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Raven's Home
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Raven's Home
Genre
Comedy
Family
Created by
Michael Poryes
Susan Sherman
Developed by
Jed Elinoff & Scott Thomas
Starring
Raven-Symoné
Issac Ryan Brown
Navia Robinson
Jason Maybaum
Sky Katz
Anneliese van der Pol
Theme music composer
Andy Love
Joacim Persson
Johan Alkenäs
Composer(s)
Bert Selen
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
13 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jed Elinoff & Scott Thomas
Raven-Symoné
Producer(s)
Julie Tsutsui
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
22–24 minutes
Production company(s)
Entertainment Force
It's a Laugh Productions
Release
Original network
Disney Channel
Original release
July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21) – present
Chronology
Preceded by
That's So Raven (2003–07)
External links
Website
disneychannel.disney.com/raven-s-home
Production
website
www.disneyabcpress.com/disneychannel/shows/thats-so-raven-spin-off/
Raven's Home is an American comedy and family television series developed by Jed Elinoff and Scott Thomas that premiered on Disney Channel on July 21, 2017. Based on the characters created by Michael Poryes and Susan Sherman, the series is a spinoff and sequel to That's So Raven,[1][2] the second spinoff from that series after Cory in the House. The series stars Raven-Symoné, Issac Ryan Brown, Navia Robinson, Jason Maybaum, Sky Katz, and Anneliese van der Pol.
The series centers around Raven Baxter, a divorced mother of pre-teen twins Booker Baxter-Carter and Nia Baxter-Carter living with Chelsea Daniels, her childhood best friend, and her son Levi Grayson in Chicago, Illinois.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Production
4 Episodes
5 Ratings
6 References
7 External links
Plot
Best friends Raven and Chelsea, both divorced single mothers, are now raising their children in an apartment together in Chicago. Their house is turned upside down when they realize one of Raven's children, Booker, has inherited the same psychic abilities as his mother.
Characters
Raven Baxter[1] (Raven-Symoné) is the single mother of twins Nia and Booker, who works as a fashion designer for dogs. It is revealed that prior to the series, Raven has gotten divorced from Devon Carter (Jonathan McDaniel), an ex-boyfriend from high school, and now lives with Chelsea and her son in Chicago. Raven possesses psychic powers, able to glimpse "visions" of the future. She decides not to tell her children about her visions as she believes they would not understand.
Booker Baxter-Carter[3] (Issac Ryan Brown) is the 11-year-old son of Raven and twin brother of Nia, who has inherited his mother's psychic abilities.[1][4] After he gets his first vision at school, he decides not to tell his mother about his psychic abilities as he thinks she would not believe him, unaware that his mother is also psychic.
Nia Baxter-Carter[3] (Navia Robinson) is the 11-year-old daughter of Raven and twin sister of Booker.[1][4] She initially does not believe her brother's psychic abilities, insisting it's one of his made up stories. When her brother has a vision of Nia getting hit by a boxing bag and later becomes true, she finally believes him.
Levi Grayson[3] (Jason Maybaum) is the 9-year-old son of Chelsea.[4] He is very mature for his age and often acts as the parent in his relationship with his mother.
Tess (Sky Katz) is the street-wise best friend of Nia, who lives in the same building as the rest of the family.
Chelsea Grayson[3] (Anneliese van der Pol) is Raven's somewhat dim-witted, but sweet best friend and the mother of Levi. It is revealed that prior to the series, Chelsea made a substantial sum of money from an infomercial product she invented called the "Schmop," but her fortune was stolen by her husband Garrett Grayson. Afterwards, Garrett was arrested for tax evasion and ended up having an affair with the federal agent that arrested him. Chelsea subsequently divorced him upon reclaiming some of her money and moved in with Raven. While living with Raven, Chelsea often tries to cook for the family, which goes horribly awry with the food either not tasting well or getting burnt.
Production
Eight years after That's So Raven ended, there was speculation and rumors that the series would get a second spinoff or revamp. On August 14, 2015, a reunion with Raven-Symoné and her former co-stars happened on The View, where they discussed all things about the series and past times. T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh and Rondell Sheridan were not present, but got a special mention from Raven-Symoné herself.[5]
The series was announced on October 27, 2016, where Raven-Symoné also announced that she was departing as co-host of The View later in 2016 in order to work on the series full time,[6] and was officially greenlit to series with the title of Raven's Home on April 4, 2017.[7] On November 14, 2016, it was announced that Anneliese van der Pol will reprise her role of Chelsea Daniels in the series as a divorced mother who is raising a son, Levi, and moves in with Raven.[2] Executive producers Jed Elinoff and Scott Thomas serve as showrunners and head writers, with Raven-Symoné also on the writing team as an executive producer.[8] The series premiered on Disney Channel on July 21, 2017, and is filmed at Hollywood Center Studios. Disney Channel renewed the series for a second season on October 10, 2017, which will begin filming in November 2017.[9]
Episodes
No.
Title [10][11]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [10][11]
Prod.
code [10][12]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"Baxter's Back!" Eric Dean Seaton Jed Elinoff & Scott Thomas July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21) 101 3.50[13]
Now living in Chicago, Raven and Chelsea have moved in together with their children after their divorces. Raven has twins Nia and Booker and Chelsea has a son named Levi. One day, Raven has a vision of Nia complaining about Booker always getting the attention from their mother. Raven sets out to fix this issue by spending more time with her. Meanwhile, Booker has his first vision at school and decides not to tell his psychic mother, who coincidentally also did not tell her children.
Guest star: Leslie David Baker as Principal Wentworth
2
"Big Trouble in Little Apartment" Eric Dean Seaton Jed Elinoff & Scott Thomas July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28) 103 1.66[14]
After Chelsea and Levi moved in, Nia moved to the couch. She begins to feel she lacks privacy and space for herself and avoids telling Raven about her issues. When Raven tells Nia that she loves having Chelsea and her son at the house, Nia begins to feel guilty and turns to her father, Devon, who reveals he is moving to Texas for a job. Meanwhile, Booker, after hearing about Levi's old room, tries to make Levi more at home by buying a trampoline.
