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Summer vacation
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Summer vacation (also called summer holiday or summer break) is a school holiday in summer between school years and the longest break in the school year. Students and instructors are off school typically between 6 and 14 weeks, depending on the country and district. In the United States, summer break is approximately 2.5 months, with students typically getting out of school between late May and mid-June and starting the new school year between mid-August and early September. In Republic of Ireland, Italy, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia, Lebanon, Romania and Russia, the summer break is normally three months, compared to six to eight weeks in Australia, Britain, Canada, India, Denmark, and Germany.
Contents
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1 Criticisms and support
2 By country
2.1 Argentina
2.2 Australia
2.3 Austria
2.4 Bangladesh
2.5 Barbados
2.6 Belgium
2.7 Bolivia
2.8 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2.9 Brazil
2.10 Bulgaria
2.11 Canada
2.12 Chile
2.13 China
2.14 Colombia
2.15 Costa Rica
2.16 Croatia
2.17 Czech Republic
2.18 Denmark
2.19 Ecuador
2.20 Egypt
2.21 Estonia
2.22 Ethiopia
2.23 Finland
2.24 France
2.25 Germany
2.26 Greece
2.27 Guatemala
2.28 Guyana
2.29 Hungary
2.30 Hong Kong
2.31 Iceland
2.32 India
2.33 Iran
2.34 Iraq
2.35 Ireland
2.36 Israel
2.37 Italy
2.38 Jamaica
2.39 Japan
2.40 Jordan
2.41 Kuwait
2.42 Lebanon
2.43 Libya
2.44 Lithuania
2.45 Luxembourg
2.46 Macedonia
2.47 Malta
2.48 Moldova
2.49 Morocco
2.50 Mexico
2.51 Mongolia
2.52 Nepal
2.53 Netherlands
2.54 New Zealand
2.55 Nigeria
2.56 Norway
2.57 Oman
2.58 Pakistan
2.59 Panama
2.60 Paraguay
2.61 Philippines
2.62 Poland
2.63 Portugal
2.64 Russia
2.65 Romania
2.66 Saint Lucia
2.67 Saudi Arabia
2.68 Serbia
2.69 Singapore
2.70 Slovakia
2.71 Slovenia
2.72 South Africa
2.73 South Korea
2.74 South Sudan
2.75 Spain
2.76 Suriname
2.77 Sweden
2.78 Switzerland
2.79 Syria
2.80 Taiwan
2.81 Thailand
2.82 Trinidad and Tobago
2.83 Turkey
2.84 Tunisia
2.85 United Kingdom
2.86 United States
2.87 Uruguay
2.88 Venezuela
2.89 Vietnam
3 See also
4 References
Criticisms and support[edit]
In some countries, school summer vacation is only six weeks or two months supposedly so students don't forget large amounts of information learned in the past year (See: Summer learning loss).[1][2] Other education reformers believed that children were overstimulated in a system which required 48 weeks of schooling. They believe that over-schooling could lead to nervous disorders, depression, insanity, and separation anxiety towards families.[3] They believe that children need the 2–3 months off to relax and also to take a break from other childhood stresses associated with school such as peer pressure, cliques, bullying, and the pressure of heavy loads of homework.
Some critics of summer vacation point out that American students spend approximately 180 days (26 weeks) per year in school, but Asian students are "in school for 240 to 250 days". This is consistent with the conclusions of researchers who suggest that advanced abilities are in proportion to the time spent learning. Summer holidays in Japan start from late July until early September.[4]
By country[edit]
Argentina[edit]
In Argentina, the school year ends in early- or mid-December and starts late February or early March. Also the majority of students get two weeks of holidays during winter, which varies depending on the region of the country from early June to late July or mid-July to early August.
Primary education: From mid-December to late February (2 months)
Secondary education: From early December to early March (3 months)
University education: From last day of December (31 December) to early April (3 months)
Australia[edit]
In Australia, summer officially lasts from December to February, and therefore includes Christmas and New Year holidays. The dates of Australian school holidays (the term used, rather than "vacation") are determined by each state's Department of Education, the Christmas summer holiday being the longest in duration. Typically Christmas summer holiday in Australia last approximately six weeks, usually from late December (depending on school level) to late January. This is significantly shorter than North American summer holiday, but Australian schools also break for 2 weeks at Easter, and in June and September, giving students and teachers a total of twelve weeks of annual holidays. In many public schools, years 10 through 12 will finish before December 15, allowing time to complete exam marking and results. Year 10 commonly finishes at the end of November, Year 11 at the end of October, and year 12 (Senior Year) also at mid or the end of October after 3 weeks of end-of-year exams. This can bring the normal 12 weeks of vacation to 20 weeks of vacation. The intervening periods of school operation without holidays are called "School Terms", each term lasting approximately ten weeks. All Australian states have relatively similar holiday periods between each term, but there is the ability for this to change, as it did in the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games, when the first term in Victorian schools was shortened to 6 weeks and the other subsequently extended to 12 weeks due to severe disruptions to the public and private bus networks used by school students. Most private schools in Australia have up to four weeks of additional holidays, due to their longer teaching hours during term.
Austria[edit]
In Austria, summer vacation dates vary by region, however the break lasts nine weeks throughout the whole country. School usually ends in early July and starts in early September. In the regions of Vienna, Lower Austria and the Burgenland summer break starts on the first Saturday in July and one week later in Carinthia, Styria, the Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Salzburg and Upper Austria. School recommences on the first Monday in September in Vienna, Lower Austria and the Burgenland and on the second Monday of September in the other regions.
Bangladesh[edit]
In Bangladesh, summer vacation begins in mid-May and ends in mid June (4 weeks). According to Bengali calendar summer vacation related with availability of different kinds of summer fruits in the month of Joishtho (mid May to mid June). This is slightly odd for schools to open before the summer solstice begins. Also, it is becoming difficult for children to attend school in high temperatures.
Barbados[edit]
In Barbados, summer holiday dates have varied throughout the years due to the beginning of the hurricane season on June 1st. Because of this, major storms affecting the island can cause school to remain closed for days resulting in a pushback of vacation dates. For example, in 2010 with Hurricane Tomas. Recently, summer holiday begins in late-June or early-July and ends in the second week on September.
Belgium[edit]
In Belgium, summer vacation lasts from July 1 until September 1 (2 months).
Bolivia[edit]
In Bolivia, summer vacation runs from early December to early February[5] (2 months).
Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the start of summer break varies by school, but usually starts at the beginning or mid-June. School starts on the first Monday of September. There is also a three-to-four weeks long break during winter (typically starting on 31 December). School is not out on Christmas or Easter, but students who celebrate those holidays are allowed to miss that day of school.
Brazil[edit]
In Brazil, summer break lasts between 50 and 60 days; from late November - early December, to early February, typically February 14–25. In addition, for the majority of Brazilian students there are two to three weeks off for Winter in July.
