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List of California area codes
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Map of California numbering plan areas (blue) and border states.
This is a list of area codes in California with service territory and installation dates.
209 – Stockton, Modesto, Merced, Turlock; the northern San Joaquin Valley and the central Sierra Nevada range. (Split from 415 on October 26, 1957)
213 – Downtown Los Angeles (October 1947; split numerous times since then; surrounded by 323 since June 13, 1998. In August 2017, areas 213 and 323 were merged as an overlay)
279 – Overlay of 916, starting service in March 2018.
310 – Santa Monica, Malibu, Pacific Palisades, Compton, Torrance, Beverly Hills, Catalina Island; the southwestern portion of Los Angeles County. (Split from 213 on November 2, 1991; overlaid by 424 on August 26, 2006)
323 – a ring around downtown Los Angeles, including the Hollywood and Eagle Rock districts of Los Angeles, Florence, Montebello and East Los Angeles. (Split from 213 on June 13, 1998; in August 2017, the areas served by 213 and 323 were re-merged into the 213/323 overlay)
408 – San Jose, Sunnyvale, Gilroy, Morgan Hill, and Los Gatos; most of Santa Clara County. (Split from 415 on January 1, 1959; overlaid by 669 on November 20, 2012)
415 – San Francisco, San Rafael, Novato; all of San Francisco County, most of Marin County and a small portion of northern San Mateo County (October 1947; split numerous times since then; overlaid by 628 effective March 21, 2015[1])
424 – Overlay with 310 on August 26, 2006
442 – Overlay with 760 on October 24, 2009
510 – Oakland, Fremont, Hayward, Berkeley and Richmond; western Alameda and Contra Costa Counties. (Split from 415 on September 2, 1991)
530 – Redding, Chico, Davis, Marysville, Red Bluff, Oroville, Placerville, Truckee, Yuba City; northeastern California including most of the Sacramento Valley, the northern Sierra Nevada and the Lake Tahoe region. (Split from 916 on November 1, 1997)
559 – Fresno, Visalia, Madera, Hanford; the central San Joaquin Valley and the southern Sierra Nevada range. (Split from 209 on November 14, 1998)
562 – Long Beach, Whittier; Norwalk, Lakewood, Bellflower, Cerritos, southeast Los Angeles County and a small portion of coastal Orange County. (Split from 310 on January 25, 1997)
619 – Downtown San Diego, Chula Vista, National City, Imperial Beach; southern San Diego County. (Split from 714 on November 5, 1982 and later split off 760 and 858; on June 19, 2018, area codes 619 and 858 will be re-merged as an overlay)
626 – Pasadena, El Monte, West Covina; the San Gabriel Valley and eastern suburbs of Los Angeles. (Split from 818 on June 14, 1997)
628 – Overlay with 415 effective March 21, 2015[1]
650 – San Mateo, Palo Alto, Redwood City, Daly City; most of San Mateo County and northwestern Santa Clara County (i.e., the San Francisco Peninsula with the exception of the city and county of San Francisco). (Split from 415 on August 2, 1997)
657 – Overlay with 714 on September 23, 2008
661 – Bakersfield, Santa Clarita, Palmdale; northern Los Angeles County including the Antelope Valley and most of Kern County, including the southern San Joaquin Valley. (Split from 805 on February 13, 1999)
669 – Overlay with 408 on November 20, 2012
707 – Santa Rosa, Eureka, Sebastopol, Petaluma, Napa, Vallejo, Fairfield; northwestern California, including the northern Bay Area, the Redwood Empire and the Wine Country. (Split from 916 on March 1, 1959)
714 – Anaheim, Huntington Beach, Santa Ana, Orange, Westminster, Garden Grove, etc.; northern and western Orange County (Split from 213 in 1951; overlaid by 657 on September 23, 2008)
747 – Overlay with 818 on May 18, 2009
760 – Palm Springs, Oceanside, Bishop, Ridgecrest, Barstow, El Centro, Needles; northern San Diego County, and southeastern California, including much of the Mojave Desert and the Owens Valley. (Split from 619 on March 22, 1997; overlaid by 442 on October 24, 2009)
805 – Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Ventura, Oxnard, Santa Maria, Santa Paula; southwest Central Coast, including San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and Ventura counties. (Split from 213 on January 1, 1957; overlaid with 820 on December 1, 2017.)
818 – Burbank, Glendale, the North Hollywood, Van Nuys, Panorama City, Sherman Oaks and Northridge districts of Los Angeles; the San Fernando Valley. (Split from 213 on January 7, 1984; overlaid by 747 on May 18, 2009)
831 – Monterey, Santa Cruz, Salinas, and Hollister; the northern Central Coast. (Split from 408 on July 11, 1998)
858 – Del Mar, La Jolla, Poway, Solana Beach and the northern portion of the city of San Diego; west-central San Diego County. (Split from 619 on June 12, 1999; on June 19, 2018, area codes 619 and 858 will be re-merged as an overlay)[2]
909 – San Bernardino, Ontario, Pomona, and Chino; eastern Los Angeles County and southwestern San Bernardino County. (Split from 714 on November 14, 1992)
916 – Sacramento and most of the Sacramento metro: Folsom, Roseville; Sacramento County and southern Placer County (October 1947; overlaid with 279 on August 12, 2017)
925 – Concord, Walnut Creek, Livermore, Pleasanton, San Ramon, Martinez, and Antioch; eastern Alameda and Contra Costa Counties. (Split from 510 on March 14, 1998)
949 – Irvine, Laguna Beach, Newport Beach, San Juan Capistrano, San Clemente; southern and eastern Orange County. (Split from 714 on April 18, 1998)
951 – Riverside, Corona, Moreno Valley, Perris, Temecula, Murrieta; western Riverside County. (Split from 909 on July 17, 2004)
Contents
[hide]
1 Notes
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Notes[edit]
Note: Exchange boundaries do not follow city or county boundaries; many of the area codes include or exclude slivers of the cities or counties listed above. For example, the boundary between 562 and 714 generally follows the boundary between Los Angeles and Orange Counties, but portions of Los Angeles County are in 714 and portions of Orange County are in 562. Similarly, most of Daly City is in 650, but a small portion is in 415.
See also[edit]
List of NANP area codes
North American Numbering Plan
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "415 Area Code". State of California. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www.nationalnanpa.com/pdf/PL_507.pdf
External links[edit]
NANPA Area Code Map of California
[hide]
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Stoicism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Zeno of Citium, bust in the Farnese collection, Naples. Photo by Paolo Monti, 1969.
