text:
Place of worship
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The Parthenon in Athens, Greece, was built for the goddess Athena in 447–432 BC and remained devoted to her cult for nearly a thousand years, later serving as a Christian church and then as an Islamic mosque under the Ottoman Empire.
A place of worship is a specially designed structure or consecrated space where individuals or a group of people such as a congregation come to perform acts of devotion, veneration, or religious study. A building constructed or used for this purpose is sometimes called a house of worship. Temples, churches, synagogues and mosques are examples of structures created for worship. A monastery, particularly for Buddhists, may serve both to house those belonging to religious orders and as a place of worship for visitors. Natural or topographical features may also serve as places of worship, and are considered holy or sacrosanct in some religions; the rituals associated with the Ganges river are an example in Hinduism.
Under International Humanitarian Law and the Geneva Conventions, religious buildings are offered special protection, similar to the protection guaranteed hospitals displaying the Red Cross or Red Crescent. These international laws of war bar firing upon or from a religious building.
Religious architecture expresses the religious beliefs, aesthetic choices, and economic and technological capacity of those who create or adapt it, and thus places of worship show great variety depending on time and place.

Contents
[hide]
1 Buddhism
2 Christianity
3 Classical antiquity
3.1 Ancient Greece
3.2 Ancient Rome
4 Hinduism
5 Islam
6 Jainism
7 Judaism
8 Norse Paganism
9 Shinto
10 Sikhism
11 Taoism
12 Zoroastrianism
13 Vietnamese ancestral worship
14 See also
15 References
16 Further reading
Buddhism[edit]
Main article: Buddhist temple
See also: List of Buddhist temples
Wat Mahathat, Luang Prabang, Laos
Candi, Buddhist sanctuaries mostly built during the 1st to 21st centuries in Indonesia
Chaitya, a Buddhist shrine that includes a stupa
Jingū-ji, a religious complex in pre-Meiji Japan comprising a Buddhist temple and a local kami Shinto shrine
Vihara, a Buddhist monastery found abundantly in Bihar
Wat, the name for a monastery temple in Cambodia and Thailand
Christianity[edit]
Main article: Church (building)
See also: List of churches
The word church derives from the Greek ekklesia, meaning the called-out ones. Its original meaning is to refer to the body of believers, or the body of Christ.[1] The word church is used to refer to a Christian place of worship by some Christian denominations, including Anglicans and Roman Catholics. Other Christian denominations, including the Religious Society of Friends, Mennonites, Christadelphians, and some unitarians, object to the use of the word "church" to refer to a building, as they argue that this word should be reserved for the body of believers who worship there.[2] Instead, these groups use words such as "Hall" to identify their places of worship or any building in use by them for the purpose of assembly.
Chartres Cathedral
Roman Catholic church in Stupava (Slovakia)
Basilica (Roman Catholic)
Cathedral or minster (seat of a diocesan bishop within the Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican churches)
Chapel ("Capel" in Welsh) – Presbyterian Church of Wales (Calvinistic Methodism), and some other denominations, especially non-conformist denominations. In Catholicism and Anglicanism, some smaller and "private" places of worship are called chapels.
Church – Iglesia ni Cristo, Anglican, Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, Protestant denominations
Kirk (Scottish–cognate with church)
Meeting House – Religious Society of Friends
Meeting House – Christadelphians
Interior of the Arch Street Friends Meeting House, Philadelphia
Meeting House and Temple – Mormons
Latter-day Saints use meeting house and temple to denote two different types of buildings. Normal worship services are held in ward meeting houses (or chapels) while Mormon temples are reserved for special ordinances.
Temple – French Protestants
Protestant denominations installed in France in the early modern era use the word temple (as opposed to church, supposed to be Roman Catholic); some more recently built temples are called church.
Orthodox temple – Orthodox Christianity (both Eastern and Oriental)
an Orthodox temple is a place of worship with base shaped like Greek cross.
Kingdom Hall – Jehovah's Witnesses may apply the term in a general way to any meeting place used for their formal meetings for worship, but apply the term formally to those places established by and for local congregations of up to 200 adherents. Their multi-congregation events are typically held at a meeting place termed Assembly Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses (or Christian Convention Center of Jehovah's Witnesses).
