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Soil salinity
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Visibly salt-affected soils on rangeland in Colorado. Salts dissolved from the soil accumulate at the soil surface and are deposited on the ground and at the base of the fence post.
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization.[1] Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also come about through artificial processes such as irrigation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Natural occurrence
2 Dry land salinity
3 Salinity due to irrigation
4 Consequences of salinity
5 Salt tolerance of crops
6 Regions affected
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Natural occurrence[edit]
Salts are a natural component in soils and water. The ions responsible for salination are: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl−.
As the Na+ (sodium) predominates, soils can become sodic. Sodic soils present particular challenges because they tend to have very poor structure which limits or prevents water infiltration and drainage.
Over long periods of time, as soil minerals weather and release salts, these salts are flushed or leached out of the soil by drainage water in areas with sufficient precipitation. In addition to mineral weathering, salts are also deposited via dust and precipitation. In dry regions salts may accumulate, leading to naturally saline soils. This is the case, for example, in large parts of Australia. Human practices can increase the salinity of soils by the addition of salts in irrigation water. Proper irrigation management can prevent salt accumulation by providing adequate drainage water to leach added salts from the soil. Disrupting drainage patterns that provide leaching can also result in salt accumulations. An example of this occurred in Egypt in 1970 when the Aswan High Dam was built. The change in the level of ground water before the construction had enabled soil erosion, which led to high concentration of salts in the water table. After the construction, the continuous high level of the water table led to the salination of the arable land.
Dry land salinity[edit]
Salinity in drylands can occur when the water table is between two and three metres from the surface of the soil. The salts from the groundwater are raised by capillary action to the surface of the soil. This occurs when groundwater is saline (which is true in many areas), and is favored by land use practices allowing more rainwater to enter the aquifer than it could accommodate. For example, the clearing of trees for agriculture is a major reason for dryland salinity in some areas, since deep rooting of trees has been replaced by shallow rooting of annual crops.
Salinity due to irrigation[edit]
Rain or irrigation, in the absence of leaching, can bring salts to the surface by capillary action
Main article: Environmental impacts of irrigation
Salinity from irrigation can occur over time wherever irrigation occurs, since almost all water (even natural rainfall) contains some dissolved salts.[2] When the plants use the water, the salts are left behind in the soil and eventually begin to accumulate. Since soil salinity makes it more difficult for plants to absorb soil moisture, these salts must be leached out of the plant root zone by applying additional water. This water in excess of plant needs is called the leaching fraction. Salination from irrigation water is also greatly increased by poor drainage and use of saline water for irrigating agricultural crops.
Salinity in urban areas often results from the combination of irrigation and groundwater processes. Irrigation is also now common in cities (gardens and recreation areas).
Consequences of salinity[edit]
The consequences of salinity are
detrimental effects on plant growth and yield
damage to infrastructure (roads, bricks, corrosion of pipes and cables)
reduction of water quality for users, sedimentation problems
soil erosion ultimately, when crops are too strongly affected by the amounts of salts.
Salinity is an important land degradation problem. Soil salinity can be reduced by leaching soluble salts out of soil with excess irrigation water. Soil salinity control involves watertable control and flushing in combination with tile drainage or another form of subsurface drainage.[3][4] A comprehensive treatment of soil salinity is available from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.[5]
Salt tolerance of crops[edit]
Further information: Maas–Hoffman model and Van Genuchten–Gupta model
High levels of soil salinity can be tolerated if salt-tolerant plants are grown. Sensitive crops lose their vigor already in slightly saline soils, most crops are negatively affected by (moderately) saline soils, and only salinity resistant crops thrive in severely saline soils. The University of Wyoming [6] and the Government of Alberta [7] report data on the salt tolerance of plants.
Field data, under farmers' conditions, in irrigated lands are scarce, especially in developing countries. However, some on farm surveys were made in Egypt,[8] India,[9] and Pakistan.[10] Some examples are shown in the following gallery with crops arranged from sensitive to very tolerant.[11].
Graphs of crop yield and soil salinity in farmers' fields ordered by increasing salt tolerance.
Fig. 1. Berseem (clover), cultivated in Egypt's Nile Delta is a salt sensitive crop and tolerates an ECe value up to 2.4 dS/m whereafter yields start to decline.
Fig. 2. Wheat grown in Sampla, Haryana, India is slightly sensitive tolerating an ECe value of 4.9 dS/m.
Fig. 3. The field measurements in wheat fields in Gohana, Haryana, India, showed a higher tolerance level of ECe = 7.1 dS/m.
(The Egyptian wheat, not shown here, exhibited a tolerance point of 7.8 dS/m).
Fig. 4. The cotton grown in the Nile Delta can be called salt just tolerant with a critical ECe value of 8.0 dS/m. However, due to scarcity of data beyond 8 dS/m, the maximum tolerance level cannot be precisely determined and may actually be higher than that.
Fig. 5. Sorghum from Khairpur, Pakistan is quite tolerant, it grows well up to ECe = 10.5 dS/m
Fig. 6. Cotton from Khairpur, Pakistan is very tolerant, it grows well up to ECe = 15.5 dS/m
Regions affected[edit]
From the FAO/UNESCO Soil Map of the World the following salinised areas can be derived.[12]
Region
Area (106 ha)
Africa 69.5
Near and Middle East 53.1
Asia and Far East 19.5
Latin America 59.4
Australia 84.7
North America 16.0
Europe 20.7
See also[edit]
Water portal
Salt tolerance of crops
Desalination
Environmental impacts of deicing salt
Water softening
U.S. Salinity Laboratory
Salinity in Australia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ from "Soil salinity" in WaterWiki, the on-line Knowledge and Collaboration Tool of the Community of Practice (CoP) on Water- and UNDP-related activities in Central and South-Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia. Archived 2007-08-12 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ ILRI (1989), Effectiveness and Social/Environmental Impacts of Irrigation Projects: a Review (PDF), In: Annual Report 1988 of the International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 18–34
Jump up ^ Drainage Manual: A Guide to Integrating Plant, Soil, and Water Relationships for Drainage of Irrigated Lands, Interior Dept., Bureau of Reclamation, 1993, ISBN 0-16-061623-9
Jump up ^ "Free articles and software on drainage of waterlogged land and soil salinity control". Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ Salt-Affected Soils and their Management, FAO Soils Bulletin 39 (http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5871e/x5871e00.htm)
Jump up ^ Alan D. Blaylock, 1994, Soil Salinity and Salt tolerance of Horticultural and Landscape Plants. University of Wyoming Archived 2010-05-08 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Government of Alberta, Salt tolerance of Plants
Jump up ^ : H.J. Nijland and S. El Guindy, Crop yields, watertable depth and soil salinity in the Nile Delta, Egypt. In: Annual report 1983. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Jump up ^ D. P. Sharma, K. N. Singh and K. V. G. K. Rao (1990), Crop Production and soil salinity: evaluation of field data from India. Paper published in Proceedings of the Symposium on Land Drainage for Salinity Control in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, February, 25th to March 2nd, 1990, Cairo, Egypt, Vol. 3, Session V, p. 373–383. On line: [1]
Jump up ^ R.J. Oosterbaan, Crop yields, soil salinity and water table depth in Pakistan. In: Annual Report 1981, pp. 50–54. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, reprinted in Indus 24 (1983) 2, pp. 29–33. On line [2]
Jump up ^ Collection of salt tolerance data of agricultural crops from measurements in farmers' fields. On line: [3]
Jump up ^ R. Brinkman, 1980. Saline and sodic soils. In: Land reclamation and water management, pp. 62–68. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
External links[edit]
Article on water and salt balances in the soil
Download leaching model for saline soils
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The Sixth Sense
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see The Sixth Sense (disambiguation).
