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Red Sea
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The body of water between Arabia and Africa
This article is about the body of water between Arabia and Africa. For other uses, see Red Sea (disambiguation).
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Red Sea
Coordinates
22°N 38°E / 22°N 38°E / 22; 38Coordinates: 22°N 38°E / 22°N 38°E / 22; 38
Primary inflows
Barka River, Haddas River, Anseba River, Wadi Gasus
Primary outflows
Bab el Mandeb
Max. length
2,250 km (1,400 mi)
Max. width
355 km (221 mi)
Surface area
438,000 km2 (169,000 sq mi)
Average depth
490 m (1,610 ft)
Max. depth
3,040 m (9,970 ft)
Water volume
233,000 km3 (56,000 cu mi)
Play media
This video over the south-eastern Mediterranean Sea and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station.
The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley.
The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km2 (169,100 mi2),[1][2] is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long and, at its widest point, 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has a maximum depth of 3,040 m (9,970 ft) in the central Suakin Trough,[3] and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft). However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea.
Contents
[hide]
1 Extent
2 Names
3 History
3.1 Ancient era
3.2 Middle Ages and modern era
4 Oceanography
4.1 Salinity
4.2 Tidal range
4.3 Current
4.4 Wind regime
5 Geology
5.1 Mineral resources
6 Ecosystem
7 Desalination plants
8 Security
9 Facts and figures
10 Tourism
11 Bordering countries
12 Towns and cities
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
Extent[edit]
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:[4]
On the North. The Southern limits of the Gulfs of Suez [A line running from Ràs Muhammed (27°43'N) to the South point of Shadwan Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of Africa] and Aqaba [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island (27°57′N 34°36′E / 27.950°N 34.600°E / 27.950; 34.600) through Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the Sinaï Peninsula].
On the South. A line joining Husn Murad (12°40′N 43°30′E / 12.667°N 43.500°E / 12.667; 43.500) and Ras Siyyan (12°29′N 43°20′E / 12.483°N 43.333°E / 12.483; 43.333).
Names[edit]
Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha, Yemen
Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa (Ερυθρὰ Θάλασσα), Latin Mare Rubrum (alternatively Sinus Arabicus, literally "Arabian Gulf"), Arabic: البحر الأحمر, translit. Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar (alternatively بحر القلزم Baḥr Al-Qulzum, literally "the Sea of Clysma"), Somali Badda Cas and Tigrinya Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water's surface.[5] A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name red is referring to the direction south, just as the Black Sea's name may refer to north. The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the cardinal directions.[6] Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.[7]
Historically, it was also known to western geographers as Mare Mecca (Sea of Mecca), and Sinus Arabicus (Gulf of Arabia).[8] Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf[9] or Gulf of Arabia.[10][11]
The association of the Red Sea with the biblical account of the Israelites crossing the Red Sea is ancient, and was made explicit in the Septuagint translation of the Book of Exodus from Hebrew to Koine Greek in approximately the third century B.C. In that version, the Yam Suph (Hebrew: ים סוף, lit. 'Sea of Reeds') is translated as Erythra Thalassa (Red Sea). The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Black Sea, the White Sea and the Yellow Sea. The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the north-western part of the Indian Ocean, and also to a region on Mars.
History[edit]
Ancient era[edit]
Ancient Egyptian expedition to the Land of Punt on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut
The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by ancient Egyptians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC (by Hatshepsut). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.[12] Historically, scholars argued whether these trips were possible.[13] The biblical Book of Exodus tells the tale of the Israelites' crossing of a body of water, which the Hebrew text calls Yam Suph (Hebrew: יַם סוּף). Yam Suph was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. Rabbi Saadia Gaon (882‒942), in his Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch, identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as Baḥar al-Qulzum, meaning the Gulf of Suez.[14]
Settlements and commercial centers in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the spice trade, as described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
In the 6th century BC, Darius the Great of Persia sent reconnaissance missions to the Red Sea, improving and extending navigation by locating many hazardous rocks and currents. A canal was built between the Nile and the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez. In the late 4th century BC, Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. Agatharchides collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ("Periplus of the Red Sea"), a Greek periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century AD, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.[15] The Periplus also describes how Hippalus first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India.
The Red Sea was favored for Roman trade with India starting with the reign of Augustus, when the Roman Empire gained control over the Mediterranean, Egypt, and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from China were introduced to the Roman world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century AD.[16]
Middle Ages and modern era[edit]
During the Middle Ages, the Red Sea was an important part of the spice trade route. In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, Afonso de Albuquerque laid siege to Aden[17] but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab, as the first European fleet to have sailed these waters.
In 1798, France ordered General Napoleon to invade Egypt and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer Jean-Baptiste Lepère, who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present Sweet Water Canal, but none lasted for long. The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. At the time, the British, French, and Italians shared the trading posts. The posts were gradually dismantled following the First World War. After the Second World War, the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the Six-Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable.
