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List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
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Barry Bonds holds the record for most career home runs, hitting 762 over his 22-year career.
This is a list of the top 300 Major League Baseball leaders in home runs hit. In the sport of baseball, a home run is a hit in which the batter scores by circling all the bases and reaching home plate in one play, without the benefit of a fielding error. This can be accomplished either by hitting the ball out of play while it is still in fair territory (a conventional home run), or by an inside-the-park home run.
Barry Bonds holds the Major League Baseball home run record with 762. He passed Hank Aaron, who is currently second with 755, on August 7, 2007. The only other player to have hit 700 or more is Babe Ruth with 714. Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), Albert Pujols (633), Ken Griffey, Jr. (630), Jim Thome (612), and Sammy Sosa (609) are the only other players to have hit 600 or more.
Listed are all Major League Baseball players with 215 or more home runs hit during an official regular season (i.e., excluding playoffs or exhibition games). Players in bold face are active as of the 2018 Major League Baseball season (including free agents), with the number in parentheses designating the number of home runs they have hit during the 2018 season. The last change in the cutoff for the top 300 occurred on September 30, 2017, when Carlos González hit his 215th career home run, displacing Jeff Conine and José Guillén.
Contents
1 Key
2 List
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Key[edit]
Rank Rank amongst leaders in career home runs. A blank field indicates a tie.
Player (2018 HRs) Number of home runs hit during the 2018 Major League Baseball season.
HR Total career home runs hit.
*
denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame.
Bold
denotes active player.[a]
List[edit]
Stats updated as of August 28, 2018.
Rank
Player (2018 HRs)
HR
1 Barry Bonds 762
2 Hank Aaron * 755
3 Babe Ruth * 714
4 Alex Rodriguez 696
5 Willie Mays * 660
6 Albert Pujols (19) 633
7 Ken Griffey, Jr. * 630
8 Jim Thome* 612
9 Sammy Sosa 609
10 Frank Robinson * 586
11 Mark McGwire 583
12 Harmon Killebrew * 573
13 Rafael Palmeiro 569
14 Reggie Jackson * 563
15 Manny Ramirez 555
16 Mike Schmidt * 548
17 David Ortiz 541
18 Mickey Mantle * 536
19 Jimmie Foxx * 534
20 Willie McCovey * 521
Frank Thomas * 521
Ted Williams * 521
23 Ernie Banks * 512
Eddie Mathews * 512
25 Mel Ott * 511
26 Gary Sheffield 509
27 Eddie Murray * 504
28 Lou Gehrig * 493
Fred McGriff 493
30 Stan Musial * 475
Willie Stargell * 475
32 Carlos Delgado 473
33 Adrian Beltre (7) 469
34 Chipper Jones* 468
35 Miguel Cabrera (3) 465
Dave Winfield * 465
37 José Canseco 462
Adam Dunn 462
39 Carl Yastrzemski * 452
40 Jeff Bagwell * 449
Vladimir Guerrero* 449
42 Dave Kingman 442
43 Jason Giambi 440
44 Paul Konerko 439
45 Andre Dawson * 438
46 Carlos Beltrán 435
47 Juan González 434
Andruw Jones 434
49 Cal Ripken, Jr. * 431
50 Mike Piazza * 427
51 Billy Williams * 426
52 Darrell Evans 414
53 Alfonso Soriano 412
54 Mark Teixeira 409
55 Duke Snider * 407
56 Andrés Galarraga 399
Al Kaline * 399
58 Dale Murphy 398
59 Joe Carter 396
60 Jim Edmonds 393
61 Graig Nettles 390
62 Johnny Bench * 389
63 Aramis Ramírez 386
64 Dwight Evans 385
65 Harold Baines 384
66 Larry Walker 383
67 Frank Howard 382
Ryan Howard 382
Jim Rice * 382
70 Albert Belle 381
71 Orlando Cepeda * 379
Tony Pérez * 379
73 Matt Williams 378
74 Norm Cash 377
Jeff Kent 377
Rank
Player (2018 HRs)
HR
76 Edwin Encarnación (28) 376
Carlton Fisk * 376
78 Rocky Colavito 374
79 Gil Hodges 370
80 Todd Helton 369
Ralph Kiner * 369
82 Lance Berkman 366
83 Joe DiMaggio * 361
84 Gary Gaetti 360
85 Johnny Mize * 359
86 Yogi Berra * 358
Carlos Lee 358
88 Nelson Cruz (32) 355
Greg Vaughn 355
90 Luis Gonzalez 354
Lee May 354
92 Torii Hunter 353
93 Ellis Burks 352
94 Dick Allen 351
95 Chili Davis 350
96 George Foster 348
97 José Bautista (11) 342
Ron Santo * 342
99 Jack Clark 340
100 Tino Martinez 339
Dave Parker 339
Boog Powell 339
103 Don Baylor 338
104 Joe Adcock 336
105 Darryl Strawberry 335
106 Moisés Alou 332
Bobby Bonds 332
108 Hank Greenberg * 331
Derrek Lee 331
110 Curtis Granderson (11) 330
111 Shawn Green 328
Mo Vaughn 328
113 Jermaine Dye 325
Willie Horton 325
115 Gary Carter * 324
Lance Parrish 324
117 Ron Gant 321
118 Vinny Castilla 320
Troy Glaus 320
