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List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
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The page lists individuals who have won three or more gold medals at the Olympics.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of most Olympic gold medals over career
1.1 Timeline
2 List of most career gold medals in individual events
3 See also
4 References
List of most Olympic gold medals over career[edit]
This is a partial list of multiple Olympic gold medalists, listing people who have won four or more Olympic gold medals. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. (If they were, Ray Ewry would be second on the list with 10 gold). It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. For simplicity, when an athlete has won medals for more than one nation, only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here. The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games in which they won medals. See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed. More medals are available in some events than others, and the number of events in which medals are available overall has changed over time.
Names in Bold denote people that have competed in the most recent Olympics, namely 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics and 2016 Rio Summer Olympics.
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 23 3 2 28
2
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer F 9 5 4 18
3
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920–1928 Summer M 9 3 0 12
4
Spitz, MarkMark Spitz United States Swimming 1968–1972 Summer M 9 1 1 11
5
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis United States Athletics 1984–1996 Summer M 9 1 0 10
6
Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002–2018 Winter F 8 4 3 15
7
Bjørndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998–2014 Winter M 8 4 1 13
8
Dæhlie, BjørnBjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter M 8 4 0 12
Fischer, BirgitBirgit Fischer East Germany
Germany Canoeing 1980–2004 Summer F 8 4 0 12
10
Kato, SawaoSawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer M 8 3 1 12
Thompson, JennyJenny Thompson United States Swimming 1992–2004 Summer F 8 3 1 12
12
Biondi, MattMatt Biondi United States Swimming 1984–1992 Summer M 8 2 1 11
13
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008–2016 Summer M 8 0 0 8
Ewry, RayRay Ewry United States Athletics 1900–1908 Summer M 8 0 0 8
15
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972–1980 Summer M 7 5 3 15
16
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer M 7 4 2 13
17
Čáslavská, VěraVěra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960–1968 Summer F 7 4 0 11
18
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer M 7 3 1 11
19
Gerevich, AladárAladár Gerevich Hungary Fencing 1932–1960 Summer M 7 1 2 10
20
Mangiarotti, EdoardoEdoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing 1936–1960 Summer M 6 5 2 13
21
Werth, IsabellIsabell Werth Germany Equestrian 1992–2016 Summer F 6 4 0 10
22
Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 6 3 3 12
23
Felix, AllysonAllyson Felix United States Athletics 2004–2016 Summer F 6 3 0 9
Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900–1920 Summer M 6 3 0 9
Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1994 Winter F 6 3 0 9
26
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer M 6 2 2 10
27
Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996–2012 Summer F 6 1 2 9
28
Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948–1960 Summer M 6 1 1 8
29
Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2000–2012 Summer M 6 1 0 7
Kenny, JasonJason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008–2016 Summer M 6 1 0 7
31
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo Unified Team
Belarus Gymnastics 1992–1996 Summer M 6 0 4 10
32
Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn South Korea
Russia Short track speed skating 2006–2014 Winter M 6 0 2 8
Klimke, ReinerReiner Klimke United Team of Germany
West Germany Equestrian 1964–1988 Summer M 6 0 2 8
34
Kovács, PálPál Kovács Hungary Fencing 1936–1960 Summer M 6 0 1 7
35
Kárpáti, RudolfRudolf Kárpáti Hungary Fencing 1948–1960 Summer M 6 0 0 6
Nadi, NedoNedo Nadi Italy Fencing 1912–1920 Summer M 6 0 0 6
Otto, KristinKristin Otto East Germany Swimming 1988 Summer F 6 0 0 6
Skoblikova, LidiaLidia Skoblikova Soviet Union Speed skating 1960–1964 Winter F 6 0 0 6
Van Dyken, AmyAmy Van Dyken United States Swimming 1996–2000 Summer F 6 0 0 6
40
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter F 5 5 1 11
41
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952–1964 Summer M 5 4 4 13
42
Osburn, CarlCarl Osburn United States Shooting 1912–1924 Summer M 5 4 2 11
43
Hall, Jr., GaryGary Hall, Jr. United States Swimming 1996–2004 Summer M 5 3 2 10
Keleti, ÁgnesÁgnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer F 5 3 2 10
45
Comăneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer F 5 3 1 9
Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000–2004 Summer M 5 3 1 9
47
Ritola, VilleVille Ritola Finland Athletics 1924–1928 Summer M 5 3 0 8
48
Astakhova, PolinaPolina Astakhova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer F 5 2 3 10
49
Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992–2006 Winter F 5 2 2 9
50
Lipă, ElisabetaElisabeta Lipă Romania Rowing 1984–2004 Summer F 5 2 1 8
51
Endo, YukioYukio Endo Japan Gymnastics 1960–1968 Summer M 5 2 0 7
Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade France Biathlon 2014–2018 Winter M 5 2 0 7
Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000–2008 Summer M 5 2 0 7
54
Tsukahara, MitsuoMitsuo Tsukahara Japan Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer M 5 1 3 9
55
Adrian, NathanNathan Adrian United States Swimming 2008–2016 Summer M 5 1 2 8
Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2000–2016 Summer M 5 1 2 8
57
Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988–1996 Summer F 5 1 1 7
Jager, TomTom Jager United States Swimming 1984–1992 Summer M 5 1 1 7
Lazutina, LarisaLarisa Lazutina Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter F 5 1 1 7
Lee, Willis A.Willis A. Lee United States Shooting 1920 Summer M 5 1 1 7
Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924–1928 Winter M 5 1 1 7
Vollmer, DanaDana Vollmer United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer F 5 1 1 7
Winkler, Hans GünterHans Günter Winkler United Team of Germany
West Germany Equestrian 1956–1976 Summer M 5 1 1 7
Wu Minxia China Diving 2004–2016 Summer F 5 1 1 7
65
Alsgaard, ThomasThomas Alsgaard Norway Cross-country skiing 1994–2002 Winter M 5 1 0 6
Heida, AntonAnton Heida United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer M 5 1 0 6
Kim, NellieNellie Kim Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer F 5 1 0 6
Kozák, DanutaDanuta Kozák Hungary Canoeing 2008–2016 Summer F 5 1 0 6
Ledecky, KatieKatie Ledecky United States Swimming 2012–2016 Summer F 5 1 0 6
Lilloe-Olsen, OleOle Lilloe-Olsen Norway Shooting 1920–1924 Summer M 5 1 0 6
Schollander, DonDon Schollander United States Swimming 1964–1968 Summer M 5 1 0 6
72
Blair, BonnieBonnie Blair United States Speed skating 1988–1994 Winter F 5 0 1 6
Damian, GeorgetaGeorgeta Damian Romania Rowing 2000–2008 Summer F 5 0 1 6
Franklin, MissyMissy Franklin United States Swimming 2012–2016 Summer F 5 0 1 6
Lane, AlfredAlfred Lane United States Shooting 1912–1920 Summer M 5 0 1 6
Redgrave, SteveSteve Redgrave Great Britain Rowing 1984–2000 Summer M 5 0 1 6
Weissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller United States Swimming, Water polo 1924–1928 Summer M 5 0 1 6
Zou Kai China Gymnastics 2008–2012 Summer M 5 0 1 6
79
Chen Ruolin China Diving 2008–2016 Summer F 5 0 0 5
Davydova, AnastasiaAnastasia Davydova Russia Synchronized swimming 2004–2012 Summer F 5 0 0 5
