text:
Seat belt laws in the United States
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Seat belt laws for front seat passengers in the U.S. as of 2009
No enforcement for adults (primary enforcement for minors)
Secondary enforcement
Secondary enforcement; primary under certain ages
Primary enforcement
Most seat belt laws in the United States are left to the states. However, the first seat belt law was a federal law, Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard, which took effect on January 1, 1968, that required all vehicles (except buses) to be fitted with seat belts in all designated seating positions.[1] This law has since been modified to require three-point seat belts in outboard-seating positions, and finally three-point seat belts in all seating positions.[2] Initially, seat belt use was voluntary. New York was the first state to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts, a law that came into effect on December 1, 1984. Officer Nicholas Cimmino of the link Westchester County Department of Public Safety wrote the nations first ticket for such violation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Primary and secondary enforcement
2 Laws by state
3 Damages reduction
4 Effectiveness
5 See also
6 References
Primary and secondary enforcement[edit]
U.S. seatbelt laws may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement. Primary enforcement allows a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if he or she observes a violation. Secondary enforcement means that a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a seatbelt violation if the driver committed another primary violation (such as speeding, running a stop sign, etc.) at the same time. New Hampshire is the only U.S. state that does not by law require adult drivers to wear safety belts while operating a motor vehicle.
In 18 of the 50 states, the seat belt law is considered a secondary offense, which means that a police officer cannot stop and ticket a driver for the sole offense of not wearing a seatbelt. (One exception to this is Colorado, where children not properly restrained is a primary offense and brings a much larger fine.) If a driver commits a primary violation (e.g., for speeding) he may additionally be charged for not wearing a seatbelt. In most states the seat belt law was originally a secondary offense; in many it was later changed to a primary offense: California was the first state to do this, in 1993. Of the 30 with primary seat belt laws, all but 8, Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, and Texas, originally had only secondary enforcement laws.
Laws by state[edit]
This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in the United States.[3][4] This list includes only seatbelt laws, which often do not themselves apply to children; however, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have separate child restraint laws. Keep in mind these fines are the base fines only. In many cases considerable extra fees such as the head injury fund and court security fees can mark up the fine to almost five times as much in some cases. These are also "first offense" fines; a subsequent offense may be much higher.
State
Type of law
Date of first law
Who is covered
Base fine before fees
Seat Belt Usage[5]
Alabama Primary Enforcement July 18, 1991 Age 15+ in front seats $25 91.4%
Alaska Primary Enforcement September 12, 1990 Age 16+ in all seats $15 ($25 actual) 86.8%
Arizona Secondary Enforcement January 1, 1991 Age 8+ in front seats; Age 8–15 in all seats $10 ($37.20 actual) 81.8%
Arkansas Primary Enforcement July 15, 1991 Age 15+ in front seats $25 78.3%
California Primary Enforcement January 1, 1986 Age 16+ in all seats $20 ($162 actual) $50 second offense ($190 actual)5 96.2%
Colorado Secondary Enforcement1 exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation[6] July 1, 1987 Age 16+ in front seats $71 82.9%
Connecticut Primary Enforcement January 1, 1986 Age 7+ in front seats $92 88.2%
Delaware Primary Enforcement January 1, 1992 Age 16+ in all seats $25 90.7%
District of Columbia Primary Enforcement December 12, 1985 Age 16+ in all seats $504 92.3%
Florida Primary Enforcement July 1, 1986 6+ years in front seat; 6 through 17 years in all seats $30 ($116 actual) 87.4%
