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Juliette Barnes
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Juliette Barnes
Nashville character
Hayden Panettiere as Juliette Barnes
First appearance
'Pilot' (October 10, 2012)
Created by
Callie Khouri
Portrayed by
Hayden Panettiere
Information
Full name
Juliette Jolene Barnes
Occupation
Singer-songwriter, actress
Affiliation
Edgehill Republic (2010-2015)
Wheelin' Deelin' Records (2015-2016)
Highway 65 Records (2016)
Family
Jolene Barnes (mother)†
Eddie Barnes(father)†
Cadence Barkley (daughter)
Spouse(s)
Avery Barkley (2015)
Significant other(s)
Deacon Claybourne
Sean Butler (ex-husband; annulled)
Dante Rivas†
Charles Wentworth
Jeff Fordham
Noah West
Children
Cadence Barkley (b. 2016)
Juliette Jolene Barnes-Barkley is a fictional character and one of the two leads in the ABC/CMT musical drama series Nashville. Juliette is portrayed by actress Hayden Panettiere since the pilot episode, which aired on October 10, 2012. Juliette was a teenage country sensation and is now making more mature music. She tries to take the throne, as Queen of Country music, from rival Rayna Jaymes. Panettiere has received critical acclaim for her performance as Juliette[1][2][3] and she has been nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Television Series Drama in 2013 and 2014, a Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2012 and a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2016.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting and creation
2 Storylines
2.1 Background
2.2 Albums
2.3 Singles
2.4 Labels
2.5 Tours
2.6 Films
2.7 Awards
2.8 Character profile
2.9 Season 1
2.10 Season 2
2.11 Season 3
2.12 Season 4
2.13 Season 5
3 Reception
3.1 Reviews
3.2 Awards
4 Album Track listing
4.1 Unleashed
5 References
6 External links
Casting and creation[edit]
The casting of Hayden Panettiere as Juliette Barnes was announced on February 29, 2012.[6] Juliette was characterized as an up-and-coming country-pop diva and rival of series co-lead Rayna Jaymes, a fading country star played by Connie Britton.[7] Although best known as an actress, Panettiere had a brief music career, recording songs for several films between 2004 and 2007 and planning to release an album. Though she co-wrote and recorded some songs for it, it was never completed or released.[8] She later explained: "I quit after about four or five years of recording, and I said this is not me. But I said that if I was ever going to do music again, I would do country music, and for this [Nashville] to come along and to get both of the things I love [acting and country music] combined in one show, it's a dream come true."[9]
Panettiere has denied media reports that her character resembles Taylor Swift, (who was also born in 1989)[10] and states that Juliette is instead based on herself—a young woman in the entertainment industry—and Carrie Underwood.[11][12] She was attracted to the character because she was "so multidimensional" and because she wanted to "break away from her character in Heroes."[13]
Panettiere has revealed that she was not the first choice to play the role, as the producers were not sure she would be able to render Juliette vulnerable enough to be likeable.[14] However, after Panettiere was cast, the writers re-wrote Juliette, who was originally seen as a supporting character to Rayna James' series lead, to be a co-lead alongside her.[8]
Storylines[edit]
Background[edit]
Juliette Jolene Barnes is a CMA winning country singer born in 1988. At the age of 16 in Alabama, Juliette was discovered by manager Glenn Goodman at a county fair performing and signed with him. From there she moved to Nashville TN and signed with Edgehill Republic Entertainment Records in 2010. An instant success her debut album "Juliette" reached the number 1 position on the billboard country charts and went multi-platinum. Her follow up record "All My Angels" was an even bigger success with the tween demographics reaching number 1 on both the billboard country chart & the billboard 200 chart. During recording for her follow up album, Juliette was charged with petty theft after a fan recorded her stealing a small bottle of nail polish from a local drug store. After some time Juliette got back on track, releasing a co-written instant hit song with Country legend Rayna Jaymes titled "Wrong Song". Juliette ultimately became engaged to rookie football player Sean Butler. The couple called it quits after Juliette left Sean at the altar and began her world tour "Red Lips White Lies" with Rayna Jaymes. It was later revealed that Juliette and Sean had eloped a few days before their ceremony, the marriage was ultimately annulled. Months later Juliette was in the headlines again with her mothers untimely death after a drug fueled murder suicide.
Her follow up record "Inside The Dream" came out in early 2014 and was successful,(but a moderate success compared to her previous records) as she began to mature her sound. Barnes was then eventually asked to join the Grand Ole Opry as a member by Rayna Jaymes in later 2014. Barnes continued to mature her sound after this and began to garner an adult fan base as she embarked on her "Inside The Dream" North American Tour. During this time though Barnes got black listed from country radio, & country music fans after news broke of her affair with Mogul Charles Wentworth & after she stated "There Is No God" to a crowd of protestors outside of her concert arena. Fans immediately turned on the country singer holding burnings of her album, along with having promoters cancel her concerts after bomb threats were sent to the locations. It was later proven to be by reality star / upcoming country singer Layla Grant that the religious protesters had antagonized Barnes deeming that she was a sinner who was going to burn in hell with her mother. Grant then cleared the air that Barnes actually said "There Is No God, who would listen to a crackpot like you". Unfortunately it took radio and fans a long time to move forward from this. Barnes then fueled the flames refusing to be forced to apologize for something she hadn't done, by performing her new song "Don't Put Dirt On My Grave Just Yet", (co-written with Avery Barkley) during her induction to the Grand Ole Opry. This decision of hers ultimately led to Edgehill Republic Entertainment Records dropping her following her performance. Barnes was then again black listed, though was offered recording contracts from major labels outside of Nashville. Barnes ultimately signed with Country Legend Rayna Jaymes label Highway 65 Records, Though no music was released during her year on this label.
During this year Barnes got married to boyfriend Avery Barkley, and the couple had their first child, a daughter named Cadence. Barnes also made her film debut playing the role of Country Icon Patsy Cline along with actor Noah West in the film "Shenandoah Girl". Barnes was then nominated for an Oscar award as best actress for her performance in this film. After Barnes departed from Highway 65 Records, she signed with Country singer Luke Wheelers label "Wheelin' Dealin' Records". During this time she fired longtime on and off manager Glenn Goodman and hired former CEO of Edgehill Republic Entertainment Records Jeff Fordham as her manager. Through Wheelers Label she then released her critical & commercially successful album 2016's "Unleashed" which debuted at #1 on both Billboards 200 chart and Billboards Country Chart. Barnes then joined Luke Wheelers "Never Back Down Tour" and continued on it until she took a break after attacking a fan in the lobby of a hotel in Atlanta and the death of her manager via suicide the following day. Barnes then kept a low profile only being heard from when the announcement of her divorce from Avery Barkley was made public. Barnes continued to keep a low profile until it was announced she was going to star in her 2nd picture following her raved performance in "Shenandoah Girl", a Stephan Spielberg film. But before filming began during its press tour it was revealed that Barnes had been keeping a low profile as she had been in rehab for the past 3 months dealing with emotional issues and her battle with postpartum depression which she stated caused her her relationship with her daughter and her marriage.