Fisher, MorrisMorris Fisher United States Shooting 1920–1924 Summer M 5 0 0 5
Heiden, EricEric Heiden United States Speed skating 1980 Winter M 5 0 0 5
Ishchenko, NataliaNatalia Ishchenko Russia Synchronized swimming 2008–2016 Summer F 5 0 0 5
Romashina, SvetlanaSvetlana Romashina Russia Synchronized swimming 2008–2016 Summer F 5 0 0 5
85
Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina Soviet Union
Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976–1992 Winter F 4 5 1 10
86
Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov Unified Team
Russia Swimming 1992–2000 Summer M 4 5 0 9
87
Torres, DaraDara Torres United States Swimming 1984–2008 Summer F 4 4 4 12
88
Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972–1976 Summer F 4 4 0 8
Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956–1964 Summer F 4 4 0 8
90
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956–1964 Winter M 4 3 2 9
Tourischeva, LudmillaLudmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer F 4 3 2 9
92
Groß, RiccoRicco Groß Germany Biathlon 1992–2006 Winter M 4 3 1 8
Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1924–1936 Summer M 4 3 1 8
Olsen, OttoOtto Olsen Norway Shooting 1920–1924 Summer M 4 3 1 8
Svendsen, Emil HegleEmil Hegle Svendsen Norway Biathlon 2010–2018 Winter M 4 3 1 8
96
Patzaichin, IvanIvan Patzaichin Romania Canoeing 1968–1984 Summer M 4 3 0 7
97
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996–2000 Summer M 4 2 6 12
98
Kramer, SvenSven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter M 4 2 3 9
99
Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992–2006 Winter M 4 2 2 8
de Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000–2004 Summer F 4 2 2 8
Fischer, SvenSven Fischer Germany Biathlon 1994–2006 Winter M 4 2 2 8
Kulakova, GalinaGalina Kulakova Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1972–1980 Winter F 4 2 2 8
Lezak, JasonJason Lezak United States Swimming 2000–2012 Summer M 4 2 2 8
Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968–1976 Summer M 4 2 2 8
Schmitt, AllisonAllison Schmitt United States Swimming 2008–2016 Summer F 4 2 2 8
106
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928–1936 Winter M 4 2 1 7
Liberg, EinarEinar Liberg Norway Shooting 1908–1924 Summer M 4 2 1 7
108
Delfino, GiuseppeGiuseppe Delfino Italy Fencing 1952–1964 Summer M 4 2 0 6
d'Oriola, ChristianChristian d'Oriola France Fencing 1948–1956 Summer M 4 2 0 6
Gaudin, LucienLucien Gaudin France Fencing 1920–1928 Summer M 4 2 0 6
Grevers, MattMatt Grevers United States Swimming 2008–2012 Summer M 4 2 0 6
Guo Jingjing China Diving 2000–2008 Summer F 4 2 0 6
Jong-oh, JinJin Jong-oh South Korea Shooting 2004–2016 Summer M 4 2 0 6
Korbut, OlgaOlga Korbut Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972–1976 Summer F 4 2 0 6
Kostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić Croatia Alpine skiing 2002–2006 Winter F 4 2 0 6
Kuske, KevinKevin Kuske Germany Bobsleigh 2002–2018 Winter M 4 2 0 6
117
Trillini, GiovannaGiovanna Trillini Italy Fencing 1992–2008 Summer F 4 1 3 8
118
Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels United States Swimming 1904–1908 Summer M 4 1 2 7
Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004–2012 Summer M 4 1 2 7
Spooner, LloydLloyd Spooner United States Shooting 1920 Summer M 4 1 2 7
Trickett, LibbyLibby Trickett Australia Swimming 2004–2012 Summer F 4 1 2 7
122
Domracheva, DaryaDarya Domracheva Belarus Biathlon 2010–2018 Winter F 4 1 1 6
Ignat, DoinaDoina Ignat Romania Rowing 1992–2008 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Kim Soo-Nyung South Korea Archery 1988–2000 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Novikova-Belova, ElenaElena Novikova-Belova Soviet Union Fencing 1968–1976 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Rose, MurrayMurray Rose Australia Swimming 1956–1960 Summer M 4 1 1 6
Sidyak, ViktorViktor Sidyak Soviet Union Fencing 1968–1980 Summer M 4 1 1 6
Svan, GundeGunde Svan Sweden Cross-country skiing 1984–1988 Winter M 4 1 1 6
van Moorsel, LeontienLeontien van Moorsel Netherlands Cycling 2000–2004 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Wagner-Augustin, KatrinKatrin Wagner-Augustin Germany Canoeing 2000–2012 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Wang Meng China Short track speed skating 2006–2010 Winter F 4 1 1 6
132
Ainslie, BenBen Ainslie Great Britain Sailing 1996–2012 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Artemov, VladimirVladimir Artemov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1988 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Ashford, EvelynEvelyn Ashford United States Athletics 1984–1992 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Evans, JanetJanet Evans United States Swimming 1988–1992 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Ferguson, IanIan Ferguson New Zealand Canoeing 1984–1988 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Fonst, RamónRamón Fonst Cuba Fencing 1900–1904 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Fu Mingxia China Diving 1992–2000 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Grishin, YevgenyYevgeny Grishin Soviet Union Speed skating 1956–1964 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Hefford, JaynaJayna Hefford Canada Ice hockey 1998–2014 Winter F 4 1 0 5
Klochkova, YanaYana Klochkova Ukraine Swimming 2000–2004 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Kolehmainen, HannesHannes Kolehmainen Finland Athletics 1912–1920 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Koss, Johann OlavJohann Olav Koss Norway Speed skating 1992–1994 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Lange, AndréAndré Lange Germany Bobsleigh 2002–2010 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Louganis, GregGreg Louganis United States Diving 1976–1988 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Muratov, ValentinValentin Muratov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Naber, JohnJohn Naber United States Swimming 1976 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Nykänen, MattiMatti Nykänen Finland Ski jumping 1984–1988 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Pahud de Mortanges, CharlesCharles Pahud de Mortanges Netherlands Equestrian 1924–1936 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Sheppard, MelMel Sheppard United States Athletics 1908–1912 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Szabo, EcaterinaEcaterina Szabo Romania Gymnastics 1984 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Tikhonov, AlexanderAlexander Tikhonov Soviet Union Biathlon 1968–1980 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Wang Nan China Table tennis 2000–2008 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Wickenheiser, HayleyHayley Wickenheiser Canada Ice hockey 1998–2014 Winter F 4 1 0 5
Williams, VenusVenus Williams United States Tennis 2000–2016 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Zátopek, EmilEmil Zátopek Czechoslovakia Athletics 1948–1952 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Zimyatov, NikolayNikolay Zimyatov Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1980–1984 Winter M 4 1 0 5
158
Kulcsár, GyőzőGyőző Kulcsár Hungary Fencing 1964–1976 Summer M 4 0 2 6
159
Beerbaum, LudgerLudger Beerbaum West Germany
Germany Equestrian 1988–2016 Summer M 4 0 1 5
Biles, SimoneSimone Biles United States Gymnastics 2016 Summer F 4 0 1 5
Boron, KathrinKathrin Boron Germany Rowing 1992–2008 Summer F 4 0 1 5
Chun Lee-Kyung South Korea Short track speed skating 1994–1998 Winter F 4 0 1 5
Edwards, TeresaTeresa Edwards United States Basketball 1984–2000 Summer F 4 0 1 5
Geisenberger, NatalieNatalie Geisenberger Germany Luge 2010–2018 Winter F 4 0 1 5
Hurley, MarcusMarcus Hurley United States Cycling 1904 Summer M 4 0 1 5
Li Xiaopeng China Gymnastics 2000–2008 Summer M 4 0 1 5
Olsen, JonJon Olsen United States Swimming 1992–1996 Summer M 4 0 1 5
