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History of New York (state)
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This article is about the history of New York State. For a history of the city, see History of New York City. For the book by Washington Irving, see A History of New York.
"New York history" redirects here. It is not to be confused with "New York History", a publication of the New York State Historical Association.
A historical juxtaposition: a replica of Henry Hudson's 17th-century Halve Maen passes modern-day lower Manhattan where the original ship would have sailed while investigating New York harbor.
The history of New York begins around 10,000 BC, when the first native peoples arrived. By 1100 AD, New York's main native cultures, the Iroquoian and Algonquian, had developed. European discovery of New York was led by the French in 1524 and the first land claim came in 1609 by the Dutch. As part of New Netherland, the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system. In 1626 the Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from Native Americans.[1] In 1664, England renamed the colony New York, after the Duke of York (later James II & VII.) New York City gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the Thirteen Colonies.
New York played a pivotal role during the American Revolution and subsequent war. The Stamp Act Congress in 1765 brought together representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies to form a unified response to British policies. The Sons of Liberty were active in New York City to challenge British authority. After a major loss at the Battle of Long Island, the Continental Army suffered a series of additional defeats that forced a retreat from the New York City area, leaving the strategic port and harbor to the British army and navy as their North American base of operations for the rest of the war. The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war in favor of the Americans, convincing France to formally ally with them. New York's constitution was adopted in 1777, and strongly influenced the United States Constitution. New York City was the national capital at various times between 1785 and 1790, where the Bill of Rights was drafted. Albany became the permanent state capital in 1797. In 1787, New York became the eleventh state to ratify the United States Constitution.
New York hosted significant transportation advancements in the 19th century, including the first steamboat line in 1807, the Erie Canal in 1825, and America's first regularly scheduled rail service in 1831. These advancements led to the expanded settlement of western New York and trade ties to the Midwest settlements around the Great Lakes.
Due to New York City's trade ties to the South, there were numerous southern sympathizers in the early days of the American Civil War and the mayor proposed secession. Far from any of the battles, New York ultimately sent the most men and money to support the Union cause. Thereafter, the state helped create the industrial age and consequently was home to some of the first labor unions.
During the 19th century, New York City became the main entry point for European immigrants to the United States, beginning with a wave of Irish during their Great Famine. Millions came through Castle Clinton in Battery Park before Ellis Island opened in 1892 to welcome millions more, increasingly from eastern and southern Europe. The Statue of Liberty opened in 1886 and became a symbol of hope. New York boomed during the Roaring Twenties, before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and skyscrapers expressed the energy of the city. New York City was the site of successive tallest buildings in the world from 1913 to 1974.
The buildup of defense industries for World War II turned around the state's economy from the Great Depression, as hundreds of thousands worked to defeat the Axis powers. Following the war, the state experienced significant suburbanization around all the major cities, and most central cities shrank. The Thruway system opened in 1956, signalling another era of transportation advances.
Following a period of near-bankruptcy in the late 1970s, New York City renewed its stature as a cultural center, attracted more immigration, and hosted the development of new music styles. The city developed from publishing to become a media capital over the second half of the 20th century, hosting most national news channels and broadcasts. Some of its newspapers became nationally and globally renowned. The state's manufacturing base eroded with the restructuring of industry, and the state transitioned into service industries.
The September 11 attacks of 2001 destroyed the World Trade Center, killing almost 3,000 people; they were the largest terrorist attacks on United States soil.
Contents
[hide]
1 Prehistory
2 Pre-colonial period
3 Dutch and British colonial period
4 Province of New York (1664–1776)
5 New York in the American Revolution
6 Statehood to the Civil War
7 New York in the American Civil War
8 End of the Civil War to 1900
9 1900 through the Great Depression
10 World War II and the modern era
11 Last decades of the 20th century
12 September 11, 2001 to the present
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
16 Bibliography
16.1 Regions and cities
17 External links
Prehistory[edit]
See also: Lenape
New York was dominated by Iroquoian (purple) and Algonquian (pink) Indian tribes.
The first peoples of New York are estimated to have arrived around 10,000 BC. Around AD 800, Iroquois ancestors moved into the area from the Appalachian region. The people of the Point Peninsula Complex were the predecessors of the Algonquian peoples of New York.[2] By around 1100, the distinct Iroquoian-speaking and Algonquian-speaking cultures that would eventually be encountered by Europeans had developed.[3] The five nations of the Iroquois League developed a powerful confederacy about the 15th century that controlled territory throughout present-day New York, into Pennsylvania around the Great Lakes. For centuries, the Mohawk cultivated maize fields in the lowlands of the Mohawk River,[4] which were later taken over by Dutch settlers at Schenectady, New York when they bought this territory. The Iroquois nations to the west also had well-cultivated areas and orchards.
The Iroquois established dominance over the fur trade throughout their territory, bargaining with European colonists. Other New York tribes were more subject to either European destruction or assimilation within the Iroquoian confederacy.[5] Situated athwart major Native trade routes in the Northeast and positioned between French and English zones of settlement, the Iroquois were intensely caught up with the onrush of Europeans, which is also to say that the settlers, whether Dutch, French or English, were caught up with the Iroquois as well.[6] Algonquian tribes were less united among their tribes; they typically lived along rivers, streams, or the Atlantic Coast.[7] But, both groups of natives were well-established peoples with highly sophisticated cultural systems; these were little understood or appreciated by the European colonists who encountered them. The natives had "a complex and elaborate native economy that included hunting, gathering, manufacturing, and farming...[and were] a mosaic of Native American tribes, nations, languages, and political associations."[3] The Iroquois usually met at an Onondaga in Northern New York, which changed every century or so, where they would coordinate policies on how to deal with Europeans and strengthen the bond between the Five Nations.
Tribes who have managed to call New York home have been the Iroquois, Mohawk, Mohican, Susquehannock, Petun, Chonnonton, Ontario [8] and Nanticoke.[9]
Pre-colonial period[edit]
In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown, explored the Atlantic coast of North America between the Carolinas and Newfoundland, including New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay. On April 17, 1524 Verrazzano entered New York Bay, by way of the Strait now called the Narrows. He described "a vast coastline with a deep delta in which every kind of ship could pass" and he adds: "that it extends inland for a league and opens up to form a beautiful lake. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats". He landed on the tip of Manhattan and perhaps on the furthest point of Long Island.[10]
In 1535, Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, became the first European to describe and map the Saint Lawrence River from the Atlantic Ocean, sailing as far upriver as the site of Montreal.[11]
Dutch and British colonial period[edit]
Main article: New Netherland
On April 4, 1609, Henry Hudson, in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, departed Amsterdam in command of the ship Halve Maen (Half Moon). On September 3 he reached the estuary of the Hudson River.[12] He sailed up the Hudson River to about Albany near the confluence of the Mohawk River and the Hudson. His voyage was used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the fur trade that prospered there after a trading post was established at Albany in 1614.