Oceanography[edit]
Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm[18]
The Red Sea is between arid land, desert and semi-desert. Reef systems are better developed along the Red Sea mainly because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern. The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south.
The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two monsoon seasons; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea. Very high surface temperatures and high salinities make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 °C (79 °F) in the north and 30 °C (86 °F) in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22 °C (72 °F). Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m (656 ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.
The rainfall over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging 0.06 m (2.36 in) per year. The rain is mostly short showers, often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust storms. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as 205 cm (81 in) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from Sudan and Eritrea[19] found surface water temperatures 28 °C in winter and up to 34 °C in the summer, but despite that extreme heat the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of coral bleaching, with only 9% infected by Thalassomonas loyana, the 'white plague' agent. Favia favus coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills T. loyana.[20] Plans are afoot to use samples of these corals' apparently heat-adapted commensal algae to salvage bleached coral elsewhere.
Salinity[edit]
The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation. Salinity ranges from between ~36 ‰ in the southern part because of the effect of the Gulf of Aden water and 41 ‰ in the northern part, owing mainly to the Gulf of Suez water and the high evaporation. The average salinity is 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's seawater is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PSU; that translates to 3.5% of actual dissolved salts.)
The salinity of the Red Sea is greater than the world average, by approximately 4 percent. This is due to several factors:
High rate of evaporation and very little precipitation.
Lack of significant rivers or streams draining into the sea.
Limited connection with the Indian Ocean, which has lower water salinity.
Tidal range[edit]
In general tide ranges between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden but it fluctuates between 0.20 m (0.66 ft) and 0.30 m (0.98 ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km (2 mi), whereas, north of Jeddah in the Al-Kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km (1.2 mi). The prevailing north and northeast winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1–2 m/s (3–6.5 ft/s). Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan.
Current[edit]
In the Red Sea detailed current data is lacking, partially because they are weak and variable both spatially and temporally. Temporal and spatial currents variation is as low as 0.5 m (1.6 ft) and are governed all by wind. During the summer, NW winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20 cm/s (6–8 in/s), whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the north end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is between 50–60 cm/s (20–23.6 in/s) with a maximum of 1 m/s (3.3 ft/s) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29 cm/s (3–11.4 in/s).
Wind regime[edit]
The north part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north-west winds, with speeds ranging between 7 km/h (4.3 mph) and 12 km/h (7.5 mph). The rest of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden are subjected to regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind regime is characterized by seasonal and regional variations in speed and direction with average speed generally increasing northward.
Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea to transport material as suspension or as bedload. Wind-induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind-generated current measurement is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds.
Geology[edit]
Dust storm over the Red Sea
The Red Sea was formed by the Arabian peninsula being split from the Horn of Africa by movement of the Red Sea Rift. This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene. The sea is still widening, and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of John Tuzo Wilson). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift. The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.[21]
Sometime during the Tertiary period, the Bab el Mandeb closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would have been:
A "race" between the Red Sea widening and Perim Island erupting filling the Bab el Mandeb with lava.
The lowering of world sea level during the Ice Ages because of much water being locked up in the ice caps.
A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant. However, in 2007, Jabal al-Tair island in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently. Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the Zubair Archipelago, a small chain of islands owned by Yemen. The first island, Sholan Island, emerged in an eruption in December 2011, the second island, Jadid, emerged in September 2013.[22][23][24]
Mineral resources[edit]
Red Sea coast in Taba, Egypt
In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows:
Biogenic constituents:
Nanofossils, foraminifera, pteropods, siliceous fossils
Volcanogenic constituents:
Tuffites, volcanic ash, montmorillonite, cristobalite, zeolites
Terrigenous constituents:
Quartz, feldspars, rock fragments, mica, heavy minerals, clay minerals
Authigenic minerals:
Sulfide minerals, aragonite, Mg-calcite, protodolomite, dolomite, quartz, chalcedony.
Evaporite minerals:
Magnesite, gypsum, anhydrite, halite, polyhalite
Brine precipitate:
Fe-montmorillonite, goethite, hematite, siderite, rhodochrosite, pyrite, sphalerite, anhydrite.
Ecosystem[edit]
See also: Persian Gulf § Wildlife
Hawksbill sea turtle in the Elphinstone Reef
The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. More than 1200 species of fish[25] have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10% of these are found nowhere else.[26] This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish.[25]
Red Sea coral and marine fish
The rich diversity is in part due to the 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of coral reef extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony acropora and porites corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the Blue Hole (Red Sea) at Dahab). These coastal reefs are also visited by pelagic species of Red Sea fish, including some of the 44 species of shark.
The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area.
The special biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, who set up the Ras Mohammed National Park in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts.
Divers and snorkellers should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans: see Red Sea species hazardous to humans.[27]
Other marine habitats include sea grass beds, salt pans, mangroves and salt marshes.
Desalination plants[edit]
There is extensive demand for desalinated water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea.