120 Cecil Fielder 319
Prince Fielder 319
122 Roy Sievers 318
123 Adrian Gonzalez (6) 317
George Brett * 317
125 Ryan Braun (14) 316
Ron Cey 316
Scott Rolen 316
128 Jeromy Burnitz 315
Matt Holliday (1) 315
130 Reggie Smith 314
131 Iván Rodríguez * 311
132 Jay Buhner 310
133 Edgar Martínez 309
134 Greg Luzinski 307
Al Simmons * 307
Miguel Tejada 307
137 Robinson Canó (5) 306
Fred Lynn 306
Richie Sexson 306
Rubén Sierra 306
141 Raúl Ibañez 305
David Justice 305
Reggie Sanders 305
144 Steve Finley 304
145 Rogers Hornsby * 301
146 Chuck Klein * 300
147 Giancarlo Stanton (32) 299
Tim Salmon 299
149 Rickey Henderson * 297
150 Magglio Ordóñez 294
Rank
Player (2018 HRs)
HR
Robin Ventura 294
152 Kent Hrbek 293
Mark Reynolds (12) 293
154 Pat Burrell 292
Rusty Staub 292
156 Craig Biggio * 291
Jimmy Wynn 291
158 Bobby Abreu 288
Del Ennis 288
Bob Johnson 288
Hank Sauer 288
162 Garret Anderson 287
Bobby Bonilla 287
Brian Giles 287
Bernie Williams 287
166 Carlos Peña 286
Frank Thomas 286
168 Will Clark 284
Eric Karros 284
170 Chris Davis (16) 283
171 Ken Boyer 282
Eric Davis 282
Ryne Sandberg * 282
Justin Upton (26) 282
175 Jay Bruce (4) 281
Paul O'Neill 281
177 Ted Kluszewski 279
178 Mike Cameron 278
Ryan Klesko 278
180 Matt Kemp (18) 277
Rudy York 277
182 Brian Downing 275
Evan Longoria (14) 275
Roger Maris 275
Dean Palmer 275
Jorge Posada 275
187 Dante Bichette 274
188 Steve Garvey 272
189 Tom Brunansky 271
Raúl Mondesí 271
George Scott 271
192 Vernon Wells 270
193 Hanley Ramírez (6) 269
194 Brian McCann (5) 268
Joe Morgan * 268
Brooks Robinson * 268
Gorman Thomas 268
198 George Hendrick 267
Mike Napoli (0) 267
200 Vic Wertz 266
Joey Votto (9) 266
202 George Bell 265
Matt Stairs 265
204 Adam Jones (13) 264
Bobby Thomson 264
206 Ryan Zimmerman (12) 263
207 Danny Tartabull 262
208 Eric Chavez 260
Derek Jeter 260
Javy López 260
Tim Wallach 260
212 Chase Utley (1) 259
213 Bob Allison 256
Larry Parrish 256
Vada Pinson 256
216 Kirk Gibson 255
Adam LaRoche 255
John Mayberry 255
John Olerud 255
220 Larry Doby * 253
Joe Gordon * 253
Andre Thornton 253
Todd Zeile 253
224 Bret Boone 252
Bobby Murcer 252
Rank
Player (2018 HRs)
HR
Joe Torre * 252
226 Tony Armas 251
Tony Clark 251
Cy Williams 251
Robin Yount * 251
231 José Valentín 249
232 Goose Goslin * 248
Ted Simmons 248
234 Ian Kinsler (13) 247
Justin Morneau 247
Vern Stephens 247
237 Ken Singleton 246
238 Deron Johnson 245
Nick Swisher 245
Mickey Tettleton 245
241 Lou Whitaker 244
Hack Wilson * 244
243 Víctor Martínez (6) 243
244 Dusty Baker 242
Sal Bando 242
Wally Berger 242
Roy Campanella * 242
J. D. Drew 242
Aubrey Huff 242
David Wright 242
251 Jesse Barfield 241
Cecil Cooper 241
Rick Monday 241
254 Jeff Burroughs 240
Roberto Clemente * 240
256 Dolph Camilli 239
Ken Caminiti 239
258 Earl Averill * 238
Ray Lankford 238
260 Doug DeCinces 237
Gus Zernial 237
262 Gabby Hartnett * 236
263 Johnny Damon 235
Bill Nicholson 235
Ben Oglivie 235
Dan Uggla 235
267 Gary Matthews 234
Kevin Mitchell 234
Paul Molitor * 234
270 Cliff Floyd 233
271 Mike Trout (31) 232
272 Jimmy Rollins 231
273 Rob Deer 230
Carlos González (15) 230
275 Nomar Garciaparra 229
Jayson Werth 229
277 Howard Johnson 228
Dick Stuart 228
Hal Trosky 228
280 Marquis Grissom 227
281 Johnny Callison 226
282 Bobby Grich 224
Troy Tulowitzki (0) 224
284 Bobby Doerr * 223
Travis Fryman 223
Mike Lowell 223
287 Jason Bay 222
Don Mattingly 222
Hunter Pence (2) 222
290 Tony Batista 221
Geoff Jenkins 221
292 Tony Oliva 220
293 Jim Bottomley * 219
Al Oliver 219
Joe Pepitone 219
296 Bob Horner 218
Andrew McCutchen (15) 218
Mark Trumbo (17) 218
299 Benito Santiago 217
300 Ron Fairly 215
Pedro Guerrero 215
Chet Lemon 215
Mike Sweeney 215
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
500 home run club
List of Major League Baseball progressive career home runs leaders
List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or has not played for a full season.
References[edit]
MLB Official Career Home Run List
Active Leaders & Records for Home Runs
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Started from the Bottom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Started from the Bottom"
Single by Drake
from the album Nothing Was the Same
Released
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)[1]
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2012
Genre
Hip hop
Length
2:53
Label
OVO
Aspire
Young Money
Cash Money
Republic
Songwriter(s)
Aubrey Graham
Noah Shebib
Michael Coleman
Producer(s)
Mike Zombie
Noah "40" Shebib (add.)