In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Christiaensen, built Fort Nassau (now Albany) the first Dutch settlement in North America and the first European settlement in what would become New York.[13] It was replaced by nearby Fort Orange (New Netherland) in 1623.[14]
The British conquered New Netherland in 1664;[Note 1] Lenient terms of surrender most likely kept local resistance to a minimum. The colony and city were both renamed New York (and "Beverwijck" was renamed Albany) after its new proprietor, James II later King of England, Ireland and Scotland, who was at the time Duke of York and Duke of Albany[Note 2] The population of New Netherland at the time of English takeover was 7,000–8,000.[2][17]
Province of New York (1664–1776)[edit]
Main article: Province of New York
Map of the Province of New York.
Thousands of poor German farmers, chiefly from the Palatine region of Germany, migrated to upstate districts after 1700. They kept to themselves, married their own, spoke German, attended Lutheran churches, and retained their own customs and foods. They emphasized farm ownership. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. They ignored the Indians and tolerated slavery (although few were rich enough to own a slave).[18]
Large manors were developed along the Hudson River by elite colonists during the 18th century, including Livingston, Cortlandt, Philipsburg, and Rensselaerswyck.[Note 3] The manors represented more than half of the colony's undeveloped land. The Province of New York thrived during this time, its economy strengthened by Long Island and Hudson Valley agriculture, in conjunction with trade and artisanal activity at the Port of New York; the colony was a breadbasket and lumberyard for the British sugar colonies in the Caribbean. New York's population grew substantially during this century: from the first colonial census (1698) to the last (1771), the province grew ninefold, from 18,067 to 168,007.
New York in the American Revolution[edit]
Further information: John Peter Zenger, Stamp Act Congress, Invasion of Canada (1775), New York and New Jersey campaign, Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War, and Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
John Trumbull's Surrender of General Burgoyne stylizes the American win at Saratoga.
New York played a pivotal role in the Revolutionary War. The colony verged on revolt following the Stamp Act of 1765, advancing the New York City–based Sons of Liberty to the forefront of New York politics. The Act exacerbated the depression the province experienced after unsuccessfully invading Canada in 1760.[20] Even though New York City merchants lost out on lucrative military contracts, the group sought common ground between the King and the people; however, compromise became impossible as of April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord. Two powerful families had for decades assembled colony-wide coalitions of supporters. With few exceptions, men long associated with the DeLancey faction went along when its leadership decided to support the crown while members of the Livingston faction became Patriots [21]
New York's strategic central location and port made it key to controlling the colonies. The British assembled the century's largest fleet: at one point 30,000 British sailors and soldiers anchored off Staten Island. General George Washington barely escaped New York City with his army in November 1776; General Sir William Howe was successful in driving Washington out, but erred by expanding into New Jersey. By January 1777, he retained only a few outposts near New York City. The British held the city for the duration, using it as a base for expeditions against other targets.
In October 1777, American General Horatio Gates won the Battle of Saratoga, later regarded as the war's turning point. Had Gates not held, the rebellion might well have broken down: losing Saratoga would have cost the entire Hudson–Champlain corridor, which would have separated New England from the rest of the colonies and split the future union.[22]
Statehood to the Civil War[edit]
The Stadt Huys in Albany became the state's seat of government when Albany became the permanent capitol in 1797.
Upon war's end, New York's borders became well–defined: the counties east of Lake Champlain became Vermont and the state's western borders were settled by 1786.
Many Iroquois supported the British (typically fearing future American ambitions). Many were killed during the war; others went into exile with the British. Those remaining lived on twelve reservations; by 1826 only eight reservations remained, all of which survived into the 21st century.
The state adopted its constitution in April 1777, creating a strong executive and strict separation of powers. It strongly influenced the federal constitution a decade later. Debate over the federal constitution in 1787 led to formation of the groups known as Federalists—mainly "downstaters" (those who lived in or near New York City) who supported a strong national government—and Antifederalists—mainly upstaters (those who lived to the city's north and west) who opposed large national institutions. In 1787, Alexander Hamilton, a leading Federalist from New York and signatory to the Constitution, wrote the first essay of the Federalist Papers. He published and wrote most of the series in New York City newspapers in support of the proposed United States Constitution. Antifederalists were not swayed by the arguments, but the state ratified it in 1788.[23]
In 1785, New York City became the national capital and continued as such on and off until 1790; George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States in front of Federal Hall in 1789.[23] The United States Bill of Rights was drafted there, and the United States Supreme Court sat for the first time. From statehood to 1797, the Legislature frequently moved the state capital between Albany, Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and New York City. Thereafter, Albany retained that role.[24]
1800 map of New York from Low's Encyclopaedia
In the early 19th century, New York became a center for advancement in transportation. In 1807, Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from New York to Albany, the first successful enterprise of its kind.[25] By 1815, Albany was the state's turnpike center,[26] which established the city as the hub for pioneers migrating west to Buffalo and the Michigan Territory.[27]
In 1825 the Erie Canal opened, securing the state's economic dominance. Its impact was enormous: one source stated, "Linking the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes, the canal was an act of political will that joined the regions of the state, created a vast economic hinterland for New York City, and established a ready market for agricultural products from the state's interior." In that year western New York transitioned from "frontier" to settled area. By this time, all counties and most municipalities had incorporated, approximately matching the state's is organized today.[23] In 1831, the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad started the country's first successful regularly–scheduled steam railroad service.[28]
Advancing transportation quickly led to settlement of the fertile Mohawk and Gennessee valleys and the Niagara Frontier. Buffalo and Rochester became boomtowns. Significant migration of New England "Yankees" (mainly of English descent) to the central and western parts of the state led to minor conflicts with the more settled "Yorkers" (mainly of German, Dutch, and Scottish descent). More than 15% of the state's 1850 population had been born in New England[citation needed]. The western part of the state grew fastest at this time. By 1840, New York was home to seven of the nation's thirty largest cities.[Note 4]
During this period, towns established academies for education, including for girls. The western area of the state was a center of progressive causes, including support of abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights. Religious enthusiasms flourished and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) was founded in the area by Joseph Smith and his vision. Some supporters of abolition participated in the Underground Railroad, helping fugitive slaves reach freedom in Canada or in New York.
