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Chordae tendineae
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"Heart strings" redirects here. For other uses, see Heart Strings (disambiguation).
Chordae tendineae
The chordae tendineae connect the valves to the heart muscle
Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
Details
Identifiers
Latin
chordae tendineae cordis
MeSH
D002815
TA
A12.1.00.023
FMA
76527
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The chordae tendineae (tendinous cords), colloquially known as the heart strings, are tendon-resembling fibrous cords connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the bicuspid valve in the heart.
Chordae tendineae are approximately 80% collagen, while the remaining 20% is made up of elastin and endothelial cells.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Tendon of Todaro
2 Function
3 Additional images
4 See also
5 References
Structure[edit]
Tendon of Todaro[edit]
The tendon of Todaro is a continuation of the Eustachian valve of the inferior vena cava and the Thebesian ring of the coronary sinus. Along with the opening of the coronary sinus and the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve, it makes up the triangle of Koch. The apex of the triangle of Koch is the location of the atrioventricular node.
Function[edit]
A medical illustration showing a cross section of the heart and lungs, chordae tendineae visible.
During atrial systole, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles down the pressure gradient. Chordae tendineae are relaxed because the atrioventricular valves are forced open.[1]
When the ventricles of the heart contract in ventricular systole, the increased blood pressures in both chambers push the AV valves to close simultaneously, preventing backflow of blood into the atria. Since the blood pressure in atria is much lower than that in the ventricles, the flaps attempt to evert to the low pressure regions. The chordae tendineae prevent the eversion, prolapse, by becoming tense thus pulling the flaps, holding them in closed position.[1]
Additional images[edit]
Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
Play media
Ultrasound showing redundant chordae tendineae[2]
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Cardiac cycle
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Karas, S.; Elkins, R. C. (1970). "Mechanism of Function of the Mitral Valve Leaflets, Chordae Tendineae and Left Ventricular Papillary Muscles in Dogs". Circulation Research. 26 (6): 689–96. doi:10.1161/01.RES.26.6.689. PMID 5422929.
Jump up ^ "UOTW #75 - Ultrasound of the Week". Ultrasound of the Week. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
hide
Anatomy of the heart
General
Surface
base
apex
sulci
coronary
interatrial
anterior interventricular
posterior interventricular
borders
right
left
Internal
atria
interatrial septum
pectinate muscles
terminal sulcus
ventricles
interventricular septum
trabeculae carneae
chordae tendineae
papillary muscle
valves
cusps
atrioventricular septum
cardiac skeleton
intervenous tubercle
Chambers
Right heart
(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (infundibulum, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula, crista supraventricularis), → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
Left heart
(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)
Layers
Endocardium
heart valves
Myocardium
Conduction system
cardiac pacemaker
SA node
Bachmann's bundle
AV node
bundle of His
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Pericardial cavity
pericardial sinus
Pericardium
fibrous pericardium
sternopericardial ligaments
serous pericardium
epicardium/visceral layer
fold of left vena cava
Blood supply
Circulatory system
Coronary circulation
Coronary arteries
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text:
Meander
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Meander (disambiguation).
A stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the gradient.
Meanders of the Rio Cauto at Guamo Embarcadero, Cuba.
Meanders of the Vydrica river in Bratislava forest park, Slovakia.
A meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns, or windings in the channel of a river, stream, or other watercourse. It is produced by a stream or river swinging from side to side as it flows across its floodplain or shifts its channel within a valley. A meander is produced by a stream or river as it erodes the sediments comprising an outer, concave bank (cut bank) and deposits this and other sediment downstream on an inner, convex bank which is typically a point bar. The result of sediments being eroded from the outside concave bank and their deposition on an inside convex bank is the formation of a sinuous course as a channel migrates back and forth across the down-valley axis of a floodplain. The zone within which a meandering stream shifts its channel across either its floodplain or valley floor from time to time is known as a meander belt. It typically ranges from 15 to 18 times the width of the channel. Over time, meanders migrate downstream, sometimes in such a short time as to create civil engineering problems for local municipalities attempting to maintain stable roads and bridges.[1][2]
The degree of meandering of the channel of a river, stream, or other watercourse is measured by its sinuosity. The sinuosity of a watercourse is the ratio of the length of the channel to the straight line down-valley distance. Streams or rivers with a single channel and sinuosities of 1.5 or more are defined as meandering streams or rivers.[1][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin of term
2 Governing physics
3 Meander geometry
4 Formation
4.1 Stochastic theory
4.2 Equilibrium theory
4.3 Geomorphic and morphotectonic theory
5 Associated landforms
5.1 Cut bank
5.2 Meander cutoff
5.3 Incised meanders
5.4 Oxbow lakes
5.5 Point bar
5.6 Scroll-bars
5.7 Slip-off slope
6 Derived quantities
7 See also
8 References and notes
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Origin of term[edit]
The term derives from the Meander River located in present-day Turkey and known to the Ancient Greeks as Μαίανδρος Maiandros (Latin: Maeander),[4] characterised by a very convoluted path along the lower reach. As such, even in Classical Greece (and in later Greek thought) the name of the river had become a common noun meaning anything convoluted and winding, such as decorative patterns or speech and ideas, as well as the geomorphological feature.[5] Strabo said: ‘…its course is so exceedingly winding that everything winding is called meandering.’[6]
The Meander River is located south of Izmir, east of the ancient Greek town of Miletus, now Milet, Turkey. It flows through a graben in the Menderes Massif, but has a flood plain much wider than the meander zone in its lower reach. Its modern Turkish name is the Büyük Menderes River.
Governing physics[edit]
Straight channel culminating in a single bend
When a fluid is introduced to an initially straight channel which then bends, the sidewalls induce a pressure gradient that causes the fluid to alter course and follow the bend. From here, two opposing processes occur: (1) irrotational flow and (2) secondary flow. For a river to ‘meander’, secondary flow must dominate.
Irrotational flow: From Bernoulli's equations, high pressure results in low velocity. Therefore, in the absence of secondary flow we would expect low fluid velocity at the outside bend and high fluid velocity at the inside bend. This classic fluid mechanics result is irrotational vortex flow. In the context of meandering rivers, its effects are dominated by those of secondary flow.