Bulgaria[edit]
In Bulgaria, the time of the break differs according to the grade of the students. The following periods are applied:
1st grade: May 24 – September 15
2nd-4th grade: May 31 – September 15
5th-7th grade: June 15 – September 15
8th-11th grade: June 30 – September 15
12th grade: School year ends in mid-May.
Note that 8th grade classes that focus on intensive language learning's summer vacation also starts on the 30th of June, rather than the 15th.[6]
Canada[edit]
In Canada, the first day of summer vacation for public schools is the last Saturday in June. However, in some provinces students get a Professional Activity day on the final Friday of that school week, and their last day would be on the Thursday. Depending on the province, students can get 2–3 months of summer vacation. This may vary in Quebec (earlier due to provincial June 24 holiday). The last day of summer vacation is Labour Day. This can vary in Private schools. School generally resumes the day after Labour Day (in September). Most have two weeks off for Christmas and New Year, and a week off in March or April for Spring Break (sometimes called March Break or Easter Break).
Chile[edit]
In Chile, summer vacation lasts from early or mid-December until late February or early March (10, 11 or 12 weeks). In addition, schools have two or three weeks off for Winter in July, and one-week-long break for National Holidays in mid-September.
China[edit]
In the People's Republic of China, summer holidays start in early July and often end in early September (2 months).
Colombia[edit]
In Colombia, summer vacation varies. Because of Colombia's equatorial climate (see Climate of Colombia for more information), schools run two different calendars. Public schools and some private schools run "Calendar A" which has a break between June and July. Only some private schools run "Calendar B" in which there is a long vacation in July and August. On the other hand, "Calendar A" has a long vacation around Christmas.
Costa Rica[edit]
In Costa Rica, summer vacation lasts 2 months. Usually begin in late December and end in early February. There are a few schools using the "american" style, those school usually take vacations in late May and then resume again in early August.
Croatia[edit]
In Croatia, school year is over around 10th June and it usually starts on the first Monday of September, but if the first Monday is on 1st or 2nd September school year is more likely to start on the second Monday. Winter break usually begins a few days before Christmas and it lasts until mid January. Eastern break lasts 10 days.
Czech Republic[edit]
In the Czech Republic, summer holiday begins on July 1 and ends on August 31 (2 months).[7]
Denmark[edit]
In Denmark, summer break lasts from the end of June to early or mid-August (6 weeks) . High schools (colleges) usually return to school in early August, but for younger students it can be in the middle.
Ecuador[edit]
In Ecuador, summer vacation varies. Because of Ecuador's equatorial climate (see Climate of Ecuador for more information), schools run two different calendars. The Coastal region runs vacation January or February, but in the Sierra region, summer vacation follows the pattern in July and August.
Egypt[edit]
In Egypt, summer break lasts from the beginning or the middle of June until the middle of September (3 Months – 14 Weeks) in public schools, though length slightly differs according to age. In most private schools, summer break lasts from the middle or end of June to the beginning of September (2.5 Months – 10 Weeks)
Estonia[edit]
In Estonia, summer holidays start in the beginning of June, the date ranging for different grades. School begins every year on September 1, with a week off in autumn, 2 weeks off at Christmas and a week in spring.
Ethiopia[edit]
In Ethiopia, the school year usually ends in late May to mid-June and begins in mid-September (8 to 12 weeks).
Finland[edit]
In Finland, summer vacation starts on Saturday in late May, or in the beginning of June. The vacation lasts for 21⁄2 to 3 months. Usually, school starts again on August 7 to 18.
France[edit]
In France, summer vacation usually consist of July and August (2 months). But in secondary school, students finish mid-June because of the senior's exams. This may vary for private schools.
Germany[edit]
In Germany, summer vacation lasts six and a half weeks. The exact dates vary by state as well as from one to the next year, from the earliest (mid-June to late July) to the latest (late July to early September). In Germany the annual holidays are split into winter holidays (about one week), Easter holidays (mostly about two weeks), summer holiday (about six and a half weeks), autumn holidays (about one to two weeks) and Christmas holidays (about one to two weeks). Some states like Bavaria also have holidays for Pentecost. Summed up over the whole year the holidays are about thirteen weeks.
Greece[edit]
In Greece, the summer vacation lasts for 3 months. Schools close June 15 and reopen on September 11. Universities generally close mid-July but with great differences between faculties.
Guatemala[edit]
In Guatemala, the summer holidays start in middle October and end in early January (approx 12 weeks).
Guyana[edit]
In Guyana, the summer holidays start in early July and end in early September (2 months).
Hungary[edit]
In Hungary, summer vacation usually lasts from mid-June to early September (11 or 12 weeks).
Hong Kong[edit]
In Hong Kong, summer vacation normally begins in mid-July and ends on the beginning of September (6–7 weeks) for most public schools. However, the starting and ending times of international schools are variable. For example, most ESF-based schools start in late June and finish mid-August (7 weeks).
Iceland[edit]
In Iceland, the duration of the summer vacation can vary from one school to another. Typically students go on a summer vacation during the first week of June and return to school in the 4th week of August.[8]
India[edit]
In India, Summer Vacation varies in duration. This is because India is a vast country and different parts of the country face different climatic conditions at the same time. In northern India, school ends in mid-May and begins by the last week of June, except in the Kashmir valley where the summer vacation is only for ten days with a long winter break from mid-December to the end of February. In Central India, especially in Maharashtra, the summer vacation begins in mid-April and school re-opens in mid-June. In Southern India, school ends in the last week of March and begins again in beginning of June. In North-East India, school commences on 1 April after which summer vacations start from mid-may and ends after a period of about 35–38 days.It is the hottest month of the year. Moreover, the vacations last for no more than a month and a half in most schools. The duration decreases to as less as three weeks in higher classes. Inclusion of special classes and projects make it unfruitful in the purpose in Senior Secondary classes. Daily homeworks are often allocated to students of all age and abilities. However, in colleges, the duration can go back to 2 months, basically to give way to internship programmes.
Iran[edit]
In Iran, summer vacation lasts 3 months. Schools close in late June and reopen in late September
Iraq[edit]
In Iraq, summer vacation begins in late May and ends in late September, but the 12th grade vacation begins in late June and ends in mid-October.
Ireland[edit]
In the Republic of Ireland, most secondary schools start summer holidays the first week of June, or at the end of the Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate exams (approximately 20th June), and don't return until 20-26th August. Other holidays include two weeks for Easter and another two for Christmas and New Year, as well as two midterms with one in October/November during the week of Halloween and one usually in the month of February. Primary schools in the Republic of Ireland work sixteen days longer, so they start their summer holiday at the end of June but do not return until the first week of September.[9] Private schools in the Republic of Ireland follow the same pattern.
Israel[edit]
The start of the summer vacation for middle schools and high schools is on June 20 and the end is August 31 (two months and 10 days) and the summer vacation for primary schools and kindergartens start on July 1 and ends on August 31 (two months).
