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Top Gear (series 16)
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Top Gear (series 16)
Promotional poster
Starring
Jeremy Clarkson
Richard Hammond
James May
Country of origin
United Kingdom
No. of episodes
8
Release
Original network
BBC Two
Original release
21 December 2010 (2010-12-21) – 27 February 2011 (2011-02-27)
Series chronology
← Previous
Series 15
Next →
Series 17
List of Top Gear episodes
The sixteenth series of Top Gear aired during 2011 on BBC Two and consisted of 6 episodes, beginning on 23 January and concluding on 27 February. The series was preceded by two specials in December 2010, the first of which was aired on 21 December and entitled "East Coast Road Trip", with the special being an exception to others in that it had more studio segments and a "Star in a Reasonably Priced Car" segment within the episode; the second special was a full-length special edition entitled "Middle East Special", which aired five days later on 26 December.[1] Following Ben Collins' departure, a new Stig was introduced.
Contents
[hide]
1 Episodes
2 Criticism and Controversy
2.1 Mexican Slurs comments
2.2 Albanian Road Trip film
3 Notes
4 References
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Top Gear episodes
Total
No.
Title
Reviews
Features/challenges
Guest(s)
Original air date
UK viewers
(million)[2]
125
SP1 "East Coast Road Trip" None Road Trip across USA: (Ferrari 458 Italia • Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG • Porsche 911 GT3 RS) Danny Boyle 21 December 2010 (2010-12-21) 7.13[nb 1]
Clarkson, Hammond and May head to the United States to see if the Blue Ridge Parkway is the best driving road in the world than the Transfăgărăşan, each taking with them a car they feel will be perfect for this task - Clarkson brings with him a Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG, May opts to take a Ferrari 458 Italia, and Hammond, predictably, goes for a Porsche 911 GT3 RS. But upon finding that there are extensive speed limits on the Parkway that make it impossible to enjoy the road with their cars, the trio opt for a different plan, and head off on a road trip along the East Coast, starting in North Carolina. On their trip, the trio visit North Wilkesboro Speedway and get permission from the mayor of North Wilkesboro to race on the former NASCAR circuit, stay at a chalet for the night overlooking the Virginia International Raceway before taking their cars around the circuit, and take part in a drive-by shooting challenge with a special set of targets. Heading north, the boys make their way to their final destination - New York City - where there is a three-way race through Manhattan to see who will land a spot on an American TV show. Meanwhile in the studio, the boys take a look through some interesting toys, while director Danny Boyle discusses his upcoming film 127 Hours before seeing how he fared in the reasonably priced car.
Note: Because of Ben Collins' departure, Tiff Needell was brought in as an "Emergency Stig" to train Danny Boyle for his lap in the Kia Cee'd.
126
SP2 "Middle East Special" N/A Middle East Special: (BMW Z3 • Mazda MX-5 • Fiat Barchetta) N/A 26 December 2010 (2010-12-26) 7.68[nb 2]
Seeking to re-enact the Three Wise Men's journey to Bethlehem, the presenters head to their starting point in northern Iraq, with each bringing with them a second-hand two-seater convertible, bought from Georgia on a budget of £3,500 - Clarkson picks a Mazda MX-5, Hammond chooses a Fiat Barchetta and May goes for a BMW Z3. Landing at Arbil International Airport in Iraqi Kurdistan by cargo plane, the presenters face an extensive array of barriers and so find themselves trying to find a safe route to their final destination. Along the way, the trio try to cross into Iran with little success, find themselves driving fast for safety after mistakenly entering the region of Şırnak in Turkey during Kurdish insurgents' attempts to claim it, modify their cars to cross the deserts of Syria, find gifts for the "baby Jesus" in Damascus, head into Jordan and stop at a two-thousand-year-old Roman circus in Jerash to invent the sport of "Old Testament NASCAR", visit the Sea of Galilee in Israel, and stop off at the Mount of Olives to look over Jerusalem and decide who had brought the best car on their journey, with all of them concluding that Hammond's Fiat is the best. Their trip ends with them guided to a nativity scene, where they bring their gifts to the baby Jesus, only to make an unexpected discovery.