Secondary flow: A force balance exists between pressure forces pointing to the inside bend of the river and centrifugal forces pointing to the outside bend of the river. In the context of meandering rivers, a boundary layer exists within the thin layer of fluid that interacts with the river bed. Inside that layer and following standard boundary-layer theory, the velocity of the fluid is effectively zero. Centrifugal force, which depends on velocity, is also therefore effectively zero. Pressure force, however, remains unaffected by the boundary layer. Therefore, within the boundary layer, pressure force dominates and fluid moves along the bottom of the river from the outside bend to the inside bend. This initiates helicoidal flow: Along the river bed, fluid roughly follows the curve of the channel but is also forced toward the inside bend; away from the river bed, fluid also roughly follows the curve of the channel but is forced, to some extent, from the inside to the outside bend. Ultimately, the downstream velocity of the fluid is convectively transported to the outside bend, resulting in higher velocities at the outside bend. This secondary flow effect dominates over that of irrotational flow: In real meandering rivers, we observe higher downstream fluid velocities at the outside bends.
The higher (lower) velocities at the outside (inside) bend result in higher (lower) shear stresses and therefore results in erosion (deposition). Thus meander bends erode at the outside bend, causing the river to becoming increasingly sinuous (until cutoff events occur). Deposition at the inside bend occur such that for most natural meandering rivers, the river width remains nearly constant, even as the river evolves. [7]
Meander geometry[edit]
Uvac canyon meander, Serbia
meanders on the River Clyde, Scotland
The technical description of a meandering watercourse is termed meander geometry or meander planform geometry.[8] It is characterized as an irregular waveform. Ideal waveforms, such as a sine wave, are one line thick, but in the case of a stream the width must be taken into consideration. The bankfull width is the distance across the bed at an average cross-section at the full-stream level, typically estimated by the line of lowest vegetation.
As a waveform the meandering stream follows the down-valley axis, a straight line fitted to the curve such that the sum of all the amplitudes measured from it is zero. This axis represents the overall direction of the stream.
At any cross-section the flow is following the sinuous axis, the centerline of the bed. Two consecutive crossing points of sinuous and down-valley axes define a meander loop. The meander is two consecutive loops pointing in opposite transverse directions. The distance of one meander along the down-valley axis is the meander length or wavelength. The maximum distance from the down-valley axis to the sinuous axis of a loop is the meander width or amplitude. The course at that point is the apex.
In contrast to sine waves, the loops of a meandering stream are more nearly circular. The curvature varies from a maximum at the apex to zero at a crossing point (straight line), also called an inflection, because the curvature changes direction in that vicinity. The radius of the loop is the straight line perpendicular to the down-valley axis intersecting the sinuous axis at the apex. As the loop is not ideal, additional information is needed to characterize it. The orientation angle is the angle between sinuous axis and down-valley axis at any point on the sinuous axis.
Concave bank and convex bank, Great Ouse Relief Channel, England.
A loop at the apex has an outer or concave bank and an inner or convex bank. The meander belt is defined by an average meander width measured from outer bank to outer bank instead of from centerline to centerline. If there is a flood plain, it extends beyond the meander belt. The meander is then said to be free—it can be found anywhere in the flood plain. If there is no flood plain, the meanders are fixed.
Various mathematical formulae relate the variables of the meander geometry. As it turns out some numerical parameters can be established, which appear in the formulae. The waveform depends ultimately on the characteristics of the flow but the parameters are independent of it and apparently are caused by geologic factors. In general the meander length is 10–14 times, with an average 11 times, the fullbank channel width and 3 to 5 times, with an average of 4.7 times, the radius of curvature at the apex. This radius is 2–3 times the channel width.
Meander of the River Cuckmere in Southern England
A meander has a depth pattern as well. The cross-overs are marked by riffles, or shallow beds, while at the apices are pools. In a pool direction of flow is downward, scouring the bed material. The major volume, however, flows more slowly on the inside of the bend where, due to decreased velocity, it deposits sediment.
The line of maximum depth, or channel, is the thalweg or thalweg line. It is typically designated the borderline when rivers are used as political borders. The thalweg hugs the outer banks and returns to center over the riffles. The meander arc length is the distance along the thalweg over one meander. The river length is the length along the centerline.
Formation[edit]
Life history of a meander
Meander formation is a result of natural factors and processes. The waveform configuration of a stream is constantly changing. Fluid flows around a bend in a vortex.[9] Once a channel begins to follow a sinusoidal path, the amplitude and concavity of the loops increase dramatically due to the effect of helical flow sweeping dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend, and leaving the outside of the bend unprotected and therefore vulnerable to accelerated erosion, forming a positive feedback loop. In the words of Elizabeth A. Wood:[10]
‘…this process of making meanders seems to be a self-intensifying process…in which greater curvature results in more erosion of the bank, which results in greater curvature…’
The cross-current along the floor of the channel is part of the secondary flow and sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend.[11] The cross-current then rises to the surface near the inside and flows towards the outside, forming the helical flow. The greater the curvature of the bend, and the faster the flow, the stronger is the cross-current and the sweeping.[12]
Due to the conservation of angular momentum the speed on the inside of the bend is faster than on the outside.[13]
Since the flow velocity is diminished, so is the centrifugal pressure. However, the pressure of the super-elevated column prevails, developing an unbalanced gradient that moves water back across the bottom from the outside to the inside. The flow is supplied by a counter-flow across the surface from the inside to the outside.[14] This entire situation is very similar to the Tea leaf paradox.[15] This secondary flow carries sediment from the outside of the bend to the inside making the river more meandering.[16]
As to why streams of any size become sinuous in the first place, there are a number of theories, not necessarily mutually exclusive.
Stochastic theory[edit]
Meander scars, oxbow lakes and abandoned meanders in the broad flood plain of the Rio Negro, Argentina. 2010 astronaut photo from ISS.
The stochastic theory can take many forms but one of the most general statements is that of Scheidegger: ‘The meander train is assumed to be the result of the stochastic fluctuations of the direction of flow due to the random presence of direction-changing obstacles in the river path.’[17] Given a flat, smooth, tilted artificial surface, rainfall runs off it in sheets, but even in that case adhesion of water to the surface and cohesion of drops produce rivulets at random. Natural surfaces are rough and erodible to different degrees. The result of all the physical factors acting at random is channels that are not straight, which then progressively become sinuous. Even channels that appear straight have a sinuous thalweg that leads eventually to a sinuous channel.
Equilibrium theory[edit]
In the equilibrium theory, meanders decrease the stream gradient until an equilibrium between the erodibility of the terrain and the transport capacity of the stream is reached.[18] A mass of water descending must give up potential energy, which, given the same velocity at the end of the drop as at the beginning, is removed by interaction with the material of the stream bed. The shortest distance; that is, a straight channel, results in the highest energy per unit of length, disrupting the banks more, creating more sediment and aggrading the stream. The presence of meanders allows the stream to adjust the length to an equilibrium energy per unit length in which the stream carries away all the sediment that it produces.
