text:
Paper
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Paper (disambiguation).
Paper products: Book, toilet paper, Ruled paper, carton, egg box
Paper
"Paper" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese
紙
Simplified Chinese
纸
showTranscriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
zhǐ
IPA
[ʈʂɨ̀]
Wu
Suzhounese
tsỳ
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
jí
Jyutping
zi2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
choá
Tâi-lô
tsuá
Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.
The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century CE, possibly as early as the year 105 CE,[1] by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China.[2] The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.
Contents
1 History
2 Early sources of fibre
3 Etymology
4 Papermaking
4.1 Chemical pulping
4.2 Mechanical pulping
4.3 De-inked pulp
4.4 Additives
4.5 Producing paper
4.6 Finishing
4.6.1 Paper grain
5 Applications
6 Types, thickness and weight
7 Paper stability
8 Environmental impact
9 Future
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
History
Main article: History of paper
Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BC.
The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper date to the 2nd century BCE in China. The pulp paper-making process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century CE Han court eunuch.[2]
In the 13th century, the knowledge and uses of paper spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe, where the first water powered paper mills were built.[3] Because paper was introduced to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos.[4] In the 19th century, industrialization greatly reduced the cost of manufacturing paper. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.[5]
Early sources of fibre
Ancient Sanskrit on Hemp based Paper. Hemp Fibre was commonly used in the production of paper from 200 BCE to the Late 1800's.
See also: wood pulp and deinking
Before the industrialisation of paper production the most common fibre source was recycled fibres from used textiles, called rags. The rags were from hemp, linen and cotton.[6] A process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774.[6] Today this method is called deinking. It was not until the introduction of wood pulp in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from ragpickers.[6]
Etymology
Further information: Papyrus
The word "paper" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant.[7][8] Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe.[9] Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration.[2]
Papermaking
Main article: Papermaking
Chemical pulping
Main articles: kraft process, sulfite process, and soda pulping
To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose.
The microscopic structure of paper: Micrograph of paper autofluorescing under ultraviolet illumination. The individual fibres in this sample are around 10 µm in diameter.
There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin, that produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content.
Mechanical pulping
There are two major mechanical pulps: thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, however it causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind.
De-inked pulp
Paper recycling processes can use either chemically or mechanically produced pulp; by mixing it with water and applying mechanical action the hydrogen bonds in the paper can be broken and fibres separated again. Most recycled paper contains a proportion of virgin fibre for the sake of quality; generally speaking, de-inked pulp is of the same quality or lower than the collected paper it was made from.
There are three main classifications of recycled fibre:.
Mill broke or internal mill waste – This incorporates any substandard or grade-change paper made within the paper mill itself, which then goes back into the manufacturing system to be re-pulped back into paper. Such out-of-specification paper is not sold and is therefore often not classified as genuine reclaimed recycled fibre, however most paper mills have been reusing their own waste fibre for many years, long before recycling became popular.
Preconsumer waste – This is offcut and processing waste, such as guillotine trims and envelope blank waste; it is generated outside the paper mill and could potentially go to landfill, and is a genuine recycled fibre source; it includes de-inked preconsumer (recycled material that has been printed but did not reach its intended end use, such as waste from printers and unsold publications).[10]
Postconsumer waste – This is fibre from paper that has been used for its intended end use and includes office waste, magazine papers and newsprint. As the vast majority of this material has been printed – either digitally or by more conventional means such as lithography or rotogravure – it will either be recycled as printed paper or go through a de-inking process first.
Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter.