Italy[edit]
In Italy, summer vacation for elementary, middle and high schools normally starts on the second week of June and lasts until the first week of September included, for a total of three months. For kindergartens, summer vacation starts at the end of May and lasts until the first week of September. Final term examinations for middle school and high school are held until the end of June.
Jamaica[edit]
In Jamaica, summer holidays for primary and secondary schools starts in the first week of July and ends in the first week of September which gives a duration of about eight weeks.
These schools also have term breaks at Christmas (typically two weeks) and Easter (typically one and a half weeks), as well as mid-term breaks of a few days each usually around National Heroes Day in the Christmas (First) Term, Ash Wednesday in the Easter (Second) Term and Labour Day in the Summer (Third) term.
At the start of each year The Ministry of Education provides dates for each term and suggested dates for mid-term breaks for primary and secondary schools. These dates might be adjusted based on circumstance such as the loss of teaching time caused by the passage of a hurricane.
Tertiary institutions using the semester system typically have summer holidays starting in May (at the end of examinations) and ending in early September. This can, however, vary among institutions.
Japan[edit]
In Japan, the summer vacation generally lasts from late July to early September, and due to the way education in Japan is structured, it takes place within a school year.
Jordan[edit]
In Jordan, summer vacation lasts almost 3 months and most schools take summer vacation from mid-June to mid-September.
Kuwait[edit]
In Kuwait, summer vacation for elementary and middle school, [1st to 9th grade] starts at the end of May or at the beginning of June and ends at mid to late September, sometimes as far as early October. For high school students, [10th to 12th grade] it starts on June 19–20 and ends at the same time as elementary and middle school.
Lebanon[edit]
In Lebanon, summer vacation lasts almost 3 months and most schools take summer vacation from mid-June to mid-September.
Libya[edit]
In Libya, summer break lasts from the beginning or the middle of June until the middle of September (3 Months – 14 Weeks). There are 5 other smaller vacations : Mid-year two-week break around February and two Hijri Lunar calendar 3-Day religious breaks for Eid Fitr (25 June in 217) and Eid Adha (1 Sept in 2017).
Lithuania[edit]
In Lithuania, summer vacation starts in June 1 and ends on September 1 with the start of a new school year (3 months).
Luxembourg[edit]
In Luxembourg, summer vacation starts on July 16 and ends on September 15, lasting a total of two months. There are 5 other smaller vacations : All Saints (1 week), Christmas (2 weeks), Carnival (1 week), Easter (2 weeks), Pentecost (1 week).
Macedonia[edit]
In Macedonia, the summer vacation starts on June 10 and ends on September 1 in every school.
Malta[edit]
In Malta, the summer holidays usually last from the end of June until the end of September (3 months).
Moldova[edit]
In Moldova, summer vacation begins on 1 June and ends in 1 September (3 months).
Morocco[edit]
In Morocco, summer vacation lasts from June 20 until the beginning of September (2 months).
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico, summer vacation starts in early July and finishes in mid-August since 2000. In addition, Mexican children get two or three weeks off for Christmas and New Year (from the third Thursday in December to January 7), and two weeks off in March or April for Spring Break (from the Friday before lazarus Saturday to the Monday after Easter Monday).
However, high school students (from tenth to twelfth grade) and college students have mostly three months of vacation -from late May or early June to early August. Like elementary and middle school students, high school students have in addition two weeks off for Christmas and New Year, and two weeks off in March or April for Spring Break. Moreover, college students get four weeks off for Christmas and New Year (from mid-December to mid-January) but only one week of Spring Break.
Mongolia[edit]
In Mongolia, summer vacation usually starts from late May or early June (varies between schools) to the end of August. The school year is divided into 4 terms lasting 8 to 9 weeks each and students take 1 week off after the first and second terms and 2 weeks after the third term.
Nepal[edit]
In Nepal, summer vacation runs from the end of May to the end of July.
Netherlands[edit]
In the Netherlands, summer vacation is about 6 weeks for primary school and High school, usually from mid-July to late August. There are 3 regions north, central and south.school students officially get the same time off but there often is a one-week period before the vacation dring which the student will only have to go to school for 2 days to receive their grade lists and bring back their books making the holiday 7 weeks unofficially for high school children. However, this does not apply to every school.
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, the school holidays (the term used, rather than "vacation") typically start in mid-December, and end in late January, which is usually 6 weeks.[10] Senior secondary school students in Year 11, 12 and 13 finish in late-October for study leave. But the summer holidays still do not start until mid-December. And university students don't start until early March and finish in late-October. Throughout the year there are 2 week breaks at Easter, in July and in September.
Nigeria[edit]
In Nigeria, primary and secondary Schools usually start Summer vacation in mid-July and resume in the early weeks of September. The vacation is also known as the "3rd-term holiday" and it is the longest break in a school year (typically up to two months). The "first-term break" starts between one and two weeks prior to Christmas and ends the first or second week in January, lasting for about three weeks. The "first-term break" is usually the shortest break in a school year. The "second-term break" usually starts a week before Easter and lasts for another three weeks. This gives a total of about 14 weeks of holiday in a year. The geographical location of the school is also a factor.
Tertiary institutions follow a different pattern, as the holiday in each school depends on various factors which include, the Course of study and the academic calendar of the school. Some tertiary institutions observe their Summer breaks in the normal summer period when elementary and high schools observe theirs, while others don't. Some courses of study also don't observe any significant holidays, such programmes include Engineering, Nursing, Medicine and a few others. This is usually as a result of students doing their laboratory work, workshop practice, Practicals, Internship etc. (as the case may be), while the other students in other programmes are on holiday. Tertiary schools observe two semesters; while some schools observe a break after the first semester, many others have their breaks combined to just the summer holidays. This long break helps the students get good jobs during the holiday. The total length of break observed in tertiary institutions in a year is 12 to 14 weeks.
Norway[edit]
In Norway, summer vacation typically lasts from mid June to mid August, for a minimum of 8 weeks. In the upper secondary schools, the exam period starts in late May and ends the last or second last day before summer break. Norwegian students also have about two weeks of vacation from late December until early January, as well as a "winter break", an "easter break" and days off associated with the feast of ascension (typically in late May), 1 May and 17 May (the Norwegian Constitution Day).
Oman[edit]
In Oman, summer vacation starts in late May and ends in early September (3 months).
Pakistan[edit]
In Pakistan, Summer vacation lasts for two to three months depending on the type of school (public or private). Typical summer vacation is from the end of May to mid-August.[11] Many private schools are also open in June and July for 8th to 10th grades under the programmes called "summer camps".
Panama[edit]
In Panama, summer vacation starts in early December on both types of school (public or private), and ends in late February. (3 months)
Paraguay[edit]
In Paraguay, summer holidays start in December and end in late February (2 months).
