text:
Castling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Australian politician, see William Castling.
a b c d e f g h
8
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
Initial position of kings and rooks. Kings may be moved to the indicated squares.
a b c d e f g h
8
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
White has castled kingside (0-0) and Black has castled queenside (0-0-0).
Castling is a move in the game of chess involving a player's king and either of the player's original rooks. It is the only move in chess in which a player moves two pieces in the same move, and it is the only move aside from the knight's move where a piece can be said to "jump over" another.[1]
Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook on the player's first rank, then moving the rook to the square over which the king crossed.[2] Castling may only be done if the king has never moved, the rook involved has never moved, the squares between the king and the rook involved are unoccupied, the king is not in check, and the king does not cross over or end on a square in which it would be in check. Castling is one of the rules of chess and is technically a king move (Hooper & Whyld 1992:71).
The notation for castling, in both the descriptive and the algebraic systems, is 0-0 with the kingside rook and 0-0-0 with the queenside rook; in PGN, O-O and O-O-O are used instead. Castling on the kingside is sometimes called castling short and castling on the queenside is called castling long – the difference based on whether the rook moves a short distance (two squares) or a long distance (three squares) (Hooper & Whyld 1992).
Castling was added to European chess in the 14th or 15th century and did not develop into its present form until the 17th century. The Asian versions of chess do not have such a move.
Contents
[hide]
1 Requirements
2 Strategy
3 Tournament rules
4 Chess variants and problems
5 Notable examples
5.1 Averbakh game
5.2 Edward Lasker game
5.3 Prins versus Day
5.4 Feuer versus O'Kelly
6 History
7 Nomenclature
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links