Classical antiquity[edit]
The Temple of Hercules Victor, a Greek-style temple in the Forum Boarium in Rome
Ancient Greece[edit]
Greek temple, for religions in ancient Greece
Ancient Rome[edit]
Roman temple, for the religions of ancient Rome
Mithraeum, for the Mithraic mysteries
Hinduism[edit]
Hindu mass prayer in Ganges river.
Hindu temple (Mandir), Hinduism[3]

Islam[edit]
A Mosque (/mɒsk/; from Arabic: المسجد Al-masjid) is a place of worship for followers of Islam.
Huseina Čauša džamija (a.k.a. Džindijska), 17th century traditional wooden mosque in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
There are strict and detailed requirements in Sunni jurisprudence (fiqh) for a place of worship to be considered a masjid, with places that do not meet these requirements regarded as musallas. There are stringent restrictions on the uses of the area formally demarcated as the mosque (which is often a small portion of the larger complex), and, in the Islamic Sharia law, after an area is formally designated as a mosque, it remains so until the Last Day.
Many mosques have elaborate domes, minarets, and prayer halls, in varying styles of architecture. Mosques originated on the Arabian Peninsula, but are now found in all inhabited continents. The mosque serves as a place where Muslims can come together for salat (صلاة ṣalāt, meaning "prayer") as well as a center for information, education, social welfare, and dispute settlement. The imam leads the congregation in prayer.
Jainism[edit]
Jain temple – Jainism
A Basadi is a place of worship for followers of Jainism.
Judaism[edit]
A man prays at the Western Wall in Jerusalem
Sikh pilgrim at the Golden Temple of India
Synagogue – Judaism
Some synagogues, especially Reform synagogues, are called temples, but Orthodox and Conservative Judaism consider this inappropriate as they do not consider synagogues a replacement for the Temple in Jerusalem. Some Jewish congregations use the Yiddish term 'shul' to describe their place of worship or Beyt Knesset ( Hebrew בית כנסת ) meaning house of assembly.
Norse Paganism[edit]
hof – Norse Paganism
Shinto[edit]
Japanese people praying.
Jinja – Shinto
Sikhism[edit]
Gurdwara – Sikhism
Taoism[edit]
Daoguan – Taoism
Zoroastrianism[edit]
Fire temple - All Zoroastrian temples fall into the Fire temple category.
Atash Behram
Agyari
Dadgah
Vietnamese ancestral worship[edit]
Cao Dai temple
Nhà thờ họ. Historically speaking Vietnamese people venerate their ancestors, as they somehow still exist among them. However, there is a large diversity of religions in Vietnam, Christianity, Buddhism and Cao Dai religion.
See also[edit]
Altar
Ibadat Khana
Religious architecture
Reliquary
List of largest church buildings in the world
List of largest mosques in the world
Temple
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The New Testament Definition of the Church". Retrieved 23 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Gee, Matthew (8 May 2009). "Meeting for Church Affairs". The Friend. London, UK. 167 (19): 8. ISSN 0016-1268.
Jump up ^ ^ Robinson, James. Religions of the World: Hinduism.1st. Chelsea House Publishers, 2004. Page 72. ^ Werner, Karel (1994). A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism. Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-1049-3. ^ a b c Narayanan, Vasudha. "The Hindu Tradition". In A Concise Introduction to World Religions, ed. Willard G. Oxtoby and Alan F. Segal. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 ^ Bain, Keith, Pippa Bryun, and David Allardice. Frommer's India. 1st. New Jersey: Wiley Publishing, 2010. Page 75 ^ Harley, Gail M (2003). Hindu and Sikh Faiths in America. Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-4987-4. ^ http://www.mandir.org/awards&opinions/Buildings%20and%20structures.htm
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Places of worship.