Following more down time, Barnes was ultimately in a deadly Plane crash after leaving the 2016 Oscars in order to reunite with her estranged husband. The crash led to the untimely death of 6 workers on the plane as Barnes was the sole survivor. Barnes was left in a wheelchair after breaking her legs and having severe damage to her nervous system. Over the following months, Barnes was one of very few people to make a miraculous recovery and was ultimately able to walk again. Barnes still battles with PTSD but was able to find peace eventually with religion and her family. After going through such traumatic experiences Barnes ultimately recorded her follow up album to 2016's "Unleashed". The album titled "Grateful" was a religious album released through Highway 65 Records after the label bought "Wheelin' Dealin' Records". Unfortunately for Barnes, despite her personal struggles, the album was a critical & commercial failure as fans and critics did not support the record.
Albums[edit]
2010: Juliette
2012: All My Angels
2014: Inside The Dream
2016: Unleashed
2016: Juliette Barnes Live
2017: Grateful
Singles[edit]
2010: I'm A Girl - Single
2010: Gonna Get Even - Single
2012: Love Like Mine - Single
2012: Telescope - Single
2012: Boys and Buses
2013: Wrong Song featuring Rayna Jaymes - Single
2013: Yellin' From The Rooftop - Single
2013: Consider Me - Single
2014: Hypnotizing - Single
2014: Trouble Is - Single
2014: Dreams - Single
2014: We Are Water - Single
2015: Don't Put Dirt On My Grave Just Yet - Single
2015: Tell That Devil - Single
2016: Mississippi Flood - Single
2016: Last Honest Man - Single
2016: Crazy (Theme song from the major motion film "Shenandoah Girl") - Single
2016: What If It's You - Single
2016: Crazy featuring Steven Tyler - Single
2016: Hole In The World - Single
2016: One Place Too Long - Single
2016: Boomtown featuring Luke Wheeler - Single
2017: On My Way - Single
2017: On My Way (Choir Version) - Single
2017: Water's Rising - Single
Labels[edit]
Edgehill Republic Entertainment Records (2010-2015)
Highway 65 Records (2015)
Wheelin' Dealin Records (2016)
Highway 65 Records (2016)
Tours[edit]
2010: All My Angels Tour
2012: Red Lips White Lies Tour [Co-Headlined with Rayna Jaymes]
2014: Inside The Dream North American Tour
2014: Music City Music Festival
2015: Never Back Down Tour (Opening Act to Luke Wheeler)
Films[edit]
2015: Shenandoah Girl (Oscar nominated Role for Biopic of Country Legend Patsy Cline)
Awards[edit]
2013: CMA Female Vocalist Of The Year
2014: Inducted Into The Grand Ole Opry As A Member
2015: CMA Song of the Year Nominated
2016: AMA Song of the year nominated
Character profile[edit]
Juliette Barnes, originally from Alabama, was discovered singing at a country fair by her manager, Glenn Goodman, who believed he could turn her into one of America's biggest country stars. Juliette, being young, beautiful and ambitious, had no qualms about leaving her dysfunctional home life and her drug-addicted mother behind. She quickly rose to become Edgehill Republic Records biggest star, a pop-country sensation, with legions of young teenage fans and sell out tours. Despite Juliette's singing talent being questioned by several characters, including Rayna Jaymes, she shows not only raw talent but has also proven herself to be a capable songwriter and works with talented musicians such as Deacon Clayborne and Avery Barkley. Juliette and Rayna, however, have two things in common, both of them had bad parents and both of them left home when they were 16 to become famous country music stars.[15][16]
Juliette is initially played as a demanding, arrogant diva, but there is another side to her. The main reason why she was the main antagonist in the series. She is a girl who has fought for everything she has and is prepared to do anything to get to the top. However, her hard exterior shields a world of pain that she rarely lets people see. She has no friends, no-one she can truly turn to, and she has seen the worst of people growing up, which has left her unable to connect with people emotionally. As a result, she shows a desperate desire to be loved by anyone who shows her the slightest bit of affection, such as when she falls in love with her mother's drug counselor.[17]
Season 1[edit]
When the series begins, Juliette is a fast-rising star, with the potential to topple Queen of Country, Rayna Jaymes. Juliette sees Rayna as a has-been, while Rayna sees Juliette as a talentless bimbo. To the public, Juliette is a sweet-natured, fun loving, glamorous bubble-gum country star. Behind the scenes, however, Juliette is neither sweet natured or fun, but rather a cold-hearted, demanding, spoiled young woman who wants what she wants when she wants it, and what she wants is to be the Queen of Country.
Despite a string of number ones and sell-out tours, Juliette struggles to be taken seriously, having her vocals auto-tuned and her videos being cheesy and cliched, she decides to work with Deacon Clayborne and when she writes with him, he is the first one to recognize her potential as a songwriter.
The rivalry between her and Rayna comes to a head when Rayna is promoted from an opening act to co-touring with Juliette and their management suggest they write a song together. Rayna tells Juliette a few home truths about her talent and how her diva-like behavior will be the end of her. This upsets Juliette, however when Deacon shows Rayna the lyrics Juliette has written, Rayna begrudgingly admits she may have been wrong. They finally admit their mutual dislike for each other however manage to finish a song together called "Wrong Song" which goes straight to number one. The two are forced to admit a respect for one another despite their continuing dislike.
In her personal life, Juliette is set up on a date by a famous football player for the Tennessee Titans named Sean Butler, as her management thinks it will be good press. Juliette finds him sweet, especially when he reveals his intentions to remain a virgin until marriage, a first for Juliette who has only met men who want her for something. However Juliette is looked on with scorn by Sean's family, especially his mother, who thinks Juliette is trash, which brings out Juliette's vindictive side and she seduces Sean which leads to a rather hasty marriage. However Juliette realises Sean is a genuinely good person and that she would just end up hurting him when he doesn't deserve to be, so she agrees to an annulment.
Juliette's life is further complicated when her drug-addicted mother, Jolene, comes back into her life. All her life, Juliette remembers her irresponsible mother letting her down and losing her every time to drugs with Juliette having to clean up after her and often being on the receiving end of her mother's drug fuelled violence. However once again she ends up helping her mother, paying for her rehab and eventually falling for her mother's drug counsellor Dante. No one trusts Dante, who swiftly begins to take over Juliette's life, her finances and her career, but Juliette is so blindly in love with him she ignores everyone. In the end, everyone is proved right as Dante flees with a chunk of Juliette's money and also tries to blackmail her out of $10 million with a sex tape he has of the two of them.
Juliette refuses to give into his demands and instead issues a statement confessing her role in the tape and how it was released without her permission which garners her respect. However Jolene, finally deciding to help her daughter after years of letting her down, murders Dante, destroys the tape and then kills herself with a drug overdose, devastating Juliette.