Geomorphic and morphotectonic theory[edit]
Geomorphic refers to the surface structure of the terrain. Morphotectonic means having to do with the deeper, or tectonic (plate) structure of the rock. The features included under these categories are not random and guide streams into non-random paths. They are predictable obstacles that instigate meander formation by deflecting the stream. For example, the stream might be guided into a fault line (morphotectonic).
Associated landforms[edit]
Cut bank[edit]
Main article: Cut bank
A cut bank is an often vertical bank or cliff that forms where the outside, concave bank of a meander cuts into the floodplain or valley wall of a river or stream. A cutbank is also known either as a river-cut cliff, river cliff, or a bluff and spelled as cutbank.[1] Erosion that forms a cut bank occurs at the outside bank of a meander because helicoidal flow of water keeps the bank washed clean of loose sand, silt, and sediment and subjects it to constant erosion. As a result, the meander erodes and migrates in the direction of the outside bend, forming the cut bank.[19][20]
As the cut bank is undermined by erosion, it commonly collapses as slumps into the river channel. The slumped sediment, having been broken up by slumping, is readily eroded and carried toward the middle of the channel. The sediment eroded from a cut bank tends to be deposited on the point bar of the next downstream meander, and not on the point bar opposite it. [21][19] This can be seen in areas where trees grow on the banks of rivers; on the inside of meanders, trees, such as willows, are often far from the bank, whilst on the outside of the bend, the tree roots are often exposed and undercut, eventually leading the trees to fall into the river.[21][22]
Meander cutoff[edit]
Main article: Meander cutoff
The Rincon on Lake Powell in southern Utah. It is an incised cutoff (abandoned) meander.
A meander cutoff, also known as either a cutoff meander or abandoned meander, is a meander that has been abandoned by its stream after the formation of a neck cutoff. A lake that occupies an cutoff meander is known as an oxbow lake. Cutoff meanders that have cut downward into the underlying bedrock are known in general as incised cutoff meanders.[1] As in the case of the Anderson Bottom Rincon, incised meanders that have either steep-sided, often vertical walls, are often, but not always, known as rincons in the southwest United States.[23] Rincon in English is a nontechnical word in the southwest United States for either a small secluded valley, an alcove or angular recess in a cliff, or a bend in a river.[24]
Incised meanders[edit]
Main article: Entrenched river
Glen Canyon, US
The meanders of a stream or river that has cut its bed down into the bedrock are known as either incised, intrenched, entrenched, inclosed or ingrown meanders. Some Earth scientists recognize and use a finer subdivision of incised meanders. Thornbury[25] argues that incised or inclosed meanders are synonyms that are appropriate to describe any meander incised downward into bedrock and defines enclosed or entrenched meanders as a subtype of incised meanders (inclosed meanders) characterized by a symmetrical valley sides. He argues that the symmetrical valley sides are the direct result of rapid down-cutting of a watercourse into bedrock.[1][26] In addition, as proposed by Rich,[27] Thornbury argues that incised valleys with a pronounced asymmetry of cross section, which he called ingrown meanders, are the result of the lateral migration and incision of a meander during a period of slower channel downcutting. Regardless, the formation of both entrenched meanders and ingrown meanders is thought to require that base level falls as a result of either relative change in mean sea level, isostatic or tectonic uplift, the breach of an ice or landslide dam, or regional tilting. Classic examples of incised meanders are associated with rivers in the Colorado Plateau, the Kentucky River Palisades in central Kentucky, and streams in the Ozark Plateau.[26][28]
Goosenecks of the San Juan River, SE Utah. Note cut-off meander at right center.
As noted above, it was initially either argued or presumed that an incised meander is characteristic of an antecedent stream or river that had incised its channel into underlying strata. An antecedent stream or river is one that maintains its original course and pattern during incision despite the changes in underlying rock topography and rock types.[25][26] However, later geologists[29] argue that the shape of an incised meander is not always, if ever, "inherited," e.g., strictly from an antecedent meandering stream where it meander pattern could freely develop on a level floodplain. Instead, they argue that as fluvial incision of bedrock proceeds, the stream course is significantly modified by variations in rock type and fractures, faults, and other geological structures into either lithologically conditioned meanders or structurally controlled meanders.[26][28]
Oxbow lakes[edit]
Main article: Oxbow lake
The oxbow lake, which the most common type of fluvial lake, is a crescent-shaped lake that derives its name from its distinctive curved shape.[30] Oxbow lakes are also known as cutoff lakes.[1] Such lakes form regularly in undisturbed floodplains as a result of the normal process of fluvial meandering. Either a river or stream forms a sinuous channel as the outer side of its bends are eroded away and sediments accumulate on the inner side, which forms a meandering horseshoe-shaped bend. Eventually as the result of its meandering, the fluvial channel cuts through the narrow neck of the meander and forms a cutoff meander. The final break-through of the neck, which is called a neck cutoff, often occurs during a major flood because that is when the watercourse is out of its banks and can flow directly across the neck and erode it with the full force of the flood.[21][31]
After a cutoff meander is formed, river water flows into its end from the river builds small delta-like feature into either end of it during floods. These delta-like features block either end of the cutoff meander to form a stagnant oxbow lake that is separated from the flow of the fluvial channel and independent of the river. During floods, the flood waters deposit fine-grained sediment into the oxbow lake. As a result, oxbow lakes tend to become filled in with fine-grained, organic-rich sediments over time.[21][31]
Point bar[edit]
Main article: Point bar
A point bar, which is also known as a meander bar, is a fluvial bar that is formed by the slow, often episodic, addition of individual accretions of noncohesive sediment on the inside bank of a meander by the accompanying migration of the channel toward its outer bank.[1][19] This process is called lateral accretion. Lateral accretion occurs mostly during high water or floods when the point bar is submerged. Typically, the sediment consists of either sand, gravel, or a combination of both. The sediment comprising some point bars might grade downstream into silty sediments. Because of the decreasing velocity and strength of current from the thalweg of the channel to the upper surface of point bar when the sediment is deposited the vertical sequence of sediments comprising a point bar becomes finer upward within an individual point bar. For example, it is typical for point bars to fine upward from gravel at the base to fine sands at the top. The source of the sediment is typically upstream cut banks from which sand, rocks and debris has been eroded, swept, and rolled across the bed of the river and downstream to the inside bank of a river bend. On the inside bend, this sediment and debris is eventually deposited on the slip-off slope of a point bar.[1][19][20]
Scroll-bars[edit]
Scroll-bars are a result of continuous lateral migration of a meander loop that creates an asymmetrical ridge and swale topography[32] on the inside of the bends. The topography is generally parallel to the meander, and is related to migrating bar forms and back bar chutes,[33] which carve sediment from the outside of the curve and deposit sediment in the slower flowing water on the inside of the loop, in a process called lateral accretion. Scroll-bar sediments are characterized by cross-bedding and a pattern of fining upward.[34] These characteristics are a result of the dynamic river system, where larger grains are transported during high energy flood events and then gradually die down, depositing smaller material with time (Batty 2006). Deposits for meandering rivers are generally homogeneous and laterally extensive unlike the more heterogeneous braided river deposits.[35] There are two distinct patterns of scroll-bar depositions; the eddy accretion scroll bar pattern and the point-bar scroll pattern. When looking down the river valley they can be distinguished because the point-bar scroll patterns are convex and the eddy accretion scroll bar patterns are concave.[36]
Scroll bars often look lighter at the tops of the ridges and darker in the swales. This is because the tops can be shaped by wind, either adding fine grains or by keeping the area unvegetated, while the darkness in the swales can be attributed to silts and clays washing in during high water periods. This added sediment in addition to water that catches in the swales is in turn is a favorable environment for vegetation that will also accumulate in the swales.