Guest star: Jonathan McDaniel as Devon Carter
3
"The Baxters Get Bounced" Eric Dean Seaton Meg DeLoatch August 4, 2017 (2017-08-04) 102 1.20[15]
After both Chelsea and Booker break something in the house, Raven demands that no one call the landlord since she hasn't told them that Chelsea and Levi have moved in the apartment. When Nia and Booker get frustrated cleaning the dishes, they call the landlord Mr. Jablonski against their mother's wishes. When Mr. Jablonski finds out about Chelsea and her son, he raises the rent or else everyone will have to move out by the end of the month. Meanwhile, Nia and Booker hold a yard sale to help their mother and Levi makes friends with their neighbor who turns out to be the apartment's proprietor and Mr. Jablonski's mother.
Guest stars: Skyler Day as Paisley, Bruno Amato as Mr. Jablonski, Peggy Miley as Ma Jablonski
4
"The Bearer of Dad News" Victor Gonzalez Jim Martin August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11) 104 1.35[16]
Raven and the twins plan a surprise goodbye party for Devon, who is moving away to Texas to become a weatherman. When Raven has a vision of her children being upset about Devon's departure, she plans a weekend with activities Devon would do with the children. Not all goes as planned. Meanwhile, Chelsea accidentally destroys the twins' stuffed bear given to them by their dad, so she and Levi set out to try and fix it.
Guest stars: Jonathan McDaniel as Devon Carter, Jordan Black as Carnie
Absent: Sky Katz as Tess
5
"You're Gonna Get It" Victor Gonzalez Anthony C. Hill August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18) 105 1.44[17]
Raven catches Nia wearing makeup and makes her take it off, saying that she is too young. One morning before school, Nia steals Raven's makeup and wears it to school. She gains popularity and accidentally hosts a party on the rooftop. Meanwhile, Booker tries to help Levi when he doesn't want to go to school and Raven tries to salvage her job when her boss wants to meet Raven's fake dogs named after her children.
Guest stars: Skyler Day as Paisley, Lexi Underwood as Shannon, Anthony Alabi as Coach Spitz
6
"Adventures in Mommy-Sitting" Shannon Flynn Jim Martin August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25) 107 1.25[18]
Raven and Chelsea decide to go out at a club called The Vault. When they are unable to find a babysitter for the night, they decide to trust their kids and Tess to stay home alone. While they are out, the children spill drinks on a chair and attempt to fix it. Elsewhere, Raven and Chelsea run into problems with a partygoer. Also, Booker has a vision of Raven getting locked into the vault of the club. They go out and try to save her.
Guest stars: Reginald Ballard as Bouncer, Nina Millin as Brenda
7
"Dancing Tween" Shannon Flynn Sassi Darling September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08) 108 1.37[19]
The children's school is holding a dance with Booker and Tess helping organize it. When they make it seem that the dance circle is important, Nia begins to feel pressured to learn how to dance. Later, Booker has a vision that the party will be a disaster. He and Tess clash on the dance's theme. Meanwhile, Raven feels insecure about her involvement in the twins' lives when the school principal makes a comment about Chelsea always helping out.
Guest star: Leslie David Baker as Principal Wentworth
8
"Vending the Rules" Bob Koherr Molly Haldeman & Camilla Rubis September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15) 109 1.48[20]
When the snack vending machine at school is out of order, the children decide to sell snacks at school in order to purchase items they want. The school gym teacher Coach Spitz finds out about it and attempts to find the culprits responsible. Also, Raven attempts to help Chelsea when she defends her ex-husband Garrett in prison as Levi is unaware on how bad he was as he uses some of his previous advices to help the rest of the children in their plot.
Guest star: Anthony Alabi as Coach Spitz
9
"In-vision of Privacy" Bob Koherr Danielle Calvert September 22, 2017 (2017-09-22) 111 1.26[21]
Booker has a vision of Tess playing basketball with a boy named Jordan, who she likes. Then Booker has another vision of Jordan rejecting Tess when she reveals her feelings to him. Booker tries to help her, but she demands that he stay out of her personal life. Him and Levi try to stall Jordan from meeting Tess in order to prevent him from breaking Tess' heart. Meanwhile, Raven and Chelsea argue about their parenting styles.
Guest stars: Philip Solomon as Jordan, Cleo Berry as Lawrence
Absent: Navia Robinson as Nia Baxter-Carter
10
"Fears of a Clown" Victor Gonzalez Rick Williams September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29) 106 1.21[22]
Booker and Levi befriend a kid named Wally. Meanwhile, Raven sees a clown in her building and starts to work to face her fears.
Guest stars: Tristan DeVan as Wally, Valerie Azlynn as Diane
11
"The Baxtercism of Levi Grayson" Bob Koherr Charity L. Miller & Eric Owusu October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06) 110 1.28[23]
On Halloween, Booker, Levi, and their friend Travis investigate the legend of a ghost in their apartment building. Meanwhile, Nia comes down with a case of chickenpox as Tess helps her to celebrate Halloween.
Guest star: Nicolas Cantu as Travis
12
"Dream Moms" Robbie Countryman Jed Elinoff & Scott Thomas October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13) 113 1.18[24]
Booker and Levi get Raven and Chelsea tickets to a concert of their favorite band, La Dee Da. However, the boys get in trouble backstage after accidentally knocking out Da. Meanwhile, Nia wonders why she didn't inherit visions even though Booker did.