There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm brine and treatment chemicals (chlorine and anti-scalants) that bleach and kill corals and cause diseases to the fish. This is only localized, but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry.[28]
The water from the Red Sea is also used by oil refineries and cement factories for cooling. Used water drained back into the coastal zones may harm the nearshore environment of the Red Sea.
Security[edit]
The Red Sea is part of the sea roads between Europe, the Persian Gulf and East Asia, and as such has heavy shipping traffic. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority, Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt, Jordan Maritime Authority, Israel Port Authority, Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan.
Facts and figures[edit]
Length: ~2,250 km (1,398.1 mi) - 79% of the eastern Red Sea with numerous coastal inlets
Maximum Width: ~ 306–355 km (190–220 mi)– Massawa (Eritrea)
Minimum Width: ~ 26–29 km (16–18 mi)- Bab el Mandeb Strait (Yemen)
Average Width: ~ 280 km (174.0 mi)
Average Depth: ~ 490 m (1,607.6 ft)
Maximum Depth: ~2,211 m (7,253.9 ft)
Surface Area: 438-450 x 102 km2 (16,900–17,400 sq mi)
Volume: 215–251 x 103 km3 (51,600–60,200 cu mi)
Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow (under 100 m/330 ft), and about 25% is under 50 m (164 ft) deep.
About 15% of the Red Sea is over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) depth that forms the deep axial trough.
Shelf breaks are marked by coral reefs
Continental slope has an irregular profile (series of steps down to ~500 m or 1,640 ft)
Centre of Red Sea has a narrow trough (Suakin Trough) (~ 1,000 m or 3,281 ft; with maximum depth 3,040 m or 9,974 ft)
Tourism[edit]
Hotels in Eilat, Israel
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The sea is known for its recreational diving sites, such as Ras Mohammed, SS Thistlegorm (shipwreck), Elphinstone Reef, The Brothers, Daedalus Reef, St.John's Reef, Rocky Island in Egypt[29] and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb, Abington, Angarosh and Shaab Rumi.
The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of Hans Hass in the 1950s, and later by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Popular tourist resorts include El Gouna, Hurghada, Safaga, Marsa Alam, on the west shore of the Red Sea, and Sharm-el-Sheikh, Dahab, and Taba on the Egyptian side of Sinaï, as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera.
The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious shark attacks, including a fatality. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over-fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark-photo opportunities, and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard. The sea's narrowness, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas.
Bordering countries[edit]
The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are:
Eastern shore:
Saudi Arabia
Yemen
Western shore:
Egypt
Sudan
Eritrea
Djibouti
The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as Somalia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with said areas.[30][31]
Towns and cities[edit]
Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include:
Al Hudaydah (الحديدة)
Al Lith (الليِّث)
Al Qunfudhah (القنفذة)
Al-Qusair (القصير)
Al Wajh (الوجه)
Aqaba (العقبة)
Asseb (ዓሳብ)
Dahab (دهب)
Duba (ضباء)
Eilat (אילת ، ايلات)
El Gouna (الجونة)
El Suweis (السويس)
/ Hala'ib (حلايب) (disputed)
Haql (حقل)
Hirgigo (ሕርጊጎ)
Hurghada (الغردقة)
Jeddah (جدة)
Jazan (جازان)
Marsa Alam (مرسى علم)
Massawa (ምጽዋ)
Moulhoule (مول هولة )
Nuweiba (نويبع)
Port Safaga (ميناء سفاجا)
Port Sudan (بورت سودان)
Rabigh (رابغ)
Sharm el Sheikh (شرم الشيخ)
Soma Bay (سوما باي)
Suakin (سواكن)
Taba (طابا)
Thuwal (ثول)
Yanbu (ينبع)
See also[edit]
Benjamin Kahn
MS al-Salam Boccaccio 98 ferry disaster
Red Sea Dam
Robert Moresby
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Red Sea". Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Red Sea" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Robert Dinwiddie: Ocean_ The World's Last Wilderness Revealed. Dorling Kindersley, London 2008, p. 452
Jump up ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Red Sea". Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
Jump up ^ Smithsonianjourneys.org
Jump up ^ Schmitt 1996
Jump up ^ "Arabia". World Digital Library. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Michael D. Oblath (2004). The Exodus itinerary sites: their locations from the perspective of the biblical sources. Peter Lang. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8204-6716-0.
Jump up ^ Herodotus, ed. George Rawlinson (2009), The histories, p.105
Jump up ^ Andrew E. Hill, John H. Walton (2000), A survey of the Old Testament, p.32 [1]
Jump up ^ Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 24. ISBN 0-393-06259-7.
Jump up ^ Louis, Jaucourt de chevalier (1765). Red Sea. pp. 367–368.
Jump up ^ Tafsir, Saadia Gaon, s.v. Exodus 15:22, et al.
Jump up ^ Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-393-06259-7.
Jump up ^ East, W. Gordon (1965). The Geography behind History. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 174–175. ISBN 0-393-00419-8.