The Sixth Sense
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
M. Night Shyamalan
Produced by
Frank Marshall
Kathleen Kennedy
Barry Mendel
Written by
M. Night Shyamalan
Starring
Bruce Willis
Toni Collette
Olivia Williams
Haley Joel Osment
Music by
James Newton Howard
Cinematography
Tak Fujimoto
Edited by
Andrew Mondshein
Production
company
Hollywood Pictures
Spyglass Entertainment
The Kennedy/Marshall Company
Barry Mendel Productions
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures Distribution
Release date
August 2, 1999 (1999-08-02) (Prince Music Theater)
August 6, 1999 (1999-08-06) (United States)
Running time
107 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million[1]
Box office
$672.8 million[1]
The Sixth Sense is a 1999 American supernatural horror film written and directed by M. Night Shyamalan. The film tells the story of Cole Sear (Haley Joel Osment), a troubled, isolated boy who is able to see and talk to the dead, and an equally troubled child psychologist named Malcolm Crowe (Bruce Willis) who tries to help him. The film established Shyamalan as a writer and director, and introduced the cinema public to his traits, most notably his affinity for surprise endings.
Released by Hollywood Pictures on August 6, 1999, the film was received well; critics highlighted the performances (especially by Osment, Collette and Willis), its atmosphere, and twist conclusion. The film was the second-highest-grossing film of 1999 (behind Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace), grossing about $293 million domestically and $672 million worldwide, making it, at the time, the highest-grossing horror film of all time in unadjusted dollars (it was surpassed in 2017 by It). The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director for Shyamalan, Best Original Screenplay, Best Supporting Actor for Osment, and Best Supporting Actress for Toni Collette.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reaction
4.3 Accolades
4.4 American Film Institute lists
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Malcolm Crowe, a child psychologist in Philadelphia, returns home one night with his wife, Anna, after having been honored for his work. Anna tells Crowe that everything is second to his work, and that she believes he is truly gifted. A young man then appears in their bathroom, and accuses Crowe of failing him. Crowe recognizes him as Vincent Grey, a former patient whom he treated as a child for hallucinations. Vincent shoots his former doctor before killing himself.
The next fall, Crowe begins working with another patient, nine-year-old Cole Sear, whose case is similar to Vincent's. Crowe becomes dedicated to the boy, though he is haunted by doubts over his ability to help him after his failure with Vincent. Meanwhile, he and his wife seldom, if ever, speak or do anything together. Crowe feels he must help Cole in order to rectify his failure to help Vincent and reconcile with his wife. Cole's mother, Lynn worries about his social stamina, especially after seeing signs of physical abuse. Cole eventually confides his secret to Crowe in the iconic line: "I see dead people." He sees ghosts, who walk around like the living unaware they are dead.
At first, Crowe thinks Cole is delusional and considers dropping his case. Remembering Vincent, the psychologist listens to an audiotape from a session with Vincent when he was a child. On the tape, when Crowe leaves the room, Vincent begins crying. Turning up the volume, Crowe hears a weeping man begging for help in Spanish, and now believes that Cole is telling the truth and that Vincent may have had the same ability. He suggests to Cole that he should try to find a purpose for his gift by communicating with the ghosts and perhaps aid them with their unfinished business. At first, Cole is unwilling since the ghosts terrify and sometimes even threaten him, but he finally decides to attempt helping.
Cole talks to one of the ghosts, a young girl named Kyra who recently died after a chronic illness. He goes with Crowe to her funeral reception at her home, where Kyra directs him to a box holding a videotape, which he then gives to her father. The tape shows Kyra's mother poisoning her daughter's food. By proving she was a victim of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, Cole has saved Kyra's younger sister, the mother's next victim.
Learning to live with the ghosts he sees, Cole begins to fit in at school and is cast as the lead in the school play, which Crowe attends. The doctor and patient depart on positive terms and Cole suggests to Crowe that he should try speaking to Anna while she is asleep. Later, while stuck in traffic, Cole confesses his secret to his mother, saying that someone died in an accident ahead of their traffic and he knows because the person is next to him. Although his mother at first does not believe him, Cole proves his ability to her by talking about how his grandmother visits him. He describes how his grandmother saw his mother in a dance performance, even though Lynn thought her mother was not there. He further relays the answer to a question his mother privately asked at her mother's grave, "Every day." When Cole asks what question she asked, his mother tearfully answers, "Do I make you proud?" They hug.
Crowe returns home, where he finds his wife asleep with their wedding video playing. While still asleep, Anna asks her husband why he left her, and drops Crowe's wedding ring, which he suddenly discovers he has not been wearing. He remembers what Cole said about ghosts and realizes that he was actually killed by Vincent and was unknowingly dead the entire time he was working with Cole. Because of Cole's efforts, Crowe's unfinished business – rectifying his failure to understand and help Vincent – is finally complete. Crowe fulfills the second reason he returned; to tell his wife she was never second, and that he loves her. His goal complete, he is free to leave the world of the living.
