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Celtic Tiger
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For the Irish dance show, see Celtic Tiger Live.
"Celtic Tiger" (Irish: An Tíogar Ceilteach) is a term referring to the economy of the Republic of Ireland from the mid-1990s to the late-2000s, a period of rapid real economic growth fuelled by foreign direct investment. The boom was dampened by a subsequent property bubble which resulted in a severe economic downturn.
At the start of the 1990s, Ireland was a poor country by West European standards, with high poverty, unemployment, inflation, and low growth.[1] The Irish economy expanded at an average rate of 9.4% between 1995 and 2000 and continued to grow at an average rate of 5.9% during the following decade until 2008, when it fell into recession. Ireland's rapid growth has been described as a rare example of a Western country to match the growth of East Asian nations, i.e. the 'Four Asian Tigers'.[2]
The economy underwent a dramatic reversal from 2008,[3] hit hard by the European economic crisis, with GDP contracting by 14%[4] and unemployment levels rising to 14% by 2011.[5]
Contents
1 Term
2 Tiger economy
2.1 Causes
2.1.1 Tax policy
2.1.2 European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds
2.1.3 Trade within the European Union
2.1.4 Industrial policies
2.1.5 Geography and demographics
3 Impact of economic growth
4 Downturn, 2001–2003
4.1 Post-2003 resurgence
5 Challenges
5.1 Property market
5.2 Loss of competitiveness
5.3 Promotion of indigenous industry
5.4 Reliance on foreign energy sources
5.5 Distribution of wealth
5.6 Banking scandals
6 Death of the Tiger
7 Aftermath
8 See also
9 References
Term[edit]
The colloquial term "Celtic Tiger"[6] has been used to refer to the country itself, and to the years associated with the boom. The first recorded use of the phrase is in a 1994 Morgan Stanley report by Kevin Gardiner.[7] The term refers to Ireland's similarity to the East Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan during their periods of rapid growth in the early 1960s and late 1990s. An Tíogar Ceilteach, the Irish language version of the term, appears in the Foras na Gaeilge terminology database[8] and has been used in government and administrative contexts since at least 2005.[9][10][11]
The Celtic Tiger period has also been called "The Boom" or "Ireland's Economic Miracle".[12] During that time, the country experienced a period of economic growth that transformed it from one of Western Europe's poorer countries into one of its wealthiest. The causes of Ireland's growth are the subject of some debate, but credit has been primarily given[by whom?] to state-driven economic development; social partnership among employers, government and trade unions; increased participation by women in the labour force; decades of investment in domestic higher education; targeting of foreign direct investment; a low corporation tax rate; an English-speaking workforce; and membership of the European Union, which provided transfer payments and export access to the Single Market.
By mid-2007, in the wake of the growing global financial crisis, the Celtic Tiger had all but died. Some critics, such as David McWilliams, who had been warning about impending collapse for some time, concluded: "The case is clear: an economically challenged government, perniciously influenced by the interests of the housing lobby, blew it. The entire Irish episode will be studied internationally in years to come as an example of how not to do things."[13]
Historian Richard Aldous stated the Celtic Tiger has now gone the "way of the dodo". In early 2008, many commentators thought a soft landing was likely, but by January 2009, it seemed possible the country could experience a depression.[14] In early January 2009, The Irish Times, in an editorial, declared: "We have gone from the Celtic Tiger to an era of financial fear with the suddenness of a Titanic-style shipwreck, thrown from comfort, even luxury, into a cold sea of uncertainty."[15][16] In February 2010, a report by Davy Research concluded that Ireland had "largely wasted” its years of high income during the boom, with private enterprise investing its wealth "in the wrong places". It compared Ireland's growth to other small eurozone countries such as Finland and Belgium – noting that the physical wealth of those countries exceeds that of Ireland because of their "vastly superior" transport infrastructure, telecommunications network, and public services.[17]
Tiger economy[edit]
From 1995 to 2000, GDP growth rate ranged between 7.8 and 11.5%; it then slowed to between 4.4 and 6.5% from 2001 to 2007.[18] During that period, the Irish GDP per capita rose dramatically to equal, then eventually surpass, that of all but one state in Western Europe. Although GDP does not represent the standard of living, and the GNP remained lower than the GDP, in 2007, the GNP achieved the same level as of some other Western European countries'.[19]
Causes[edit]
Tax policy[edit]
Many economists credit Ireland's growth to a low corporate taxation rate (10 to 12.5% throughout the late 1990s). Since 1956, successive Irish governments have pursued low-taxation policies.[20][21][22]
European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds[edit]