Note: The closing credits were played out with the song, "When a Child is Born", by Johnny Mathis.
127
1 Series 16, Episode 1 Ariel Atom V8 • Škoda Yeti History of the Porsche 911: Porsche 911 Turbo S Cabriolet vs Volkswagen Beetle John Bishop • Sienna Miller • Tiff Needell 23 January 2011 (2011-01-23) 7.38[nb 3]
May heads to the track to look at the latest edition of the Atom, the Ariel Atom V8, while Clarkson decides to do a proper road test on the Skoda Yeti and see if a helicopter can land on it. Elsewhere, the boys introduce their new Stig, Hammond races against a Porsche 997 Turbo S Cabriolet in a one mile drag race against a Volkswagen Beetle with a difference, while comedian John Bishop gets his turn in the Kia Cee'd.
128
2 Series 16, Episode 2 Ferrari 599 GTO "Top Gear Ashes": British Hosts vs Top Gear Australia Hosts Boris Becker • Jodie Kidd • Darryn Lyons • Steve Pizzati • Ewen Page • Shane Jacobson 30 January 2011 (2011-01-30) 7.31[nb 4]
Clarkson, Hammond and May have challenged the newest hosts of Top Gear Australia - Steve Pizzati, Ewen Page and Shane Jacobson - to a series of contests in the "Top Gear Ashes". Events include a Utility Vehicle Drag Race, a Double-Decker Race, Synchronized Donuts, and Sheep Hurdling, before ending with a Rally Race to see who will win the Ashes. Meanwhile, Clarkson showcases the extremely rare 1963 Ferrari 250 GTO and the 1980s era Ferrari 288 GTO, before handling the tricky Ferrari 599 GTO, while Boris Becker is aiming to get the Kia to a fast time on the track.
Note: For The Top Gear Australia, the 'Top Gear Ashes' film was extended into a full-length special edition episode that aired under the title of Top Gear Australia: Ashes Special prior to the show's third series. The episode featured additional footage of the events shown in the British version of the film, but also included additional segments prior to the challenge that was exclusive to the Australian special.
129
3 Series 16, Episode 3 Super Hatchbacks: (Cosworth Impreza STI CS400 • Ford Focus RS500 • Volvo C30 PCP) "Albania Road Trip": (Rolls-Royce Ghost • Yugo (substituting for a Bentley Mulsanne) • Mercedes-Benz S65 AMG) Jonathan Ross 6 February 2011 (2011-02-06) 7.33[nb 5]
The trio head to Albania on a road trip with three cars to see which will be best for the "Albanian Mafia" - May believes the new Rolls-Royce Ghost will be suitable, Hammond thinks it will be the Mercedes-Benz S-Class AMG, while Clarkson proves it will be the "Bentley Mulsanne" (in reality, Bentley pulled out, so the Mulsanne was represented by a Yugo). On their trip, they see if they squeeze the "body" of a fat man into each car's boot, hold a drag race on an airfield, and try to escape from the Albanian police after "robbing a bank". Meanwhile, Clarkson compares the Cosworth Impreza STI CS400 with the Ford Focus RS500 and the one-off Volvo C30 PCP, while chat show host, Jonathan Ross, returns after 15 seasons to see how much improved he will be in the Kia Cee'd.
Note: Jonathan Ross' Power Lap was originally planned for Series 15,[3] but for unknown reasons it was postponed until this series.