Georgia Primary Enforcement September 1, 1988 Age 8–17 in all seats; Age 18+ in front seats $15 89.6%
Hawaii Primary Enforcement December 16, 1985 Age 8+ in all seats $45 ($112 actual) 97.6%
Idaho Secondary Enforcement2 July 1, 1986 Age 7+ in all seats $10 ($51.50 actual) 77.9%
Illinois Primary Enforcement January 1, 1988 Age 16+ in all seats $25 ($60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school) 92.6%
Indiana Primary Enforcement July 1, 1987 Age 16+ in all seats $25 92.4%
Iowa Primary Enforcement July 1, 1986 All ages in front seats; under 18 in rear seats[7] $25 ($127.50 actual) 93.1%
Kansas Primary Enforcement3 July 1, 1986 Age 14+ in all seats $60 for age 14-17; $10 for 18+ 81.8%
Kentucky Primary Enforcement July 15, 1994 Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats; 8+ in all seats $25 80.3%
Louisiana Primary Enforcement July 1, 1986 Age 13+ in front seats $25 75.9%
Maine Primary Enforcement December 26, 1995 Age 18+ in all seats $50 82.0%
Maryland Primary Enforcement3 July 1, 1986 Age 16+ in all seats $83 94.7%
Massachusetts Secondary Enforcement February 1, 1994 Age 13+ in all seats [8] $25 73.7%
Michigan Primary Enforcement July 1, 1985 Age 16+ in front seats $25 ($65 actual) 95.2%
Minnesota Primary Enforcement August 1, 1986 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats; 8+ in all seats $25 + $75 fee 92.3%
Mississippi Primary Enforcement July 1, 1994 Age 7+ in all seats $25 81.0%
Missouri Secondary Enforcement1 September 28, 1985 Age 16+ in front seats; age 8-15 in all seats $10 for age 16+; $50 for age 8-15 76.0%
Montana Secondary Enforcement October 1, 1987 Age 6+ in all seats $20 78.9%
Nebraska Secondary Enforcement January 1, 1993 Age 18+ in front seats $25 84.1%
Nevada Secondary Enforcement July 1, 1987 Age 6+ in all seats $25 93.2%
New Hampshire None, Primary for children only No law Age 17 and under in all seats $50 72.2%
New Jersey Primary Enforcement3 March 1, 1985 Age 8+ in all seats $46 per person 93.7%
New Mexico Primary Enforcement January 1, 1986 Age 18+ in all seats $254 89.8%
New York Primary Enforcement December 1, 1984 Age 16+ in front seats; under 16 in all seats $50 ($135 Actual after surcharges)[9] 89.8%
North Carolina Primary Enforcement3 October 1, 1985 Age 16+ in all seats $161 for front seat; $10 for rear seat 89.7%
North Dakota Secondary Enforcement2 July 14, 1994 Age 18+ in front seats;
under 18 in all seats
$20 for age 18+; $25 + 1 point on license for under 184 74.8%
Ohio Secondary Enforcement May 6, 1986 Age 15+ in front seat; 8–14 in all seats $30 for driver; $20 for passenger 83.8%
Oklahoma Primary Enforcement February 1, 1987 Age 13+ in front seats $20 85.9%
Oregon Primary Enforcement December 7, 1990 All ages in all seats $130 97.0%
Pennsylvania Secondary Enforcement2 November 23, 1987 Age 18+ in front seats; age 8-17 in all seats $10 86.0%
Rhode Island Primary Enforcement June 18, 1991 Age 8+ in all seats $75 78.0%
South Carolina Primary Enforcement July 1, 1989 Age 6+ in all seats $25 85.4%
South Dakota Secondary Enforcement January 1, 1995 Age 18+ in front seats $25 74.5%
Tennessee Primary Enforcement April 21, 1986 Age 16+ in front seats $25 87.1%
Texas Primary Enforcement September 1, 1985 Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats; age 8+ years in all seats $200 if under 17 (driver); $50 if over 15 (driver or passenger) 93.8%
Utah Primary Enforcement April 28, 1986 All ages in all seats $45 89.0%
Vermont Secondary Enforcement2 January 1, 1994 All ages in all seats $25 85.2%
Virginia Secondary Enforcement2 January 1, 1988 All drivers; age 18+ in front seats; under 18 in all seats $25 80.5%
Washington Primary Enforcement June 11, 1986 Age 8+ in all seats $124 97.6%
West Virginia Primary Enforcement September 1, 1993 All ages in front seats; 8–17 in rear seats $25 82.1%
Wisconsin Primary Enforcement December 1, 1987 Age 8+ in all seats $10 79.2%
Wyoming Secondary Enforcement June 8, 1989 Age 9+ in all seats $25 for driver; $10 for passenger 78.9%
1 Colorado and Missouri's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under the age of 16.
2 Idaho, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Virginia's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under 18.
3 Kansas, Maryland, New Jersey, and North Carolina's law is Secondary Enforcement for rear seat occupants (18+ in Kansas).