Since joining the EU in 1973, Ireland has received over €17 billion in EU Structural and Cohesion Funds. These are made up of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Social Fund (ESF) and were used to increase investment in the education system and to build physical infrastructure.[23] These transfer payments from members of the European Union, such as Germany and France, were as high as 4% of Ireland's gross national product (GNP). Ireland is unique among cohesion countries, having allocated up to 35% of its Structural Funds to human resource investments, compared with an average of around 25% for other cohesion fund recipients. The Irish economy's increased productive capacity is sometimes attributed to these investments, which made Ireland more attractive to high-tech businesses,[24] though the libertarian Cato Institute has suggested that the EU transfer payments were economically inefficient and may have actually slowed growth.[25] The conservative Heritage Foundation also attributed to transfer payments no significant role in causing growth.[24]
Trade within the European Union[edit]
Ireland's membership in the EU since 1973 helped the country gain access to Europe's large markets. Ireland's trade had previously been predominantly with the United Kingdom.[26]
Industrial policies[edit]
In the 1990s, the provision of subsidies and investment capital by Irish state organisations (such as IDA Ireland) encouraged high-profile companies, such as Dell, Intel, and Microsoft, to locate in Ireland; these companies were attracted to Ireland because of its EU membership, relatively low wages, government grants,[citation needed] and low tax rates. Enterprise Ireland,[27] a state agency, provides financial, technical, and social support to start-up businesses.[28] Additionally, the building of the International Financial Services Centre in Dublin led to the creation of 14,000 high-value jobs in the accounting, legal, and financial management sectors.[29]
In July 2003, the government established the Science Foundation Ireland[30] on a statutory basis to promote education for highly skilled careers, particularly in biotechnology and information and communications technology, with the additional purpose to invest in science initiatives that aim to further Ireland's knowledge economy.
Geography and demographics[edit]
The time zone difference[31] allows Irish and British employees to work the first part of each day while US workers sleep. US firms were drawn to Ireland by cheap wage costs compared to the UK, and by the limited government intervention in business[clarification needed] compared to other EU members, and particularly to countries in Eastern Europe. Growing stability in Northern Ireland brought about by the Good Friday Agreement further established Ireland's ability to provide a stable business environment.[26][32]
Irish workers can communicate effectively with Americans – especially compared to those in other low-wage[citation needed], non-English-speaking EU nations, such as Portugal and Spain; this factor was vital[citation needed] to U.S. companies' choosing Ireland for their European headquarters. It has also been argued[by whom?] that the demographic dividend from the rising ratio of workers to dependents due to falling fertility, and increased female labour market participation, increased income per capita.[citation needed]
Impact of economic growth[edit]
Public debt as a percentage of GDP dropped significantly over the 1990s.
Ireland was transformed from one of the poorest countries in Western Europe to one of the wealthiest.[citation needed] Disposable income soared to record levels, enabling a huge rise in consumer spending with foreign holidays accounting for over 91% of total holiday expenditure in 2004. However, the gap between the highest and lowest income households widened in the five-year period to 2004-2005;[33] in response, the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) stated in 2002: "On balance, budgets over the past 10 to 20 years have been more favourable to high income groups than low income groups, but particularly so during periods of high growth".[34] Unemployment fell from 18% in the late 1980s to 4.5% by the end of 2007,[35] and average industrial wages grew at one of the highest rates in Europe. Inflation brushed 5% per annum towards the end of the "Tiger" period, pushing Irish prices up to those of Nordic Europe, even though wage rates are roughly the same as in the UK. The national debt had remained constant during the boom, but the GDP to debt ratio rose, due to the dramatic rise in GDP.[36]
The new wealth resulted in large investments in modernising Irish infrastructure and cities. The National Development Plan led to improvements in roads, and new transport services were developed, such as the Luas light rail lines, the Dublin Port Tunnel, and the extension of the Cork Suburban Rail. Local authorities enhanced city streets and built monuments such as the Spire of Dublin.[37]
Ireland's trend of net emigration was reversed as the republic became a destination for immigrants.[38] This significantly changed Irish demographics and resulted in expanding multiculturalism[citation needed], particularly in the Dublin, Cork, Limerick, and Galway areas.[39] It was estimated[who?] in 2007 that 10% of Irish residents were foreign-born; most of the new arrivals were citizens of Poland and the Baltic states, many of whom found work in the retail and service sectors. A study conducted in 2006 found that many Irish people regarded immigration as an important factor for economic progress.[40] Within Ireland, many young people left the rural countryside to live and work in urban centres.[citation needed] Many people in Ireland believe that the growing consumerism during the boom years eroded the country's culture, with the adoption of American capitalist ideals. While Ireland's historical economic ties to the UK had often been the subject of criticism, Peader Kirby argued that the new ties to the US economy were met with a "satisfied silence".[41] Nevertheless, voices on the political left have decried the "closer to Boston than Berlin" philosophy of the Fianna Fáil-Progressive Democrat government.[42] Writers such as William Wall, Mike McCormick, and Gerry Murphy have satirised these developments. Growing wealth was blamed for rising crime levels among youths, particularly alcohol-related violence resulting from increased spending power. However, it was also accompanied by rapidly increased life expectancy and very high quality of life ratings; the country ranked first in The Economist's 2005 quality of life index, [43] dropping to 12th by 2013.[44]