Guest stars: Izzy Diaz as Mr. Alvarez, Kimrie Lewis-Davis as La
13
"Vest in Show" Robbie Countryman Rick Williams October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20) 112 1.27[25]
Guest star: Skyler Day as Paisley
Absent: Navia Robinson as Nia Baxter-Carter
Ratings
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 13 July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21) 3.50[13] TBA TBD 1.50
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d Joe Otterson (April 4, 2017). "That's So Raven Spinoff Ordered to Series at Disney Channel". Variety. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Nivia Serrao (November 14, 2016). "That's So Raven Sequel: Anneliese van der Pol to Return as Chelsea". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Raven's Home Show Bios". Retrieved July 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Leanne Aguilera (April 4, 2017). "Disney Channel's That's So Raven Spinoff Gets a Name – Plus, Meet Raven-Symone's TV Twins!". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bruce Fretts; Matt Roush. "The Greatest Shows on Earth". TV Guide. 61 (3194–3195): 16–19. [full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Marc Snetiker (October 27, 2016). "Raven-Symoné to Star in That's So Raven Spin-off at Disney Channel". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Marc Snetiker (April 4, 2017). "That's So Raven Spin-off Raven's Home a Go at Disney Channel". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chris Harnick (April 4, 2017). "Meet the Cast of Raven's Home, Disney Channel's That's So Raven Spinoff". E! Online. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Erik Pedersen (October 10, 2017). "Raven's Home Renewed for Second Season on Disney Channel". Deadline. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Raven's Home Episode Listings". The Futon Critic.
^ Jump up to: a b "Raven's Home Episode Guide". Zap2it.
Jump up ^ "Raven's Home Episodes". Disney ABC Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (July 24, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 7.21.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (July 31, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 7.28.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 7, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 8.4.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 14, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 8.11.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 21, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 8.18.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 28, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 8.25.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 12, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 9.8.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 18, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 9.15.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 25, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 9.22.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 2, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 9.29.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 9, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 10.6.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 16, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 10.13.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 23, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 10.20.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
External links
Raven's Home on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
That's So Raven
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
"That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana"
Soundtracks
That's So Raven
That's So Raven Too!
Video games
That's So Raven: Psychic on the Scene
Spin-offs
Cory in the House
Raven's Home
Indian Adaptation
Palak Pe Jhalak
[show]
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I Didn't Do It (2014–15)
Girl Meets World (2014–17)
Best Friends Whenever (2015–16)
Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything (2015–17)
Lab Rats: Elite Force (2016)
Films
Hannah Montana: The Movie (2009)
Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie (2009)
The Suite Life Movie (2011)
Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas! (2011)
Crossovers
"That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana" (2006)
"Take This Job and Love It" (2007)
"Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana" (2009)
"Weasels on Deck" (2010)
"Charlie Shakes it Up" (2011)
"Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year" (2012)
"Good Luck Jessie: NYC Christmas" (2013)
"Jessie's Aloha-holidays with Parker and Joey" (2014)
"Karate Kid-tastrophe" (2015)
"Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med" (2015)
TV specials
The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex (2013)
Related
ABC Kids
Disney Channel
Disney XD
Disney Channel Original Series
Disney Channel Original Movies
Toon Disney (1998–2009)
Disney Channel Storytellers
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text:
I Knew I Loved You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"I Knew I Loved You"
Single by Savage Garden
from the album Affirmation
B-side
"Mine (And You Could Be)"
"Universe"
Released
28 September 1999 (1999-09-28)
Format
CD single
Cassette
Recorded
1999
Genre
Pop
adult contemporary
Length
4:10
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Daniel Jones
Darren Hayes
Producer(s)
Daniel Jones
Darren Hayes
Walter Afanasieff
Savage Garden singles chronology
"The Animal Song"
(1999) "I Knew I Loved You"
(1999) "Crash and Burn"
(2000)
"The Animal Song"
(1999) "I Knew I Loved You"
(1999) "Crash and Burn"
(2000)
Music video
"I Knew I Loved You" on YouTube
"I Knew I Loved You" is a song by Australian pop duo Savage Garden, released as the second single from their second studio album, Affirmation. The song went straight to number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band's second number one in the United States after "Truly Madly Deeply".
After its third week at number one, the single was knocked off by Mariah Carey's "Thank God I Found You" featuring Joe and 98 Degrees. It later returned to the top again the following week, for its fourth and final week at the top.
It was the last song by an Australian artist to reach the top of the Billboard Hot 100 for over twelve years, until Gotye peaked at number one with his single "Somebody That I Used to Know" (featuring Kimbra) in 2012. The music video featured then teen actress Kirsten Dunst as Darren Hayes' love interest, and received a heavy rotation on MTV.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Track listing
3 Charts
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
3.3 Decade-end charts
3.4 All-time charts
4 Cover versions
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Music video[edit]
The music video was filmed by director Kevin Bray in August 1999 on a New York City Subway set that had previously been used on the sitcom Seinfeld.[1] It features Hayes playing out a romantic plot on a subway train, with a female passenger (played by American actress Kirsten Dunst) as the object of his affections.
At one point, the train comes to a stop due to a power outage (at 2:24); red emergency lighting comes on and everyone in the carriage joins hands. Hayes, who is sitting opposite his aforementioned love interest, extends his hand to her.
As they touch, the video cuts to a montage of the couple walking through a park, bathed in sunlight, laughing and holding hands. The video then cuts back to the carriage as the power comes back on and the train pulls into the station. Hayes and the woman exit with the other passengers, and share a fleeting glance before going their separate ways. Shots of the band performing alone on the subway platform and in the carriage are interspersed throughout the video. The video was uploaded on YouTube on 25 October 2009. As of October 2017, the video has received over 74 million views.
Track listing[edit]
United Kingdom
CD1
"I Knew I Loved You" – 4:12
"I Knew I Loved You" (acoustic version) – 4:08
"Mine (And You Could Be)" – 4:29
CD2
"I Knew I Loved You" (radio version) – 3:49
"I Knew I Loved You" (club mix) – 8:26
"Universe" – 4:20
Cassette
"I Knew I Loved You" – 4:12
"I Knew I Loved You" (acoustic version) – 4:08
America
"I Knew I Loved You" – 4:12
"I Knew I Loved You" (7" Mini-Me Remix) – 4:17
Australia
"I Knew I Loved You" – 4:12
"I Knew I Loved You" (acoustic version) – 4:08
Japan
Maxi-CD
"I Knew I Loved You" – 4:12
"I Knew I Loved You" (radio version) – 3:49
"I Knew I Loved You" (acoustic version) – 4:08
Double A-side
"Last Christmas" – 4:48
"I Knew I Loved You" – 4:12
Europe
CD1
"I Knew I Loved You" – 4:12
"I Knew I Loved You" (radio version) – 3:49
CD2
"I Knew I Loved You" – 4:12
"I Knew I Loved You" (extended instrumental version) – 5:06
"I Knew I Loved You" (Daniel's Remix) – 4:19
"Mine (And You Could Be)" – 4:29
Charts[edit]
The song was a huge success in the United States, on the Billboard Hot 100, where it spent four weeks at the top, and an eventual 124 weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart,[2] breaking the record for 123 weeks set by another of the duo's songs, "Truly Madly Deeply" (which, in terms of sales and later time spent on the Recurrents chart, is still the #1 AC song of all time). It ranked #21 in the All Time Adult Contemporary Chart. The song was also certified Platinum by the RIAA and became the highest-played song on US radio of 2000.