In addition, in the early 1840s the state legislature and Governor William H. Seward expanded rights for free blacks and fugitive slaves in New York: in 1840 the legislature passed laws protecting the rights of African Americans against Southern slave-catchers.[30] One guaranteed alleged fugitive slaves the right of a jury trial in New York to establish whether they were slaves, and another pledged the aid of the state to recover free blacks kidnapped into slavery,[31] (as happened to Solomon Northup of Saratoga Springs in 1841, who did not regain freedom until 1853.) In 1841 Seward signed legislation to repeal a "nine-month law" that allowed slaveholders to bring their slaves into the state for a period of nine months before they were considered free. After this, slaves brought to the state were immediately considered freed, as was the case in some other free states. Seward also signed legislation to establish public education for all children, leaving it up to local jurisdictions as to how that would be supplied (some had segregated schools).[32]
New York culture bloomed in the first half of the 19th century: in 1809 Washington Irving wrote the satirical A History of New York under the pen name Diedrich Knickerbocker, and in 1819 he based Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in Hudson Valley towns.[33] Thomas Cole's Hudson River School was established in the 1830s by showcasing dramatic landscapes of the Hudson Valley.[34] The first baseball teams formed in New York City in the 1840s, including the New York Knickerbockers. Professional baseball later located its Hall of Fame in Cooperstown. Saratoga Race Course, an annual summer attraction in Saratoga Springs, opened in 1847.[35]
New York in the American Civil War[edit]
Main article: New York in the American Civil War
A war was not in the best interest of business, because New York had strong ties to the Deep South, both through the port of New York and manufacture of cotton goods in upstate textile mills. Half of New York City's exports were related to cotton before the war. Southern businessmen so frequently traveled to the city that they established favorite hotels and restaurants. Trade was based on moving Southern goods. The city's large Democrat community feared the impact of Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 and the mayor urged secession of New York.
By the time of the 1861 Battle of Fort Sumter, such political differences decreased and the state quickly met Lincoln's request for soldiers and supplies. Hundreds of thousands of New York's young men fought during the Civil War, more than any other Northern state. While no battles were waged in New York, the state was not immune to Confederate conspiracies, including one to burn various New York cities and another to invade the state via Canada.[36]
In January 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves in states that were still in rebellion against the union. In March 1863, the federal draft law was changed so that male citizens between 20 and 35 and unmarried citizens to age 45 were subject to conscription. Those who could afford to hire a substitute or pay $300 were exempt. Antiwar newspaper editors attacked the law, and many immigrants and their descendants resented being drafted in place of people who could buy their way out. Democratic Party leaders raised the specter of a deluge of freed southern blacks competing with the white working class, then dominated by ethnic Irish and immigrants. On the lottery's first day, July 11, 1863, the first lottery draw was held. On Monday, July 13, 1863, five days of large-scale riots began, which were dominated by ethnic Irish, who targeted blacks in the city, their neighborhoods, and known abolitionist sympathizers.[37] As a result, many blacks left Manhattan permanently, moving to Brooklyn or other areas.
End of the Civil War to 1900[edit]
Companies such as Eastman Kodak (Rochester headquarters pictured ca. 1900) epitomized New York's manufacturing economy in the late 19th century.
In the following decades, New York strengthened its dominance of the financial and banking industries. Manufacturing continued to rise: Eastman Kodak founded in 1888 in Rochester, General Electric in Schenectady, and Endicott-Johnson Shoe Company in the Triple Cities are some of the well-known companies founded during this period. Buffalo and Niagara Falls attracted numerous factories following the advent of hydroelectric power in the area.[38] With industry blooming, workers began to unite in New York as early as the 1820s. By 1882, the Knights of Labor in New York City had 60,000 members. Trade unions used political influence to limit working hours as early as 1867. At the same time, New York's agricultural output peaked. Focus changed from crop-based to dairy-based agriculture. The cheese industry became established in the Mohawk Valley. By 1881, the state had more than 241,000 farms.[38] In the same period, the area around New York harbor became the world's oyster capital, retaining that title into the early twentieth century.[39]
Play media
Scenes showing immigrants arriving at the Immigration Depot at Ellis Island in 1906
Immigration increased throughout the latter half of the 19th century. Starting with refugees from the Irish potato famine in the 1840s, New York became a prominent entry point for those seeking a new life in the United States.[38] Between 1855 and 1890, an estimated 8 million immigrants passed through Castle Clinton at Battery Park in Manhattan.[40][Note 5] Early in this period, most immigrants came from Ireland and Germany. Ellis Island opened in 1892,[40] and between 1880 and 1920, most immigrants were German and Eastern European Jews, Poles, and other eastern and southern Europeans, including many Italians. By 1925, New York City's population outnumbered that of London, making it the most populous city in the world.[38] Arguably New York's most identifiable symbol, Liberty Enlightening the World (the Statue of Liberty), a gift from France for the American centennial, was completed in 1886. By the early 20th century, the statue was regarded as the "Mother of Exiles"—a symbol of hope to immigrants.[42]
New York's political pattern changed little after the mid–19th century. New York City and its metropolitan area was already heavily Democrat; Upstate was aligned with the Republican Party and was a center of abolitionist activists. In the 1850s, Democratic Tammany Hall became one of the most powerful and durable political machines in United States history. Boss William Tweed brought the organization to the forefront of city and then state politics in the 1860s. Based on its command of a large population, Tammany maintained influence until at least the 1930s. Outside the city, Republicans were able to influence the redistricting process enough to constrain New York City and capture control of the Legislature in 1894. Both parties have seen national political success: in the 39 presidential elections between 1856 and 2010, Republicans won 19 times and Democrats 20 times.[38]
1900 through the Great Depression[edit]
A frameworker tightens bolts on the Empire State Building in 1930; the recently completed Chrysler Building is seen in the background.