The growing success of Ireland's economy encouraged entrepreneurship and risk-taking, qualities that had been dormant during poor economic periods. However, whilst some semblance of a culture of entrepreneurship exists, foreign-owned companies account for 93% of Ireland's exports.[45]
Downturn, 2001–2003[edit]
The Celtic Tiger's growth slowed along with the slowing in the world economy in 2002 after seven years of high growth.[18][46]
The economy was adversely affected by a large reduction in investment in the worldwide information technology (IT) industry. The industry had over-expanded in the late 1990s, and its stock market equity declined sharply. Ireland was a major player in the IT industry: in 2002, it had exported US$10.4 billion worth of computer services, compared to $6.9 billion from the US. Ireland accounted for approximately 50% of all mass-market packaged software sold in Europe in 2002 (OECD, 2002; OECD, 2004).[citation needed]
Foot and mouth disease and the 11 September 2001 attacks damaged Ireland's tourism and agricultural sectors[dubious – discuss], deterring U.S. and British tourists. Several companies moved operations to Eastern Europe and the People's Republic of China because of a rise in Irish wage costs, insurance premiums, and a general reduction in Ireland's economic competitiveness.[47] The rising value of the Euro hit non-EMU exports, particularly those to the U.S. and the United Kingdom.[citation needed]
At the same time, economies globally experienced a slowdown. The US economy grew only 0.3% in April, May, and June 2002 from a year earlier, and the Federal Reserve made 11 rate cuts that year[which?] in an attempt to stimulate the US economy. The EU scarcely grew throughout the whole of 2002, and many members' governments (notably in Germany and France) lost control of public finances, causing large deficits that broke the terms of the EMU Stability and Growth Pact.[citation needed]
The economic downturn in Ireland was not a recession but a slowdown in the rate of economic expansion. Signs of a recovery became evident in late 2003, as US investment levels increased once again. Many senior economists have heavily criticised[48] the government for the economic imbalance in favour of the construction industry, and the prospect of sustaining economic growth in the future.[clarification needed][citation needed]
Post-2003 resurgence[edit]
The Information Technology (IT) sector was a significant factor in the Irish economic boom
After the slowdown in 2001 and 2002, Irish economic growth began to accelerate again in late 2003 and 2004.[49] Some of the media considered that an opportunity to document the return of the Celtic Tiger – occasionally referred to in the press as the "Celtic Tiger 2" and "Celtic Tiger Mark 2".[50] In 2004, Irish growth was[citation needed] the highest, at 4.5%, of the EU-15 states, and a similar figure was forecast[by whom?] for 2005. Those rates contrast with growth rates of 1% to 3% for many other European economies, including France, Germany, and Italy. The pace of expansion in lending to households from 2003-2007 was among the highest in the euro area[51]
In 2006, there was a surge in Foreign Direct Investment[52] and a net increase of 3,795 in IDA supported jobs, with International and Financial Services having the highest growth rate.[citation needed] The reasons for the continuation of the Irish economic boom were somewhat controversial[citation needed] within Ireland. Some Economists, Civil Rights Activists and Social Commentators have said that the growth throughout this period was merely due to a great increase in property values, and to catch-up growth in employment in the construction sector.[citation needed]
Globally, the U.S. recovery boosted Ireland's economy due to Ireland's close economic ties to the US.[citation needed] The decline in tourism as a result of foot and mouth disease and the 11 September 2001 attacks had reversed itself.[53][better source needed] The recovery of the global information technology industry was also a factor; Ireland produced[citation needed] 25% of all European PCs, and Apple, Dell (whose major European manufacturing plant was in Limerick), HP, and IBM all had sizeable Irish operations.
There had been a renewed investment by multinational firms. Intel had resumed its Irish expansion, Google created an office in Dublin,[54] Abbott Laboratories was building a new Irish facility,[55] and Bell Labs planned to open a future facility.[56] Domestically, a new state body, Science Foundation Ireland,[30] was established to promote new science companies in Ireland[57] Maturing funds from the SSIA government savings scheme relaxed consumers' concerns about spending and thus fueled retail sales growth.[58]
In September 2009, Tánaiste Mary Coughlan said Ireland had lost ground in international competitiveness every year since 2000.[59]
Challenges[edit]
The Spire of Dublin symbolises the modernisation and growing prosperity of Ireland.