Philippines[edit]
In the Philippines, summer holidays for kindergarten, elementary, and high schools typically start on the third week of March and end in the first to third week of June. This coincides with the country's tropical dry season months from March to June. Colleges and universities, however, offer summer classes for students who wants to take advanced subjects or those who fail to pass the prerequisites for the next school year. School year begins in the first week of June, the start of Philippines' wet season.
Poland[edit]
In Poland, summer vacation starts on the first Saturday after June 20 and ends on the first weekday of September except Friday or Saturday. Students usually spend 1–1.5 hours at school to pick up their report cards on their last day of school.
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal, summer vacation starts in mid-June, and finishes in the middle of September.
Russia[edit]
In Russia, summer vacation starts on May 25 with the end of an old school year (for 1st–8th and 10th grades) and ends on September 1 with the beginning of a new school year. For 9th and 11th grades, due to exams (EGE), the vacation starts in the middle (9th grade) or in the end (11th grade) of June.
Romania[edit]
In Romania, summer vacation starts in the second and third week of June and ends September 9-16 (3 months). [2]
Saint Lucia[edit]
In Saint Lucia, summer vacation starts in early July and ends on the first Monday of September (6 weeks).
Saudi Arabia[edit]
In the school year 2016–2017 the summer break for Saudi Arabian students started from 24th of May till the 17th of September. This means it will be 110 days, 3 Months and a half
Serbia[edit]
In Serbia, the summer vacation starts around the ending of June, more precisely by the end of 2nd or 3rd week of June. Summer holiday ends on August 31. School officially starts on first working day of September (if September 1 is on Saturday or Sunday, starting of school is delayed until Monday). There are also several other holidays. Two day holiday in the first week of November, Three week holiday from December 31st to the third week of January and finally a two-week break during Easter.
Singapore[edit]
For primary school and secondary school students: Mid-November to early January (1 ½ months). New school year will start at early January. Also, there will be a 1-month holiday in June and 1 week holiday in March and September. Most secondary students are released mid or late October due to the annual national examinations for Secondary 4/5 students.
Slovakia[edit]
In Slovakia, summer break lasts from July 1 until September 1 (2 months and Constitution Day).[12]
Slovenia[edit]
In Slovenia, the final exams are usually taken from mid-May to mid-June (high schools) or in June (primary schools). Last day of school is June 24 and school −begins on September 1.
South Africa[edit]
In South Africa, summer holidays usually begin in early December and end in mid-January. Winter Break lasts from late June to early July, and there are 10 days of Easter holidays.
South Korea[edit]
In South Korea, summer vacation starts in late July and ends in mid-August. The South Korean summer vacation takes place within a school year. The winter vacation takes place from the last week of December or early January to the first week of February.
South Sudan[edit]
In South Sudan, summer vacation starts on December 21 and ends on March 19.
Spain[edit]
In Spain, the school year finishes in mid or late June and begins in mid-September. Vacation varies by region but often includes a family vacation within Spain to cooler temperatures in the north of Spain or south or east to the Mediterranean beaches.[13]
Suriname[edit]
In Suriname, summer vacation usually starts in mid-July and ends in late-August.[14] In 2012, a change of summer vacation was proposed by several legislators having summer vacation the same time as the Caribbean Community.[14] The proposed plan is summer vacation starts from mid-August and ends in early-October.[14]
Sweden[edit]
In Sweden, summer vacation is between the spring and autumn term. Normally it lasts from mid-June to late August (a minimum of 9–10 weeks, differs for each county). In Sweden, students end their term, either at a church or in their school, singing traditional summer songs like Den blomstertid nu kommer (normally only the first 2 verses).
The winter vacation is between the winter and late winter term. It normally lasts from late December until early January. It is normally 3 weeks long.
Children in elementary school until high school have a week of vacation in the autumn/winter term and also two weeks in the spring/summer term. The one in the autumn is called "Novemberlov" which means "November vacation/break" or "Höstlov" which means "Autumn vacation/break". The two in the spring/summer term is called "Sportlov" which means "Sport break/vacation" and "Påsklov" which means "Easter break/vacation".
Then on 1 May everyone is on vacation in whole Sweden. Also on 6 June, which is the Swedish National Day.
Switzerland[edit]
In Switzerland, summer vacation varies in each canton. As an example in Zürich, it lasts five weeks and between mid-July and mid-August.[15] In Ticino, it last about ten weeks between late June and early September. [16]
Syria[edit]
In Syria, summer vacation lasts 3 months. It starts mid June (for primary and secondary schools)and ends mid September. University students have a vacation from early July to early October. This varies 2 or 3 days by school or year . The mid-term holiday is usually a week long.
Taiwan[edit]
In Taiwan, summer vacation starts in early July (late June for University students) and ends in late August (mid-September for University students).
Thailand[edit]
In Thailand, summer vacation begins in late February to early March and ends in mid-May.
Trinidad and Tobago[edit]
Primary and Secondary Schools close the first Friday of July and open on the first Monday of September (giving students two months). This can vary a day or two by school or year. International schools are in link with the British, Canadian, or American systems.
Turkey[edit]
In Turkey, summer vacation starts in mid-June and ends in mid-September (3 months).
Tunisia[edit]
In Tunisia, summer vacation for the middle school (7th–9th grade) and high school starts on May 30 and ends on September 15. Primary schools are off to vacation on June 1 and end on September 15.
United Kingdom[edit]
In England and Wales, summer holidays for state schools usually last from the second half of July through to early September which gives a duration of six or seven weeks. In addition, all schools in England and Wales have three one-week-long half-term breaks for each of the three terms, one in the autumn term, one in the spring term and one in the summer term. State schools have two weeks off for Christmas and Easter, which brings the total number of weeks off for state school students per year to 13.
In Scotland, school summer holidays start in late June and last for about six or seven weeks, with most schools returning around August 17. In addition to summer holidays, Scottish schools have one week in October, two weeks at Christmas and two weeks at Easter. They also have a week off in Mid-February. They have two bank holidays in May/June, and one in September.
In Northern Ireland, most schools' summer vacation starts in late June and runs through to the beginning of September. Students doing exams (GCSE and A-Levels) often get "Study-Leave" from May and do the exams sometime in that month, or early June. Schools also have a two-week break for Christmas and Easter as well as several Bank Holidays as well as a week off for Mid Term in Mid February. Some schools, generally integrated, or Catholic, also get time off for St. Patrick's Day in March. Protestant schools don't usually get this day off.
In the United Kingdom, holiday dates for schools in the independent sector mostly differ from those of schools in the state sector and these differences typically take the form of an extra week's holiday at the beginning and end of each of the long vacations meaning four weeks for the Christmas and Easter breaks and eight to ten weeks for the summer break but variations in summer vacation length exist between the independent schools themselves. In addition, all schools in the United Kingdom have three week-long half-term breaks for each of the three terms including one in the autumn term at the end of October, one in the spring term in mid-February and one in the summer term in late May although these breaks do not always coincide with the state school breaks in Autumn ans Spring terms. The summer half term break is determined by the break in public exams at the end of May. Some universities grant an extended "Exam-Leave" to students which typically commences in early April, so as to give students a good number of weeks to prepare for the summer exam season which usually starts in mid to late May and finishes at the end of their final exam which usually takes place in early or mid-June. Final-year students at independent schools typically finish their time at their school the moment their final exam in the summer exam season finishes and as an encore a special event is usually arranged for late June by the school for the leavers and staff as a way of providing an opportunity for final farewells to be bid. The universities they go on to typically schedule their first term to commence in early October giving school leavers an extended summer break between their time of leaving school and starting at university.