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy that flourished throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century AD. Stoicism is predominantly a philosophy of personal ethics which is informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world. According to its teachings, as social beings, the path to happiness for humans is found in accepting this moment as it presents itself, by not allowing ourselves to be controlled by our desire for pleasure or our fear of pain, by using our minds to understand the world around us and to do our part in nature's plan, and by working together and treating others in a fair and just manner.
It was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics taught that emotions resulted in errors of judgment which were destructive, due to the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom, and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is in accord with nature. Because of this, the Stoics presented their philosophy as a religion (lex divina), and they thought that the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how a person behaved.[1] To live a good life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they taught that everything was rooted in nature.[2]
Later Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that, because "virtue is sufficient for happiness", a sage was immune to misfortune. This belief is similar to the meaning of the phrase "stoic calm", though the phrase does not include the "radical ethical" Stoic views that only a sage can be considered truly free, and that all moral corruptions are equally vicious.[3]
From its founding, Stoic doctrine was popular during the Roman Empire—and its adherents included the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It later experienced a decline after Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century AD. Over the centuries, it has seen revivals, notably in the Renaissance (Neostoicism) and in the modern era (modern Stoicism).[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Basic tenets
3 History
4 Logic
4.1 Propositional logic
4.2 Categories
4.3 Epistemology
5 Physics and cosmology
6 Ethics and virtues
6.1 The doctrine of "things indifferent"
6.2 Spiritual exercise
7 Social philosophy
8 Christianity
9 Modern usage
10 Philosophers
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
13.1 Primary sources
13.2 Studies
14 External links
Etymology[edit]
Stoic comes from the Greek stōïkos, meaning "of the stoa [portico, or porch]". This, in turn, refers to the Stoa Poikile, or "Painted Stoa," in Athens, where the influential Stoic Zeno of Citium taught.[5][6]
Basic tenets[edit]
“ Philosophy does not promise to secure anything external for man, otherwise it would be admitting something that lies beyond its proper subject-matter. For as the material of the carpenter is wood, and that of statuary bronze, so the subject-matter of the art of living is each person's own life. ”
— Epictetus, Discourses 1.15.2, Robin Hard revised translation
The Stoics provided a unified account of the world, consisting of formal logic, monistic physics and naturalistic ethics. Of these, they emphasized ethics as the main focus of human knowledge, though their logical theories were of more interest for later philosophers.
Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions; the philosophy holds that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker allows one to understand the universal reason (logos). A primary aspect of Stoicism involves improving the individual's ethical and moral well-being: "Virtue consists in a will that is in agreement with Nature."[7] This principle also applies to the realm of interpersonal relationships; "to be free from anger, envy, and jealousy,"[8] and to accept even slaves as "equals of other men, because all men alike are products of nature."[9]
The Stoic ethic espouses a deterministic perspective; in regard to those who lack Stoic virtue, Cleanthes once opined that the wicked man is "like a dog tied to a cart, and compelled to go wherever it goes."[7] A Stoic of virtue, by contrast, would amend his will to suit the world and remain, in the words of Epictetus, "sick and yet happy, in peril and yet happy, dying and yet happy, in exile and happy, in disgrace and happy,"[8] thus positing a "completely autonomous" individual will, and at the same time a universe that is "a rigidly deterministic single whole". This viewpoint was later described as "Classical Pantheism" (and was adopted by Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza).[10]
History[edit]
Antisthenes, founder of the Cynic school of philosophy
Stoicism became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the Hellenistic world and the Roman Empire,[11] to the point where, in the words of Gilbert Murray "nearly all the successors of Alexander [...] professed themselves Stoics."[12]
Beginning around 301 BC, Zeno taught philosophy at the Stoa Poikile ("Painted Porch"), from which his philosophy got its name.[13] Unlike the other schools of philosophy, such as the Epicureans, Zeno chose to teach his philosophy in a public space, which was a colonnade overlooking the central gathering place of Athens, the Agora.
Zeno's ideas developed from those of the Cynics, whose founding father, Antisthenes, had been a disciple of Socrates. Zeno's most influential follower was Chrysippus, who was responsible for the molding of what is now called Stoicism. Later Roman Stoics focused on promoting a life in harmony within the universe, over which one has no direct control.
Scholars usually divide the history of Stoicism into three phases:
Early Stoa, from the founding of the school by Zeno to Antipater.
Middle Stoa, including Panaetius and Posidonius.
Late Stoa, including Musonius Rufus, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius.
No complete work by any Stoic philosopher survives from the first two phases of Stoicism. Only Roman texts from the Late Stoa survive.[14]
Logic[edit]
Propositional logic[edit]
Diodorus Cronus, who was one of Zeno's teachers, is considered the philosopher who first introduced and developed an approach to logic now known as propositional logic. This is an approach to logic based on statements or propositions, rather than terms, making it very different from Aristotle's term logic. Later, Chrysippus developed a system that became known as Stoic logic and included a deductive system, Stoic Syllogistic, which was considered a rival to Aristotle's Syllogistic (see Syllogism). New interest in Stoic logic came in the 20th century, when important developments in logic were based on propositional logic. Susanne Bobzien wrote, "The many close similarities between Chrysippus' philosophical logic and that of Gottlob Frege are especially striking."[15]
Bobzien also notes that "Chrysippus wrote over 300 books on logic, on virtually any topic logic today concerns itself with, including speech act theory, sentence analysis, singular and plural expressions, types of predicates, indexicals, existential propositions, sentential connectives, negations, disjunctions, conditionals, logical consequence, valid argument forms, theory of deduction, propositional logic, modal logic, tense logic, epistemic logic, logic of suppositions, logic of imperatives, ambiguity and logical paradoxes."[16]
Categories[edit]
Main article: Stoic categories
The Stoics held that all being (ὄντα) – though not all things (τινά) – is material. They accepted the distinction between concrete bodies and abstract ones, but rejected Aristotle's belief that purely incorporeal being exists. Thus, they accepted Anaxagoras' idea (as did Aristotle) that if an object is hot, it is because some part of a universal heat body had entered the object. But, unlike Aristotle, they extended the idea to cover all accidents. Thus if an object is red, it would be because some part of a universal red body had entered the object.
