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Templo Mayor
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Scale model of the twin Great Temple of Tenochtitlan
View of the Templo Mayor and the surrounding buildings.
The Templo Mayor (Spanish for "Main Temple") was one of the main temples of the Aztecs in their capital city of Tenochtitlan, which is now Mexico City. Its architectural style belongs to the late Postclassic period of Mesoamerica. The temple was called the Huēyi Teōcalli [we:ˈi teoːˈkali][1] in the Nahuatl language and dedicated simultaneously to two gods, Huitzilopochtli, god of war, and Tlaloc, god of rain and agriculture, each of which had a shrine at the top of the pyramid with separate staircases. The spire in the center of the adjacent image was devoted to Quetzalcoatl in his form as the wind god, Ehecatl.[2] The Great Temple devoted to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, measuring approximately 100 by 80 m (328 by 262 ft) at its base, dominated the Sacred Precinct.[3] Construction of the first temple began sometime after 1325, and it was rebuilt six times. The temple was destroyed by the Spanish in 1521 to make way for the new cathedral.[4] Today, the archeological site lies just to the northeast of the Zocalo, or main plaza of Mexico City, in the block between Seminario and Justo Sierra streets.[5]
The site is part of the Historic Center of Mexico City, which was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987.
Contents
[hide]
1 Discovery and excavation
2 Earlier versions
3 Final version
4 Symbolism
5 Sacred Precinct and surrounding buildings
6 Offerings
7 Museum
8 Further reading
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Discovery and excavation[edit]
Disk depicting a dismembered Coyolxauhqui which was found during construction in 1978
After the destruction of Tenochtitlan, the Templo Mayor, like most of the rest of the city, was taken apart and covered over by the new Spanish colonial city. The Temple’s exact location was forgotten, although by the 20th-century scholars had a good idea where to look for it.[6] This was based on the archeological work done at the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th. Leopoldo Batres did some excavation work at the end of the 19th century under the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral because at this time, the temple was thought to be there.[4] In the first decades of the 20th century, Manuel Gamio found part of the southwest corner of the temple and his finds were put on public display. However, it did not generate great public interest in excavating further because the zone was an upper-class residential area.[5] In 1933, Emilio Cuevas found part of a staircase and beam. In 1948, Hugo Moedano and Elma Estrada Balmori excavated a platform containing serpent heads and offerings. In 1966, Eduardo Contreras and Jorge Angula excavated a chest containing offerings that was first explored by Gamio.[4]
The push to fully excavate the site did not come until late in the 20th century. On 21 February 1978, workers for the electric company were digging at a place in the city then popularly known as the "island of the dogs". It was so named because it was slightly elevated over the rest of the neighborhood, and when that was flooded, street dogs would congregate there. Just over two meters down, the diggers struck a pre-Hispanic monolith. This stone turned out to be a huge disk of over 3.25 meters (10.7 feet) in diameter, 30 centimeters (11.8 inches) thick and weighing 8.5 metric tons (8.4 long tons; 9.4 short tons). The relief on the stone was later determined to be Coyolxauhqui, Huitzilopochtli's sister, dating to the end of the 15th century.[5]
From 1978 to 1982, specialists directed by archeologist Eduardo Matos Moctezuma worked on the project to excavate the Temple.[5] Initial excavations found that many of the artifacts were in good enough condition to study.[7] Efforts coalesced into the Templo Mayor Project, which was authorized by presidential decree.[8]
To excavate, 13 buildings in this area had to be demolished. Nine of these were built in the 1930s and four dated from the 19th century, and had preserved colonial elements. During excavations, more than 7,000 objects were found, mostly offerings including effigies, clay pots in the image of Tlaloc, skeletons of turtles, frogs, crocodiles, and fish, snail shells, coral, some gold, alabaster, Mixtec figurines, ceramic urns from Veracruz, masks from what is now Guerrero state, copper rattles, decorated skulls and knives of obsidian and flint. These objects are housed in the Templo Mayor Museum.[5] This museum is the result of the work done since the early 1980s to rescue, preserve and research the Templo Mayor, its Sacred Precinct and all objects associated with it. The museum exists to make all of the finds available to the public.[8]
Earlier versions[edit]
Scale model of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan showing the various stages as it was enlarged over time.
The nested remains of successive phases of construction (1999)
The excavated site consists of two parts: the temple itself, exposed and labeled to show its various stages of development, along with some other associated buildings, and the museum, built to house the smaller and more fragile objects.[8]
Mexican pyramids were typically expanded by building over prior ones, using the bulk of the former as a base for the latter, as later rulers sought to expand the temple to reflect the growing greatness of the city of Tenochtitlan. Therefore, digging down through this pyramid takes us back in time. The first temple was begun by the Aztecs the year after they founded the city, and the pyramid was rebuilt six times. All seven stages of the Templo Mayor, except the first, have been excavated and assigned to the reigns of the emperors who were responsible for them.[9]
Construction of the first Templo Mayor began sometime after 1325. This first pyramid is only known through historical records, because the high water table of the old lakebed prevents excavation.[9] According to these records, the first pyramid was built with earth and perishable wood, which may not have survived to the present time.[5][6][10]
The second temple was built during the reigns of Acamapichtli, Huitzilihuitl and Chimalpopoca between 1375 and 1427. The upper part of this temple has been excavated, exposing two stone shrines covered in stucco on the north side. A chacmool was uncovered as well. On the south side, there is a sacrificial stone called a "téchcatl" and a sculpted face.[4][5][6]
The third temple was built between 1427 and 1440 during the reign of Itzcoatl. A staircase with eight stone standard-bearers is from this stage bearing the glyph with the year Four-Reed (1431) These standard bearers act as "divine warriors" guarding the access to the upper shrines.[5][6]
The fourth temple was constructed between 1440 and 1481 during the reigns of Moctezuma I and Axayacatl. This stage is considered to have the richest of the architectural decorations as well as sculptures. Most offerings from the excavations are from this time. The great platform was decorated with serpents and braziers, some of which are in the form of monkeys and some in the form of Tlaloc. At this time, the stairway to the shrine of Tlaloc was defined by a pair of undulating serpents and in the middle of this shrine was a small altar defined by a pair of sculpted frogs. The circular monolith of Coyolxauhqui also dates from this time.[5][6]
The fifth temple (1481–1486) is dated during the short reign of Tizoc. During these five years, the platform was recovered in stucco and the ceremonial plaza was paved.[5]
The sixth temple was built during the reign of Ahuizotl. He finished some of the updates made by Tizoc and made his own; as shown on the carvings of the "commemoration stone of the huei teocalli", showing the two tlatoqueh celebrating the opening of the temple during the last day of the month Panquetzaliztli dedicated to Huitzilopochtli; day 7 acatl of the year 8 acatl (Dec 19th, 1487). The Sacred Precinct was walled off and this wall was decorated with serpent heads. He built three shrines and the House of the Eagle Warriors.[5]
Final version[edit]
Model of Templo Mayor. Mexico City Metro Zócalo station.