Weekly charts[edit]
Charts (1999–2000)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[3] 4
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[4] 36
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[5] 9
Canada Top Singles (RPM) 1
France (SNEP)[6] 43
Germany (Official German Charts)[7] 34
Ireland (IRMA) 18
Italy (FIMI)[8] 15
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[9] 54
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[10] 3
Norway (VG-lista)[11] 7
Romania (Romanian Top 100)[12] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[13] 3
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[14] 34
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company) 10
US Billboard Hot 100[15] 1
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 1
US Billboard Adult Contemporary 1
US Billboard Adult Top 40 3
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1999)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[16] 27
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[17] 56
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[18] 10
Chart (2000)
Position
Romania (Romanian Top 100)[12] 56
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 7
Decade-end charts[edit]
End-of-decade chart (2000-2009)
Position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 54
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary[19] 1
All-time charts[edit]
Chart
Position
US Billboard Adult Contemporary [20] 21
Cover versions[edit]
Country singer Daryle Singletary covered the song for his 2000 album, Now and Again. His version reached #55 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 2000.
Cantopop singer Edison Chen covered the song for his 2002 album, Break Through.
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles of 2000 (Canada)
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2000
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1999 and 2000 (U.S.)
List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2000
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Savage Garden diary entry for 26 August 1999 Archived 19 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "CHART BEAT BONUS". Billboard.com. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Savage Garden – I Knew I Loved You". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Savage Garden – I Knew I Loved You" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Savage Garden – I Knew I Loved You" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Savage Garden – I Knew I Loved You" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Savage Garden Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete: S". hitparadeitalia.it.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Savage Garden – I Knew I Loved You" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Savage Garden – I Knew I Loved You". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Savage Garden – I Knew I Loved You". VG-lista.
^ Jump up to: a b "Romanian Top 100: Top of the Year 2000" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on 22 January 2005.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Savage Garden – I Knew I Loved You". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Savage Garden – I Knew I Loved You". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Savage Garden Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles - Volume 70, No. 8, December 13, 1999". RPM. 13 December 1999. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1999". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard's Top Adult Contemporary Songs of the 2000's". Retrieved 2010-08-31.
Jump up ^ "The Top 100 Adult Contemporary Songs Ever". Billboard. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Savage Garden
Darren Hayes
Daniel Jones
Studio albums
Savage Garden
Affirmation
Compilation albums
The Future of Earthly Delites
Truly Madly Deeply – Ultra Rare Tracks
Ultra Hit Tracks
Affirmation: The B-Sides
Truly Madly Completely: The Best of Savage Garden
The Singles
Singles
"I Want You"
"To the Moon and Back"
"Truly Madly Deeply"
"Break Me Shake Me"
"Universe"
"All Around Me"
"Santa Monica"
"Tears of Pearls"
"The Animal Song"
"I Knew I Loved You"
"Crash and Burn"
"Affirmation"
"Chained to You"
"Hold Me"
"The Best Thing"
Video releases
Superstars and Cannonballs
Related articles
Discography
Awards and nominations
Affirmation World Tour
[show]
v
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Daryle Singletary
Studio albums
Daryle Singletary
All Because of You
Ain't It the Truth
That's Why I Sing This Way
Straight from the Heart
Rockin' in the Country
Compilations
Now and Again
Notable singles
"I'm Living Up to Her Low Expectations"
"I Let Her Lie"
"Too Much Fun"
"Amen Kind of Love"
"The Note"
"I Knew I Loved You"
"I'd Love to Lay You Down"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Knew_I_Loved_You&oldid=843568570"
Categories:
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text:
Parzaan Dastur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Parzaan Dastur
Born
(1991-11-02) 2 November 1991 (age 26)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation
Actor, Singer, Pianist, Writer, Assistant Director, Producer
Years active
1998–Present
Parzaan Dastur is an Indian actor, singer, writer and former assistant director. To many Indians, he is best remembered as the cute kid in the Dhara advertisement and the silent Sikh in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Awards
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Parzaan is an alumnus of St. Mary's School and H.R College of Commerce and Economics. He belongs to a Mumbai-based Parsi family and lives with his parents and younger brother. He is a proficient Pianist and has been learning since age 7.
Career[edit]
Parzaan made his debut in the movie Kuch Kuch Hota Hai as a Silent Sikh-Kid and became famous for his dialogue, "Tussi Jaa Rahe Ho, Tussi Na Jao." His other movies are Mohabbatein (2001), Zubeidaa (2001) and Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (2001). He played the role of Parzan in Rahul Dholakia’s Parzania (2005) about a boy who goes missing during the Gujarat riots.
Parzaan played the male lead in Piyush Jha’s Sikandar (2009) as a boy who aspires to be a footballer but finds a gun which turns his world upside down.
After graduating, Parzaan went on to become an Assistant Director to Karan Johar on Student of the Year[1], to Punit Malhotra on Gori Tere Pyaar Mein[2], and to Abhishek Kapoor on Fitoor[3]. Since then, he has focussed on getting back into acting and has worked on several short films and ads. He also worked in a sketch by Being Indian.