Pozdnyakov, StanislavStanislav Pozdnyakov Unified Team
Russia Fencing 1992–2004 Summer M 4 0 1 5
Richards-Ross, SanyaSanya Richards-Ross United States Athletics 2004–2012 Summer F 4 0 1 5
Susanu, VioricaViorica Susanu Romania Rowing 2000–2008 Summer F 4 0 1 5
Zampori, GiorgioGiorgio Zampori Italy Gymnastics 1912–1924 Summer M 4 0 1 5
172
Ammann, SimonSimon Ammann Switzerland Ski jumping 2002–2010 Winter M 4 0 0 4
Arlt, TobiasTobias Arlt Germany Luge 2014–2018 Winter M 4 0 0 4
Bird, SueSue Bird United States Basketball 2004–2016 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Blankers-Koen, FannyFanny Blankers-Koen Netherlands Athletics 1948 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Catchings, TamikaTamika Catchings United States Basketball 2004–2016 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Cologna, DarioDario Cologna Switzerland Cross-country skiing 2010–2018 Winter M 4 0 0 4
Cuthbert, BettyBetty Cuthbert Australia Athletics 1956–1964 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Darnyi, TamásTamás Darnyi Hungary Swimming 1988–1992 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Deng Yaping China Table tennis 1992–1996 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Dillard, HarrisonHarrison Dillard United States Athletics 1948–1952 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Elvstrøm, Paul BertPaul Bert Elvstrøm Denmark Sailing 1948–1960 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Ermakova, AnastasiaAnastasia Ermakova Russia Synchronized swimming 2004–2008 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Farah, MohamedMohamed Farah Great Britain Athletics 2012–2016 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Fuchs, JenőJenő Fuchs Hungary Fencing 1908–1912 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Icho, KaoriKaori Icho Japan Wrestling 2004–2016 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Johnson, MichaelMichael Johnson United States Athletics 1992–2000 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Korzeniowski, RobertRobert Korzeniowski Poland Athletics 1996–2004 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Kraenzlein, AlvinAlvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 1900 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Krayzelburg, LennyLenny Krayzelburg United States Swimming 2000–2004 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Krovopuskov, ViktorViktor Krovopuskov Soviet Union Fencing 1976–1980 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Leslie, LisaLisa Leslie United States Basketball 1996–2008 Summer F 4 0 0 4
McCormick, PatPat McCormick United States Diving 1952–1956 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Oerter, AlAl Oerter United States Athletics 1956–1968 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Ouellette, CarolineCaroline Ouellette Canada Ice hockey 2002–2014 Winter F 4 0 0 4
Owens, JesseJesse Owens United States Athletics 1936 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Pavesi, CarloCarlo Pavesi Italy Fencing 1952–1960 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Pinsent, MatthewMatthew Pinsent Great Britain Rowing 1992–2004 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Radmilovic, PauloPaulo Radmilovic Great Britain Water polo, Swimming 1908–1920 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Saint Cyr, HenriHenri Saint Cyr Sweden Equestrian 1952–1956 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Salnikov, VladimirVladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Swimming 1980–1988 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Schuhmann, CarlCarl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics, Wrestling 1896 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Taurasi, DianaDiana Taurasi United States Basketball 2004–2016 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Trott, LauraLaura Trott Great Britain Cycling 2012–2016 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Uphoff, NicoleNicole Uphoff West Germany
Germany Equestrian 1988–1992 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Virén, LasseLasse Virén Finland Athletics 1972–1976 Summer M 4 0 0 4
Wassberg, ThomasThomas Wassberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1980–1988 Winter M 4 0 0 4
Wendl, TobiasTobias Wendl Germany Luge 2014–2018 Winter M 4 0 0 4
Williams, SerenaSerena Williams United States Tennis 2000–2012 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Wöckel, BärbelBärbel Wöckel East Germany Athletics 1976–1980 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Yining, ZhangZhang Yining China Table tennis 2004–2008 Summer F 4 0 0 4
Timeline[edit]
This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most titles won. It includes titles won in 1896 and 1900, before gold medals were awarded for first place. All record-holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games.
Michael Phelps, holder of the record for the most Olympic gold medals, with one of his medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Gold medals
Date
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Record gold-medal event
Earlier gold-medal events
Gender
1[1]
1896-04-06 James Connolly United States Athletics Triple jump — M
Robert Garrett United States Athletics Discus M
1896-04-07 Ellery Clark United States Athletics Long jump M
Thomas Burke United States Athletics 400 metres M
2[1]
Robert Garrett United States Athletics Shot put see above M
1896-04-09 Edwin Flack Australia Athletics 800 metres 1896 - 1 M
Fritz Hofmann, Konrad Böcker, Alfred Flatow, Gustav Flatow, Georg Hilmar, Fritz Manteuffel, Karl Neukirch, Richard Röstel, Gustav Schuft, Carl Schuhmann, Hermann Weingärtner Germany Gymnastics Team horizontal bar 1896 - 1 M
3[1]
Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics Vault see previous M
Hermann Weingärtner Germany Gymnastics Horizontal bar see above M
1896-04-10 Alfred Flatow Germany Gymnastics Parallel bars see above M
4
1896-04-11[1] Carl Schuhmann Germany Wrestling Greco-Roman see above M
1900-07-16 Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 200 metre hurdles 1900 - 1, 2, 3 M
1904-08-05 Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1 mile 1904 - 1, 2, 3 M
1904-08-29 Ray Ewry United States Athletics Standing long jump 1900 - 1, 2, 3 M
5
1904-08-31 Standing high jump
6
1904-09-03 Standing triple jump
7
1908-07-20 Athletics Standing long jump
8
1908-07-23 Standing high jump
1924-07-13 Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics Team cross-country 1920 - 1, 2, 3
1924 - 4, 5, 6, 7 M
9
1928-07-29 Athletics 10000 metres
1964-10-23 Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics Floor exercise 1956 - 1, 2, 3, 4
1960 - 5, 6, 7
1964 - 8 F
1972-09-04 Mark Spitz United States Swimming 4 × 100 metre medley relay 1968 - 1, 2
1972 - 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 M
1996-07-29 Carl Lewis United States Athletics Long jump 1984 - 1, 2, 3, 4
1988 - 5, 6
1992 - 7, 8 M
2008-08-12 Michael Phelps United States Swimming 200 metre freestyle 2004 - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2008 - 7, 8
M
10
2008-08-13 200 metre butterfly
11
4 × 200 metre freestyle relay
12
2008-08-15 200 metre individual medley
13
2008-08-16 100 metre butterfly
14
2008-08-17 4 × 100 metre medley relay
15
2012-07-31 Swimming 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay
16
2012-08-02 200 metre individual medley
17
2012-08-03 100 metre butterfly
18
2012-08-04 4 × 100 metre medley relay
19
2016-08-07 Swimming 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
20
2016-08-09 200 metre butterfly
21
4 × 200 metre freestyle relay
22
2016-08-11 200 metre individual medley
23
2016-08-13 4 × 100 metre medley relay
List of most career gold medals in individual events[edit]
This list currently includes all Olympians with three or more gold medals won as individuals (not as part of a team of two or more).