By 1900, New York was the richest and most populous state. Two years prior, the five boroughs of New York City became one city.[43] Within decades, the city's emblem had become the skyscraper: the Woolworth Building was the tallest building in the world from 1913, surpassed by 40 Wall Street in April 1930, the Chrysler Building in 1930, the Empire State Building in 1931, and the World Trade Center in 1972 before losing the title in 1974.[44]
The state was serviced by over a dozen major railroads and at the start of the 20th century and electric Interurban rail networks began to spring up around Syracuse, Rochester and other cities in New York during this period.[45][46]
Theodore Roosevelt
In the late 1890s governor Theodore Roosevelt and fellow Republicans such as Charles Evans Hughes worked with many Democrats such as Al Smith to promote Progressivism.[47] They battled trusts and monopolies (especially in the insurance industry), promoted efficiency, fought waste, and called for more democracy in politics. Democrats focused more on the benefits of progressivism for their own ethnic working class base and for labor unions.[48][49]
Democratic political machines, especially Tammany Hall in Manhattan, opposed woman suffrage because they feared that the addition of female voters would dilute the control they had established over groups of male voters. By the time of the New York State referendum on women's suffrage in 1917, however, some wives and daughters of Tammany Hall leaders were working for suffrage, leading it to take a neutral position that was crucial to the referendum's passage.[50][51]
Following a sharp but short-lived Depression at the beginning of the decade,[52] New York enjoyed a booming economy during the Roaring Twenties. New York suffered during the Great Depression, which began with the Wall Street crash on Black Tuesday in 1929. The Securities and Exchange Commission opened in 1934 to regulate the stock market.[53] Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected governor in 1928, and the state faced upwards of 25% unemployment. His Temporary Emergency Relief Agency, established in 1931, was the first work relief program in the nation and influenced the national Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Roosevelt was elected President in 1932 in part because of his promises to extend New York–style relief programs across the country via his New Deal.[43][54] In 1932, Lake Placid was host to the III Olympic Winter Games.[17]
World War II and the modern era[edit]
As the largest state, New York again supplied the most resources during World War II. New York manufactured 11 percent of total United States military armaments produced during the war[55] and suffered 31,215 casualties.[56] The war affected the state both socially and economically. For example, to overcome discriminatory labor practices, Governor Herbert H. Lehman created the Committee on Discrimination in Employment in 1941 and Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives–Quinn bill in 1945, banning employment discrimination. The G.I. Bill of 1944, which offered returning soldiers the opportunity of affordable higher education, forced New York to create a public university system since its private universities could not handle the influx; the State University of New York was created by Governor Dewey in 1948.[57]
World War II constituted New York's last great industrial era. At its conclusion, the defense industry shrank and the economy shifted towards producing services rather than goods. Returning soldiers disproportionately displaced female and minority workers who had entered the industrial workforce only when the war left employers no other choice.[57] Companies moved to the south and west, seeking lower taxes and a less costly, non–union workforce. Many workers followed the jobs.[58] The middle class expanded and created suburbs such as the one on Long Island. The automobile accelerated this decentralization; planned communities like Levittown offered affordable middle-class housing.[58]
Larger cities stopped growing around 1950. Growth resumed only in New York City, in the 1980s. Buffalo's population fell by half between 1950 and 2000. Reduced immigration and worker migration led New York State's population to decline for the first time between 1970 and 1980. California and Texas both surpassed it in population.[citation needed]
New York entered its third era of massive transportation projects by building highways, notably the New York State Thruway. The project was unpopular with New York City Democrats, who referred to it as "Dewey's ditch" and the "enemy of schools", because the Thruway disproportionately benefited upstate. The highway was based on the German Autobahn and was unlike anything seen at that point in the United States. It was within 30 miles (50 km) of 90% of the population at its conception. Costing $600 million, the full 427-mile (687 km) project opened in 1956.[59]
Nelson Rockefeller was governor from 1959 to 1973 and changed New York politics. He began as a liberal, but grew more conservative: he limited SUNY's growth, responded aggressively to the Attica Prison riot, and promulgated the uniquely severe Rockefeller Drug Laws. The World Trade Center and other profligate projects nearly drove New York City into bankruptcy in 1975. The state took substantial budgetary control, which eventually led to improved fiscal prudence.[58]
The Executive Mansion was retaken by Democrats in 1974 and remained under Democratic control for 20 years under Hugh Carey and Mario Cuomo. Late–century Democrats became more centrist, including US Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1977–2001) and New York City Mayor Ed Koch (1978–1989), while state Republicans began to align themselves with the more conservative national party. They gained power through the elections of Senator Alfonse D'Amato in 1980, Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in 1993, and Governor George Pataki in 1994. New York remained one of the most liberal states. In 1984, Ronald Reagan was the last Republican to carry the state, although Republican Michael Bloomberg served as New York City mayor in the early 21st century.[58]
Last decades of the 20th century[edit]
In the late 20th century, telecommunication and high technology industries employed many New Yorkers. New York City was especially successful at this transition. Entrepreneurs created many small companies, as industrial firms such as Polaroid withered. This success drew many young professionals into the still–dwindling cities. New York City was the exception and has continued to draw new residents. The energy of the city created attractions and new businesses. Some people believe that changes in policing created a less threatening environment; crime rates dropped, and urban development reduced urban decay.[58]
This in turn led to a surge in culture. New York City became, once again, "the center for all things chic and trendy".[58] Hip-hop and rap music, led by New York City, became the most popular pop genre. Immigration to both the city and state rose. New York City, with a large gay and lesbian community, suffered many deaths from AIDS beginning in the 1980s.[58]
New York City increased its already large share of television programming, home to the network news broadcasts, as well as two of the three major cable news networks.[citation needed] The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times became two of the three "national" newspapers, read throughout the country.[citation needed] New York also increased its dominance of the financial services industry centered on Wall Street, led by banking expansion, a rising stock market, innovations in investment banking, including junk bond trading and accelerated by the savings and loan crisis that decimated competitors elsewhere in New York.
Upstate did not fare as well as downstate; the major industries that began to reinvigorate New York City did not typically spread to other regions. The number of farms in the state had fallen to 30,000 by 1997. City populations continued to decline while suburbs grew in area, but did not increase proportionately in population.[58] High-tech industry grew in cities such as Corning and Rochester. Overall New York entered the new millennium "in a position of economic strength and optimism".[17]
September 11, 2001 to the present[edit]
United Airlines Flight 175 crashes into the South Tower of the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks.
New York entered a new era following the September 11, 2001 attacks,[58] the worst terrorist attack ever to take place on American soil. Four hijacked passenger jets came towards the USA. Two of the hijacked passenger jets crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, destroying them, and killing almost 3,000 people. One flew into the Pentagon demolishing the walls. The final one was taken back over by the pilots and crashed into an open grassland with 296 out of the 500 people dead.[60] Thousands of New Yorkers volunteered their time to search the ruin for survivors and remains in the following weeks.