Parzaan also produced and released a Short Film called 'Pocket Mummy' with his partner Nitesh Ranglani (who directed the film). Parzaan wrote the film which stars famous actress Madhoo in a pivotal role. [4]
Awards[edit]
Parzaan received the Aashirwad Award for Best Child Artist for his role in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998). He was also nominated for Sansui Awards for Best Child Artist in the same year. He was nominated for Stardust award for Best Child Artist for his role in Sikandar (2009). [5]
Filmography[edit]
Title
Year
Credited As
Role
Director
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
1998 Actor Silent Sardar Kid Karan Johar
Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai
2000 Actor Mischievous Boy on Plane Rakesh Roshan
Mohabbatein
2000 Actor Ayush Aditya Chopra
Zubeidaa
2001 Actor Young Riyaz (Rizzu) Shyam Benegal
Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham
2001 Actor Ashfaque's nephew Karan Johar
Haathi Ka Anda
2002 Actor Kinto Arun Khopkar
Kehtaa Hai Dil Baar Baar
2002 Actor Danny Rahul Dholakia
Hum Tum
2004 Voice Actor Hum Kunal Kohli
Parzania
2007 Actor Parzan Pithawala Rahul Dholakia
Sikandar
2009 Actor Sikandar Piyush Jha
Break Ke Baad
2010 Actor Young Abhay Gulati Danish Aslam
Student of the Year
2012 Assistant Director - Karan Johar
Gori Tere Pyaar Mein
2013 Assistant Director - Punit Malhotra
Fitoor
2016 Assistant Director - Abhishek Kapoor
Pocket Mummy
2017 Actor and Writer Siddharth Nitesh Ranglani
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Student of the Year IMDb Full Cast and Crew".
Jump up ^ "Gori Tere Pyaar Mein! IMDb Full Cast and Crew".
Jump up ^ "Fitoor IMDb Full Cast and Crew".
Jump up ^ "Parzania actor Parzan Dastur: Honour working with Madhoo Shah in Pocket Mummy". Mumbai. Indian Express. 9 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Nominations for Max Stardust Awards 2010". Mumbai. Bollywood Hungama. 16 Jan 2010. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
External links[edit]
Parzaan Dastur on IMDb
This article about an Indian actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Breakfast at Tiffany's
First edition cover
Author
Truman Capote
Country
United States
Language
English
Publisher
Random House
Publication date
1958
Media type
Print (Hardback and paperback), e-book, audio-CD
Pages
179 pp
OCLC
964700
Dewey Decimal
813/.54 20
LC Class
PS3505.A59 A6 1993
Breakfast at Tiffany's is a novella by Truman Capote published in 1958. The main character, Holly Golightly, is one of Capote's best-known creations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Conception
4 Publication history
5 Literary significance and reception
6 Adaptations
6.1 Film
6.2 Musical
6.3 Television
6.4 Plays
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In autumn 1943, the unnamed narrator befriends Holly Golightly. The two are tenants in a brownstone apartment in Manhattan's Upper East Side. Holly (age 18–19) is a country girl turned New York café society girl. As such, she has no job and lives by socializing with wealthy men, who take her to clubs and restaurants, and give her money and expensive presents; she hopes to marry one of them. According to Capote, Golightly is not a prostitute but an "American geisha."[1]
Holly likes to shock people with carefully selected tidbits from her personal life or her outspoken viewpoints on various topics. Over the course of a year, she slowly reveals herself to the narrator, who finds himself fascinated by her curious lifestyle.
Characters[edit]
"Fred": the unnamed narrator.
Holly Golightly: The protagonist.
Joe Bell: A bartender acquainted with both "Fred" and Holly.
Mag Wildwood: Holly's friend and sometime roommate, a fellow socialite and model.
Rusty Trawler: A presumably wealthy man, thrice divorced, well known in society circles.
José Ybarra-Jaegar: A Brazilian diplomat, who is the companion of Mag Wildwood and, later, of Holly.
Doc Golightly: A veterinarian from Texas, whom Holly married as a teenager.
O. J. Berman: A Hollywood agent, who has discovered Holly and groomed her to become a professional actress.
Salvatore "Sally" Tomato: A convicted racketeer, whom Holly visits weekly in Sing Sing prison.
Madame Sapphia Spanella: Another tenant in the brownstone.
Mr. I. Y. Yunioshi: A photographer, who lives in an apartment on the top floor of the brownstone where Holly lives.
Conception[edit]
In early drafts of the story Holly was named Connie Gustafson; Capote later changed her name to Holiday Golightly. He apparently based the character of Holly on several different women, all friends or close acquaintances of his. Claims have been made as to the source of the character, the "real Holly Golightly", in what Capote called the "Holly Golightly Sweepstakes",[2] including socialite Gloria Vanderbilt, Oona O'Neill,[3] writer/actress Carol Grace,[4] writer Maeve Brennan,[5] writer Doris Lilly,[6] model Dorian Leigh (whom Capote dubbed "Happy Go Lucky"),[7][8] and her sister, model Suzy Parker.