Property market[edit]
The return of the boom in 2004 was claimed to be primarily the result of the large construction sector's catching up with the demand caused by the first boom. The construction sector represented nearly 12% of GDP and a large proportion of employment among young, unskilled men. A number of sources, including The Economist,[60] warned of excessive Irish property values. 2004 saw the construction of 80,000 new homes, compared to the UK's 160,000 – a nation that has 15 times Ireland's population. House prices doubled between 2000 and 2006; tax incentives were a key driver of this price rise,[61] and the Fianna Fáil-Progressive Democrats government subsequently received substantial criticism for these policies.[42]
In January 2009, UCD economist Morgan Kelly predicted that house prices would fall by 80% from peak to trough in real terms.[62]
Loss of competitiveness[edit]
Rising wages, inflation, and excessive public spending[63] led to a loss of competitiveness in the Irish economy.[64] Irish wages were substantially above the EU average, particularly in the Dublin region, though many poorer Eastern European states had joined the EU since 2004, substantially lowering the average EU wage below its 1995 level. Low-paid sectors, such as retail and hospitality, remained below the EU-15 average, however. The pressures primarily affect unskilled, semi-skilled, and manufacturing jobs. Outsourcing of professional jobs also increased, with Poland in 2008 gaining several hundred former Irish jobs from the accountancy divisions of Philips and Dell.[citation needed]
Promotion of indigenous industry[edit]
One of the major challenges facing Ireland is the successful promotion of indigenous industry. Although Ireland boasted a few large international companies, such as AIB, CRH, Élan, Kerry Group, Ryanair, and Smurfit Kappa, there are few companies with over one billion euros in annual revenue. The government has charged Enterprise Ireland[27] with the task of boosting Ireland's indigenous industry and launched a website[65] in 2003 with the objective of streamlining and marketing the process of starting a business in Ireland.
Reliance on foreign energy sources[edit]
Ireland relies on imported fossil fuels for over 80% of its energy.[66][67] Ireland for many years in the middle twentieth century limited its dependence on external energy sources by developing its peat bogs, building various hydroelectric projects, including a dam at Ardnacrusha on the River Shannon in 1928, developing offshore gas fields, and diversifying into coal in the 1970s. As gas, peat, and hydroelectric power have been almost fully exploited in Ireland, there is a continuously increasing need for imported fossil fuels at a time of increasing concerns about security of supply and global warming. One solution is to develop alternative energy sources, including wind power and, to a lesser extent, wave power. Wind,however, is not a panacea[67] as it needs to have conventional plants to augment it.
An offshore wind farm is currently[when?] under construction off the east coast near Arklow, and many remote locations in the west show potential for wind farm development. A report[68] by Sustainable Energy Ireland indicated that if wind power were properly developed, Ireland could[citation needed] one day be exporting excess wind power if the natural difficulties of integrating wind power into the national grid are solved. Wind power by November 2009 already accounted for 15.4% of total installed generating capacity in the state. By 2020, the Irish government forecasts that 40% of the country's energy needs will come from renewable sources, well above the EU average.[69]
Distribution of wealth[edit]
Ireland's new wealth is unevenly distributed.[34] The United Nations reported in 2004 that Ireland was second only to the US in inequality among Western nations.[50] There is some opposition to the theory that Ireland's wealth has been unusually unevenly distributed, among them economist and journalist David McWilliams. He cites Eurostat figures which indicate that Ireland is just above average in terms equality by one type of measurement.[70] However, while it is better off by this measurement than generally less developed or more free market countries like Britain, the Mediterranean, and the new accession states, Ireland is still more unequal than France, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. Moreover, Ireland's inequality persists by other measurements. According to an ESRI report published in December 2006, Ireland's child poverty level ranks 22nd out of the 26 richest countries, and it is the 2nd most unequal country in Europe.[71]
Banking scandals[edit]