They held that there were four categories.
substance (ὑποκείμενον)
The primary matter, formless substance, (ousia) that things are made of
quality (ποιόν)
The way matter is organized to form an individual object; in Stoic physics, a physical ingredient (pneuma: air or breath), which informs the matter
somehow disposed (πως ἔχον)
Particular characteristics, not present within the object, such as size, shape, action, and posture
“ Make for yourself a definition or description of the thing which is presented to you, so as to see distinctly what kind of a thing it is in its substance, in its nudity, in its complete entirety, and tell yourself its proper name, and the names of the things of which it has been compounded, and into which it will be resolved. For nothing is so productive of elevation of mind as to be able to examine methodically and truly every object that is presented to you in life, and always to look at things so as to see at the same time what kind of universe this is, and what kind of use everything performs in it, and what value everything has with reference to the whole. ”
— Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, iii. 11
Somehow disposed in relation to something (πρός τί πως ἔχον)
Characteristics related to other phenomena, such as the position of an object within time and space relative to other objects
Epistemology[edit]
The Stoics propounded that knowledge can be attained through the use of reason. Truth can be distinguished from fallacy—even if, in practice, only an approximation can be made. According to the Stoics, the senses constantly receive sensations: pulsations that pass from objects through the senses to the mind, where they leave an impression in the imagination (phantasia) (an impression arising from the mind was called a phantasma).[17]
The mind has the ability to judge (συγκατάθεσις, synkatathesis)—approve or reject—an impression, enabling it to distinguish a true representation of reality from one that is false. Some impressions can be assented to immediately, but others can only achieve varying degrees of hesitant approval, which can be labeled belief or opinion (doxa). It is only through reason that we achieve clear comprehension and conviction (katalepsis). Certain and true knowledge (episteme), achievable by the Stoic sage, can be attained only by verifying the conviction with the expertise of one's peers and the collective judgment of humankind.
Physics and cosmology[edit]
Main article: Stoic physics
See also: De Mundo
According to the Stoics, the universe is a material, reasoning substance, known as God or Nature, which the Stoics divided into two classes, the active and the passive. The passive substance is matter, which "lies sluggish, a substance ready for any use, but sure to remain unemployed if no one sets it in motion."[18] The active substance, which can be called Fate, or Universal Reason (Logos), is an intelligent aether or primordial fire, which acts on the passive matter:
The universe itself is God and the universal outpouring of its soul; it is this same world's guiding principle, operating in mind and reason, together with the common nature of things and the totality that embraces all existence; then the foreordained might and necessity of the future; then fire and the principle of aether; then those elements whose natural state is one of flux and transition, such as water, earth, and air; then the sun, the moon, the stars; and the universal existence in which all things are contained.
—  Chrysippus, in Cicero, De Natura Deorum, i. 39
Everything is subject to the laws of Fate, for the Universe acts according to its own nature, and the nature of the passive matter it governs. The souls of people and animals are emanations from this primordial fire, and are, likewise, subject to Fate:
Constantly regard the universe as one living being, having one substance and one soul; and observe how all things have reference to one perception, the perception of this one living being; and how all things act with one movement; and how all things are the cooperating causes of all things that exist; observe too the continuous spinning of the thread and the structure of the web.
—  Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, iv. 40
Individual souls are perishable by nature, and can be "transmuted and diffused, assuming a fiery nature by being received into the Seminal Reason (logos spermatikos) of the Universe."[19] Since right Reason is the foundation of both humanity and the universe, it follows that the goal of life is to live according to Reason, that is, to live a life according to Nature.
Ethics and virtues[edit]
The ancient Stoics are often misunderstood because the terms they used pertained to different concepts in the past than they do today. The word "stoic" has come to mean "unemotional" or indifferent to pain because Stoic ethics taught freedom from "passion" by following "reason". The Stoics did not seek to extinguish emotions; rather, they sought to transform them by a resolute "askēsis" that enables a person to develop clear judgment and inner calm.[20] Logic, reflection, and concentration were the methods of such self-discipline.
Borrowing from the Cynics, the foundation of Stoic ethics is that good lies in the state of the soul itself; in wisdom and self-control. Stoic ethics stressed the rule: "Follow where reason leads."[citation needed] One must therefore strive to be free of the passions, bearing in mind that the ancient meaning of "passion" was "anguish" or "suffering",[21] that is, "passively" reacting to external events, which is somewhat different from the modern use of the word. A distinction was made between pathos (plural pathe) which is normally translated as passion, propathos or instinctive reaction (e.g., turning pale and trembling when confronted by physical danger) and eupathos, which is the mark of the Stoic sage (sophos). The eupatheia are feelings that result from correct judgment in the same way that passions result from incorrect judgment.
The idea was to be free of suffering through apatheia (Greek: ἀπάθεια; literally, "without passion") or peace of mind,[22] where peace of mind was understood in the ancient sense—being objective or having "clear judgment" and the maintenance of equanimity in the face of life's highs and lows.
For the Stoics, reason meant not only using logic, but also understanding the processes of nature—the logos, or universal reason, inherent in all things. Living according to reason and virtue, they held, is to live in harmony with the divine order of the universe, in recognition of the common reason and essential value of all people.
The four cardinal virtues (aretai) of Stoic philosophy is a classification derived from the teachings of Plato (Republic IV. 426–435):
Wisdom (σοφία "sophia")
Courage (ανδρεία "andreia")
Justice (δικαιοσύνη "dikaiosyne")
Temperance (σωφροσύνη "sophrosyne")
Following Socrates, the Stoics held that unhappiness and evil are the results of human ignorance of the reason in nature. If someone is unkind, it is because they are unaware of their own universal reason, which leads to the conclusion of kindness. The solution to evil and unhappiness then, is the practice of Stoic philosophy: to examine one's own judgments and behavior and determine where they diverge from the universal reason of nature.
The Stoics accepted that suicide was permissible for the wise person in circumstances that might prevent them from living a virtuous life.[23] Plutarch held that accepting life under tyranny would have compromised Cato's self-consistency (constantia) as a Stoic and impaired his freedom to make the honorable moral choices.[24] Suicide could be justified if one fell victim to severe pain or disease,[23] but otherwise suicide would usually be seen as a rejection of one's social duty.[25]
The doctrine of "things indifferent"[edit]
In philosophical terms, things that are indifferent are outside the application of moral law, that is without tendency to either promote or obstruct moral ends. Actions neither required nor forbidden by the moral law, or that do not affect morality, are called morally indifferent. The doctrine of things indifferent (ἀδιάφορα, adiaphora) arose in the Stoic school as a corollary of its diametric opposition of virtue and vice (καθήκοντα kathekon, "convenient actions," or actions in accordance with nature; and ἁμαρτήματα hamartemata, mistakes). As a result of this dichotomy, a large class of objects were left unassigned and thus regarded as indifferent.
Eventually three sub-classes of "things indifferent" developed: things to prefer because they assist life according to nature; things to avoid because they hinder it; and things indifferent in the narrower sense. The principle of adiaphora was also common to the Cynics and Sceptics. The doctrine of things indifferent was revived during the Renaissance by Philipp Melanchthon.