Season 2[edit]
Juliette is introduced to Edgehill's new CEO, Jeff Fordham, and Layla Grant, who rose to fame after being the runner-up in a singing competition. Much like how Juliette was wanting to take Rayna's place, Layla wants to do the same to Juliette. Juliette complains that she isn't country and makes fun of her when she says "y'all" because she is from Connecticut. Following the events of Rayna's wreck, she wants to cancel the remainder of the tour to spend more time with her daughters, which doesn't make Juliette happy. Juliette wants to move away from doing over-the-top numbers and refuses to play half-houses. Desperately wanting to keep playing to full arenas, she asks Layla to open up for her. Juliette is invited to join the Grand Ole Opry, which leaves her speechless.
Billionaire Charles "Charlie" Wentworth hires Juliette to sing at his anniversary party as a gift for his wife Olivia because she is a huge fan of hers. At the party, Juliette and Charlie sneak off to the house and sleep together. The two meet up again at the annual Bell Meade Polo tournament and end up sleeping together again only this time, unbeknownst to them, Olivia walks in on them. While on tour in Houston, Juliette decides that she no longer wants to suck up to a powerful DJ to get good reviews and airplay which leads to critics leaving the show before her set and bad reviews. Charlie, who owns several radio stations, gets the DJ fired when he hears of this but has him rehired when Juliette regrets what Charlie did. Still in Houston, Juliette gets a surprise visit from Olivia, who hits on her. It turns out Charlie and Olivia just wanted her to be a part of their threesome. After this, and following her confronting them about their lifestyle, Charlie divorces Olivia.
Juliette begins to feel threatened by Layla when she steals some of her spotlight and gets distracted. When Layla goes over her set time, making Juliette's set and the show run late, at the next show she flips Layla and Will's sets. Just as Layla is supposed to go on stage to sing with Will, Juliette barges in, takes the mic and sings with him instead. To get back at her, Layla calls the press to inform them that Juliette is the cause of the Wentworths' divorce. At the Music City Festival, the press hound her. She tells Glenn to find the person who leaked to the press but soon suspects that Layla might have had something to do with it. Jeff goes to Layla, telling her that if she had anything to do with it, she will be dropped from the label. When Juliette arrives at the next tour stop, she is greeted by angry picketers who harass her and call her names. Her reputation takes another blow when someone edits a video of her so it sounds like she said "there is no God". She turns to Layla for help as a way to clear her name.
Because of this, venues are dropping her, leaving Jeff furious so he makes her apologize for her comment or she will be dropped. Avery goes to cheer her up and they write a song together. The two begin dating. Juliette is told to make an apology at her Grand Ole Opry ceremony. Not liking what is written for her to say, she ignores the teleprompter and begins singing "Don't Put Dirt on My Grave Just Yet". Once again making Jeff furious, he drops her from the label. Juliette goes to hide at Avery's. Howie D, a high-powered, hit-making record producer, hears the new tweaked version of the song and wants to work with Juliette. She flies to Los Angeles to meet with him and record it. Glenn is feeling sidelined with everything going on so he tells Juliette that he is resigning from being her manager and is heading back to Nashville. Not feeling what Howie D has in store for her, she goes to Glenn saying that she doesn't want to move away from being a country music singer and can't do it without him. Juliette runs into Jeff at a restaurant and he offers her a new record deal but she turns him down. She also bumps Will and Layla from her tour.
As a way to resurrect her career, Juliette asks Rayna to sign her to Highway 65 Records, Rayna's newly founded record label. Feeling upstage by newer talent, she sabotages the label party by going on stage announcing that she is now with the label. Juliette goes to Charlie asking for a favor when she faces more empty seats on her tour but he wants to get back together with her, and Avery tells him to go away. Rayna tells Juliette that she wants Scarlett to open for her on tour. After Scarlett has a meltdown on stage, Avery spends time with her, making Juliette jealous. Avery assures that she is the one that he loves. At the BMI party, feeling wasted, Juliette runs into Jeff and they end up having sex. Gunnar sees them leaving the screening room together while collecting themselves.
Gunnar tries to hide the secret from Avery but tells Zoey. Jeff blackmails Juliette into signing with him or he'll tell Avery what happened between them. Juliette goes to Rayna saying that it was a mistake signing with her and wants out of her contract, but Rayna tells her no and that there is too much at stake. She later reveals to Rayna that she mistakenly slept with Jeff. With Avery sensing there is something going on with Gunnar and Zoey, they confess Juliette's secret to him. He goes to Juliette and breaks up with her. She begs him to stay, but he leaves anyway.
When Juliette is in Fort Campbell for a show that Luke Wheeler is putting on for the troops, it is revealed that Juliette's dad was a Blackhawk pilot. He died when she was four. However, the new writers, having not watched previous seasons of the series, unknowingly stated (in season five), that her dad died in a car accident, and showed this.
Season 3[edit]
Juliette has a hard time getting over Avery and these emotions show through when she auditions to play Patsy Cline in a movie. Her emotions work in her favor, and Juliette ends up getting the role. When Juliette keeps getting sick, Glenn has a doctor come over to check on her. As he is leaving, the doctor tells her that she is pregnant. Juliette schedules an abortion; however, she finds out that she's further along, and realizes the baby is not Jeff's. She keeps the baby, resulting in her being unable to get through rehearsals due to morning sickness. This makes Glenn and Emily suspicious, and Juliette walks in on them searching her house. Angry that they believe she's on drugs, she makes them leave without telling them the truth. Meanwhile, she also starts to become friends with her movie co-star, Noah West. Juliette eventually turns to Rayna for help. She finally tells Glenn and Emily, and lets them know she wants to give the baby up for adoption discreetly, figuring she'll drop out of the public eye before anyone notices and attribute the weight gain to getting into the role of Patsy Cline. Avery ends up getting arrested after getting drunk and trespassing. Juliette bails him out, and Avery tells her that he wishes he never met her. Juliette decides to keep the baby and raise it on her own.
Emily tries to convince Juliette to tell Avery, and Juliette finally sends Avery a text. While she's on set filming the movie later, Avery shows up and makes a scene when Juliette won't see him. However, Glenn gets him to leave. When Juliette becomes worried about shooting a love scene because it'll reveal her pregnancy, Noah reveals he overheard Avery and helps cover up her secret. Noah later shows up at her show, and says that he enjoys spending time with her. While she's performing, Juliette becomes short of breath and leaves the stage, where Noah catches her when she collapses.
Juliette is rushed to the hospital, where the doctor tells her that she has to cancel the tour immediately. Avery shows up at the hospital, but leaves when Noah comes in. Juliette, though, tracks him down and tells him if he wants to be the baby's father, he'll need to let her be a part of his life as well. Avery, though, tells Juliette that he will get to be the baby's father on his terms. Juliette later reveals her pregnancy to the media as why she's cancelling her tour, and admits that Avery is the father when a reporter asks. Around the one-year anniversary of her mother's death, Juliette has flashbacks of her childhood. At the CMA's Juliette meets Avery's parents; his mom adores her while his father doesn't. When walking back to her seat she overhears his dad saying that he doesn't think that she and Avery will make good parents and brings up her past. Avery vows that they won't be like their parents. Juliette tells him that they are having a girl. Weeks after the CMA's, Juliette asks Avery to move in with her after the baby is born just for a little while. Avery later asks Juliette to marry him, she says yes, and they have a judge marry them. After canceling her baby shower, Juliette's water breaks while arguing with Rayna. She is rushed to the hospital where she has her baby girl, Cadence. After having Cadence, Juliette is more focused on her career than the baby and neglects her. Emily is concerned and informs Avery. They call in Juliette's doctor who thinks she is suffering from postpartum depression but she denies it.