The seventh and last temple is what Hernán Cortés and his men saw when they arrived to Tenochtitlan in 1519. Very little of this layer remains because of the destruction the Spaniards wrought when they conquered the city. Only a platform to the north and a section of paving in the courtyard on the south side can still be seen.[5]
Most of what is known about this temple is based on the historical record. It was at the time the largest and most important active ceremonial center. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún reported that the Sacred Precinct had 78 buildings; the Templo Mayor towered above all of them.[10]
The pyramid was composed of four sloped terraces with a passage between each level, topped by a great platform that measured approximately 80 by 100 meters (262 by 328 feet). It had two stairways to access the two shrines on the top platform. One was dedicated to Tlaloc, the god of water on the left side (as you face the structure), and one to Huitzilopochtli, deity of war and of the sun, on the right side. The two temples were approximately 60 meters (200 feet) in height, and each had large braziers where the sacred fires continuously burned. The entrance of each temple had statues of robust and seated men which supported the standard-bearers and banners of handmade bark paper. Each stairway was defined by balustrades flanking the stairs terminating in menacing serpent heads at the base. These stairways were used only by the priests and sacrificial victims. The entire building was originally covered with stucco and polychrome paint.[5][6][11]
The deities were housed inside the temple, shielded from the outside by curtains. The idol of Huitzilopochtli was modeled from amaranth seeds held together with honey and human blood. Inside of him were bags containing jade, bones and amulets to give life to the god. This figure was constructed annually and it was richly dressed and fitted with a mask of gold for his festival held during the Aztec month of Panquetzaliztli. At the end of the festival, the image was broken apart and shared among the populace to be eaten.[6]
In his description of the city, Cortés records that he and the other Spaniards were impressed by the number and magnificence of the temples constructed in Tenochtitlan, but that was tempered by this disdain for their beliefs and human sacrifice.[7]
On 14 November 1519, Cortes seized the emperor Moctezuma II and ordered the destruction of all the religious relics of the Aztecs. He ordered a Catholic cross placed on the Templo Mayor.[12] While Cortes left for Veracruz to confront Spaniards looking to arrest him, Pedro de Alvarado learned of a plan to attack the Spaniards, and staged a pre-emptive attack on the Aztecs in the Sacred Precinct while they celebrated a religious festival. Unarmed and trapped within the walls of the Sacred Precinct, an estimated 8,000–10,000 Aztec nobles were killed. When word of the massacre spread throughout the city, the people turned on the Spaniards, killing seven, wounding many, and driving the rest back to their quarters. The Spaniards were trapped between two Aztec forces and 68 were captured alive. Ten of these Spanish captives were immediately sacrificed at the Temple and their severed heads were thrown back to the Spaniards. The others were sacrificed at the Great Temple that night, which could be seen from the Spanish camps. The sacrificed Spaniards were flayed and their faces — with beards attached — were tanned and sent to allied towns, both to solicit assistance and to warn against betraying the alliance.[13]
After the fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521, the lands controlled by the Aztecs became part of the Spanish empire. All the temples, including the Templo Mayor, were sacked, taking all objects of gold and other precious materials.[4] Cortés, who had ordered the destruction of the existing capital, had a Mediterranean-style city built on the site. Essential elements of the old imperial center, including the Templo Mayor, were buried under similarly key features of the new Spanish city in what is now the historical downtown of the Mexico City.[7] The Templo Mayor and Sacred Precinct were demolished and a Spanish church, later the main cathedral, was built on the western half of the precinct.[4]
Symbolism[edit]
Altar of the toads as symbols of water
According to tradition, the Templo Mayor is located on the exact spot where the god Huitzilopochtli gave the Mexica people his sign that they had reached the promised land: an eagle on a nopal cactus with a snake in its mouth.[6]
The Templo Mayor was partially a symbolic representation of the Hill of Coatepec, where according to Mexica myth, Huitzilopochtli was born.[11] Huitzilopochtli emerged from his mother Coatlicue fully grown and fully armed to battle his sister Coyolxauhqui and her brothers the Centzon Huitznahua who intended to kill him and their mother. Huitzilopochtli was victorious, slaying and dismembering his sister. Her body was then thrown to the bottom of the hill. As the southern half of the Great Temple represented Coatepec (on the side dedicated to Huitzilopochtli), the great stone disk with Coyolxauhqui’s dismembered body was found at the foot of this side of the temple. The northern half represented Tonacatepetl, the mountain home of Tlaloc.[9][14]
The sacred ballcourt and skull rack were located at the foot of the stairs of the twin temples, to mimic, like the stone disk, where Huitzilopochtli was said to have placed the goddess’ severed head. These locations served as a place for the reenactment of the mythical conflict.[14]
The various levels of the Temple also represent the cosmology of the Aztec world. First of all, it is aligned with the cardinal directions with gates that connect to roads leading in these directions.[9][14] This indicates the place where the plane of the world that humans live in intersects the thirteen levels of the heavens, called Topan and the nine levels of the underworld, called Mictlan.[9]
Archaeologist Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, in his essay "Symbolism of the Templo Mayor," posits that the orientation of the temple is indicative of the total vision that the Mexica had of the universe (cosmovision). He states that the "principal center, or navel, where the horizontal and vertical planes intersect, that is, the point from which the heavenly or upper plane and the plane of the Underworld begin and the four directions of the universe originate, is the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan."[15] Matos Moctezuma supports his supposition by claiming that the temple acts as an embodiment of a living myth where "all sacred power is concentrated and where all the levels intersect." Said myth is the birth and struggle between Huitzilopochtli and Coyolxauhqui.
