Badhiravilapam
Bandhanasthanaya Anirudhan
Bapuji
Bhaval Sthotramala
Chitrayogam
Dandakaranyam
Divaswapnam
Ente Gurunathan
Indiayude Karachil
Kavya Manjusha
Kochu Seetha
Magdalana Mariyam[14]
Naagila
Oru Kunju Athava Rugminiyude Pashchathapam
Onapputava
Oushadhaharanam
Patmadalam
Paralokam
Randaksharam
Rakshasakrithyam Kilippattu
Ritu Vilasam
Russiayil
Saranamayyappa
Sishyanum Makanum
Sahitya Manjari - 11 Volumes
Sthree
Vallathol Sudha — Two Volumes
Vallatholinte Khandakavyangal
Vallatholinte Padyakrithikal
Vilasa Lathika
Vishukkani
Veera Sringala
Arogya Chinthamani (Health)
Garbha Chikitsakramam (Health)
Granthaviharam (Study)
Prasanga Vediyil (Speech)
Vallatholinte Granthaniroopanangalum Prasangalum (Study)
Vallathol Kathukal (Letters)
Vallathol Samagrapatanam (Study)
See also[edit]
Vallathol Award
Lokame Tharavadu(2014) - A documentary about his life, directed by Rifa Shalees Chennara
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Zarrilli, Phillip (2004). Kathakali Dance-Drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play. Routledge. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9780203197660.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Vallathol Narayana Menon". Kerala Sahitya Akademi. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e A. Sreedhara Menon (1982). The Legacy of Kerala. DC Books. p. 77.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sisir Kumar Das (1 January 1995). History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy. Sahitya Akademi. p. 206.
Jump up ^ Amaresh Datta (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti, Volume 2. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1185.
^ Jump up to: a b Nalini Natarajan, Emmanuel Sampath Nelson (1996). Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 185–186.
^ Jump up to: a b Cir̲pi (1991). A Comparative Study of Bharati and Vallathol. Kolam Veliyeedu.
^ Jump up to: a b Raman Varadara, Raman Varadara Staff (1993). Glimpses of Indian Heritage. Popular Prakashan. p. 138.
Jump up ^ George, K. M. (1972). Western Influence On Malayalam Language And Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 75. ISBN 9788126004133.
Jump up ^ "Padma Awards Directory (1954–2013)" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sayed Jafar Mahmud (1994). Pillars of Modern India, 1757-1947. APH Publishing. p. 129.
Jump up ^ Malayalam Literary Survey, Volume 13. Kerala Sahitya Akademi. 1991. p. 26.
Jump up ^ K. M. Pr̲abhākaravāriyar (1978). Poetry and National Awakening. Mahakavi Vallathol Birth Centenary Celebrations Committee. pp. 1–58.