United States[edit]
In the United States, summer vacation lasts two to three months. The dates vary depending on the location of the school district, with two major formats. One is from late June to early September (in most northern states), the other major format lasting from late May to mid August (in most southern and western states). (Excluding some districts, as some schools may end late June and begin early September).
Summer vacation or break lasts for about 12 weeks, starting anywhere from late May to late June, and ending anywhere from late August to Labor Day, the first Monday in September. This often depends on the region – for example, most schools in the Northeastern United States end in June and start the day after Labor Day, while the majority of schools in the Southern United States have schools end in May and start again in August.
The origins of the summer holiday break are often believed to be rooted in agriculture. It is widely believed that the school calendar follows the agrarian farming calendar because during the settlement of the United States, the nation primarily consisted of a farming population. This belief maintains that the current school calendar has a two to three-month break so that children could assume the necessary tasks of planting and harvesting crops. However, planting of most crops occurred in the spring and harvest occurred in the fall. Rural schools would often break for spring and fall seasons, but continue schooling throughout the summer.[17]
The modern school calendar has roots not on rural farms, but instead in urban cities.[citation needed] Multiple causes lead to the summer break known by modern American students. In fact, schools in the early 1800s held school throughout the summer. As schooling progressed through bureaucracy, society’s population growth and change, as well as improvements in technology, such as better transportation for students and air conditioned buildings, school calendars also changed.
Many citizens of upper and middle classes would vacation outside of the sweltering cities during the hot summers. If school continued into the summer months, families would no longer have time together for summer vacations.[18]
As school systems grew throughout the United States they became more aligned with college and university schedules, which already observed a break during summer. Breaks became more frequent as well. Original schools observed New Year’s Day, Easter, Fourth of July, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. The duration of breaks at these observances varied from school to school. More observances have been honored as time has passed, continually changing the school calendar.[19]
As the nation expanded and grew, the nation saw the need for an educated populace and more public schools were built. But the need for academic breaks from learning was always seen as necessary. Nineteenth century and early twentieth century belief regarded the brain as a muscle, and thought that too much work and strain on the brain could result in injury. Therefore, they believed that students should not receive too much education. This was particularly true of younger children whose minds were still developing.[20] As industrialism led to automation and wealth, and the nation recovered and expanded following the Civil War, leisure activity became more important to Americans. Leading advocates for play such as Henry Curtis[21] believed strongly that children were not having enough time for play. In addition to advocating playground equipment, Curtis also advocated that summer should be spent working with families in gardens, and going camping. Curtis was a large supporter of boy and girl scouts and encouraged children to engage in scouting during the summer. If children lived in the cities and were unable to go camping or tend to gardens, schools were a premier place for children to be, but the emphasis should be on learning lifelong skills; sewing, woodworking, crafts, and manual labor.[22]
Uruguay[edit]
In Uruguay, summer holidays usually begin in early December, and finish in early March (3 months). Students have one week for Easter Holidays, another week for Spring Holidays, and two weeks for the Holiday season.
Venezuela[edit]
In Venezuela, summer holidays begin in late June or early July and end in late September or early October.
Vietnam[edit]
In Vietnam, summer holidays usually begins in early June or late May and lasts for two months. It's usually from June to August or late May to late July. Vietnamese students also have a week or two weeks off for Lunar New Year which is in late January or mid-February. Along with other holidays including but not limited to Independence Day on September 2, International Labour Day on May 1 and Reunification Day on April 30.
See also[edit]
Summer camp
Summer school
School holiday
Academic term
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "School Year and Summer Vacation—History".
Jump up ^ Johns Hopkins University, Center for Summer Learning, Summer Learning Fact Sheet: Doesn't Every Child Deserve a Memorable Summer?[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Altman, Alex (19 June 2008). "A Brief History Of: Summer Vacation" – via www.time.com.
Jump up ^ Adrian, Harry (2 July 2010). "Vakantiebestemmingen – zonnige vakantielanden". www.zonvakantie.com. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bolivia Education. Bolivia School. Education in Bolivia. School in Bolivia".
Jump up ^ "Ваканции и неучебни дни за учебната 2016/2017 година". Министерство на образованието и науката (in Bulgarian). Министерство на образованието и науката.
Jump up ^ Parlament České republiky (2004-09-24). "Zákon 561/2004 Sb. o předškolním, základním, středním, vyšším odborném a jiném vzdělávání (školský zákon): § 24 Školní rok". Ministerstvo vnitra České republiky. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "School holidays Ireland".
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Public Holidays, School Holidays, Special Events and Daylight Saving Dates".
Jump up ^ School Summer holidays 2015 in Pakistan ApniMarzi.com (2015-04-13)
Jump up ^ Národná rada Slovenskej republiky (2008-07-02). "Zákon 245/2008 Z.z. o výchove a vzdelávaní (školský zákon): § 150 Organizácia školského roka". Ministerstvo spravodlivosti Slovenskej republiky. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Jump up ^ "Spain summer holidays guide".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Surinamese mull school vacation change".
Jump up ^ CH--Bern, psc Informatik,. "Schulferien Stadt Zürich 2017". www.feiertagskalender.ch.
Jump up ^ CH--Bern, psc Informatik,. "Schulferien Kanton Tessin 2017". www.feiertagskalender.ch.
Jump up ^ Lieszkovszky, Ida. "Six Reasons Students Get Summer Off (And The Agrarian Calendar Isn't One of Them)". National Public Radio. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gold, Kenneth (Spring 2002). "From vacation to Summer School: The Transformation of Summer Education in New York City, 1894–1915". History of Education Quarterly. 42 (1). |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Gold, Kenneth (2002). Schools In: The History of Summer Education in American Public Schools. New York: Lang Publishing. ISBN 0-8204-5657-8.