4 These states assess points on one's driving record for the seat belt violation.
5 In California- An additional penalty of $24 shall be levied upon every $10 or fraction thereof, of every fine, penalty, or forfeiture imposed by and collected by the court for criminal offenses, including all traffic offenses, except parking offenses as defined in subdivision (i) of Penal Code § 1463. The additional penalty is calculated as follows:
• State penalty required by PC 1464 $10,
• County penalty required by GC 76000(e), $ 7 • Court facilities construction penalty required by GC 70372(a),$ 3 • DNA Identification Fund penalty required by GC 76104.6 and 76104.7,$ 2
• Emergency medical services penalty required by GC 76000.5,$ 2
Penal Code § 1465.8 requires imposition of an additional fee of twenty dollars ($20) for court security on every conviction for a criminal offense, including a traffic offense, except parking offenses as defined in Penal Code § 1463,$20
Damages reduction[edit]
A person involved in a car accident who was not using a seatbelt may be liable for damages far greater than if they had been using a seatbelt. However, when in court, most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the nonuse of a seatbelt, even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seatbelt. Currently, damages may be reduced for the nonuse of a seatbelt in 16 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida (See F.S.A. 316.614(10)), Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[10]
Effectiveness[edit]
Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths.[11] One study found that mandatory-seatbelt laws reduced traffic fatalities by 8% and serious traffic-related injuries by 9%, respectively.[12] Primary-seatbelt laws seem to be more effective at reducing crash deaths than secondary laws.[13][14]
See also[edit]
Seat belt legislation
Seat belt use rates in the United States
Transportation safety in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (January 1, 1968). "Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 - Occupant Crash Protection Passenger Cars".
Jump up ^ US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (January 1, 1968). "Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 - Occupant Crash Protection Passenger Cars".
Jump up ^ "Safety belt use laws". Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Governors highway safety association". Ghsa.org. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Seat Belt Use in 2010 – Use Rates in the States and Territories" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-05.
Jump up ^ 9News Jeremy Jojola on Denver Metro Speed Traps. 9News. 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Iowa Seat Belt Law Guide" (PDF).
Jump up ^ MGL PartI TitleXIV Chapter90 Section13a See also: the child passenger restraint law
Jump up ^ "vehicle and traffic state mandated surcharges $85 for seatbelt". Horseheads.org. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Child restraint/belt use laws". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Alma; Einav, Liran (November 2003). "The Effects of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Driving Behavior and Traffic Fatalities". Review of Economics and Statistics. 85 (4): 828–843. doi:10.1162/003465303772815754.
Jump up ^ Carpenter, Christopher S.; Stehr, Mark (May 2008). "The effects of mandatory seatbelt laws on seatbelt use, motor vehicle fatalities, and crash-related injuries among youths". Journal of Health Economics. 27 (3): 642–662. PMID 18242744. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.09.010.
Jump up ^ Lee, Lois K.; Monuteaux, Michael C.; Burghardt, Lindsey C.; Fleegler, Eric W.; Nigrovic, Lise E.; Meehan, William P.; Schutzman, Sara A.; Mannix, Rebekah (4 August 2015). "Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities in States With Primary Versus Secondary Seat Belt Laws". Annals of Internal Medicine. 163 (3): 184. PMID 26098590. doi:10.7326/M14-2368.
Jump up ^ Rivara, FrederickP.; Thompson, DianeC.; Cummings, Peter (January 1999). "Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 16 (1): 30–39. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00113-5.
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Indian Institutes of Technology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
+
Indian Institutes of Technology
Type
Public universities
Location
23 places in India
Nickname
IIT or IITs
The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are autonomous public institutes of higher education, located in India.[1] They are engineering colleges. They are governed by the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 which has declared them as institutions of national importance and lays down their powers, duties, and framework for governance etc.[2][3] The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 lists twenty-three institutes (after the last amendment in 2016).[4] Each IIT is an autonomous institution, linked to the others through a common IIT Council, which oversees their administration. The Minister of Human Resource Development is the ex-officio Chairperson of IIT Council.[5] As of 2018[update], the total number of seats for undergraduate programmes in all 23 IITs is 11,279.[6]
The first IIT was set up in Kharagpur in 1951, and soon later in Bombay (1958), Madras (1959), Kanpur (1959) and Delhi (1963). An IIT was then established in Guwahati in 1994. The University of Roorkee was converted to IIT Roorkee in 2001. Eight new IITs were set up in Gandhinagar, Jodhpur, Hyderabad, Indore, Patna, Bhubaneswar, Ropar, and Mandi in 2008-09. Around the same time the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University was given IIT status. Another six new IITs in Tirupati, Palakkad, Dharwad, Bhilai, Goa and Jammu, approved through a 2016 bill amendment were established in 2015-16, along with the conversion of ISM Dhanbad to IIT.