Cast[edit]
Bruce Willis as Malcolm Crowe
Haley Joel Osment as Cole Sear
Toni Collette as Lynn Sear
Olivia Williams as Anna Crowe
Donnie Wahlberg as Vincent Grey
Glenn Fitzgerald as Sean
Mischa Barton as Kyra Collins
Trevor Morgan as Tommy Tammisimo
Bruce Norris as Mr. Stanley Cunningham
Angelica Page as Mrs. Collins
Greg Wood as Mr. Collins
M. Night Shyamalan as Dr. Hill
Peter Tambakis as Darren
Jeffrey Zubernis as Bobby
Production[edit]
David Vogel, then-president of production of The Walt Disney Studios, read Shyamalan's spec script and instantly loved it. Without obtaining corporate approval, Vogel bought the rights to the script, despite the high price of $3 million and the stipulation that Shyamalan could direct the film.[2] Disney later dismissed Vogel from his position at the studio, with Vogel leaving the company shortly thereafter.[3] Disney—apparently in a show of little confidence in the film—sold the production rights to Spyglass Entertainment, while retaining the distribution rights and 12.5% of the film's box office receipt.
The color red is intentionally absent from most of the film, but it is used prominently in a few isolated shots for "anything in the real world that has been tainted by the other world"[4] and "to connote really explosively emotional moments and situations".[5] Examples include the door of the church where Cole seeks sanctuary; the balloon, carpet, and Cole's sweater at the birthday party; the tent in which he first encounters Kyra; the volume numbers on Crowe's tape recorder; the doorknob on the locked basement door where Malcolm's office is located; the shirt that Anna wears at the restaurant; Kyra's mother's dress at the wake; and the shawl wrapped around the sleeping Anna.
All of the clothes Malcolm wears during the film are items he wore or touched the evening before his death, which included his overcoat, his blue rowing sweatshirt and the different layers of his suit. Though the filmmakers were careful about clues of Malcolm's true state, the camera zooms slowly towards his face when Cole says, "I see dead people." In a special feature, the filmmakers mention they initially feared this would be too much of a giveaway, but decided to leave it in.[6]
Marisa Tomei was considered for the role of Lynn Sear.[7]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film had a production budget of approximately $40 million (plus $25 million for prints and advertising). It grossed $26.6 million in its opening weekend and spent five weeks as the No. 1 film at the U.S. box office.[1] It earned $293,506,292 in the United States and a worldwide gross of $672,806,292, ranking it 35th on the list of box-office money earners in the U.S. as of April 2010.[8] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 57.5 million tickets in the US.[9] In the United Kingdom, it was given at first a limited release at 9 screens, and entered at No. 8 before climbing up to No. 1 the next week with 430 theatres playing the film.[10][11]
Critical reaction[edit]
The Sixth Sense received positive reviews;[12] Osment in particular was singled out for his acting.[13] Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 85% of 148 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 7.6/10. The site's consensus reads: "M. Night Shayamalan's The Sixth Sense is a twisty ghost story with all the style of a classical Hollywood picture, but all the chills of a modern horror flick."[14] Metacritic rated it 64 out of 100 based on 35 reviews, meaning “generally favorable reviews”.[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[16]
By vote of the members of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, The Sixth Sense was awarded the Nebula Award for Best Script during 1999.[17] The film was No. 71 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments, for the scene where Cole encounters a female ghost in his tent. It was named the 89th best American film of all time in a 2007 poll by the American Film Institute.
The line "I see dead people" from the film became a popular catchphrase after its release, scoring No. 44 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes. There have been various parodies of this quote.
The Sixth Sense also scored 60th place on AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills, honoring America's most "heart pounding movies".
Accolades[edit]
Further information: List of accolades received by The Sixth Sense
The Sixth Sense has received numerous awards and nominations, with Academy Award nomination categories ranging from those honoring the film itself (Best Picture), to its writing, editing, and direction (Best Director, Best Editing, and Best Original Screenplay), to its cast's performance (Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress). Especially lauded was the supporting role of actor Haley Joel Osment, whose nominations include an Academy Award,[18] a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award,[19] and a Golden Globe Award.[20] Overall, The Sixth Sense was nominated for six Academy Awards and four British Academy Film Awards, but won none.[18][21] The film received three nominations from the People's Choice Awards and won all of them, with lead actor Bruce Willis being honored for his role.[22] The Satellite Awards nominated the film in four categories, with awards being received for writing (M. Night Shyamalan) and editing (Andrew Mondshein).[23] Supporting actress Toni Collette was nominated for both an Academy Award and a Satellite award for her role in the film.[18][23] James Newton Howard was honored by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers for his composition of the music for the film.[24]
In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay #50 on its list of 101 Greatest Screenplays ever written.[25]
American Film Institute lists[edit]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – No. 60
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"I see dead people." – No. 44
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 89
See also[edit]
List of ghost films
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Sixth Sense (1999)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Weiner, Allison Hope (June 2, 2008). "Shyamalan's Hollywood Horror Story, With Twist". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bart, Peter (July 2, 2012). "Moguls make switch after power turns off: Is there life after Hollywood?". Variety. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Screenwriter/director M. Night Shyamalan, "Rules and Clues" bonus featurette on the DVD.
Jump up ^ Producer Barry Mendel, "Rules and Clues" bonus featurette on the DVD.
Jump up ^ Producer Frank Marshall, "Rules and Clues" bonus featurette on the DVD.
Jump up ^ Cormier, Roger (6 August 2016). "15 Twisted Facts About The Sixth Sense". Mental Floss. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Sixth Sense – Box Office Data". Retrieved 2008-03-09.
Jump up ^ "The Sixth Sense (1999)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "United Kingdom Box Office Returns for the weekend starting 5 November 1999". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
Jump up ^ "United Kingdom Box Office Returns for the weekend starting 12 November 1999". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
Jump up ^ Natale, Richard (1999-08-09). "'Sense' Shows Its Powers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
Jump up ^ King, Susan (1999-08-13). "Actor Has a Sense for Spooky Role". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
Jump up ^ "The Sixth Sense (1999)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ "The Sixth Sense". Metacritic. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ "Nebula Awards Winners by Category". Locus. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Sixth Sense – 1999 Academy Awards Profile". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ellen A. Kim (December 22, 1999). "Another Day, Another Movie Award". Hollywood.com. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Sixth Sense". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Awards Database". British Academy Film Awards. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Sixth Sense' tops People's Choice Awards". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Associated Press. January 10, 2000. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "2000 4th Annual SATELLITE Awards". International Press Academy. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Don Heckman (April 27, 2000). "Howard, Donen Honored by ASCAP". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Savage, Sophia (February 27, 2013). "WGA Lists Greatest Screenplays, From 'Casablanca' and 'Godfather' to 'Memento' and 'Notorious'". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikiversity has learning resources about What is the sixth sense?