Jump up ^ Weiss, Joel; Robert S. Brown (December 2003). "Telling Tales Over Time: Constructing and Deconstructing the School Calendar". Teachers College Record. 105 (9). |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Henry Curtis
Jump up ^ Curtis, Henry (1923). "The Summer Vacation". Child Welfare Magazine. 17 (11): 471. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
[show]
v
t
e
Holidays, observances, and celebrations in Algeria
January
New Year's Day (1)
Yennayer (12)
February
Valentine's Day (14)
Tafsut (28)
March
International Women's Day (8)
Victory Day (19)
World Water Day (22)
Maghrebi Blood Donation Day (30)
Spring vacation (2 last weeks)
April
April Fools' Day (1)
Knowledge Day (16)
Berber Spring (20)
Earth Day (22)
Election Day (Thursday)
May
International Workers' Day (1)
World Press Freedom Day (3)
Mother's Day (last Sunday)
June–July–August
Summer vacation (varies)
June
Children's Day (1)
Father's Day (21)
July
Independence Day (5)
September
International Day of Peace (21)
October
International Day of Non-Violence (2)
Halloween (31)
November
Revolution Day (1)
December
Christmas Eve (24)
Christmas (25)
New Year's Eve (31)
Winter vacation (2 last weeks)
Varies (year round)
Hijri New Year's Day (Muharram 1)
Ashura (Muharram 10)
Mawlid (Rabi' al-Awwal 12)
Ramadan (Ramadan 1)
Laylat al-Qadr (Ramadan 27)
Eid al-Fitr (Shawwal 1)
Day of Arafah (Dhu al-Hijjah 9)
Eid al-Adha (Dhu al-Hijjah 10)
Holi (varies)
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays.
[show]
v
t
e
Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States
January
New Year's Day (federal)
Martin Luther King Jr. Day (federal)
Confederate Heroes Day (TX)
Fred Korematsu Day (CA, FL, HI, VA)
Idaho Human Rights Day (ID)
Inauguration Day (federal quadrennial, DC area)
Kansas Day (KS)
Lee–Jackson Day (formerly Lee–Jackson–King Day) (VA)
Robert E. Lee Day (FL)
Stephen Foster Memorial Day (36)
The Eighth (LA, former federal)
January–February
Super Bowl Sunday
February
American Heart Month
Black History Month
Washington's Birthday/Presidents' Day (federal)
Valentine's Day
Georgia Day (GA)
Groundhog Day
Lincoln's Birthday (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NJ, NY, WV)
National Girls and Women in Sports Day
National Freedom Day (36)
Primary Election Day (WI)
Ronald Reagan Day (CA)
Rosa Parks Day (CA, MO)
Susan B. Anthony Day (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)
February–March
Mardi Gras
Ash Wednesday (religious)
Courir de Mardi Gras (religious)
Super Tuesday
March
Irish-American Heritage Month
National Colon Cancer Awareness Month
Women's History Month
St. Patrick's Day (religious)
Spring break (week)
Casimir Pulaski Day (IL)
Cesar Chavez Day (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)
Evacuation Day (Suffolk County, MA)
Harriet Tubman Day (NY)
Holi (NY, religious)
Mardi Gras (AL (in two counties), LA)
Maryland Day (MD)
National Poison Prevention Week (week)
Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day (HI)
Saint Joseph's Day (religious)
Seward's Day (AK)
Texas Independence Day (TX)
Town Meeting Day (VT)
March–April
Easter (religious)
Palm Sunday (religious)
Passover (religious)
Good Friday (CT, NC, PR, religious)
Easter Monday (religious)
April
Confederate History Month
420 Day
April Fools' Day
Arbor Day
Confederate Memorial Day (AL, MS)
Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (week)
Earth Day
Emancipation Day (DC)
Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (AL)
Pascua Florida (FL)
Patriots' Day (MA, ME)
San Jacinto Day (TX)
Siblings Day
Walpurgis Night (religious)
May
Asian Pacific American Heritage Month
Jewish American Heritage Month
Memorial Day (federal)
Mother's Day (36)
Cinco de Mayo
Harvey Milk Day (CA)
Law Day (36)
Loyalty Day (36)
Malcolm X Day (CA, IL, proposed federal)
May Day
Military Spouse Day
National Day of Prayer (36)
National Defense Transportation Day (36)
National Maritime Day (36)
Peace Officers Memorial Day (36)
Truman Day (MO)
June
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and
Transgender Pride Month
Father's Day (36)
Bunker Hill Day (Suffolk County, MA)
Carolina Day (SC)
Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth (TX)
Flag Day (36, proposed federal)
Helen Keller Day (PA)
Honor America Days (3 weeks)
Jefferson Davis Day (AL, FL)
Kamehameha Day (HI)
Odunde Festival (Philadelphia, PA)
Senior Week (week)
West Virginia Day (WV)
July
Independence Day (federal)
Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (HI, unofficial)
Parents' Day (36)
Pioneer Day (UT)
July–August
Summer vacation
August
American Family Day (AZ)
Barack Obama Day (IL)
Bennington Battle Day (VT)
Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day (HI)
Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (TX)
National Aviation Day (36)
Service Reduction Day (MD)
Victory over Japan Day (RI, former federal)
Women's Equality Day (36)
September
Prostate Cancer Awareness Month
Labor Day (federal)
California Admission Day (CA)
Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day (36)
Constitution Day (36)
Constitution Week (week)
Defenders Day (MD)
Gold Star Mother's Day (36)
National Grandparents Day (36)
National Payroll Week (week)
Native American Day (CA, TN, proposed federal)
Patriot Day (36)
September–October
Hispanic Heritage Month
Oktoberfest
Rosh Hashanah (religious)
Yom Kippur (religious)
October
Breast Cancer Awareness Month
Disability Employment Awareness Month
Filipino American History Month
LGBT History Month
Columbus Day (federal)
Halloween
Alaska Day (AK)
Child Health Day (36)
General Pulaski Memorial Day
German-American Day
Indigenous Peoples' Day (VT)
International Day of Non-Violence
Leif Erikson Day (36)
Missouri Day (MO)
National School Lunch Week
Native American Day (SD)
Nevada Day (NV)
Sweetest Day
White Cane Safety Day (36)
October–November
Diwali (religious)
November
Native American Indian Heritage Month
Veterans Day (federal)
Thanksgiving (federal)
Day after Thanksgiving (24)
Election Day (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, WV, proposed federal)
Family Day (NV)
Hanukkah (religious)
Lā Kūʻokoʻa (HI, unofficial)
Native American Heritage Day (MD, WA)
Obama Day (Perry County, AL)
December
Christmas (religious, federal)
Alabama Day (AL)
Christmas Eve (KY, NC, SC)
Day after Christmas (KY, NC, SC, TX)
Festivus
Hanukkah (religious, week)
Indiana Day (IN)
Kwanzaa (religious, week)
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36)
New Year's Eve
Pan American Aviation Day (36)
Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR)
Wright Brothers Day (36)
Varies (year round)
Eid al-Adha (religious)
Eid al-Fitr (religious)
Ramadan (religious, month)
Legend:
(federal) = federal holidays, (state) = state holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (week) = weeklong holidays, (month) = monthlong holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, public holidays in the United States, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.