Jump up ^ By M. D. D. Newitt, A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668, p.87, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0-415-23979-6
Jump up ^ Egyptian Dust Plume, Red Sea
Jump up ^ BBC 2 television program "Oceans 3/8 The Red Sea", 8 pm - 9 pm Wednesday 26 November 2008
Jump up ^ 'Virus protects coral from 'white plague',' at New Scientist, 7 July 2012.p.17.
Jump up ^ Degens, Egon T. (ed.), 1969, Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea, 600 pp, Springer-Verlag
Jump up ^ MSNBC (accessed 29 December 2011)
Jump up ^ Israel, Brett (December 28, 2011). "New Island Rises in the Red Sea". LiveScience.com. Retrieved 2015-07-31.
Jump up ^ Oskin, Becky; SPACE.com (May 30, 2015). "Red Sea Parts for 2 New Islands". Scientific American. Retrieved 2015-07-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Froese, Ranier; Pauly, Daniel (2009). "FishBase". Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Jump up ^ Siliotti, A. (2002). Verona, Geodia, ed. Fishes of the red sea. ISBN 88-87177-42-2.
Jump up ^ Lieske, E. and Myers, R.F. (2004) Coral reef guide; Red Sea London, HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-715986-2
Jump up ^ Mabrook, B. "Environmental Impact of Waste Brine Disposal of Desalination Plants, Red Sea, Egypt", Desalination, 1994, Vol.97, pp.453-465.
Jump up ^ Scuba Diving in Egypt - The Red Sea: Holidays in Sharm El Sheikh, Hurghada, The Brothers, Daedalus Reef and St. John's - Liveaboard and Day Trips
Jump up ^ Barth, Hans-Jörg (2002). Sabkha ecosystems, Volume 2. Springer. p. 148. ISBN 1-4020-0504-0.
Jump up ^ Makinda, Samuel M. (1987). Superpower diplomacy in the Horn of Africa. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 0-7099-4662-7.
Further reading[edit]
Hamblin, W. Kenneth & Christiansen, Eric H. (1998). Earth's Dynamic Systems (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-745373-6.
External links[edit]
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Potts, D., R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 8, 2012. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
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WorldCat Identities
GND: 4050664-2
NARA: 10046247
NDL: 00634145
VIAF: 155944421
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&oldid=846356818"
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Mad Men (season 5)
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Mad Men (season 5)
Season 5 promotional poster
Starring
Jon Hamm
Elisabeth Moss
Vincent Kartheiser
January Jones
Christina Hendricks
Jared Harris
Aaron Staton
Rich Sommer
Kiernan Shipka
Jessica Pare
Christopher Stanley
Jay R. Ferguson
Robert Morse
John Slattery
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
AMC
Original release
March 25 (2012-03-25) – June 10, 2012 (2012-06-10)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 4
Next →
Season 6
List of Mad Men episodes
The fifth season of the American television drama series Mad Men premiered on March 25, 2012, with a two-episode premiere,[1][2] and concluded on June 10, 2012. It consisted of thirteen episodes, each running approximately 48 minutes in length.[3] AMC broadcast the fifth season on Sundays at 10:00 pm in the United States. The fifth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on October 16, 2012.[4]
Season 5 takes place between Memorial Day (May 30) 1966 and spring 1967. The season explores Don Draper's new marriage to Megan, which leads him to ignore his work at the Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce advertising agency. Meanwhile, Lane, Pete, Roger, Joan, and Peggy learn that it is "every man for himself" in their personal and professional lives, as they each face painful new beginnings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
2 Plot
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Crew
5 Reception
5.1 Accolades
5.1.1 64th Primetime Emmy Awards
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
See also: List of Mad Men characters
Main cast[edit]
Jon Hamm as Don Draper (13 episodes)
Elisabeth Moss as Peggy Olson (12 episodes)
Vincent Kartheiser as Pete Campbell (13 episodes)
January Jones as Betty Francis (4 episodes)
Christina Hendricks as Joan Harris (11 episodes)
Jared Harris as Lane Pryce (7 episodes)
Aaron Staton as Ken Cosgrove (12 episodes)
Rich Sommer as Harry Crane (10 episodes)
Kiernan Shipka as Sally Draper (7 episodes)
Jessica Paré as Megan Draper (13 episodes)
Christopher Stanley as Henry Francis (4 episodes)
Jay R. Ferguson as Stan Rizzo (11 episodes)
Robert Morse as Bert Cooper (9 episodes)
John Slattery as Roger Sterling (13 episodes)
Recurring cast[edit]
Ben Feldman as Michael Ginsberg (9 episodes)
Teyonah Parris as Dawn Chambers (8 episodes)
Mason Vale Cotton as Bobby Draper (6 episodes)
Embeth Davidtz as Rebecca Pryce (6 episodes)
Jeff Clarke as Howard Dawes (5 episodes)
Beth Hall as Caroline (5 episodes)
Meghan Bradley as Julia (4 episodes)
Alison Brie as Trudy Campbell (4 episodes)
Christine Estabrook as Gail Holloway (4 episodes)
Peyton List as Jane Sterling (4 episodes)
Sadie Alexandru as Scarlett (3 episodes)
Alexis Bledel as Beth Dawes (3 episodes)
Stephanie Drake as Meredith (3 episodes)
Pamela Dunlap as Pauline Francis (3 episodes)
Charlie Hofheimer as Abe Drexler (3 episodes)
Larisa Oleynik as Cynthia Cosgrove (3 episodes)