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Sixth Sense
The Sixth Sense on IMDb
The Sixth Sense at the American Film Institute Catalog
The Sixth Sense at AllMovie
The Sixth Sense at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
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Films directed by M. Night Shyamalan
Praying with Anger (1992)
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The Sixth Sense (1999)
Unbreakable (2000)
Signs (2002)
The Village (2004)
Lady in the Water (2006)
The Happening (2008)
The Last Airbender (2010)
After Earth (2013)
The Visit (2015)
Split (2016)
Glass (2019)
[show]
v
t
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Nebula Award for Best Script/Ray Bradbury Award
Nebula Award for Best Script
Soylent Green – Stanley R. Greenberg (1973)
Sleeper – Woody Allen (1974)
Young Frankenstein – Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder (1975)
Star Wars – George Lucas (1977)
The Sixth Sense – M. Night Shyamalan (1999)
Galaxy Quest – David Howard and Robert Gordon (2000)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon James Schamus, Kuo Jung Tsai, and Hui-Ling Wang (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring – Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and Peter Jackson (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, Stephen Sinclair, and Peter Jackson (2003)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King – Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and Peter Jackson (2004)
Serenity – Joss Whedon (2005)
Howl's Moving Castle – Hayao Miyazaki, Cindy Davis Hewitt, and Donald H. Hewitt (2006)
Pan's Labyrinth – Guillermo del Toro (2007)
WALL-E – Andrew Stanton, Jim Reardon, and Pete Docter (2008)
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Joss Whedon (2008)
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Inception – Christopher Nolan (2010)
Doctor Who: "The Doctor's Wife" – Richard Clark and Neil Gaiman (2011)
Beasts of the Southern Wild – Benh Zeitlin, Lucy Alibar (2012)
Gravity – Alfonso Cuarón and Jonás Cuarón (2013)
Guardians of the Galaxy – James Gunn and Nicole Perlman (2014)
Mad Max: Fury Road – George Miller, Brendan McCarthy, and Nico Lathouris (2015)
Arrival – Eric Heisserer (2016)
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The Sixth Sense (1999)
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Let Me In (2010)
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The Conjuring (2013)
Dracula Untold (2014)
Crimson Peak (2015)
Don't Breathe (2016)
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The Sixth Sense (2000)
Pearl Harbor (2001)
Spider-Man (2002)
None (2003)
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The Notebook (2005)
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2006)
The Pursuit of Happyness (2007)
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If I Stay (2015)
Miracles from Heaven (2016)
Everything, Everything (2017)
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text:
Earth Angel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Earth Angel"
Single by The Penguins
A-side
"Hey Señorita"
Released
October 1954[1]
Format
7" single
10" shellac
Recorded
c. August–September 1954[2]
Genre
Doo-wop
rhythm and blues
Length
2:57
Label
Dootone
Songwriter(s)
Curtis Williams
Jesse Belvin
Gaynel Hodge
Producer(s)
Dootsie Williams
The Penguins singles chronology
"Earth Angel"
(1954) "No There Ain't No News Today / When I Am Gone"
(1954)
"Hey Señorita / Earth Angel"
(1954) "No There Ain't No News Today / When I Am Gone"
(1954)
"Earth Angel" (occasionally referred to as "Earth Angel (Will You Be Mine)") is a song by American doo-wop group the Penguins. Produced by Dootsie Williams, it was released as their debut single in October 1954 on Dootone Records. The Penguins had formed the year prior and recorded the song as a demo in a garage in South Los Angeles. The song's origins lie in multiple different sources, among them songs by Jesse Belvin, Patti Page, and the Hollywood Flames. Its authorship was the subject of a bitter legal dispute with Williams in the years following its release.
Although the song was going to be overdubbed with additional instrumentation, the original demo version became an unexpected hit, quickly outstripping its A-side. The song grew out of Southern California and spread across the United States over the winter of 1954–55. "Earth Angel" became the first independent label release to appear on Billboard's national pop charts, where it peaked within the top 10. It was a big hit on the magazine's R&B charts, where it remained number one for several weeks. A cover version by white vocal group the Crew-Cuts peaked higher on the pop charts, reaching number three. More cover versions followed, including recordings by Gloria Mann, Tiny Tim, Johnny Tillotson, and Elvis Presley.
The Penguins' only hit, it eventually sold in excess of 10 million copies. The original recording of the song remained an enduring hit single for much of the 1950s, and it is now considered to be one of the definitive doo-wop songs. In 2005, it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry, deeming it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important."
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Commercial performance
3 Legal issues
4 Cover versions and in popular culture
5 Legacy
6 Charts
6.1 Weekly charts
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
Background[edit]
"Earth Angel"
"Earth Angel" is largely composed of elements from earlier doo-wop songs, among them "Blue Moon" and "Dream Girl".