Worrying about not having a career after having a baby, she rushes to make a new album, and has unauthorized roof top performances all across the country. Rayna is not happy with it since the label is the one getting fined for it and she also wants Juliette to take some time off before making a new record. After getting in an argument with Rayna, Bucky and Glenn, Juliette leaves Highway 65 and fires Glenn. She then goes to Jeff asking if he can be her new manager and signs with Luke Wheeler's Wheelin' Dealin' Records. While Avery complains to Juliette about not spending time with baby, she throws a snow globe at them but barely misses hitting them. Avery becomes fed up with Juliette's behavior and leaves town with Cadence.
Season 4[edit]
A month has passed and Juliette is on top of the world. Her new movie is a hit and her new album is coming out soon. Juliette has not seen or talked to Avery and Cadence in a month, and ignores Avery when he texts her. While out in Los Angeles touring with Luke and promoting her movie she breaks down and calls Rayna saying she needs help. Rayna who just officially dropped Juliette from Highway 65 flies out to Los Angeles to go see because she cares about her. When Rayna goes to talk to her after her set, Juliette only yells at her and says that she is not having good luck with Highway 65. Juliette's bitterness towards Layla continues when she tells Layla that she will be Jeff's number one client. She also tells her that Jeff does not love her, leaving Layla sad. Juliette comes back to Nashville and reconnects with Avery and Cadence. They go with her to her pre-album party but it turns out it was just for publicity. Without informing Avery, Juliette leaves town as well as leaving her phone at home. On her jet Jeff is seen giving her a new phone, confirming with him that no one has the number to it. Once away from Nashville, she parties, drinks, and has a doctor prescribe her medication, Including uppers, downers, and hypnotics. With Juliette being absent Avery needs help taking care of Cadence so he gets Emily (Who is still on Juliettes payroll) to help babysit her. One afternoon when Avery relieves Emily, the paparazzi takes pictures of the three of them together. The tabloids make up headlines, insinuating that Avery is cheating. Juliette sees and believes this so she calls Emily in a fit of anger, calling her a "gold digging backstabbing whore."
Avery desperately calls Juliette when Cadence is rushed to the hospital with a 104° temperature, but one of her assistants answers. Her assistant tells Juliette that someone is on the phone for her but Juliette who is all strung out on alcohol and medication says that if it's not important hang up. Avery didn't mention that the baby was in the hospital. Maddie goes with Luke to Atlanta for his show there and to see Juliette perform. Juliette and Maddie spend time together, and she invites her to sing a song with her on stage. Luke is not pleased with this because she knows that Rayna will not be happy about it when she finds out. Later on Juliette realizes that she couldn't believe that she thought something was going on with Avery and Emily. She calls to apologize to Emily, and on her way back home to Nashville she finds out that Cadence went to the hospital. Before she has a chance to get on the plane she runs into Avery. Avery, who is fed up with her behavior, informs her that he wants a divorce and full custody of Cadence. Juliette agrees to everything but is miserable. When she walks out of her hotel she is in a haze and attacks a fan. Jeff says that he can spin the attack on the fan to something more favourable in the press. They have the fan say that she had been stalking Juliette and finally went too far. Juliette mixes pills with alcohol again, texts Avery that she is sorry and goes to the hotel roof to kill herself. Jeff sees her stumbling on the rooftop of the building and rushes to her. Right as she is about to fall Jeff saves her, but in the momentum of pushing her back to safety he falls off the ledge and dies. The next morning she wakes up to the police knocking on her door to tell her about what happen to Jeff and ask questions. She has no memories of the night before. As she is leaving the hotel reporters ask how she is feeling. She tells them how do you think she feels, because her manager just committed suicide. Colt (Luke's son) tells his father that he saw Juliette on the ledge of the roof and Jeff falling while saving her. Luke tells Juliette this but she tells him that she was in her room. Right before Juliette goes on stage in Nashville she remembers what happened to Jeff, and goes back to her dressing room. Juliette admits to Luke that she was drunk, going to kill herself and that Jeff died while saving her. That night Juliette enters rehab.
Avery is told what to say about Juliette's absence, and not mention she is in rehab/treatment at Rayna and Deacon's wedding. At the reception Colt confesses to Layla what happen to Jeff. As a way to get revenge, Layla asks Glenn to be her manager, and wants Avery to be her producer. While in rehab Juliette signs the divorce papers. Juliette is eventually released and is able to go back home to Nashville. Juliette starts to change and become a better person. The moment she gets home she has a lucrative offer to be in a Steven Spielberg movie, but accepting means she will have to be in Prague for two weeks filming it. She accepts but during the press conference she quits so she can spend more time with Cadence. Avery limits the time Juliette can spend with her at first, because he doesn't quite trust her yet. When Layla finds out that Juliette is back in town she asks Avery to be her musical director right as she is about to hit the road opening up for Luke. Juliette gets jealous when she sees them rehearsing together, and doesn't want Avery and Cadence to be on the road with Layla. To keep an eye on things, Juliette asks Luke if she can replace his friend Riff left to leave the tour. Avery and Layla get closer while working on her album. One night Avery lets Juliette keep Cadence for the night but just so he can spend the night with Layla. The next morning, Juliette finds out that she got nominated for an Oscar for her performance in Shenandoah Girl and that Avery spent the night with Layla. Juliette confesses to Layla the truth about the night Jeff died while saving her, but Layla says that nothing has changed between them. At the premiere for Shenandoah Girl, she reunites with her co-star Noah West, and the two end up having a brief fling. When the Oscars roll around, Juliette is tired of going to all the pre-parties, and wants to see Cadence. Juliette tells Glenn the truth about Jeff's death. Layla leaks the information and Jeff's sister ends up suing Juliette for wrongful death. Juliette and Glenn figure out Layla was the one who leaked it. Layla tries to get Avery to not go see Juliette on Oscar night, but he does not want to break any plans. Layla calls Jeff's sister and tells her to call Colt, because he saw everything. Layla then tells Avery that Jeff's sister has an eye witness. Jeff's sister asks for three million dollars, and if she is paid this much, then she will back down. Juliette makes her lawyers pay it, confesses everything to the press, and skips out on the Oscars. Avery confronts Layla about her lying, and realizing the extent of her manipulation, dumps her and calls her crazy. Avery is waiting for Juliette at the airport, but he is told that Juliette's plane sent out a distress signal 90 miles away from Nashville and is missing.