Jump up ^ Magdalana mariyam: adhavā pasthāpam prāyaschitham (2006, 2011). ISBN 9788126412495, OCLC 9788126412495
External links[edit]
Biographical sketch, Portrait, Handwriting and Books of Vallathol - Kerala Sahitya Akademi
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 6324 6623
LCCN: n80009759
VIAF: 72326866
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Sisir Bhaduri
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Moose (dog)
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Moose
Moose on the cover of Entertainment Weekly
Species
Dog
Breed
Parson Russell Terrier
Sex
Male
Born
(1990-12-24)December 24, 1990
Florida, United States
Died
June 22, 2006(2006-06-22) (aged 15)
West Los Angeles, California, United States
Nation from
American
Occupation
Actor
Notable role
Eddie Crane in Frasier
Old Skip in My Dog Skip
Years active
1993–2000[1]
Owner
Mathilda DeCagny[1]
Offspring
Enzo
Moosie
Miko
Weight
15 lb (7 kg)
Moose (December 24, 1990 – June 22, 2006) was a Parson Russell Terrier who portrayed Eddie Crane on the television sitcom Frasier.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Retirement
4 Selected credits
5 Enzo
5.1 Partial credits
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Moose was born on Christmas Eve, 1990 in Florida, the youngest littermate. He was the largest puppy in the litter. Like Pal, the original Lassie, the rambunctious puppy was too much for his original owner. According to an article by Lori Golden:
In fact, chasing cats was one of the activities that led to this troubled terrier becoming one of TV’s most precious pooches. Originally owned by a Florida family, Sam and Connie Thise, Moose was too hard to handle. He could not be house trained; he chewed everything; he dug and barked a lot; and he was constantly escaping and climbing trees. Eventually given to the Florida manager of Birds and Animals Unlimited, a company that trains animals for TV and motion pictures, Moose was put on a plane at 2½ years old and sent to Mathilda DeCagny, an Los Angeles trainer working for the show-biz animal company.[2]
Career[edit]
Moose won the role on Frasier after only six months of training. Moose had the ability to fix Kelsey Grammer with a long hard stare; this became a running sight gag on the show.[1] When Moose had to lick his co-stars, however, sardine oil was applied upon the actors' faces. John Mahoney once revealed liver pâté was dabbed behind the actor's ears to make Moose nuzzle the actors.[1]
Moose has numerous television appearances and several magazine covers to his credit. There is an official Moose calendar and an "autobiography", My Life as a Dog, which was written by Brian Hargrove, husband of actor David Hyde Pierce who portrays Niles Crane in Frasier.
Retirement[edit]
Moose spent the last six and a half years of his life in retirement in West Los Angeles with son Enzo, their trainer Mathilda DeCagny, her husband Michael Halberg and Jill, the dog from As Good as It Gets. In his last year of life, suffering from dementia and deafness, he retired from TV. He died of natural causes at home at the age of 15 1⁄2 years on June 22, 2006.
Selected credits[edit]
Universal Studios Animal Actors’ Showcase
Coach print advertisements (National campaign)
Rold Gold Pretzel TV commercials
Frasier - "Eddie" (1993–2000)
My Dog Skip - Skip (2000)
Enzo[edit]
Enzo
Species
Dog
Breed
Parson Russell Terrier
Sex
Male
Born
July 1995
Died
June 23, 2010(2010-06-23) (aged 14)
Occupation
Actor
Notable role
Eddie Crane in Frasier
Skip in My Dog Skip
Years active
1999–2004
Owner
Mathilda DeCagny[1]
Parent(s)
Moose
Chelsea Marvin
Moose's son Enzo (July 1995 – June 23, 2010) was also a Parson Russell Terrier canine actor. Enzo was one of a few puppies bred specifically as possible replacements for Eddie as it became clear that Frasier was a hit and would enjoy a long run. A daughter, Miko, was considered but never grew large enough (she was given to a technician); a son, Moosie, now lives with Peri Gilpin, the actress who played Roz Doyle.
Enzo, born to mother Chelsea Marvin (also a Jack Russell) was a closer match and turned out to have unusually similar facial markings to his father; later in the series, he was used as a stunt double to perform the more physically challenging tricks for his aging father. Enzo and Moose took turns playing the role after the eighth season. Enzo was also used as one of the puppies that "Eddie" had fathered during the show.
Enzo was cast as Skip in the feature film My Dog Skip. Moose played the older Skip in a few scenes. His trainer and several actors have commented on Enzo’s skill and trainability; he performed tricks and portrayed a wide variety of emotions. A 1999 interview quotes the director of My Dog Skip:
"Skip never failed us. I wish I worked with actors who were as well prepared as Skip. There was not a trick or a piece of business we asked the dog to do that he wasn't able to do; it was uncanny. The trainers were so good, they could stop him on a mark, he could lift his leg, he could do a somersault. I expected to see him reading The New York Times any day."[3]
Enzo died of cancer on June 23, 2010, at the age of 14, one day after the fourth anniversary of his father's death in 2006.[4]
Partial credits[edit]
Frasier - "Eddie" (2000–2004)
My Dog Skip - "Skip"
See Spot Run - "Boodles"
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Frasier's dog Eddie dies aged 16". News.bbc.co.uk. 28 June 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Behind the scenes with TV's Top Dog: From Troubled Terrier to Canine Comedian". Thepetpress-la.com. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived July 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Moose on IMDb
Frasier's Best Friend 'Eddie' Dies
"My Life As A Dog", Eddie's Autobiography by Brian Hargrove at Amazon.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moose_(dog)&oldid=827025818"
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Antão Gonçalves
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Antão Gonçalves was a 15th-century Portuguese explorer and slave trader who was the first European to buy Africans as slaves from black slave traders.