Additives
Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay,[11] which improve its characteristics for printing or writing.[12] Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint.
Producing paper
Main articles: Paper machine and papermaking
The pulp is fed to a paper machine where it is formed as a paper web and the water is removed from it by pressing and drying.
Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead.
Drying involves using air or heat to remove water from the paper sheets. In the earliest days of paper making, this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times, various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine, the most common is the steam-heated can dryer. These can reach temperatures above 200 °F (93 °C) and are used in long sequences of more than forty cans where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than six percent moisture.
Finishing
The paper may then undergo sizing to alter its physical properties for use in various applications.
Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image.
The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet. Continuous form paper (or continuous stationery) is cut to width with holes punched at the edges, and folded into stacks.
Paper grain
All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine.
Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders.[13]
Applications
Paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties, depending on its intended use.
For representing value: paper money, bank note, cheque, security (see security paper), voucher and ticket
For storing information: book, notebook, graph paper, magazine, newspaper, art, zine, letter
For personal use: diary, note to remind oneself, etc.; for temporary personal use: scratch paper
For communication: between individuals and/or groups of people.
For packaging: corrugated box, paper bag, envelope, Packing & Wrapping Paper, Paper string, Charta emporetica and wallpaper
For cleaning: toilet paper, handkerchiefs, paper towels, facial tissue and cat litter
For construction: papier-mâché, origami, paper planes, quilling, paper honeycomb, used as a core material in composite materials, paper engineering, construction paper and paper clothing
For other uses: emery paper, sandpaper, blotting paper, litmus paper, universal indicator paper, paper chromatography, electrical insulation paper (see also dielectric and permittivity) and filter paper
It is estimated that paper-based storage solutions captured 0.33% of the total in 1986 and only 0.007% in 2007, even though in absolute terms, the world's capacity to store information on paper increased from 8.7 to 19.4 petabytes.[14] It is estimated that in 1986 paper-based postal letters represented less than 0.05% of the world's telecommunication capacity, with sharply decreasing tendency after the massive introduction of digital technologies.[14]
Types, thickness and weight
Main articles: Paper size, Grammage, and Paper density
Card and paper stock for crafts use comes in a wide variety of textures and colors.
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in micrometers (µm) in the rest of the world.[15] Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.[16]
Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces.[17] In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.
In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness.
Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.
The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). A1 is half the size of a sheet of A0 (i.e., 594 mm × 841 mm), such that two sheets of A1 placed side by side are equal to one sheet of A0. A2 is half the size of a sheet of A1, and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).
The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).[18]
Paper may be classified into seven categories:[19]
Printing papers of wide variety.
Wrapping papers for the protection of goods and merchandise. This includes wax and kraft papers.
Writing paper suitable for stationery requirements. This includes ledger, bank, and bond paper.
Blotting papers containing little or no size.
Drawing papers usually with rough surfaces used by artists and designers, including cartridge paper.
Handmade papers including most decorative papers, Ingres papers, Japanese paper and tissues, all characterized by lack of grain direction.
Specialty papers including cigarette paper, toilet tissue, and other industrial papers.
Some paper types include:
Bank paper
Banana paper
Bond paper
Book paper
Coated paper: glossy and matte surface
Construction paper/sugar paper
Cotton paper
Fish paper (vulcanized fibres for electrical insulation)
Inkjet paper
Kraft paper
Laid paper
Leather paper
Mummy paper
Oak tag paper
Sandpaper
Tyvek paper
Wallpaper
Washi
Waterproof paper
Wax paper
Wove paper
Xuan paper
Paper stability
Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing,[20] making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product is eventually detrimental.[21] The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum eventually degrades the fibres until the paper disintegrates in a process known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag paper are significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue.
Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials,[22] which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential.
Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The aging behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibers.[23] Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.[24]
Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.
Environmental impact
Main articles: Environmental impact of paper and Deforestation
The production and use of paper has a number of adverse effects on the environment.
Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years[clarification needed] leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp,[25] but is one of the most controversial issues.
Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone.[26] The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day.[27] Americans also use in the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.
Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins.[28] Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.[29]
Future
Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as PaperFoam, the new packaging has mechanical properties very similar to those of some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper.[30]
With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.[31]
Also, synthetics such as Tyvek and Teslin have been introduced as printing media as a more durable material than paper.
See also
Arches paper
Buckypaper
Continuous form paper (or "continuous stationery")
Deinked pulp
Environmental impact of paper
Fibre crop
Graphene oxide paper
Lokta paper
Mass deacidification
Origami
Paper and ink testing
Paper armour
Paper chemicals
Paper craft
Paper engineering
Paper recycling
Paper size, sizing
Paper towels
Papier "paper" in French or German
Papier-mâché
Papyrus
Parchment paper, a form of paper made to emulate the texture of animal-based parchment
Roll hardness tester
Security paper
Seed paper
Toilet paper
Wood pulp
Notes
Jump up ^ Hogben, Lancelot. "Printing, Paper and Playing Cards". Bennett, Paul A. (ed.) Books and Printing: A Treasury for Typophiles. New York: The World Publishing Company, 1951. pp. 15–31. p. 17. & Mann, George. Print: A Manual for Librarians and Students Describing in Detail the History, Methods, and Applications of Printing and Paper Making. London: Grafton & Co., 1952. p. 77
^ Jump up to: a b c Tsien 1985, p. 38
Jump up ^ Burns 1996, pp. 417f.
Jump up ^ Murray, Stuart A. P. The Library: An illustrated History. Skyhorse Publishing, 2009, p. 57.
Jump up ^ Burger, Peter (2007). Charles Fenerty and his paper invention. Toronto: Peter Burger. pp. 25–30. ISBN 9780978331818. OCLC 173248586.
^ Jump up to: a b c Göttsching, Lothar; Gullichsen, Johan; Pakarinen, Heikki; Paulapuro, Hannu; Yhdistys, Suomen Paperi-Insinöörien; Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (2000). Recycling fiber and deinking. Finland: Fapet Oy. pp. 12–14. ISBN 9525216071. OCLC 247670296.
Jump up ^ πάπυρος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
Jump up ^ papyrus, on Oxford Dictionaries
Jump up ^ "papyrus". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Natural Resource Defense Council
Jump up ^ Appropriate Technology. Intermediate Technology Publications. 1996.
Jump up ^ Thorn, Ian; Au, Che On (2009-07-24). Applications of Wet-End Paper Chemistry. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781402060380.
Jump up ^ "Document Doubles" in a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
^ Jump up to: a b "The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information", especially Supporting online material, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), Science, 332(6025), 60–65; free access to the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html doi:10.1126/science.1200970
Jump up ^ "Paper Thickness (Caliper) Chart". Case Paper. Retrieved 2017-05-27.
Jump up ^ Elert, Glenn. "Thickness of a Piece of Paper". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 2017-05-27.
Jump up ^ McKenzie, Bruce G. (1989). The Hammerhill guide to desktop publishing in business. Hammerhill. p. 144. ISBN 9780961565114. OCLC 851074844.
Jump up ^ "Density of paper and paperboard". PaperOnWeb. Retrieved 31 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Arthur (1978). The Thames and Hudson manual of bookbinding. London: Thames and Hudson. OCLC 959020143.
Jump up ^ Biermann, Christopher J/ (1993). Essentials of pulping and papermaking. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 012097360X. OCLC 813399142.
Jump up ^ Clark, James d'A. (1985). Pulp Technology and Treatment for Paper (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Miller Freeman Publications. ISBN 0-87930-164-3.