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps United States Swimming 2004–2016 Summer M 13 2 1 16
2
Ewry, RayRay Ewry United States Athletics 1900–1908 Summer M 8 0 0 8
3
Čáslavská, VěraVěra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1964–1968 Summer F 7 1 0 8
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis United States Athletics 1984–1996 Summer M 7 1 0 8
5
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer F 6 5 3 14
6
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972–1980 Summer M 6 3 3 12
7
Dæhlie, BjørnBjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992–1998 Winter M 6 3 0 9
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920–1928 Summer M 6 3 0 9
9
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956–1964 Summer M 6 2 2 10
10
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008–2016 Summer M 6 0 0 6
Skoblikova, LidiaLidia Skoblikova Soviet Union Speed skating 1960–1964 Winter F 6 0 0 6
12
Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002–2018 Winter F 5 3 2 10
13
Bjørndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998–2014 Winter M 5 3 1 9
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer M 5 3 1 9
Kato, SawaoSawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968–1976 Summer M 5 3 1 9
16
Comăneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976–1980 Summer F 5 1 1 7
Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988–1996 Summer F 5 1 1 7
Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948–1960 Summer M 5 1 1 7
Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924–1928 Winter M 5 1 1 7
20
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo Unified Team
Belarus Gymnastics 1992–1996 Summer M 5 0 4 9
21
Blair, BonnieBonnie Blair United States Speed skating 1988–1994 Winter F 5 0 1 6
22
Heiden, EricEric Heiden United States Speed skating 1980 Winter M 5 0 0 5
23
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006–2018 Winter F 4 4 1 9
24
Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova Unified Team
Russia Cross-country skiing 1992–1994 Winter F 4 3 0 7
25
Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992–2006 Winter M 4 2 2 8
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968–1972 Summer M 4 2 2 8
Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992–2006 Winter F 4 2 2 8
28
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928–1936 Winter M 4 2 1 7
29
Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade France Biathlon 2010–2018 Winter M 4 2 0 6
Jin Jong-oh South Korea Shooting 2004–2016 Summer M 4 2 0 6
Kostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić Croatia Alpine skiing 2002–2006 Winter F 4 2 0 6
Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900–1920 Summer M 4 2 0 6
33
de Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000–2004 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Keleti, ÁgnesÁgnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952–1956 Summer F 4 1 1 6
Spitz, MarkMark Spitz United States Swimming 1968–1972 Summer M 4 1 1 6
van Moorsel, LeontienLeontien van Moorsel Netherlands Cycling 2000–2004 Summer F 4 1 1 6
37
Ainslie, BenBen Ainslie Great Britain Sailing 1996–2012 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Evans, JanetJanet Evans United States Swimming 1988–1992 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Grishin, YevgenyYevgeny Grishin Soviet Union Speed skating 1956–1964 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Heida, AntonAnton Heida United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Klochkova, YanaYana Klochkova Ukraine Swimming 2000–2004 Summer F 4 1 0 5
Koss, Johann OlavJohann Olav Koss Norway Speed skating 1992–1994 Winter M 4 1 0 5
Louganis, GregGreg Louganis United States Diving 1976–1988 Summer M 4 1 0 5
Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov Unified Team
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Dibiasi, KlausKlaus Dibiasi Italy Diving 1964–1976 Summer M 3 2 0 5
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Germany Luge 1988–2002 Winter M 3 2 0 5
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Germany Shooting 1988–2008 Summer M 3 2 0 5
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Štukelj, LeonLeon Štukelj Yugoslavia Gymnastics 1924–1936 Summer M 3 1 1 5
Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000–2004 Summer M 3 1 1 5
van den Hoogenband, PieterPieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands Swimming 2000–2004 Summer M 3 1 1 5
Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996–2012 Summer F 3 1 1 5
Wang Meng China Short track speed skating 2006–2010 Winter F 3 1 1 5
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Artemov, VladimirVladimir Artemov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1988 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Bekele, KenenisaKenenisa Bekele Ethiopia Athletics 2004–2008 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Campriani, NiccolòNiccolò Campriani Italy Shooting 2012–2016 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Compagnoni, DeborahDeborah Compagnoni Italy Alpine skiing 1992–1998 Winter F 3 1 0 4
Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972–1976 Summer F 3 1 0 4
Flanagan, JohnJohn Flanagan United States Athletics 1900–1908 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Fonst, RamónRamón Fonst Cuba Fencing 1900–1904 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956–1964 Summer F 3 1 0 4
Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström Sweden Figure skating 1920–1932 Both M 3 1 0 4
Groß, MichaelMichael Groß West Germany Swimming 1984–1988 Summer M 3 1 0 4
Gustafson, TomasTomas Gustafson Sweden Speed skating 1984–1988 Winter M 3 1 0 4
Hillman, HarryHarry Hillman United States Athletics 1904–1908 Summer M 3 1 0 4
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Kirvesniemi, Marja-LiisaMarja-Liisa Kirvesniemi Finland Cross-country skiing 1984–1994 Winter F 3 0 2 5
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Biles, SimoneSimone Biles United States Gymnastics 2016 Summer F 3 0 1 4
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Smith, MichelleMichelle Smith Ireland Swimming 1996 Summer F 3 0 1 4
Zou Kai China Gymnastics 2008–2012 Summer M 3 0 1 4
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Alsgaard, ThomasThomas Alsgaard Norway Cross-country skiing 1994–2002 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Andersen, HjalmarHjalmar Andersen Norway Speed skating 1952 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Armstrong, KristinKristin Armstrong United States Cycling 2008–2016 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Ballanger, FéliciaFélicia Ballanger France Cycling 1996–2000 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Bennett, BrookeBrooke Bennett United States Swimming 1996–2000 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Blankers-Koen, FannyFanny Blankers-Koen Netherlands Athletics 1948 Summer F 3 0 0 3
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Hahn, ArchieArchie Hahn United States Athletics 1904 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Haug, ThorleifThorleif Haug Norway Cross-country skiing 1924 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Henie, SonjaSonja Henie Norway Figure skating 1928–1936 Winter F 3 0 0 3
Houser, BudBud Houser United States Athletics 1924–1928 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Ivanov, VyacheslavVyacheslav Ivanov Soviet Union Rowing 1956–1964 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Johansson, IvarIvar Johansson Sweden Wrestling 1932–1936 Summer M 3 0 0 3
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Kakhiashvili, KakhiKakhi Kakhiashvili
Kakiasvilis, AkakiosAkakios Kakiasvilis Unified Team
Greece Weightlifting 1992–2000 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Karppinen, PerttiPertti Karppinen Finland Rowing 1976–1984 Summer M 3 0 0 3
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Killy, Jean-ClaudeJean-Claude Killy France Alpine skiing 1968 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Lemming, EricEric Lemming Sweden Athletics 1908–1912 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Lightbody, JamesJames Lightbody United States Athletics 1904 Summer M 3 0 0 3