Sacred Precinct and surrounding buildings[edit]
Situation of the Templo Mayor (upper centre) in the central district of Tenochtitlan
The Sacred Precinct of the Templo Mayor encompassed an area of almost 4,000 square meters (43,000 square feet) and it was surrounded by a wall called the "coatepantli" (serpent wall). Among the most important buildings were the ballcourt, the Calmecac (area for priests), and the temples dedicated to Quetzalcoatl, Tezcatlipoca and the sun.[16] The Templo Mayor itself delineated the eastern side of the Sacred Precinct.[4]
View of ruins of the "Eagle" building of the Templo Mayor complex. The roof is there to protect the remains of paintings that are inside.
View of Eagle building and building A in the Templo Mayor complex. The ruins of the Great Temple are in the background.
Inside the protected area of the Eagle Building of the Templo Mayor complex in Mexico City. Remnants of the original paint can still be seen.
Close up of bas reliefs of eagle warriors in the Eagle building of the Templo Mayor complex. Some of the original paint can still be seen.
On the sides of the Templo Mayor, archeologists have excavated a number of palatial rooms and conjoining structures. One of the best preserved and most important is the Palace (or House) of the Eagle Warriors. This area dates back to the fourth stage of the temple, around 1469. It was excavated in 1981 and 1982 by José Francisco Hinojosa. It is a large L-shaped room with staircases decorated with sculptures of eagle heads. To enter this main room, one had to pass through an entrance guarded by two large sculpted representations of these warriors. The Eagle Warriors were a privileged class who were dedicated to the god Huitzilopochtli, and dressed to look like eagles. Adjoining this palace is the temple for these warriors—also known as the Red Temple. This temple shows clear Teotihuacan influence in its paintings (mostly in red) and the design of its altar. Almost all the interior walls of the House of the Eagles are decorated with beautiful paintings and contain long benches, which are also painted. These benches are composed of two panels. The upper one is a frieze with undulating serpents in bas-relief. The lower panel shows processions of armed warriors converging on a zacatapayolli, a grass ball into which the Mexica stuck bloody lancets during the ritual of autosacrifice. This palace specifically imitates much of the style of the Burnt Palace, located in the ruins of Tula.[17] A number of important artifacts have been found in this area, the most important of which are two nearly identical large ceramic sculptures of Mictlantecuhtl, the god of death. Despite being found in fragile pieces, they were both reconstructed and are on display at the on-site museum.[18][19][20]
Another conjoining area was dedicated to the Ocelot Warriors. Their temple, dedicated to the god Tezcatlipoca, lies under the current Museo de la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público to the south of the Templo Mayor.[3][4]
The Calmecac was a residence hall for priests and a school for future priests, administrators and politicians, where they studied theology, literature, history and astronomy. Its exact location is on one side of what is now Donceles Street. The Temple of Quetzalcoatl was located to the west of the Templo Mayor. It is said that during the equinox, the sun rose between the shrines dedicated to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc and shone directly on this temple. Due to the god’s serpentine nature, the temple had a circular base instead of a rectangular one.[3]
The ball field, called the tlachtli or teutlachtli, was similar to many sacred ball fields in Mesoamerica. Games were played barefoot, and players used their hips to move a heavy ball to stone rings. The field was located west of the Templo Mayor, near the twin staircases and oriented east-west. Next to this ball field was the "huey tzompanti" where the skulls of sacrifice victims were kept after being covered in stucco and decorated.[3]
The Temple of the Sun was located west of the Templo Mayor also and its remains lie under the Metropolitan Cathedral. The project to shore up the cathedral at the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st brought to light a number of artifacts.[3]
Offerings[edit]
Stone offering box and contents found at the Templo Mayor.
Most of the objects found in the Templo Mayor were offerings. Although many are of Mexica design, there are also abundant items from other peoples, brought in as tribute or through trade. Sculptures, flint knives, vessels, beads and other sumptuary ornaments—as well as minerals, plants and animals of all types, and the remains of human sacrifice—were among the items deposited in offerings. All of these fulfilled a specific function within the offering, depending on the symbolism of each object. In excavations at the Templo Mayor, different types of offerings have been found and have been grouped by researchers in terms of Time (the period in which the offering was deposited); Space (the location of the offering within the structure); Container (type and dimensions of the receptacle containing the objects); internal distribution (placement of objects within the offering) and value of the items. The offerings were usually contained in cavities, in stone urns, and in boxes made of slabs. These are found under floors; in platforms, architectural bodies, stairways and in temples. These offerings were placed accompanied by complex rituals following set temporal, spatial and symbolic patterns, depending on the intention of the offering.[21]
The oldest Mexica objects, located in the second temple, are two urns which contain the remains of incinerated bones; one of the urns was made of obsidian and the other of alabaster. A small silver mask and a gold bell were found inside one urn, and second gold bell and two green stone beads were placed in the other.[21]
Images of the gods Huehueteotl-Xiuhtecuhtli, together with Tlaloc, presided over most of the offerings found in the Templo Mayor. Representing fire and water respectively, this pair of deities probably symbolized the concept of "burning water," a metaphor for warfare.[21]
Another theme exhibited in this hall is autosacrifice, a ritual that was conducted in private as a personal act of communication with the gods. Widespread throughout the entire population, this practice was performed by perforating certain fleshy parts of the body—such as the earlobes, lips, tongue, chest, calves, et cetera—with obsidian blades, agave needles or bone perforators. Once the implement was covered with blood, it was inserted in straw balls called Zacatapayoli. The entirety was probably placed in ceremonial boxes—tepetlacalli—as an offering to the gods. Objects associated with human sacrifice are the "face blades" or knives decorated with eyes and teeth, as well as skull masks. Other ceremonial items include musical instruments, jewelry, and braziers for the burning of copal.[21]
Museum[edit]
Wall display of stone masks found at the Templo Mayor site on display at the Templo Mayor museum.