130
4 Series 16, Episode 4 Pagani Zonda R • Pagani Zonda Tricolore Second-hand, four seater convertibles for £2,000: (BMW 325i Convertible) Simon Pegg • Nick Frost 13 February 2011 (2011-02-13) 7.28[nb 6]
The presenters see what pitfalls there are in buying a second-hand car, after all three wrecked the original comparing different second-hand convertible bought for less than £2,000, by buying different models of the same car - the BMW 325i, in which Hammond bought the 1987 model, Clarkson the '88 model, and May the '89 model. In a series of tests of their own devising, the trio see who is best in a "0 to 100MPH and back to 0" drag race, how good the condition of their interiors are with the help of a forensic team, see whose car is the easiest to break into with the help of some "car thieves", attempt to get squeaky voices from helium that hasn't leaked out of their roofs, discover how much investment is need to make them showroom ready again, before attempting to become a stunt driving show for the Essex County Fair. Meanwhile, Clarkson tries out a high performance version of the Zonda, the Pagani Zonda R, along with a scaled-down version of the R, the Pagani Zonda Tricolore, while actors Simon Pegg and Nick Frost talk about their new comedy film Paul before seeing who was fastest in the Kia.
131
5 Series 16, Episode 5 BMW M3 Competition Pack • Audi RS5 Convert a combine harvester into a snow plough Amber Heard 20 February 2011 (2011-02-20) 6.87[nb 7]
Following the snow problems caused in 2010 by a lack of snowplows and the money to run them, the presenters wonder if it might be cheaper to convert and utilise combine harvesters for the job when they are not helping to harvest crops. To find out, the trio convert a Claas combine harvester into a "snow-bine", complete with gritter and a flamethrower at the back (thanks to Clarkson). Finding that England is not expecting snow anytime soon, upon completing their creation, the trio opt to take it over to Norway, where in a series of tests, they struggle to clear a runway on a frozen lake, make a mess of things in a local village, before attempting to open up a mountain pass with the snow-bine. Elsewhere, Clarkson tries out both the BMW M3 Competition Pack and the Audi RS5 on the track, while Amber Heard is the latest star setting a lap time in the Kia Cee'd.
132
6 Series 16, Episode 6 Porsche 959 • Ferrari F40 • Jaguar XJ 5.0 V8 Supersport Sunset to sunrise race in a Jaguar XJ 5.0 V8 Supersport across England • NASA's latest Space Exploration Vehicle John Prescott 27 February 2011 (2011-02-27) 6.53[nb 8]
Clarkson is in a race against "God", as he sets off from England's westernmost point at Land's End, Cornwall in a Jaguar XJ 5.0 V8 Supersport at sunset, and attempts to get to its most easternly point at Ness Point, Suffolk, before sunrise on the shortest night of Summer. Meanwhile, Hammond takes a look at his childhood heroes the Porsche 959 and the Ferrari F40, May gets to drive the Space Exploration Vehicle from NASA, and John Prescott arrives in a chorus of boos as he sees how he fared in the reasonably priced car.
Note: The 'Car vs. The Sun (and God)' film was originally planned for Series 15, but for unknown reasons the film was postponed until this series.
Criticism and Controversy[edit]
Main article: Top Gear controversies
Mexican Slurs comments[edit]
Following the broadcast of the second episode of Series 16, controversy arose from the episode's News segment and the discussion between the presenters about Mexico's first supercar. During the discussion, two of the hosts described Mexicans as being lazy and that no-one would complain because they were all too busy sleeping, provoking the Mexican ambassador, Eduardo Medina Mora, to accuse the presenters of resorting to "outrageous, vulgar and inexcusable insults to stir bigoted feelings against the Mexican people", while stating that the remarks were offensive, xenophobic and humiliating and reinforced negative stereotypes of Mexican people.[4] While the BBC defended the presenters anti-Mexican jokes, it apologised about some of the remarks made.[5] Comedian Steve Coogan, however, criticised the programme for its pitiful apology following the broadcast, suggesting that the usual defence of "a bit of a laugh", or "harmless fun" was no longer appropriate, that the insults had gone too far, and described the comments as being "as funny as a cold sweat followed by shooting pains down the left arm".[6]
The Mexican comments were cut when the episode was broadcast in the United States.[7][8]
Albanian Road Trip film[edit]
After the third episode of Series 16 was aired, the BBC received several complaints in regards to the road trip film, in which the presenters were finding a car suitable for the "Albanian Mafia". A number of complaints were directed to a segment of the film in which the presenters 'murdered' a fat Albanian and attempted to find out which of three car boots he would fit into the best, while the stereotypical views that Albania was a nest for mafia car thieves, were also criticised.[9]
Notes[edit]
The viewing figures shown in the Episode Table above, are a combination of the figures from the BBC Two broadcast and the BBC HD broadcast.