The New York Times in 2005 described Ireland as the "Wild West of European finance", a perception that helped prompt the creation of the Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority.[72] Despite its mandate for stricter oversight, the agency never imposed major sanctions on any Irish institution, even though Ireland had experienced several major banking scandals in overcharging of their customers.[73] Industry representatives disputed the idea that Ireland may be home to unchecked financial frauds.[72] In December 2008, irregularities in directors loans that had been kept off one bank's balance sheet for eight years forced the resignation of the financial regulator.[74][75] Economic commentator David McWilliams has described the collapse of Anglo Irish Bank as Ireland's Enron.[76]
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018)
Death of the Tiger[edit]
In an economic analysis, the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) on 24 June 2008 forecasted the possibility the Irish economy would experience marginal negative growth in 2008. This would be the first time since 1983.[77] Outlining possible prospects for the economy for 2008, the ESRI said output of goods and services might fall that year—which would have been the Irish definition of a mild recession. It also predicted a recovery in 2009 and 2010.[78][79][80][needs update]
In September 2008, Ireland became the first eurozone country to officially enter recession. The recession was confirmed by figures from the Central Statistics Office showing the bursting of the property bubble and a collapse in consumer spending that terminated the boom that was the Celtic Tiger.[81][82] The figures show the gross domestic product (GDP), which measures the value of all the goods and services produced in the State, fell 0.8% in the second three months of 2008 compared with the same quarter of 2007. That was the second successive quarter of negative economic growth, which is the definition of a recession.[citation needed] The Celtic Tiger was declared dead by October 2008[83]
In a November 2008 interview in Hot Press, in a grim assessment of where Ireland stood, then Taoiseach Brian Cowen said many people still did not realise how badly shaken the public finances were.[84] By 30 January 2009, Ireland’s government debt had become the riskiest in the euro zone, surpassing Greece’s sovereign bonds, according to credit-default swap prices.[85] In February 2009, Taoiseach Brian Cowen said that Ireland's economy appeared on course to contract by 6.5% in 2009.[86]
Aftermath[edit]
Former Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald blamed Ireland's dire economic state in 2009 on a series of "calamitous" government policy errors. Between the years of 2000 and 2003 the then Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy boosted public spending by 48% while cutting income tax. A second problem occurred when government policies allowed, or even encouraged, a housing bubble to develop, "on an immense scale".[87] However, he wrote nothing of the impact of the European Central Bank's low interest rates which funded the property bubble and further exacerbated the overheating economy[88]
Nobel laureate Paul Krugman[89] had a bleak prediction,[90][91] “As far as responding to the recession goes, Ireland appears to be really, truly without options, other than to hope for an export-led recovery, if and when the rest of the world bounces back.”
The International Monetary Fund in mid-April 2009 forecast a very poor outlook for Ireland. It projected that the Irish economy would contract by 8 per cent in 2009 and by 3 per cent in 2010 – and that might be on the optimistic side.[92][93]
Unemployment in Ireland was forecasted to rise almost 17 percent in 2010, the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) stated in a report published on 28 April 2009,[94] however the unemployment rate in 2010 steadied at 14%. In 2012, the unemployment rate was at 14.8 percent, and in order to escape economic downfall, Ireland requested €67.5 billion ($85.7 billion) from the International Monetary Fund and members of the euro area. Taking the money meant accepting austerity: The government has cut expenditure by 15 percent over three years, consumer spending has dropped for six straight quarters, and young Irish by the thousands have emigrated to Australia and elsewhere.
On 19 November 2010, The Irish Government had begun talks on a multibillion-dollar economic assistance package with experts from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Union.
In mid-2011 the ratings agency Moody's proceeded to downgrade Ireland's government bond ratings to junk.[95]
See also[edit]
Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
Four Asian Tigers
Tiger Cub Economies
Gulf Tiger
Ghost estate
Baltic Tiger
Tatra Tiger
PIGS (economics)
Economy of the Republic of Ireland
Green Jersey Agenda
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^ Jump up to: a b ESB (2006) "ESB Comments on GreenPaper Towards a Sustainable Energy Future for Ireland" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2009. (237 KB) Retrieved 5 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Publications - Resources - SEAI" (PDF). Sustainable Energy Authority Of Ireland - SEAI. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland". Retrieved 23 January 2010.