Jump up ^ Fabbri, Claudia; Bietti, Massimo; Lanzalunga, Osvaldo. "Generation and Reactivity of Ketyl Radicals with Lignin Related Structures. On the Importance of the Ketyl Pathway in the Photoyellowing of Lignin Containing Pulps and Papers". J. Org. Chem. 2005 (70): 2720–2728. doi:10.1021/jo047826u.
Jump up ^ Erhardt, D.; Tumosa, C. (2005). "Chemical Degradation of Cellulose in Paper over 500 years". Restaurator: International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material. 26: 155. doi:10.1515/rest.2005.26.3.151.
Jump up ^ "The Deterioration and Preservation of Paper: Some Essential Facts". Library of Congress. Retrieved 7 January 2015. Research by the Library of Congress has demonstrated that cellulose itself generates acids as it ages, including formic, acetic, lactic, and oxalic acids
Jump up ^ Martin, Sam (2004). "Paper Chase". Ecology Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 19 June 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
Jump up ^ EPA (28 June 2006). "General Overview of What's in America's Trash". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Groll, T. 2015 In vielen Büros wird unnötig viel ausgedruckt, Zeit Online, 20 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Effluents from Pulp Mills using Bleaching – PSL1". ISBN 0-662-18734-2 DSS. Health Canada. 1991. Retrieved 21 September 2007. Pdf
Jump up ^ "Dioxins and their effects on human health". World Health Organization. June 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2015. More than 90% of human exposure is through food
Jump up ^ PaperFoam Carbon Friendly Packaging
Jump up ^ Barrier compositions and articles produced with the compositions cross-reference to related application
References
Burns, Robert I. (1996). "Paper comes to the West, 800–1400". In Lindgren, Uta. Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation (4th ed.). Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag. pp. 413–422. ISBN 3-7861-1748-9.
Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Needham, Joseph, ed. Paper and Printing. Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. V (part 1). Cambridge University Press.
"Document Doubles" in Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
Further reading
Alexander Monro, The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of the World's Greatest Invention, Allen Lane, 2014
External links
Look up paper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paper.
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) official website
Paper at Encyclopædia Britannica
How is paper made? at The Straight Dope, 22 November 2005
'Paper thickness cross reference guide
Thirteen-minute video on modern paper production system, from Sappi
show
v
t
e
Paper
History
Manufacture/Papermaking
Types
Amate
Bible
Blotting
Bond
Cardboard
Cartridge
Coated paper
Construction
Cotton (rag)
Crêpe
Display
Dó
Asphalt
Glassine
India
Korean
Kraft
Laid
Manila
Newsprint
Oatmeal
Onionskin
Origami
Baking
Building
Rice
Rolling
Scritta
Paperboard
Security
Seed
Copy
Stone
Tar
Thermal
Tissue
Tracing
Transfer
Tree-free
Wallpaper
Washi
Waterproof
Wax
Wood-free
Wove
Writing
Xuan
Materials
China clay
Fiber crop
Paper chemicals
Papyrus
Wood pulp
Specifications
Grammage
Density
Paper sizes
Units of paper quantity
Surface chemistry of paper
Wet strength
Manufacture
and process
Bleaching of wood pulp
Calender
Conical refiner
Deinking
Paper pollution
Environmental impact of paper
Handmade paper
Hollander beater
Kraft process
Organosolv
Paper machine
Paper recycling
Papermaking
Soda pulping
Sulfite process
Industry
Paper industry
In Europe
In Canada
In India
In Japan
In the United States
Paper mill
List of paper mills
Category:Paper
Commons
show
v
t
e
Paper products
Containers
Box
Carton
Corrugated box
Cigarette pack
Coffee cup sleeve
Corrugated fiberboard
Envelope
Molded pulp
Oyster pail
Paper bag
Paperboard
Paper cup
Hygiene
Facial tissue
Napkin
Paper towel
Toilet paper
Wet wipe
Stationery
Continuous stationery
Greeting card
Index card
Letter
Manila folder
Postage stamp
Postcard
Post-it Note
Financial
Banknote
Business card
Visiting card
Coupon
Pay card
Passbook
Decorations
Ingrain wallpaper
Wallpaper
Media
Book
Newspaper
Newsprint
Pamphlet
Recreation
Confetti
Paper craft
Paper toys
Playing card
Other
Beverage coaster
Filter paper
Form
Sandpaper
Security paper
show
v
t
e
Decorative arts and handicrafts
Textile
Banner-making
Canvas work
Crocheting
Cross-stitch
Embroidery
Felting
Friendship bracelet
Knitting
Lace-making
Lucet
Macrame
Millinery
Needlepoint
Needlework
Patchwork
Quilting
Ribbon embroidery
Rug hooking
Rug making
Sewing
Shoemaking
Spinning (textiles)
String art
Tapestry
Tatting
Tie-dye
Weaving
Paper
Altered book
Bookbinding
Calligraphy
Cardmaking
Cast paper
Collage
Decoupage
Photomontage
Iris folding
Jianzhi
Origami
Kirigami
Moneygami
Embossing
Marbling
Papercraft
Papercutting
Papermaking
Paper toys
Papier-mâché
Pop-up book
Quilling
Scrapbooking
Stamping
Wallpaper
Wood
Bentwood
Cabinetry
Carpentry
Chip carving
Ébéniste
Fretwork
Intarsia
Marquetry
Wood burning
Wood carving
Woodturning
Ceramic
Azulejo
Bone china
Earthenware
Porcelain
Pottery
Stoneware
Terracotta
Glass
Cameo glass