This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.
Requirements[edit]
a b c d e f g h
8
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
Black cannot castle on either side because he is in check from the white queen.
a b c d e f g h
8
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
White to move cannot castle kingside because the black queen controls g1. White can castle queenside, even though the a1-rook is under attack. If the black queen were on g4 instead, white would not be able to castle on either side since to castle queenside, it would have to move through a square attacked by an enemy piece.
Castling is permissible if and only if all of the following conditions hold (Schiller 2003:19):
The king and the chosen rook are on the player's first rank.[3]
Neither the king nor the chosen rook has previously moved.
There are no pieces between the king and the chosen rook.
The king is not currently in check.
The king does not pass through a square that is attacked by an enemy piece.[4]
The king does not end up in check. (True of any legal move.)
Conditions 4 through 6 can be summarized with the more memorable phrase: One may not castle out of, through, or into check.
It is a common misperception that the requirements for castling are even more stringent than the above.[5] To clarify:
The chosen rook may be under attack.
The rook may move through an attacked square, provided the king does not. The only such square is the one adjacent to the rook, when castling queenside.
The king may have been in check earlier in the game (provided the king did not move when resolving the check).
In handicap games where odds of a rook are given, the player giving odds may still castle with the absent rook, moving only the king.[6]
Strategy[edit]
See also: Chess opening
Castling is an important goal in the opening, because it serves two valuable purposes: it moves the king into a safer position away from the center of the board, and it moves the rook to a more active position in the center of the board (it is even possible to checkmate with castling).
The choice as to which side to castle often hinges on an assessment of the trade-off between king safety and activity of the rook. Kingside castling is generally slightly safer, because the king ends up closer to the edge of the board and all the pawns on the castled side are defended by the king. In queenside castling, the king is placed closer to the center and the pawn on the a-file is undefended; the king is thus often moved to the b-file to defend the a-pawn and to move the king away from the center of the board. In addition, queenside castling requires moving the queen; therefore, it may take slightly longer to achieve than kingside castling. On the other hand, queenside castling places the rook more efficiently – on the central d-file. It is often immediately active, whereas with kingside castling a tempo may be required to move the rook to a more efficient square.
It is common for both players to castle kingside, and rare for both players to castle queenside. If one player castles kingside and the other queenside, it is called opposite (or opposite-side) castling. Castling on opposite sides usually results in a fierce fight as both players' pawns are free to advance to attack the opposing king's castled position without exposing the player's own castled king. An example is the Yugoslav Attack, in the Dragon Variation of the Sicilian Defence.
If the king is forced to move before it has the opportunity to castle, the player may still wish to maneuver the king towards the edge of the board and the corresponding rook towards the center. When a player takes three or four moves to accomplish what castling would have accomplished in one move, it is sometimes called artificial castling, or castling by hand.
Tournament rules[edit]
See also: Rules of chess and Touch-move rule
Under the strict touch-move rules enforced in most tournaments, castling is considered a king move. But under current US Chess Federation rules, a player who intends to castle and touches the rook first would suffer no penalty, and would be permitted to perform castling, provided castling is legal in the position. Still, the correct way to castle is to first move the king. As usual, the player's mind may change between all legal destination squares for the king until it is released. When the two-square king move is completed, however, the player has formally chosen to castle (if it is legal), and the rook must be moved accordingly. A player who performs a forbidden castling must return the king and the rook to their original places and then move the king, if there is another legal king move, including castling on the other side. If there is no legal king move, the touch-move rule does not apply to the rook (Just & Burg 2003:13–14,17–18,23).
It is also required by the official rules that the entire move be completed using only a single hand. Neither of these rules is commonly enforced in casual play, nor commonly known by non-competitive players (Just & Burg 2003:13–14,17–18,23).
The right to castle must be the same in all three positions for a valid draw claim under the threefold repetition rule.
Chess variants and problems[edit]
Some chess variants, for example Chess960, have modified castling rules to handle modified starting positions. Castling can also be adapted to large chess variants, like Capablanca Chess, which is played on a 10×8 board. In shogi, the term castle refers to a different concept of building a multi-piece defensive structure that defends the king.
In chess problems, castling is assumed to be allowed if it appears possible, unless it can be proved by retrograde analysis that either the king or chosen rook has previously moved.
Notable examples[edit]
Viktor Korchnoi, in his 1974 Candidates final match with Anatoly Karpov, famously asked the arbiter if castling was legal when the castling rook was under attack.[7] The arbiter answered in the affirmative, Korchnoi executed the move, and Karpov resigned shortly after.[8]
Three castlings occurred in the game between Wolfgang Heidenfeld and Nick Kerins, in Dublin in 1973. Of course, the third one (the second one by White) was illegal. The game is as follows:[9]
1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Be3 Nf6 4.e5 Nfd7 5.f4 c5 6.c3 Nc6 7.Nf3 Qb6 8.Qd2 c4 9.Be2 Na5 10.0-0 f5 11.Ng5 Be7 12.g4 Bxg5 13.fxg5 Nf8 14.gxf5 exf5 15.Bf3 Be6 16.Qg2 0-0-0 17.Na3 Ng6 18.Qd2 f4 19.Bf2 Bh3 20.Rfb1 Bf5 21.Nc2 h6 22.gxh6 Rxh6 23.Nb4 Qe6 24.Qe2 Ne7 25.b3 Qg6+ 26.Kf1 Bxb1 27.bxc4 dxc4 28.Qb2 Bd3+ 29.Ke1 Be4 30.Qe2 Bxf3 31.Qxf3 Rxh2 32.d5 Qf5 33.0-0-0 Rh3 34.Qe2 Rxc3+ 35.Kb2 Rh3 36.d6 Nec6 37.Nxc6 Nxc6 38.e6 Qe5+ 39.Qxe5 Nxe5 40.d7+ Nxd7 0–1
Tim Krabbé composed a joke chess problem containing vertical castling (king on e1, underpromoted rook on e8). The loophole in the definition of castling upon which this problem was based was removed by the new requirement that the castling rook must occupy the same rank as the king.
Averbakh game[edit]
Averbakh vs. Purdy, 1960
a b c d e f g h
8
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
Black to move, castled queenside, with the rook going over the attacked square b8.
In this game[10] between Yuri Averbakh and Cecil Purdy, Black castled queenside. Averbakh pointed out that the rook passed over a square controlled by White and thought it was illegal. Purdy proved that the castling was legal since this applies only to the king, to which Averbakh replied "Only the king? Not the rook?" (Evans 1970:38–39), (Lombardy & Daniels 1975:188).
Edward Lasker game[edit]
Ed. Lasker vs. Thomas, 1912
a b c d e f g h
8
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
Position after 17...Kg1
In this game between Edward Lasker and Sir George Thomas (London 1912),[11] Black had just played 17...Kg1. White might have checkmated by 18.0-0-0# but instead played 18.Kd2#.[12] (See Edward Lasker's notable games.)
Prins versus Day[edit]
Prins vs. Day, 1968
a b c d e f g h
8
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
Position before 31...0-0-0#
This game between Lodewijk Prins and Lawrence Day had ended earlier, but if Prins had played on he would not have been able to avoid this position. Black now checkmates by castling: 31...0-0-0#.[13] (See Lawrence Day's notable chess games.)
Feuer versus O'Kelly[edit]
Feuer vs. O'Kelly, 1934
a b c d e f g h
8
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
Position after 12...Kxd8
In the game Feuer–O'Kelly, Belgian Championship 1934, Feuer perpetrated what later became known as a famous opening trap against O'Kelly when he castled queenside with check, simultaneously attacking and winning O'Kelly's rook on b2, which had captured Feuer's pawn on that square.
History[edit]
Castling has its roots in the "king's leap". There were two forms of the leap: (1) the king would move once like a knight, and (2) the king would move two squares on his first move. The knight-move might be used early in the game to get the king to safety or later in the game to escape a threat. This second form was played in Europe as early as the 13th century. In North Africa, the king was moved to a safe square by a two-step procedure: (1) the king moved to the second rank and (2) the rook moved to the king's original square and the king moved to the rook's original square (Davidson 1981:48).
Before the bishop and queen acquired their current moves in the 16th century they were weak pieces and the king was relatively safe in the middle of the board. When the bishop and queen got their current moves they became very powerful and the king was no longer safe on its original square, since it can be attacked from a distance and from both sides. Castling was added to allow the king to get to a safer location and to allow rooks to get into the game earlier (Davidson 1981:16).
The rule of castling has varied by location and time. In medieval England, Spain, and France, the white king was allowed to jump to c1, c2, d3, e3, f3, or g1,[14] if no capture was made, the king was not in check, and did not move over check. (The black king might move similarly.) In Lombardy, the white king might jump an additional square to b1 or h1 or to a2 (and equivalent squares for the black king). Later in Germany and Italy, the king move was combined with a pawn move.
In Rome from the early 17th century until the late 19th century, the rook might be placed on any square up to and including the king's square, and the king might be moved to any square on the other side of the rook. This was called "free castling".
In the Göttingen manuscript (c. 1500) and a game published by Luis Ramírez de Lucena in 1498, castling consisted of two moves: first the rook and then the king.
The current version of castling was established in France in 1620 and England in 1640 (Sunnucks 1970:66).
In the 1811 edition of his chess treatise, Johann Allgaier introduced the 0-0 notation. He differentiated between "0-0r" (r=right) and "0-0l" (l=left). The 0-0-0 notation for queenside castling was added in 1837 by Aaron Alexandre.[15] The practice was then accepted in the first edition (1843) of the Handbuch des Schachspiels.
Nomenclature[edit]
In most European languages, castling is known by a derivative from the same root as the English word "rook" (e.g. rochieren, rochada, enroque), while the local adjectives meaning "long" and "short" (or "big" and "small") are used in those countries to refer to queenside and kingside castling, respectively.
See also[edit]
Outline of chess: Rules of chess
Artificial castling
Chess notation
Algebraic chess notation
Descriptive chess notation
Rules of chess
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Pandolfini, Bruce (1992), Pandolfini's Chess Complete: The Most Comprehensive Guide to the Game, from History to Strategy, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 9780671701864, retrieved 13 January 2014
Jump up ^ "Laws of Chess". FIDE. (Castling is in rule 3.8)
Jump up ^ Without this additional restriction, which was added to the FIDE rules in 1972, it would be possible to promote a pawn on the e file to a rook and then castle vertically across the board (as long as the other conditions are met). This way of castling was "discovered" by Max Pam and used by Tim Krabbé in a chess puzzle before the rules were amended to disallow it. See Chess Curiosities by Krabbé, see also de:Pam-Krabbé-Rochade for the diagrams online.
Jump up ^ "Laws of Chess: For competitions starting before 1 July 2014". World Chess Federation.
Jump up ^ See e.g. http://www.chessvariants.org/d.chess/castlefaq.html
Jump up ^ Abrahams, Gerald (1948), Chess, Teach Yourself Books, English Universities Press, p. 59
Jump up ^ Korchnoi vs. Karpov
Jump up ^ Larry Evans (16 July 1995). "Castling Confuses Even Grandmasters". Sun Sentinel.
Jump up ^ "Chess Records". Tim Krabbé. (click on: "Greatest number of castlings")
Jump up ^ Averbakh vs. Purdy
Jump up ^ Ed. Lasker vs. Thomas, London 1912
Jump up ^ Edward Lasker, Chess for Fun and Chess for Blood, Dover Publications, 1962, p. 120.
Jump up ^ Prins vs. Day
Jump up ^ c1, c2, c3, d3, e3, f3, ga, g2, or g3, according to H. J. R. Murray
Jump up ^ Stefan Bücker: "Was bedeutet 0-0?" (What does 0-0 mean?), in: Kaissiber, No. 18, 2002, p.70–71
References[edit]
Davidson, Henry (1981) [1949], A Short History of Chess, McKay, ISBN 978-0-679-14550-9
Evans, Larry (1970), Chess Catechism, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-671-20491-2
Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), "castling", The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel B. (2003), U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess (5th ed.), McKay, ISBN 0-8129-3559-4
Lombardy, William; Daniels, David (1975), Chess Panorama, Chilton, ISBN 0-8019-6078-9
Murray, H. J. R. (2012) [1913], A History of Chess, Skyhorse, ISBN 978-1-62087-062-4
Schiller, Eric (2003), Official Rules of Chess (2nd ed.), Cardoza Publishing, ISBN 978-1-58042-092-1
Sunnucks, Anne (1970), "castling", The Encyclopaedia of Chess, St. Martins Press, ISBN 978-0-7091-4697-1
External links[edit]
"Mate by Castling" Game Collection at chessgames.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Chess
Outline
Chess theory
Chess titles
Grandmaster
list of Grandmasters
Computer chess
glossary
matches
engines
software
Correspondence chess
FIDE
Glossary
History
timeline
Rating system
world rankings
norms
Variants
Courier
World records
Equipment
Chess set
chessboard
pieces
King
Queen
Rook
Bishop
Knight
Pawn
Chess box
Chess clock
Chess table
Rules
Castling
Check
Checkmate
Draw
by agreement
Fifty-move rule
Perpetual check
Stalemate
Threefold repetition
En passant
Pawn promotion
Time control
Fast chess
Touch-move rule
Terms
Blunder
Chess notation
algebraic
descriptive
PGN
annotation symbols
symbols in Unicode
Fianchetto
Gambit
Key square
King walk
Pawns
backward
connected
doubled
isolated
Maróczy Bind
passed
Open file
Half-open file
Outpost
School
romantic
hypermodern
Swindle
Tempo
Transposition
Trap
Tactics
Battery
Alekhine's gun
Block
Checkmate patterns
Combination
Decoy
Deflection
Desperado
Discovered attack
Double check
Fork
Interference
Overloading
Pin
Sacrifice
Skewer
Undermining
Windmill
X-ray
Zwischenzug
Strategy
Artificial castling
Compensation
Exchange
the exchange
Initiative
first-move advantage
Middlegame
Pawn storm
Pawn structure
Piece values
Prophylaxis
Openings
Flank opening
English Opening
Zukertort Opening
Réti Opening
King's Indian Attack
Larsen's Opening
Bird's Opening
Grob's Attack
Dunst Opening
Benko Opening
King's Pawn Game
Alekhine's Defence
Caro–Kann Defence
French Defence
Modern Defence
Nimzowitsch Defence
Open Game
Italian Game
Semi-Italian Opening
Giuoco Piano
King's Gambit
Petrov's Defence
Philidor Defence
Ruy Lopez
Scotch Game
Owen's Defence
Pirc Defence
Scandinavian Defense
Tennison Gambit
Sicilian Defence
Alapin
Dragon/Accelerated Dragon
Najdorf
Scheveningen
Queen's Pawn Game
Dutch Defence
Indian Defence
Benoni Defence
Modern Benoni
Bogo-Indian Defence
Grünfeld Defence
King's Indian Defence
Nimzo-Indian Defence
Queen's Indian Defence
Trompowsky Attack
London System
Queen's Gambit
Accepted
Declined
Slav Defence
Catalan Opening
Other
List of openings
theory table
List of chess gambits
Irregular
Quick checkmates
Fool's mate
Scholar's mate
Endgames
Bishop and knight checkmate
King and pawn vs king
Opposite-coloured bishops
Pawnless endgame
Queen and pawn vs queen
Queen vs pawn
Rook and bishop vs rook
Rook and pawn vs rook
Lucena position
Philidor position
Strategy
fortress
opposition
Tarrasch rule
triangulation
Zugzwang
Study
Tablebase
Two bishops endgame
Two knights endgame
Wrong bishop
Wrong rook pawn
Tournaments
List of strong chess tournaments
Chess Olympiad
Women
World Chess Championship
List
Candidates Tournament
Chess World Cup
FIDE Grand Prix
Other world championships
Women
Team
Rapid
Blitz
Junior
Youth
Senior
Amateur
Chess composition
Solving
Computer chess
Computer speed chess
Related
Cheating in chess
Chess aesthetics
Chess in the arts
in early literature
Chess books
opening books
endgame literature
Chess boxing
Chess club
Chess composer
Chess in Europe
Göttingen manuscript
Chess libraries
Chess museums
Chess newspaper columns
Chess periodicals
Chess problem
glossary
joke chess
Chess prodigy
Gökyay Association Chess Museum
Deep Blue
Mutilated chessboard problem
Notable games
PRO Chess League
Simultaneous exhibition
Solving chess
Staunton chess set
Top player comparison
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castling&oldid=836663353"
Categories:
Chess rules
Chess terminology
16th century in chess
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
43 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 April 2018, at 03:08.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: tbody