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text:
Spoiler (car)
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The Plymouth Superbird is famous for its high factory rear wing
1987 Audi Sport Quattro S1 with special racing wings and the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb livery, in the Goodwood Festival of Speed
A spoiler is an automotive aerodynamic device whose intended design function is to 'spoil' unfavorable air movement across a body of a vehicle in motion, usually described as turbulence or drag. Spoilers on the front of a vehicle are often called air dams. Spoilers are often fitted to race and high-performance sports cars, although they have become common on passenger vehicles as well. Some spoilers are added to cars primarily for styling purposes and have either little aerodynamic benefit or even make the aerodynamics worse.
The term "spoiler" is often mistakenly used interchangeably with "wing". An automotive wing is a device whose intended design is to generate downforce as air passes around it, not simply disrupt existing airflow patterns.[1][2] As such, rather than decreasing drag, automotive wings actually increase drag.
Contents
[hide]
1 Operation
2 In racing cars
3 Passenger vehicles
3.1 Material types
3.2 Other common spoiler types
4 Active spoilers
5 Other vehicles
6 Whale tail
6.1 History
6.2 Other vehicles
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
Operation[edit]
Retractable spoiler on a Chrysler Crossfire
Since spoiler is a term describing an application, the operation of a spoiler varies depending on the particular effect it's trying to spoil. Most common spoiler functions include disrupting some type of airflow passing over and around a moving vehicle. A common spoiler diffuses air by increasing amounts of turbulence flowing over the shape, "spoiling" the laminar flow and providing a cushion for the laminar boundary layer.[citation needed] However, other types of airflow may require the spoiler to operate differently and take on vastly different physical characteristics.
In racing cars[edit]
While a mass is travelling at increasing speeds, the air of the environment affects its movement. Spoilers in racing are used in combination with other features on the body or chassis of race cars to change the handling characteristics that are affected by the air of the environment.
Often, these devices are designed to be highly adjustable to suit the needs of racing on a given track or to suit the talents of a particular driver, with the overall goal of reaching faster times.
Passenger vehicles[edit]
Toyota MR2 with a factory-installed rear spoiler
The goal of many spoilers used in passenger vehicles is to reduce drag and increase fuel efficiency.[3] Passenger vehicles can be equipped with front and rear spoilers. Front spoilers, found beneath the bumper, are mainly used to decrease the amount of air going underneath the vehicle to reduce the drag coefficient and lift.
Sports cars are most commonly seen with front and rear spoilers. Even though these vehicles typically have a more rigid chassis and a stiffer suspension to aid in high speed maneuverability, a spoiler can still be beneficial. This is because many vehicles have a fairly steep downward angle going from the rear edge of the roof down to the trunk or tail of the car which may cause air flow separation. The flow of air becomes turbulent and a low-pressure zone is created, increasing drag and instability (see Bernoulli effect). Adding a rear spoiler could be considered to make the air "see" a longer, gentler slope from the roof to the spoiler, which helps to delay flow separation and the higher pressure in front of the spoiler can help reduce the lift on the car by creating downforce[citation needed]. This may reduce drag in certain instances and will generally increase high speed stability due to the reduced rear lift.
Due to their association with racing, spoilers are often viewed as "sporty" by consumers. However, "the spoilers that feature on more upmarket models rarely provide further aerodynamic benefit."[4]
Material types[edit]
BMW E92 M3 Coupé with rear spoiler (black) made of Carbon fiber
Spoilers are usually made of lightweight polymer-based materials, including:
ABS plastic: Most original equipment manufacturers produce spoilers by casting ABS plastic with various admixtures, typically granular fillers, which introduce stiffness to this inexpensive material. Frailness is a main disadvantage of plastic, which increases with product age and is caused by the evaporation of volatile phenols[further explanation needed].
Fiberglass: Used in car parts production due to the low cost of the materials. Fiberglass spoilers consist of fiberglass cloth infiltrated with a thermosetting resin, such as epoxy. Fiberglass is sufficiently durable and workable, but has become unprofitable for large-scale production because of the labor involved.
Silicon: More recently, many auto accessory manufacturers are using silicon-organic polymers. The main benefit of this material is its phenomenal plasticity. Silicon possesses extra high thermal characteristics and provides a longer product lifetime.
Carbon fiber: Carbon fiber is lightweight and durable but also expensive. Due to the large amount of manual labor, large-scale production cannot widely use carbon fiber in automobile parts currently.
Other common spoiler types[edit]
Front spoilers: A front spoiler (air dam) is positioned under or integrated with the front bumper. In racing, this spoiler is used to control the dynamics of handling related to the air in front of the vehicle. This can be to improve the drag coefficient of the body of the vehicle at speed, or to generate downforce. In passenger vehicles, the focus shifts more to directing the airflow into the engine bay for cooling purposes.
Pickup Truck bed spoiler: This attaches only to the top of the truck bed rails near the rear. Used with a bed cover, this spoiler is intended to reduce the air profile of the steep drop-off from the tailgate.
Pickup truck cab spoiler: This is purposed the same as above, except focusing on the drop-off from the cab of the truck to the cargo bed.
Active spoilers[edit]
An active spoiler is one which dynamically adjusts while the vehicle is in operation based on conditions presented, changing the spoiling effect, intensity or other performance attribute. Found most often on sports cars and other passenger cars, the most common form is a rear spoiler which retracts and hides partially or entirely into the rear of the vehicle, then extends upwards when the vehicle exceeds a specific speed. Active front spoilers have been implemented on certain models as well, in which the front spoiler or air dam extends further towards the road below to reduce drag at high speed. In most cases the deployment of the spoiler is achieved with an electric motor controlled automatically by the onboard computer or other electronics, usually based on vehicle speed, driver setting or other inputs. Often the driver can manually deploy the spoiler if desired, but may not be able to retract the spoiler above a certain speed because doing so could dangerously diminish the high-speed handling qualities of the vehicle.
Active spoilers can offer additional benefits over fixed spoilers. Cosmetically, they can allow a cleaner or less cluttered appearance when the vehicle is parked or traveling at low speeds, when it is most likely to be observed. A spoiler which hides may be appealing to vehicle designers who are seeking to improve the high-speed aerodynamics of an iconic or recognizable model (for example the Porsche 911 or Audi TT), without drastically changing its appearance. Hiding a spoiler at low speeds can improve aerodynamics as well. At low speeds a fixed spoiler may actually increase drag, but does little to improve the handling of the vehicle due to having little airflow over it. A retractable front spoiler can reduce scraping of the car on curbs or other road imperfections, while still improving drag at high speeds.
Other vehicles[edit]
Heavy trucks, like long haul tractors, may also have a spoiler on the top of the cab in order to lessen drag caused from air resistance from the trailer it's towing, which may be taller than the cab and reduce the aerodynamics of the vehicle dramatically without the use of this spoiler. The trailers they pull can also be fitted with under-side spoilers that angle outward to deflect passing air away from the rear axle's wheels.
Trains may use spoilers to induce drag (like an air brake). A prototype Japanese high-speed train, the Fastech 360 is designed to reach speeds of 400 kilometres per hour (250 mph). Its nose is specifically designed to spoil a wind effect associated with passing through tunnels, and it can deploy 'ears' which act to slow the train in case of emergency by increasing its drag.