Glassware
Stained glass
Chip work
Metal
Engraving
Jewellery
Goldsmith
Silversmith
Bronze and brass ornamental work
Ironwork
Other
Assemblage
Balloon modelling
Beadwork
Bone carving
Doll making
Dollhouse
Egg decorating
Engraved gems
Hardstone carving
Lathart
Lapidary
Leatherworking
Miniatures
Micromosaic
Mosaic
Glass mosaic
Pietra dura
Pressed flower craft
Scrimshaw
Straw marquetry
Wall decal
show
v
t
e
Labeling
Label Construction
Adhesive
Die cutting (web)
Hologram
In-mould labelling
Label
Paper
Perforation
Pressure sensitive adhesive
Plastic
Printing
Security hologram
Release liner
Security printing
Security label
Smart label
Sticker
Content
Advertising
Barcode
Country of origin
Cigarette warning label
Ecolabel
EU energy label
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
List of food labeling regulations
Mandatory labelling
Nameplate
Nutrition facts label
Radio frequency identification
United Kingdom food labeling regulations
UPC
Warning label
Wine label
Use
Advertising
Authentication
Automatic identification and data capture
Label dispenser
Label printer
Packaging and labeling
Track & Trace
show
v
t
e
Packaging
General topics
Active packaging
Child-resistant packaging
Contract packager
Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
Package pilferage
Package testing
Packaging engineering
Reusable packaging
Shelf life
Shelf-ready packaging
Shelf stable
Sustainable packaging
Tamper-evident
Tamper resistance
Wrap rage
Product packages
Beer bottle
Box wine
Cosmetic packaging
Disposable food packaging
Foam food container
Food packaging
Growler
Luxury packaging
Milk bag
Milk bottle
Optical disc packaging
Pharmaceutical packaging
Screw cap (wine)
Water bottle
Wine bottle
Containers
Aerosol Container
Aluminium bottle
Aluminum can
Ampoule
Antistatic bag
Bag-in-box
Bags and flexible containers
Barrel
Biodegradable bag
Blister pack
Boil-in-Bag
Bottle
Box
Bulk box
Cage
Case
Carboy
Carton
Chub
Clamshell
Corrugated box design
Crate
Disposable cup
Drum
Endcap
Envelope
Flexible intermediate bulk container
Folding carton
Glass bottle
Insulated shipping container
Intermediate bulk container
Jar
Jerrycan
Jug
Juicebox
Keg
Multi-pack
Oyster pail
Packet (container)
Padded mailer
Pail
Paper bag
Paper sack
Plastic bag
Plastic bottle
Popcorn bag
Retort pouch
Sachet
Security bag
Self-heating can
Self-heating food packaging
Shipping container
Skin pack
Spray bottle
Tetra Brik
Tin can
Tub (container)
Tube
Unit load
Vial
Wooden box
Materials and
components
Adhesive
Aluminium foil
Bail handle
Bioplastic
Biodegradable plastic
BoPET
Bubble wrap
Bung
Cellophane
Closure
Coated paper
Coating
Coextrusion
Corrugated fiberboard
Corrugated plastic
Cushioning
Desiccant
Double seam
Foam peanut
Glass
Hot-melt adhesive
Kraft paper
Label
Lid
Linear low-density polyethylene
Liquid packaging board
Low-density polyethylene
Metallised film
Modified atmosphere
Molded pulp
Nonwoven fabric
Overwrap
Oxygen scavenger
Package handle
Packaging gas
Pallet
Paper
Paper pallet
Paperboard
Plastic film
Plastic pallet
Plastic wrap
Polyester
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Pressure-sensitive tape
Pump dispenser
Screw cap
Screw cap (wine)
Security printing
Security tape
Shock detector
Shock and vibration data logger
Shrink wrap
Slip sheet
Staple (fastener)
Strapping
Stretch wrap
Susceptor
Tamper-evident band
Tear tape
Temperature data logger
Time temperature indicator
Tinplate
Velostat
Processes
Aseptic processing
Authentication
Automatic identification and data capture
Blow fill seal
Blow molding
Calendering
Canning
Coating
Containerization
Curtain Coating
Die cutting
Die forming (plastics)
Electronic article surveillance
Extrusion
Extrusion coating
Glass production
Graphic design
HACCP
Hermetic seal
Induction sealing
Injection molding
Laminating
Laser cutting
Molding
Papermaking
Plastic welding
Plastics extrusion
Printing
Quality assurance
Radio-frequency identification
Roll slitting
Shearing (manufacturing)
Thermoforming
Track and trace
Vacuum forming
Ultrasonic welding
Vacuum packaging
Verification and validation
Machinery
Barcode printer
Barcode reader
Bottling line
Calender
Can seamer
Cartoning machine
Case sealer
Check weigher
Conveyor system
Extended core stretch wrapper
Filler
Heat gun
Heat sealer
Industrial robot
Injection molding machine
Label printer applicator
Lineshaft roller conveyor
Logistics automation
Material handling equipment
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
Multihead weigher
Orbital stretch wrapper
Palletizer
Rotary wheel blow molding systems
Shrink tunnel
Staple gun
Tape dispenser
Turntable stretch wrapper
Vertical form fill sealing machine
Environment,
post-use
Biodegradation
Environmental engineering
Glass recycling
Industrial ecology
Life-cycle assessment
Litter
Paper recycling
Plastic recycling
Recycling
Reusable packaging
Reverse logistics
Source reduction
Sustainable packaging
Waste management
show
v
t
e
Wood products
Lumber/
timber
Batten
Beam
Bressummer
Cruck
Flitch beam
Flooring
Joist
Lath
Molding
Panelling
Plank
Plate
Post
Purlin
Rafter
Railroad ties
Reclaimed