Flint blades (pedernales, in Spanish) on display at the museum of the Templo Mayor in Mexico City.
The museum of the Templo Mayor was built in 1987 to house the Templo Mayor Project and its finds—a project which continues work to this day. In 1991, the Urban Archeology Program was incorporated as part of the Templo Mayor Project whose mission is to excavate the oldest area of the city, around the main plaza.[4] The museum building was built by architect Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, who envisioned a discreet structure that would blend in with the colonial surroundings. The museum has four floors, three of which are for permanent exhibitions and the fourth houses offices for the director, museum administration and research staff. Other departments are located in the basement, where there is also an auditorium.[22]
The museum has eight main exhibition halls, called "salas", each dedicated to a different theme. Room 1 is dedicated to the goddesses Coatlicue and Coyalxauhqui, mother and sister to Huitzlipochtli, respectively. Here are displayed the first finds associated with the temple, from the first tentative finds in the 19th century to the discovery of the huge stone disk of Coyolxauhqui, which initiated the Templo Mayor Project.
Room 2 is dedicated to the concepts of ritual and sacrifice in Tenochtitlan. This room contains urns where dignitaries where interred, funerary offerings, as well as objects associated with self and human sacrifice—such as musical instruments, knives and skulls.
Room 3 demonstrates the economics of the Aztec empire in the form of tribute and trade, with examples of finished products and raw materials from many parts of Mesoamerica. Sala 4 is dedicated to the god Huitzilopochtli. His shrine at the temple was the most important and largest. This room contains various images of him as well as offerings. Also located here are the two large ceramic statues of the god Mictlantecuhtli which were found in the House of the Eagle Warriors who were dedicated to Huitzilopochtli.
Room 5 is dedicated to Tlaloc, the other principal deity of the Aztecs and one of the oldest in Mesoamerica. This room contains various images of the god usually worked in green or volcanic stone or in ceramic. The most prized work is a large pot with the god’s face in high relief that still preserves much of the original blue paint. Room 6 is dedicated to the flora and fauna of Mesoamerica at this time, as most contained divine aspects for the Aztecs. Also many of the offerings found at the Templo Mayor were or were made from various plants and animals. Related to Room 6, Room 7 contains exhibits of the agricultural technology of the time, especially in the growing of corn and the construction of chinampas, the so-called "floating gardens". The last room is Room 8, which is dedicated to the archeology and history of the site.[4]
Further reading[edit]
Antonio Serrato-Combe: The Aztec Templo Mayor - A Visualization, The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City 2001, ISBN 0-87480-690-9
Alfredo López Austin & Leonardo López Lujan, (2009). Monte Sagrado - Templo Mayor, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. ISBN 978-607-02-0829-4
See also[edit]
List of Mesoamerican pyramids
Massacre in the Great Temple
References[edit]
Jump up ^ El Templo Mayor (Distrito Federal) (in Spanish). México Desconocido. Retrieved 2010-04-25
Jump up ^ http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/gods/study-the-wind-god. Missing or empty |title= (help); External link in |website= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "EL RECINTO CEREMONIAL Y EL TEMPLO MAYOR Evolución de la Gran Tenochtitlan" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2008-11-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Carrizosa Montfort, Fernando. "Templo Mayor de Tenochtitlan" (PDF). Arqueologia Mexicana Guia de Viajeros (in Spanish). 65. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Jose Rogelio Alvarez, ed. (2003). "Templo Mayor". Enciclopedia de Mexico (in Spanish). XIII. Mexico City: Sabeca International Investment Corp. ISBN 1-56409-063-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Solis, Felipe; Angel Gallegos (Aug 2000). "El Templo Mayor de Mexico-Tenochtitlan". Mexico Desconocido (in Spanish). 45 (91). Retrieved 2008-11-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lindstrom, Naomi (2004). Early Spanish American Narrative. Austin TX USA: University of Texas Press. p. 23.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lordes Cue, ed. (1998-01-14). "Templo Mayor Project". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hassig, Ross (2001). Time, History and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico. Austin TX USA: University of Texas Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Lourdes Cue, ed. (1998-01-14). "Model of the ceremonial precinct of Mexico-Tenochtitlan". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Lourdes Cue, ed. (1998-01-14). "Templo Mayor". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
Jump up ^ Vazquez-Gomez, Juana (1997). Dictionary of Mexican Rulers 1325-1997. Westport CT USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8.
Jump up ^ Black, Jeremy (1998). War in the Early Modern World 1450-1815. Florence KY USA: Taylor & Francis Inc. p. 222.
^ Jump up to: a b c Joyce, Rosemary A. (2000). Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. Austin TX USA: University of Texas Press. p. 144.
Jump up ^ Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (1987). "Symbolism of the Templo Mayor". In Hill Boone, Elizabeth. The Aztec Templo Mayor. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. pp. 188–189.
Jump up ^ Lourdes Cue, ed. (1998-01-14). "Sacred Precinct". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
Jump up ^ Lourdes Cue, ed. (2000-11-30). "The House of the Eagles". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
Jump up ^ Lourdes Cue, ed. (2000-11-30). "The Discovery of the Images". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
Jump up ^ Lourdes Cue, ed. (2000-11-30). "The tasks of exploration and restoration of the sculptures".