The IITs have a common admission process for undergraduate admissions, the Joint Entrance Examination - Advanced, formerly called the IIT-JEE until 2012. JEE Advanced admits students according to their ranks in the exam. The post-graduate level program that awards M.Tech., MS degrees, and the doctoral programme that offers Ph.D. in engineering is administered by the older IITs. M.Tech. and MS admissions are done on the basis of Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE). Additionally, IITs also award other graduate degrees such as M.Sc in Maths, Physics and Chemistry, MBA, etc. Admission to these programs of IITs is done through Common Admission Test (CAT), Joint Admission Test for M.Sc. (JAM) and Common Entrance Examination for Design (CEED). IIT Guwahati and IIT Bombay offer undergraduate design programmes as well.[7] Joint Seat Allocation Authority conducts the joint admission process for a total of 23 IITs,[8][9][10] that offer admission for 10,962 seats in 2017.[11]
Contents
1 Institutes
2 History
3 Organisational structure
4 The Institutes of Technology Act
5 Education
5.1 Undergraduate education
5.2 Postgraduate and doctoral education
6 Culture and student life
6.1 Technical and cultural festivals
7 Academic rankings
8 Criticism
8.1 Brain drain
8.2 Entrance competition
9 Alumni
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Institutes[edit]
The IITs are located in:
IITs and locations, sorted by date of establishment[3][4][12][13]
Serial no
Name
Short Name[citation needed]
Founded
Established (as IIT)
State/UT
1 IIT Kharagpur IITKGP 1951 1951 West Bengal
2 IIT Bombay IITB 1958 1958 Maharashtra
3 IIT Kanpur IITK 1959 1959 Uttar Pradesh
4 IIT Madras IITM 1959 1959 Tamil Nadu
5 IIT Delhi IITD 1961 1963 Delhi
6 IIT Guwahati IITG 1994 1994 Assam
7 IIT Roorkee IITR 1847 2001 Uttarakhand
8 IIT Ropar IITRPR 2008 2008 Punjab
9 IIT Bhubaneswar IITBBS 2008 2008 Odisha
10 IIT Gandhinagar IITGN 2008 2008 Gujarat
11 IIT Hyderabad IITH 2008 2008 Telangana
12 IIT Jodhpur IITJ 2008 2008 Rajasthan
13 IIT Patna IITP 2008 2008 Bihar
14 IIT Indore IITI 2009 2009 Madhya Pradesh
15 IIT Mandi IITMandi 2009 2009 Himachal Pradesh
16 IIT (BHU) Varanasi IIT (BHU) 1919 2012 Uttar Pradesh
17 IIT Palakkad IITPKD 2015[14] 2015[14] Kerala
18 IIT Tirupati IITTP 2015 2015 Andhra Pradesh
19 IIT Dhanbad IIT (ISM) 1926 2016 Jharkhand
20 IIT Bhilai[15] IITBH 2016 2016 Chhattisgarh
21 IIT Goa[16] IITGOA 2016 2016 Goa
22 IIT Jammu[17] IITJMU 2016 2016 Jammu and Kashmir
23 IIT Dharwad[18] IITDH 2016 2016 Karnataka
History[edit]
Main article: History of Indian Institutes of Technology
The office of the Hijli Detention Camp served as the first academic building of IIT Kharagpur.
The history of the IIT system dates back to 1946 when Sir Jogendra Singh of the Viceroy's Executive Council set up a committee whose task was to consider the creation of Higher Technical Institutions for post-war industrial development in India. The 22-member committee, headed by Nalini Ranjan Sarkar, recommended the establishment of these institutions in various parts of India, with affiliated secondary institutions.
The first Indian Institute of Technology was founded in May 1950 at the site of the Hijli Detention Camp in Kharagpur.[19] The first Indian Institute of Technology was established in 1951. On 15 September 1956, the Parliament of India passed the Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Act, declaring it as an Institute of National Importance. Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India, in the first convocation address of IIT Kharagpur in 1956 said:[20]
“ Here in the place of that Hijli Detention Camp stands the fine monument of India, representing India's urges, India's future in the making. This picture seems to me symbolical of the changes that are coming to India. ”
On the recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, four campuses were established at Bombay (1958), Madras (1959), Kanpur (1959), and Delhi (1961). The location of these campuses was chosen to be scattered throughout India to prevent regional imbalance.[21] The Indian Institutes of Technology Act was amended to reflect the addition of new IITs.[2] Student agitations in the state of Assam made Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi promise the creation of a new IIT in Assam. This led to a sixth campus at Guwahati under the Assam Accord in 1960. The University of Roorkee, India's oldest engineering college, was conferred IIT status in 2001.