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The Penguins—composed of lead vocalist Cleveland Duncan, bass Curtis Williams, tenor Dexter Tisby, and baritone Bruce Tate—formed at Fremont High School in Los Angeles, California in 1953.[2] The group named themselves after the Kool cigarette advertising mascot.[1] Williams and Gaynel Hodge were previously members of The Hollywood Flames, where they began writing "Earth Angel" with mentor Jesse Belvin, also a Fremont High graduate. Belvin had previously had a hit single in "Dream Girl", a 1952 ballad credited to Jesse & Marvin (saxophonist Marvin Phillips). The song echoes "Earth Angel" in its melodic refrain: "Dream girl, dream girl..."[3] Its "why-oh" hook was adapted as a background chant within "Earth Angel".[3] The "Will you be mine?" hook was borrowed from the R&B hit of the same name by the Swallows.[3] The Hollywood Flames were hired that year by Jessie Mae Robinson to record a demo of "I Went to Your Wedding", later recorded by Patti Page. Hodge later noted that the group lifted the bridge from that song for "Earth Angel".[4] The song also contains elements of the Flames' 1953 recording of "I Know" in its piano introduction and chord progressions, which were closely based on the Rodgers & Hart standard "Blue Moon".[3][4][5] Williams reportedly wrote the song for his wife, Marlene, and Duncan re-wrote the melody, as he disliked the original.[5]
"Earth Angel" was recorded as a literal garage demo—it was recorded in a home garage at the Los Angeles home of Ted Brinson (a relative of Williams who had previously played bass for the Jimmie Lunceford and Andy Kirk bands).[2][1] The home was located at 2190 West 30th Street in South Los Angeles.[6] The garage was used as the primary recording space of Dootsie Williams for all of his Dootone artists, and had also been used to record demos for Jessie Mae Robinson.[2] It was recorded on a single-track Ampex tape recorder, owned by big band veteran Ted Brinson, who performs bass guitar on the track.[2] The drums were muffled with pillows so as to not overwhelm the vocals.[2] A neighbor's pet dog stopped many takes by barking. "Everytime the dog barked next door, I'd have to go out and shut him up, and then we'd do another take," remembered Williams.[1] Williams performs piano on the track,[2] with Preston Epps on bongos (though this unconfirmed), as well as an unknown drummer.[6] The song is composed in the key of A-flat major and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 76 beats per minute. Duncan's vocal range spans from F3 to G4.[7] The first five seconds of the intro are cut off of the recording by accident.[6]
Commercial performance[edit]
John Dolphin broadcasting from Dolphin's of Hollywood, where the song first found airplay.
Although it was an unfinished demo, "Earth Angel" began to see immediate success. Williams carried a rough acetate dub with him to Dolphin's of Hollywood All Night Record Shop, a local record store, to gauge shop owner John Dolphin's opinion.[6] Dolphin broadcast a late-night rhythm and blues broadcast from his store, and KGFJ disc jockey Dick Hugg was sitting in.[6] Hugg played both sides of the single, and by the next morning, requests began coming in for the song.[2][6] As a result, Williams abandoned an idea to overdub additional instrumentation and began immediate manufacturing of the 7" single to issue it as soon as possible.[2] Still convinced "Hey Señorita" would be the hit, it was pressed to the A-side;[6] disc jockeys soon began flipping the record in favor of "Earth Angel".[1][8] The demand for "Earth Angel" nearly bankrupted Dootone; producer Walter Williams ran out of label paper, leading the single to be pressed on multiple colored labels.[1] It made its first appearance in Billboard as a territorial hit for Los Angeles, becoming the second best-selling R&B single in Los Angeles for the second week of October 1954.[9] It climbed to number one for the city by November 13, after which it began to grow in popularity in New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, and Nashville.[10]
"Earth Angel" became the first independent label release to appear on Billboard's national pop charts.[2] Billboard called the record a "Best Buy" for the R&B charts, and Cashbox in Canada gave it its "Award o' the Week".[11] It hit number one in New York on November 27,[12] and by Christmas Day the song was placing on the "Best Sellers in Stores" chart for both R&B and pop, where it debuted at number 25.[13][14] By January 15, 1955, the single had advanced to the top 20 of the overall Best Sellers in Stores chart, resulting in its addition to the "Honor Roll of Hits" chart.[15] It also reached number one on the "Most Played in Jukeboxes" R&B chart.[16] After seven weeks on the chart, it peaked at number eight on the overall Best Sellers in Stores chart,[17] and by February 19 had hit number one on all the major R&B charts.[18] It remained a number one R&B hit for three weeks, before being dethroned by Johnny Ace's "Pledging My Love".[6]
At the time, it was a rare achievement for an R&B song to chart within the top echelons of the pop chart.[8] The Penguins were the first West Coast R&B group to dent the pop top ten.[6] In May 1955, Dootsie Williams was presented with a gold record to celebrate the record selling one million copies (it was reported that nearly 200,000 copies of "Earth Angel" were sold in Southern California alone).[2] With the popularity of the song "The Flying Saucer", the single saw revived sales in summer 1956.[19] When the Penguins switched to Mercury Records, the label reissued "Earth Angel" in September 1956 with string accompaniment.[2][6] The following July, Billboard reported that the single was again breaking out in certain markets, remarking, "This wax breaks out every summer."[2] It made another appearance at #101 in late December 1959.[20] Indeed, Billboard confirmed the single's enduring popularity in 1960: "The original version of 'Earth Angel,' for example, is still known to be a heavy traffic item in many areas."[21] By 1963, Williams had told Billboard the single had passed the 2,000,000 mark, and it was reported to be the top-selling single of Dootone Records (at this period renamed Dooto).[22] The same year, it was reported that thousands of bogus copies of "Earth Angel" were attempted to be sold by an unidentified counterfeiter.[23]
The song has continued to sell multiple decades after its release;[24] in 1983, for example, it was still selling thousands of copies per week around the world.[6] According to The New York Times, the Penguins' recording of "Earth Angel" has sold over ten million copies.[8] Its exact figures are uncertain; the Honolulu Star-Bulletin wrote that the single has sold "perhaps as many as 20 million records, remaining one of the most popular records of all time."[5]
Legal issues[edit]