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_rdt45.svg
image
a8 black rook

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_xot45.svg
image
c8 black circle

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_kdt45.svg
image
e8 black king

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_xot45.svg
image
g8 black circle

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_rdt45.svg
image
h8 black rook

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_rlt45.svg
image
a1 white rook

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_oot45.svg
image
c1 white circle

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_klt45.svg
image
e1 white king

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_oot45.svg
image
g1 white circle

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_rlt45.svg
image
h1 white rook

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_kdt45.svg
image
c8 black king

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_rdt45.svg
image
d8 black rook

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_rlt45.svg
image
f1 white rook

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_klt45.svg
image
g1 white king

values:
See entry at: Glossary of chess § rank
color:inherit;
glossary-link

values:
/wiki/Descriptive_chess_notation
mw-redirect
Descriptive chess notation

values:
/wiki/Algebraic_chess_notation
mw-redirect
Algebraic chess notation

values: See entry at: Glossary of chess § kingside

values: See entry at: Glossary of chess § queenside

values: clear:left; float:left; margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0;

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_qlt45.svg
image
b5 white queen

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_qdt45.svg
image
g7 black queen

values:
/wiki/Mnemonic_device
mw-redirect
Mnemonic device

values:
/wiki/Chess_handicap
mw-redirect
Chess handicap

values:
See entry at: Glossary of chess § file
color:inherit;
glossary-link

values: Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation, Yugoslav Attack, 9.Bc4

values: Edit section: Chess variants and problems

values:
/wiki/Chess_variant
mw-redirect
Chess variant

values:
/wiki/Capablanca_Chess
mw-redirect
Capablanca Chess

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_bdt45.svg
image
f8 black bishop

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
a7 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
g7 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
h7 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
c6 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_bdt45.svg
image
e6 black bishop

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
f6 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
e5 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
c4 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
c3 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
a2 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_nlt45.svg
image
d2 white knight

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
e2 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
f2 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
h2 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_rlt45.svg
image
b1 white rook

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_blt45.svg
image
c1 white bishop

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_ndt45.svg
image
b8 black knight

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_rdt45.svg
image
f8 black rook

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_bdt45.svg
image
b7 black bishop

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
c7 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
d7 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_qdt45.svg
image
e7 black queen

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
b6 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
e6 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_nlt45.svg
image
f6 white knight

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
d4 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_nlt45.svg
image
g4 white knight