Season 5[edit]
Juliette's plane has crashed, with Juliette as the only survivor. Following this, Juliette experiences severe survivor's guilt and must deal with her injuries from the accident which have left her unable to walk. After an initial stint in the hospital, Avery is permitted to take her home in a wheelchair where Juliette quickly becomes frustrated at her inability to care for Cadence and gets angry at her physiotherapist when she feels as if she isn't making enough progress regaining the use of her legs. She becomes determined to track down the woman who saved her life and eventually finds her singing in the choir at a nearby church. Hallie Jordan (Rhiannon Giddens) is at first confused by Juliette, who tries to show her gratitude through expensive gifts, but the two bond over their faith. When Luke sells Wheelin' Dealin' Records to Rayna, Juliette is signed to Highway 65. Juliette becomes more devoted to God following the crash and after moving from the chair to crutches, suggests the idea of recording a gospel album with the church's choir to Rayna, who agrees. When she broaches the idea with the choir however, there is initially some friction but Juliette eventually wins them over. Juliette and Avery go to the hospital where she explains to the doctor that her legs have been in a lot of pain and despite the doctor's assurances that this is normal and she should continue to put pressure on them, she insists for a scan to make sure. While waiting for the results, Juliette visits Rayna who has been rushed in following a car crash. Rayna tells Juliette how proud she is and remarks on how much she has changed since the two of them first met. Juliette's scan results report that there is no cause for concern, but the meeting with the doctor is interrupted when they find out Rayna has entered critical condition and is now in the ICU. Juliette and Avery rush to Rayna's side, with Juliette abandoning her crutches and running. She tells Rayna that she just wanted her to be proud of her. They stay for a while and provide support to Deacon and the girls but return home before Rayna passes away. Juliette always saw Rayna as a mother figure, even though they had their differences and were rivals in the past. Glenn is able to get Juliette to be a part of the tribute to Rayna at the CMT Awards, but when the time comes to perform she isn't comfortable with it, so she asks Maddie to take her place.
Reception[edit]
Reviews[edit]
Panettiere has received critical acclaim for her role as Juliette.[1][2][3] Sarah Hughes of The Guardian said that she "not only showcases a fine pair of lungs and a nice way with a one liner, she pulls off the rarer trick of making you sympathise with her character even when she’s doing wrong."[18] Reviewing each episode of the series for The A.V. Club, Gwen Ihnat has come to regard Juliette as the series' lead character,[19] and has consistently praised Panettiere for her performances, particularly for playing Juliette as "domineering, manipulative, in denial, and finally, achingly vulnerable... [rising] from a caricature to become one of the most interesting parts of the show."[20] She later noted that "every single week, Hayden Panettiere is the greatest thing about this show."[21]
Deena Shanker of Salon has said that Panettiere's portrayal of Juliette has evolved to the point where she is a "feminist role model".[22] Erin Carlson of The Hollywood Reporter has quipped that Panettiere should win the Michael Emerson prize for "Humanizing Terrible Characters on Network TV" after accomplishing what she felt the cast of Girls had not: rendering a "bitchy" character to be likeable and the series' "best", giving her "purpose, drive, grit and backbone".[14]
Awards[edit]
Panettiere has been nominated for numerous awards for her role as Juliette: for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Television Series Drama in 2013 and 2014,[4][5] a Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2012, a Teen Choice Award for Television Actress: Drama in 2013 and 2015, a Prism Award for Female Performance in a Drama Series Multi-Episode Storyline in 2014,[23] and a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2016.
Album Track listing[edit]
Unleashed[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Hold You In My Arms"
Juliette Barnes
[[ Sarah Siskind]]
Sarah Siskind
Juliette Barnes
Juliette Barnes
1:43
2. "Don't Put Dirt On My Grave Just Yet"
Juliette Barnes
Austin
Shep Pettibone
Juliette Barnes
Austin
5:05
3. "Mississippi Flood"
Juliette Barnes
Lucie Silvas
Jamie Floyd
Tofer Brown
Juliette Barnes
Tofer Brown
4:39
4. "Last Honest Man"
Juliette Barnes
Austin
Colin Wolfe
Juliette Barnes
Austin
4:38
5. "What If It's You"
Juliette Barnes
Hall
Hooper
Hooper
Juliette Barnes
4:11
6. "Hole In The World"
Juliette Barnes
Hall
Shawn McKenzie
Kevin McKenzie
Michael Deering
Juliette Barnes
Hall
4:54
7. "Crazy (featuring Steven Tyler)"
Babyface
Juliette Barnes
Babyface
Hooper
Juliette Barnes
4:08
8. "Disappear"
Juliette Barnes
Hall
Juliette Barnes
Hall
5:21
9. "Tell That Devil"
Juliette Barnes
Austin
Anne Preven
Scott Cutler
Herbie Hancock
Juliette Barnes
Austin
5:02
10. "Boomtown (featuring Luke Wheeler)"
Hooper
Björk
Marius De Vries
Hooper
Juliette Barnes
4:53
11. "One Place Too Long"
Babyface
Juliette Barnes
Babyface
Juliette Barnes
5:21
12. "Crazy"
Juliette Barnes
Juliette Barnes
4:08
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Tim Goodman (October 5, 2012). "Nashville: TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Linda Stasi (October 9, 2012). "'Nashville' is a smash". New York Post. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Singing its praises: ABC's Nashville is fall's best newcomer". Uncle Barky. October 9, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Golden Globe Nominations: 'Lincoln' Leads With 7, 'Game Change' Tops TV". The Hollywood Reporter. December 13, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Golden Globe Nominations: '12 Years a Slave,' 'American Hustle' and 'House of Cards' Lead". The Hollywood Reporter. December 12, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (February 29, 2012). "‘Heroes’ Alumna Hayden Panettiere To Star In ABC Drama Pilot ‘Nashville’". Deadline.com. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (March 6, 2012). "Connie Britton To Star In ABC’s ‘Nashville’". Deadline.com. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Amanda Dobbins (May 20, 2013). "Hayden Panettiere on Her Hopes for a Second Season of Nashville and Why She’s Not Taylor Swift". New York. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sarah Rodman (October 6, 2012). "‘Nashville’ keeps it real". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mandell, Andrea (October 10, 2012). "Britton and Panettiere go country for 'Nashville'". USA Today. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Katie Krause (November 30, 2012). Juliette Barnes Inspired by Taylor Swift on Nashville?!. ClevverNews.