In 1441, Gonçalves was sent by Henry the Navigator to explore the West African coast in an expedition under the command of Nuno Tristão. As Gonçalves was considerably younger than Tristão, his duty was less exploration than it was hunting the Mediterranean monk seals that inhabit West Africa. After he had filled his small vessel with seal skins, Gonçalves, on his own initiative, decided to buy some Africans to return to Portugal. With nine of his crewmen, Gonçalves bought an Azenegue Berber and a black tribesman who had worked as a slave for the Berbers.
By this time, Tristão had arrived at the same place, and the two crews joined together for another purchasing trip, on which they bought 10 slaves, one of them an Azenegue chief. After this, Tristão continued exploration southwards while Gonçalves returned to Portugal.
He embarked on another expedition in 1442, taking the Azenegue chief he had bought the year before. Gonçalves hoped to barter the chief for a number of the Azenegues' black slaves. He received 10 slaves, some gold dust and, curiously, a large number of ostrich eggs. However, this expedition contributed nothing to the cause of exploration; Gonçalves had not even sailed past the Río de Oro.
He was granted a new Coat of Arms for his name.
Not to be mistaken with another Antão Gonçalves, who coasted the Island of Madagascar at the beginnings of the 16th century.
See also[edit]
Portugal in the period of discoveries
Portuguese empire
References[edit]
Castlereagh, Duncan. Encyclopedia of Discovery and Exploration - The Great Age of Exploration. Aldus Books London, 1971.
Afonso Eduardo Martins Zúquete Armorial Lusitano, Enciclopédia, 3rd Edition, Lisbon, 1987, p. 256.
Manuel Abranches de Soveral Ascendências Visienses. Ensaio genealógico sobre a nobreza de Viseu. Séculos XIV a XVII , Author's edition, 1st Edition, Porto, 2004, Vol. II., p. 42-3.ISBN 972-97430-6-1

This article about a Portuguese explorer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antão_Gonçalves&oldid=814731669"
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Pus
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For other uses, see Pus (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Pus
An abscess is an enclosed collection of pus.
Classification and external resources
Specialty
Infectious disease
ICD-9-CM
xxx
[edit on Wikidata]
Eye with conjunctivitis exuding pus
Duodenoscopy image of hepatopancreatic ampulla with pus exuding from it, indicative of cholangitis
Pus is an exudate, typically white-yellow, yellow, or yellow-brown, formed at the site of inflammation during bacterial or fungal infection.[1][2] An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is known as an abscess, whereas a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis is known as a pustule, pimple, or spot.
Pus consists of a thin, protein-rich fluid, known as liquor puris,[citation needed] and dead leukocytes from the body's immune response (mostly neutrophils).[3] During infection, macrophages release cytokines which trigger neutrophils to seek the site of infection by chemotaxis. There, the neutrophils release granules which destroy the bacteria. The bacteria resist the immune response by releasing toxins called leukocidins.[4] As the neutrophils die off from toxins and old age, they are destroyed by macrophages, forming the viscous pus.