Slip-off slope[edit]
Main article: Slip-off slope
Depending upon whether a meander is part of an entrenched river or part of a freely meandering river within a floodplain, the term slip-off slope can refer to two different fluvial landforms that comprise the inner, convex, bank of a meander loop. In case of a freely meandering river on a floodplain, a slip-off slope is the inside, gently sloping bank of a meander on which sediments episodically accumulate to form a point bar as a river meanders. This type of slip-off slope is located opposite the cutbank.[37] This term can also be applied to the inside, sloping bank of a meandering tidal channel.[38]
In case of an entrenched river, a slip-off slope is a gently sloping bedrock surface that rises from the inside, concave bank of an asymmetrically entrenched river. This type of slip-off slope is often covered by a thin, discontinuous layer of alluvium. It is produced by the gradual outward migration of the meander as a river cuts downward into bedrock.[39][40] A terrace on the slip-off slope of a meander spur, known as slip-off slope terrace, can formed by a brief halt during the irregular incision by an actively meandering river.[41]
Derived quantities[edit]
Meanders, scroll-bars and oxbow lakes in the Songhua River
The meander ratio[42] or sinuosity index[43] is a means of quantifying how much a river or stream meanders (how much its course deviates from the shortest possible path). It is calculated as the length of the stream divided by the length of the valley. A perfectly straight river would have a meander ratio of 1 (it would be the same length as its valley), while the higher this ratio is above 1, the more the river meanders.
Sinuosity indices are calculated from the map or from an aerial photograph measured over a distance called the reach, which should be at least 20 times the average fullbank channel width. The length of the stream is measured by channel, or thalweg, length over the reach, while the bottom value of the ratio is the downvalley length or air distance of the stream between two points on it defining the reach.
The sinuosity index plays a part in mathematical descriptions of streams. The index may require elaboration, because the valley may meander as well—i.e., the downvalley length is not identical to the reach. In that case the valley index is the meander ratio of the valley while the channel index is the meander ratio of the channel. The channel sinuosity index is the channel length divided by the valley length and the standard sinuosity index is the channel index divided by the valley index. Distinctions may become even more subtle.[44]
Sinuosity Index has a non-mathematical utility as well. Streams can be placed in categories arranged by it; for example, when the index is between 1 and 1.5 the river is sinuous, but if between 1.5 and 4, then meandering. The index is a measure also of stream velocity and sediment load, those quantities being maximized at an index of 1 (straight).
See also[edit]
Riffle-pool sequence
Helicoidal flow
Baer's law
Meander cutoffs in Avulsion (river)
Meander scar
Crevasse splay
Jet stream exhibits meander also
References and notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4
Jump up ^ Charlton, R., 2007. Fundamentals of fluvial geomorphology. Routledge, New York, New York. 234 pp. ISBN 0-415-33453-5
Jump up ^ Leopold, L.B., Wolman, M.G., Wolman, M.G. and Wolman, M.G., 1957. River Channel Patterns: Braided, Meandering, and Straight. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper no. 282B, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC., 47 pp.
Jump up ^ "Meander". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Meander". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Strabo, Geography, Book 12 Chapter 8 Section 15.
Jump up ^ Weiss, Samantha Freeman. (April 2016). Meandering River Dynamics (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Ideals. https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/92706/WEISS-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Jump up ^ The technical definitions of this section rely heavily on Julien, Pierre Y. (2002). River Mechanics. Cambridge University press. pp. 179–184. ISBN 0-521-52970-0. In addition concepts are utilized from Graf, Walter (1984). Hydraulics of Sediment Transport. Water Resources Publications. pp. 261–265. ISBN 0-918334-56-X.
Jump up ^ Lewalle, Jacques (2006). "Flow Separation and Secondary Flow: Section 9.1". Lecture Notes in Incompressible Fluid Dynamics: Phenomenology, Concepts and Analytical Tools (PDF). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University. .
Jump up ^ Wood, Elizabeth A. (1975). Science from Your Airplane Window: 2nd Revised Edition. New York: Courier Dover Publications. p. 45. ISBN 0-486-23205-0.
Jump up ^ Hickin 2003, p. 432. One of the important consequences of helical flow in meanders is that sediment eroded from the outside of a meander bend tends to move to the inner bank or point bar of the next downstream bend.
Jump up ^ Hickin 2003, p. 434.
Jump up ^ Hickin 2003, p. 432. "In the absence of secondary flow, bend flow seeks to conserve angular momentum so that it tends to conform to that of a free vortex with high velocity at the smaller radius of the inner bank and lower velocity at the outer bank where radial acceleration is lower."
Jump up ^ Hickin 2003, p. 432. "Near the bed, where velocity and thus the centrifugal effects are lowest, the balance of forces is dominated by the inward hydraulic gradient of the super-elevated water surface and secondary flow moves toward the inner bank."
Jump up ^ Bowker, Kent A. (1988). "Albert Einstein and Meandering Rivers". Earth Science History. 1 (1). Retrieved 2016-07-01.
Jump up ^ Callander, R.A. (1978). "River Meandering". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 10: 129–58. doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.10.010178.001021.
Jump up ^ Scheidegger, Adrien E. (2004). Morphotectonics. Berlin, New York: Springer. p. 113. ISBN 3-540-20017-7.