IITG estd. 1994
Over the past few years, there have been a number of developments toward establishing new IITs. On 1 October 2003, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced plans to create more IITs "by upgrading existing academic institutions that have the necessary promise and potential".[22] Subsequent developments led to the formation of the S K Joshi Committee in November 2003 to guide the selection of the five institutions which would become the five new IITs. Based on the initial recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, it was decided that further IITs should be spread throughout the country. When the government expressed its willingness to correct this regional imbalance, 16 states demanded IITs. Since the S K Joshi Committee prescribed strict guidelines for institutions aspiring to be IITs,[23] only seven colleges were selected for final consideration.[24] Plans are also reported to open IITs outside India, though not enough progress has been made in this regard.[25] Eventually in the 11th Five year plan, eight states were identified for establishment of new IITs and IT-BHU was converted into an IIT.[26]
Indian School of Mines at Dhanbad was converted to IIT Dhanbad in 2016.[27]
Organisational structure[edit]
Organisational Structure of IITs
The President of India is the most powerful person in the organisational structure of IITs, being the ex officio Visitor,[28] and having residual powers. Directly under the President is the IIT Council, which comprises the minister-in-charge of technical education in the Union Government, the Chairmen of all IITs, the Directors of all IITs, the Chairman of the University Grants Commission, the Director General of CSIR, the Chairman of IISc, the Director of IISc, three members of Parliament, the Joint Council Secretary of Ministry of Human Resource and Development, and three appointees each of the Union Government, AICTE, and the Visitor.[29]
Under the IIT Council is the Board of Governors of each IIT. Under the Board of Governors is the Director, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT.[30] Under the Director, in the organisational structure, comes the Deputy Director. Under the Director and the Deputy Director, come the Deans, Heads of Departments, Registrar, President of the Students' Council, and Chairman of the Hall Management Committee. The Registrar is the chief administrative officer of the IIT and overviews the day-to-day operations.[30] Below the Heads of Department (HOD) are the faculty members (Professors, Associate Professors, and Assistant Professors). The Wardens come under the Chairman of the Hall Management Committee.[31]
The Institutes of Technology Act[edit]
Main article: Institutes of Technology Act
The Institutes of Technology act was later taken as the base for the following years up until date. The Act primarily accepted few IITs as Institutes of National Importance and converted them from 'Societies' to University status.
Education[edit]
See also: Education in India
PK Kelkar Library, IIT Kanpur
The IITs receive comparatively higher grants than other engineering colleges in India.[32] While the total government funding to most other engineering colleges is around Rs. 10–20 crores (USD 2–4 million) per year, the amount varies between Rs. 90 crores –130 crores (USD 18–26 million) per year for each IIT.[24] Other sources of funds include student fees and research funding from industry and contributions from the alumni. The faculty-to-student ratio in the IITs is between 1:6 and 1:8.[33] The Standing Committee of IIT Council (SCIC) prescribes the lower limit for faculty-to-student ratio as 1:9, applied department wise. The IITs subsidise undergraduate student fees by approximately 80% and provide scholarships to all Master of Technology students and Research Scholars in order to encourage students for higher studies, per the recommendations of the Thacker Committee (1959–1961).[34] The cost borne by undergraduate students is around Rs. 180,000 per annum.[35] After students from SC and ST categories, physically challenged students will now[when?] be the beneficiaries of fee waiver at the IITs in India.[citation needed]
The various IITs function autonomously, and their special status as Institutes of National Importance facilitates the smooth running of IITs, virtually free from both regional as well as student politics. Such autonomy means that IITs can create their own curricula and adapt rapidly to the changes in educational requirements, free from bureaucratic hurdles. The government has no direct control over internal policy decisions of IITs (like faculty recruitment and curricula) but has representation on the IIT Council. The medium of instruction in all IITs is English.[36] The classes are usually held between 7:30 am and 5:30 pm, though there are some variations within each IIT. All the IITs have public libraries for the use of their students. In addition to a collection of prescribed books, the libraries have sections for fiction and other literary genres[citation needed]. The electronic libraries allow students to access on-line journals and periodicals. The IITs and IISc have taken an initiative along with Ministry of Human Resource Development to provide free online videos of actual lectures of different disciplines under National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning. This initiative is undertaken to make quality education accessible to all students.[37]
The academic policies of each IIT are decided by its Senate. This comprises all professors of the IIT and student representatives. Unlike many western universities that have an elected senate, the IITs have an academic senate. It controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations and results, and appoints committees to look into specific academic matters. The teaching, training and research activities of the institute are periodically reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards.[38] The Director of an IIT is the ex-officio Chairman of the Senate.
Central Library, IIT Roorkee
All the IITs follow the credits system of performance evaluation, with proportional weighting of courses based on their importance. The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of grades, with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks. Sometimes, relative grading is done considering the overall performance of the whole class. For each semester, the students are graded on a scale of 0 to 10 based on their performance, by taking a weighted average of the grade points from all the courses, with their respective credit points. Each semester evaluation is done independently and then the weighted average over all semesters is used to calculate the cumulative grade point average (known as CGPA or CPI—Cumulative Performance Index).