Jump up ^ Carrie Underwood Talks Hayden Panettiere’s “Nashville” Character. WSOC-FM. October 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Q&A: Globe Nominee Hayden Panettiere On ‘Nashville’". Deadline.com. January 11, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Erin Carlson (May 21, 2013). "'Nashville': In Defense of Hayden Panettiere's Juliette Barnes". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Willa Paskin (October 22, 2012). ""Nashville’s" Callie Khouri: "Watching two women go at it is boring"". Salon. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tim Goodman (October 31, 2012). "'Nashville's' Hayden Panettiere: Juliette's Mother Coming Back is her 'Worst Nightmare'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg (September 25, 2013). "'Nashville' Creator Stands By Divisive Finale, Previews Season Two". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sarah Hughes (March 10, 2014). "Have you been watching ... Nashville?". The Guardian. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gwen Ihnat (September 25, 2013). "Nashville : "I Fall To Pieces"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gwen Ihnat (October 2, 2013). "Nashville : "Never No More"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gwen Ihnat (December 11, 2013). "Nashville: "Tomorrow Never Comes"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Deena Shanker (November 5, 2013). "TV’s unlikely feminist role model: Juliette Barnes". Salon. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Deena Shanker (November 5, 2013). "EIC Announces Nominations For 18th Annual PRISM Awards- Nods for Julia Roberts, Meryl Streep, Oprah, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Edie Falco, Allison Janney, LL Cool J, Jewel". PR Web. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
External links[edit]
Juliette Barnes on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Nashville
Discography
Characters
Rayna Jaymes
Juliette Barnes
Cast members
Connie Britton
Hayden Panettiere
Charles Esten
Eric Close
Clare Bowen
Sam Palladio
Jonathan Jackson
Lennon and Maisy Stella
Powers Boothe
Will Chase
Oliver Hudson
Aubrey Peeples
Rachel Bilson
Episodes
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Albums
The Music of Nashville: Season 1, Volume 1
The Music of Nashville: Season 1, Volume 2
The Music of Nashville: Season 2, Volume 1
The Music of Nashville: Season 2, Volume 2
Christmas with Nashville
The Music of Nashville: Season 3, Volume 1
The Music of Nashville: Season 3, Volume 2
The Music of Nashville: Season 4, Volume 1
The Music of Nashville: Season 4, Volume 2
The Music of Nashville: Season 5, Volume 1
The Music of Nashville: Season 5, Volume 2
Singles
"Telescope"
"Shotgun"
Category
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Timeline of glaciation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Chronology of the major ice ages of the Earth
Climate history over the past 500 million years, with the last three major ice ages indicated, Andean-Saharan (450 Ma), Karoo (300 Ma) and Late Cenoizic. A less severe cold period or ice age is shown during the Jurassic-Cretaceous (150 Ma).
There have been five or six major ice ages in the history of Earth over the past 3 billion years. The Late Cenozoic Ice Age began 34 million years ago, its latest phase being the Quaternary glaciation, in progress since 2.58 million years ago.
Within ice ages, there exist periods of more severe glacial conditions and more temperate referred to as glacial periods and interglacial periods, respectively. The Earth is currently in such an interglacial period of the Quaternary glaciation, with the last glacial period of the Quaternary having ended approximately 11,700 years ago, the current interglacial being known as the Holocene epoch.[1] Based on climate proxies, paleoclimatologists study the different climate states originating from glaciation.
Contents
1 Known ice ages
2 Descriptions
3 Nomenclature of Quaternary glacial cycles
3.1 Historical nomenclature in the Alpes
3.2 Historical nomenclature in Great Britain and Ireland
3.3 Historical nomenclature in Northern Europe
3.4 Historical nomenclature in North America
3.5 Historical nomenclature in South America
3.6 Uncertain Correlations
4 Sources
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Known ice ages[edit]
Name
Period (Ma)
Period
Era
Pongola 2900 – 2780[2] Mesoarchean
Huron 2400 – 2100 Siderian
Rhyacian Paleoproterozoic
Sturt
Marino
Gaskiers
Baykonur 715 – 680
650 – 635
580
547 Cryogenian

Ediacaran Neoproterozoic
Andean-Saharan
(incl. Hirnantian and Late Ordovician glaciation in general) 450 – 420 Late Ordovician
Silurian Paleozoic
Karoo 360 – 260 Carboniferous
Permian Paleozoic
Late Cenozoic Ice Age
(incl. Quaternary glaciation) 34 – present Late Paleogene (Oligocene)
Neogene
Quaternary Cenozoic

1010
Precambrian " "
Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phane
Eo- Paleo- Meso- Neo- Paleo- Meso- Neo- P M C
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
109
Proterozoic Phanerozoic
Neoproterozoic Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
Tonian Cryogenian Ediacaran Cambr Ordov Si Devon Carbon Permi Trias Juras Creta P-gene
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
108
Mesozoic Cenozoic
Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Quat
Late Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Plio
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
107
Neogene Quaternary
Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene
Tortonian Messinian Zanclean Piacenzia Gelasian Calabrian Ionian
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
106
Pleistocene
Calabrian Ionian Tarantian
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
105
Pleistocene Subatlantic
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
104
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Descriptions[edit]
The third ice age, and possibly most severe, is estimated to have occurred from 720 to 635 Ma (million years) ago,[3] in the Neoproterozoic Era, and it has been suggested that it produced a second[4] "Snowball Earth", in which the Earth iced over completely. It has been suggested also that the end of this second cold period[4] was responsible for the subsequent Cambrian Explosion, a time of rapid diversification of multicelled life during the Cambrian Period. However, this hypothesis is still controversial,[5][6] though is growing in popularity among researchers, as evidence in its favor has mounted.[who?]
A minor series of glaciations occurred from 460 Ma to 430 Ma. There were extensive glaciations from 350 to 250 Ma.
The Late Cenozoic Ice Age has seen extensive ice sheets in Antarctica for the last 34 Ma. During the last 3 Ma ice sheets have also developed on the northern hemisphere. This phase is known as the Quaternary glaciation, and has seen more or less extensive glaciation on 40,000 and later, 100,000 year cycles.
Nomenclature of Quaternary glacial cycles[edit]
Whereas the first 30 million years of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age mostly involved Antarctica, the Quaternary has seen numerous ice sheets extending over parts of Europe and North America that are currently populated and easily accessible. Early geologists therefore named apparent sequences of glacial and interglacial periods of the Quaternary Ice Age after characteristic geological features, and these names varied from region to region. It is now more common for researchers to refer to the periods by their marine isotopic stage number.[7] The marine record preserves all the past glaciations; the land-based evidence is less complete because successive glaciations may wipe out evidence of their predecessors. Ice cores from continental ice accumulations also provide a complete record, but do not go as far back in time as marine data. Pollen data from lakes and bogs as well as loess profiles provided important land-based correlation data.[8] The names system has mostly been phased out by professionals, who instead use the marine isotopic stage indexes for all technical discussions. For example, there are five Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles recorded in marine sediments during the last half million years, but only three classic interglacials were originally recognized on land during that period (Mindel, Riss and Würm).[9]
Land-based evidence works acceptably well back as far as MIS 6, but it has been difficult to coordinate stages using just land-based evidence before that. Hence, the "names" system is incomplete and the land-based identifications of ice ages previous to that are somewhat conjectural. Nonetheless, land based data is essentially useful in discussing landforms, and correlating the known marine isotopic stage with them.[8]
Historical nomenclature in the Alpes[edit]
Biber
Biber-Danube interglacial
Danube
Danube-Gunz interglacial
Günz
Günz-Haslach interglacial
Haslach
Haslach-Mindel interglacial
Mindel (MIS 10 ?)