Some modern race cars employ a passive situational spoiler called a roof flap. The body of the car is designed to generate downforce while driving forward. These roof flaps deploy when the body of the car is rotated so it is traveling in reverse, a condition where the body instead generates lift. The roof flaps deploy because they are recessed into a pocket in the roof. The low pressure above this pocket will cause the flaps to deploy, and counteract some of the lift generated by the car, making it more resistant to coming out of contact with the ground. These devices were introduced in 1994 in NASCAR following Rusty Wallace's crash at Talladega.[5]
Whale tail[edit]
Original whale tail as introduced on the 1975 3.0 litre Porsche 930 turbo
When the Porsche 911 Turbo debuted in August 1974, with large, flared, rear spoilers, they were immediately dubbed whale tails.[6][7][8] Designed to reduce rear-end lift and so keep the car from oversteering at high speeds,[9] the rubber edges of the whale tail spoilers were thought to be "pedestrian friendly".[10] The Turbo with its whale tail was popular.[11] It also became one of the world's most recognizable sports cars,[12] remaining in production for the next two decades in one form or another, with more than 23,000 sold by 1989, although from 1978, the rear spoiler was redesigned and dubbed 'teatray' on account of its raised sides.[13] The Porsche 911 whale tails were used in conjunction with a chin spoiler attached to the front valence panel, which, according to some sources, did not enhance aerodynamic stability.[14] It has been found to be less effective in multiplying downforce than newer technologies like an airfoil,[15] "rear wing running across the base of the tailgate window",[16] or "an electronically controlled wing that deploys at about 50 mph".[17] (80 km/h).
History[edit]
Duck tail on a 1973 Porsche 911 Carrera RS
The whale tail came on the heels of the 1973 "duck tail" or Bürzel in German (as a part of the E-program), a smaller and less flared rear-spoiler fitted to 911 Carrera RS (meaning Rennsport or race sport in German), optional outside Germany.[6][8] The whaletail was originally designed for Porsche 930 and Porsche 935 race cars in 1973, and introduced to the Turbo in 1974 (as a part of the H-program); it was also an option on non-turbo Carreras from 1975.[18][19] Both types of spoilers were designed while Dr. Ernst Fuhrmann was serving as the Technical Director of Porsche AG.[20] In 1976, a rubber front chin spoiler was also introduced to offset the more effective spoiler.[7] By 1978, Porsche introduced another design for the rear spoiler, the "teatray", a boxier enclosure which accommodated the intercooler, and was also an option for the 911SC.[6][21]
Other vehicles[edit]
These whale tail car spoilers of the Porsche 911 caught on as a fashion statement,[22] and the term has been used to refer to large rear spoilers on a number of automobiles, including Ford Sierra RS,[23] Focus,[24] Chevrolet Camaro,[25] and Saab 900.[26] Whale tail spoilers also appear at the rear of tricycles,[27] trucks,[28] boats,[29] and other vehicles.
Gallery[edit]
This Ford Sierra RS Cosworth has a factory-installed rear spoiler
Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution spoiler
Mercedes CLK GTR
Porsche 996 GT3
Retractable Spoiler on a Bugatti Veyron
NASCAR Dodge Charger
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobile spoilers.
Aerofoil
Car tailfin
Diffuser
Gurney flap
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Katz, Joseph. Race Car Aerodynamics. Bentley Robert. p. 99. ISBN 0837601428.
Jump up ^ Katz, Joseph. Race Car Aerodynamics. Bentley Robert. pp. 208–209. ISBN 0837601428.
Jump up ^ "Why a Spoiler for Your Car?: Fuel Economy, Styling, Value Enhancement". Cardata.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-30. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
Jump up ^ Happian-Smith, Julian (2000). Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design. Elsevier. p. 116. ISBN 9780080523040. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jayski's Silly Season Site - Past News Page". Jayski.com. 2005. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dempsey, Wayne R. (2001). 101 Projects for Your Porsche 911. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 198. ISBN 0-7603-0853-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Bruce (1997). Porsche 911 Performance Handbook. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 0-7603-0033-X.
^ Jump up to: a b Morgan, Peter; Colley, John; Hughes, Mark (1998). Original Porsche 911: The Guide to All Production Models, 1963-98. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. pp. 144–160. ISBN 1-901432-16-5.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Albert L.; Musciano, Walter A. (1977). Automobiles of the World. Simon and Schuster. p. 660. ISBN 0-671-22485-9.
Jump up ^ Paternie, Patrick (2005). Porsche 911 Red Book 1965-2005: 1965-2005. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 0-7603-1960-X.
Jump up ^ Faragher, Scott (2005). Porsche the Ultimate Guide. Krause Publications. p. 50. ISBN 0-87349-720-1.
Jump up ^ Paternie, Patrick (2005). Porsche 911 Red Book 1965-2005: 1965-2005. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. reface. ISBN 0-7603-1960-X.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Bruce (1997). Porsche 911 Performance Handbook. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 0-7603-0033-X.
Jump up ^ Dempsey, Wayne R. (2001). 101 Projects for Your Porsche 911: 1964-1989. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 0-7603-0853-5.
Jump up ^ Post, Robert C. (2001). High Performance: The Culture and Technology of Drag Racing, 1950-2000. JHU Press. p. 229. ISBN 0-8018-6664-2.
Jump up ^ Sturmey, Henry; Staner, H. Walter (1986). The Autocar. Iliffe, Sons & Sturmey. p. 6.
Jump up ^ (2006). BusinessWeek European Edition: 86. EBSCO Publishing
Jump up ^ Batchelor, Dean; Leffingwell, Randy (1997). Illustrated Porsche Buyer's Guide. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 0-7603-0227-8.
Jump up ^ Faragher, Scott (2005). Porsche the Ultimate Guide. Krause Publications. p. 49. ISBN 0-87349-720-1.
Jump up ^ Leffingwell, Randy (2002). Porsche Legends. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 0-7603-1364-4.
Jump up ^ Faragher, Scott (2005). Porsche the Ultimate Guide. Krause Publications. p. 52. ISBN 0-87349-720-1.
Jump up ^ O'Rourke, P.J. (2000). Holidays in Hell. Grove Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-8021-3701-6.
Jump up ^ Robson, Graham (2001). The Illustrated Directory of Classic Cars. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 228. ISBN 0-7603-1049-1.
Jump up ^ "Car Style First Products used on this Ford Focus". This month's featured car. Car Styling. Retrieved 2008-07-26. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Rear spoilers". Showcars Bodyparts. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Classic Saab Whale Tail restoration" (PDF). Saab Commemorative Edition Website. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Hannigan Trikes". EasyCart.net. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Universal Whale Tail Truck Spoilers". URL.biz. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
Jump up ^ Perry, Bob. "Classic Swan". Boats.com. Dominion Enterprises. Archived from the original on 2008-10-03. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
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