López, MijaínMijaín López Cuba Wrestling 2008–2016 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Masson, PaulPaul Masson France Cycling 1896 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Medved, AlexanderAlexander Medved Soviet Union Wrestling 1964–1972 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Meyer, DebbieDebbie Meyer United States Swimming 1968 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Mutlu, HalilHalil Mutlu Turkey Weightlifting 1996–2004 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Nadi, NedoNedo Nadi Italy Fencing 1912–1920 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Nomura, TadahiroTadahiro Nomura Japan Judo 1996–2004 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Owens, JesseJesse Owens United States Athletics 1936 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Papp, LászlóLászló Papp Hungary Boxing 1948–1956 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Pérec, Marie-JoséMarie-José Pérec France Athletics 1992–1996 Summer F 3 0 0 3
Sailer, ToniToni Sailer Austria Alpine skiing 1956 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Saitiev, BuvaisarBuvaisar Saitiev Russia Wrestling 1996–2008 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Salnikov, VladimirVladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Swimming 1980–1988 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Savón, FélixFélix Savón Cuba Boxing 1992–2000 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Snell, PeterPeter Snell New Zealand Athletics 1960–1964 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Stevenson, TeófiloTeófilo Stevenson Cuba Boxing 1972–1980 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Stoch, KamilKamil Stoch Poland Ski jumping 2014–2018 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Süleymanoğlu, NaimNaim Süleymanoğlu Turkey Weightlifting 1988–1996 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Timmer, MarianneMarianne Timmer Netherlands Speed skating 1998–2006 Winter F 3 0 0 3
van Gennip, YvonneYvonne van Gennip Netherlands Speed skating 1988 Winter F 3 0 0 3
Wehling, UlrichUlrich Wehling East Germany Nordic combined 1972–1980 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Weissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller United States Swimming 1924–1928 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Westergren, CarlCarl Westergren Sweden Wrestling 1920–1932 Summer M 3 0 0 3
White, ShaunShaun White United States Snowboarding 2006–2018 Winter M 3 0 0 3
Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2004–2012 Summer M 3 0 0 3
Zimyatov, NikolayNikolay Zimyatov Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1980–1984 Winter M 3 0 0 3
See also[edit]
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event
List of multiple Olympic medalists
List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games
List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event
List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists
All-time Olympic Games medal table
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Coubertin, Pierre de; Timoleon J. Philimon; N. G. Politis; Ch. Anninos (1897). "Second Part: The Olympic Games in 1896" (PDF). The Olympic Games, B.C. 776 – A.D. 1896 (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). IOC official Olympic reports. translated by A. v. K. London: Grevel. pp. 55–81 (passim). Retrieved 2008-08-13. (note: the source gives dates in the Julian calendar; this table uses the Gregorian calendar)
"Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
"databaseOlympics.com". databaseSports.com. Archived from the original on 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
See also references in the articles on each athlete.
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Olympics and Paralympics statistics
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Sabotage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Sabotage (disambiguation).
"Saboteur" redirects here. For other uses, see Saboteur (disambiguation).
For "sabotage" on Wikipedia, better known as "vandalism", see Wikipedia:Vandalism.
A United States poster from the World War II-era that was used to inform people about what they should do if they suspect sabotage
Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, effort or organization through subversion, obstruction, disruption or destruction[1]. One who engages in sabotage is a saboteur. Saboteurs typically try to conceal their identities because of the consequences of their actions.
Any unexplained adverse condition might be sabotage. Sabotage is sometimes called tampering, meddling, tinkering, malicious pranks, malicious hacking, a practical joke or the like to avoid needing to invoke legal and organizational requirements for addressing sabotage[2].
Contents
1 Etymology
2 As industrial action
3 As environmental action
4 As war tactic
4.1 Value of simple sabotage in wartime
4.2 In World War I
4.3 Post World War I
4.4 In World War II
4.5 After World War II
4.6 In Vietnam
4.7 During the Cold War
5 As crime
6 As political action
6.1 In a coup d'etat
7 Derivative usages
7.1 Sabotage radio
7.2 Cybotage
7.3 Counter-sabotage
7.3.1 In World War II
7.4 Borrowed into Japanese
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
A popular but false account of the origin of the term's present meaning is the story that less wealthy workers in France, who wore not leather but wooden shoes, used to throw these sabots into the machines to disrupt production.[3] This account is not supported by the etymology.[3] Rather, the French source word literally means to "walk noisily," as was done by sabot-wearing labourers, who interrupted production by means of labor disputes, not damage.[3]
One of its first appearances in French literature is in the Dictionnaire du Bas-Langage ou manières de parler usitées parmi le peuple of D'Hautel, edited in 1808.[4]
The verb "saboter" is also found in 1873–1874 in the Dictionnaire de la langue française of Émile Littré.[5] But it is at the end of the 19th century that it really began to be used with the meaning of "deliberately and maliciously destroying property" or "working slower". In 1897, Émile Pouget, a famous syndicalist and anarchist wrote "action de saboter un travail" (action of sabotaging a work) in Le Père Peinard[6] and in 1911 he also wrote a book entitled Le Sabotage.[7]
As industrial action[edit]
Unauthorized stencil urging sabotage and picketing
At the inception of the Industrial Revolution, skilled workers such as the Luddites (1811–1812) used sabotage as a means of negotiation in labor disputes.
Labor unions such as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) have advocated sabotage as a means of self-defense and direct action against unfair working conditions.
The IWW was shaped in part by the industrial unionism philosophy of Big Bill Haywood, and in 1910 Haywood was exposed to sabotage while touring Europe:
The experience that had the most lasting impact on Haywood was witnessing a general strike on the French railroads. Tired of waiting for parliament to act on their demands, railroad workers walked off their jobs all across the country. The French government responded by drafting the strikers into the army and then ordering them back to work. Undaunted, the workers carried their strike to the job. Suddenly, they could not seem to do anything right. Perishables sat for weeks, sidetracked and forgotten. Freight bound for Paris was misdirected to Lyon or Marseille instead. This tactic — the French called it "sabotage" — won the strikers their demands and impressed Bill Haywood.[8][9]
For the IWW, sabotage's meaning expanded to include the original use of the term: any withdrawal of efficiency, including the slowdown, the strike, working to rule, or creative bungling of job assignments.[10]
One of the most severe examples was at the construction site of the Robert-Bourassa Generating Station in 1974, in Québec, Canada, when workers used bulldozers to topple electric generators, damaged fuel tanks, and set buildings on fire. The project was delayed a year, and the direct cost of the damage estimated at $2 million CAD. The causes were not clear, but three possible factors have been cited: inter-union rivalry, poor working conditions, and the perceived arrogance of American executives of the contractor, Bechtel Corporation.[11]
As environmental action[edit]
Main article: Ecotage
Certain groups turn to destruction of property to stop environmental destruction or to make visible arguments against forms of modern technology they consider detrimental to the environment. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and other law enforcement agencies use the term eco-terrorist when applied to damage of property. Proponents argue that since property cannot feel terror, damage to property is more accurately described as sabotage. Opponents, by contrast, point out that property owners and operators can indeed feel terror. The image of the monkey wrench thrown into the moving parts of a machine to stop it from working was popularized by Edward Abbey in the novel The Monkey Wrench Gang and has been adopted by eco-activists to describe destruction of earth damaging machinery.