Group members later engaged in a dispute with Dootsie Williams regarding royalties.[4] By mid-January 1955, the Penguins reportedly did not receive advances from Dootone, and problems began to arise.[6] They hired Buck Ram, a white big band-era veteran, to manage the group; he would later take partial credit for the song's success, despite the fact that he only began managing the group after its release.[2] On April 9, 1955, the Penguins signed with Mercury Records. Ram had directed the group to Mercury, slyly using his power as a representative to get another L.A.-based vocal group, the Platters, signed as well.[25] Dootone had previously confirmed to trades that their recording contract with the Penguins spanned three years. A court decision found this contract was invalid as three of the four members of the group were minors at the time of their signing.[6] Curtis Williams sued Dootone for $100,000, claiming damages as a result of his underage signing. Dootone countersued, claiming Mercury induced the group to break their Dootone contract and for taking the publishing rights of "Earth Angel".[6] Jesse Belvin and supposed co-writer Johnny Green sued the group the same week for not receiving credit for writing the song.[6]
Dootsie Williams sued and was awarded the rights to the song in 1957 by the Los Angeles Superior Court "on the ground that Belvin and Hodge had written most of it."[2]
Cover versions and in popular culture[edit]
"Earth Angel" has been repeatedly covered in popular culture.[24] As was a common occurrence at the time,[8] there were a number of cover versions released upon the record's immediate success.[1] Many white artists covered the song, including Gloria Mann, Pat O'Day, and Les Baxter.[4] The most notable of these was performed by a vocal group from Canada named the Crew-Cuts, signed to Mercury Records. Their version peaked at number three on the pop charts, higher than the original.[8] Their version also reached British charts, a feat the original was unable to achieve.[1] Elvis Presley recorded an informal cover during an army stint in Germany.[4] "The Flying Saucer" (1956), widely considered one of the first mashup songs,[26][27] sampled the song without permission.[19] Other cover versions include Johnny Tillotson, The Cleftones, The Vogues, New Edition, The Temptations, Joan Baez, Bella Morte, and Johnny Preston.[5]
In addition to cover versions, the song has also been employed in various film and television soundtracks.[24] The 1991 film Earth Angel was named after the song.[5] The song has been used in the television series Happy Days.[5] It was featured prominently in the film Back to the Future (performed by Harry Waters Jr. as Marvin Berry & The Starlighters), as well as Superman III and The Karate Kid Part II.[28] It is also used in the jukebox musical Jersey Boys, a musical about the rock band The Four Seasons. Australian group Human Nature covered the song on their 2014 album Jukebox.[citation needed]
Legacy[edit]
Although the Penguins never matched the success of their debut single, the song has continued to see popularity and acclaim. Cleveland Duncan, the song's lead vocalist, remarked, "I never get tired of singing it, as long as people never get tired of hearing it."[8] The song became a staple of oldies radio in the late 20th century.[24]
An appraisal in the book Singles dubs the song "a simple but elegant recording now judged by many to be one of the finest examples of what would become doo-wop".[1] Despite the higher success of the cover by the Crew-Cuts, the original amateur recording by the Penguins is now considered definitive.[1] Steve Sullivan, author of the Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, writes that the track "possesses virtually all of the qualities cherished by doo-wop lovers: melodic beauty, a shimmering earnest lead vocal, stripped-to-the-bone simplicity, and a pristine romantic innocence."[2] The New York Times wrote that "For many the song evokes a glittering, timeless vision of proms, sock hops and impossibly young love",[8] and the Los Angeles Times concurred, calling it a "nostalgic evocation of post-World War II youth culture."[24] Steve Propes, an author and music historian, remarked that "It was the first of the ultra-romantic ballads that hit the nerve of teens at the time ... It stood out because of the sincerity of the delivery."[24] Rolling Stone placed it at number 152 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and called it "a pivotal record in the early development of rock & roll. The artless, unaffected vocals of the Penguins, four black high schoolers from L.A., defined the street-corner elegance of doo-wop."[29]
A 1997 listener poll by New York radio station WCBS placed "Earth Angel" just behind the Five Satins' "In the Still of the Night" in a list of most enduring doo-wop songs.[2] In 1973, Billboard reported that many considered "Earth Angel" among the first rock and roll hits,[30] and The New York Times stated that "its rhythmic, wailing plea to an idealized young woman captured the spirit of the just-emerging rock generation."[8] In 2005, it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry, deeming it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important".[31]
In July 2016, British rock band Coldplay played the song in concert in New Jersey with Michael J. Fox, star of Back to the Future, on guitar, in a tribute to the film.[32]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
All versions[a]
Chart (1954–55)
Peak
position
US Honor Roll of Hits (Billboard)[33]
5
The Penguins version
Chart (1954–55)
Peak
position
US Best Sellers in Stores (Billboard)[17]
8
US Best Sellers in Stores (R&B) (Billboard)[18]
1
US Most Played in Jukeboxes (R&B) (Billboard)[16]
1
US Most Played by Jockeys (R&B) (Billboard)[18]
1
Chart (1959)
Peak
position
US Bubbling Under the Hot 100 (Billboard)[20]
6
The Crew-Cuts
Chart (1955)
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34]
4
US Best Sellers in Stores (Billboard)[35]
8
US Most Played in Jukeboxes (Billboard)[36]
8
US Most Played by Jockeys (Billboard)[37]
3
Gloria Mann version
Chart (1955)
Peak
position
US Best Sellers in Stores (Billboard)[38]
24
US Most Played in Jukeboxes (Billboard)[39]
19
Johnny Tillotson version
Chart (1960)
Peak
position
US Hot 100 (Billboard)[40]
57
The Vogues version
Chart (1969)
Peak
position
US Hot 100 (Billboard)[41]
42
New Edition version
Chart (1986)
Peak
position
US Hot 100 (Billboard)[42]
21
Preceded by
"Hearts of Stone" by The Charms Billboard R&B Best Sellers in Stores number-one single
January 15, 1955 – February 5, 1955 Succeeded by
"Pledging My Love" by Johnny Ace
See also[edit]
"Blue Moon"
List of best-selling singles
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Billboard's Honor Roll of Hits measured a song's popularity versus a particular artist's rendition. It combined all cover versions of a song into one consolidated listing.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Black, Johnnie (2006). Singles: Six Decades of Hot Hits and Classic Cuts. New York: Thunder Bay Press, p. 11. First edition, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Sullivan, Steve (2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings. New York: Scarecrow Press, pp. 382–84. First edition, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dawson, Jim, & Steve Propes (1992). What Was the First Rock 'N' Roll Record?. New York: Faber & Faber, pp. 158–64. First edition, 1992.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Birnbaum, Larry (2013). Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll. New York: Scarecrow Press, pp. 316–18. First edition, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ryan, Tim (September 14, 2001). "'Earth Angel' still flying high". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Warner, Jay (1992). American Singing Groups: A History from 1940s to Today. New York: Hal Leonard, pp. 272–75. First edition, 1992.