Oona O'Neill (1943)
Gloria Vanderbilt (1959)
Suzy Parker (1963)
Marilyn Monroe (1952)
Several women (or their agents) claimed to be models for Holly Golightly. Many were dark-haired sophisticated beauties like Audrey Hepburn, yet Capote has said his model was a blonde ("strands of albino-blonde and yellow") closer in character to Marilyn Monroe, whom he preferred for the film role that ultimately went to Hepburn.[9]
Capote’s biographer Gerald Clarke wrote "half the women he knew...claimed to be the model for his wacky heroine."[3] Clarke also wrote of the similarities between the author himself and the character.[10] There are also similarities between the lives of Holly and Capote's mother, Nina Capote; among other shared attributes both women were born in the rural south with similar "hick" birth names that they changed (Holly Golightly was born Lulamae Barnes in Texas, Nina Capote was born Lillie Mae Faulk in Alabama), both left the husbands they married as teenagers and abandoned relatives they loved and were responsible for, instead going to New York, and both achieved "café society" status through relationships with wealthier men, though Capote's mother was born two decades earlier than the fictional Holly Golightly.[3][11] Capote was also unsuccessfully sued for libel and invasion of privacy by a Manhattan resident named Bonnie Golightly who claimed that he had based Holly on her.[3]
According to the biographer of Joan McCracken, McCracken had a violent dressing room outburst after learning of the wartime death of her brother, while she was appearing in the Bloomer Girl (1944). McCracken's biographer suggests that Capote used this event as a model for a scene in which Holly reacts to her brother's death overseas. McCracken and her husband Jack Dunphy were close friends of Capote, and Dunphy became Capote's companion after his divorce from the actress. In the novella, Holly Golightly is also depicted singing songs from Oklahoma! (in which McCracken appeared) accompanying herself on a guitar, and owning The Baseball Guide, which was edited by McCracken's uncle.[12]
Publication history[edit]
Breakfast at Tiffany's was originally sold to Harper's Bazaar for $2,000 and intended for publication in its July 1958 issue. It was to be illustrated with a big series of photo montages by David Attie, who had been hired for the job by famed Harper's art director Alexey Brodovitch. However, after the publication was scheduled, longtime Harper's editor Carmel Snow was ousted by the magazine's publisher, the Hearst Corporation, and Hearst executives began asking for changes to the novella's tart language. By this time, Attie's montages had been completed, and Alice Morris, the fiction editor of Harper's, recounted that while Capote initially refused to make any changes, he relented "partly because I showed him the layouts...six pages with beautiful, atmospheric photographs."[13] Yet Hearst ordered Harper's not to run the novella anyway. Its language and subject matter were still deemed "not suitable", and there was concern that Tiffany's, a major advertiser, would react negatively.[14][15] An outraged Capote soon resold the work to Esquire for $3,000; by his own account, he specified that he "would not be interested if [Esquire] did not use Attie's [original series of] photographs." He wrote to Esquire fiction editor Rust Hills, "I'm very happy that you are using [Attie's] pictures, as I think they are excellent." But to his disappointment, Esquire ran just one full-page image of Attie's (another was later used as the cover of at least one paperback edition of the novella).[16] The novella appeared in the November, 1958 issue. Shortly afterward, a collection of the novella and three short stories by Capote was published by Random House — and the glowing reviews caused sales of the Esquire issue to skyrocket. Both Attie and Brodovitch went on to work with Capote on other projects — Attie on Brooklyn Heights: A Personal Memoir,[17] and Brodovitch on Observations, both published in 1959.
The collection has been reprinted several times; the novella has been included in other Capote collections.
Capote's original typed manuscript was offered for sale by a New Hampshire auction house in April 2013.[18] It was sold to Igor Sosin, a Russian billionaire entrepreneur, for US$306,000. Mr. Sosin said he planned to display it publicly in Moscow and Monte Carlo.[19]
Literary significance and reception[edit]
In "Breakfast at Sally Bowles,'" Ingrid Norton of Open Letters Monthly pointed out Capote's debt to Christopher Isherwood, one of his mentors, in creating the character of Holly Golightly: "Breakfast at Tiffany’s is in many ways Capote’s personal crystallization of Isherwood's Sally Bowles."[20]
Truman Capote's aunt, Marie Rudisill notes that Holly is a kindred spirit of Miss Lily Jane Bobbit, the central character of his short story "Children on Their Birthdays." She observes that both characters are "unattached, unconventional wanderers, dreamers in pursuit of some ideal of happiness."[21]
Capote himself acknowledged that Golightly was the favorite of his characters.[22]
The novella's prose style prompted Norman Mailer to call Capote "the most perfect writer of my generation," adding that he "would not have changed two words in Breakfast at Tiffany's".[23]
Adaptations[edit]
Film[edit]
Main article: Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)
The novella was loosely adapted into the 1961 movie Breakfast at Tiffany's starring Audrey Hepburn and directed by Blake Edwards. The movie was transposed to 1960 rather than the 1940s, the period of the novella. In addition to this, at the end of the film the protagonist and Holly fall in love and stay together, whereas in the novella there is no love affair whatsoever — Holly just leaves the United States and the narrator has no idea what happened to her since then, except for a photograph of a wood carving found years later in Africa which bears a striking resemblance to Holly. Capote originally envisioned Marilyn Monroe as Holly, and lobbied the studio for her, but the film was done at Paramount, and though Monroe did independent films, including for her own production company, she was still under contract with Twentieth Century Fox, and had just completed Let's Make Love with Yves Montand.
Musical[edit]
Main article: Breakfast at Tiffany's (musical)
A musical version of Breakfast at Tiffany's (also known as Holly Golightly) premiered in 1966 in Boston.[citation needed] The initial performances were panned by the critics and despite a rewrite by Edward Albee, it closed after only four performances.[24]
Television[edit]
Three years after the musical adaptation, Stefanie Powers and Jack Kruschen starred in another adaptation, Holly Golightly (1969), an unsold ABC sitcom pilot. Kruschen's role was based on Joe Bell, a major character in Capote's novella who was omitted from the film version.
Plays[edit]
There have been two adaptations of the novella into stage plays, both directed by Sean Mathias. The first production was written by Samuel Adamson and was presented in 2009 at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London, starring Anna Friel as Holly Golightly and Joseph Cross as William 'Fred' Parsons.[25][26] The second version was written by Richard Greenberg for a 2013 Broadway production at the Cort Theatre, starring Emilia Clarke as Holly Golightly, Cory Michael Smith as Fred, and George Wendt as Joe Bell.[27] The Greenberg play was produced in the UK in 2016, called "a play with music". It ran at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in the West End in June to September 2016.[28]
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ A March 1968 interview with Playboy contains the following exchange:
Playboy: Would you elaborate on your comment that Holly was the prototype of today's liberated female and representative of a "whole breed of girls who live off men but are not prostitutes. They're our version of the geisha girl..."?
Capote: Holly Golightly was not precisely a call girl. She had no job, but accompanied expense-account men to the best restaurants and night clubs, with the understanding that her escort was obligated to give her some sort of gift, perhaps jewelry or a check …if she felt like it, she might take her escort home for the night. So these girls are the authentic American geishas, and they're much more prevalent now than in 1943 or 1944, which was Holly's era.