Undergraduate education[edit]
IIT Madras Library
The Bachelor of Technology (BTech) degree is the most common undergraduate degree in the IITs in terms of student enrollment,[citation needed] although dual degrees integrating Master of Science or Master of Arts are also offered. The BTech course is based on a 4-year program with eight semesters,[39] while the Dual Degree and Integrated courses are 5-year programs with ten semesters. In all IITs, the first year of BTech and Dual Degree courses are marked by a common course structure for all the students, though in some IITs, a single department introduction related course is also included.[40] The common courses include the basics from most of the departments like Electronics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Electrical and Physics. At the end of first year (the end of first semester at IIT Madras, IIT Hyderabad and IIT Roorkee), an option to change departments is given to meritorious students on the basis of their performance in the first two semesters.[41] Few such changes ultimately take place as the criteria for them are usually strict,[41] limited to the most meritorious students.
From the second year onwards, the students study subjects exclusively from their respective departments.[42] In addition to these, the students have to take compulsory advanced courses from other departments in order to broaden their education. Separate compulsory courses from humanities and social sciences department, and sometimes management courses are also enforced.[43] In the last year of their studies, most of the students are placed into industries and organisations via the placement process of the respective IIT, though some students opt out of this either when going for higher studies or when they take up jobs by applying to the companies directly.[44]
Postgraduate and doctoral education[edit]
Master's degrees and postgraduate diplomas
The IITs offer a number of postgraduate programs including Master of Technology (MTech), Master of Business Administration (MBA) (only for engineers and post graduates in science), and Master of Science (MSc). Some IITs offer specialised graduate programmes such as Master of Design (M.Des.), the Post Graduate Diploma in Information Technology (PGDIT), Master in Medical Science and Technology (MMST), Master of City Planning (MCP), Master of Arts (MA), Postgraduate Diploma in Intellectual Property Law (PGDIPL), and the Postgraduate Diploma in Maritime Operation & Management (PGDMOM).
Some of the IITs offer an M.S. (by research) program; the MTech and M.S. are similar to the US universities' non-thesis (course based) and thesis (research based) masters programs respectively. Admissions to masters programs in engineering are made using scores of the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE), while those to masters programs in science are made using scores of the Joint Admission Test to MSc (JAM).
Several IITs have schools of management offering master's degrees in management or business administration.
Bachelors-Masters dual degrees
The IITs also offer an unconventional BTech and MTech integrated educational program called "Dual Degree". It integrates undergraduate and postgraduate studies in selected areas of specialisation. It is completed in five years[45] as against six years in conventional BTech (four years) followed by an MTech (two years).[46] Integrated Master of Science programs are also offered at few IITs which integrates the Undergraduate and Postgraduate studies in Science streams in a single degree program against the conventional University system. These programs were started to allow IITians to complete postgraduate studies from IIT rather than having to go to another institute.
Doctoral degrees
The IITs also offer the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) as part of their doctoral education programme. In it, the candidates are given a topic of academic interest by the professor or have to work on a consultancy project given by the industries. The duration of the program is usually unspecified and depends on the specific discipline. PhD candidates have to submit a dissertation as well as provide an oral defence for their thesis. Teaching Assistantships (TA) and Research Assistantships (RA) are often provided.
The IITs, along with NITs and IISc, account for nearly 80% of all engineering PhDs in India.[47] IITs now allow admission in PhD programs without the mandatory GATE score.[48][49]
Culture and student life[edit]
All the IITs provide on-campus residential facilities to the students, research scholars and faculty. The students live in hostels (sometimes referred to as halls) throughout their stay in the IIT. Students in all IITs must choose among National Cadet Corps (NCC), National Service Scheme (NSS) and National Sports Organisation (NSO) in their first years.[50] All the IITs have sports grounds for basketball, cricket, football (soccer), hockey, volleyball, lawn tennis, badminton, and athletics; and swimming pools for aquatic events. Usually the hostels also have their own sports grounds. Moreover, an Inter IIT Sports Meet is organized annually where participants from all 23 IITs contest for the General Championship Trophy in 13 different sports.[51]
Technical and cultural festivals[edit]
Further information: List of cultural and technical festivals in IITs and NITs
All IITs organise annual technical festivals, typically lasting three or four days. The technical festivals are Shaastra (IIT Madras), Kshitij (IIT Kharagpur), Techfest (IIT Bombay), Cognizance (culfest) (IIT Roorkee), Concetto (IIT-ISM Dhanbad), Nvision (IIT Hyderabad), Amalthea (technical summit)(IIT Gandhinagar), Technex (IIT BHU), Techkriti (IIT Kanpur), Tryst (IIT Delhi), Techniche (IIT Guwahati), Wissenaire (IIT Bhubaneswar), Exodia (IIT Mandi), Fluxus (IIT Indore), Celesta (IIT Patna) and IGNUS (IIT Jodhpur) has now become the biggest techno-cultural college festival in Central India,. Most of them are organised in the months of January or March. Techfest (IIT Bombay) is also one of the most popular and largest technical festival in Asia in terms of participants and prize money involved. It has been granted patronage from United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) for providing a platform to students to showcase their talent in science and technology. Shaastra holds the distinction of being the first student-managed event in the world to implement a formal Quality Management System, earning ISO 9001:2000 certification.[52] Kshitij is the largest in terms of Sponsorship amounts and also branded as a techno-management festival due to its emphasis on both technology and management.