Julia Ormond as Marie Calvet (2 episodes)
Kevin Rahm as Ted Chaough (2 episodes)
Marten Holden Weiner as Glen Bishop (2 episodes)
Ray Wise as Ed Baxter (2 episodes)
Talia Balsam as Mona Sterling (1 episode)
Michael Gladis as Paul Kinsey (1 episode)
Ronald Guttman as Emile Calvet (1 episode)
Zosia Mamet as Joyce Ramsay (1 episode)
Joel Murray as Freddy Rumsen (1 episode)
Samuel Page as Greg Harris (1 episode)
Jay Paulson as Adam Whitman (1 episode)
Myra Turley as Katherine Olson (1 episode)
Plot[edit]
Don Draper has married his secretary Megan Calvet, who throws a surprise birthday party for Don and their co-workers. Don is embarrassed by the party and Megan serenading him in front of his co-workers. Megan (who has been promoted to copywriter) meanwhile struggles with Don's growing detachment with work, as he is constantly having Megan come in late and leave early to the agency, and her own unfulfilled dream of being an actress. Don's detachment alienates Peggy, who is being made to train Megan, and Bert, who feels that Don has gone "on love leave", not caring about his job or turning in quality work.
Feeling her chances at work have been undercut by Don's detachment, the couple have a fight while touring a Howard Johnson's hotel. Don leaves Megan behind in a huff when she tells him that she's come to find the advertising industry hollow and superficial. Megan manages to hitch a ride back to their new apartment, where they fight and ultimately reconcile.
Don's slacking at work coincides with the arrival of a new hire, in the form of young advertising phenom Michael Ginsberg. Young, aggressive, and anti-social, Ginsberg proves to be a rival for Don and Peggy. When the two are made to pitch advertisements for a snow cone company, Don purposely leaves behind Ginsberg's child-friendly campaign material in order to pitch his own darker, devil-themed campaign instead, which is ultimately chosen. Meanwhile, Peggy finds herself reaching a glass ceiling with regards to Ginsberg being able to rise faster within the company. However, one evening Ginsberg confides his dark secret to Peggy: that he was born in a Nazi concentration camp for Jews, where his mother died and that he spent his first five years in an orphanage before his father found him and took him to America to live. By the end, Peggy decides to leave the agency for another firm in order to fulfill her full potential. Don attempts to keep her by offering her a raise but ultimately concedes that Peggy has to leave him to continue out of his shadow. Before she leaves the office forever, Don kisses her hand, finally realizing how important she was to him. Peggy also makes a new change at home: she accepts her boyfriend's proposal to live together, to her mother's disapproval.
Elsewhere, Roger struggles to remain relevant in the company as Pete Campbell schemes to steal his plush office for himself. Roger begins to secretly pay Peggy and Ginsberg to produce material for him to pitch to clients. He also experiments with LSD, which has a profound impact on him and his own marriage to Jane; under the influence of the drug the two confess that their marriage has failed and they divorce. Roger meanwhile begins pursuing an affair with Megan's mother, culminating in Don's daughter Sally catching her step-grandmother performing oral sex on Roger.
Pete Campbell, having moved to the suburbs, begins to become more and more detached from his life and starts missing the big city. His relationship with Lane Pryce collapses and the two fight, with Lane beating Pete up in front of the other partners. He also begins a relationship with Beth Dawes, the wife of a fellow train commuter, who later breaks off the affair out of guilt even though she and Pete know that her husband is unrepentant in his own adultery. She later tells Pete that her husband is forcing her to undergo electroshock therapy because of her manic depression. Pete visits his mistress one last time in the hospital, whose memories of the affair have been destroyed. He confronts Beth's husband later on the train, revealing the affair and culminating in a fist fight. Returning home defeated and alone, his wife Trudy agrees to allow Pete to rent an apartment in the city for overnight stays.
Joan struggles with single motherhood while her husband is overseas, with help from her mother. However, when she discovers that Greg has signed up for another tour of duty in the Army Medical Corps without consulting her, Joan confronts Greg and in the process denounces him for his earlier rape of her and orders him out of her and their son's life. Greg reluctantly agrees but then files for divorce, which upsets Joan as she fears that Greg will paint her as the villain in their divorce case. Further complicating things is the firm's pursuit of Jaguar as a client, as Pete is able to get a promise that the agency will get the account if Joan sleeps with the head of the Jaguar dealers' association. Pete arranges a vote behind Don's back, and the other partners reluctantly agree to pay Joan to have sex with the executive to secure the account for them. However, Lane convinces Joan to take an ownership percentage of the company instead as Don tries (and fails) to stop Joan from doing the deed. The firm wins the account, but alienates Joan and Don from the rest of the partners and from each other.