Jump up ^ Lourdes Cue, ed. (2000-11-30). "The morphology and the orientation of the images". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lourdes Cue, ed. (1998-01-11). "Ritual and Sacrifice". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
Jump up ^ Lourdes Cue, ed. (1998-01-14). "Templo Mayor Museum". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
Mesoamerica portal
Mexico portal
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Templo Mayor.
Official Museo del Templo Mayor website
Museo del Templo Mayor-ASU site
Templo Mayor entry on The Visual History Project
Tourist visit to Templo Mayor
Aztec-history.com: Aztec temples
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text:
The First Half of My Life
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The First Half of My Life
Chinese
我的前半生
Mandarin
Wǒ de Qiánbànshēng
Genre
Romance
Drama
Based on
The First Half of My Life by Yi Shu[1]
Written by
Qin Wen
Directed by
Shen Yan
Starring
Jin Dong
Ma Yili
Yuan Quan
Lei Jiayin
Wu Yue
Chen Daoming
Opening theme
Once Only
Ending theme
In the Pouring Rain by Li Ruoxi
Country of origin
China
Original language(s)
Mandarin
No. of episodes
42
Production
Executive producer(s)
Li Xiaobiao
Location(s)
Shanghai
Production company(s)
Xinli TV Culture Investment Company Limited
Release
Original network
Beijing Television
Dragon Television
First shown in
China
Original release
July 4 (2017-07-04) – July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)
The First Half of My Life (Chinese: 我的前半生; pinyin: Wǒ de Qiánbànshēng) is a 2017 Chinese television series based on Hong Kong novelist Yi Shu's novel of the same name, and centers on a group of city dwellers who have to make choices about love and career.[2] It was directed by Shen Yan and stars Jin Dong, Ma Yili, Yuan Quan, Lei Jiayin, Wu Yue, and Chen Daoming.[3] The series was first broadcast on Beijing Television and Dragon Television on 4 July 2017.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Supporting
3 Soundtrack
4 Reception
5 International broadcast
6 References
7 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Luo Zijun lives a peaceful life as a full-time housewife, yet is unaware of the cracks in her marriage. One day, her husband Chen Junsheng files for divorce and she is shocked. After divorce, Luo Zijun heads back into the workforce with the help of her dear friend Tang Jing and He Han, both are white-collar workers and elites.[5]
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Jin Dong as He Han (贺涵), an elite in the consulting industry. His girlfriend is Tang Jing, and they've been together for ten years.
Ma Yili as Luo Zijun (罗子君), a full-time housewife who lives a simple life after marriage with Chen Junsheng.
Yuan Quan as Tang Jing (唐晶), a career-minded woman and He Han's girlfriend.
Lei Jiayin as Chen Junsheng (陈俊生), an elite in the career workforce and Luo Zijun's husband.
Wu Yue as Ling Ling (凌玲), Chen Junsheng's second wife.
Chen Daoming as Zhuo Jianqing (卓渐清), He Han's friend.
Supporting[edit]
Xu Di as Xue Zhenzhu (薛珍珠), Luo Zijun and Luo Ziqun's mother.
Zhang Lingxin as Luo Ziqun (罗子群), Luo Zijun's younger sister.
Zheng Luoqian as Wei Wei'an (薇薇安)
Wang Tianze as Leng Jiaqing (冷佳清), Ling Ling's son and Chen Junsheng's stepson.
Vivian Wu as Aunt Wu
Luan Yuanhui as Bai Guang
Chuo Ni as Luoluo
Mei Ting as Zhuo Jianqing's former girlfriend
Tan Kai as Adom
Kong Wei as a single woman
Zhang Yanyan as Su Manshu
Hou Yansong as Laojin
Wei Zhihao as Ping'er
Song Yunhao as Duan Xiaotian
Xu Caigen as Cui Baojian
Ren Jimin as Chen Junsheng's father
Zhang Lan as Chen Junsheng's mother
Ru Tian as Ya Qin
Min Tianhao as A Hui
Shi An as Lawyer Li
Guo Tongtong as Xiaodong
Chen Guanning as Cui Baojian's son
Yang Mei as a chubby girl.
Sun Yuhan as Caicai
Xu Sheng as Phil
Guan Xueying as Sandra Dong
Bi Hanwen as the lawyer of Chen Junsheng
Qu Lingzi as He Han's assistant
Lu Ling as Yingying
Cheng Hong as the marketing manager
Huang Jing as Tang Jing's assistant
Yu Mingjia as the CEO of Angel
Ren Donglin as Li Rui
Zhang Yi as Luo Ping
Soundtrack[edit]
The First Half of My Life - Original Television Soundtrack
No.
Title
Music
Length
1. "Once Only (曾今唯一)" (Opening theme song)
2. "In the Pouring Rain (滂沱大雨里)" (Ending theme song) Li Ruoxi
3. "With Infinite Care (小心翼翼)" Ye Linsheng
4. "The Moment the Crystal Ball Breaks (水晶球破裂那刻)" Lin Siyun
5. "When I See You There" Knox Summerour
6. "You & I" Linda Jackson
7. "A Playground Where Lights Undousing (不熄灯的游乐场)" Lin Siyun
Reception[edit]
Since its broadcast, the series has caused heated discussions online and obtained high ratings. Shen Yan, director of the series, attribute the show's success to its capability to capture modern life in China through several ordinary people's lives and the great influence of book writer Isabel Nee Yeh-su. By emphasizing the importance of female independence, the series has won much favor among female audiences. However, the series has been criticized by book fans for veering too much from the plot. Its display of improper ethical values has also been criticized for degrading social conduct.[6]
International broadcast[edit]
The series will be broadcast by Fox Network outside of China.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 电视剧《我的前半生》只有剧名和亦舒有关？. NetEase (in Chinese). 2017-07-12.