Norden, Eric (March 1968). "Playboy Interview: Truman Capote". Playboy. 15 (3). pp. 51–53, 56, 58–62, 160–162, 164–170. Reprinted in:
Halford, Macy (September 7, 2009). "Was Holly Golightly Really a Prostitute?". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
Capote, Truman (1987). "Playboy Interview: Truman Capote". In M. Thomas, Inge. Truman Capote: Conversations. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi. p. 141. ISBN 9780878052745. OCLC 14165382.
Jump up ^ "Hello I'm Holly". The Times. London. 7 February 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Clarke, Gerald (2005). Capote: A Biography. Carroll & Graf Publishers. pp. 94–95, 313–314. ISBN 0-7867-1661-4.
Jump up ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (24 July 2003). "Carol Matthau, a Frank and Tart Memoirist, Dies at 78". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Maeve Golightly?". Publishersweekly.com. 25 October 2004. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Doris Lilly; Author, Columnist". Los Angeles Times. 11 October 1991.
Jump up ^ "Dorian Leigh: 'Supermodel' of the 1940s". The Independent. London. 14 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "The story behind the song: Moon River". The Telegraph. 7 October 2008. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
Jump up ^ Churchwell, Sarah (5 September 2009). "Breakfast at Tiffany's: When Audrey Hepburn won Marilyn Monroe's role". The Guardian (Manchester). Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Clarke, chs. 11–13.
Jump up ^ Rudisill, Marie; Simmons, James C. Truman Capote: The Story of His Bizarre and Exotic Boyhood by an Aunt Who Helped to Raise Him (William Morrow, 1983), p. 92.
Jump up ^ Sagolla, Lisa Jo (2003). The Girl Who Fell Down: A Biography of Joan McCracken. Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press. p. 110. ISBN 1-55553-573-9.
Jump up ^ Clarke, p 308.
Jump up ^ Plimpton, George (ed.) Truman Capote Doubleday, 1997. pp 162-163.
Jump up ^ Wise, Kelly (ed.) Portrait: Theory Lustrum Press, 1981. p 7.
Jump up ^ "Truman Capote's Papers". Retrieved 9 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Capote, Truman; Attie, David (2015). Brooklyn: A Personal Memoir: With the lost photographs of David Attie. New York: Little Bookroom. ISBN 978-1936941117. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Manuscript of "Breakfast at Tiffany's" up for auction". CBS News. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Capote’s Breakfast at Tiffany’s manuscript sells for $306K at auction to Russian billionaire". The Star (Toronto). Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. Associated Press. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Review of Sally Bowles and Breakfest at Tiffany's – Open Letters Monthly – an Arts and Literature Review". Openlettersmonthly.com. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Rudisill, Marie; Simmons, James C. The Southern Haunting of Truman Capote (Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House, 2000), page 100.
Jump up ^ http://www.moviediva.com/MD_root/reviewpages/MDBreakfastatTiffanys.htm
Jump up ^ Mailer, Norman (1959). Advertisements for Myself. Harvard University Press. p. 465. ISBN 0-674-00590-2. ...he is the most perfect writer of my generation, he writes the best sentences word for word, rhythm upon rhythm. I would not have changed two words in Breakfast at Tiffany's which will become a small classic.
Jump up ^ Davis, Deborah (2007). Party of the Century: The Fabulous Story of Truman Capote and his Black and White Ball. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-470-09821-9.
Jump up ^ Sookdeo, Niqui (17 July 2009). "Dreyfus to join cast of Breakfast at Tiffany’s". The Stage. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "West End Breakfast for Anna Friel", BBC News, May 15, 2009
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. "Broadway's Breakfast at Tiffany's Sets Closing Date" Playbill.com, April 15, 2013
Jump up ^ Cavendish, Dominic. "Pixie Lott ticks all the boxes in 'Breakfast at Tiffany's' – review" The Telegraph, 28 July 2016
Bibliography
Capote, Truman (1973). The Dogs Bark: Public People and Private Places (1st ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-48751-9.
Clarke, Gerald (1988). Capote: A Biography (1st ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-241-12549-6.
Davis, Deborah (2006). Party of the Century: The Fabulous Story of Truman Capote and His Black and White Ball (1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-65966-2.
Plimpton, George (1997). Truman Capote: In Which Various Friends, Enemies, Acquaintances, and Detractors Recall His Turbulent Career (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-23249-7.
Rudisill, Marie; Simmons, James (2000). The Southern Haunting of Truman Capote (1st ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House. ISBN 1-58182-136-0.
External links[edit]
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Victorian letter writing guides
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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As letters became more and more popular as a means of communication, guides sprang up accordingly about just how one was to write a letter, what was proper, and what was out of the question. Many Victorian conventions shine through the guides, and are a valuable way of understanding certain tensions in nineteenth century England, such as a certain "artful artlessness" that came about as the result of the urge to speak from the heart, but never more than was proper.
Contents
[hide]
1 Physical concerns
2 Contradictions
2.1 Matrimonial Letters
3 Example Letters
4 Footnotes
5 References
6 External links
Physical concerns[edit]
A letter’s physical appearance, in addition to content, was a key concern for letter-writing guides. For men, they advocated as plain paper as could be made available, and for women a light spritz of perfume was sometimes acceptable.[1] Other sources, however, disagreed, and suggested high outward ornamentation such as ribbons, flowery drawings, and interesting colors could be used by females, but part of this may have been the date of the guide, as vogue changed by the decade.[2] Earlier in the century, ribbons were very popular, but fashion changed to heavy cream paper in the 1880s and then monogrammed letterheads by the end of the nineteenth century. The manner of sealing the letter also changed over the course of the years. Originally it had been wax wafers and dried gum, but as time went on colored wax became more prevalent, the use of which was dictated by social conventions. Black wax was always associated with mourning, but red wax was to be used in letters between men, particularly those dealing with business, and letters from men to women.[3] Women were free to use a range of colors, no matter the correspondent. Even ink was hotly debated; though all sides agreed on bold black ink, blue was sometimes suggested as an alternative, and all other colors shunned, though most letter-writing guides acknowledged that they had once been in fashion.[4]
Contradictions[edit]
Letter writing guides simultaneously advised writing with absolute feeling and being cautious about saying too much, or saying the wrong things, regardless of whether or not these wrong things had real feeling behind them. Many guides cautioned that anyone could read your letters and thereby make inferences about you, even if those who you corresponded with assured you that they burnt your epistles.[5]
Matrimonial Letters[edit]
The caution about appearance in letters was doubly stressed in matrimonial letters, even as women and men were encouraged to still write from the heart. Men were warned against complimenting their chosen bride too heavily, as it seemed insincere; rather, their moral traits and the feminine virtue of indifference were set as prime subjects to appreciate in a marriage proposal.[6] Women, meanwhile, were urged not to be too unguarded in their letters, even in the acceptance of a proposal, to only thank and address the man’s moral qualities. Love letters did not end in ‘love,’ but more frequently simply as ‘ever your friend.’