Following the attacks, plans were announced to rebuild the World Trade Center site. 7 World Trade Center became the first World Trade Center skyscraper to be rebuilt in five years after the attacks. One World Trade Center, four more office towers, and a memorial to the casualties of the September 11 attacks are under construction as of 2011. One World Trade Center opened on November 3, 2014.[61]
See also[edit]
New York portal
History portal
Historical outline of New York
History of New York City
History of the mid-Atlantic states
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The takeover is commonly said to have been part of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. But, this war was not officially declared until 1665; the Dutch and British were at peace when the attack was made.[15]
Jump up ^ James Stuart (1633–1701), brother and successor of Charles II, was both the Duke of York and Duke of Albany before being crowned James II of England and James VII of Scotland in 1685.[16]
Jump up ^ "Rensselaerswyck" is the Anglicized form of the Dutch Rensselaerswijck. The patroonship was confirmed as an English manor by Charles II in 1664.[19]
Jump up ^ New York City (1st at 312,710), Brooklyn (7th at 36,233), Albany (9th at 33,721), Rochester (19th at 20,191), Troy (21st at 19,334), Buffalo (22nd at 18,213), Utica (29th at 12,782).[29]
Jump up ^ By comparison, New York's population in 1890 was just over 5 million.[41]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Irwin Richman (2001). Hudson River: From New York City to Albany. Arcadia. p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b Eisenstadt 2005, p. xx
^ Jump up to: a b Klein 2001, p. 3
Jump up ^ Horatio Gates Spafford, LL.D. A Gazetteer of the State of New-York, Embracing an Ample Survey and Description of Its Counties, Towns, Cities, Villages, Canals, Mountains, Lakes, Rivers, Creeks and Natural Topography. Arranged in One Series, Alphabetically: With an Appendix… (1824), at Schenectady Digital History Archives, selected extracts, accessed 28 December 2014
Jump up ^ Klein 2001, pp. 6–7
Jump up ^ Nash, Gary B. Red, White and Black: The Peoples of Early North America Los Angeles 2015. Chapter 1, p. 8
Jump up ^ Klein 2001, p. 7
Jump up ^ "EARLY INDIAN MIGRATION IN OHIO". GenealogyTrails.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pritzker 441
Jump up ^ Centro Studi Storici Verrazzano Archived 2009-04-15 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Blashfield, Jean F (2002), Cartier: Jacques Cartier in search of the Northwest Passage, Compass Point Books, ISBN 0-7565-0122-9
Jump up ^ Nevius, Michelle and James, "New York's many 9/11 anniversaries: the Staten Island Peace Conference", Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City, 2008-09-08. Retrieved 2012-9-24.
Jump up ^ "One of America's First Cities: Colonial Albany". Albany Institute of History and Art. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Cuyler (1906). Albany Chronicles: A History of the City Arranged Chronologically. J.B. Lyon Company.
Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005, p. 1053 (article: "New Netherland")
Jump up ^ "James II". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c "New York". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Jump up ^ Philip Otterness, Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York (2004)
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Cuyler. Albany Chronicles: A History of the City Arranged Chronologically, From the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. Albany: J. B. Lyon Company; 1906. p. 66.
Jump up ^ Klein (2001), p. 202
Jump up ^ N. E. H. Hull, Peter C. Hoffer and Steven L. Allen, "Choosing Sides: A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York," Journal of American History, (1978) 65#2 pp. 344–366 in JSTOR esp. pp 347, 354, 365
Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005, pp. xxi–xxii
^ Jump up to: a b c Eisenstadt 2005, p. xxii
Jump up ^ Lamb, Martha J., ed. (1886). The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries. Volume XV. New York City: Historical Publication Co. p. 124. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ McEneny 2006, p. 92
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Jump up ^ Albany. (2010). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 10, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Jump up ^ New York State Department of Transportation. History of Railroads in New York State [Retrieved 2010-06-04].
Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau (1840). "Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1840". United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
Jump up ^ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-684-82490-1.
Jump up ^ Finkelman, Paul (September 1988). "The Protection of Black Rights in Seward's New York" (PDF). Civil War History. Kent State University Press. 34 (3): 212–213. doi:10.1353/cwh.1988.0057 – via Project MUSE. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Finkelman & pp212-213.
Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005, p. 798 (article: "Irving, Washington")
Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005, p. 359 (article: "Cole, Thomas")
Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005, p. xxiv
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Jump up ^ Harris, Leslie M. (2003). "The New York City Draft Riots of 1863". In the Shadow of Slavery:. ISBN 978-0-226-31774-8. Retrieved January 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Eisenstadt 2005, p. xxv
Jump up ^ Kurlansky, Mark (January 9, 2007). The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell. Random House. ISBN 978-0-345-47639-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Eisenstadt 2005, p. 498 (article: "Ellis Island")
Jump up ^ "New York: 2000 (Population and Housing Unit Counts)" (PDF). 2000 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved 2010-09-18. (page 1 of the document, page 31 of the file)
Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005, p. 1473 (article: "Statue of Liberty")
^ Jump up to: a b Eisenstadt 2005, p. xxvi
Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005, pp. 1417–1418 (article: "Skyscrapers")
Jump up ^ Beauchamp, Rev. William Martin. Past and present of Syracuse and Onondaga county, New York (Volume 1). New York: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1908, pg. 489. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Certification Review" (PDF). Syracuse Metropolitan Transportation Council, November 2002. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Richard L. McCormick, From Realignment to Reform: Political Change in New York State, 1893–1910 (1981).
Jump up ^ Robert F. Wesser, A response to progressivism: The Democratic Party and New York politics, 1902–1918 (1986).
Jump up ^ Irwin Yellowitz, Labor and the Progressive Movement in New York State, 1897–1916 (1965).
Jump up ^ Eleanor Flexner Century of Struggle (1959), pp. 247, 282, 290
Jump up ^ Ronald Schaffer, "The New York City Woman Suffrage Party, 1909–1919." New York History (1962): 269-287. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Vernon, J.R. (July 1991). "The 1920–21 deflation: the role of aggregate supply". Economic Inquiry. Retrieved January 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005, pp. 1102–1103 (article: "New York Stock Exchange")
Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005, pp. 1334–1335 (article: "Roosevelt, Franklin Delano")
Jump up ^ Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.111
Jump up ^ "World War 2 Casualty Statistics". Retrieved January 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Eisenstadt 2005, pp. 1726–1728 (article: "World War II")
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Eisenstadt 2005, p. xxvii
Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005, pp. 1100–1102
Jump up ^ Eisenstadt 2005, pp. 1395–1401 (article: "September 11th, 2001")
Jump up ^ "One World Trade Center". The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 06-02-2015. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Bibliography[edit]
See also: Bibliography of New York
Curran, Robert Emmett, ed. Shaping American Catholicism: Maryland and New York, 1805–1915 (2012) excerpt and text search
Dearstyne, Bruce W., The Spirit of New York: Defining Events in the Empire State's History (Albany: Excelsior Editions, 2015). xxiv, 359 pp.
Eisenstadt, Peter (ed.). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press; 2005. ISBN 0-8156-0808-X.
Ellis, David M. A History of New York State. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press; 1957, 1967..
Kammen, Michael. Colonial New York: a History. New York City: Oxford University Press; 1975, 1996. ISBN 0-19-510779-9. online free
Klein, Milton M. (ed.) and the New York State Historical Association. The Empire State: A History of New York. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press; 2001. ISBN 0-8014-3866-7.
Otterness, Philip. Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York (2004) 235 pp.
Regions and cities[edit]
Burrows, Edwin G. and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1998), 1300 of highly detailed scholarly history
Goldman, Mark. High Hopes: The Rise and Decline of Buffalo, New York (Suny Press, 1983)
McEneny, John. Albany, Capital City on the Hudson: An Illustrated History. Sun Valley, California: American Historical Press; 2006. ISBN 1-892724-53-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of New York (state).