Drake singles chronology
"Right Here"
(2013) "Started from the Bottom"
(2013) "No New Friends"
(2013)
"Right Here"
(2013) "Started from the Bottom"
(2013) "No New Friends"
(2013)
Music video
"Started from the Bottom" on YouTube
"Started from the Bottom" is a song by Canadian hip hop recording artist Drake, released as the first single from his third studio album Nothing Was the Same.[2] The song was written by Drake, Michael Coleman, and Noah "40" Shebib, and it was produced by Coleman under his stage name Mike Zombie, with additional production by Shebib.[3][4] It features a sample of the ambient piece "Ambessence Piano & Drones 1" by Bruno Sanfilippo and Mathias Grassow.[5] "Started from the Bottom" has charted in many countries, reaching a peak of number six on the Billboard Hot 100.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Music and lyrics
3 Music video
4 Remixes
5 Critical reception
6 Chart performance
7 Accolades
8 Track listing
9 Charts
9.1 Weekly charts
9.2 Year-end charts
10 Certifications
11 Release history
12 References
13 External links
Background[edit]
"Started from the Bottom" was originally planned to be released on February 10, 2013, coinciding with the Grammy Awards.[6] However, it was instead premiered on February 1 through Drake's "October's Very Own" blog, as he preferred to release it without prior interviews.[7] The song was officially released on iTunes on February 6, 2013.[8] At the 55th Grammy Awards, Drake teased that an official remix would be released.[9]
Music and lyrics[edit]
Lyrically, "Started from the Bottom" addresses Drake's early life and career beginnings. He commented of its concept, "I feel sometimes that people don't have enough information about my beginnings and therefore they make up a life story for me that isn't consistent with actual events. I did not buy my way into this spot and it was the furthest thing from easy to achieve. I am proud of every part of my past and I'm excited for this song to find a place in your life as well." The song makes use of instrumentation from drums and a piano; MTV describes it as "departure" from his earlier works.[10]
Music video[edit]
On September 4, 2012, Drake was seen filming the music video for the song which was being directed by Director X.[11] The music video was released on February 10, 2013. The video features an all-white dressed Drake standing in the back of a white Bentley convertible, during a blizzard. In other scenes, he works retail in a Shoppers Drug Mart drugstore, flies a plane into his native Toronto and dances around in a club. Drake's mother, Sandi, and producers Boi-1da and Noah "40" Shebib also have cameos in the video. At the end it displays Drake and his friends partying at a villa.[12]
Remixes[edit]
Shortly after the song's debut Wiz Khalifa was the first to release a remix to the song.[13] Since then artists such as Kap G, Machine Gun Kelly, Bow Wow, Soulja Boy, Ace Hood, Meek Mill, Chris Brown, Papoose, Wyclef Jean, Riff Raff, Arcángel & De La Ghetto, Misha B, and Karmin[14] have released their own remixes or freestyles to the song.[15][16][17][18] On February 15, 2013, Mike Posner, Asher Roth, T. Mills, Chuck Inglish and King Chip released a music video for their remix of the song.[19] On October 12, 2013, DJ Felli Fel released a remix supporting the Los Angeles Dodgers 2013 playoff run, featuring Ice Cube, Tyga and Ty Dolla Sign.[20] Shortly after an extended version also featuring, Warren G, Problem and Chino XL was released.[21]
At the 55th Grammy Awards, Drake suggested that an official remix could be released.[9] He begun work on it with Rick Ross and DJ Khaled but the recording session resulted in the first single off Khaled's next album, "No New Friends".[22]
Critical reception[edit]
Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating:
Backdropped by a haunting piano loop and tinned snare, the production falls in line with what we've come to expect from a brooding Drake track. "Started from the bottom now we're here," he reflects. "Started from the bottom now my whole team fucking here." The ascent to stardom has clearly been the smoothest of paths, but we hope there's a little more depth to the remainder of his new material to keep him up there with the best. .[23]
On December 2, 2013, Complex named "Started From the Bottom" the second best song released in 2013. David Drake of Complex said, "Musically, "Started From the Bottom" is Drake at his most irrepressibly memorable. Stripped down to a simple piano line and a crisp, unforgettable drum pattern, the song's simplicity gave it a singular fingerprint. It epitomizes the new, clean, minimal direction Drake took throughout Nothing Was The Same, while sounding like no other song on it. It is wistful, atmospheric, as catchy as a nursery rhyme. Lyrically, the song is packed with hooks, each line a mantra of burgeoning confidence, hard-earned."[24] Rolling Stone then ranked the song at number nine on their list of the 100 Best Songs of 2013.[25] XXL named it one of the top five hip hop songs of 2013.[26]
Chart performance[edit]
The track entered the UK Singles Chart at number 71 on February 10, 2013. The following week it rose forty-six positions to number 25 – becoming only Drake's third top 40 entry as a solo artist in the UK. The song has reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and is Drake's eleventh top 10 hit on the chart.[27][28] The song sold over 2 million digital copies in the US by January 2014.[29]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Ceremony
Award
Result
2013 BET Hip Hop Awards "Track of the Year"[30] Won
2014 Grammy Awards (56th)[31] Best Rap Performance Nominated
Best Rap Song Nominated
Track listing[edit]
Digital download
No.
Title
Length
1. "Started from the Bottom" 2:53
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[32] 93
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[33] 50
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[34] 40
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[35] 36
France (SNEP)[36] 56
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[37] 91
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[38] 25
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[39] 5
US Billboard Hot 100[40] 6
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[41] 2
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[42] 40
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[43] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[44] 98
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[45] 135
US Billboard Hot 100[46] 32
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[47] 7
US Rap Songs (Billboard)[48] 4
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[49]
Gold 35,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[50]
Platinum 80,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[51]
Gold 400,000
United States (RIAA)[52]
2× Platinum 2,000,000[29]
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
United States
February 6, 2013[53] Digital download
OVO
Aspire
Young Money
Cash Money
Republic
February 12, 2013[54] Urban radio
April 9, 2013[55] Mainstream radio
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.mtv.com/news/1701267/drake-started-from-the-bottom-new-single/
Jump up ^ "Drake Releases New Single, 'Started From the Bottom' | Music News". Rolling Stone. 2013-02-02. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Drake - Started From The Bottom | New Hip Hop Music & All The New Rap Songs 2011". HipHop DX. 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ Alexander Russell (23 August 2013). "Here Are The BET Award Nominees". Complex.
Jump up ^ "Some weeks ago, the hip hop artist Drake's... - Bruno Sanfilippo". Facebook. March 11, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sia, Nicole (2013-02-02). "Hear Drake Set His Origin Story Straight on 'Started From the Bottom' | SPIN | SPIN Mix | Songs". SPIN. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ "OCTOBERS VERY OWN: Started From The Bottom". Octobersveryown.blogspot.com. 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Drake – Started from the Bottom (2013) (iTunes) [Single]". iTunes Store (US). Apple. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b HipHopDX (11 February 2013). "Drake Hints At Official Remix Of "Started From The Bottom"". HipHopDX.
Jump up ^ "Drake's 'Started From the Bottom' Filled With Fire And Frustration - Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV.com. 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Drake Shooting Video For 'Started From the Bottom' In Toronto, Old Video Teaser Surfaces". Rapfix.mtv.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
Jump up ^ 02/10/2013 7:43 pm EST (2011-01-23). "'Started From The Bottom' Video: Drake Drops Visuals For New Single On Grammy Night". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
Jump up ^ "Wiz Khalifa Releases "Started From the Bottom" Remix". BET.com. 4 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Karmin - Started From The Bottom (Drake Cover). 25 February 2013 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Rose Lilah (14 February 2013). "Ace Hood - Started From The Bottom (Freestyle) - Stream [New Song]". HotNewHipHop.
Jump up ^ "Papoose Freestyles Over "Started From The Bottom" On Showoff Radio!". WORLDSTARHIPHOP.
Jump up ^ "Video: Wyclef Jean – 'Started From the Bottom (Freestyle)'". Rap-Up.