Spiritual exercise[edit]
Marcus Aurelius, the Stoic emperor
Philosophy for a Stoic is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims, it is a way of life involving constant practice and training (or askesis, see asceticism). Stoic philosophical and spiritual practices included logic, Socratic dialogue and self-dialogue, contemplation of death, training attention to remain in the present moment (similar to some forms of Eastern meditation), and daily reflection on everyday problems and possible solutions. Philosophy for a Stoic is an active process of constant practice and self-reminder.
In his Meditations, Marcus Aurelius defines several such practices. For example, in Book II.I:
Say to yourself in the early morning: I shall meet today ungrateful, violent, treacherous, envious, uncharitable men. All of the ignorance of real good and ill... I can neither be harmed by any of them, for no man will involve me in wrong, nor can I be angry with my kinsman or hate him; for we have come into the world to work together...
Prior to Aurelius, Epictetus in his Discourses, distinguished between three types of act: judgment, desire, and inclination.[26] According to French philosopher Pierre Hadot, Epictetus identifies these three acts with logic, physics, and ethics respectively.[27] Hadot writes that in the Meditations, "Each maxim develops either one of these very characteristic topoi [i.e., acts], or two of them or three of them."[28]
The practices of spiritual exercises have been described as influencing those of reflective practice by Seamus Mac Suibhne.[29] Parallels between Stoic spiritual exercises and modern cognitive behavioral therapy have been detailed at length in Robertson's The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy.[30]
Social philosophy[edit]
A distinctive feature of Stoicism is its cosmopolitanism: All people are manifestations of the one universal spirit and should, according to the Stoics, live in brotherly love and readily help one another. In the Discourses, Epictetus comments on man's relationship with the world: "Each human being is primarily a citizen of his own commonwealth; but he is also a member of the great city of gods and men, whereof the city political is only a copy."[31] This sentiment echoes that of Diogenes of Sinope, who said "I am not an Athenian or a Corinthian, but a citizen of the world."[32]
They held that external differences such as rank and wealth are of no importance in social relationships. Instead they advocated the brotherhood of humanity and the natural equality of all human beings. Stoicism became the most influential school of the Greco-Roman world, and produced a number of remarkable writers and personalities, such as Cato the Younger and Epictetus.
In particular, they were noted for their urging of clemency toward slaves. Seneca exhorted, "Kindly remember that he whom you call your slave sprang from the same stock, is smiled upon by the same skies, and on equal terms with yourself breathes, lives, and dies."[33]
Christianity[edit]
See also: Neostoicism
In his Introduction to the 1964 Penguin Classics edition of Meditations, the Anglican priest Maxwell Staniforth discussed the profound impact Stoicism had on Christianity. He claimed that the author of the Fourth Gospel declared Christ to be the Logos, which "had long been one of the leading terms of Stoicism, chosen originally for the purpose of explaining how deity came into relation with the universe."[34] In St. Ambrose of Milan's Duties, "The voice is the voice of a Christian bishop, but the precepts are those of Zeno."[35][36] Regarding what he called "the Divine Spirit", Stanisforth wrote:
Cleanthes, wishing to give more explicit meaning to Zeno's 'creative fire', had been the first to hit upon the term pneuma, or 'spirit', to describe it. Like fire, this intelligent 'spirit' was imagined as a tenuous substance akin to a current of air or breath, but essentially possessing the quality of warmth; it was immanent in the universe as God, and in man as the soul and life-giving principle. Clearly it is not a long step from this to the 'Holy Spirit' of Christian theology, the 'Lord and Giver of life', visibly manifested as tongues of fire at Pentecost and ever since associated—in the Christian as in the Stoic mind—with the ideas of vital fire and beneficient warmth.[37]
Regarding the Trinity, Staniforth wrote:
Again in the doctrine of the Trinity, the ecclesiastical conception of Father, Word, and Spirit finds its germ in the different Stoic names of the Divine Unity. Thus Seneca, writing of the supreme Power which shapes the universe, states, 'This Power we sometimes call the All-ruling God, sometimes the incorporeal Wisdom, sometimes the holy Spirit, sometimes Destiny.' The Church had only to reject the last of these terms to arrive at its own acceptable definition of the Divine Nature; while the further assertion 'these three are One', which the modern mind finds paradoxical, was no more than commonplace to those familiar with Stoic notions.[37]
The apostle Paul met with Stoics during his stay in Athens, reported in Acts 17:16–18. In his letters, Paul reflected heavily from his knowledge of Stoic philosophy, using Stoic terms and metaphors to assist his new Gentile converts in their understanding of Christianity.[38] Stoic influence can also be seen in the works of St. Ambrose, Marcus Minucius Felix, and Tertullian.[39]
In Stoicism's pantheism, God is never fully transcendent but always immanent. God as the world-creating entity is personalized in Christian thought, but Stoicism equates God with the totality of the universe, which was deeply contrary to Christianity. The only incarnation in Stoicism is that each person has part of the logos within. Stoicism, unlike Christianity, does not posit a beginning or end to the universe.[40]
Stoicism was later regarded by the Fathers of the Church as a "pagan philosophy";[41][42] nonetheless, some of the central philosophical concepts of Stoicism were employed by the early Christian writers. Examples include the terms "logos", "virtue", "Spirit", and "conscience".[40] But the parallels go well beyond the sharing and borrowing of terminology. Both Stoicism and Christianity assert an inner freedom in the face of the external world, a belief in human kinship with Nature or God, a sense of the innate depravity—or "persistent evil"—of humankind,[40] and the futility and temporarity of worldly possessions and attachments. Both encourage Ascesis with respect to the passions and inferior emotions such as lust, and envy, so that the higher possibilities of one's humanity can be awakened and developed.
Stoic writings such as Meditations by Marcus Aurelius have been highly regarded by many Christians throughout the centuries. The Stoic ideal of dispassion is accepted to this day as the perfect moral state by the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Church.
Roman Stoics taught that sex is just within marriage, for unitive and procreative purposes only.[citation needed] This teaching is accepted by Catholic Church until this day.[43]
Saint Ambrose of Milan was known for applying Stoic philosophy to his theology.