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
h4 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
g3 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
b2 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
c2 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_blt45.svg
image
e2 white bishop

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_rlt45.svg
image
h2 white rook

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_kdt45.svg
image
g1 black king

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_klt45.svg
image
h8 white king

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
f7 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
a6 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_qdt45.svg
image
g6 black queen

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
d5 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg
image
g5 black pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
a3 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
e3 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_rlt45.svg
image
c1 white rook

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_qlt45.svg
image
e1 white queen

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_bdt45.svg
image
c8 black bishop

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_kdt45.svg
image
d8 black king

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_ndt45.svg
image
e7 black knight

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
e4 white pawn

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_nlt45.svg
image
c3 white knight

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_blt45.svg
image
e3 white bishop

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_rdt45.svg
image
b2 black rook

values:
/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
image
g2 white pawn

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Larry_Evans
mw-redirect
Larry Evans

values:
/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld
mw-redirect
Kenneth Whyld

values: Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation

values: Two bishops endgame (page does not exist)

values: Comparison of top chess players throughout history

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Castling
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Castling&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: تبييت – Arabic

values: Ракіроўка – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Ракіроўка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokada
Rokada – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enroc
Enroc – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokade
Rokade – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochade
Rochade – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangerdus
Vangerdus – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ροκέ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enroque
Enroque – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroko
Aroko – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: قلعه (شطرنج) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enroque
Enroque – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Փոխատեղում – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokada
Rokada – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokade
Rokade – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrocco
Arrocco – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: הצרחה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Рокировка (шахмат) – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: കാസ്‌ലിങ്ങ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokade
Rokade – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokade
Rokade – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokade
Rokade – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaad
Rockaad – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roszada
Roszada – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Рокировка – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Рокада (шах) – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokada
Rokada – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornitus
Tornitus – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockad
Rockad – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: கோட்டை கட்டுதல் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: การเข้าป้อม – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok
Rok – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Рокірування – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Castling rootpage-Castling skin-vector action-view