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New York History Net
New Netherland and Beyond: Genealogy and History site for New Netherland and Colonial New York.
New York Bank History
New Netherland 1614-1667, Documentary
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text:
Most common words in English
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Studies that estimate and rank the most common words in English examine texts written in English. Perhaps the most comprehensive such analysis is one that was conducted against the Oxford English Corpus (OEC), a very large collection of texts from around the world that are written in the English language. A text corpus is a large collection of written works that are organised in a way that makes such analysis easier.
In total, the texts in the Oxford English Corpus contain more than 2 billion words.[1] The OEC includes a wide variety of writing samples, such as literary works, novels, academic journals, newspapers, magazines, Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, blogs, chat logs, and emails.[2]
Another English corpus that has been used to study word frequency is the Brown Corpus, which was compiled by researchers at Brown University in the 1960s. The researchers published their analysis of the Brown Corpus in 1967. Their findings were similar, but not identical, to the findings of the OEC analysis.
According to The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists, the first 25 words in the OEC make up about one-third of all printed material in English, and the first 100 words make up about half of all written English.[3] According to a study cited by Robert McCrum in The Story of English, all of the first hundred of the most common words in English are of Anglo-Saxon origin.[4]
Some lists of common words distinguish between word forms, while others rank all forms of a word as a single lexeme (the form of the word as it would appear in a dictionary). For example, the lexeme be (as in to be) comprises all its conjugations (is, was, are, were, etc.), and contractions of those conjugations.[5] Note also that these top 100 lemmas listed below account for 50% of all the words in the Oxford English Corpus.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 100 most common words
1.1 Parts of speech
1.1.1 Nouns
1.1.2 Verbs
1.1.3 Adjectives
1.1.4 Prepositions
1.1.5 Others
2 See also
2.1 Word lists
3 References
4 External links
100 most common words
A list of 100 words that occur most frequently in written English is given below, based on an analysis of the Oxford English Corpus (a collection of texts in the English language, comprising over 2 billion running words).[1] A part of speech is provided for most of the words, but part of speech categories vary between analyses, and not all possibilities are listed. For example "I" may be a pronoun or a Roman numeral; "to" may be a preposition or an infinitive marker; "time" may be a noun or a verb. Also, a single spelling can represent more than one root word. For example "singer" may be a form of either "sing" or "singe". Different corpora may treat such difference differently.
The table also includes frequencies from other corpora, note that as well as usage differences, lemmatisation may differ from corpus to corpus - for example splitting the prepositional use of "to" from the use as a particle. Also the COCA list includes dispersion as well as frequency to calculate rank.
Word
Parts of speech
OEC rank
COCA rank[6]
Dolch level
the Article 1 1 Pre-primer
be Verb 2 2 primer
to Preposition 3 7, 9 Pre-primer
of Preposition 4 4 Grade 1
and Conjunction 5 3 Pre-primer
a Article 6 5 Pre-primer
in Preposition 7 6, 128, 3038 Pre-primer
that Conjunction et al. 8 12, 27, 903 primer
have Verb 9 8 primer
I Pronoun 10 11 Pre-primer
it Pronoun 11 10 Pre-primer
for Preposition 12 13, 2339 Pre-primer
not Adverb et al. 13 28, 2929 Pre-primer
on Preposition 14 17, 155 primer
with Preposition 15 16 primer
he Pronoun 16 15 primer
as Adverb, conjunction, et al. 17 33, 49, 129 Grade 1
you Pronoun 18 14 Pre-primer
do Verb, noun 19 18 primer
at Preposition 20 22 primer
this Determiner, adverb, noun 21 20, 4665 primer
but Preposition, adverb, conjunction 22 23, 1715 primer
his Possessive pronoun 23 25, 1887 Grade 1
by Preposition 24 30, 1190 Grade 1
from Preposition 25 26 Grade 1
they Pronoun 26 21 primer
we Pronoun 27 24 Pre-primer
say Verb et al. 28 19 primer
her Possessive pronoun 29, 106 42 Grade 1
she Pronoun 30 31 primer
or Conjunction 31 32 Grade 2
an Article 32 (a) Grade 1
will Verb, noun 33 48, 1506 primer
my Possessive pronoun 34 44 Pre-primer
one Noun, adjective, et al. 35 51, 104, 839 Pre-primer
all Adjective 36 43, 222 primer
would Verb 37 41 Grade 2
there Adverb, pronoun, et al. 38 53, 116 primer
their Possessive pronoun 39 36 Grade 2
what Pronoun, adverb, et al. 40 34 primer
so Conjunction, adverb, et al. 41 55, 196 primer
up Adverb, preposition, et al. 42 50, 456 Pre-primer
out Preposition 43 64, 149 primer
if Conjunction 44 40 Grade 3
about Preposition, adverb, et al. 45 46, 179 Grade 3
who Pronoun, noun 46 38 primer
get Verb 47 39 primer
which 48 58 Grade 2
go Verb, noun 49 35 Pre-primer
me Pronoun 50 61 Pre-primer
when 51 57, 136 Grade 1
make Verb, noun 52 45
can 53 37, 2973
like 54 74, 208, 1123, 1684, 2702
time 55 52
no 56 93, 699, 916, 1111, 4555
just Adjective 57 66, 1823
him Pronoun 58 68
know Verb, noun 59 47
take Verb, noun 60 63
people Noun 61 62
into 62 65
year Noun 63 54
your Possessive pronoun 64 69
good Adjective 65 110, 2280
some 66 60
could Verb 67 71
them 68 59
see Verb 69 67
other 70 75, 715, 2355
than 71 73, 712
then 72 77
now 73 72, 1906
look Verb 74 85, 604
only 75 101, 329
come Verb 76 70
its Possessive pronoun 77 78
over Preposition 78 124, 182
think 79 56
also 80 87
back 81 108, 323, 1877
after Preposition 82 120, 260
use Verb, noun 83 92, 429
two 84 80
how 85 76
our Possessive pronoun 86 79
work Verb, noun 87 117, 199
first 88 86, 2064
well Adverb 89 100, 644
way 90 84, 4090
even 91 107, 484
new Adjective et al. 92 88
want 93 83
because 94 89, 509
any 95 109, 4720
these 96 82
give Verb 97 98
day 98 90
most 99 144, 187
us Pronoun 100 113
Parts of speech
The following is the same list subdivided by part of speech.[1] The list labeled "Others" includes pronouns, possessives, articles, modal verbs, adverbs, and conjunctions.