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Jump up ^ village.ie - Editorial: The promises of greed Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Lavery, Brian; O'Brien, Timothy L. (1 April 2005). "For Insurance Regulators, Trails Lead to Dublin". Retrieved 5 April 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "More trouble for new chief as AIB tops overcharging league". Independent.ie. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
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Jump up ^ "ESRI warns of recession, job losses and renewed emigration". irishtimes.com. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Page not Found - Irish Examiner". Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
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Jump up ^ [3] date=March 2013
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Sky High (2005 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sky High
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Mike Mitchell
Produced by
Andrew Gunn
Written by
Paul Hernandez
Bob Schooley
Mark McCorkle
Starring
Kelly Preston
Michael Angarano
Danielle Panabaker
Mary Elizabeth Winstead
Kurt Russell
Music by
Michael Giacchino
Cinematography
Shelly Johnson
Edited by
Peter Amundson
Production
company
Walt Disney Pictures
Gunn Films
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
July 29, 2005 (2005-07-29)[1]
Running time
100 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$35 million[2]
Box office
$86.4 million[2]
Sky High is a 2005 American superhero comedy film about an airborne school for teenage superheroes. It was directed by Mike Mitchell, and written by Paul Hernandez, Robert Schooley, and Mark McCorkle. The film stars Michael Angarano as Will, an incoming freshman at the school, Danielle Panabaker as his best friend and love interest, Kurt Russell and Kelly Preston as his parents, Mary Elizabeth Winstead as a popular senior, Steven Strait as Will's rival, and Lynda Carter as Principal Powers.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception and box office figures
5 Soundtrack
5.1 Track listing
5.2 Reception
6 Home media
7 Sequel
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Will Stronghold begins ninth grade at Sky High, a high school that exclusively teaches teenagers with superpowers. Will's parents are The Commander and Jetstream, two of the world's most famous superheroes. Will's best friend, Layla, who happens to have a crush on him, has the power to manipulate plant life. Will is anxious about attending Sky High, located on a floating campus reached by a flying school bus, because, unbeknownst to his parents, he has not developed any super powers. On the first day, he and the other ninth graders are harassed by a trio of bullies: Speed, a burly senior with super speed, Lash, a skinny senior with extreme flexibility and hyper-elastic body, and Penny, a cheerleader with the ability to multiply herself into a number of clones. Because of his lack of powers, Will is slated to enter a curriculum for "Hero Support" and becomes a sidekick. His classmates include Ethan, who melts into a fluid; Zach, who glows in the dark; Magenta, who transforms into a guinea pig; and Layla, who joins the class in protest against the two-track nature of the school's education system. The class is taught by The Commander's former sidekick, "All American Boy."
Will learns that not everybody gets powers, and there are such cases of those who have two superpower parents do not get any superpowers, such as the Bus driver Ron Wilson. The Commander is unaware that his son has been relegated to Hero Support, and shows Will his hidden trophy room. He is particularly proud of the mysterious weapon, "The Pacifier", which he took from his science-themed nemesis, Royal Pain, years ago. Unknown to either of them, Royal Pain, who had been presumed dead, watches them from a hidden camera in one of the other trophies. As Will settles into Sky High and makes friends with the other sidekicks, he comes into conflict with pyrokinetic student, Warren Peace, whose supervillain father had been imprisoned by The Commander. During a fight between the two, Will eventually manifests super strength, impressing Gwen Grayson, a beautiful and popular "technopath" who controls machines with her mind. Will is subsequently transferred to the "Hero" track. Gwen visits the Stronghold's house and asks Will's parents to attend the Homecoming Dance to accept an award for Superhero of the Year. They accept. Later on, while walking to her house, Gwen asks Will out to Homecoming and, to his delight, becomes his girlfriend. Will then begins spending more time with Gwen and her clique of friends, ignoring the sidekicks and Layla, who reveals to Warren that she has loved Will for a long time. On the night before the dance, Gwen tricks Will into throwing a party at his house, and uses Speed to steal the Pacifier, which goes unseen by Will when he takes her into the secret sanctum. After Gwen lies to Layla, who shows up to investigate the noise and believes the lie, Will breaks up with Gwen, refusing to attend the dance, even though his parents were invited as honored guests. Later, he looks through his father's old yearbook and sees a student who resembles Gwen holding the Pacifier which he subsequently discovers has been stolen. Believing that the student is Royal Pain and that Gwen is her daughter, he rushes to the dance.
At the dance party, Gwen reveals that she is actually Royal Pain. During her previous confrontation with the Commander, the Pacifier, which is meant to turn its target into an infant, had malfunctioned, turning her into a baby instead, thus faking her suspected death. She has since waited seventeen years for revenge. With the help of Speed, Lash, and Penny, she takes over the school and uses the Pacifier to turn the faculty and students into infants. After returning to school, Will apologizes to Layla, and teams up with Warren, the sidekicks and Ron Wilson to try to save the day. The sidekicks demonstrate their heroism after Royal Pain sabotages the school's anti-gravity drive and their powers come in handy restarting it. Meanwhile, Will discovers that he has Jetstream's powers of flight when he is thrown off the edge of the school grounds and prevents the campus from falling using his two abilities. Gwen and her henchmen are defeated and arrested and the faculty and students are returned to their proper ages. His parents thanks all the sidekicks and admit they are heroes. Will and Layla kiss, and a voiceover by Will at the end reveals that they become a couple, he and Warren became best friends, and Ron Wilson gained superhuman powers after falling into a vat of toxic waste, thus becoming a superhero.
Cast[edit]
Michael Angarano as William "Will" Theodore Stronghold
A freshman at Sky High, whose parents are the two most famous superheroes — Commander and Jetstream — as well as Maxville's top real estate agents in their secret identities. His super strength, inherited from his father, and his ability to fly, inherited from his mother, start as inactive and gradually manifest over the film.