Modern usage[edit]
The word "stoic" commonly refers to someone indifferent to pain, pleasure, grief, or joy.[44] The modern usage as "person who represses feelings or endures patiently" was first cited in 1579 as a noun, and 1596 as an adjective.[45] In contrast to the term "Epicurean", the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's entry on Stoicism notes, "the sense of the English adjective 'stoical' is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins."[46]
Philosophers[edit]
Main article: List of Stoic philosophers
Zeno of Citium (332–262 BC), founder of Stoicism and the Stoic Academy (Stoa) in Athens
Aristo of Chios (fl. 260 BC), pupil of Zeno;
Herillus of Carthage (fl. 3rd century BC)
Cleanthes (of Assos) (330–232 BC), second head of Stoic Academy
Chrysippus (280–204 BC), third head of the academy
Diogenes of Babylon (230–150 BC)
Antipater of Tarsus (210–129 BC)
Panaetius of Rhodes (185–109 BC)
Posidonius of Apameia (c. 135 BC – 51 BC)
Diodotus (c. 120 BC – 59 BC), teacher of Cicero
Cato the Younger (94–46 BC)
Seneca (4 BC – AD 65)
Gaius Musonius Rufus (1st century AD)
Rubellius Plautus (AD 33–62)
Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus (1st century AD)
Lucius Annaeus Cornutus (1st century AD)
Epictetus (AD 55–135)
Hierocles (2nd century AD)
Marcus Aurelius (AD 121–180)
See also[edit]
4 Maccabees
Dehellenization
Deixis
Glossary of Stoic terms
Ekpyrosis, palingenesis, apocatastasis
Ekpyrotic universe (cosmological theory)
List of Stoic philosophers
Megarian school
Oikeiôsis
Paradoxa Stoicorum
Plank of Carneades
Pneuma
Sage (philosophy)
Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta
References[edit]
Jump up ^ John Sellars. Stoicism, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Pollard, Elizabeth (2015). Worlds Together, Worlds Apart concise edition vol.1. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 204. ISBN 9780393250930.
Jump up ^ Stoicism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Jump up ^ Becker, Lawrence C. (2001). A New Stoicism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400822447.
Jump up ^ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stoic
Jump up ^ Williamson, D. (1 April 2015). Kant's Theory of Emotion: Emotional Universalism. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-137-49810-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy, p. 254
^ Jump up to: a b Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy, p. 264
Jump up ^ Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy, p. 253.
Jump up ^ Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, "Philosophers Speak of God," Humanity Books, 1953 ch 4
Jump up ^ Amos, H. (1982). These Were the Greeks. Chester Springs: Dufour Editions. ISBN 978-0-8023-1275-4. OCLC 9048254.
Jump up ^ Gilbert Murray, The Stoic Philosophy (1915), p. 25. In Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (1946).
Jump up ^ Becker, Lawrence (2003). A History of Western Ethics. New York: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-415-96825-6.
Jump up ^ A.A.Long, Hellenistic Philosophy, p. 115.
Jump up ^ [1] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Susanne Bobzien, Ancient Logic
Jump up ^ [2] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Susanne Bobzien, Ancient Logic
Jump up ^ Diogenes Laërtius (2000). Lives of eminent philosophers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. VII.49
Jump up ^ Seneca, Epistles, lxv. 2.
Jump up ^ Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, iv. 21.
Jump up ^ Graver, Margaret (2009). Stoicism and Emotion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-30558-5. OCLC 430497127.
Jump up ^ "Passion". Merriam-Webster. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seddon, Keith (2005). Epictetus' Handbook and the Tablet of Cebes. New York: Routledge. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-415-32451-9. OCLC 469313282.
^ Jump up to: a b Don E. Marietta, (1998), Introduction to ancient philosophy, pp. 153–54. Sharpe
Jump up ^ "Cato's suicide in Plutarch AV Zadorojnyi". The Classical Quarterly. 2007
Jump up ^ William Braxton Irvine, (2009), A guide to the good life: the ancient art of Stoic joy, p. 200. Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ Davidson, A.I. (1995) Pierre Hadot and the Spiritual Phenomenon of Ancient Philosophy, in Philosophy as a Way of Life, Hadot, P. Oxford Blackwells pp. 9–10
Jump up ^ Hadot, P. (1992) La Citadelle intérieure. Introduction aux Pensées de Marc Aurèle. Paris, Fayard, pp. 106–15
Jump up ^ Hadot, P. (1987) Exercices spirituels et philosophie antique. Paris, 2nd edn, p. 135.
Jump up ^ Mac Suibhne, S. (2009). "'Wrestle to be the man philosophy wished to make you': Marcus Aurelius, reflective practitioner". Reflective Practice. 10 (4): 429–36. doi:10.1080/14623940903138266.
Jump up ^ Robertson, D (2010). The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy. London: Karnac. ISBN 978-1-85575-756-1.
Jump up ^ Epictetus, Discourses, ii. 5. 26
Jump up ^ Epictetus, Discourses, i. 9. 1
Jump up ^ Seneca, Moral letters to Lucilius, Letter 47: On master and slave, 10, circa AD 65.
Jump up ^ Marcus Aurelius (1964). Meditations. London: Penguin Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-140-44140-6.
Jump up ^ "On the Duties of the Clergy". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
Jump up ^ Aurelius, Marcus (1964). Meditations. London: Penguin Books. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-140-44140-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Marcus Aurelius (1964). Meditations. London: Penguin Books. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-140-44140-6.
Jump up ^ Kee, Howard and Franklin W. Young, Understanding The New Testament, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, Inc. 1958, p. 208. ISBN 978-0139365911
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Stoicism. §Stoic elements in Pauline and patristic thought
^ Jump up to: a b c Ferguson, Everett. Backgrounds of Early Christianity. 2003, p. 368.
Jump up ^ Agathias. Histories, 2.31.
Jump up ^ David, Sedley. "Ancient philosophy". In E. Craig. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
Jump up ^ "CCC, 2366". Vatican.va.
Jump up ^ "Modern Stoicism | Build The Fire". Build The Fire. 2016-02-09. Retrieved 2016-06-22.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas (November 2001). "Online Etymology Dictionary – Stoic". Retrieved 2006-09-02.
Jump up ^ Baltzly, Dirk (2004-12-13). "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Stoicism". Retrieved 2006-09-02.
Further reading[edit]
Primary sources[edit]
A. A. Long and D. N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Inwood, Brad & Gerson LLoyd P. (eds.) The Stoics Reader: Selected Writings and Testimonia Indianapolis: Hackett 2008.
Long, George Enchiridion by Epictetus, Prometheus Books, Reprint Edition, January 1955.
Gill C. Epictetus, The Discourses, Everyman 1995.
Irvine, William, A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) ISBN 978-0-19-537461-2
Hadas, Moses (ed.), Essential Works of Stoicism, Bantam Books 1961.
Harvard University Press Epictetus Discourses Books 1 and 2, Loeb Classical Library Nr. 131, June 1925.
Harvard University Press Epictetus Discourses Books 3 and 4, Loeb Classical Library Nr. 218, June 1928.