Nouns
time
person
year
way
day
thing
man
world
life
hand
part
child
eye
woman
place
work
week
case
point
government
company
number
group
problem
fact
Verbs
be
have
do
say
get
make
go
know
take
see
come
think
look
want
give
use
find
tell
ask
work
seem
feel
try
leave
call
Adjectives
good
new
first
last
long
great
little
own
other
old
right
big
high
different
small
large
next
early
young
important
few
public
bad
same
able
Prepositions
to
of
in
for
on
with
at
by
from
up
about
into
over
after
Others
the
and
a
that
I
it
not
he
as
you
this
but
his
they
her
she
or
an
will
my
one
all
would
there
their
See also
Languages portal
Basic English
Frequency analysis, the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters
Letter frequencies
Oxford English Corpus
Swadesh list, a compilation of basic concepts for the purpose of historical-comparative linguistics
Zipf's law, a theory stating that the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in a frequency table
Word lists
Dolch Word List, a list of frequently used English words
General Service List
Word lists by frequency
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Oxford English Corpus: Facts about the language". OxfordDictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. What is the commonest word?. Archived from the original on December 26, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Oxford English Corpus". AskOxford.com. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ The First 100 Most Commonly Used English Words.
Jump up ^ Bill Bryson, The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way, Harper Perennial, 2001, page 58
Jump up ^ Benjamin Zimmer. June 22, 2006. Time after time after time.... Language Log. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Word frequency: based on 450 million word COCA corpus". www.wordfrequency.info. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
External links
Look up frequency lists in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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text:
Greatest Hits (& Some That Will Be)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Greatest Hits (& Some That Will Be)
Compilation album by Willie Nelson
Released
1981
Recorded
1974–1980
Genre
Country
Length
68:10
Label
Columbia
Willie Nelson chronology
His Very Best
(1980)His Very Best1980 Greatest Hits (& Some That Will Be)
(1981) Minstrel Man
(1981)Minstrel Man1981
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic link
Greatest Hits (& Some That Will Be) is a compilation album by country artist Willie Nelson. It was released in 1981 as a double-LP. It has sold 6 million copies worldwide.
Contents
1 Track listing
1.1 Side A
1.2 Side B
1.3 Side C
1.4 Side D
1.5 2003 Edition
2 Chart performance
Track listing[edit]
Side A[edit]
"Railroad Lady" – 2:38
"Heartaches of a Fool" – 2:28
"Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain" – 2:17
"Whiskey River" – 3:40
"Good Hearted Woman" – 2:57
Side B[edit]
"Georgia on My Mind" – 4:19
"If You've Got the Money Honey I've Got the Time" – 2:05
"Look What Thoughts Will Do" – 2:40
"Uncloudy Day" – 4:38
"Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" – 3:25
Side C[edit]
"My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys" – 3:02
"Help Me Make It Through the Night" – 3:57
"Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground" – 4:23
"I'd Have to Be Crazy" – 3:24
"Faded Love" – 3:48
Side D[edit]
"On the Road Again" – 2:39
"Heartbreak Hotel" – 3:00
"If You Could Touch Her at All" – 3:27
"Till I Gain Control Again" – 5:59
"Stay a Little Longer" – 3:24
2003 Edition[edit]
"Railroad Lady" – 2:38
"Heartaches of a Fool" – 2:28
"Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain" – 2:17
"Whiskey River" – 3:40
"Good Hearted Woman" – 2:57
"Georgia on My Mind" – 4:19
"All of Me" – 3:55
"If You've Got the Money Honey I've Got the Time" – 2:05
"Look What Thoughts Will Do" – 2:40
"Uncloudy Day" – 4:38
"Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" – 3:25
"My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys" – 3:02
"Help Me Make It Through the Night" – 3:57
"Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground" – 4:23
"I'd Have to Be Crazy" – 3:24
"Faded Love" – 3:48
"On the Road Again" – 2:39
"Midnight Rider" – 2:52
"Heartbreak Hotel" – 3:00
"If You Could Touch Her at All" – 3:27
"Till I Gain Control Again" – 5:59
"Stay a Little Longer" – 3:24
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1981)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums 1
U.S. Billboard 200 27
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Born for Trouble
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Moonlight Becomes You
Healing Hands of Time
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How Great Thou Art
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Tales Out of Luck (Me and the Drummer)
Milk Cow Blues
Rainbow Connection
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It Always Will Be
Countryman
You Don't Know Me: The Songs of Cindy Walker
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Country Music
Remember Me, Vol. 1
Heroes
Let's Face the Music and Dance
To All the Girls...
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For the Good Times: A Tribute to Ray Price
God's Problem Child
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Songs for Tsunami Relief: Austin to South Asia
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Face of a Fighter
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Willie Nelson: His Very Best
Greatest Hits (& Some That Will Be)
Minstrel Man
Everybody's Talkin
The Best of Willie Nelson
20 of the Best
Collectors Series
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Love Songs
Yours Always
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Super Hits, Volume 2
Revolutions of Time...The Journey 1975/1993
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16 Biggest Hits
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All the Songs I've Loved Before: 40 Unforgettable Songs
Crazy: The Demo Sessions
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Natural Renegade: Opus Collection
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One Hell of a Ride
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Legend: The Best of Willie Nelson
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Books
Willie: An Autobiography
The Facts of Life: And Other Dirty Jokes
Farm Aid: A Song for America
The Tao of Willie: A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart
On The Clean Road Again: Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm
A Tale Out of Luck
Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die: Musings from the Road
It's a Long Story: My Life
Pretty Paper
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Trigger
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BioWillie
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Willie Nelson Lifetime Achievement Award
The Western Express
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Shirley Collie Nelson
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws
Book
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This 1980s country music album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greatest_Hits_(%26_Some_That_Will_Be)&oldid=854911614"
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values: The Party's Over and Other Great Willie Nelson Songs

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Why Don't We Do It in the Road?
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"Why Don't We Do It in the Road?"
Song by the Beatles
from the album The Beatles
Released
22 November 1968
Recorded
9–10 October 1968
Genre
Rock, blues
Length
1:42
Label
Apple Records
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
"Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" is a song by the Beatles released on their 1968 album The Beatles, commonly referred to as "the White Album". It was written[1][2] and sung by Paul McCartney,[3][4] but credited to Lennon–McCartney. "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" is short and simple; 1:42 of twelve-bar blues that begins with three different percussion elements (a hand banging on the back of an acoustic guitar, handclaps, and drums) and features McCartney's increasingly raucous vocal[5] repeating a simple lyric with only two different lines.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Recording
3 Lennon's reaction
4 Personnel
5 Cover versions
6 Notes
7 References
Background[edit]
McCartney wrote the song after seeing two monkeys copulating in the street while on retreat in Rishikesh, India, with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. He marvelled in the simplicity of this natural scenario when compared to the emotional turmoil of human relationships. He later said:
A male [monkey] just hopped on the back of this female and gave her one, as they say in the vernacular. Within two or three seconds he hopped off again and looked around as if to say "It wasn't me!" and she looked around as if there'd been some mild disturbance ... And I thought ... that's how simple the act of procreation is ... We have horrendous problems with it, and yet animals don't.[1]
Recording[edit]
On 9 October 1968, while John Lennon and George Harrison were working on two other songs for the album, McCartney recorded five takes of the song in Studio One at Abbey Road Studios. Unlike its heavy blues result,[5] the song began as an acoustic guitar number with McCartney alternating by verse between gentle and strident vocal styles.[7] On this first night, McCartney played all the instruments himself.[8] This version of the song can be found on the Beatles' Anthology 3.