Kurt Russell as Steve Stronghold / The Commander
Will's father who is one of the world's strongest superheroes, displaying superhuman strength and invulnerability, and is a successful businessman in his secret identity. In a deleted scene, it is revealed that Steve was an investigative reporter who seeks to change his career before becoming a real estate agent.
Kelly Preston as Josie DeMarco-Stronghold / Jetstream
Will's mother and a successful real estate agent. As Jetstream, she uses the power of supersonic flight; she is also touted as being an expert in hand-to-hand combat.
Danielle Panabaker as Layla Williams
Will's best friend and love interest, who is a pacifist vegetarian and is able to animate and control plant life. Her mother's abilities are said to allow her to talk to animals and her father is a normal human.
Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Gwendolyn "Gwen" Grayson / Royal Pain / Sue Tenny
A senior at Sky High whom Will, along with everyone else, falls in love with. Her power is technopathy. Winstead said of her role, "I bounced around. I was either the hero of the sidekicks or the sidekick to the heroes."[3] When she attended Sky High the first time, no one understood her class of powers and she was slated as a sidekick.
Patrick Warburton provides the vocal effects of Gwen in her Royal Pain suit.
Steven Strait as Warren Peace (a pun on "War and Peace")
The son of an unnamed superheroine and a supervillain known as Baron Battle, who is in jail with four life sentences. He is pyrokinetic. Warren is a high school outcast who tries to lead a decent life, but often misunderstood due to being a son of felonious father.
Dee Jay Daniels as Ethan Bank
A sidekick and one of Will's friends, he can melt into a fluid (which earned him the nickname "Popsicle").
Kelly Vitz as Magenta "Maj" Lewis
One of Will's friends, who shapeshifts into a guinea pig with purple highlights and streaks in her fur.
Nicholas Braun as Zachary "Zach" Braun / Zack Attack
Will's childhood friend, who has the latent ability to glow in the dark. At the Change and Pose class, he changed but got in his underwear which is a pair of white shorts with yellow spots.
Malika Haqq and Khadijah Haqq as Penny Lent
Gwen's best friend, who duplicates herself and is naturally athletic.
Jake Sandvig and Will Harris as Lash and Speed
The resident gang at Sky High; Lash is skinny, and has elasticity, while Speed is overweight, yet can run at an extremely high speed.
Lynda Carter as Principal Powers
The principal of Sky High who has the power to change into a luminous energy form resembling a comet and back at will.
Bruce Campbell as Tommy Boomowski / Coach Boomer / Sonic Boom
The gym teacher at Sky High, also known as Sonic Boom due to his ability to release sonic waves from his vocal cords, also known as sonic screaming. His real name is listed as Tommy Boomowski in the Commander's Sky High Yearbook.
Kevin Heffernan as Ron Wilson, Bus Driver
The Sky High bus driver and pilot. He is the son of two superheroes, but does not have any powers. He feels a great sense of pride in driving the "superheroes of tomorrow" to school. It is revealed at the end of the film that he fell into a vat of toxic waste, gaining superpowers of his own. He is a kind, good-hearted fellow.
Cloris Leachman as Nurse Spex
A kind and eccentric elderly lady that serves as Sky High's single known nurse, with the ability of X-ray vision.
Jim Rash as Mr. Grayson / Stitches
Royal Pain's bumbling sidekick. He raised her as his daughter after she was turned into a baby by the Pacifier.
Dave Foley as Jonathan Boy / All-American Boy
The Commander's old sidekick who works as Hero Support teacher at Sky High.
Kevin McDonald as Professor Medulla
The Mad Science teacher, with a hyper-advanced (and oversized) brain, which grants him advanced intelligence, creativity and a multitude of genius-level skills.
Kim Rhodes as Professor Jeannie Elast / Elastic Girl
A girl who has the talent to twist her body into anything she wants. Her character was never shown in the final cut of the film.
Tom Kenny and Jill Talley as Mr. and Mrs. Chester Timmerman
They made a small cameo in the film.
Loren Berman as Larry
A nerdy boy who can turn into a golem-like creature.