Annual cultural festivals are also organised by the IITs and last three to four days. These include Alcheringa (IIT Guwahati), Exodia (IIT Mandi), Saarang (IIT Madras, previously Mardi Gras), Spring Fest (IIT Kharagpur, also known as SF), Rendezvous (IIT Delhi), Srijan (IIT-ISM Dhanbad), Tarang (culfest) (previously Rave), Anwesha (IIT Patna), Kashiyatra (IIT BHU, also known as KY), SPANDAN (IIT Jodhpur), Blithchron (IIT Gandhinagar), ELAN (IIT Hyderabad), Alma Fiesta (IIT Bhubaneswar), Mood Indigo (IIT Bombay, also known as Mood-I), Antaragni (IIT Kanpur), Zeitgeist (IIT Ropar) and Thomso (IIT Roorkee).
Academic rankings[edit]
Nationwide, most IITs are ranked above any other engineering college in India in engineering rankings. Outlook India's Top Engineering Colleges of 2017 ranked four IITs in its top 10, including the top four positions.[53] Worldwide however, the highest ranked IIT (IIT Delhi) is ranked at 172 in the QS World University Rankings of 2019, followed by IIT Bombay ranked at 162, while other premier institutes as IISc Bangalore (ranked at 170) and 3 other IITs (IIT Madras at 264, IIT Kanpur at 293 and IIT Kharagpur at 308) make the top 310.[54] In the 2017 QS World Rankings by Subject - IIT (ISM) Dhanbad featured at 24th followed by IIT Kharagpur at 35th position in the Engineering- Mining and Mineral science.[55] IIT Delhi secures 49th place for Electrical Engineering in the same ranking.[56] The only Institute that was listed in the top 400 by Times Higher Education rankings 2018 was IIT Bombay in the 351-400 category. The Times Asia Rankings 2018 featured IIT Bombay, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee, IIT Kanpur and IIT Delhi at 44th, 60th, 65th, 81st and 86th respectively. In 2016, a new IIT, IIT Indore was ranked 8th in the world followed by IIT Kanpur (which was ranked 9th) under a ranking released by Hackerrank for the world's best coders.[57] The following IITs have topped the 2018 QS BRICS rankings : IIT Bombay (9th), Delhi (17), Madras (18), Kanpur (21), Kharagpur (24), Roorkee (51), Guwahati (52), Hyderabad (100), Patna (108).[58]
Criticism[edit]
The IITs have faced criticism from within and outside academia. Major concerns include allegations that they encourage brain drain and that their stringent entrance examinations encourage coaching colleges and skew the socio-economic profile of the student body. Recently some prominent IITians have also questioned the quality of teaching and research in IITs.[59][60][61]
Brain drain[edit]
Among the criticisms of the IIT system by the media and academia, a common notion is that it encourages brain drain. This trend has been reversed somewhat (dubbed the reverse brain drain) as hundreds of IIT graduates, who have pursued further studies in the US, started returning to India in the 1990s.[62] Additionally, IIT alumni are giving back generously to their parent institutions (examples are Kanwal Rekhi to IIT Bombay, Dr. Prabhakant Sinha to IIT Kharagpur, and many others). Until liberalisation started in the early 1990s, India experienced large scale emigration of IITians to developed countries, especially to the United States. Since 1953, nearly twenty-five thousand IITians have settled in the USA.[63] Since the USA benefited from subsidised education in IITs at the cost of Indian taxpayers' money, critics say that subsidising education in IITs is useless. Others support the emigration of graduates, arguing that the capital sent home by the IITians has been a major source of the expansion of foreign exchange reserves for India, which, until the 1990s, had a substantial trade deficit.