Jump up ^ "TV drama to center on urban life and love". Shanghai Daily.
Jump up ^ "我的前半生"播放破10亿 马伊琍真情流露赢抚养权. NetEase (in Chinese). 2017-07-11.
Jump up ^ "'The First Half of My Life' to Be Released Soon on Beijing TV". womenofchina.cn. 2017-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Divorcee finds new life in new TV series". China Daily.
Jump up ^ "Hit TV drama explores modern women’s issues". China.org.cn.
Jump up ^ "Fox Networks Group to broadcast hit series 'The First Half Of My Life' outside China". Screen Daily.
External links[edit]
The First Half of My Life on IMDb
The First Half of My Life at Douban (in simplified Chinese)
The First Half of My Life on Sina Weibo
[show]
v
t
e
Dragon Television Dream Drama
2011
Yan An Ai Qing
Borrow Gun
Feng Sheng Chuan Qi
Jia Chang Cai
Po Po Lai Le
Xin Si Jun Nu Bing
Zhi Zhe Wu Di
All Men Are Brothers
No Regrets
My Mom and My Mother-In-Law
Men
Two City One Family
My Splendid Life
The Forties Destiny
2012
The Brink
Journey to the West
Want A Good Life
How a Daughter-in-Law is Trained
The Legend of Zhen Huan
Angel Heart
We Love You, Mr. Jin
Feng He Re Li
My Economical Man
Mother-in-Law Has Come
Beijing Youth
Zheng Zhe Wu Di
Mother, Mother
The Kitchen
New Son-in-Law Era
Rongrong and her Mother-in-Law
Living in New Town
Fragrant Years
2013
When Naive Meets Reality
Heroes in Sui and Tang Dynasties
Three Kingdoms of the Sisters-In-Law
Puberty Hit Menopause 2
Mother will Marry
Editorial Department Story
Baobei
Weaning
New Age of Love
Old Days In Shanghai
Lala's Shining Days
The Princess
Long Men Express
Prince of Lan Ling
Little Daddy
Hot Mom!
Child's Slave
The Distance of Love
Daughter's Return
To Elderly With Love
My Home's Four Seasons
38 Degrees Below Zero
2014
iPartment 4
Beautiful Contract
May December Love
My Son is Wonderful
A Servant of Two Masters
Honey Bee Man
The Master of the House
Accoucheur
Life Revelations
Incisive Great Teacher
One and a Half Summer
The Gold Medal Lawyer
Defend the Grandson
The Love is Inconceivable
My Mom and My Mother-In-Law 2
The Virtuous Queen of Han
Deng Xiaoping at History's Crossroads
Good Wife 101
Love Negotiation
He and His Son
Red Sorghum
Come Home with Me
Boss & Me
Under One Roof
The Legendary Sniper
2015
My Sunshine
Grow Up
The Ordinary World
Hey Daddy
Kuba Qiaoma
Tiger Mom
The Cage of Love
Truth and Trust
Immediately The World
Junior Parents
The Two Generation Era
The Cover
Nirvana in Fire
Good Times
Anti-terrorism Special Forces
Miss Unlucky
The Legend of Mi Yue
2016
Young Marshall
The Imperial Doctress
Beautiful You
Go! Goal! Fighting!
Ode to Joy
Precious Youth
Women Must be Stronger
Jiao Yulu
So Young
Mystery Kill
Love O2O
Chinese Style Relationship
Rookie Agent Rouge
The Red Flag Thrown Into West Wind
The Princess Weiyoung
My Kungfu Father-in-law
2017
Guardian of Beauty
Eternal Love
The Battle of Dawn
Razor
Heirs
Ode to Joy 2
My Ruby My Blood
The First Half of My Life
Top Secret
Head Above Water
Nothing Gold Can Stay
The Times We Had
Doctors
TBD
Memories of Love
Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace
The Kite
Corner of Love
Imaginative Culprits
The Escapee
Love & Lies
See You Again
Our Glamorous Time
Tempest of Anti-Corruption
The Way We Were
Beautiful Life
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_First_Half_of_My_Life&oldid=796490991"
Categories:
Television programs based on Chinese novels
2017 Chinese television series debuts
Chinese romance television series
Hidden categories:
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This page was last edited on 21 August 2017, at 05:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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text:
The Walking Dead (season 8)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Walking Dead (season 8)
Promotional poster
Starring
Andrew Lincoln
Norman Reedus
Lauren Cohan
Chandler Riggs
Danai Gurira
Melissa McBride
Lennie James
Alanna Masterson
Josh McDermitt
Christian Serratos
Seth Gilliam
Ross Marquand
Jeffrey Dean Morgan
Austin Amelio
Tom Payne
Xander Berkeley
Khary Payton
Steven Ogg
Katelyn Nacon
Pollyanna McIntosh
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
8
Release
Original network
AMC
Original release
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22) – present (present)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 7
List of The Walking Dead episodes
The eighth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 22, 2017,[1] and will consist of 16 episodes.[2] Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the fifth consecutive season. The eighth season has received mostly positive reviews from critics.
This season adapts the "All Out War" story arc from the comics, with the survivors of the Alexandria Safe-Zone, the Hilltop Colony, the Kingdom, and later the Scavengers taking on Negan (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) and the Saviors.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.1.1 Starring
1.1.2 Also starring
1.2 Supporting cast
1.2.1 Alexandria Safe-Zone
1.2.2 The Hilltop Colony
1.2.3 The Saviors
1.2.4 The Kingdom
1.2.5 The Scavengers
1.2.6 Miscellaneous
2 Production
3 Episodes
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Ratings
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters
Main cast[edit]
The primary characters of the eighth season include (from left to right): Rick, Carol, Morgan, Daryl, Carl, Enid, Rosita, Tara, Michonne, Gabriel, Aaron, Maggie, Jesus, Gregory, Shiva, Ezekiel, Jadis, Eugene, Simon, Dwight, and Negan
The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall. For this season, Katelyn Nacon, Khary Payton, Steven Ogg, and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status, after previously having recurring roles, while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits.