text:
Parliament of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Coordinates: 28°37′2″N 77°12′29″E / 28.61722°N 77.20806°E / 28.61722; 77.20806
Parliament of India
Emblem of India
Type
Type
Bicameral
Houses
Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha
History
Founded
26 January 1950 (68 years ago) (1950-01-26)
Preceded by
Constituent Assembly of India
Leadership
President
Ram Nath Kovind[1]
Since 25 July 2017
Chairman of Rajya Sabha (Vice President)
Venkaiah Naidu[2]
Since 11 August 2017
Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
P. J. Kurien[3], INC
Since 21 August 2012[8]
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Sumitra Mahajan[4], BJP
Since 6 June 2014
Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha
M. Thambidurai[5], AIADMK
Since 13 August 2014
Leader of the House (Lok Sabha)
Narendra Modi[6], BJP
Since 26 May 2014
Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)
Arun Jaitley[7], BJP
Since 2 June 2014
Structure
Seats
790
245 Members of Rajya Sabha
545 Members of Lok Sabha
Rajya Sabha political groups
NDA (Majority)
UPA
Lok Sabha political groups
NDA (Majority)
UPA
Elections
Rajya Sabha voting system
Single transferable vote
Lok Sabha voting system
First past the post
Rajya Sabha last election
21 July and 08 August 2017
Lok Sabha last election
7 April – 12 May 2014
Rajya Sabha next election
16 January and 23 March 2018
Lok Sabha next election
April – May 2019
Meeting place
Sansad Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi, India
Website
parliamentofindia.nic.in
Constitution
Constitution of India
India
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India
Constitution and law[show]
Constitutional amendment
Basic structure doctrine
Fundamental rights
Human rights
———————
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Uniform civil code
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Indian Penal Code
Law enforcement
Government of India[show]
President (Head of state)
Vice president
———————
Executive:
Prime minister (Head of government)
Union Council of Ministers
Cabinet secretary
Secretaries: (Defence • Finance • Foreign • Home)
Civil services
All India Services (IAS • IFS/IFoS • IPS)
———————
Legislature:
Parliament
Rajya Sabha (Chairman)
Lok Sabha (Speaker)
Judiciary:
Supreme court (Chief justice)
High courts (Chief justices)
District courts
Elections[show]
Election commission:
Chief Election Commissioner (Election commissioners)
Recent general elections: 2009
2014
2019
Recent state elections: 2017
2018
2019
———————
Political parties
National parties
State parties
National coalitions:
National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
Federalism[show]
Administrative divisions
———————
State governments
Governor
Chief minister
Chief secretary (Principal secretaries)
Field-level officers
Divisional commissioners
District magistrates
Sub-divisional magistrates
Legislatures:
Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Parishad
———————
Local governments: Rural bodies:
District councils
Block panchayats
Gram Panchayats
Urban bodies:
Municipal corporations
Municipal councils
Nagar panchayats
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses. It is a bicameral legislature with two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and his Union Council of Ministers.
Those elected or nominated (by the President) to either house of Parliament are referred to as members of parliament (MP). The Members of Parliament, Lok Sabha are directly elected by the Indian public voting in Single-member districts and the Members of Parliament, Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of all of the State Legislative Assembly by proportional representation. The Parliament has a sanctioned strength of 545 in Lok Sabha including the 2 nominees from the Anglo-Indian Community by the President, and 245 in Rajya Sabha including the 12 nominees from the expertise of different fields of science, culture, art and history. The Parliament meets at Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Parliament House
2.1 General layout of the parliament
2.2 Proposal for a new building
3 Composition
3.1 President of India
3.2 Lok Sabha
3.3 Rajya Sabha
4 Session of parliament
5 Lawmaking procedures
6 Parliamentary committees
7 Incidents
8 Parliament Session and debates
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
History[edit]
Main articles: Imperial Legislative Council and Constituent Assembly of India
Parliament House[edit]
Main article: Sansad Bhavan
The Sansad Bhavan (Parliament House) is located in New Delhi. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker, who were responsible for planning and construction of New Delhi by British government. The construction of buildings took six years and the opening ceremony was performed on 18 January 1927 by the then Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Irwin. The construction costs for the building were ₹8.3 million (US$130,000). The parliament is 560 feet (170 m) in diameter and covers an area of 6 acres (2.4 ha). The Central hall consists of the chambers of Lok sabha, Rajya Sabha and the Library hall. Surrounding these three chambers is the four storied circular structure providing accommodations for members and houses Parliamentary committees, offices and the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs.[9]
General layout of the parliament[edit]
The centre and the focus of the building is the Central Hall. It consists of chambers of the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha and the Library Hall and between them lie garden courts. Surrounding these three chambers is the four storyed circular structure providing accommodations for Ministers, Chairmen, Parliamentary committees, Party offices, important offices of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Secretariats and also the offices of the ministry of Parliamentary affairs. The Central Hall is circular in shape and the dome is 29.87 m (98 feet) in diameter. It is a place of historical importance. The Indian Constitution was framed in the Central Hall. The Central Hall was originally used in the library of erstwhile Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of States. In 1946, it was converted and refurbished into Constituent Assembly Hall. At present, the Central Hall is used for holding joint sittings of both the houses of parliament and also used for address by the President in the commencement of first session after each general election.
Proposal for a new building[edit]
A new Parliament building may replace the existing complex. The new building is being considered on account of the stability concerns regarding the current complex.[10] A committee to suggest alternatives to the current building has been set up by the Former Speaker, Meira Kumar. The present building, an 85-year-old structure suffers from inadequacy of space to house members and their staff and is thought to suffer from structural issues. The building also needs to be protected because of its heritage tag.[11]
Composition[edit]
The Indian Parliament consists of two houses called the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha with the President of India acting as their head.
President of India[edit]
Main article: President of India
The President of India, the Head of state is a component of Parliament. Under Article 60 and Article 111, President's responsibility is to scrutinise that bills/laws passed by the parliament are in accordance with constitutional mandate and stipulated procedure is followed before according his/her approval to the bills. The President of India is elected by the members of Parliament of India and the state legislatures and serves for a term of 5 years.[12]
Lok Sabha[edit]
Main article: Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house has 545 members. 543 members are directly elected by citizens of India on the basis of universal adult franchise representing Parliamentary constituencies across the country and 2 members are appointed by the President of India from Anglo-Indian Community. Every citizen of India who is over 18 years of age, irrespective of gender, caste, religion or race, who is otherwise not disqualified, is eligible to vote for the Lok Sabha.The Constitution provides that the maximum strength of the House be 552 members. It has a term of five years. To be eligible for membership in the Lok Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India and must be 25 years of age or older, mentally sound, should not be bankrupt and should not be criminally convicted. The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States.[13]
Rajya Sabha[edit]
Main article: Rajya Sabha
Rajya Sabha (Council of States) or the upper house is a permanent body not subject to dissolution. One third of the members retire every second year, and are replaced by newly elected members. Each member is elected for a term of six years.[14] Its members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies of the states. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President. The number of members from a state depends on its population. The minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years.
Session of parliament[edit]
The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six-month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year. In India, the parliament conducts three sessions each year:[15]
Budget session: February to May
Monsoon session: July to September
Winter session: November to December
Lawmaking procedures[edit]
Main article: Lawmaking procedure in India
Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament. Money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha. The council of states can only make recommendations over the bills to the House, within a period of fourteen days.[16]
Parliamentary committees[edit]
Parliamentary committees are formed to deliberate specific matters at length. The public is directly or indirectly associated and studies are conducted to help committees arrive at the conclusions. Parliamentary committees are of two kinds: Ad hoc committees and the Standing committees.[17][18][19]
Standing committees are permanent committees constituted from time to time in pursuance of the provisions of an act of Parliament or rules of procedure and conduct of business in Parliament. The work of these committees is of a continuing nature. Ad hoc committees are appointed for a specific purpose and they cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submits a report.
Incidents[edit]
Main article: 2001 Indian Parliament attack
On 13 December 2001, Indian Parliament was attacked by an Islamic terrorist group. The perpetrators were Lashkar-e-Taiba (Let) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) terrorists. The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists, six Delhi Police personnel, two Parliament Security Services personnel and a gardener, which totalled 14 fatalities. It also led to increased tensions between India and Pakistan, resulting in the 2001-2002 India-Pakistan standoff.[20]
Parliament Session and debates[edit]
On 16 November 2016, The winter session of Indian Parliament had started and during the sittings in both Upper and Lower Houses of Parliament, observed strong opposition, and uproar by political parties, on note ban initiative by Narendra Modi Government on 8 November 2016.
Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947.
Constituent Assembly of India
Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the Constituent Assembly in 1946.
Indian Prime Minister, Morarji Desai listens to Jimmy Carter as he addresses the Indian Parliament House.
President of the United States, Barack Obama addressing Joint Session of the Parliament in 2010.
See also[edit]
Politics of India
Election Commission of India
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha
Indian Parliamentary Group
PRS Legislative Research
List of legislatures by country
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Live: Ram Nath Kovind becomes the 14th President of India". The Hindu. New Delhi, India. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President". The Hindu. New Delhi, India. 11 August 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "P.J. Kurien is Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sumitra Mahajan elected speaker". Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "M Thambidurai elected deputy speaker of Lok Sabha". Times of India. 13 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Narendra Modi is sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India". The Times of India. 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "PIB Press Releases". Pib.nic.in. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India". Archived from the original on 1 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "History of the Parliament, Delhi". delhiassembly.nic.in. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Delhi may see a new Parliament building". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 13 July 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Firstpost (13 July 2012). "Speaker sets up panel to suggest new home for Parliament". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Constitution of India (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. 1 December 2007. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha". parliamentofindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Parliament – Government: National Portal of India". Home: National Portal of India. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Our Parliament" (PDF). New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "How bill becomes act". parliamentofindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Parliamentary Committee. "Parliament of India". Indian Parliament. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Committees of Rajya Sabha. "General Information". Rajya Sabha Secretariat. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Lok Sabha - Committee Home. "Introduction". Lok Sabha Secretariat. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Terrorists attack Parliament; five intruders, six cops killed". rediff.com. 13 December 2001. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Further reading[edit]
"The Parliamentary System" by Arun Shourie, Publisher: Rupa & Co
External links[edit]
Media related to Parliament of India at Wikimedia Commons
Works written on the topic Parliament of India at Wikisource
[show]
v
t
e
Parliaments of Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with
limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and
other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
[show]
v
t
e
National bicameral legislatures
Federal
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Canada
Ethiopia
Germany
India
Malaysia
Mexico
Nigeria
Pakistan
Russia
Somalia
South Sudan
Sudan
Switzerland
United States
Unitary
Afghanistan
Algeria
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Bahrain
Barbados
Belarus
Belize
Bhutan
Bolivia
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Chile
Colombia
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Czech Republic
Dominican Republic
Equatorial Guinea
France
Gabon
Grenada
Haiti
Indonesia
Ireland
Italy
Ivory Coast
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Morocco
Myanmar
Namibia
Netherlands
Oman
Palau
Paraguay
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Rwanda
Saint Lucia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Swaziland
Tajikistan
Trinidad and Tobago
United Kingdom
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Zimbabwe
Dependent and
other territories
American Samoa
Bermuda
Isle of Man
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Non-UN states
Somaliland
Historical
Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia (1920–1939)
Czechoslovakia (1969–1992)
Yugoslavia
Related
Unicameralism
List of legislatures by country
National unicameral legislatures
National lower houses
National upper houses
[show]
v
t
e
Parliament of India
President of India
President of India (List)
Lok Sabha
Speaker
Leader of the Lok Sabha
Leader of the Opposition
Constituencies
1st LS (1952–57) (Members)
2nd LS (1957–62) (Members)
3rd LS (1962–67) (Members)
4th LS (1967–71) (Members)
5th LS (1971–77) (Members)
6th LS (1977–80) (Members)
7th LS (1980–84) (Members)
8th LS (1984–89) (Members)
9th LS (1989–91) (Members)
10th LS (1991–96) (Members)
11th LS (1996–98) (Members)
12th LS (1998–99) (Members)
13th LS (1999–2004) (Members)
14th LS (2004–09) (Members)
15th LS (2009–14) (Members)
16th LS (2014–19) (Members)
Rajya Sabha
Members
Chairman
Leader of the Rajya Sabha
Leader of the Opposition
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_India&oldid=838044130"
Categories:
1952 establishments in India
Bicameral legislatures
National legislatures
Parliament of India
Parliaments by country
Politics of India
Hidden categories:
Coordinates on Wikidata
Use dmy dates from April 2018
Use Indian English from January 2018
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
বাংলা
भोजपुरी
Català
Cymraeg
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
ગુજરાતી
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
മലയാളം
मराठी
მარგალური
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Русский
संस्कृतम्
සිංහල
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ತುಳು
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
37 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 15:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