Jump up ^ KAP-G [@TheRealKapG] (3 April 2013). "KAP G - STARTED FROM THE BOTTOM FREESTYLE VIDEO" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Mike Posner (Feat. Asher Roth, T Mills, Chuck Inglish & King Chip) - Started From The Bottom Remix". WORLDSTARHIPHOP.
Jump up ^ cvernoncoleman (13 October 2013). "DJ Felli Fel Featuring Ice Cube, Tyga & Ty Dolla $ign "Dodgers Anthem 2013″". XXL Mag.
Jump up ^ "DJ Felli Fel ft Ice Cube, Tyga, Ty Dolla $ign, Warren G, Chino XL, Problem - Dodgers Anthem 2013 (New Version)". HipHopEarly.
Jump up ^ Ernest Baker (12 April 2013). "Drake Is Dropping 2 New Songs Next Week". Complex.
Jump up ^ Lewis Corner (12 February 2013). "Drake: 'Started From the Bottom' - Single review". Digital Spy.
Jump up ^ Insanul Ahmed (2 December 2013). "Drake "Started From The Bottom" - The 50 Best Songs of 2013 - Complex". Complex.
Jump up ^ "Drake, "Started From the Bottom"". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ xxlstaff (9 January 2014). "XXL Lists The Best Hip-Hop Songs And Albums Of The Last 40 Years – XXL Issue 152". XXL Mag.
Jump up ^ "Baauer's 'Harlem Shake' Debuts Atop Revamped Hot 100". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2013-02-27). "Baauer's 'Harlem Shake' Tops Hot 100 for Second Week". Retrieved 2013-02-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Grein (January 2, 2014). "Can You Believe "Don't Stop Believin'" Loses Spot as Best-Selling Rock Song?". Chart Watch. Yahoo.
Jump up ^ "Track of the Year". BET.com. 23 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Grammy nominations 2014: See the list of nominees". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com.
Jump up ^ http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20130319-0001/Issue1200.pdf
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Drake – Started From The Bottom" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Drake – Started From The Bottom" (in French). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Drake Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Drake – Started From The Bottom" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Drake – Started From The Bottom" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Drake Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Drake Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
Jump up ^ "Drake Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Drake Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2013: Canadian Hot 100". Prometheus Gobal Media. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "End of Year 2013" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2013 - Hot 100 Songs". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2013 Year End Charts — R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2013 Year End Charts — Rap Songs". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2015 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Drake – Started from the Bottom". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Drake – Started from the Bottom". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved January 12, 2018. Enter Started from the Bottom in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Drake – Started from the Bottom". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Started From the Bottom – Single by Drake". iTunes Store. Apple. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Urban/UAC Future Releases". All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "FMQB: Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Nielsen Ratings, Music News and more!".
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
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Drake songs
Discography
Comeback Season
"Replacement Girl"
So Far Gone
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"I'm Goin' In"
We Are Young Money
"Every Girl"
"BedRock"
Thank Me Later
"Fireworks"
"Over"
"Up All Night"
"Fancy"
"Miss Me"
"Find Your Love"
"9AM in Dallas"
Take Care
"Over My Dead Body"
"Headlines"
"Crew Love"
"Take Care"
"Marvins Room"
"We'll Be Fine"
"Make Me Proud"
"Lord Knows"
"HYFR (Hell Ya Fucking Right)"
"The Motto"
Nothing Was the Same
"Tuscan Leather"
"Furthest Thing"
"Started from the Bottom"
"Wu-Tang Forever"
"Worst Behavior"
"From Time"
"Hold On, We're Going Home"
"The Language"
"Too Much"
"Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2"
"All Me"
If You're Reading This It's Too Late
"Energy"
"Preach"
What a Time to Be Alive
"Jumpman"
Views
"Controlla"
"One Dance"
"Pop Style"
"Too Good"
"Hotline Bling"
More Life
"Free Smoke"
"No Long Talk"
"Passionfruit"
"Get It Together"
"Madiba Riddim"
"Blem"
"Gyalchester"
"Portland"
"Sacrifices"
"Teenage Fever"
"KMT"
"Glow"
"Since Way Back"
"Fake Love"
"Ice Melts"
Scary Hours / Scorpion
"God's Plan"
"Diplomatic Immunity"
"Nice for What"
Other singles
"Forever"
"0 to 100 / The Catch Up"
"Charged Up"
"Back to Back"
"Right Hand"
"Summer Sixteen"
"Sneakin' "
"Two Birds, One Stone"
"No Frauds"
"Signs"
"Yes Indeed"
As featured artist
"100"
"4 My Town (Play Ball)"
"Amen"
"Aston Martin Music"
"Back on Road"
"Believe Me"
"Big Amount"
"Blessings"
"Both"
"Cabaret"
"Champion"
"Come and See Me"
"Come Closer"
"Deuces (Remix)"
"Diced Pineapples"
"Digital Girl (Remix)"
"Enough Said"
"Fall for Your Type"
"Fed Up"
"Feel Love"
"For Free"
"Fuckin' Problems"
"Gonorrhea"
"I Do It"
"I Invented Sex"
"I'm on One"
"In the Morning"
"It's Good"
"Know Bout Me"
"Lemon (Remix)"
"Live For"
"Look Alive"
"Love Me"
"Loving You No More"
"Mine"
"Moment 4 Life"
"Money to Blow"
"Mr. Wrong"
"No Complaints"
"No Guns Allowed"
"No Lie"
"No New Friends"
"No Shopping"
"Odio"
"Only"
"Poetic Justice"
"Pop That"
"R.I.C.O."
"Recognize"
"Right Above It"
"Right Here"
"Round of Applause"
"Say Something"
"She Will"
"Stay Schemin'"
"Still Got It"
"The One"
"The Zone"
"Throw It in the Bag (Remix)"
"To the Max"
"Trophies"
"Truffle Butter"
"Tuesday"
"Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready) (Remix)"
"Unusual"
"Used to This"
"Walk It Talk It"
"Wavin' Flag (Haiti Mix)"
"We in This Bitch 1.5"
"What's My Name?"
"What Up"
"Where Ya At"
"Who Do You Love?"
"Why You Always Hatin?"
"Work"
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Name of Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Dauphin Map of Canada, c. 1543, showing Cartier's discoveries
The name of Canada has been in use since the founding of the French colony of Canada in the 16th century. The name originates from a Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata (or canada) for "settlement", "village", or "land". It is pronounced /ˈkænədə/ in English, [kanadɑ] in standard Quebec French.[1] In Inuktitut, one of the official languages of the territory of Nunavut, the First Nations word (pronounced [kanata]) is used, with the Inuktitut syllabics ᑲᓇᑕ.