Long, George, Discourses of Epictetus, Kessinger Publishing, January 2004.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (transl. Robin Campbell), Letters from a Stoic: Epistulae Morales Ad Lucilium (1969, reprint 2004) ISBN 0-14-044210-3
Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, translated by Maxwell Staniforth; ISBN 0-14-044140-9, or translated by Gregory Hays; ISBN 0-679-64260-9.
Oates, Whitney Jennings, The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers, The Complete Extant Writings of Epicurus, Epictetus, Lucretius and Marcus Aurelius, Random House, 9th printing 1940.
Studies[edit]
Bakalis, Nikolaos, Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics. Analysis and Fragments, Trafford Publishing, May 2005, ISBN 1-4120-4843-5
Becker, Lawrence C., A New Stoicism (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1998) ISBN 0-691-01660-7
Brennan, Tad, The Stoic Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005; paperback 2006)
Brooke, Christopher. Philosophic Pride: Stoicism and Political Thought from Lipsius to Rousseau (Princeton UP, 2012) excerpts
Inwood, Brad (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to The Stoics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
Lachs, John, Stoic Pragmatism (Indiana University Press, 2012) ISBN 0-253-22376-8
Long, A. A., Stoic Studies (Cambridge University Press, 1996; repr. University of California Press, 2001) ISBN 0-520-22974-6
Robertson, Donald, The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy (London: Karnac, 2010) ISBN 978-1-85575-756-1
Sellars, John, Stoicism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006) ISBN 1-84465-053-7
Stephens, William O., Stoic Ethics: Epictetus and Happiness as Freedom (London: Continuum, 2007) ISBN 0-8264-9608-3
Strange, Steven (ed.), Stoicism: Traditions and Transformations (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004) ISBN 0-521-82709-4
Zeller, Eduard; Reichel, Oswald J., The Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, Longmans, Green, and Co., 1892
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Stoicism
Baltzly, Dirk. "Stoicism". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
"Stoicism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
"Stoic Ethics". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
"Stoic Philosophy of Mind". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Hicks, Robert Drew (1911). "Stoics". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
The Stoic Library
The Rebirth of Stoicism
Stoic Logic: The Dialectic from Zeno to Chrysippus
Annotated Bibliography on Ancient Stoic Dialectic
"A bibliography on Stoicism by the Stoic Foundation". Archived from the original on 30 September 2012.
BBC Radio 4's In Our Time programme on Stoicism (requires Flash)
An introduction to Stoic Philosophy
Online Stoic Community: New Stoa
Stoicism Today Project
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Comparison of mail servers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a comparison of mail servers: mail transfer agents, mail delivery agents, and other computer software that provide e-mail services.
Unix based mail servers are built using a number of components because a Unix style environment is, by default, a toolbox[1] operating system. A stock Unix-like server already has internal mail, more traditional ones also come with a full MTA already part of the standard installation. To allow the server to send external emails, an MTA such as Sendmail, Postfix, or Exim is required. Mail is read either through direct access (shell login) or mailbox protocols like POP and IMAP. Unix based MTA software largely acts as enhancement or replacement of the respective system's "native" MTA.
Windows servers do not natively implement email. Windows based MTAs therefore have to cover the whole set of email related functionality.
Contents
[hide]
1 Feature comparison
2 Authentication
3 Antispam features
4 See also
5 References
Feature comparison[edit]
00000 !
00000 !Server OS support
00000 !Features
00000 !Storage
00000 !Users
Mail server
Linux/Unix
SMTP
POP3
IMAP
IMAP IDLE
SMTP over TLS
POP over TLS
IPv6
SSL
Webmail
ActiveSync
Sieve
Database
Filesystem
Other
License
agorum core Yes Yes No Yes ? No No ? Yes Yes No ? Yes No No GPLv2
Apache James Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No ASLv2
Atmail Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No Proprietary (100-user/30-day demo)
Axigen Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ajax & Basic Yes ? No No Yes Proprietary (free version: 10 premium accounts + 10 basic accounts)
Citadel Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No GPLv3
CommuniGate Pro Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes Proprietary (Free for up to 5 users)
Courier Mail Server Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No ? No maildir No GPLv3[2]
Cyrus IMAP Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes (indexes) Yes Yes 4-clause BSD[3]
Dovecot Yes[4] No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes maildir, mbox, dbox No Mixed: MIT and LGPL 2.1[5]
Eudora Internet Mail Server No Yes Yes Yes ? No No ? No No No ? No No Yes Proprietary
Exim Yes Yes Dovecot, UW IMAP Dovecot, UW IMAP Dovecot, UW IMAP Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No GPLv2+[6]
FirstClass Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes Proprietary
Gordano Messaging Suite Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Proprietary
GroupWise Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes No No Proprietary
Halon Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes No No ? Yes Yes Yes Proprietary
Haraka Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes No No ? Yes Yes Yes MIT
hMailServer No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No ? Yes Yes No GNU AGPL
IBM Lotus Domino Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes No No Proprietary
IceWarp Mail Server Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No Proprietary
Ipswitch IMail Server No Yes Yes Yes Yes (since v12.2)[7] Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? No Yes No Proprietary
Kolab Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes GPLv3
Kopano Yes External[8] Yes Yes Yes External[8] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No AGPLv3, paid[9]
MagicMail Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No [1] and proprietary editions[10]
Mailsite No Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Proprietary
Mailtraq No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No ? Yes Yes Yes Proprietary
MDaemon Messaging Server No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No Proprietary
Mercury Mail Transport System No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No ? No Yes No Proprietary donationware
Microsoft Exchange Server No Yes Yes Yes Yes[11][12] Yes Yes Yes (2007 sp1 onwards)[13] Yes Yes Yes ? ESE only Yes (up to 2003 only)[14] Yes Proprietary
NetMail Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No ? Yes No No Proprietary
OpenSMTPD Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes No No ? possible through custom backends Yes No ISC
Open-Xchange Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes No No Proprietary/SaaS, with open-source parts[15]
Oracle Communications Messaging Server Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No ? Yes Yes No Proprietary
Postfix Yes Yes Dovecot, UW IMAP Dovecot, UW IMAP Dovecot, UW IMAP Yes No Yes Yes No No ? Yes Yes Yes IBM Public License
qmail Yes Yes Yes Dovecot, UW IMAP Dovecot, UW IMAP No Dovecot, UW IMAP via Qsmtp No No No ? (cdb) Yes No Public domain
Qpopper Yes No Yes No No No Yes ? Yes No No ? No Yes Yes BSD-style, GPL-incompatible[16]
Scalix Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (via Stunnel) Yes (via Stunnel) ? Yes (via Stunnel) Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No Proprietary with OSS parts, a community (Freeware) and 3 paid editions (SMB, Enterprise, Hosting)
Sendmail Yes Yes Dovecot, UW IMAP Dovecot, UW IMAP Dovecot, UW IMAP Yes No Yes Yes No No ? ? Yes ? Sendmail License
SparkEngine Yes Yes No No No Yes No ? Yes No No ? Yes Yes Yes Proprietary
Synovel Collabsuite Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No ? Yes Yes ? Proprietary with OSS parts, Freeware and paid editions[17]
UW IMAP Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes ? Yes WebPine No ? Yes (Indexes) Yes No Apache License 2.0[18]
WinGate No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No ? No Yes No Proprietary
Zarafa Yes External[8] Yes Yes Yes External[8] Yes No Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No AGPLv3, paid[19]
Zentyal Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No GPLv2[20]
Zimbra Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No ZPL and proprietary editions[21]
Mail server
Linux/Unix
SMTP
POP3
IMAP
IMAP IDLE
SMTP over TLS
POP over TLS
IPv6
SSL
Webmail
ActiveSync
Sieve
Database
Filesystem
Other
License
Authentication[edit]
Mail server
SMTP AUTH
POP before SMTP
APOP
Filesystem
Database
LDAP
Other
agorum core Yes No No No Yes Yes PLAIN, LOGIN, CRAM-MD5, NTLM
Apache James Yes ? ? ? Yes Yes PLAIN, LOGIN
Atmail Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PLAIN, LOGIN, CRAM-MD5, DIGEST-MD5, Active Directory, any LDAP-compatible source
Axigen Yes No Yes No No Yes GSSAPI, CRAM-MD5, DIGEST-MD5, APOP, CLRTXT, LOGIN, PLAIN, LDAP, Internal
CommuniGate Pro Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Active Directory (LDAP), CLRTXT, CRAM-MD5, DIGEST-MD5, APOP, GSSAPI, NTLM, MSN, SESSIONID, External Authentication Plug-in. Also supports X.509 PKI auth via STARTTLS/SSL
Courier Mail Server Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Managed by Courier authentication library which can use PAM, Userdb, PostgreSQL(beta), MySQL, LDAP, and EXTERNAL.