value: span

attrs: class title

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

attrs: class href

value: p

value: th

attrs: colspan style

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg
image
Emblem of India

values:
/wiki/Chairman_of_Rajya_Sabha
mw-redirect
Chairman of Rajya Sabha

values: All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

values: List of current members of the Rajya Sabha

values:
/wiki/Voting_system
mw-redirect
Voting system

values:
nofollow
external text
http://parliamentofindia.nic.in

values:
/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_India
mw-redirect
Fundamental Rights in India

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values:
/wiki/High_Courts_of_India
mw-redirect
High Courts of India

values: Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of states of India

values:
/wiki/Divisional_Commissioner
mw-redirect
Divisional Commissioner

values:
/wiki/District_Magistrate
mw-redirect
District Magistrate

values:
/wiki/Panchayat_Samiti_(Block)
mw-redirect
Panchayat Samiti (Block)

values:
/wiki/Gram_Panchayats
mw-redirect
Gram Panchayats

values:
/wiki/Nagar_Palika_(Municipality)
mw-redirect
Nagar Palika (Municipality)

values:
/wiki/Nagar_Panchayat
mw-redirect
Nagar Panchayat

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha

values:
/wiki/Sansad_Bhavan
mw-redirect
Sansad Bhavan

values: Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)

values: Edit section: General layout of the parliament

values: Edit section: Proposal for a new building

values:
/wiki/Member_of_parliament,_Lok_Sabha
mw-redirect
Member of parliament, Lok Sabha

values: List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha

values: Edit section: Parliament Session and debates

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
nofollow
http://164.100.47.7/deputychairman//
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://india.gov.in/govt/parliament.php

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg
image
Wikisource logo

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Afghanistan
mw-redirect
Parliament of Afghanistan

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Armenia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Armenia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Azerbaijan
mw-redirect
Parliament of Azerbaijan

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Bahrain
mw-redirect
Parliament of Bahrain

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Bangladesh
mw-redirect
Parliament of Bangladesh

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Brunei
mw-redirect
Parliament of Brunei

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_China
mw-redirect
Parliament of China

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Parliament of Cyprus

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_East_Timor
mw-redirect
Parliament of East Timor

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia_(country)
mw-redirect
Parliament of Georgia (country)

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Indonesia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Indonesia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Iran
mw-redirect
Parliament of Iran

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Iraq
mw-redirect
Parliament of Iraq

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Israel
mw-redirect
Parliament of Israel

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Japan
mw-redirect
Parliament of Japan

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_North_Korea
mw-redirect
Parliament of North Korea

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Korea
mw-redirect
Parliament of South Korea

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Kuwait
mw-redirect
Parliament of Kuwait

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Kyrgyzstan
mw-redirect
Parliament of Kyrgyzstan

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Laos
mw-redirect
Parliament of Laos

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Maldives
mw-redirect
Parliament of the Maldives

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Mongolia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Mongolia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Myanmar
mw-redirect
Parliament of Myanmar

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Nepal
mw-redirect
Parliament of Nepal

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Oman
mw-redirect
Parliament of Oman

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Philippines
mw-redirect
Parliament of the Philippines

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Qatar
mw-redirect
Parliament of Qatar

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Russia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Saudi_Arabia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Saudi Arabia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Syria
mw-redirect
Parliament of Syria

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Tajikistan
mw-redirect
Parliament of Tajikistan

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand
mw-redirect
Parliament of Thailand

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Turkey
mw-redirect
Parliament of Turkey

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Turkmenistan
mw-redirect
Parliament of Turkmenistan

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Uzbekistan
mw-redirect
Parliament of Uzbekistan

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Vietnam
mw-redirect
Parliament of Vietnam

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Yemen
mw-redirect
Parliament of Yemen

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Abkhazia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Abkhazia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Parliament of Northern Cyprus

values: Parliament of the Palestinian territories

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Taiwan
mw-redirect
Parliament of Taiwan

values: Parliament of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Christmas_Island
mw-redirect
Parliament of Christmas Island

values: Parliament of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Hong_Kong
mw-redirect
Parliament of Hong Kong

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Macau
mw-redirect
Parliament of Macau

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:National bicameral legislatures

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Austria
mw-redirect
Parliament of Austria

values: Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Germany
mw-redirect
Parliament of Germany

values: Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values: Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature

values: National Assembly (Czechoslovakia) (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Category:Use Indian English from January 2018

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_India
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: برلمان الهند – Arabic

values: ভাৰতীয় সংসদ ভবন – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: ভারতীয় সংসদ – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: भारत के संसद – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: مجلس هند – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: ભારતીય સંસદ – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Հնդկաստանի խորհրդարան – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: भारतीय संसद – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: הפרלמנט ההודי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ಭಾರತದ ಸಂಸತ್ತು – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: ინდოეთის პარლამენტი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: ഇന്ത്യൻ പാർലമെന്റ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: भारतीय संसद – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: ინდოეთიშ პარლამენტი – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: भारतीय संसद – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Det indiske parlamentet – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: ਭਾਰਤੀ ਪਾਰਲੀਮੈਂਟ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: بھارتی پارلیمنٹ – Western Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Парламент Индии – Russian

values: संसद् (भारतम्) – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values: ඉන්දියානු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: இந்திய நாடாளுமன்றம் – Tamil

values: భారత పార్లమెంటు – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ಭಾರತದ ಪಾರ್ಲಿಮೆಂಟ್ – Tulu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy
display: none;

values: Парламент Індії – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: بھارتی پارلیمان – Urdu