Jump up ^ "The Penguins "Earth Angel" Sheet Music". Music Notes. EMI Music Publishing. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Martin, Douglas (November 14, 2012). "Cleve Duncan, the Voice of 'Earth Angel', Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "R&B Territorial Best-Sellers". The Billboard: 51. November 6, 1954. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "This Week's Best Buys: "Earth Angel"". Billboard: 98. November 13, 1954. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "BMI Checklist". Billboard: 24. January 1, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "R&B Territorial Best-Sellers". Billboard: 44. November 27, 1954. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers in Stores". Billboard: 30. December 25, 1954. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rhythm and Blues Records: Best Sellers in Stores". Billboard: 30. December 25, 1954. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Honor Roll of Hits". Billboard: 46. January 15, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Honor Roll of Hits". Billboard: 60. January 15, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Best Sellers in Stores". Billboard: 32. February 5, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rhythm and Blues Records". Billboard: 52. February 19, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Earth Angel' Flies Again". Billboard: 39. August 18, 1956. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bubbling Under the Hot 100". Billboard: 25. December 28, 1959. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Col. Sets Literary Section". Billboard. 75 (34): 6. January 4, 1960. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dooto Plans Move to New Quarters Outside Hollywood". Billboard. 74 (26): 52. June 30, 1962. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dooto Reward for 45 Counterfeiters". Billboard: 10. August 24, 1963. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Mike Anton (November 16, 2012). "Cleve Duncan dies at 78; one of the Penguins on 'Earth Angel'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Buck Ram interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
Jump up ^ Plasketes, George (2010). Play it Again: Cover Songs in Popular Music. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, p. 210. First edition, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Recombinant DNA of the Mash-Up". The New York Times. January 6, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "100 Best Tracks of the Fifties". NME. January 31, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. April 7, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kirsch, Bob (May 12, 1973). "Trip Releasing 10 Two-Pocket Diskthologies". Billboard. 85 (19): 10. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Grunge, Rap Music Added to U.S. Recording Registry". NPR. April 5, 2005. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "See Coldplay, Michael J. Fox Play 'Back to the Future' Songs Onstage". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Honor Roll of Hits". Billboard: 24. March 5, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers in Stores". Billboard: 48. February 26, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most Played in Jukeboxes". Billboard: 34. March 19, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most Played by Jockeys". Billboard: 36. March 12, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers in Stores". Billboard: 24. February 26, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most Played in Jukeboxes". Billboard: 34. March 19, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Tillotson Chart History". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Vogues Chart History". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Edition Chart History". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
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Four corners of the world
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Four corners of the world (disambiguation).
See also: Four continents, Biblical cosmology, and Flat Earth
The astronomical symbol of Earth represents either the four quadrants of the world or the four continents.
Several cosmological and mythological systems portray four corners of the world or four quarters of the world corresponding approximately to the four points of the compass (or the two solstices and two equinoxes). At the center may lie a sacred mountain, garden, world tree, or other beginning-point of creation. Often four rivers run to the four corners of the world, and water or irrigate the four quadrants of the earth.
Tibetan conception of four rivers dividing the world into quadrants
In Christianity and Judaism, the Old Testament (Genesis 2:8-14) identifies the Garden of Eden, and the four rivers as the Tigris, Euphrates, Pishon, and Gihon. The Tigris runs to Assyria, the Euphrates to Armenia, the Pishon to Havilah or Elam, and the Gihon to Ethiopia.[1][2][3]
In Mesopotamian cosmology, four rivers flowing out of the garden of creation, which is the center of the world, define the four corners of the world.[1] From the point of view of the Akkadians, the northern geographical horizon was marked by Subartu, the west by Mar.tu, the east by Elam and the south by Sumer; later rulers of all of Mesopotamia, such as Cyrus, claimed among their titles LUGAL kib-ra-a-ti er-bé-et-tì, "King of the Four Quarters".[4]
In Hinduism, the sacred mountain Kailash has four sides, from which four rivers flow to the four quarters of the world (the Ganges, Indus, Oxus (Amu Darya), and Śita (Tarim)), dividing the world into four quadrants. Another account portrays a celestial mountain, Mount Meru, buttressed by four terrestrial mountain ranges which extend in four directions. Between them lie four sacred lakes, through which the celestial river divides into four earthly rivers, which flow to the four corners and irrigate the four quadrants of the Earth. Buddhism and the Bon religion of Tibet have similar accounts.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c George & George (2014) The Mythology of Eden, Rowman & Littlefield
Jump up ^ Nelson, Richard D. (2006). "Babes in the Wood". From Eden to Babel: An Adventure in Bible Study. St. Louis, Missouri: Chalice Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780827210776. Retrieved 2016-05-20. The four rivers flowing out to the four corners of the world explain global geography as the ancients would have pictured it ([Genesis] 2:10-14).
Jump up ^ Jordan, James B. (1999). "Sociology: A Biblico-Historical Approach". The Sociology of the Church: Essays in Reconstruction (reprint ed.). Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 86. ISBN 9781579102487. Retrieved 2016-05-20. In a generally ignored but all-important paragraph of Genesis 2, we are told how the world was organized when it was created [...]. In short, the world was organized in terms of a primordial duality between the central sanctuary of Eden, and the outlying world watered by four rivers extending to the four corners of the world.
Jump up ^ [1]
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Old Time Rock and Roll
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Old Time Rock and Roll"
Single by Bob Seger
from the album Stranger in Town
B-side
"Sunspot Baby"
Released
March 1979
Format
7" vinyl
Genre
Rock and roll
Length
3:12
Label
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
George Jackson, Thomas E. Jones III
Producer(s)
Bob Seger
Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section
Bob Seger singles chronology
"We've Got Tonight"
(1978) "Old Time Rock and Roll"
(1979) "Fire Lake"
(1980)
"We've Got Tonight"
(1978) "Old Time Rock and Roll"
(1979) "Fire Lake"
(1980)
"Old Time Rock And Roll"
Bob Seger's "Old Time Rock And Roll" from Stranger in Town
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Old Time Rock and Roll" is a song written by George Jackson and Thomas E. Jones III, and recorded by Bob Seger for his 1978 album Stranger in Town. It was also released as a single in 1979. It is a sentimentalized look back at the music of the original rock 'n' roll era. The song gained renewed popularity after being featured in the 1983 film Risky Business. It has since become a standard in popular music and was ranked number two on the Amusement & Music Operators Association's survey of the Top 40 Jukebox Singles of All Time in 1996.[1] It was also listed as one of the Songs of the Century in 2001 and ranked No. 100 in the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Songs poll in 2004 of the top songs in American cinema.