Jump up ^ 6.62 million on BBC Two, 506,000 on BBC HD.
Jump up ^ 6.84 million on BBC Two, 836,000 on BBC HD.
Jump up ^ 6.48 million on BBC Two, 903,000 on BBC HD.
Jump up ^ 6.38 million on BBC Two, 925,000 on BBC HD.
Jump up ^ 6.42 million on BBC Two, 912,000 on BBC HD.
Jump up ^ 6.39 million on BBC Two, 893,000 on BBC HD.
Jump up ^ 5.88 million on BBC Two, 989,000 on BBC HD.
Jump up ^ 5.63 million on BBC Two, 902,000 on BBC HD.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top Gear Specials 2010 - Episode 2". www.bbc.co.uk. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board.
Jump up ^ Sky TV listings for 25 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mexico wants apology after "Top Gear" tirade". Reuters. 2 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "BBC offers apology for Top Gear comments on Mexico". BBC. 3 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Top Gear's offensive stereotyping has gone too far, says Steve Coogan". London: Guardian. 5 February 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Top Gear to cut Mexico comments for US broadcast". BBC News. 11 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Collins, Martyn (February 11, 2011). "Mexican slurs removed from US Top Gear". AOL.
Jump up ^ Quinn, Ben (7 February 2011). "Top Gear on the offensive again – now it's Albania's turn". The Guardian. London.
[hide]
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text:
Commercial management
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Business administration
Management of a business
Accounting[show]
Management accounting
Financial accounting
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Cooperative
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Commercial management is "the identification and development of business opportunities and the profitable management of projects and contracts, from inception to completion."[1]
Commercial management within an organization is applied only at policy levels. Commercial policies relate to the rules or practices that define how business will be conducted and the standard terms under which external relationships will be conducted. Many of these policies are reflected in the terms of any contract in which the organization engages. At a transactional level, commercial management is applied through the oversight of trading relationships to ensure their compliance with business goals or policies and to understand or manage the financial and risk implications of any variations.The Commercial Department is responsible for the marketing & sale of the transportation provided by a railway, for creating and developing traffic, for securing and maintaining friendly relations with the travelling and trading public and for cultivating good public relations generally. The fixing of rates, fares and other charges and the correct collection, accountal and remittance of traffic receipts are also among its functions.
See also[edit]
Contract management
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What is Commercial Management?" – Institute of Commercial Management
External links[edit]
IACCM: International Association for Contract and Commercial Management
e²cm: Ecole Européenne de Contract Management
e²cm: Ecole Européenne de Contract Management
CMPro. The specialist portal for Commercial-, Contract-, Claim-, Construction- Management
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text:
Googol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Google or Nikolai Gogol.
A googol is the large number 10100. In decimal notation, it is written as the digit 1 followed by one hundred zeroes: 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept
2 Size
3 Properties
4 Cultural impact
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Concept
The term was coined in 1920 by 9-year-old Milton Sirotta (1911–1981), nephew of U.S. mathematician Edward Kasner.[1] Kasner popularized the concept in his 1940 book Mathematics and the Imagination.[2] Other names for googol include ten duotrigintillion on the short scale, ten thousand sexdecillion on the long scale, or ten sexdecilliard on the Peletier long scale.
Size
A googol has no special significance in mathematics. However, it is useful when comparing with other very large quantities such as the number of subatomic particles in the visible universe or the number of hypothetical possibilities in a chess game. Kasner used it to illustrate the difference between an unimaginably large number and infinity, and in this role it is sometimes used in teaching mathematics. To give a sense of how big a googol really is, the mass of an electron, just under 6970100000000000000♠10−30 kg, can be compared to the mass of the visible universe, estimated at between 7050100000000000000♠1050 and 7060100000000000000♠1060 kg.[3] It is a ratio in the order of about 1080 to 1090, or only about one ten-billionth of a googol (0.00000001% of a googol).