Shingle
Siding
Sill
Stud
Timber truss
Treenail
Truss
Utility pole
Engineered
wood
Cross-laminated timber
Glued laminated timber
veneer
LVL
parallel strand
I-joist
Fiberboard
hardboard
Masonite
MDF
Oriented strand board
Oriented structural straw board
Particle board
Plywood
Structural insulated panel
Wood-plastic composite
lumber
Fuelwood
Charcoal
biochar
Firelog
Firewood
Pellet fuel
Wood fuel
Fibers
Cardboard
Corrugated fiberboard
Paper
Paperboard
Pulp
Pulpwood
Rayon
Derivatives
Birch-tar
Cellulose
nano
Hemicellulose
Cellulosic ethanol
Dyes
Lignin
Liquid smoke
Lye
Methanol
Pyroligneous acid
Pine tar
Pitch
Sandalwood oil
Tannin
Wood gas
By-products
Barkdust
Black liquor
Ramial chipped wood
Sawdust
Tall oil
Wood flour
Wood wool
Woodchips
Historical
Axe ties
Clapboard
Dugout canoe
Potash
Sawdust brandy
Split-rail fence
Tanbark
Timber framing
Wooden masts
See also
Biomass
Certified wood
Destructive distillation
Dry distillation
Engineered bamboo
Forestry
List of woods
Mulch
Non-timber forest products
Papermaking
Wood drying
Wood preservation
Wood processing
Woodworking
Forestry portal
Category
Commons
WikiProject Forestry
show
v
t
e
Writing
Semi-permanent Writing material
Plant based
Palm-leaf manuscript (Borassus spp.)
Ola leaf (manuscript) (C. umbraculifera)
Birch bark manuscript
Papyrus
Paper
Wax tablet (wood)
Amate
Trema micrantha
Ficus aurea
Parabaik (S. asper)
Bamboo and wooden slips
Other
Clay tablet
Metals
Stamping (metalworking)
Intaglio (printmaking)
Stone inscription
animal skin
Samut khoi kraing (paper usu. Mulberry bark, metals, other)
Oracle bone
silk
E-ink
Textile printing
Geoglyph
Ink
Photographic film
Inherently impermanent material
Electronic visual display
Skywriting
Sand writing
Blood writing
Types
manuscript
inscription
book
sign
electronic storage
codex
bas-relief
high-relief
Misc
Writing systems
show
v
t
e
Data storage
Fundamental storage technologies
Semiconductor memory
Magnetic storage
Optical storage
Paper data storage
Uncommon storage technologies
Related technologies
Robotics
File systems
Data compression
Encryption
RAID
Network storage
Networked storage
File server
Network-attached storage
Storage area network
show
v
t
e
Magnetic storage media
Wire (1898)
Tape (1928)
Drum (1932)
Ferrite core (1949)
Hard disk (1956)
Stripe card (1956)
MICR (1956)
Thin film (1962)
CRAM (1962)
Twistor (~1968)
Floppy disk (1969)
Bubble (~1970)
MRAM (1995)
Racetrack (2008)
show
v
t
e
Optical storage media
Blu-ray (2003)
BD-R (2006)
BD-RE (2006)
BD-R XL (2010)
BD-RE XL (2010)
DVD (1995)
DVD-R (1997)
DVD-RW (1999)
DVD+RW (2001)
DVD+R (2002)
DVD+R DL (2004)
DVD-R DL (2005)
Compact disc (1982)
CD-R (1988)
CD-RW (1997)
Discontinued
Microform (1870)
Optical tape (20th century)
Optical disc (20th century)
LaserDisc (1978)
WORM (1979)
UDO (2003)
ProData (2003)
UMD (2004)
HD DVD (2006)
Magneto-optic Kerr effect (1877)
MO disc (1980s)
MiniDisc (1992)
Hi-MD (2004)
Optical Assist
Laser turntable (1986)
Floptical (1991)
Super DLT (1998)
show
v
t
e
Paper data storage media
Antiquity
Writing on papyrus (c. 3000 BCE)
Paper (105 CE)
Modern
Index card (1640s)
Punched tape (mid-1800s)
Punched card (1880s)
Edge-notched card (1904)
Optical mark recognition (1930s)
Barcode (1948)
Optical character recognition (1950s)
Authority control
GND: 4044522-7
HDS: 10462
NARA: 10645830
NDL: 00564806
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paper&oldid=852421486"
Categories:
Paper products
2nd-century works
Paper
Printing materials
Papermaking
Writing media
Materials
Stationery
Art materials
Paper art
Chinese inventions
Packaging materials
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use dmy dates from August 2014
Articles containing Chinese-language text
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017
Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Bikol Central
Bislama
Български
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Буряад
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
贛語
ગુજરાતી
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Interlingue
IsiXhosa
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Кыргызча
ລາວ
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Livvinkarjala
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Malti
मराठी
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Нохчийн
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Nouormand
Occitan
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
پښتو
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Саха тыла
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Ślůnski
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Tsetsêhestâhese
Türkçe
Удмурт
Українська
اردو
Vèneto
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Walon
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
粵語
Zazaki
中文
Kabɩyɛ
135 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 July 2018, at 21:57 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Paper_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Paper (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Egg_box
mw-redirect
Egg box