From 1992 to late 2007 a radical environmental activist movement known as ELF or Earth Liberation Front engaged in a near constant campaign of decentralized sabotage of any construction projects near wild lands and extractive industries such as logging and even the burning down of a ski resort of Vail Colorado.[12] ELF used sabotage tactics often in loose coordination with other environmental activist movements to physically delay or destroy threats to wild lands as the political will developed to protect the targeted wild areas that ELF engaged.[13][14]
As war tactic[edit]
World War II poster from the United States
In war, the word is used to describe the activity of an individual or group not associated with the military of the parties at war, such as a foreign agent or an indigenous supporter, in particular when actions result in the destruction or damaging of a productive or vital facility, such as equipment, factories, dams, public services, storage plants or logistic routes. Prime examples of such sabotage are the events of Black Tom and the Kingsland Explosion. Like spies, saboteurs who conduct a military operation in civilian clothes or enemy uniforms behind enemy lines are subject to prosecution and criminal penalties instead of detention as prisoners of war.[15][16] It is common for a government in power during war or supporters of the war policy to use the term loosely against opponents of the war. Similarly, German nationalists spoke of a stab in the back having cost them the loss of World War I.[17]
A modern form of sabotage is the distribution of software intended to damage specific industrial systems. For example, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is alleged to have sabotaged a Siberian pipeline during the Cold War, using information from the Farewell Dossier. A more recent case may be the Stuxnet computer worm, which was designed to subtly infect and damage specific types of industrial equipment. Based on the equipment targeted and the location of infected machines, security experts believe it was an attack on the Iranian nuclear program by the United States, Israel or, according to the latest news, even Russia.[18]
Sabotage, done well, is inherently difficult to detect and difficult to trace to its origin. During World War II, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated 19,649 cases of sabotage and concluded the enemy had not caused any of them.[19]
Sabotage in warfare, according to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) manual, varies from highly technical coup de main acts that require detailed planning and specially trained operatives, to innumerable simple acts that ordinary citizen-saboteurs can perform. Simple sabotage is carried out in such a way as to involve a minimum danger of injury, detection, and reprisal. There are two main methods of sabotage; physical destruction and the "human element". While physical destruction as a method is self-explanatory, its targets are nuanced, reflecting objects to which the saboteur has normal and inconspicuous access in everyday life. The "human element" is based on universal opportunities to make faulty decisions, to adopt a non-cooperative attitude, and to induce others to follow suit.[20]
There are many examples of physical sabotage in wartime. However, one of the most effective uses of sabotage is against organizations. The OSS manual provides numerous techniques under the title "General Interference with Organizations and Production":
When possible, refer all matters to committees for "further study and consideration". Attempt to make the committees as large as possible—never fewer than five
Bring up irrelevant issues as frequently as possible.
Haggle over precise wordings of communications, minutes, resolutions.
In making work assignments, always sign out unimportant jobs first, assign important jobs to inefficient workers with poor machines.
Insist on perfect work in relatively unimportant products; send back for refinishing those with the least flaw. Approve other defective parts whose flaws are not visible to the naked eye.
To lower morale, and with it, production, be pleasant to inefficient workers; give them undeserved promotions. Discriminate against efficient workers; complain unjustly about their work.
Hold meetings when there is more critical work to be done.
Multiply procedures and clearances involved in issuing instructions, pay checks, and so on. See that multiple people must approve everything where one would do.
Spread disturbing rumors that sound like inside information.
From the section entitled, "General Devices for Lowering Morale and Creating Confusion" comes the following quintessential simple sabotage advice: "Act stupid."[21]
Value of simple sabotage in wartime[edit]
The United States Office of Strategic Services, later renamed the CIA, noted specific value in committing simple sabotage against the enemy during wartime: "... slashing tires, draining fuel tanks, starting fires, starting arguments, acting stupidly, short-circuiting electric systems, abrading machine parts will waste materials, manpower, and time." To underline the importance of simple sabotage on a widespread scale, they wrote, "Widespread practice of simple sabotage will harass and demoralize enemy administrators and police." The OSS was also focused on the battle for hearts and minds during wartime; "the very practice of simple sabotage by natives in enemy or occupied territory may make these individuals identify themselves actively with the United Nations War effort, and encourage them to assist openly in periods of Allied invasion and occupation."[22]
In World War I[edit]
On 30 July 1916, the Black Tom explosion occurred when German agents set fire to a complex of warehouses and ships in Jersey City, New Jersey that held munitions, fuel, and explosives bound to aid the Allies in their fight.
On 11 January 1917, Fiodore Wozniak, using a rag saturated with phosphorus or an incendiary pencil supplied by German sabotage agents, set fire to his workbench at an ammunition assembly plant near Lyndhurst, New Jersey, causing a four-hour fire that destroyed half a million 3-inch explosive shells and destroyed the plant for an estimated at $17 million in damages. Wozniak's involvement was not discovered until 1927.[23]
On 12 February 1917, Bedouins allied with the British destroyed a Turkish railroad near the port of Wajh, derailing a Turkish locomotive. The Bedouins traveled by camel and used explosives to demolish a portion of track.[24]
Post World War I[edit]
Japanese experts inspect the scene of the "railway sabotage" on the South Manchurian Railway in 1931. The "railroad sabotage" was one of the events that led to the Mukden Incident and the Japanese occupation of Manchuria.
In Ireland, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) used sabotage against the British following the Easter 1916 uprising. The IRA compromised communication lines and lines of transportation and fuel supplies. The IRA also employed passive sabotage, refusing dock and train workers to work on ships and rail cars used by the government. In 1920, agents of the IRA committed arson against at least fifteen British warehouses in Liverpool. The following year, the IRA set fire to numerous British targets again, including the Dublin Customs House, this time sabotaging most of Liverpool's firetrucks in the firehouses before lighting the matches.[25]
In World War II[edit]
Sabotage training for the Allies consisted of teaching would-be saboteurs key components of working machinery to destroy. "Saboteurs learned hundreds of small tricks to cause the Germans big trouble. The cables in a telephone junction box ... could be jumbled to make the wrong connections when numbers were dialed. A few ounces of plastique, properly placed, could bring down a bridge, cave in a mine shaft, or collapse the roof of a railroad tunnel."[26]
The Polish Home Army Armia Krajowa, who commanded the majority of resistance organizations in Poland (even the National Forces, except the Military Organization Lizard Union; The Home Army also included the Polish Socialist Party – Freedom, Equality, Independence) and coordinating and aiding the Jewish Military Union as well as more reluctantly helping the Jewish Combat Organization, was responsible for the greatest number of acts of sabotage in German—occupied Europe. The Home Army's sabotage operations Operation Garland and Operation Ribbon are just two examples. In all, the Home Army damaged 6,930 locomotives, set 443 rail transports on fire, damaged over 19,000 rail cars "wagony," and blew up 38 rail bridges, not to mention the attacks against the rail roads. The Home Army was also responsible for 4,710 built-in flaws in parts for aircraft engines and 92,000 built-in flaws in artillery projectiles, among other examples of significant sabotage. In addition, over 25,000 acts of more minor sabotage were committed. It continued to fight against both the Germans and the Soviets; however, it did aid the Western Allies by collecting constant and detailed information on the German rail, wheeled, and horse transports.[27] As for Stalin's proxies, their actions lead to a great number of the Polish and Jewish hostages, mostly civilians, murdered in reprisal by the Germans. The Gwardia Ludowa destroyed around 200 German trains during the war, and indiscriminately threw hand grenades into places frequented by Germans.