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Parliament_of_India rootpage-Parliament_of_India skin-vector action-view


text:
A Time to Kill (Grisham novel)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Grisham novel. For the 1996 film, see A Time to Kill (1996 film). For other uses, see Time to Kill (disambiguation).
A Time to Kill
Wynwood Press Book Club Edition cover
Author
John Grisham
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Legal thriller
Publisher
Wynwood Press
Publication date
1988
Media type
Print (Hardcover, Paperback)
Pages
515 pp
ISBN
0-440-21172-7
OCLC
26089618
A Time to Kill is a 1988 legal thriller by John Grisham. It was Grisham's first novel. The novel was rejected by many publishers before Wynwood Press eventually gave it a modest 5,000-copy printing. When Doubleday published The Firm, Wynwood released a trade paperback of A Time to Kill, which became a bestseller. Dell published the mass market paperback months after the success of The Firm, bringing Grisham to widespread popularity among readers. Doubleday eventually took over the contract for A Time to Kill and released a special hardcover edition.
In 1996, the novel was adapted into a film of the same name, starring Matthew McConaughey and Samuel L. Jackson. In 2011, it was further adapted into a stage play of the same name by Rupert Holmes. The stage production opened at the Arena Stage (Washington, D.C.) in May 2011 and opened on Broadway in October 2013.
Contents
[hide]
1 Setting
2 Inspiration
3 Plot
4 Legal issues and social conventions
5 Adaptations
6 Sequel
7 References
8 External links
Setting[edit]
The story takes place in the fictional town of Clanton, Mississippi in the 1980s, a period of time during which racial tension was heavily prevalent in America. This setting is also featured in other John Grisham novels. Three of the characters, Jake Brigance, Harry Rex Vonner and Lucien Wilbanks, later appear in the 2013 sequel Sycamore Row. Harry Rex Vonner and Lucien Wilbanks also appear in Grisham's 2003 novel The Last Juror, which is set in Clanton in the 1970s. Harry Rex Vonner also appears in the 2002 Grisham novel, The Summons, and in the short story "Fish Files," in the 2009 collection Ford County. A brief reference to the events depicted in the book is also contained in Grisham's 1994 novel The Chamber.
Inspiration[edit]
In 1984 at the De Soto County courthouse in Hernando, Grisham witnessed the harrowing testimony of a 12-year-old rape victim.[1] The inspiration came from the case of the rape and assault of 12 year old Marcie Scott and her 16-year-old sister Julie Scott. Unlike Grisham's depiction, however, the Scotts were white and their assailant, Willie Harris, was black.[2] According to Grisham's official website, Grisham used his spare time to begin his first novel, which "explored what would have happened if the girl's father had murdered her assailants." [1] He spent three years on A Time to Kill and finished it in 1987. Grisham has also cited Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird as an influence. This book is set in 1984.[3] Another stated inspiration was the success of Presumed Innocent.[4]
Plot[edit]
In the small town of Clanton, in fictional Ford County, Mississippi, a ten-year-old African-American girl named Tonya Hailey is viciously raped and beaten by two redneck white supremacists, James "Pete" Willard and Billy Ray Cobb. Tonya is later found and rushed to the hospital while Pete and Billy Ray are heard bragging at a roadside bar about their crime. Tonya's distraught and outraged father, Carl Lee Hailey, consults his friend Jake Brigance, a white attorney who had previously represented Hailey's brother, on whether he could get Carl Lee acquitted if he killed the two men. Jake tells Carl Lee not to do anything stupid, but admits that if it had been his daughter, he would kill the rapists. Carl Lee is determined to avenge Tonya and, while Pete and Billy Ray are being led into holding after their bond hearing, he kills both men with an M-16.
Carl Lee is charged with capital murder. Despite efforts to persuade Carl Lee to retain high-powered attorneys, he elects to be represented by Jake. Helping Jake are two loyal friends, disbarred attorney Lucien Wilbanks and sleazy divorce lawyer Harry Rex Vonner. Later, the team is assisted by liberal law student Ellen Roark, who has prior experience with death penalty cases and offers her services as a temporary clerk pro bono. Ellen appears to be interested in Jake romantically, but the married Jake resists her overtures. The team also receives some illicit behind-the-scenes help from black county sheriff Ozzie Walls, a figure beloved by the black community and also well respected by the white community who upholds the law by arresting Carl Lee but, as the father of two daughters of his own, privately supports Carl Lee and gives him special treatment while in jail and goes out of the way to assist Jake in any way he legally can. Carl Lee is prosecuted by Ford County's corrupt district attorney, Rufus Buckley, who hopes that the case will boost his political career. It is claimed that the judge presiding over Carl Lee's trial, Omar "Ichabod" Noose, has been intimidated by local white supremacist elements. This proves true when, despite having no history of racist inclinations in his rulings, Noose refuses Jake's perfectly reasonable request for a change of venue, even though the racial make-up of Ford County virtually guarantees an all-white jury.
Billy Ray's brother, Freddy, seeks revenge against Carl Lee, enlisting the help of the Mississippi branch of the Ku Klux Klan and its Grand Dragon, Stump Sisson. Subsequently, the KKK attempts to plant a bomb beneath Jake's porch, leading him to send his wife and daughter out of town until the trial is over. Later, the KKK attacks Jake's secretary, Ethel Twitty, and kills her frail husband, Bud. On the day the trial begins, a riot erupts between the KKK and the area's black residents outside of the courthouse; Stump is killed by a molotov cocktail. Believing that the black people are at fault for Stump's death, Freddy and the KKK increase their attacks. As a result, the National Guard is called to Clanton to keep the peace during Carl Lee's trial. Undeterred, Freddy continues his efforts to get revenge for Billy Ray's death. The KKK shoots at Jake one morning as he is being escorted into the courthouse, missing Jake but seriously wounding one of the guardsmen assigned to protect him. They continue to burn crosses throughout Clanton. Later, they burn down Jake's house, killing his dog.
Despite the loss of his house and several setbacks at the start of the trial, Jake perseveres. Jake badly discredits the state's psychiatrist by establishing that he has never conceded to the insanity of any defendant in any criminal case in which he has been asked to testify, even when several other doctors have been in consensus otherwise. He traps the doctor with a revelation that several previous defendants found insane in their trials are currently under his care despite his having testified to their "sanity" in their respective trials. Jake follows this up with a captivating closing statement. After lengthy deliberations, the jury acquits Carl Lee by reason of temporary insanity. Carl Lee returns to his family and the story ends with Jake, Lucien and Harry Rex having a celebratory drink before Jake holds a press conference and leaving town to reunite with his family.
Legal issues and social conventions[edit]
At the heart of the novel is a deep discrepency between written law and prevailing social conventions.
Since the facts of the case are undisputed - Carl Lee did kill the two rapists - the only way in law to get a verdict of not guilty is to plead temporary insanity. Ellen Roark prepares for Brigance a thorough study of all Mississippi precedents touching on the relevant British M'Naghten rules which apply in Mississippi as in sixteen other US states. Brigance gets a psychiatrist to prove that Carl Lee was indeed insane while committing his act, and the state gets an opposing psychiatrist to assert he was completely sane and therefore culpable. Much of the trial is devoted to prosecution and defense trying to discredit each other's expert witnesses. Yet in fact, no one truly takes seriously the issue of Carl Lee's sanity, and it has only a marginal place in the jurors' deliberations and the final verdict they reach.
The true issue, of which everybody is acutely aware though it is never mentioned in open court, is quite different - i.e. the right to private, extrajudicial revenge. There is no such right recognized in American law - but as depicted in the book, in the prevailing social conventions of Ford County such a right is generally accepted and taken for granted. Throughout the book, numerous minor and major characters, including the protagonist Brigance himself, repeatedly express the opinion that in the case of rape - and certainly in the case of a particularly brutal rape of a very young girl - the victim's father is entitled to exact revenge on the rapists. Many characters say outright that such an act of revenge should not only be condoned but also praised.
It is taken for granted by everybody that, had it been a white father on trial on identical charges, an aquittal would have been the certain and foregone verdict. The only real question at issue is whether or not such a socially-recognized right of private revenge would also apply to a black father taking revenge on white rapists. This makes it an issue of racial equality, getting it a nation-wide interest and making the NAACP intervene on one side and the Ku Klux Klan - on the other. Also in the deliberations of the jurors, the question of Carl Lee's sanity - which in theory should have been the paramount consideration - in fact has only a marginal place. The jurors deadlock is broken when a woman juror makes an emotional appeal to her fellows, asking them to imagine how they would have ruled if "a white ten years old girl, blond and blue-eyed" had been raped and brutalized by two drunken blacks. All jurors viscerally agree that in such a case they would have acquitted a vengeful white father - which leads them to agree that a black father deserves the same treatment.
Adaptations[edit]
The 1996 Joel Schumacher film A Time to Kill starring Samuel L. Jackson and Matthew McConaughey is based on this novel.
A theatre adaptation, based on this novel, was written by Rupert Holmes, directed by Ethan McSweeny and presented by Daryl Roth/Arena Stage at the Arena Stage, Washington, D.C. in 2011.[5]
The Rupert Holmes adaptation opened on Broadway on October 20, 2013 at the Golden Theatre, directed by McSweeny. The cast featured Tom Skerritt, Patrick Page and Tonya Pinkins.[6] The production closed on November 17, 2013.[7][8]
Sequel[edit]
A sequel novel, titled Sycamore Row, was released on October 22, 2013.[9]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "John Grisham: The Official Site - Bio". Retrieved 2011-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Harris v. State of Mississippi". Retrieved 2016-08-29.
Jump up ^ John Grisham, The Chamber, Doubleday, 1994, p.251
Jump up ^ DuChateau, Christian (2011-10-28). "Grisham talks ambulance chasers, eBooks". CNN. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Grisham's A Time to Kill Will Premiere at Arena Stage Before NYC; Letts, Morton Join Season". playbill.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. "John Grisham Novel Comes to Life in 'A Time to Kill', Opening on Broadway Oct. 20" playbill.com, October 20, 2013
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. " 'A Time to Kill', Based on John Grisham Novel, Sets Broadway Closing Date" playbill.com, November 6, 2013
Jump up ^ "'A Time to Kill' Broadway" playbillvault.com, accessed January 8, 2016
Jump up ^ "John Grisham sequel to 'A Time to Kill' to be published | Shelf Life | EW.com". Entertainment Weekly. May 1, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
External links[edit]
John Grisham's official website
Identify first edition copies of A Time to Kill
A Time to Kill official Broadway website
[hide]
v
t
e
Works by John Grisham
Novels
A Time to Kill (1988)
The Firm (1991)
The Pelican Brief (1992)
The Client (1993)
The Chamber (1994)
The Rainmaker (1995)
The Runaway Jury (1996)
The Partner (1997)
The Street Lawyer (1998)
The Testament (1999)
The Brethren (2000)
A Painted House (2001)
Skipping Christmas (2001)
The Summons (2002)
The King of Torts (2003)
Bleachers (2003)
The Last Juror (2004)
The Broker (2005)
Playing for Pizza (2007)
The Appeal (2008)
The Associate (2009)
The Confession (2010)
The Litigators (2011)
Calico Joe (2012)
The Racketeer (2012)
Sycamore Row (2013)
Gray Mountain (2014)
Rogue Lawyer (2015)
The Whistler (2016)
Camino Island (2017)
The Rooster Bar (2017)
Short story collections
Ford County (2009)
Short stories
The Tumor (2015)
Non-fiction
The Innocent Man: Murder and Injustice in a Small Town (2006)
Theodore Boone series
Theodore Boone: Kid Lawyer (2010)
Theodore Boone: The Abduction (2011)
Theodore Boone: The Accused (2012)
Theodore Boone: The Activist (2013)
Theodore Boone: The Fugitive (2015)
Theodore Boone: The Scandal (2016)
Screenplays
The Gingerbread Man (1998)
Mickey (2004)
Film adaptations
The Firm (1993)
The Pelican Brief (1993)
The Client (1994)
A Time to Kill (1996)
The Chamber (1996)
The Rainmaker (1997)
The Gingerbread Man (1998)
A Painted House (2003)
Runaway Jury (2003)
Christmas with the Kranks (2004)
Television adaptations
The Client (1995)
The Firm (2012)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Time_to_Kill_(Grisham_novel)&oldid=805154766"
Categories:
1988 American novels
American thriller novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels by John Grisham
Legal thriller novels
Novels set in Mississippi
Debut novels
Novels about revenge
Novels about racism
Rape in fiction
Books about the Ku Klux Klan
Hidden categories:
Pages to import images to Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Български
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
Polski
Русский
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 October 2017, at 12:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Time_to_Kill_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Time to Kill (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