Example Letters[edit]
“ From a Gentleman to a Lady confessing a Change of Sentiment. [7]
Miss Rachel,--Your note has opened my eyes to the fully and wrong of the course I have pursued of late. All night I have been pacing my floor, trying to decide what course it was my duty to pursue, and I have decided to answer you as frankly as you desire.
I will not attempt to excuse myself, for I deserve your anger, but I will only say that I was myself deceived in my own feelings. When I asked you to marry me, I believed that we were congenial, and that I could make you happy. I was not rich, but had sufficient, as I thought, for comfort, and thinking you would be content with a moderate competency, I invited you to share mine. Closer intimacy has proved my error. Your extravagant wishes are utterly beyond my means, and your bitter and sarcastic remarks upon those of your friends who are not wealthy prove that you covet a life of luxury.
Again, for you ask for frankness, you have so often pained me by your uneven and sullen temper, that I foresee a life of misery for both after marriage.
I know that honor binds me to you, and therefore will not ask for my release if you do not desire it, but will, if we marry, endeavor faithfully to make you demand the reasons for my coldness, I have given them.
Leaving our engagement entirely in your hands, I am, Ever your friend, Henry Hendricks.
”
“ From a Gentleman to a Lady Requesting an Explanation of Unfavorable Comments upon him.[8]
Dear Lucy,--I have just had a long interview with a mutual friend of yours and mine, who has surprised me by repeating your unfounded assertions with regard to me. Of course, what is merely your opinion, I have no right to resent, though I regret that it should be so unfavorable, but I have a right to demand your grounds for asserting that I am an arrant flirt, a hypocrite, and concerned in more than one dishonorable transaction.
Will you have the kindness to inform me with whom I have flirted, how played the hypocrite, and in what dishonorable transactions I have been concerned.
Paul Smith.
”
“ Reply to the Foregoing.[9]
Paul Smith, Esq.,--The high tone of your letter might impose upon one who was not so well acquainted with your history previous to your arrival at this place as I happen to be. My opinion was founded upon a knowledge of your life while you resided in St. Louis.
When I inform you that Mrs. Carrie Ryder is one of my most intimate friends and constant correspondent, you will not again request a list of your misdoings. If you consider your course of conduct in deceiving your uncle, endeavoring to ruin your young cousin Charles, and attempting to elope with an heiress of fifteen, honorable, I can only say that I differ in opinion.
Lucy Johnston.
”
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Anonymous 1851, p. 37
Jump up ^ Frost 1867, p. 99
Jump up ^ Jacques 1857, p. 76
Jump up ^ Anonymous 1851, p. 40
Jump up ^ Frost 1867, p. 32
Jump up ^ Frost 1867, p. 121
Jump up ^ From Frost 1867, p. 126.
Jump up ^ Frost 1867, p. 124.
Jump up ^ Frost 1867, p. 124.
References[edit]
Jacques, D.H.. How To Write. New York City, New York: Fowler and Wells, 1857. Print.
Anonymous. The American Letter-Writer, and Mirror of Perfect Politness. Boston: G.W. Cottrell, 1851. Print.
Frost, Annie S. Frost's Original Letter Writer. New York: Dick and Fitzgerald, 1867. Print.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Letter writing guides.
Eras of Elegance: Letter Writing Guide This link is no longer valid.
Victoriana: Love Letters
Victorian Love Letters: Letters Sent from a Victorian Valet to a Housekeeper in the 1890s
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victorian_letter_writing_guides&oldid=799091290"
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Blood fractionation
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Blood components after centrifugation.
Blood after centrifuging in an SST tube.
Blood fractionation is the process of fractionating whole blood, or separating it into its component parts. This is typically done by centrifuging the blood.
The resulting components are:
a clear solution of blood plasma in the upper phase (which can be separated into its own fractions, see Blood plasma fractionation),
the buffy coat, which is a thin layer of leukocytes (white blood cells) mixed with platelets in the middle, and
erythrocytes (red blood cells) at the bottom of the centrifuge tube.
Serum separation tubes (SSTs) are tubes used in phlebotomy containing a silicone gel; when centrifuged the silicone gel forms a layer on top of the buffy coat, allowing the blood serum to be removed more effectively for testing and related purposes.
Plasma protein fractionation[edit]
See also: Cohn process
Plasma proteins are separated by using the inherent differences of each protein. Fractionation involves changing the conditions of the pooled plasma (e.g., the temperature or the acidity) so that proteins that are normally dissolved in the plasma fluid become insoluble, forming large clumps, called precipitate. The insoluble protein can be collected by centrifugation. One of the very effective ways for carrying out this process is the addition of alcohol to the plasma membrane pool while simultaneously cooling the pool. This process is sometimes called cold alcohol fractionation or ethanol fractionation. It was described by and bears the eponym of Dr Edwin J. Cohn. This procedure is carried out in a series of steps so that a single pool of plasma yields several different protein products, such as albumin and immune globulin.[1][2] Human serum albumin prepared by this process is used in some vaccines, for treating burn victims, and other medical applications.
See also[edit]
Blood plasma fractionation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Blood Plasma Pooling (from the Bloodbook.com website)
Jump up ^ Statement by Dr. Kathryn Zoon, Food and Drug Administration (before the U.S. Congress, July 31, 1997) (via archive.org)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_fractionation&oldid=780458905"
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