Cyrus IMAP No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Supports X.509 PKI auth via STARTTLS and EXTERNAL. Uses Cyrus SASL authentication library for support for other mechanisms: Berkeley DB, GDBM, or NDBM (sasldb), PAM, MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, LDAP, Active Directory(LDAP), DCE, Kerberos 4 and 5, proxied IMAP auth, getpwent, shadow, SIA, Courier Authdaemon, httpform, APOP and SASL mechanisms: ANONYMOUS, CRAM-MD5, DIGEST-MD5, EXTERNAL, GSSAPI, LOGIN, NTLM, OTP, PASSDSS, PLAIN, SRP
Dovecot No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not an SMTP server, but offers SASL to MTAs.[22][23] POP-before-SMTP via DRAC plugin. PAM, MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, LDAP, Active Directory(LDAP), Kerberos 5, proxied IMAP auth, getpwent, shadow, SIA, BSDauth, Vpopmail. APOP and SASL mechanisms: ANONYMOUS, PLAIN, LOGIN, CRAM-MD5, DIGEST-MD5, SCRAM-SHA1, EXTERNAL, GSSAPI, NTLM, OTP, SKEY, RPA.
Eudora Internet Mail Server Yes No Yes Yes No No CRAM-MD5, DIGEST-MD5, PLAIN, LOGIN
Exim Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cyrus SASL, Dovecot SASL, GNU SASL, CRAM-MD5, Heimdal GSSAPI, PLAIN, LOGIN, SPA
FirstClass Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes
Gordano Messaging Suite Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes PLAIN, LOGIN, CRAM-MD5, DIGEST-MD5, APOP, ODBC, Active Directory, NT Domain
GroupWise Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes eDirectory, Any LDAPv3-compliant source
Halon Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Many mechanism (SMTP callout, Dovecot SASL, REST, etc.) via script.[24]
Haraka Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Proxy to other server, any other mechanism via AUTH plugins.
IceWarp Mail Server Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PLAIN, LOGIN, CRAM-MD5, NTLM
Ipswitch IMail Server Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Active Directory, Windows authentication, CRAM-MD5, PLAIN, LOGIN
Kolab Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Kolab employs Cyrus and Postfix and thus supports all Cyrus SASL authentication methods and X.509 PKI auth via STARTTLS and EXTERNAL.
MagicMail Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Internal, LDAP, Open LDAP, Active Directory
Mailsite Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes NT Domain, Active Directory, PLAIN, LOGIN, NTLM, SCRAM-MD5, CRAM-MD5
Mailtraq Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NT Domain, Active Directory, Local Directory
MDaemon Mail Server Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Active Directory, PLAIN, CRAM-MD5, LOGIN
Mercury Mail Transport System Yes Yes Yes Yes No ? Internal, LOGIN, PLAIN, CRAM-MD5, Netware, LDAP?, partial NT Domain
Microsoft Exchange Server Yes ? Yes No No Yes Active Directory, LOGIN,[25] NTLM
NetMail Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes eDirectory, LDAP
Oracle Communications Messaging Server Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Plain, Login, CRAM-MD5, Digest-MD5, Certificate
OpenSMTPD Yes No No Yes Yes Yes By default PLAIN and LOGIN over SSL only, Certificates, bsd_auth and PAM. Supports adding new authentication mechanisms through custom backends.
Postfix Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Supports all Cyrus SASL authentication methods except for APOP.
Qpopper No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pluggable Authentication Modules, GSSAPI, CRAM-MD5, DIGEST-MD5, APOP, PLAIN, LDAP, CMU SASL library, Kerberos
qmail with patch with vpopmail Yes Yes Yes Yes Works with any checkpassword utility. The original supports only LOGIN and PLAIN. Alternate checkpassword utilities support authentication against PAM, LDAP, and databases.
Scalix Yes ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Internal, LOGIN, PLAIN, X.500 (DAP), LDAP, OpenLDAP, Active Directory, eDirectory, Kerberos, etc.
Sendmail Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Supports all Cyrus SASL authentication methods except for APOP. Also supports X.509 PKI auth via STARTTLS and EXTERNAL.