Carl Sagan pointed out that the total number of elementary particles in the universe is around 1080 (the Eddington number) and that if the whole universe were packed with neutrons so that there would be no empty space anywhere, there would be around 10128. He also noted the similarity of the second calculation to that of Archimedes in The Sand Reckoner.[4]
The decay time for a supermassive black hole of roughly 1 galaxy-mass (1011 solar masses) due to Hawking radiation is on the order of 10100 years.[5] Therefore, the heat death of an expanding universe is lower-bounded to occur a googol years in the future.
Properties
A googol is approximately 70! (factorial of 70). Using an integral, binary numeral system, one would need 333 bits to represent a googol, i.e., 1 googol ≈ 2332.19280949, or exactly 2 ( 100 / l o g 10 2 ) {\displaystyle 2^{(100/\mathrm {log} _{10}2)}} . However, a googol is well within the maximum bounds of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point type.
The series of residues (mod n) of one googol is:
0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 1, 0, 1, 4, 3, 4, 10, 0, 4, 10, 9, 0, 4, 12, 13, 16, 0, 16, 10, 4, 16, 10, 5, 0, 1, 4, 25, 28, 10, 28, 16, 0, 1, 4, 31, 12, 10, 36, 27, 16, 11, 0, ... (sequence A066298 in the OEIS)
Cultural impact
Widespread sounding of the word occurs through the name of the company Google, with the name "Google" being an accidental misspelling of "googol" by the company's founders,[6] which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.[7] In 2004, family members of Kasner, who had inherited the right to his book, were considering suing Google for their use of the term googol;[8] however, no suit was ever filed.
Since October 2009, Google has been assigning domain names to its servers under the domain "1e100.net", the scientific notation for 1 googol, in order to provide a single domain to identify servers across the Google network.[9][10]
The word is notable for being the subject of the £1 million question in a 2001 episode of the British quiz show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, when contestant Charles Ingram cheated his way through the show with the help of an accomplice.[11]
See also
Googolplex
Infinity
Names of large numbers
Only a Trillion
References
Jump up ^ Bialik, Carl (June 14, 2004). "There Could Be No Google Without Edward Kasner". The Wall Street Journal Online. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. (retrieved March 17, 2015)
Jump up ^ Kasner, Edward; Newman, James R. (1940). Mathematics and the Imagination. Simon and Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-486-41703-4. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. The relevant passage about the googol and googolplex, attributing both of these names to Kasner's nine-year-old nephew, is available in James R. Newman, ed. (2000) [1956]. The world of mathematics, volume 3. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. pp. 2007–2010. ISBN 978-0-486-41151-4.
Jump up ^ Elert, Glenn; et al. "Mass of the Universe". Archived from the original on 2017-07-23.
Jump up ^ Sagan, Carl (1981). Cosmos. Book Club Associates. pp. 220–221.
Jump up ^ Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole, Don N. Page, Physical Review D 13 (1976), pp. 198–206. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198. See in particular equation (27).
Jump up ^ Koller, David (January 2004). "Origin of the name "Google"". Stanford University. Archived from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Google! Beta website". Google, Inc. Archived from the original on February 21, 1999. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Have your Google people talk to my `googol' people". Archived from the original on 2014-09-04.
Jump up ^ Cade Metz (8 February 2010). "Google doppelgänger casts riddle over interwebs". The Register. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "What is 1e100.net?". Google. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Falk, Quentin; Falk, Ben (2005), "A Code and a Cough: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (1998–)", Television's Strangest Moments: Extraordinary But True Tales from the History of Television, Franz Steiner Verlag, pp. 245–246, ISBN 9781861058744 .
External links
Weisstein, Eric W. "Googol". MathWorld.
googol at PlanetMath.org.
Padilla, Tony; Symonds, Ria. "Googol and Googolplex". Numberphile. Brady Haran.
Look up googol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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