Contents
1 History
2 In popular culture
3 Reception
4 Chart performance
5 Cover versions
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, who often backed Seger in his studio recordings, sent Seger a demo of the song during the recording of Stranger in Town.[2] He said in 2006 (and also on the "Stranger in Town" episode of the US radio show In the Studio with Redbeard a few years earlier):
All I kept from the original was: "Old time rock and roll, that kind of music just soothes the soul, I reminisce about the days of old with that old time rock and roll". I rewrote the verses and I never took credit. That was the dumbest thing I ever did. And Tom Jones (Thomas E. Jones) and George Jackson know it, too. But I just wanted to finish the record [Stranger in Town]. I rewrote every verse you hear except for the choruses. I didn't ask for credit. My manager said: "You should ask for a third of the credit." And I said: "Nah. Nobody's gonna like it." I'm not credited on it so I couldn't control the copyright either. Meanwhile it got into a Hardee's commercial because I couldn't control it. Oh my God, it was awful!"[3]
However, George Stephenson of Malaco Records claimed:
"Old Time Rock and Roll" is truly [George] Jackson's song, and he has the tapes to prove it, despite Seger's claims that he altered it. Bob had pretty much finished his recording at Muscle Shoals and he asked them if they had any other songs he could listen to for the future.."[4]
The song was recorded at the Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield, Alabama and Sound Suite Studios[5] in Detroit, Michigan. Originally, the Silver Bullet Band was displeased with its inclusion on Stranger in Town, claiming, according to Seger, that the song was not "Silver Bullety". However, upon hearing audience reactions to it during their tour in Europe, the band grew to like the song.[6]
In 1990, Seger joined Billy Joel on one occasion and Don Henley on another to play the song during their concerts in Auburn Hills, Michigan.[7] He also performed the song at his Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony.
In popular culture[edit]
The song was featured in the 1983 film Risky Business, starring Tom Cruise. Cruise's character, Joel Goodson, famously lip-syncs and dances in his underwear as this song plays after his parents leave him home alone. In 1986, the song was also featured in the TV series "ALF", in a caricature of the before mentioned Tom cruise scene, in which Alf has similarly been left home alone and trashed the house.[8] Activision created a series of Guitar Hero: World Tour television commercials directed by Brett Ratner based on the scene, each featuring a different set of celebrities lip-sync to the lyrics while using the new instrument controllers. The first ad included athletes Kobe Bryant, Tony Hawk, Alex Rodriguez, and Michael Phelps.[9] The song is also featured in The Nanny, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and The Flash.
Reception[edit]
"Old Time Rock and Roll" achieved substantial album-oriented rock radio airplay[10] and as the fourth single from Stranger in Town, it reached number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1979. It was re-released in 1983 after its inclusion in the film Risky Business and reached number 48 on the Billboard chart.[11] The song remains a staple on classic rock radio.
In Australia, the song was released twice and charted for a total of 55 weeks. The first run was in 1983 after its use in the film Risky Business, reaching number 53 on the charts. The second run saw it reach number 3 in late 1987.
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1979)
Peak
position
Canada RPM Top 100 31
New Zealand Singles Chart 38
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[12] 28
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[12] 34
Chart (1983)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[11] 48
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[13] 38
Chart (1987)
Peak
position
Australian KMR[14] 3
Cover versions[edit]
Singer Johnny Hallyday released a French language version, as "Le Bon Temps du Rock and Roll" in 1979 on his album Hollywood.[15]
In 2000, the British rock band Status Quo recorded a version of this song for their album Famous in the Last Century. They played it on Top of the Pops and released it as a single which charted in the UK (No. 83) and Norway (No. 4).[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kreck, Dick. "Jukebox goes modern, but play list stands the test of time" Denver Post December 16, 1996: A-02
Jump up ^ Seger's Greatest Hits album liner notes
Jump up ^ Sharp, K.: Classic Rock, Issue 102, page 59. Future Publishing, 2007.
Jump up ^ "George Jackson: Songwriter who penned hundreds of soul, rock and r'n'b tunes". The Independent. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Seger's Stranger in Town album credits
Jump up ^ Graff, Gary (October 1994). "Bob Seger Tells The Stories Behind The Hits". Detroit Free Press.
Jump up ^ Weschler, Tom, and Gary Graff. Travelin Man: on the road and behind the scenes with Bob Seger. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 2009.
Jump up ^ "ALF" Season 1, ep.3; "Looking for Lucky!"
Jump up ^ "Activision Publishing Unveils Star-Studded Television Ads Promoting The Highly Anticipated Guitar Hero(R) World Tour Launch". Activision. 2008-10-24. Archived from the original on 2009-07-16. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
Jump up ^ "Top FM Rotation" (PDF). Cash Box. New York: Cash Box Publishing Co. Inc. July 8, 1978. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Pop Songs: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 218.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2015). The Comparison Book. Menonomee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-89820-213-7.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Le bon Temps Du Rock'N'Roll by Johnny Hallyday". Secondhandsongs. Retrieved 2018-01-05.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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e
Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band
Bob Seger
Craig Frost
Chris Campbell
Alto Reed
Drew Abbott
Charlie Allen Martin
Dave Teegarden
Rick Manasa
Robyn Robbins
Dawayne Bailey
The System albums
Ramblin' Gamblin' Man
Noah
Mongrel
Seger solo albums
Brand New Morning
Smokin' O.P.'s
Back in '72
Seven
Beautiful Loser
Face the Promise
Ride Out
I Knew You When
The Silver Bullet Band albums
Night Moves
Stranger in Town
Against the Wind
The Distance
Like a Rock
The Fire Inside
It's a Mystery
Live albums
Live Bullet
Nine Tonight
Compilation albums
The Bob Seger Collection
Greatest Hits
Greatest Hits 2
Early Seger Vol. 1
Ultimate Hits: Rock and Roll Never Forgets
Singles
"East Side Story"
"Heavy Music"
"2 + 2 = ?"
"Ramblin' Gamblin' Man"
"Lucifer"
"Lookin' Back"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"Who Do You Love"
"Midnight Rider"
"Turn the Page"
"Get Out of Denver"
"Beautiful Loser"
"Katmandu"
"Nutbush City Limits"
"Night Moves"
"Mainstreet"
"Hollywood Nights"
"We've Got Tonite"
"Still the Same"
"Old Time Rock and Roll"
"Fire Lake"
"Against the Wind"
"You'll Accomp'ny Me"
"Tryin' to Live My Life Without You"
"Hollywood Nights"
"We've Got Tonite"
"Shame on the Moon"
"Roll Me Away"
"American Storm"
"Like a Rock"
"Shakedown"
"C'est La Vie"
"Landing in London"
"Downtown Train"
"Hey, Hey, Hey, Hey (Going Back to Birmingham)"
Related articles
Discography
Gibson/Miller Band
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Time_Rock_and_Roll&oldid=852529412"
Categories:
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