The first French colony of Canada, which formed one of several colonies within New France, was set up along the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. Later the area became two British colonies, called Upper Canada and Lower Canada until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, the name Canada was officially adopted for the new Dominion, which was commonly referred to as the Dominion of Canada until after World War II.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
1.1 Iberian origin theory
1.2 Minor or humourous theories
2 Canadian
3 New France
4 British North America
5 Selection of the name Canada
5.1 Other proposed names
6 Adoption of Dominion
6.1 French terms for Dominion
7 Use of Canada and Dominion of Canada
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Etymology[edit]
A map of North America ca. 1566, one of the first to include the name "Canada" (top right).
The name Canada is now generally accepted as originating from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata or canada, meaning "village" or "settlement".[2] Related translations include "land" or "town", with subsequent terminologies meaning "cluster of dwellings" or "collection of huts".[2][3] This explanation is historically documented in Jacques Cartier's Bref récit et succincte narration de la navigation faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI.[2]
Although the Laurentian language, which was spoken by the inhabitants of St. Lawrence Valley settlements such as Stadacona (modern-day Quebec City) and Hochelaga (modern-day Montreal) in the 16th century, is now extinct, it was closely related to other dialects of the Haudonosonee/ Iroquoian languages, such as the Oneida and Mohawk languages. The word kaná:ta' still means "town" in Mohawk,[4] and related cognates include ganataje and iennekanandaa in the Onondaga and Seneca languages respectively.[2] Prior to archeological confirmation that the St. Lawrence Iroquois were a separate people from the Mohawk, most sources specifically linked the name's origin to the Mohawk word instead of the Laurentian one.[5]
A widespread perception in Canadian folklore is that Cartier misunderstood the term "Canada" as the existing proper name of the Iroquois people's entire territory rather than the generic class noun for a town or village — for instance, the Historica Foundation of Canada's Heritage Minute film devoted to Cartier's landing at Hochelaga is scripted as having Cartier believe that "Kanata" or "Canada" was the established name of the entire country.[6] This is not supported by Cartier's own writings, however — in Bref récit, Cartier fully understands the actual meaning of the word ("They call a town Canada"),[7] and his earliest name for the wider territory is "le pays des Canadas" ("country of Canadas",[8] "land of Canadas" or "land of villages").
While the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian origin for the name Canada is now widely accepted, other theories have been put forth in the past.
Iberian origin theory[edit]
The most common alternative theory suggested that the name originated when Spanish or Portuguese explorers, having explored the northern part of the continent and unable to find gold and silver, wrote el cabo de nada ("Cape Nothing"), acá nada, aqui nada or cá nada ("nothing here") on that part of their maps.[9] An alternative explanation favoured by philologist Marshall Elliott linked the name to the Spanish word cañada, meaning "glen" or "valley".[10][11]
The earliest iterations of the Spanish "nothing here" theory stated that the explorers made the declaration upon visiting the Bay of Chaleur,[12] while later versions left out any identifying geographic detail. The known Portuguese presence in modern Canadian territory, meanwhile, was located in Newfoundland and Labrador. Neither region is located anywhere near Iroquoian territory, and the name "Canada" does not appear on any Spanish or Portuguese maps of the North American coast that predate Cartier's visit.[11] No name for the Bay of Chaleur is attested at all in Spanish sources from that period, while the only name for Newfoundland attested in Portuguese sources is "Terra Nova do Bacalhao", after the region's plentiful cod.
In most versions of the Iberian origin theory, the Spanish or Portuguese passed their name on to the Iroquois, who rapidly adopted it in place of their own prior word for a village;[11] however, no historical evidence for any such Iberian-Iroquoian interaction has ever actually been found.[11] Elliott's "valley" theory, conversely, was that the Spanish gave their name for the area directly to Cartier, who then entirely ignored or passed over the virtually identical Iroquoian word.[11] According to Elliott, Cartier never explicitly stated that there was a direct connection between canada or kanata as the Iroquoian word for "village" and Canada as the new name of the entire territory, and never accounted for the spelling difference between kanata and Canada—and thus the Spanish etymology had to be favoured because the spellings matched.[11] Notably, Cartier never wrote of having any awareness of any preexisting Spanish or Portuguese name for the region either, meaning that Elliott's allegation that the kanata derivation was not adequately supported by Cartier's own writing on the matter was also true of his own preferred theory.
Franciscan priest André Thevet claimed that the word derived from "segada canada", an answer reportedly given by Spaniards in the St. Lawrence Valley area when asked what their purpose was; according to Thevet, the phrase meant that they were seeking land[13] or that they were hunting.[14]
Few academics subscribe to the Iberian origin theory today, although some Spanish or Portuguese historians continue to support it over an Iroquoian root.
Minor or humourous theories[edit]
British philologist B. Davies surmised that by the same process which initially saw the First Nations mislabelled as Indians, the country came to be named for the Carnata region of India or that region's Kannada ethnic group,[15] although his theory has attracted no significant support from other academics.[2]
Additional theories have attributed the name "Canada" to a word in an unspecified aboriginal language for "mouth of the country" in reference to the Gulf of St. Lawrence,[2] to a Cree word for "neat or clean",[16] to a claimed Innu war cry of "kan-na-dun, Kunatun",[14] to a shared Cree and Innu word, "p'konata", which purportedly meant "without a plan" or "I don't know",[17] to a short-lived French colony purportedly established by a settler whose surname was Cane,[2] to Cartier's description elsewhere in his writings of Labrador as "the land God gave to Cain", or to a claim that the early French habitants demanded a "can a day" of spruce beer from the local intendant[2] (a claim easily debunked by the facts that the habitants would have been speaking French, not English, and that canning did not exist until the 19th century.)
In their 1983 book The Anglo Guide to Survival in Québec, humourists Josh Freed and Jon Kalina tied the Iberian origin theory to the phrase nada mas caca ("nothing but shit").[18] No historian or linguist has ever analyzed this explanation as anything more than an obvious joke.