Mindel-Riss interglacial (MIS 9 ?)
Riss (ended with MIS 6)
Riss-Würm interglacial (MIS 5e)
Würm (MIS 5d-2)
Historical nomenclature in Great Britain and Ireland[edit]
Bramertonian Stage
Baventian Stage/Pre-Pastonian
Pastonian Stage
Beestonian stage
Cromerian Stage (MIS 21-13 ?)
Anglian Stage (MIS 12, perhaps also MIS 10 ?)
Hoxnian Stage (MIS 11, perhaps also MIS 9 ?)
Wolstonian Stage (MIS 8-6, perhaps also MIS 10-9 ?)
Ipswichian interglacial (MIS 5e)
Devensian glaciation (MIS 5d-2)
Flandrian interglacial (MIS 1)
Historical nomenclature in Northern Europe[edit]
Tegelen/Tiglian interglacial
Eburonian
Waalian interglacial
Menapian glacial stage[10]
Cromerian complex (MIS 21-13 ?)
Elster glaciation (MIS 10, perhaps also MIS 12 ?)
Holstein interglacial (MIS 9 ?)
Saale glaciation (ended with MIS 6)
Eem interglacial (MIS 5e)
Weichsel glaciation (MIS 5d-2)
Historical nomenclature in North America[edit]
Nebraskan glaciation (replaced by Pre-Illinoian in modern scientific literature)
Aftonian interglacial (replaced by Pre-Illinoian in modern scientific literature)
Kansan glaciation (replaced by Pre-Illinoian in modern scientific literature)
Yarmouthian (stage) (replaced by Pre-Illinoian in modern scientific literature)
Illinoian stage (MIS 10, sometimes also MIS 8 ?)
Sangamonian (MIS 5e, sometimes also 5d-5a)
Wisconsin glaciation (MIS 4-2, sometimes also 5d-5a)
Historical nomenclature in South America[edit]
Valdivia interglacial (MIS 5e)
Llanquihue glaciation (at least MIS 4-2)
Uncertain Correlations[edit]
It has proved difficult to correlate the traditional regional names with the global marine and ice core sequences. The indexes of MIS often identify several distinct glaciations that overlap in time with a single traditional regional glaciation. Some modern authors use the traditional regional glacial names to identify such a sequence of glaciations, whereas others replace the word “glaciation” with “complex” to refer to a continuous period of time that also includes warmer stages. As shown in the table below, it is only during the last 200-300 thousand years that the time resolution of the traditional nomenclature allow for direct correspondence with MIS indexes.
Marine
isotope
stage
Period (ka)
[11]
Historical regional names
Alpine region
Great Britain
N. Europe
N. America
S. America
MIS 19 790-761 AC AC AC Pre-illinois
MIS 18 761-712 AC AC AC Pre-illinois
MIS 17 712-676 AC AC AC Pre-illinois
MIS 16 676-621 AC AC AC Pre-illinois
MIS 15 621-563 AC Cromer? Cromer? Pre-illinois
MIS 14 563-533 AC Cromer? Cromer? Pre-illinois
MIS 13 533-478 AC Cromer? Cromer? Pre-illinois
MIS 12 478-424 Mindel? Anglia? Elster? Pre-illinois
MIS 11 424-374 AC Hoxne? AC Pre-illinois
MIS 10 374-337 Mindel? Anglia? Elster? Pre-illinois
MIS 9 337-300 Mindel-Riss? Hoxne? Holstein? Pre-illinois
MIS 8 300-243 Riss? Wolston Saale? Illinois?
MIS 7 243-191 AC Wolston AC AC
MIS 6 191-130 Riss Wolston Saale Illinois
MIS 5e 123 (peak) Riss-Würm Ipswich Eem Sangamon Valdivia
MIS 5d 109 (peak) AC Devens/Early D.[12] Weichsel/Herning[13] AC AC
MIS 5c 96 (peak) AC Devens/Early D.[12] Weichsel/Brørup[13] AC AC
MIS 5b 87 (peak) AC Devens/Early D.[12] Weichsel/Rederstall[13] AC AC
MIS 5a 82 (peak) AC Devens/Early D.[12] Weichsel/Odderade[13] AC AC
MIS 4 71-57 Würm Devens/Middle D.[12] Weichsel/Middle W.[13] Wisconsin Llanquihue
MIS 3 57-29 Würm Devens/Middle D.[12] Weichsel/Middle W.[13] Wisconsin Llanquihue
MIS 2 29-14 Würm/LGM Devens/Dimlington Weichsel/LGM Wisconsin/Vashon Llanquihue/LGM
MIS 1 14-present (Holocene) Flandria (Holocene) (Holocene) (Holocene)
Table explanation
Extensive interglacial (similar to Holocene)
Moderate interglacial
Intermediate climate
Moderate glaciation
Extensive glaciation (similar to LGM)
AC = Ambigous correlation
Sources[edit]
For sources to the tables, see the individual linked articles.
See also[edit]
Brunhes–Matuyama reversal – The most recent geomagnetic reversal event (about 780,000 years ago)
Geologic time scale – A system of chronological dating that relates geological strata to time
Glacial history of Minnesota
Glacial period
Ice age – Period of long-term reduction in temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere
Last glacial period
Pongola glaciation
Varanger glaciation – Second period of the Neoproterozoic Era, with major glaciation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Walker, M., Johnsen, S., Rasmussen, S. O., Popp, T., Steffensen, J.-P., Gibbard, P., Hoek, W., Lowe, J., Andrews, J., Bjo¨ rck, S., Cwynar, L. C., Hughen, K., Kershaw, P., Kromer, B., Litt, T., Lowe, D. J., Nakagawa, T., Newnham, R., and Schwander, J. 2009. Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records. J. Quaternary Sci., Vol. 24 pp. 3–17. ISSN 0267-8179.
Jump up ^ Robert E. Kopp; Joseph L. Kirschvink; Isaac A. Hilburn & Cody Z. Nash (2005). "The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: A climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (32): 11131–6. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211131K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504878102. PMC 1183582. PMID 16061801.
Jump up ^ "Chart". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Archived from the original on 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Miracle Planet: Snowball Earth, (2005) documentary, Canadian Film Board, rebroadcast 25 April 2009 on the Science Channel (HD).
Jump up ^ van Andel, Tjeerd H. (1994). New Views on an Old Planet: A History of Global Change (2nd ed.). Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44755-0.
Jump up ^ Rieu, Ruben; et al. (2007). "Climatic cycles during a Neoproterozoic "snowball" glacial epoch". Geology. 35 (4): 299–302. Bibcode:2007Geo....35..299R. doi:10.1130/G23400A.1. Archived from the original on 2012-05-16.
Jump up ^ Gibbard, P.; van Kolfschoten, T. (2004). "Chapter 22: The Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs" (PDF). In Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, A. Gilbert. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78142-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis, Owen K. "Non-Marine Records: Correlations with the Marine Sequence". Introduction to Quaternary Ecology. University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 2017-07-27.