Jump up ^ Riley, Ann L. (1998). Restoring Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers and Citizens. Washington DC: Island Press. p. 137. ISBN 1-55963-042-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Reineck, H.E. and Singh, I.B., 2012. Depositional sedimentary environments: with reference to terrigenous clastics. Springer Science & Business Media, New York, New York. 551 pp. ISBN 9783642962912
^ Jump up to: a b Chant, Robert J. (2002). "Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge". Journal of Geophysical Research. 107. Bibcode:2002JGRC..107.3131C. doi:10.1029/2001jc001082.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fisk, H.N., 1944. Geological investigation of the alluvial valley of the lower Mississippi River. War Department, Corps of Engineers, Mississippi River Commission, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 78 pp.
Jump up ^ Fisk, H.N., 1948. Fine-grained Alluvial Deposits and Their Effects on Mississippi River Activity. War Department, Corps of Engineers, Mississippi River Commission, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 2 Vols., 82 pp.
Jump up ^ Shoemaker, E.M. and Stephens, H.G., 1975. First photographs of the Canyon Lands. in Fassett, J.E., ed., pp. 111–122, Canyonlands Country, A Guidebook of the Four Corners Geological Society Eighth Field Conference — September 22–25, 1975. Four Corners Geological Society, Durango, Colorado. pp. 278.
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2017. Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary. last accessed November 22, 2017
^ Jump up to: a b Thornbury, W. D., 1954, Principles of Geomorphology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 618 pp.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fairbridge, R.W. 1968, Incised meander. In Fairbridge, R.W., ed., pp 548–550, The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Vol. 3. McGraw-Hill Company, Inc., New York, New York, 1295 pp.
Jump up ^ Rich, J.L., 1914. Certain types of stream valleys and their meaning. The Journal of Geology, 22(5), pp. 469–497.
^ Jump up to: a b Barbour, J.R., 2008. The origin and significance of sinuosity along incising bedrock rivers. Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, New York, New York, 172 pp.
Jump up ^ Hack, J.T. , and Young, R.S., 1959. Intrenched meanders of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, Virginia. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 354-A, 10 pp.
Jump up ^ Hutchinson, G.E. 1957. A treatise on limnology, v. 1. Geography, Physics and Chemistry. Wiley. 1015p.
^ Jump up to: a b Toonen, W.H., Kleinhans, M.G. and Cohen, K.M., 2012. "Sedimentary architecture of abandoned channel fills." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 37(4), pp. 459–472.
Jump up ^ Woolfe and Purdon; Purdon, Richard (1996). "Deposits of a rapidly eroding meandering river: terrace cut and fill in the Taupo Volcanic Zone". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 39 (2): 243–249. doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514708.
Jump up ^ K. Whipple (September 2004). "Alluvial channels and their landforms". Surface Processes and Landscape Evolution.
Jump up ^ Sam Boggs, Jr. (2003). Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (4 ed.). NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-099696-3.
Jump up ^ G. Wasser (2005). "A Comparison Of Meandering River Deposits From The Middle Belly River And Horsefly With Recent Milk River Valley Deposits; Central And Southern Alberta". Calgary, Alberta: Canadian Natural Resource Limited.
Jump up ^ Norman D. Smith and John Rogers (1999). Fluvial Sedimentology (6 ed.). blackwell publishing. ISBN 0-632-05354-2.
Jump up ^ Scheffers, A.M., May, S.M. and Kelletat, D.H., 2015. Forms by Flowing Water (Fluvial Features). In Landforms of the World with Google Earth. (pp. 183–244). Springer, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 391 pp. ISBN 978-94-017-9712-2
Jump up ^ Keck, R., Maurer, D. and Watling, L., 1973. Tidal stream development and its effect on the distribution of the American oyster. Hydrobiologia, 42(4), pp. 369–379.
Jump up ^ Davis, W.M., 1913. Meandering valleys and underfit rivers. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 3(1), pp. 3–28.
Jump up ^ Crickmay, C.H., 1960. Lateral activity in a river of northwestern Canada. The Journal of Geology, 68(4), pp. 377–391.
Jump up ^ Herrmann, H. and Bucksch, H., 2014. Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik: English-German/Englisch-Deutsch. Springer, Berlin, Germany. 1549 pp. ISBN 978-3-642-41713-9
Jump up ^ Shaw, Lewis C. (1984). Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams Part II. Bulletin No. 16. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources. p. 8. OCLC 17150333.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Nancy D.; Thomas A. McMahon; Christopher J. Gippel; Rory J. Nathan (2005). Stream Hydrology: an Introduction for Ecologists: Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 183–184. ISBN 0-470-84357-8.
Jump up ^ Singh, R.Y. (2005). "Interface drainage analysis of a water divide". In Jansky, Libor; Haigh, Martin J.; Prasad, Hushila. Sustainable Management of Headwater Resources: Research from Africa and India. Tokyo, New York: United Nations University Press. pp. 87–106. ISBN 92-808-1108-8.
Bibliography[edit]
Hickin, Edward J. (2003). "Meandering Channels". In Middleton, Gerard V. Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Kluwer Academic Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 430–434. ISBN 1-4020-0872-4.
Leopold, Luna B.; Langbein, W.B. (June 1966). "River Meanders". Scientific American: 60. Virtual Luna Leopold
Thonemann, P., The Maeander Valley: A historical geography from Antiquity to Byzantium (Cambridge, 2011) (Greek Culture in the Roman World Series).
External links[edit]
Look up rincón in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meanders.
Movshovitz-Hadar, Nitsa; Alla Shmuklar (2006-01-01). "River Meandering and a Mathematical Model of this Phenomenon". Physicalplus. Israel Physical Society (IPS) (7).