Canadian[edit]
The demonym "Canadien" or "Canadian" used to refer exclusively to the aboriginal groups who were native to the territory.[11] Its use was extended over time to the French settlers of New France, and later the English settlers of Upper Canada.[11]
New France[edit]
European explorer Jacques Cartier transcribed the word as "Canada" and was the first to use the word to refer not only to the village of Stadacona but also to the neighbouring region and to the Saint Lawrence River, which he called rivière de Canada during his second voyage in 1535.[19][20] By the mid 1500s, European books and maps began referring to this region as Canada. Canada became the name of a colony in New France that stretched along the St. Lawrence River.[21][22] The terms "Canada" and "New France" were often used interchangeably during the colonial period.[21]
British North America[edit]
An 1851 Province of Canada postage stamp, the 3 pence beaver ("Threepenny Beaver")
After the British conquest of New France (including ceding of the French colony, Canada) in 1763, the colony was renamed the Province of Quebec. Following the American revolution and the influx of United Empire Loyalists into Quebec, the colony was split on 26 December 1791 into Upper and Lower Canada, sometime being collectively known as "The Canadas", the first time that the name "Canada" was used officially, in the British regime.[23]
Some reports from the 1840s suggest that in that era, the word "Canada" was commonly pronounced "Kaugh-na-daugh" rather than its more contemporary pronunciation.[11]
Upper and Lower Canada were merged into one colony, the Province of Canada, in 1841, based on the recommendations of the Durham Report.[2] The former colonies were then known as Canada East and Canada West, and a single legislature was established with equal representation from each. Underpopulated Canada West opposed demands by Canada East for representation by population, but the roles reversed as Canada West's population surpassed the east's. The single colony remained governed in this way until 1 July 1867, often with coalition governments. A new capital city was being built at Ottawa, chosen in 1857 by Queen Victoria, and became a national capital.
Selection of the name Canada[edit]
Map of Canada on July 1, 1867, showing the nation's provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in the colour white
At the conferences held in London to determine the form of confederation that would unite the Province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec), the Province of New Brunswick and the Province of Nova Scotia, a delegate from either Nova Scotia or New Brunswick proposed the name Canada in February 1867, and it was unanimously accepted by the other delegates. There appears to have been little discussion,[24] though other names were suggested.
Other proposed names[edit]
While the provinces' delegates spent little time, if any, in settling on 'Canada' as the name for the new country, others proposed a variety of other names:[25][26]
Anglia – the medieval Latin name for England
Albionoria – "Albion of the north"
Borealia – from 'borealis', the Latin word for 'northern'; compare with Australia
Cabotia – in honour of Italian explorer John Cabot, who explored the eastern coast of Canada for England
Colonia
Efisga – an acronym of "English, French, Irish, Scottish, German, Aboriginal"
Hochelaga – an old name for Montreal
Laurentia
Mesopelagia – "land between the seas"
New Albion
Norland
Superior
Tupona – derived from 'The United Provinces of North America'
Transatlantica
Ursalia – "place of bears"
Vesperia – "land of the evening star"
Victorialand – in honour of Queen Victoria
Walter Bagehot of The Economist newspaper in London argued that the new nation should be called 'Northland' or 'Anglia' instead of Canada.[27] On these names, the statesman Thomas D'Arcy McGee commented, "Now I would ask any honourable member of the House how he would feel if he woke up some fine morning and found himself, instead of a Canadian, a Tuponian or a Hochelegander?".[28]
Adoption of Dominion[edit]
Front page of a copy of the Constitution Act of 1867
See also: Dominion
During the Charlottetown Conference of 1864, John A. Macdonald, who later became the first Prime Minister of Canada, talked of "founding a great British monarchy", in connection with the British Empire. He advocated, in the fourth Canadian draft of the British North America Act, the name "Kingdom of Canada,"[29] in the text is said:
The word 'Parliament' shall mean the Legislature or Parliament of the Kingdom of Canada.
The word 'Kingdom' shall mean and comprehend the United Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.
The words 'Privy Council' shall mean such persons as may from time to time be appointed, by the Governor General, and sworn to aid and advise in the Government of the Kingdom.[30]
Canada's founders, led by Sir John A. Macdonald wished their new nation to be called the Kingdom of Canada, to "fix the monarchical basis of the constitution."[31] The governor general at the time, the Viscount Monck, supported the move to designate Canada a kingdom;[32] however, officials at the Colonial Office in London opposed this potentially "premature" and "pretentious" reference for a new country. They were also wary of antagonizing the United States, which had emerged from its Civil War as a formidable military power with unsettled grievances because British interests had sold ships to the Confederacy despite a blockade, and thus opposed the use of terms such as kingdom or empire to describe the new country.[33]
New Brunswick premier Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley suggested the term 'Dominion',[34] inspired by Psalm 72:8 (from the King James Bible): "He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth."[35] This is also echoed in Canada's motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin for "from sea to sea").[36]
The term had been used for centuries to refer to the lands held by a monarch,[37] and had previously been adopted as titles for the Dominion of New England and the Dominion and Colony of Virginia. It continued to apply as a generic term for the major colonial possessions of the British Empire until well into the 20th century,[38] although Tilley and the other Fathers of Confederation broadened the meaning of the word 'dominion' to a "virtual synonym for sovereign state".[39] Its adoption as a title for Canada in 1867 served the purpose of upholding the monarchist principle in Canada; in a letter to Queen Victoria, Lord Carnarvon stated: "The North American delegates are anxious that the United Provinces should be designated as the 'Dominion of Canada.' It is a new title, but intended on their part as a tribute to the Monarchical principle which they earnestly desire to uphold.".[40]
Macdonald, however, bemoaned its adoption. In a letter to Lord Knutsford on the topic of the loss of the use of the word kingdom, Macdonald said:
A great opportunity was lost in 1867 when the Dominion was formed out of the several provinces…The declaration of all the B.N.A. provinces that they desired as one dominion to remain a portion of the Empire, showed what wise government and generous treatment would do, and should have been marked as an epoch in the history of England. This would probably have been the case had Lord Carnarvon, who, as colonial minister, had sat at the cradle of the new Dominion, remained in office. His ill-omened resignation was followed by the appointment of the late Duke of Buckingham, who had as his adviser the then Governor General, Lord Monck - both good men, certainly, but quite unable, from the constitution of their minds, to rise to the occasion. Had a different course been pursued, for instance, had united Canada been declared to be an auxiliary kingdom, as it was in the Canadian draft of the bill, I feel sure almost that the Australian colonies would, ere this, have been applying to be placed in the same rank as The Kingdom of Canada.[41][42]
He added as a postscript that it was adopted on the suggestion of British colonial ministers to avoid offending republican sensibilities in the United States:
P.S. On reading the above over I see that it will convey the impression that the change of title from Kingdom to Dominion was caused by the Duke of Buckingham. This is not so. It was made at the instance of Lord Derby, then foreign minister, who feared the first name would wound the sensibilities of the Yankees. I mentioned this incident in our history to Lord Beaconsfield at Hughenden in 1879, who said, 'I was not aware of the circumstance, but it is so like Derby, a very good fellow, but who lives in a region of perpetual funk.'[43]
Use of the term dominion was formalized in 1867 through Canadian Confederation. In the Constitution of Canada, namely the Constitution Act, 1867 (British North America Acts), the preamble of the Act indicates:
Whereas the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have expressed their Desire to be federally united into One Dominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom....[44]
And section 2 indicates that the provinces:
... shall form and be One Dominion under the Name of Canada; and on and after that Day those Three Provinces shall form and be One Dominion under that Name accordingly.[44]
In J.S. Ewart's two volume work, The Kingdom Papers,[45][46] it is noted that the following names were considered for the union of British North America: "The United Colony of Canada", "the United Provinces of Canada", and "the Federated Provinces of Canada".[47] Ewart was also an ardent advocate for the formation of "the Republic of Canada", a position which was rarely expressed in those times.[48]
Canadian post card from 1905.