The French Resistance ran an extremely effective sabotage campaign against the Germans during World War II. Receiving their sabotage orders through messages over the BBC radio or by aircraft, the French used both passive and active forms of sabotage. Passive forms included losing German shipments and allowing poor quality material to pass factory inspections. Many active sabotage attempts were against critical rail lines of transportation. German records count 1,429 instances of sabotage from French Resistance forces between January 1942 and February 1943. From January through March 1944, sabotage accounted for three times the number of locomotives damaged by Allied air power.[25] See also Normandy Landings for more information about sabotage on D-Day.
During World War II, the Allies committed sabotage against the Peugeot truck factory. After repeated failures in Allied bombing attempts to hit the factory, a team of French Resistance fighters and Special Operations Executive (SOE) agents distracted the German guards with a game of soccer while part of their team entered the plant and destroyed machinery.[28]
In December 1944, the Germans ran a false flag sabotage infiltration, Operation Greif, which was commanded by Waffen-SS commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle of the Bulge. German commandos, wearing US Army uniforms, carrying US Army weapons, and using US Army vehicles, penetrated US lines to spread panic and confusion among US troops and to blow up bridges, ammunition dumps, and fuel stores and to disrupt the lines of communication. Many of the commandos were captured by the Americans. Because they were wearing US uniforms, a number of the Germans were executed as spies, either summarily or after military commissions.[29]
After World War II[edit]
Palestine Railway's K class 2-8-4T steam locomotive and freight train on the Jaffa and Jerusalem line after being sabotaged by Jewish paramilitary forces in 1946.
From 1948 to 1960, the Malayan Communists committed numerous effective acts of sabotage against the Malaysian Government, first targeting railway bridges, then hitting larger targets such as military camps. Most of their efforts were centered around crippling Malaysia's economy and involved sabotage against trains, rubber trees, water pipes, and electric lines. The Communist's sabotage efforts were so successful that they caused backlash amongst the Malaysian population, who gradually withdrew support for the Communist movement as their livelihoods became threatened.[30]
In Mandatory Palestine from 1945 to 1948, Jewish groups opposed British control. Though that control was to end according to the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1948, the groups used sabotage as an opposition tactic. The Haganah focused their efforts on camps used by the British to hold refugees and radar installations that could be used to detect illegal immigrant ships. The Stern Gang and the Irgun used terrorism and sabotage against the British government and against lines of communications. In November 1946, the Irgun and Stern Gang attacked a railroad twenty-one times in a three-week period, eventually causing shell-shocked Arab railway workers to strike. The 6th Airborne Division was called in to provide security as a means of ending the strike.[31]
In Vietnam[edit]
The Viet Cong used swimmer saboteurs often and effectively during the Vietnam War. Between 1969 and 1970, swimmer saboteurs sunk, destroyed, or damaged 77 assets of the U.S. and its allies. Viet Cong swimmers were poorly equipped but well-trained and resourceful. The swimmers provided a low-cost/low-risk option with high payoff; possible loss to the country for failure compared to the possible gains from a successful mission led to the obvious conclusion the swimmer saboteurs were a good idea.[32]
During the Cold War[edit]
On 1 January 1984, the Cuscatlan bridge over Lempa river in El Salvador, critical to flow of commercial and military traffic, was destroyed by guerrilla forces using explosives after using mortar fire to "scatter" the bridge's guards, causing an estimated $3.7 million in required repairs, and considerably impacting on El Salvadoran business and security.[33]
In 1982 in Honduras, a group of nine Salvadorans and Nicaraguans destroyed a main electrical power station, leaving the capital city Tegucigalpa without power for three days.[34]
As crime[edit]
Some criminals have engaged in acts of sabotage for reasons of extortion. For example, Klaus-Peter Sabotta sabotaged German railway lines in the late 1990s in an attempt to extort DM10 million from the German railway operator Deutsche Bahn. He is now serving a sentence of life imprisonment. In 1989, ex-Scotland Yard detective Rodney Whitchelo was sentenced to 17 years in prison for spiking Heinz baby food products in supermarkets, in an extortion attempt on the food manufacturer.[35]
As political action[edit]
The term political sabotage is sometimes used to define the acts of one political camp to disrupt, harass or damage the reputation of a political opponent, usually during an electoral campaign, such as during Watergate. Smear campaigns are a commonly used tactic. The term could also describe the actions and expenditures of private entities, corporations and organizations against democratically approved or enacted laws, policies and programs.
After the Cold War ended, the Mitrokhin Archives were declassified, which included detailed KGB plans of active measures to subvert politics in opposing nations.
In a coup d'etat[edit]
Sabotage is a crucial tool of the successful coup d'etat, which requires control of communications before, during, and after the coup is staged. Simple sabotage against physical communications platforms using semi-skilled technicians, or even those trained only for this task, could effectively silence the target government of the coup, leaving the information battle space open to the dominance of the coup's leaders. To underscore the effectiveness of sabotage, "A single cooperative technician will be able temporarily to put out of action a radio station which would otherwise require a full-scale assault."[36]
Railroads, where strategically important to the regime the coup is against, are prime targets for sabotage—if a section of the track is damaged entire portions of the transportation network can be stopped until it is fixed.[37]
Derivative usages[edit]
Sabotage radio[edit]
A sabotage radio was a small two-way radio designed for use by resistance movements in World War II, and after the war often used by expeditions and similar parties.
Cybotage[edit]
Arquilla and Rondfeldt, in their work entitled Networks and Netwars, differentiate their definition of "netwar" from a list of "trendy synonyms," including "cybotage," a portmanteau from the words "sabotage" and "cyber". They dub the practitioners of cybotage "cyboteurs" and note while all cybotage is not netwar, some netwar is cybotage.[38]
Counter-sabotage[edit]
Counter-sabotage, defined by Webster's Dictionary, is "counterintelligence designed to detect and counteract sabotage". The United States Department of Defense definition, found in the Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, is "action designed to detect and counteract sabotage. See also counterintelligence".
In World War II[edit]
During World War II, British subject Eddie Chapman, trained by the Germans in sabotage, became a double agent for the British. The German Abwehr entrusted Chapman to destroy the British de Havilland Company's main plant which manufactured the outstanding Mosquito light bomber, but required photographic proof from their agent to verify the mission's completion. A special unit of the Royal Engineers known as the Magic Gang covered the de Havilland plant with canvas panels and scattered papier-mâché furniture and chunks of masonry around three broken and burnt giant generators. Photos of the plant taken from the air reflected devastation for the factory and a successful sabotage mission, and Chapman, as a British sabotage double-agent, fooled the Germans for the duration of the war.[39]
Borrowed into Japanese[edit]
In Japanese, the verb saboru (サボる) means to skip school or loaf on the job.