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text:
Famous in Love
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Famous in Love
Genre
Drama
Based on
Famous in Love
by Rebecca Serle
Developed by
I. Marlene King
Rebecca Serle
Starring
Bella Thorne
Charlie DePew
Georgie Flores
Carter Jenkins
Niki Koss
Keith Powers
Pepi Sonuga
Perrey Reeves
Composer(s)
Michael Suby
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
20
Production
Executive producer(s)
Dan Farah
Christopher Fife
Miguel Arteta
I. Marlene King
Producer(s)
Tawnya Bhattacharya & Ali Laventhol
Hynndie Wali
Cinematography
Larry Reibman
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
38–42 minutes
Production company(s)
Long Lake
Carmina Productions
Farah Films
Warner Horizon Television
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution[1]
Release
Original network
Freeform
Original release
April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18) – May 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)
External links
Website
Production website
Famous in Love is an American drama television series that premiered on Freeform on April 18, 2017, and is based on the novel of the same name by Rebecca Serle. The series stars Bella Thorne, Charlie DePew, Georgie Flores, Carter Jenkins, Niki Koss, Keith Powers, Pepi Sonuga, and Perrey Reeves. On June 29, 2018, Freeform announced that it had cancelled the series after two seasons.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
4 Episodes
4.1 Series overview
4.2 Season 1 (2017)
4.3 Season 2 (2018)
5 Broadcast
6 Ratings
6.1 Season 1 (2017)
6.2 Season 2 (2018)
7 Nominations
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Paige Townsen, an ordinary college student, gets her big break after auditioning for the starring role in a Hollywood blockbuster and must now navigate her new star-studded life and undeniable chemistry with her co-lead and her best friend.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Bella Thorne as Paige Townsen, a young college student who gets cast in the movie adaptation of a blockbuster book series called Locked, which causes her life to change overnight
Charlie DePew as Jake Salt, a down-to-earth guy from the Midwest with an edge who aspires to be a screenwriter and an indie filmmaker. He is Paige's best friend and one of her love interests. Charlie DePew replaced Jesse Henderson in the role from the original pilot.
Georgie Flores as Cassandra "Cassie" Perkins, Paige's roommate and close friend
Carter Jenkins as Rainer Devon, the son of famous producer Nina Devon, and, as later revealed, Alan Mills. He is labeled the "sexiest man alive", and is a famous actor. He has a complicated friendship with Jordan Wilder and soon develops a romantic interest in Paige Townsen.
Niki Koss as Alexis Glenn, Rainer's old friend who competes for the same role as Paige. She is secretly bisexual.
Keith Powers as Jordan Wilder, a troubled star who lands the role of the other point in the movie's famous love triangle. He and Rainer have a complicated history which is further heightened by the fact that both share a past with Tangey.
Pepi Sonuga as Tangey Turner, a pop star with a controlling mother. She was sleeping with Jordan Wilder while dating Rainer Devon, which creates tension between the two men.
Perrey Reeves as Nina Devon, Rainer's smart and cunning mother. Confident and manipulative, she will do whatever it takes to make sure things go her way.
Recurring[edit]
Jason Antoon as Wyatt, the original director of the movie adaptation of Locked, who leaves the production on the film during its two-month hiatus (season 1)
Nathan Stewart-Jarrett as Barrett, an entertainment and gossip reporter whose beat is Hollywood (season 1)
Shawn Christian as Alan Mills, the head of the film studio producing the movie
Vanessa Williams as Ida, Tangey's mother and manager
Tom Maden as Adam, a production assistant on the movie and Cassie's boyfriend
Danielle Campbell as Harper, a former child star whom Rainer meets in rehab and with whom he quickly becomes involved (season 2)
Claudia Lee as Billy, an actress working as a waitress whom Jake hires to replace Paige as the lead on his independent film (season 2)
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Freeform, then known as ABC Family, had picked up the pilot for fast-track development on March 19, 2015.[2] The pilot was shot in November 2015; Freeform greenlit the pilot on April 7, 2016,[3] and shooting began on July 13, 2016, and wrapped up on October 19, 2016.[4] On November 18, 2016, Freeform announced that the series would premiere on April 18, 2017. Freeform also released the entire season for viewing online on April 18, 2017. The series is based on the novel of the same name, written by Rebecca Serle. Serle worked with I. Marlene King to develop the novel into a television series.[5][6] Freeform renewed the series for a second season on August 3, 2017.[7] The table read for the second season started on October 30, 2017.[8] The second season premiered on Freeform on April 4, 2018.
On June 26, 2018, it was reported that Freeform had decided to cancel the series after Hulu declined to contribute more money towards the production of a third season. Clashes between actress Bella Thorne and showrunner I. Marlene King were also cited as part of the reason for the cancellation.[9] On her Twitter account, King denied the claim of a feud between her and Thorne, and Freeform stated the show had yet to be cancelled.[10][11] On June 29, Freeform officially cancelled the series.[12]
Casting[edit]
Romeo Miller was cast as Pablo $$ in a recurring role for the second season.[13] Sofia Carson appeared in multiple episodes of the second season as Sloane, the daughter of a movie mogul.[14]
Episodes[edit]
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 10 April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18) June 13, 2017 (2017-06-13)
2 10 April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04) May 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)
Season 1 (2017)[edit]
The entire first season was released on digital platforms, such as OnDemand, the Freeform App and website, and Hulu, on April 18, 2017.[15]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [16][17]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [16][17]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Pilot"
Miguel Arteta
Tawnia McKiernan
Story by : Rebecca Serle
Teleplay by : I. Marlene King and Rebecca Serle April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18) 0.65[18]
Ordinary college student Paige has her world turned upside down as she gets her big break after auditioning for the starring role in a Hollywood blockbuster. She must now navigate her new star-studded life and the highs and lows that come with being the new It-Girl in town, as well as balancing her college workload. As her public profile continues to rise and the undeniable chemistry with her new co-star and Hollywood heartthrob Rainer Devon grows, the more her friendships are strained with her two best friends – particularly Jake, who may be more than just her friend.
2
2 "A Star Is Torn" Norman Buckley I. Marlene King & Christopher Fife April 25, 2017 (2017-04-25) 0.39[19]
On the eve of the big “Locked” cast announcement party, Paige is more nervous about telling her parents the truth about snagging her dream role than the actual event. With her parents set on her education taking priority, she tries to find a way to convince them – and herself – that she can do both. Meanwhile, the gossip is still swirling about Rainer and Jordan’s fight over Tangey, and Nina is determined to shut it down so it won’t hurt the film.
3
3 "Not So Easy A" Michael Goi Tawnya Bhattacharya & Ali Laventhol May 2, 2017 (2017-05-02) 0.30[20]
Having promised her parents that she would be able to balance school and the film’s schedule, Paige quickly learns that it is easier said than done. While trying to work on a crucial school paper, she keeps getting sidetracked with wardrobe fittings, photo shoots and screen tests. Leaning on Jake and Cassie for help, Paige quickly learns she may be in over her head. Meanwhile, Nina must make cuts to the movie budget, and Jake meets with an agent about his script.