values: text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;

values:
/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin
mw-redirect
Hanyu Pinyin

values: collapsible collapsed mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Han_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Han Dynasty

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Wrapping_paper
mw-redirect
Wrapping paper

values:
/wiki/Medieval_Europe
mw-redirect
Medieval Europe

values:
/wiki/Recycled_paper
mw-redirect
Recycled paper

values:
/wiki/Chemical_pulping_process
mw-redirect
Chemical pulping process

values:
/wiki/Optical_density
mw-redirect
Optical density

values:
/wiki/Fourdrinier_Machine
mw-redirect
Fourdrinier Machine

values:
/wiki/Paper_money
mw-redirect
Paper money

values:
/wiki/Data_storage_device
mw-redirect
Data storage device

values:
/wiki/Corrugated_box
mw-redirect
Corrugated box

values:
/wiki/Packing_%26_Wrapping_Paper
mw-redirect
Packing & Wrapping Paper

values:
/wiki/Litmus_paper
mw-redirect
Litmus paper

values:
/wiki/Cover_stock
mw-redirect
Cover stock

values:
/wiki/Japanese_paper
mw-redirect
Japanese paper

values:
/wiki/Leather_paper
mw-redirect
Leather paper

values:
/wiki/Tyvek_paper
mw-redirect
Tyvek paper

values: -moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;

values:
/wiki/Trade_paperbacks
mw-redirect
Trade paperbacks

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Old_growth_forest
mw-redirect
Old growth forest

values: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

values:
/wiki/Deinked_pulp
mw-redirect
Deinked pulp

values:
/wiki/Paper_armour
mw-redirect
Paper armour

values:
/wiki/Paper_towels
mw-redirect
Paper towels

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.charlesfenerty.ca/book.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/173248586

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247670296

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/247670296

values:
nofollow
http://www.nrdc.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851074844

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/851074844

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.paperonweb.com/density.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959020143