Starring[edit]
Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, the series' protagonist, a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria, who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors.
Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon, Rick's right-hand man, the group's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria.
Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee, the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop.
Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes, Rick's bold and courageous teenage son.
Danai Gurira as Michonne, Rick's katana-wielding girlfriend, who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith.
Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier, a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends.
Lennie James as Morgan Jones, the first survivor Rick had ever encountered, who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity.
Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler, a caring, witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria who serves as a liaison with Oceanside.
Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter, a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing.
Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa, an impulsive member of the group, who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Spencer and Abraham's death.
Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes, a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick's group.
Ross Marquand as Aaron, an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors.
Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan, the sociopathic and charismatic leader of the Saviors who serves as the season's primary antagonist.
Also starring[edit]
Austin Amelio as Dwight, a former subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors.
Tom Payne as Paul "Jesus" Rovia, a scout for the Hilltop Colony.
Xander Berkeley as Gregory, the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop Colony whose influence diminished with Maggie's prominence.
Khary Payton as King Ezekiel, the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors.
Steven Ogg as Simon, a former mortgage broker and Negan's ruthless second-in-command.[4]
Katelyn Nacon as Enid, a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie, and has formed a relationship with Carl.[4]
Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis, the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick's group, and maintains a neutral stance in the war.[4]
Supporting cast[edit]
Alexandria Safe-Zone[edit]
Jason Douglas as Tobin, the foreman of Alexandria's construction crew and member of Rick's militia.
Jordan Woods-Robinson as Eric Raleigh, Aaron's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner, who is now a member of Rick's militia.
Kenric Green as Scott, a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick's militia.
Dahlia Legault as Francine, a member of Alexandria's construction crew and member of Rick's militia.
Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara, resident of Alexandria.
Ted Huckabee as Bruce, resident and member of Alexandria's contruction.
The Hilltop Colony[edit]
James Chen as Kal, a guard of the Hilltop Colony.
Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo, a guard of the Hilltop Colony and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Karen Ceesay as Bertie, a resident of the Hilltop Colony and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Jeremy Palko as Andy, a resident of the Hilltop Colony and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Brett Gentile as Freddie, a resident of the Hilltop Colony and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson, is the doctor of the Hilltop colony, who was captured by Simon in the previous season.
The Saviors[edit]
Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin, one of Negan's top lieutenants, who leads the weapons base.
Traci Dinwiddie as Regina, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Mike Seal as Gary, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Lindsley Register as Laura, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Juan Pareja as Morales, a survivor from Rick's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors.
Joshua Mikel as Jared, Benjamin's killer, and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan.
Callan McAuliffe as Alden, a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost.
Lindsey Garrett as Mara, a Savior who guards one of many outposts.
Lee Norris as Todd, a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara.
Whitmer Thomas as Gunther, a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel.
Charles Halford as Yago, a Savior who manages Gavin's weapons base.
Ciera L. Payton as Zia, a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse.
Adam Cronan as Leo, a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse.
Chloe Aktas as Tanya, one of Negan's wives.
Adam Fristoe as Dean, a savior who tried to kill Jesus.
The Kingdom[edit]
Cooper Andrews as Jerry, Ezekiel's loyal and good-natured bodyguard.
Kerry Cahill as Dianne, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers and a skilled archer.
Daniel Newman as Daniel, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers.
Carlos Navarro as Alvaro, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers.
Macsen Lintz as Henry, a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin.
Jason Burkey as Kevin, a resident of the Kingdom.
Nadine Marissa as Nabila, a resident and gardener of the Kingdom.
The Scavengers[edit]
Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel, a leading member of the Scavengers.
Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion, a leading member of the Scavengers.
Miscellaneous[edit]
Avi Nash as Siddiq, a mysterious vagabond survivor who befriends Carl.
Production[edit]
The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16-episode eighth season on October 16, 2016,[2] and that same month it was reported that Maria Bello would have a role on the show.[5] Production began on April 25, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia.[6] On July 12, 2017, production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed, after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor.[7] Production resumed on July 17.[8]
The season premiere, which also serves as the series' milestone 100th episode, was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero.[9]
In November 2017, it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones, would be leaving The Walking Dead after the conclusion of this season, and he will join the cast of the spin-off series Fear the Walking Dead.[10]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of The Walking Dead episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
100
1 "Mercy" Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22) 11.44[11]
Rick, Maggie, and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan. Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan, but they all firmly stand behind Maggie. The group attacks the Sanctuary, taking down it's fences and flooding the compound with walkers. With the Sanctuary defaced, everyone leaves except Gabriel, who reluctantly stays to save Gregory, but is left behind when Gregory abandons him. Surrounded by walkers, Gabriel hides in a trailer, where he is trapped inside with Negan.
101
2 "The Damned" Rosemary Rodriguez Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29) 8.92[12]
Rick's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors' outposts, during which many members of the group are killed; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron. Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors. While clearing an outpost with Daryl, Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales, a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp, who is now with the Saviors.
102
3 "Monsters" Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05) 8.52[13]
Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost. Gregory returns to Hilltop, and after a heated argument, Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community. Eric dies from his injuries, leaving Aaron distraught. Despite Tara and Morgan's objections, Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop. Ezekiel's group attacks another Savior compound, during which several Kingdommers are shot while protecting Ezekiel.
103
4 "Some Guy" Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12) 8.69[14]
Ezekiel's group is ambushed by the Saviors; every soldier in the group is killed except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry. Carol clears the inside of the compound, killing all but two Saviors who escape; their getaway is ultimately foiled by Rick and Daryl. As Ezekiel, Jerry, and Carol head back to the Kingdom, they are surrounded by walkers; Shiva sacrifices herself to save them. The trio returns to the Kingdom, where Ezekiel's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished.