See also[edit]
Birth control sabotage
Edmund Charaszkiewicz
Cichociemni
Colin Gubbins
Direct action
Espionage
Fifth column
Gaslighting
Guerrilla warfare
Industrial espionage
Kedyw
Norwegian heavy water sabotage
Partisan
Political warfare
Setting up to fail
Social undermining
Special Activities Division
Tampering
Terrorism
The Mole, TV series
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Simandan, D., 2018. Competition, contingency, and destabilization in urban assemblages and actor-networks. Urban Geography, vol. 39 (5), pp. 655-666; https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2017.1382307
Jump up ^ Ambrose, M.L., Seabright, M.A. and Schminke, M., 2002. Sabotage in the workplace: The role of organizational injustice. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 89(1), pp.947-965.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sabotage". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ D'Hautel, Charles-Louis (1808). Dictionnaire du Bas-Langage ou manières de parler usitées parmi le peuple [Dictionary of slang or ways to speak used by the people] (in French). D'Hautel et Schoell. p. 325. Saboteur : Sobriquet injurieux qu'on donne à un mauvais ouvrier, qui fait tout à la hâte, et malproprement.
Jump up ^ Littré, Émile (1873–1874). Dictionnaire de la langue française [Dictionary of the French language]. Hachette. p. 1790.
Jump up ^ Pouget, Émile (1976). Le Père Peinard. Éditions Galilée. p. 53. ISBN 2718600306.
Jump up ^ Pouget, Émile (1911). Le Sabotage. Marcel Rivière.
Jump up ^ Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 152.
Jump up ^ Jimthor, Stablewars, May 2008
Jump up ^ Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, pages 196–197.
Jump up ^ Rinehart, J.W. The Tyranny of Work, Canadian Social Problems Series. Academic Press Canada (1975), pp. 78–79. ISBN 0-7747-3029-3.
Jump up ^ Earth Liberation Front[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "Earth Liberation Front". targetofopportunity.com.
Jump up ^ "The Secret History of Tree Spiking – Part 1". iww.org.
Jump up ^ Wilbur Redington Miller (29 June 2012). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 186. ISBN 0-7618-6137-8.
Jump up ^ David Churchman (9 May 2013). Why We Fight: The Origins, Nature, and Management of Human Conflict. University Press of America. p. 186. ISBN 0-7618-6137-8.
Jump up ^ Dokumentarfilm.com Archived 26 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Markoff, John, "Malware Aimed at Iran Hit Five Sites, Report Says", New York Times, 13 February 2011, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Marrin, Albert (1985). The Secret Armies : Spies, Counterspies, and Saboteurs in World War II. New York: Atheneum. p. 37. ISBN 0-689-31165-6.
Jump up ^ "Office of Strategic Services Simple Sabotage Manuel" (PDF). 17 January 1944. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Office of Strategic Services Simple Sabotage Manuel" (PDF). 17 January 1944. pp. 28–31. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Office of Strategic Services" (PDF). 17 January 1944. p. 2. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
Jump up ^ McGeorge II, Harvey J.; Christine C. Ketchem (1983–1984). "Sabotage: A Strategic Tool for Guerilla Forces". World Affairs. World Affairs Institute. 146 (3): 249–256 [250]. JSTOR 20671989.
Jump up ^ Conduit, D.M.; et al. (1968). Challenge and Response in Internal Conflict, Volume II: The Experience in Europe and the Middle East. Washington: The American University.
^ Jump up to: a b Howard L. Douthit III, Captain, USAF (1988). The Use and Effectiveness of Sabotage as a Means of Unconventional Warfare- An Historical Perspective from World War I Through Vietnam. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Air Force Institute of Technology. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Marrin, Albert (1985). The Secret Armies : Spies, Counterspies, and Saboteurs in World War II. New York: Atheneum. p. 77. ISBN 0-689-31165-6.
Jump up ^ Home Army#Major operations
Jump up ^ Marrin, Albert (1985). The Secret Armies : Spies, Counterspies, and Saboteurs in World War II. New York: Atheneum. p. 83. ISBN 0-689-31165-6.
Jump up ^ Jean-Paul Pallud (28 May 1987). Ardennes, 1944: Peiper and Skorzeny. Osprey Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 0-85045-740-8.
Jump up ^ Report prepared by the Historical Evaluation and Research Organization under contract for the Army Research Office (1966). Isolating the Guerrilla: Classic and Basic Case Studies (Volume II). Washington: Historical Evaluation and Research Organization.
Jump up ^ Conduit, D.M.; et al. (1967). Challenge and Response In Internal Conflict, Volume II: The Experience in Europe and the Middle East. Washington: The American University.
Jump up ^ Babyak, E.E., Jr., LtJG, USN (1971). Swimmer Sabotage or The Most Dangerous Mine. Charleston: Naval Mine Warfare School. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ McGeorge II, Harvey J.; Christine C. Ketchem (1983–1984). "Sabotage: A Strategic Tool for Guerilla Forces". World Affairs. World Affairs Institute. 146 (3): 249–256. JSTOR 20671989.
Jump up ^ McGeorge II, Harvey J.; Christine C. Ketchem (1983–1984). "Sabotage: A Strategic Tool for Guerilla Forces". World Affairs. World Affairs Institute. 146 (3): 249–256 [253]. JSTOR 20671989.
Jump up ^ "Food Scare Scandals". The Independent. 1999-06-16.
Jump up ^ Luttwak, Edward (1968). Coup d'Etat, a Practical Handbook. London: The Penguin Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-674-17547-6.
Jump up ^ Luttwak, Edward (1968). Coup d'Etat, a Practical Handbook. London: The Penguin Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-674-17547-6.
Jump up ^ John Arquilla; David Ronfeldt, eds. (2001). Networks and Netwars. RAND. pp. 5–7. ISBN 0-8330-3030-2.
Jump up ^ Marrin, Albert (1985). The Secret Armies. New York: Atheneum. p. 24. ISBN 0-689-31165-6.
Émile Pouget, Le sabotage; notes et postface de Grégoire Chamayou et Mathieu Triclot, 1913; Mille et une nuit, 2004; English translation, Sabotage, paperback, 112 pp., University Press of the Pacific, 2001, ISBN 0-89875-459-3.
Pasquinelli, Matteo. "The Ideology of Free Culture and the Grammar of Sabotage"[permanent dead link]; now in Animal Spirits: A Bestiary of the Commons, Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2008.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sabotage.
Office of Strategic Services Simple Sabotage Manual
News, accounts and articles on workplace sabotage and organising – Sabotage, employee theft, strikes, etc.
Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching
Article on malicious railroad sabotage
Elizabeth Gurley Flinn, Sabotage, the conscious withdrawal of the workers' industrial efficiency
Aadu Jogiaas: Disturbing soviet transmissions in August 1991.
"The Tallinn Cables, A GLIMPSE INTO TALLINN'S SECRET HISTORY OF ESPIONAGE, Lonely Planet Magazine, December 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2013.
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GND: 4051131-5
NARA: 10646322
NDL: 00562834
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabotage&oldid=865199200"
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Sabotaj – Breton
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Sabotatge – Catalan
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Sabotage – German
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Sabotaje – Spanish
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Sabotado – Esperanto
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Sabotagem – Portuguese
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Sabotage – Swedish
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Sabotaj – Turkish
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