value: tr

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26089618

values:
/wiki/Arena_Stage_(Washington,_D.C.)
mw-redirect
Arena Stage (Washington, D.C.)

values:
/wiki/Ford_County_(novel)
mw-redirect
Ford County (novel)

values:
/wiki/White_supremacists
mw-redirect
White supremacists

values:
/wiki/Death_penalty
mw-redirect
Death penalty

values:
/wiki/White_supremacist
mw-redirect
White supremacist

values:
/wiki/Grand_Dragon
mw-redirect
Grand Dragon

values: Edit section: Legal issues and social conventions

values:
/wiki/Temporary_insanity
mw-redirect
Temporary insanity

values:
/wiki/A_Time_to_Kill_(film)
mw-redirect
A Time to Kill (film)

values:
/wiki/Golden_Theatre
mw-redirect
Golden Theatre

values:
nofollow
http://www.jgrisham.com/bio/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ATimeToKillOnBroadway.com

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:American novels adapted into films

values: Category:Pages to import images to Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/A_Time_to_Kill_(Grisham_novel)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: زمن القتل – Arabic

values: Време да убиваш – Bulgarian

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Jury
Die Jury – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: Il momento di uccidere (romanzo) – Italian

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jury
De jury – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Пора убивать – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-A_Time_to_Kill_Grisham_novel rootpage-A_Time_to_Kill_Grisham_novel vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view