104
5 "The Big Scary U" Michael E. Satrazemis Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang
Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19) 7.85[15]
After confessing their sins to each other, Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer. Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other, knowing that Rick’s forces must have inside information. The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions; a riot nearly ensues, until Negan returns and restores order. Gabriel is locked in a cell, where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering. Meanwhile, Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors, leading Daryl to abandon Rick.
105
6 "The King, the Widow, and Rick" John Polson Angela Kang & Corey Reed November 26, 2017 (2017-11-26) 8.28[16]
Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan; Jadis refuses and locks Rick in a shipping container. Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria. Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick’s plans by destroying the Sanctuary. Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom, where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need. Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop.
106
7 "Time for After" Larry Teng Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03) 7.47[17]
After learning of Dwight's association with Rick's group, Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary. With help from Morgan and Tara, Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary’s walls, flooding its interior with walkers, who kill many Saviors. Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him, and they plan to have the Saviors surrender. However, when they arrive at the Sanctuary, Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd.
107
8 "How It's Gotta Be" Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10) 7.89[18]
Eugene's plan allows the Saviors to escape, and separately, the Saviors waylay the Alexandria, Hilltop, and Kingdom forces. The Scavengers abandon Rick, leading him to return to Alexandria. Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors. Negan attacks Alexandria, but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents escape into the sewers. Carl reveals that he had been bitten while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria.
Release[edit]
The first trailer for the season was released on July 21, 2017, at San Diego Comic-Con.[19]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received mostly positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 69% with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10, based on 14 reviews, and an average episode score of 67%. The site's critical consensus reads: "The Walking Dead's eighth season energizes its characters with some much-needed angst and action, though it's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward-moving plot progression."[20]
The Walking Dead (season 8): Critical reception by episode
Season 8 (2017–18): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[20]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Mercy" October 22, 2017 5.0 11.44[11] 2.2 4.28 7.2 15.74[21]
2 "The Damned" October 29, 2017 4.0 8.92[12] 2.0 4.16 6.0 13.10[22]
3 "Monsters" November 5, 2017 3.8 8.52[13] 2.2 4.47 6.0 13.01[23]
4 "Some Guy" November 12, 2017 3.9 8.69[14] 1.8 3.66 5.7 12.36[24]1
5 "The Big Scary U" November 19, 2017 3.4 7.85[15] N/A N/A N/A N/A
6 "The King, the Widow, and Rick" November 26, 2017 3.6 8.28[16] 2.1 4.44 5.7 12.73[25]
7 "Time for After" December 3, 2017 3.3 7.47[17] 1.9 4.15 5.2 11.63[26]
8 "How It's Gotta Be" December 10, 2017 3.4 7.89[18] TBD TBD TBD TBD
^1 Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan (July 18, 2017). "Walking Dead Gets Season 8 Premiere Date, Plus Fear TWD Return Date". TVLine. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hibberd, James (October 16, 2016). "Walking Dead gets early season 8 renewal". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (April 17, 2017). "'Walking Dead' Promotes Trio to Series Regular for Season 8". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ausiello, Michael (April 17, 2017). "The Walking Dead Promotes 3 Actors to Series Regular Ahead of Season 8". TV Line. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Peters, Megan (October 30, 2016). "Maria Bello Getting Role In The Walking Dead Season 8". Comicbook.com. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon (April 24, 2017). "The Walking Dead Cast And Crew Assemble For Season 8". Comicbook.com. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (July 13, 2017). "'Walking Dead' Stuntman Dies After On-Set Accident". Variety. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (July 17, 2017). "'Walking Dead' Production Resumes After Stuntman's Death". Deadline. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon (April 25, 2017). "Exclusive: Greg Nicotero To Direct The Walking Dead Episode 100, Season 8 Premiere". Comicbook.com. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ross, Dalton (November 26, 2017). "The Walking Dead: Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 24, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Walking Dead' has lowest-rated premiere since Season 2". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 31, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Walking Dead' stumbles to 5-year low". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 7, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Shameless' has its best premiere in 4-plus years". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 14, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Walking Dead' improves, 'Shameless' dips in week 2". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 21, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 6-year low for 'The Walking Dead'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 29, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: Hallmark's 'Switched for Christmas' hits a high, 'Walking Dead' rebounds some". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Walking Dead' goes low again". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 12, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Walking Dead' fall finale ticks up, Season 8 still way down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (July 21, 2017). "The Walking Dead season 8 trailer teases surprise flash-forward". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Walking Dead: Season 8". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 3, 2017). "'Walking Dead' premiere grows a lot, still trails Season 7 debut by a lot: Cable Live +7 ratings for Oct. 16-22". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). "'Walking Dead,' 'AHS: Cult' way above everything else in cable Live +7 ratings for Oct. 23-29". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). "'American Horror Story: Cult' triples in cable Live +7 ratings for Oct. 30-Nov. 5". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 19, 2017). "'The Walking Dead' keeps pace in cable Live +3 ratings for Nov. 6-12". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 7, 2017). "'The Walking Dead' laps the field in cable Live +7 ratings for Nov. 20-26". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 15, 2017). "'The Walking Dead' outpaces everything else in cable Live +7 ratings for Nov. 27-Dec. 3". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
External links[edit]
Horror fiction portal
Television portal
Official website
List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb
List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com
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values: The Walking Dead (temporada 8) – Catalan

values: The Walking Dead (Fernsehserie)/Staffel 8 – German

values: Anexo:Octava temporada de The Walking Dead – Spanish

values: مردگان متحرک (فصل ۸) – Persian

values: Episodi di The Walking Dead (ottava stagione) – Italian

values: The Walking Dead (8.ª temporada) – Portuguese

values: Ходячие мертвецы (сезон 8) – Russian

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