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/959020143

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/813399142

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/813399142

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1021/jo047826u

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1515/rest.2005.26.3.151

values:
nofollow
http://www.paperfoam.com/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tappi.org

values:
/wiki/Straight_Dope
mw-redirect
Straight Dope

values:
/wiki/Handmade_paper
mw-redirect
Handmade paper

values:
/wiki/Paper_industry
mw-redirect
Paper industry

values: Pulp and paper industry in the United States

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Pressure_sensitive_adhesive
mw-redirect
Pressure sensitive adhesive

values:
/wiki/Security_label
mw-redirect
Security label

values:
/wiki/Country_of_Origin_Labeling
mw-redirect
Country of Origin Labeling

values:
/wiki/Cigarette_warning_label
mw-redirect
Cigarette warning label

values:
/wiki/Radio_frequency_identification
mw-redirect
Radio frequency identification

values: United Kingdom food labeling regulations

values: Automatic identification and data capture

values:
/wiki/Track_%26_Trace
mw-redirect
Track & Trace

values: Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging

values:
/wiki/Shelf_stable
mw-redirect
Shelf stable

values:
/wiki/Pharmaceutical_packaging
mw-redirect
Pharmaceutical packaging

values:
/wiki/Aerosol_Container
mw-redirect
Aerosol Container

values:
/wiki/Cage_(enclosure)
mw-redirect
Cage (enclosure)

values:
/wiki/Jug_(container)
mw-redirect
Jug (container)

values:
/wiki/Plastic_pallet
mw-redirect
Plastic pallet

values:
/wiki/Curtain_Coating
mw-redirect
Curtain Coating

values: Hazard analysis and critical control points

values:
/wiki/Injection_molding
mw-redirect
Injection molding

values:
/wiki/Vacuum_packaging
mw-redirect
Vacuum packaging

values:
/wiki/Material_handling_equipment
mw-redirect
Material handling equipment

values:
/wiki/Cardboard_(paper_product)
mw-redirect
Cardboard (paper product)

values:
/wiki/Dugout_(boat)
mw-redirect
Dugout (boat)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Electronic_storage
mw-redirect
Electronic storage

values:
/wiki/Writing_systems
mw-redirect
Writing systems

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044522-7

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017

values: Category:Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Paper
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier
Papier – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier
Papier – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper
Paper – Old English
ang
ang
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel
Papel – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel
Papel – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuatia
Kuatia – Guarani
gn
gn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Папера – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values:
https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel
Papel – Central Bikol
bcl
bcl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values:
https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepa
Pepa – Bislama
bi
bi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: ཤོག་བུ། – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir
Papir – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper
Paper – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper
Paper – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papur
Papur – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir
Papir – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier
Papier – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: ކަރުދާސް – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paber
Paber – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Χαρτί – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel
Papel – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papero
Papero – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper
Paper – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier
Papier – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier
Papier – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel
Papel – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Թուղթ (նյութ) – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: काग़ज़ – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir
Papir – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papero
Papero – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel
Papel – Iloko
ilo
ilo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas
Kertas – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiro
Papiro – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papere
Papere – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ie
display: none;

values:
https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha
Iphepha – Xhosa
xh
xh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta
Carta – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dluwang
Dluwang – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: ქაღალდი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Қағаз – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatasi
Karatasi – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaxez
Kaxez – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Кагаз – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charta
Charta – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabeier
Pabeier – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popierius
Popierius – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepier
Pepier – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumuagu
Bumuagu – Livvi-Karelian
olo
olo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-olo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta
Karta – Maltese
mt
mt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas
Kertas – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%81i
Cāi – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier
Papier – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99
紙 – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir
Papir – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir
Papir – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papi
Papi – Norman
nrm
nrm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values: ليکپاڼه – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values: ក្រដាស – Khmer

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papeer
Papeer – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier
Papier – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel
Papel – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papil
Papil – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Бумага – Russian

values: Кумааҕы – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values: ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ – Santali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sat
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper
Paper – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra
Letra – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta
Carta – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: කඩදාසි – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper
Paper – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier
Papier – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir
Papir – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warqad
Warqad – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir
Papir – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas
Kertas – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperi
Paperi – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papper
Papper – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: காகிதம் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Кәгазь – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: కాగితం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: กระดาษ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Қоғаз – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Кагаз – Udmurt

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-udm
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta
Carta – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumag
Bumag – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%AE
Papî – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel
Papel – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B8
纸 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Paper rootpage-Paper skin-vector action-view