French terms for Dominion[edit]
The French translation of the 1867 British North America Act translated "One Dominion under the Name of Canada" as "une seule et même Puissance sous le nom de Canada" using Puissance (power) as a translation for dominion. Later the English loan-word dominion was also used in French.[49]
The Fathers of Confederation met at the Quebec Conference of 1864 to discuss the terms of this new union. One issue on the agenda was to determine the Union's "feudal rank" (see Resolution 71 of the Quebec Conference, 1864). The candidates for the classification of this new union were: "the Kingdom of Canada" (le Royaume du Canada), "the Realm of Canada" (le Royaume du Canada), "the Union of Canada" (l'Union du Canada), and "the Dominion of Canada" (le Dominion du Canada).
Use of Canada and Dominion of Canada[edit]
Crowds on Parliament Hill celebrate Dominion Day 1927, the 60th jubilee of confederation
There are numerous references in United Kingdom Acts of Parliament to "the Dominion of Canada" and the British North America Act, 1867 referred to the formation of "one Dominion under the name of Canada".[50] Nonetheless, the term "Dominion of Canada" appears in the Constitution Act, 1871 — usage of which was "sanctioned"[51] — and both appear in other texts of the period, as well as on numerous Canadian banknotes before 1935.
Until the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was commonly used to identify the country. As Canada acquired political authority and autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government began using simply Canada on state documents. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, which refers only to Canada. Later that year, the national holiday was renamed from Dominion Day to Canada Day. Section 4 of the 1867 BNA Act also declares that:
Unless it is otherwise expressed or implied, the Name Canada shall be taken to mean Canada as constituted under this Act.
and this has been interpreted to mean that the name of the country is simply Canada. No constitutional statute amends this name, and the subsequent Canada Act 1982 does not use the term dominion. However, the Canadian constitution includes the preceding BNA Acts, where the term is used; also, the Canada Act 1982 does not state that Canada is not a dominion. Official sources of the United Nations system,[52][53] international organizations (such as the Organization of American States[54]), the European Union,[55] the United States,[56] and other polities with which Canada has official relations as a state consistently use Canada as the only official name, state that Canada has no long-form name, or that the formal name is simply Canada. While no legal document ever says that the name of the country is anything other than Canada,[57] Dominion and Dominion of Canada remain official titles of the country.[58][59][60]
In recent years, the terms Dominion of Canada and Dominion are occasionally used to distinguish modern (post-1867) Canada from either the earlier Province of Canada or from the even earlier The Canadas. The terms are also used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces, though in this usage "federal" has replaced "dominion". The federal government continues to produce publications and educational materials that specify the currency of these official titles, although these publications are not themselves legal or official documents.[61][62][63] For instance, in 2008 the Canadian government registered the Maple Leaf Tartan with the Scottish Tartans Authority under the name Dominion of Canada.[64]
See also[edit]
Canada portal
History of Canada portal
List of Canadian place names of Royal heritage
Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies
Origins of names of cities in Canada
List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin
List of Canadian place names of Indigenous origin
List of Canadian place names of English origin
List of Canadian place names of Scottish origin
List of Canadian place names of Spanish origin
References[edit]
Jump up ^ In standard Quebec French, it is generally seen as a mistake to pronounce [kanada]. [kanadɔ] and [kanadɒ] are considered nonstandard in Quebec French.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Alan Rayburn (2001). Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names. University of Toronto Press. pp. 14–17. ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0. Archived from the original on 2016-04-12.
Jump up ^ Hawkins, Alfred; John Charlton Fisher (1834). "7". Hawkins's Picture of Quebec: With Historical Recollections. Printed for the proprietor by Neilson and Cowan. p. 111. in the note of Charlevoix, Nouvelle France, volume the first, page nine, of the quarto edition, and repeated in "Beautés de l'Histoire du Canada" affords the real solution of the difficulty: "Quelqu'uns derivent ce nom du mot Iroquois Kannata qui se prononce Cannada, et signifie un amas de cabanes;"–"Some derive this name from the Iroquois word Kannata, pronounced Cannada, signifying a collection of huts."
Jump up ^ Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 312. ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
Jump up ^ Bruce Elliott Johansen, The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. ISBN 978-0313306235. p. 49.
Jump up ^ "Heritage Minutes: Jacques Cartier" Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine.. Historica Foundation of Canada.
Jump up ^ R. Douglas Francis, Richard Jones and Donald B. Smith, Journeys: A History of Canada. Nelson College, 2009. ISBN 978-0176442446. p. 27.
Jump up ^ Cook, Ramsay (2017). The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442658042. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02.
Jump up ^ John George Hodgins (1858). The Geography and History of British America, and of the Other Colonies of the Empire: To which are Added a Sketch of the Various Indian Tribes of Canada, and Brief Biographical Notices of Eminent Persons Connected with the History of Canada. Maclear & Company. p. 51. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19.
Jump up ^ "Further Conjectures as to the Origin of the Name 'Canada'". The New York Times, September 5, 1908.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Orkin, Mark M. Orkin (2010). "The Name Canada: An Etymological Enigma" in Canadian English: A Linguistic Reader Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine.. Strathy Language Unit, Queen’s University (Kingston, Ontario). pp. 38-43.
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^ Jump up to: a b Olive Dickason, Le mythe du sauvage. Les Éditions de Septentrion, 1993. ISBN 9782921114967. p. 298.