4
4 "Prelude to a Diss" Mary Lou Belli Rebecca Serle May 9, 2017 (2017-05-09) 0.28[21]
Paige is determined to prove to everyone she can succeed, especially Alexis; but when everything seems to go awry on her first day on set, her confidence is shaken. And to make matters even stickier, Rainer asks Paige out on a date making her question if she wants to become the Hollywood cliché of dating her co-star or not. Meanwhile, Cassie resorts to desperate measures to pay her tuition bill, and Tangey clashes with her mother over Tangey’s career.
5
5 "Some Like It Not" Tanya Hamilton William H. Brown May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16) 0.21[22]
Paige's 21st birthday and all she wants to do is celebrate with her two best friends, but her friendship with Jake is still on the rocks after his getaway with Alexis. Rainer surprises everyone when he throws Paige a surprise birthday party, but things don't turn out as expected when Jake arrives late. Meanwhile, Jordan and Tangey renew their relationship in secret; Tangey is tired of controlled by her momager and fires back.
6
6 "Found in Translation" Ron Lagomarsino Kateland Brown May 23, 2017 (2017-05-23) 0.26[23]
Nina and Rainer take a last-minute trip to China to rescue Locked from a new setback, which derails Rainer's weekend plans with Paige. But when Alan and Rainer bond over their mutual tastes, Nina feels uncomfortable. Cassie's financial problems continue, so she feels forced to take more shifts as a topless maid. Meanwhile, Jordan deals with issues involving his mother.
7
7 "Secrets & Pies" Roger Kumble Miguel Ian Raya May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) 0.29[24]
Thinking it would help Cassie's financial problems, Paige offers her a job as her assistant. When Cassie declines, issues in their friendship are revealed. Plus, Jake starts to learn the realities of what it means to sell a script in Hollywood, and Alexis embraces her role as Producer on the project. Meanwhile, Jordan's problems continue to mount as he learns Brandy needs more money, and Barrett Hopper reveals to him that he knows the truth about his and Brandy's past.
8
8 "Crazy Scripted Love" Geary McLeod Tawnya Bhattacharya & Ali Laventhol June 6, 2017 (2017-06-06) 0.33[25]
Paige and Cassie's fight is impacting Paige's performance, and when Jake is too busy to help, Rainer offers his own advice. Later, Jake's career takes an unexpected turn. Meanwhile, when Alan and Rainer spend some time together, Nina grows concerned. On top of her worries, she's facing a possible lawsuit, and she agrees to help Jordan with his mother's issues. Rainer surprises Nina with a helpful solution, but her happiness is short-lived when her worst fears about Alan and Rainer are confirmed.
9
9 "Fifty Shades of Red" Susanna Fogel Christopher Fife & William H. Brown June 13, 2017 (2017-06-13) 0.36[26]
Paige deals with Jake's impending move to Austin, and a revelation about Cassie fractures their friendship. Meanwhile, Rainer starts searching for his real father, but he's thrown into a tailspin after he puts the pieces together. Later, Jordan tries to mend his relationship with Tangey, who feels betrayed by his secret. But when he shares information about his past, she considers forgiving him.
10
10 "Leaving Los Angeles" Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum Melissa Carter June 13, 2017 (2017-06-13) 0.23[26]
Rainer's downward spiral continues, and Paige searches for him after he disappears. Plus, Alexis receives bad news, and she takes revenge on Rachel. Jake briefly returns to Los Angeles, and Paige tries to confess her feelings. Meanwhile, Jordan attempts to handle the Barrett Hopper problem with an exclusive, but a shocking event stops the plan. Later, Nina stages a press conference to address Rainer's public meltdown, but things are disrupted by an unexpected appearance.
Season 2 (2018)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [16][17]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [16][17]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
11
1 "The Players" Roger Kumble I. Marlene King April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04) 0.29[27]
Two months have passed and a lot of changes have happened to the cast of Locked; Paige's choice between Rainer and Jake is revealed.
12
2 "La La Locked" Roger Kumble Melissa Carter April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04) 0.19[27]
The fate of Locked has consequences, good and bad, for all involved.
13
3 "Totes on a Scandal" Ron Lagomarsino Tawnya Bhattacharya & Ali Laventhol April 11, 2018 (2018-04-11) 0.26[28]
Things are looking up for Cassie as she books an important audition and for Tangey, who has a business proposition for Pablo $$.
14
4 "The Kids Aren't All Right" Geary McLeod Bryan M. Holdman April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18) 0.21[29]
Alexis receives a very cold shoulder from everyone on set after her reality show’s scandalous reveal; A "Backsplash" cast reunion brings back some old feelings and creates new tensions; Paige finds the perfect replacement for Jake's movie, but is later distressed when she finds out that Jake and his new star might be getting too close.
15
5 "Reality Bites Back" Paula Hunziker John Webb & Garth Mueller April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25) 0.26[30]
Alexis turns to her reality show to deal with the fallout from her revelation. Paige finds herself on shaky ground with Jake, while Jordan and Marisol grow closer.
16
6 "The Goodbye Boy" Melanie Mayron Kateland Brown May 2, 2018 (2018-05-02) 0.25[31]
As “Locked” wraps production, the cast looks to the next steps in their careers, while Jake and Cassie also have to make decisions about their future. Jordan continue his Oscar campaign press tour with a stop at “Good Morning America.”
17
7 "Guess Who's (Not) Coming to Sundance?" Troian Bellisario Bryan M. Holdman May 9, 2018 (2018-05-09) 0.32[32]
Paige and Jake continue to feel further apart as Jake and Billy head to a film festival, while Paige stays in LA for a big interview and cover photo shoot. Meanwhile, Jordan has to deal with the fallout from his recent revelation and Nina takes part in a bidding war for a highly-wanted film script.
18
8 "Look Who's Stalking" Anna Mastro Tawnya Bhattacharya & Ali Laventhol May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16) 0.24[33]
Paige works with police to help find her stalker, while Pablo $$ starts to show a new side to Tangey and Alexis makes a decision that lands her in hot water.
19
9 "Full Mental Jacket" Norman Buckley Kateland Brown May 23, 2018 (2018-05-23) 0.30[34]
Paige and Rainer head to NYC to promote “Locked,” but after everything that has happened, Paige realizes that fame isn’t all that she expected. Meanwhile, Jordan is under a lot of stress and Cassie struggles with her relationship with Adam.
20
10 "The Good, the Bad and the Crazy" Norman Buckley Melissa Carter May 30, 2018 (2018-05-30) 0.22[35]
Alexis goes off the deep end, while Rainer tries to take back control of his life. Paige questions what she's doing in Hollywood, while Jordan gets the surprise of a lifetime.