Lane Pryce struggles with his own demons as he is revealed to be greatly in debt and owing a good amount of taxes from when he moved his money to the US last season to help keep the firm afloat. When his scheme to use his Christmas bonus to pay off his tax debt fails, Lane is forced to steal from the company to pay his debt. Bert and Don discover this and Don fires Lane, who then kills himself rather than face the disgrace of resigning and returning to England. He hangs himself in his office, leaving Roger, Pete, and Don to cut him down. Nobody but Don knows the reason behind his suicide.
Megan (who has returned to acting) seeks Don's help to secure a commercial role for her. Megan's visiting mother cruelly denounces Megan's ambitions and tells Don that he should not help Megan, as she believes that Megan's dream of acting must be crushed and that she should behave like the proper wife of a wealthy man. While Don is at the dentist, Megan's mother reduces her daughter to a quivering wreck, resulting in Don agreeing to help Megan get the role in order to secure her the happiness she needs to function. Eventually, she gets the role, and after dropping her off at the studio, Don leaves to a bar where he sits by himself and orders a drink.
The season ends with a montage of all the main characters having realizations about themselves. Pete, in the aftermath of his affair with Beth, is seen sitting alone on his couch with his headphones on and eyes closed. Peggy, having quickly risen through the ranks in her new career, is shown toasting a single glass of champagne to herself with a smile on her face. A naked Roger looks out the window of his hotel room at the city, in the throes of an LSD trip, and raises both of his arms into the air. And lastly, Don is seen at the bar, where a woman begins to flirt with him and asks if he is alone. He turns and looks at her ambiguously.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Mad Men episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
US viewers
(millions)
53
54
1
2 "A Little Kiss" Jennifer Getzinger Matthew Weiner March 25, 2012 (2012-03-25) 3.54[5]
It's Memorial Day weekend, 1966, and Don's children are spending the holiday with him and his new wife, Megan, at the Drapers' new and stylish Manhattan apartment. Pete struggles at SCDP due to Roger's constant attempts to undermine him through his, Pete's, accounts. Joan, on maternity leave after giving birth to her son, Kevin, has a helping houseguest in her mother. Megan throws a surprise birthday party for Don at their apartment with all of Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce in attendance, except for Joan.
55
3 "Tea Leaves" Jon Hamm Erin Levy and Matthew Weiner April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01) 2.94[6]
When Betty sees a doctor to try to get a prescription for diet pills, the doctor discovers a nodule on her thyroid. Although the nodule is later discovered to be benign, in the meantime Betty dwells on her mortality. Harry and Don go backstage at a Rolling Stones concert after a Heinz executive suggests trying to get the band to record a jingle for their ad campaign. Pete signs Mohawk Airlines as a client and gives the account to Roger. Roger asks Peggy to hire a new copywriter for Mohawk, so she interviews Michael Ginsberg. Don gives his OK.
56
4 "Mystery Date" Matt Shakman Victor Levin and Matthew Weiner April 8, 2012 (2012-04-08) 2.75[7]
Don runs into an ex-lover, and can't seem to escape her presence. Joan's husband, Greg, returns from his tour of duty in Vietnam only to reveal that he is being sent back for another year of service. Sally becomes frightened after reading stories on the Richard Speck murders, leading her step-grandmother to educate her on the concepts of fear and defense. Dawn spends the night at Peggy's apartment after becoming too afraid to return home because of racial violence near Harlem.
57
5 "Signal 30" John Slattery Frank Pierson and Matthew Weiner April 15, 2012 (2012-04-15) 2.69[8]
The episode occurs roughly two weeks after the previous one—around the time of Charles Whitman's shooting rampage at the University of Texas at Austin. Pete and Trudy host a dinner party in the suburbs, attended by Don, Megan, Ken, and his wife. Pete also attends driver's education classes where he views the film Signal 30 and flirts with a young woman. After watching England win the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final with expatriate Brits, Lane attempts to land an account with Jaguar Cars, leading to a physical altercation with Pete.
58
6 "Far Away Places" Scott Hornbacher Semi Chellas and Matthew Weiner April 22, 2012 (2012-04-22) 2.66[9]
Peggy becomes alienated both at work and in her personal life. Roger and Jane take LSD with a group of intellectuals, altering how they see the world, and allowing them to speak honestly about their marriage. Don and Megan take an impromptu road trip to Plattsburgh, New York to visit the Howard Johnson's flagship hotel and restaurant, which turns into a disaster after Megan informs Don that she dislikes orange sherbet. Bert Cooper reprimands Don for being on "love leave" after Peggy's failure with Heinz.