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Jump up ^ James H. Marsh (1999). The Canadian Encyclopedia. The Canadian Encyclopedia. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-7710-2099-5. Archived from the original on 2017-03-25.
Jump up ^ Roger E. Riendeau (2007). A Brief History of Canada. Infobase Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4381-0822-3. Archived from the original on 2017-02-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Germaine Warkentin; Carolyn Podruchny (2001). Decentring the Renaissance: Canada and Europe in Multidisciplinary Perspective, 1500-1700. University of Toronto Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-8020-8149-0. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10.
Jump up ^ MCC. "Le territoire Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine.", in La Nouvelle-France. Ressources françaises, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (France), 1998, retrieved 2 August 2008
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Jump up ^ Moore, Christopher. 1997. 1867: How the Fathers Made a Deal. McClelland and Stewart: Toronto; p. 214.
Jump up ^ John Robert Colombo (June 1, 2001). 1000 Questions About Canada: Places, People, Things, and Ideas : A Question-And-Answer Book on Canadian Facts and Culture. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-88882-232-1. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Farthing, John; Freedom Wears a Crown; Toronto, 1957
Jump up ^ Pope, Joseph; Confederation; pg. 177
Jump up ^ George M. Wrong; H. H. Langton (2009). The Chronicles of Canada: Volume VIII - The Growth of Nationality. Fireship Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-934757-51-2. Archived from the original on 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
Jump up ^ Hubbard, R.H.; Rideau Hall; McGill-Queen's University Press; Montreal and London; 1977; p. 9
Jump up ^ R. Douglas Francis; Richard Jones, Donald B. Smith, R. D. Francis; Richard Jones; Donald B. Smith (2009). Journeys: A History of Canada. Cengage Learning. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-17-644244-6. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary: Main Entry: do·min·ion; Function: noun; Etymology: Middle English dominioun, from Middle French dominion, modification of Latin dominium, from dominus; 4 often capitalized : a self-governing nation of the Commonwealth of Nations other than the United Kingdom that acknowledges the British monarch as chief of state
Jump up ^ "Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley" Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ Reingard M. Nischik (2008). History of Literature in Canada: English-Canadian and French-Canadian. Camden House. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-57113-359-5. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19.
Jump up ^ Treaty of Utrecht 1713 "Moreover, the most Christian King promises, as well in his own name, as in that of his heirs and successors, that they will at not time whatever disturb or give any molestation to the Queen of Great Britain, her heirs and successors, descended from the aforesaid Protestant line, who possess the crown of Great Britain, and the dominions belonging therunto."
Jump up ^ "... on the 23rd of April 1895 Tongaland was declared by proclamation to be added to the dominions of Queen Victoria ... " ( "Africa". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 343. )
Jump up ^ Delisle, Jean. "Through the Lens of History: Translating dominion as puissance". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
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^ Jump up to: a b Dennis Ambrose O'Sullivan (1887). Government in Canada: The principles and institutions of our federal and provincial constitutions. The B. N. A. act, 1867, compared with the United States Constitution, with a sketch of the constitutional history of Canada. Carswell & co. p. 309. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19.
Jump up ^ Ewart, J.S. (1912–1917). The Kingdom Papers. I. Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild, and Stewart. p. 331. Archived from the original on 2006-02-15.
Jump up ^ Ewart 1912–1917, p. 393
Jump up ^ Ewart 1912–1917, pp. 372–393; as per "Rank and Name", pp. 374–381.
Jump up ^ Ewart 1912–1917, Imperial Projects and the Republic of Canada, pp. 262–393.
Jump up ^ Le Petit Robert 1: dictionnaire de la langue française, 1990.
Jump up ^ Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 17 (direct quote, word for word)
Jump up ^ Martin, Robert. 1993. Eugene Forsey Memorial Lecture: A Lament for British North America. Archived 2005-10-17 at the Wayback Machine. The Machray Review. Prayer Book Society of Canada.—A summative piece about nomenclature and pertinent history with abundant references.
Jump up ^ "The UN Terminology website "which holds records for each country containing the short and formal names in the six UN official languages, is the successor to UN Terminology". United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database (UNTERM.UN.ORG), Canada page. Archived from the original on 2014-05-08.
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Jump up ^ "European Union Gateway Interinstutional Style Guide, List of Countries, territories and currencies - "Note 1, 'Full name' corresponds in most cases to the official name recognized by the United Nations."". Publications.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2013-07-16. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
Jump up ^ "United States Department of State Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Independent States of the World—Canada: "no long-form name"". State.gov. 1979-01-01. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Government of Canada Translation Bureau, "List of Country Names"—Introduction notes that "The official name of a state (e.g. Islamic Republic of Iran), found under the common name (Iran), is taken from the United Nations Terminology Bulletin No. 347."". Btb.gc.ca. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
Jump up ^ Forsey, Eugene A., in Marsh, James H., ed. 1988. "Dominion Archived 2017-01-22 at the Wayback Machine." The Canadian Encyclopedia. Hurtig Publishers: Toronto.
Jump up ^ Rayburn, pp. 19, 21.
Jump up ^ Canadian Heritage: National Flag of Canada Day - How Did You Do? Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine., Canada's Digital Collections: Confederation 1867, Canadian Heritage: The Prince of Wales Royal Visit 2001, Quiz.
Jump up ^ Canadian Heritage: National Flag of Canada Day - How Did You Do? Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine., Canada's Digital Collections: Confederation 1867, Canadian Heritage: The Prince of Wales Royal Visit 2001, Quiz
Jump up ^ Forsey, Eugene A. 2005. How Canadians Govern Themselves Archived 2009-03-25 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF), 6th ed. Canada: Ottawa; pp. 8-9. The preface to the publication specifies that the opinions reflected are those of the author, and "do not necessarily reflect those of parliament."
Jump up ^ "Territorial evolution". Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2007-10-09. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are united in a federal state, the Dominion of Canada.
Jump up ^ BRIAN LILLEY, Parliamentary Bureau (2011-03-09). "It's official, Maple Leaf Tartan is Canada's tartan | Canada | News". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
Further reading[edit]
Choudry, Sujit. 2001(?). "Constitution Acts" (based on looseleaf by Hogg, Peter W.). Constitutional Keywords. University of Alberta, Centre for Constitutional Studies: Edmonton.
Gerald Hallowell (2004). The Oxford Companion to Canadian History. Oxford University Press Canada. ISBN 978-0-19-541559-9.
External links[edit]
Origin of the Name - Canada - Canadian Heritage
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This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 05:38.
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