On 10 October, McCartney and Ringo Starr finished the song, Starr adding drums and handclaps, McCartney adding more vocals, bass guitar, and lead guitar.[8] Lennon and Harrison were again occupied, supervising string overdubs for "Piggies" and "Glass Onion".[8]
Lennon's reaction[edit]
Upon learning about the recording, Lennon was unhappy that McCartney recorded the song without him. In his 1980 interview with Playboy, he was asked about it:
Playboy: "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?"
Lennon: That's Paul. He even recorded it by himself in another room. That's how it was getting in those days. We came in and he'd made the whole record. Him drumming. Him playing the piano. Him singing. But he couldn't—he couldn't—maybe he couldn't make the break from the Beatles. I don't know what it was, you know. I enjoyed the track. Still, I can't speak for George, but I was always hurt when Paul would knock something off without involving us. But that's just the way it was then.
Playboy: You never just knocked off a track by yourself?
Lennon: No.
Playboy: "Julia"?
Lennon: That was mine.[2]
"Julia" was recorded four days after the first session for "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?," and is a solo performance by Lennon (double-tracked lead vocals and acoustic guitar),[9] though McCartney was present for the recording, as he can be heard talking to Lennon from the control room after a take on the Beatles' Anthology 3.
In a 1981 conversation with Hunter Davies, who had written a biography of the Beatles in 1968, McCartney responded to a Yoko Ono interview where she said McCartney had hurt Lennon more than anyone else, by saying, "No one ever goes on about the times John hurt me ... Could I have hurt him more than the person who ran down his mother in his car?" He then brought up Lennon's comments about "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?": "There's only one incident I can think of that John has mentioned publicly. It was when I went off with Ringo and did 'Why Don't We Do It in the Road'. It wasn't a deliberate thing. John and George were tied up finishing something and me and Ringo were free, just hanging around, so I said to Ringo, 'Let's go and do this.'"[10]
McCartney also expressed some lingering resentment about a similar incident with "Revolution 9", recorded in June 1968, a few months before "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?": "Anyway, he did the same with 'Revolution 9'. He went off and made that without me. No one ever says that. John is the nice guy and I'm the bastard. It gets repeated all the time."[11]
Personnel[edit]
Paul McCartney – vocals, thumped acoustic guitar, piano, electric guitar, bass, handclaps
Ringo Starr – drums, handclaps
Personnel per Ian MacDonald[4]
Cover versions[edit]
Lowell Fulson covered the song on his 1970 album In A Heavy Bag.[12]
Phish covered the song live, along with the rest of The Beatles, and released it on Live Phish Volume 13.[13]
Lydia Lunch released a version on her album Transmutation.[14]
In 2005, the a cappella band Toxic Audio covered the song on their album Word of Mouth.[14]
In 2007 it was recorded by Dana Fuchs for Across the Universe and is featured on the soundtrack.
Today Is the Day recorded a cover version of the song on their 2000 compilation album, Live 'Til You Die.
Meat Loaf recorded a cover version on the Live CD of his 2010 two-disc album Hang Cool Teddy Bear.
G. Love & Special Sauce released a live version from their Rothbury, MI show, 2003.
Phil Lesh sang the song in concert a few times in the mid-1980s with the Grateful Dead, and subsequently with Phil Lesh & Friends and the Dead.
The Feverfew covered the song on their 2011 release The Copycat EP.
The Vasco Era cover the song regularly in live performances.
The 4onthefloor covered the song for Volume 3 of the Minnesota Beatle Project.[15]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Miles 1997, pp. 498–499.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheff 2000, p. 189.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 200.
^ Jump up to: a b MacDonald 2005, p. 325.
^ Jump up to: a b Pollack 2010.
Jump up ^ Aldridge 1990, p. 69.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1996, pp. 69.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lewisohn 1988, pp. 160–161.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 326.
Jump up ^ Davies 2006, pp. 398–399.
Jump up ^ Davies 2006, p. 401.
Jump up ^ MP3.com 2007.
Jump up ^ Jarnow 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Allmusic 2007.
Jump up ^ Vega Productions – Minnesota Beatle Project
References[edit]
Aldridge, Alan (1990). The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics. Boston: Houghton Mifflin / Seymour Lawrence. ISBN 0-395-59426-X.
"Artists who performed "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?"". Allmusic. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 December 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
Davies, Hunter (2006). The Beatles: The Illustrated and Updated Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32886-4.
Jarnow, Jesse (2007). "AMG Review of Live Phish Volume 13". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
Lewisohn, Mark (1996). Anthology 3 (booklet). The Beatles. London: Apple Records. 34451.
"Lowell Fulson Albums". MP3.com. 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). ISBN 1-84413-828-3.
Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6.
Pollack, Alan W (2010). "Notes on "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?"". Notes on ... Series.
Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
[hide]
v
t
e
The Beatles (White Album)
Songs
Side one
"Back in the U.S.S.R."
"Dear Prudence"
"Glass Onion"
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da"
"Wild Honey Pie"
"The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill"
"While My Guitar Gently Weeps"
"Happiness Is a Warm Gun"
Side two
"Martha My Dear"
"I'm So Tired"
"Blackbird"
"Piggies"
"Rocky Raccoon"
"Don't Pass Me By"
"Why Don't We Do It in the Road?"
"I Will"
"Julia"
Side three
"Birthday"
"Yer Blues"
"Mother Nature's Son"
"Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey"
"Sexy Sadie"
"Helter Skelter"
"Long, Long, Long"
Side four
"Revolution 1"
"Honey Pie"
"Savoy Truffle"
"Cry Baby Cry"
"Revolution 9"
"Good Night"
Outtakes
"A Beginning"
"Child of Nature"
"Circles"
"Etcetera"
"Junk"
"Not Guilty"
"Sour Milk Sea"
"What's the New Mary Jane"
Non-album single
"Hey Jude" / "Revolution"
Related articles
The Beatles discography
The Beatles in India
Mother Nature's Son
The Grey Album
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
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