59
7 "At the Codfish Ball" Michael Uppendahl Jonathan Igla April 29, 2012 (2012-04-29) 2.31[10]
Don is honored at a banquet for the American Cancer Society, but finds his professional reputation has been damaged. Megan comes up with a last-minute pitch to save the Heinz account. Peggy thinks Abe is going to propose to her, but he instead suggests they move in together, a decision that doesn't go over well with her or her mother. When Henry's mother breaks her ankle while babysitting at the Francis house, Sally takes charge, then comes to stay with Don and Megan, who are already hosting the latter's parents.
60
8 "Lady Lazarus" Phil Abraham Matthew Weiner May 6, 2012 (2012-05-06) 2.29[11]
Megan has second thoughts about her career path after the success with Heinz but finds it difficult to tell Don. Peggy, unwittingly caught between the two when Megan's lie comes to light, finally lets her frustrations be known to both Megan and Don. Pete finds that his increasing success at the firm does not fill the emptiness of his life. After a chance encounter one evening with a neighbor, he becomes obsessed with wanting to repeat the experience. Don returns to creative work full throttle, only to find the cultural changes of the 1960s have left him behind.
61
9 "Dark Shadows" Scott Hornbacher Erin Levy May 13, 2012 (2012-05-13) 2.13[13]
As a toxic smog cloud hangs over New York City during Thanksgiving 1966,[12] Betty's jealousy of Don and Megan leads her to tell Sally about Anna Draper. Don and Peggy are both irritated by Michael Ginsberg's rising star, and Don takes a devious approach to clip the wings of the young copywriter. Roger gets handed a new client (Manischewitz) by Bert Cooper, but Roger's decision that he needs more Jewish input to help him involves estranged wife Jane, with unfortunate results. Pete continues to resent that his brief affair has ended with Beth, the wife of commuter-acquaintance Howard.
62
10 "Christmas Waltz" Michael Uppendahl Victor Levin and Matthew Weiner May 20, 2012 (2012-05-20) 1.92[14]
Around Christmas, Lane is instructed by his London attorney to wire $8,000 to England within two days for back taxes, or else he risks being arrested. Lane, in fear, forges a check from Don. Harry meets with Paul Kinsey, who has joined the Hare Krishnas and has written a terrible spec script for the series Star Trek. Harry later pays for a trip for Paul to Los Angeles so Paul can try to break into scriptwriting. Joan is served divorce papers, and after an outburst to the office receptionist, she and Don go to a bar for a drink and have an intimate chat. Meanwhile, Pete reveals that Jaguar is again looking for an advertising firm, and that presentations will start in mid-January.
63
11 "The Other Woman" Phil Abraham Semi Chellas and Matthew Weiner May 27, 2012 (2012-05-27) 2.07[15]
Pete asks Joan to sleep with a client to secure the Jaguar account. Meanwhile, the creatives work long nights to come up with the perfect pitch for the presentation. Don becomes furious after learning Megan could take a role in Boston. Feeling unappreciated, Peggy attends lunch with Freddy Rumsen, who encourages her to make a move. Later, Peggy meets with Ted Chaough, from rival firm CGC, and is offered chief copywriter position.
64
12 "Commissions and Fees" Christopher Manley Andre Jacquemetton & Maria Jacquemetton June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03) 2.41[16]
Don discovers that Lane stole money from the company and fires him. Sally has a rendezvous with former neighbor Glen Bishop, which ends abruptly. After Don expresses a yearning for more, Roger gets him a meeting with Dow Chemical, a client that could shape the future of the company. Lane falls into a melancholic depression and commits suicide.
65
13 "The Phantom" Matthew Weiner Jonathan Igla and Matthew Weiner June 10, 2012 (2012-06-10) 2.70[17]
Don has a toothache that brings up painful memories of his brother as the firm looks to expand after a profitable quarter with Joan running the books. Roger seeks to expand the affair with Megan's mother and asks her to join him on a second LSD trip. Pete has a "last" encounter with Beth and finds she is receiving shock treatment. Megan struggles to find acting work and asks for Don's help getting an audition for a commercial at the agency to jump-start her career. Peggy is adjusting to her new agency and enjoying the challenge of an upcoming campaign bid for Philip Morris' "top secret ladies cigarette", but still seeks Don's approval.
Production[edit]
Crew[edit]
Series creator Matthew Weiner also served as showrunner and executive producer, and is credited as a writer on 10 of the 13 episodes of the season, often co-writing the episodes with another writer. Erin Levy was promoted to co-producer and wrote two episodes. Victor Levin joined as co-executive producer and wrote two episodes. Frank Pierson joined as consulting producer and wrote one episode. Semi Chellas was promoted to co-producer and wrote two episodes. Jonathan Igla wrote two episodes. Writing team Andre Jacquemetton and Maria Jacquemetton were promoted to executive producers and co-wrote one episode together. Other producers included Blake McCormick and executive producer Scott Hornbacher.