The extent of intellectual loss receded substantially over the 1990s and 2000s, with the percentage of students going abroad dropping from as high as 70% at one time to around 30% in 2005.[62] This is largely attributed to the liberalization of the Indian economy and the opening of previously closed markets. Government initiatives are encouraging IIT students into entrepreneurship programs and are increasing foreign investment. Emerging scientific and manufacturing industries, and outsourcing of technical jobs from North America and Western Europe have created opportunities for aspiring graduates in India. Many undergraduates go abroad to pursue further studies, such as MS, MBA and PhD.
Entrance competition[edit]
The highly competitive examination in the form of IIT-JEE has led to establishment of a large number of coaching institutes throughout the country that provide intensive, and specific preparation for the IIT-JEE for substantial fees. It is argued that this favours students from specific regions and richer backgrounds. Some coaching institutes say that they have individually coached nearly 800 successful candidates year after year.[64] According to some estimates, nearly 95% of all students who clear the IIT-JEE had joined coaching classes.[65] Indeed, this was the case regarding preparation for IIT entrance exams even decades ago. In a January 2010 lecture at the Indian Institute of Science, the 2009 Nobel laureate in Chemistry, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan revealed that he failed to get a seat at any of the Indian engineering and medical colleges.[66] He also said that his parents, being old-fashioned, did not believe in coaching classes to prepare for the IIT entrance exam and considered them to be "nonsense".[66]
In a documentary aired by CBS, Vinod Khosla, co-founder of Sun Microsystems states, "The IITs probably are the hardest school in the world to get into, to the best of my knowledge".[67] The documentary further concludes, "Put Harvard, MIT and Princeton together, and you begin to get an idea of the status of IIT in India" to depict the competition as well as demand for the elite institutes.
Not all children are of a similar aptitude level and may be skilled in different paradigms and fields. This has led to criticism of the way the examinations are conducted and the way a student is forced in the Indian community. The IIT-JEE format was restructured in 2006 following these complaints.[68] After the change to the objective pattern of questioning, even the students who initially considered themselves not fit for subjective pattern of IIT-JEE decided to take the examination. Though the restructuring was meant to reduce the dependence of students on coaching classes, it led to an increase in students registering for coaching classes.[69] Some people (mostly IITians) have criticised the changed pattern of the IIT-JEE. Their reasoning is that while IIT-JEE traditionally used to test students understanding of fundamentals and ability to apply them to solve tough unseen problems, the current pattern does not stress much on the application part and might lead to a reduced quality of students.[70]
IIT-JEE is conducted only in English and Hindi, making it harder for students with regional languages as their main language. In September 2011, the Gujarat High Court has acted on a Public Interest Litigation by the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad, for conducting the exams in Gujarati.[71] A second petition was made in October by Navsari's Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanik Pustakalaya Trust.[72] Another petition was made at the Madras High Court for conducting the exam in Tamil. In the petition it was claimed that not conducting the exam in the regional languages is in violation of article 14 of the Constitution of India.[73] IIT council has recommended major changes in entrance examination structure which will be effected from 2017 onwards.[74]
Alumni[edit]
As of 2008[update], the alumni of IIT number more than 170,000.[75]
See also[edit]
Indian Institutes of Management
National Institutes of Technology
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Further reading[edit]
Rajguru; Pant, Ranjan (2003). IIT India's Intellectual Treasures. India: Indus Media. ISBN 0-9747393-0-8.
Kripalani, Manjeet; Engardio, Pete; Spiro, Leah Nathans (1998). "INDIA'S WHIZ KIDS – Inside the Indian Institutes of Technology's star factory". BusinessWeek (International ed.).
Kirpal, Viney; Gupta, Meenakshi (1999). Equality Through Reservations. India: Vedams. ISBN 81-7033-526-4.
Deb, Sandipan (2004). The IITians. India: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-04986-7.
Murali, Kanta (1 February 2003). "The IIT Story: Issues and Concerns". Frontline Magazine – Volume 20 – Issue 03. Frontline. Archived from the original on 26 March 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
Rajguru, Suvarna (30 December 2005). "What makes the IITs so chic". LittleINDIA. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
Gates, Bill (17 January 2003). "Bill Gates Speech Transcript – Indian Institute of Technology 50th Anniversary Celebration Keynote". Microsoft corporation. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
Bhagat, Chetan (2004). Five Point Someone - What not to do at IIT. India: Rupa & Co. ISBN 81-291-0459-8.
Agarwal, Rajeev (2013). What I Did Not Learn at IIT. India: Random House. ISBN 978-8-184-00486-1.
Subbarao, E.C. (2008). An Eye for Excellence – 50 innovative years of IIT Kanpur. India: Harper Collins India. ISBN 978-81-7223-769-1.
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