Bacteria that cause pus are called pyogenic.[4][5]
Although pus is normally of a whitish-yellow hue, changes in the color can be observed under certain circumstances. Pus is sometimes green because of the presence of myeloperoxidase, an intensely green antibacterial protein produced by some types of white blood cells. Green, foul-smelling pus is found in certain infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The greenish color is a result of the bacterial pigment pyocyanin that it produces. Amoebic abscesses of the liver produce brownish pus, which is described as looking like "anchovy paste". Pus from anaerobic infections can more often have a foul odor.[6]
In almost all cases when there is a collection of pus in the body, the clinician will try to create an opening to drain it. This principle has been distilled into the famous Latin aphorism "Ubi pus, ibi evacua" ("Where there is pus, evacuate it").
Some disease processes caused by pyogenic infections are impetigo, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and necrotizing fasciitis.[7][not in citation given]
Contents
[hide]
1 Pyogenic bacteria
2 Historical terminology
3 See also
4 References
Pyogenic bacteria[edit]
A great many species of bacteria may be involved in the production of pus. The most commonly found include:[8][unreliable medical source?]
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Escherichia coli (Bacillus coli communis)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Fraenkel's pneumococcus)
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Friedländer's bacillus)
Salmonella typhi (Bacillus typhosus)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Actinomyces
Burkholderia mallei (Glanders bacillus)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tubercle bacillus)
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is the most common cause of boils.
Historical terminology[edit]
In the pre-asepsis era, surgeon Frederick Treves (1853–1923) wrote, "Practically all major wounds suppurated. Pus was the most common subject of converse, because it was the most prominent feature in the surgeon's work. It was classified according to degrees of vileness." [9]:347 But pus of the right kind was considered desirable.[10]:80 "If a patient was lucky ... a thick cream-colored odorless fluid would appear within five or six days"; such "laudable" pus was considered "a sure sign that the wound would heal" [9]:344 because it meant "Nature has put up a bold fight against the invader".[11] "On the other hand, if the pus gradually became watery, blood tinged and foul smelling, it was designated 'sanious' [12] [or 'ill-conditioned' ] [13] and the wound condition was considered unfavorable".[12] It later came to be understood that "laudable" pus generally implied an invasion of relatively benign staphylococcus, while "ill-conditioned" pus usually meant the more dangerous streptococcus was present.[9]:345[12]:247
See also[edit]
Pyoderma
Serous fluid
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pus". dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Pus – What Is Pus?". medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
Jump up ^ Barer, M.R. (2012). "The natural history of infection". Medical Microbiology. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-4089-4.00029-9. ISBN 978-0-7020-4089-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Madigan, Michael T. and Martin, John M. Brock Biology of Microorganisms 11th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall. US. 2006: 734
Jump up ^ "pyogenic" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
Jump up ^ Topazian RG, Goldberg MH, Hupp JR (2002). Oral and maxillofacial infections (4 ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0721692715.
Jump up ^ "Infections Caused by Common Pyogenic Bacteria", Dermatopathology, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 83–85, doi:10.1007/3-540-30244-1_12
Jump up ^ Thompson, Alexis; Miles, Alexander (1921). "Pyogenic Bacteria". Manual of Surgery (6th ed.). Oxford Medical Publications. OCLC 335390813.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nuland, Sherwin B. (2011). Doctors: The Biography of Medicine. Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-307-80789-2.
Jump up ^ Van Hoosen, Bertha (Autumn 1947). "A Woman's Medical Training in the Eighties". Quarterly Review of the Michigan Alumnus: A Journal of University Perspectives. University of Michigan Libraries: 77–81. UOM:39015006945235.
Jump up ^ Scott, William (1922). An indexed system of veterinary treatment. Chicago: Eger. p. 603.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schneider, Albert (1920). Pharmaceutical bacteriology (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston. p. 247.
Jump up ^ Williams, Charles J. B. (1848). Principles of Medicine: Comprising General Pathology and Therapeutics, and a Brief General View of Etiology, Nosology, Semeiology, Diagnosis, and Prognosis: With Additions and Notes by Meredith Clymer. Churchill. p. 306.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pus&oldid=840767223"
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