Jennifer Getzinger, Scott Hornbacher, Michael Uppendahl, and Phil Abraham each directed two episodes for the season. The remaining episodes were directed by Matt Shakman, cast member John Slattery, Matthew Weiner, who directs each season finale; with cast member Jon Hamm and cinematographer Christopher Manley each making their directorial debuts.
Reception[edit]
The fifth season of Mad Men has received critical acclaim. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 97% of 34 critics have given the season a positive review. The site's consensus is: "With its brilliantly crafted characters, razor-sharp writing, and ambitious sweep, Mad Men continues to surprise and unsettle."[18] On Metacritic, the fifth season has scored an 89 out of 100 based on 24 reviews, indicating universal acclaim.[19]
Accolades[edit]
The fifth season received three nominations from the Television Critics Association Awards for Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama, while Jon Hamm was nominated for Individual Achievement in Drama.[20]
64th Primetime Emmy Awards[edit]
Season five received 17 nominations for the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards, although it did not win any.[21]
Outstanding Drama Series
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series: Jon Hamm
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series: Elisabeth Moss
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series: Jared Harris
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series: Christina Hendricks
Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series: Ben Feldman
Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series: Julia Ormond
Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series: Phil Abraham for "The Other Woman"
Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series:
Semi Chellas and Matthew Weiner for "Far Away Places"
Semi Chellas and Matthew Weiner for "The Other Woman"
Andre Jacquemetton and Maria Jacquemetton for "Commissions and Fees"
Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series
Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series
Outstanding Cinematography for a One Hour Series
Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single-Camera Series
Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic)
Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 14, 2012). "AMC Sets 2-Hour Premiere For 'Mad Men' & 'Killing' Return, Supersizes 'Walking Dead', Promises 'Killing' Killer Will Be Revealed". Deadline. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Episode 1-2: A Little Kiss". AMC.com. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mad Men - Netflix". Netflix. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (July 23, 2012). "Mad Men - This Just In! DVD and Blu-ray Street Date, Extras and More for 'Season 5'!". TVShowsODVD.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 27, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: NBA Basketball, 'Mad Men' Season Premiere + 'Real Housewives of Atlanta' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sarah (April 3, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings:'Game of Thrones' Returns To Series High; + 'Khloe & Lamar,' 'The Killing', 'Mad Men, 'Army Wives' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sarah (April 10, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Leads + Atlanta 'Housewives,' 'Mad Men,' 'Khloe & Lamar,' 'Army Wives,' 'The Client List' & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 17, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones,' + 'Real Housewives ATL' 'Mad Men,' 'Khloe & Lamar,' 'The Client List' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 24, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones,' + 'Real Housewives ATL' 'Mad Men,' 'Veep,' 'The Client List' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 1, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Rises, Ties NBA Playoffs + 'Real Housewives,' 'The Client List,' 'Army Wives,' 'Mad Men' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 8, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: NBA Playoffs + 'Game of Thrones', 'The Client List', 'Army Wives,' 'Khloe & Lamar', 'Mad Men' + More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hale, Mike (May 14, 2012). "'Mad Men' Watch: What Are You Thankful For?". New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 15, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Tops 'Real Housewives NJ,' 'The Client List,' 'Khloe & Lamar,' 'Army Wives' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 22, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: NBA Playoffs, + 'Game of Thrones', 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Ax Men', 'The Client List', 'Sister Wives', + More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 30, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: NBA Playoffs Win Night, 'Game of Thrones', 'Mad Men', 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Girls', 'Pawn Stars', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (June 5, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: NBA Playoffs + 'Game of Thrones' Finale, MTV Movie Awards, 'Sister Wives', 'The Glades', 'Longmire' + More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 12, 2012). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night, 'Mad Men', 'Longmire', 'The Client List', 'The Glades', 'Drop Dead Diva' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mad Men: Season 5 (2012-2012)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mad Men: Season 5". Metacritic. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (June 6, 2012). "TCA Awards nominees include 'Breaking Bad', 'Mad Men', 'Game of Thrones', and 'Homeland'". HitFix. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mad Men - Emmys". Emmys.com. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Mad Men episodes on IMDb
List of Mad Men episodes at TV.com
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Mad Men
Characters
Don Draper
Peggy Olson
Betty Draper
Pete Campbell
Joan Holloway
Roger Sterling
Lane Pryce
Episodes
Season 1
"Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"
"Ladies Room"
"Marriage of Figaro"
"New Amsterdam"
"5G"
"Babylon"
"Red in the Face"
"The Hobo Code"
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"Long Weekend"
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Season 5
"A Little Kiss"
"Tea Leaves"
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"Signal 30"
"Far Away Places"
"At the Codfish Ball"
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"Dark Shadows"
"Christmas Waltz"
"The Other Woman"
"Commissions and Fees"
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Season 6
"The Doorway"
"The Crash"
Season 7
"Person to Person"
Related
Awards and nominations
Retrospective: the Music of Mad Men
Category
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