Jump up ^ Kukla, George (August 2005). "Saalian supercycle, Mindel/Riss interglacial and Milankovitch's dating". Quaternary Science Reviews. 24 (14–15): 1573–83. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24.1573K. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.023.
Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/science/Menapian-Glacial-Stage
Jump up ^ Lisiecki, Lorraine E.; Raymo, Maureen E. (2005). "A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records". Bibcode:2005PalOc..20.1003L. doi:10.1029/2004PA001071.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Delaney, Catherine (2003). "The Last Glacial Stage (the Devensian) in Northwest England" (PDF). North West Geography. 3 (2): 27–37. ISSN 1476-1580.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lokrantz, Hanna; Sohlenius, Gustav (2006). Ice marginal fluctuations during the Weichselian glaciation in Fennoscandia, a literature review (Technical Report TR-06-36) (PDF). Stockholm: Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co).
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of glaciation at Wiktionary
Aber, J.S. (2006). "Regional Glaciation of Kansas and Nebraska". Emporia KA: Emporia State University.
Work Group on Geospatial Analysis of Glaciated Environments (GAGE) (2000). "Pre-Wisconsin Glaciation of Central North America". Emporia KA: INQUA Commission on Glaciation, Emporia State University. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008.
Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (2011). "Global correlation tables for the Quaternary". Cambridge UK: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge.
Gibbard, P.L.; Boreham, S.; Cohen, K.M.; Moscariello, A. (2011). "Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years v. 2011". Cambridge UK: Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge.
Hambrey, M.J.; Harland, W.B., eds. (1981). Earth's pre-Pleistocene glacial record. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on October 11, 2006. 1004 + xv pp. (book downloadable as series of PDF files)
Silva, P.G.; Zazo,C; Bardají,T.; Baena, J.; Lario, J.; Rosas, A.; Van der Made (2009). "Tabla Cronoestratigráfica del Cuaternario AEQUA V.2" (PDF). Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain: Asociación Española para el Estudio del Cuaternario (AEQUA). Archived from the original (PDF 3.6 Mb) on 2012-06-26. (Correlation Chart of European Quaternary and cultural stages and fossils)
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King (chess)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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White king
Black king
In chess, the king (♔,♚) is the most important piece. The object of the game is to threaten the opponent's king in such a way that escape is not possible (checkmate). If a player's king is threatened with capture, it is said to be in check, and the player must remove the threat of capture on the next move. If this cannot be done, the king is said to be in checkmate, resulting in a loss for that player. Although the king is the most important piece, it is usually the weakest piece in the game until a later phase, the endgame. Players cannot make any move that places their own king in check.
Contents
[hide]
1 Movement
1.1 Castling
2 Status in games
2.1 Check and checkmate
2.2 Stalemate
3 Role in gameplay
4 Unicode
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.
Movement[edit]
a b c d e f g h
8
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
Initial placement of the kings
Permitted king moves
White starts with the king on the first rank to the right of the queen. Black starts with the king directly across from the white king. The white king starts on e1 and the black king on e8.
a b c d e f g h
8
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
Possible movements of an unhindered king
a b c d e f g h
8
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
Possible movements of the king piece when hindered by the borders or other pieces. The black king cannot move to the squares under attack by the white bishop, knight, queen, or pawn. Likewise, the white king cannot move to the squares under attack by the black queen.
A king can move one square in any direction (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally) unless the square is already occupied by a friendly piece or the move would place the king in check. As a result, the opposing kings may never occupy adjacent squares (see opposition), but the king can give discovered check by unmasking a bishop, rook, or queen. The king is also involved in the special move of castling.
Castling[edit]
Main article: Castling
In conjunction with a rook, the king may make a special move called castling, in which the king moves two squares toward one of its rooks and then the rook is placed on the square over which the king crossed. Castling is allowed only when neither the king nor the castling rook has previously moved, no squares between them are occupied, the king is not in check, and the king will not move across or end its movement on a square that is under enemy attack.
Status in games[edit]
Check and checkmate[edit]
Main articles: Check (chess) and Checkmate
If a player's move places the opponent's king under attack, that king is said to be in check, and the player in check is required to immediately remedy the situation. There are three possible methods to remove the king from check:
Moving the king to an adjacent non-threatened square. A king cannot castle to get out of check.
Interposing a piece between the king in check and the attacking piece in order to break the line of threat (not possible when the attacking piece is a knight or pawn, or when in double check).
Capturing the attacking piece (not possible in double check, unless the king captures)
If none of these three options are possible, the player's king has been checkmated and the player loses the game.
Stalemate[edit]
Main article: Stalemate
A stalemate occurs when, for the player with the move:
The player has no legal moves, and
The player's king is not in check
If this happens, the king is said to have been stalemated and the game ends in a draw. A player who has very little or no chance of winning will often try to entice the opponent to inadvertently place the player's king in stalemate in order to avoid a loss.
Role in gameplay[edit]
In the opening and middlegame, the king will rarely play an active role in the development of an offensive or defensive position. Instead, a player will normally try to castle and seek safety on the edge of the board behind friendly pawns. In the endgame, however, the king emerges to play an active role as an offensive piece as well as assisting in the promotion of their remaining pawns.
It is not meaningful to assign a value to the king relative to the other pieces, as it cannot be captured or exchanged. In this sense, its value could be considered infinite. As an assessment of the king's capability as an offensive piece in the endgame, it is often considered to be slightly stronger than a bishop or knight – Emanuel Lasker gave it the value of a knight plus a pawn (i.e. four points on the scale of chess piece relative value) (Lasker 1934:73). It is better at defending nearby pawns than the knight is, and it is better at attacking them than the bishop is (Ward 1996:13).
Unicode[edit]
Main article: Chess symbols in Unicode
Unicode defines two codepoints for king:
♔ U+2654 White Chess King (HTML ♔)
♚ U+265A Black Chess King (HTML ♚)
See also[edit]
Bare king
Chess piece
Finial – top of king, often a monarch's
King and pawn versus king endgame
King's graph
Mann – the non-royal equivalent piece
Opposition – technique of king facing king
Staunton chess set
References[edit]
Barden, Leonard (1980), Play better chess with Leonard Barden, Octopus Books Limited, pp. 9, 11, 12, ISBN 0-7064-0967-1
Brace, Edward R. (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Hamlyn Publishing Group, p. 151, ISBN 1-55521-394-4
Lasker, Emanuel (1934), Lasker's Chess Primer, Billings (1988 reprint), ISBN 0-7134-6241-8
Ward, Chris (1996), Endgame Play, Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-7920-5
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chess kings.
Fianchetto variation of the King’s Indian Defence
Piececlopedia: King by Fergus Duniho and Hans Bodlaender
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values: See entry at: Glossary of chess § capture

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Endgame (chess)

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See entry at: Glossary of chess § rank
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Discovered check

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Hans Bodlaender

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Ferz (chess)

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values: Comparison of top chess players throughout history

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