Broadcast[edit]
The second season returned with a two-hour premiere on Freeform on April 4, 2018.[36] It aired in Canada on E! on April 8, 2018, with new episodes set to air every Sunday.[37]
In the United Kingdom, it airs exclusively on Amazon Prime Video with new episodes every Thursday.[38]
In Spain, it airs exclusively on HBO Spain with new episodes every Thursday.[39]
Ratings[edit]
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 10 April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18) 0.65[18] June 13, 2017 (2017-06-13) 0.23[26] 0.33
2 10 April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04) 0.29[27] May 30, 2018 (2018-05-30) 0.22[35] 0.25
Season 1 (2017)[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
1 "Pilot" April 18, 2017 0.3 0.65[18]
2 "A Star is Torn" April 25, 2017 0.2 0.39[40]
3 "Not So Easy A" May 2, 2017 0.1 0.30[41]
4 "Prelude to a Diss" May 9, 2017 0.1 0.28[42]
5 "Some Like it Not" May 16, 2017 0.1 0.21[43]
6 "Found in Translation" May 23, 2017 0.1 0.26[44]
7 "Secrets & Pies" May 30, 2017 0.1 0.29[45]
8 "Crazy Scripted Love" June 6, 2017 0.2 0.33[46]
9 "Fifty Shades of Red" June 13, 2017 0.1 0.36[47]
10 "Leaving Los Angeles" June 13, 2017 0.1 0.23[48]
Season 2 (2018)[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
1 "The Players" April 4, 2018 0.1 0.29[18]
2 "La La Locked" April 4, 2018 0.1 0.19[40]
3 "Totes on a Scandal" April 11, 2018 0.1 0.26[41]
4 "The Kids Aren't Alright" April 18, 2018 0.1 0.21[42]
5 "Reality Bites Back" April 25, 2018 0.1 0.26[43]
6 "The Goodbye Boy" May 2, 2018 0.1 0.25[44]
7 "Guess Who's (Not) Coming to Sundance?" May 9, 2018 0.1 0.32[45]
8 "Look Who's Stalking" May 16, 2018 0.1 0.24[46]
9 "Full Mental Jacket" May 23, 2018 0.1 0.30[47]
10 "The Good, the Bad and the Crazy" May 30, 2018 0.1 0.22[48]
Nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Show Famous in Love Nominated [49][50]
Choice Drama TV Actress Bella Thorne Nominated [49][50]
Choice Drama TV Show Famous in Love Nominated [49][50]
2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Drama TV Actress Bella Thorne Pending [51]
Choice Drama TV Show Famous in Love Pending [51]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Famous in Love". Warner Bros.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (March 19, 2015). "Bella Thorne to Star in ABC Family Drama Famous in Love from Marlene King". Deadline. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (April 7, 2016). "Bella Thorne Drama Pilot Famous in Love Picked Up to Series by Freeform". Deadline. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Charlie DePew (October 20, 2016). "Wrapped season 1 of @famousinlovetv yesterday and I can't believe it's already done. I get to work with the coolest people in the business and I CANT WAIT for you all to see what we've been up to at good ol' Warner Brothers Studios. I was going to post a video of the cast doing the juju but @keithpowers makes us all look like amateurs so that one will have to wait. 😂 April 2017. The clock is ticking ⏱". Retrieved December 14, 2017 – via Instagram.
Jump up ^ Erik Pedersen (November 19, 2016). "Pretty Little Liars Final Season & New Bella Thorne Drama Famous in Love Get Premiere Dates on Freeform". Deadline. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg (August 29, 2016). "It's Official: Pretty Little Liars to End with Season 7". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Denise Petski (August 3, 2017). "Famous in Love Renewed for Season 2 by Freeform". Deadline. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Romeo Miller (October 30, 2017). "The @famousinlovetv season 2 table read was liTty today. I feel like the new kid at school! Truly blessed and excited for this journey. Ps: We're about to make some bomb a$$ Tv for yall though. 😜💥📽". Retrieved December 14, 2017 – via Instagram.
Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg (June 26, 2018). "'Famous in Love' Canceled After 2 Seasons on Freeform". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ King, I. Marlene [@imarleneking] (June 26, 2018). "Despite what may be out there I am not in a feud w @bellathorne. We have, and have always had, a friendly and professional relationship" (Tweet). Retrieved June 27, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (June 26, 2018). "Bella Thorne's 'Famous In Love' not yet canceled, Freeform says". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (June 29, 2018). "'Famous in Love' Officially Cancelled; Freeform Laments 'Difficult Decision'". TVLine. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andy Swift (November 1, 2017). "Famous in Love Courts Romeo Miller to Play Hip-Hop Superstar in Season 2". TVLine. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Denise Petski (January 29, 2018). "Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists: Sofia Carson Cast in Freeform Drama Pilot". Deadline. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister (March 9, 2017). "Freeform's Marlene King Series Famous in Love to Launch with Full-Season Binge". Variety. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Famous in Love Episode Listings". The Futon Critic.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Famous in Love". Zap2it.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mitch Metcalf (April 19, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 4.18.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (April 26, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 4.25.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 3, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 5.2.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 10, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 5.9.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 17, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 5.16.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (May 24, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 5.23.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (June 1, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 5.30.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (June 7, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 6.6.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mitch Metcalf (June 14, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 6.13.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mitch Metcalf (April 5, 2018). "Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals: 4.4.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 12, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.11.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 19, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.18.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 26, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.25.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 3, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.2.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 10, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.9.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 17, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.16.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 24, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.23.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (May 31, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.30.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News from Freeform's First-Ever Freeform Summit" (Press release). Freeform. January 18, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018 – via The Futon Critic.
Jump up ^ Famous In Love Returns to E!. E!. April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Famous in Love: Amazon Prime Video". Amazon. April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ ""Famous in Love" regresa a HBO España con su segunda temporada" (in Spanish). April 8, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (April 26, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 4.25.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (May 3, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 5.2.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (May 10, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 5.9.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (May 17, 2017). "Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals: 5.16.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Cite error: The named reference 1.06 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Jump up to: a b Cite error: The named reference 1.07 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Jump up to: a b Cite error: The named reference 1.08 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Jump up to: a b Cite error: The named reference 1.09 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Jump up to: a b Cite error: The named reference 1.10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Jump up to: a b c Ceron, Ella (June 19, 2017). "Teen Choice Awards 2017: See the First Wave of Nominations". Teen Vogue. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vulpo, Mike (July 12, 2017). "Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal "Second Wave" of Nominations". E! Online. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Weatherby, Taylor. "Taylor Swift, Drake, Cardi B & More Among Teen Choice Awards 2018 Nominees: See the Full List". Billboard. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
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