WinGate Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No NT Domain, Active Directory, CRAM-MD5, SASL PLAIN, SASL LOGIN
Zarafa Yes No No Yes Yes Yes PLAIN, LOGIN using internal backends: Internal, Active Directory, any LDAP-compatible source, Unix
Zentyal Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Active Directory using Dovecot SASL mechanisms
Zimbra Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Internal, LDAP, Open LDAP, Active Directory
Mail server
SMTP AUTH
POP before SMTP
APOP
Filesystem
Database
LDAP
Other
Antispam features[edit]
Mail Server
DNSBL
SURBL
Spamtraps
Greylisting
SPF
DKIM
DMARC
Tarpit
Bayesian filters
Regular expressions
Embedded Antivirus
Embedded Antispam
agorum core No No No No No No No No No Yes No No
Apache James ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes ? Yes ClamAV[26] Optional (Apache SpamAssassin)
Atmail Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes ClamAV Yes SpamAssassin and Exim ACLs
Axigen Yes Yes[27] No Yes Yes Yes ? No Yes, in SpamAssassin Yes Yes CYREN Yes SpamAssassin
Citadel Yes Yes No No Optional (via SpamAssassin) ? ? No Optional (via SpamAssassin) No Optional (ClamAV) Optional (SpamAssassin)
Courier Mail Server Yes ? Yes Yes[28] Yes Yes[29] ? Yes Yes[28] Yes[28] Yes Clamav Yes[28]
Dovecot ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Eudora Internet Mail Server Yes ? Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Exim Yes Yes Yes Yes Optional at build time Yes Optional at build time Yes Optional with spamassassin etc. Yes Optional any Optional any
FirstClass Yes Yes No ? Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Symantec ?
Gordano Messaging Suite Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes CYREN, Authentium Yes CYREN
GroupWise Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Halon Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Optional (via SpamAssassin) Yes Optional (Sophos, ClamAV) Optional (CYREN, SpamAssassin)
Haraka Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Optional with spamassassin etc. Yes Optional ClamAV, AVG, any via plugins Optional SpamAssassin, MessageSniffer
hMailServer Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes ? No No Yes Yes ClamAV Yes SpamAssassin
IBM Lotus Domino Yes[30] ? ? ? No[31] ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
IceWarp Mail Server Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ipswitch IMail Server Yes Yes No No Yes Yes[32] Yes[33] No Yes Yes Yes Symantec, BitDefender Yes CYREN
Kolab Yes ? ? Yes Yes ? ? ? Optional with spamassassin etc. Yes Optional (via content filter interface) Optional (via content filter interface)
MagicMail Yes Yes (via SpamAssassin) ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (via SpamAssassin)
Mailsite Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Mailtraq ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
MDaemon Messaging Server Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Optional Kaspersky Lab Yes
Mercury Mail Transport System Yes ? ? Yes (GreyWall extension) ? ? ? ? Yes (SpamHalter extension) ? Yes (ClamWall extension) ?
Microsoft Exchange Server Yes (2003 & later) ? ? Yes Yes ? ? Yes (2003 & later) ? ? ? ?
NetMail ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
OpenSMTPD ? ? ? ? Yes Yes[34] ? ? ? ? ? ?
Oracle Communications Messaging Server Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? Yes Optional with spamassassin etc. Yes Optional any Optional any
Postfix Yes ? ? Yes Yes Optional[35] Optional[36] ? Optional with spamassassin etc. Yes Optional (via content filter interface) Optional (via content filter interface)
qmail ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? No ? No No
Scalix Yes Yes (via Scalix AntiSpam powered by Cyren or SpamAssassin) Yes (via Scalix AntiSpam powered by Cyren or SpamAssassin) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (via Scalix ZeroHour AntiVirus powered by Cyren or ClamAV) Yes
Sendmail Yes Yes (via milter/SA) ? Yes Optional Optional[35] Optional[36] ? Optional with spamassassin etc. ? Yes ClamAV Yes SpamAssassin
SparkEngine ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Synovel Collabsuite Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? ? Yes Yes YesClamAV Yes SpamAssassin
UW IMAP ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
WinGate ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Zarafa External[8] External[8] External[8] External[8] External[8] External[8] External[8] External[8] External[8] External[8] External[8] External[8]
Zimbra Yes Yes (via SpamAssassin) ? Yes (via Cluebringer Policy Daemon) Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes (partially) Yes (via ClamAV, optionally any via Amavisd) Yes (via SpamAssassin)
Mail Server
DNSBL
SURBL
Spamtraps
Greylisting
SPF
DKIM
DMARC
Tarpit
Bayesian filters
Regular expressions
Embedded Antivirus
Embedded Antispam
See also[edit]
Comparison of email clients
List of mail archiving
List of mail servers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mahoney, Michael S. "The Unix Oral History Project: Release.0, The Beginning". Mahoney: To me one of the lovely features of pipes is the way it reinforces the notion of toolbox ...
Jump up ^ See COPYING file in the distribution
Jump up ^ https://cyrusimap.org/mediawiki/index.php/Downloads#Licensing
Jump up ^ Dovecot Operating System Compatibility. Retrieved on 2008-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Dovecot licensing information: COPYING". Retrieved 2008-09-03.
Jump up ^ See NOTICE file in the distribution
Jump up ^ Ipswitch IMail Server v12.2 Release Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Zarafa Collaboration Platform architecture diagram. Retrieved on 2011-12-10.
Jump up ^ https://kopano.com/pricing/
Jump up ^ http://magicmail.com/
Jump up ^ https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc540463(EXCHG.80).aspx
Jump up ^ https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff848256.aspx
Jump up ^ https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb629624(EXCHG.80).aspx
Jump up ^ Exchange Installable File System (ExIFS)
Jump up ^ https://www.open-xchange.com/en/licenses-ox-app-suite
Jump up ^ Contains jurisdiction selection and IBM Public License-style indemnification clause.
Jump up ^ http://www.synovel.com/collab/editions
Jump up ^ UW IMAP Server Documentation
Jump up ^ https://kopano.com/pricing/
Jump up ^ http://www.zentyal.org/
Jump up ^ http://www.zimbra.com/license/
Jump up ^ http://wiki.dovecot.org/DovecotFeatures
Jump up ^ http://wiki.dovecot.org/Authentication
Jump up ^ "HSL - Halon SMTP server". Halon Security AB. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
Jump up ^ http://support2.gwava.com/kb/?View=entry&EntryID=1605
Jump up ^ "Documentation for build-in ClamAV-Mailet". Retrieved 2013-03-19.
Jump up ^ via Kaspersky anti-spam add-on
^ Jump up to: a b c d with Courier-pythonfilter filtering framework
Jump up ^ Two DKIM filters can be found in Courier-MTA's links page
Jump up ^ http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21102611
Jump up ^ http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?rs=463&context=SSKTMJ&dc=DB520&uid=swg21227751&loc=en_US&cs=UTF-8&lang=en&rss=ct463lotus
Jump up ^ http://www.imailserver.com/products/imail-secure-server/
Jump up ^ http://www.imailserver.com/support/patches-upgrades/imail-server-v12-5-2/
Jump up ^ http://www.opensmtpd.org/presentations/asiabsdcon2013-smtpd/#slide-16
^ Jump up to: a b via opendkim milter
^ Jump up to: a b via opendmarc milter
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