Dustin Ingram as Carbon Copy Kid
Production[edit]
Oviatt Library at CSU Northridge
Exterior shots of the Sky High school were filmed at the Oviatt Library[4] at California State University in Northridge.[5]
According to scifi.com, Disney was attracted by the "original concept" of "children of superheroes going to high school", originally conceived by screenwriter Paul Hernandez in the 1990s.[6] After recruiting comedy writers Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley (creators of Kim Possible) for polishing Hernandez's script (they only wrote the beginning and ending sequences), Disney hired several comedians such as Kevin McDonald, Dave Foley, and Kevin Heffernan for supporting roles.[6] For the main roles, the casting was a mix of established and new teenager actors: while Michael Angarano and Mary Elizabeth Winstead were already successful, Danielle Panabaker was little-known and Steven Strait (a former model) was hired after his first audition ever.[6]
Director Mike Mitchell said that Sky High functions on two premises: "the adults are all insane" and "the girls are smarter than the boys":[7] Therefore, all the adults portrayed in the film tend to be caricatured, while the teenage girls are written as more assertive and powerful than the boys. For the treatment of the teenage actors, Mitchell also stated that the actors all had their own trailer and were generally kept separated, because "we did not want them to date after the second week and break up after the fourth", which would have made filming difficult.[7]
Mitchell, a science fiction fan, admitted that this project "was a dream", because it brought him together with four of his favorite SF cult heroes: namely Wonder Woman (popularized in the eponymous 1970s television series by actress Lynda Carter), Snake Plissken (portrayed by Kurt Russell), Ash Williams (from Evil Dead, played by Bruce Campbell) and Cloris Leachman, who earned fame as Frau Blücher in Young Frankenstein.[6]
Reception and box office figures[edit]
Sky High received generally favorable reviews. Based on review aggregrator Rotten Tomatoes, the film earned a rating of 73% positive reviews based on 127 critic reviewers with an average rating of 6.5/10.[8] The site's critical consensus read, "This highly derivative superhero coming-of-age flick is moderately entertaining, family-friendly fluff."
Commercially it was a success: on an estimated budget of US$35 million, it earned just under $64 million in the US alone, and another $22 million internationally, bringing the total to just over $86 million.[2]
Soundtrack[edit]
Sky High (Original Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
July 26, 2005
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
46:28
Label
Hollywood Records
Singles from Sky High (Original Soundtrack)
"I Melt with You"
Released: 2005
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [9]
The Sky High Original Soundtrack was released by Hollywood Records on July 26, 2005, and is composed of covers of songs from the 1980s (with the exception of "Just What I Needed", which was from the late 1970s).
Track listing[edit]
"I Melt with You" – Bowling for Soup (Originally by: Modern English) - 4:03
"Through Being Cool" – They Might Be Giants (Originally by: Devo) - 3:17
"Save It for Later" – Flashlight Brown (Originally by: The Beat) - 2:49
"Everybody Wants to Rule the World" – Christian Burns (Originally by: Tears for Fears) - 4:28
"One Thing Leads to Another" – Steven Strait (Originally by: The Fixx) - 3:10
"Lies" – The Click Five (Originally by: Thompson Twins) - 2:58
"Voices Carry" – Vitamin C (Originally by: 'Til Tuesday) - 4:16
"Please, Please, Please, Let Me Get What I Want" – Elefant (Originally by: The Smiths) - 2:53
"True" – Cary Brothers (Originally by: Spandau Ballet) - 5:11
"Just What I Needed" – Caleigh Peters (Originally by: The Cars) - 3:38
"Can't Stop the World" – Ginger Sling (Originally by: The Go-Go's) - 3:25
"And She Was" – Keaton Simons (Originally by: Talking Heads) - 3:49
"Twist and Crawl" – Skindred (Originally by: The Beat) - 2:31
Reception[edit]
AllMusic rated the album 2.5/5, saying that it "stumbles more than it succeeds" and is "painfully conventional."
Home media[edit]
The film was released in separate widescreen and full screen format editions on DVD on November 29, 2005. It was the first Disney movie ever released on home video to never have a VHS release. It was also released on high definition Blu-ray for an original widescreen presentation on November 21, 2006.
Sequel[edit]
In November 2016, it was announced that Disney is developing a sequel to Sky High, and that the film is in early development stages.[10]
See also[edit]
Hero High
PS238
Zoom
My Hero Academia, a 2014 Japanese manga series with a similar premise.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Detail view of Movies Page". Retrieved 21 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sky High (2005) - Box Office Mojo". Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sky Kids Have Hero Issues," SciFi.com (22-JULY-05).
Jump up ^ "Oviatt Library". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "University Licensing". California State University, Northridge. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Kurt Russell and company go back to high school to learn what it means to be super in Sky High". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Sky High DVD extras
Jump up ^ "Sky High (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Sky High at AllMusic
Jump up ^ Heath, Paul (October 17, 2016). "Exclusive: Story writer revealed for Dreamworks' 'Shrek 5' – 'Sky High 2' coming?". The Hollywood News.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sky High
Official website
Sky High on IMDb
Sky High at Rotten Tomatoes
Sky High at AllMovie
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Films directed by Mike Mitchell
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo (1999)
Surviving Christmas (2004)
Sky High (2005)
Shrek Forever After (2010)
Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (2011)
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water (2015)
Trolls (2016)
The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019)
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