James P. Wind, Places of worship: exploring their history, Rowman Altamira, 1997
Vaughan Hart, Places of worship, Phaidon, 1999
Eric Kang, The Place of Worship, Essence Publishing, 2003
[hide]
v
t
e
Place of worship
Bahá'í House of Worship (Baha'is)
Chaitya/Buddhist temples/monastery (Buddhists)
Church building (Christians)
Hof (Germanic pagans)
Hindu temple/mandir (Hindus)
Jain temple/basadi (Jains)
Synagogue (Jews)
Mosque (Muslims)
Shinto shrine/jinja (Shintos)
Gurdwara (Sikhs)
Taoist temple (Taoists)
Magic circle (Neopagans / Wiccans)
Fire temple (Zoroastrians)
Sun temple (various)
Authority control
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text:
Rabbits in Australia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A European rabbit in Tasmania.
Wild rabbits are a serious mammalian pest and invasive species in Australia causing millions of dollars of damage to crops. Rabbits in Australia are European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the Lagomorph family.
They were introduced to Australia in the 18th century with the First Fleet and eventually became widespread, probably through the emergence of strong crossbreeds. Various methods in the 20th century have been attempted to control the population. Conventional methods include shooting rabbits and destroying their warrens, but these had only limited success. In 1907, a rabbit-proof fence was built in Western Australia in an unsuccessful attempt to contain the rabbits. The myxoma virus, which causes myxomatosis, was introduced into the rabbit population in the 1950s and had the effect of severely reducing the rabbit population. However, the survivors have since adapted and partially recovered their previous numbers.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Effects on Australia's ecology
3 Control measures
3.1 Common control measures
3.2 Fences
3.2.1 Queensland
3.2.2 Western Australia
3.3 Biological measures
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
7 Further reading
History[edit]
Rabbits were introduced to Australia by the First Fleet in 1788.[2] They were bred as food animals, probably in cages. In the first decades, they do not appear to have been numerous, judging from their absence from archaeological collections of early colonial food remains. However, by 1827 in Tasmania, a newspaper article noted "...the common rabbit is becoming so numerous throughout the colony, that they are running about on some large estates by thousands. We understand, that there are no rabbits whatever in the elder colony" i.e., New South Wales.[3] This clearly shows a localised rabbit population explosion was underway in Tasmania in the early 19th century. At the same time in NSW, Cunningham noted, "... rabbits are bred around houses, but we have yet no wild ones in enclosures..." He also noted the scrubby, sandy soil between Sydney and Botany Bay would be ideal for farming rabbits.[4] Enclosures appear to mean more extensive rabbit-farming warrens, rather than cages. The first of these, in Sydney at least, was one built by Alexander Macleay at Elizabeth Bay House, "a preserve or rabbit-warren, surrounded by a substantial stone wall, and well stocked with that choice game."[5] In the 1840s, rabbit-keeping became even more common, with examples of the theft of rabbits from ordinary peoples' houses appearing in court records and rabbits entering the diets of ordinary people.
In 1857–1858 Alexander Buchanan, overseer for F. H. Dutton's Anlaby Estate in the Mid-North of South Australia, released a number of rabbits for hunting sport. Their population remained fairly stable until around 1866, presumed to have been kept in check by native carnivores and were protected by an Act of Parliament, but by 1867 was out of control.[6] The population explosion was ascribed to the disappearance of native predators, but is easily explained by the emergence of a hardier breed by natural selection.
The Duke of Edinburgh rabbit shooting at Barwon Park, Victoria in the 1860s
The current infestation appears to have originated with the release of 24 wild rabbits[7] by Thomas Austin for hunting purposes in October 1859, on his property, Barwon Park, near Winchelsea, Victoria. While living in England, Austin had been an avid hunter, regularly dedicating his weekends to rabbit shooting. Upon arriving in Australia, which had no native rabbit population, Austin asked his nephew William Austin in England to send him twelve grey rabbits, five hares, seventy-two partridges and some sparrows so he could continue his hobby in Australia by creating a local population of the species. William could not source enough grey rabbits to meet his uncle's order, so he topped it up by buying domestic rabbits. One theory as to why the Barwon Park rabbits adapted so well to Australia is that the hybrid rabbits that resulted from the interbreeding of the two distinct types were much more suited to Australian conditions.[8] Many other farms released their rabbits into the wild after Austin.
A load of rabbit skins, Northern Tablelands, New South Wales
At the time he had stated, "The introduction of a few rabbits could do little harm and might provide a touch of home, in addition to a spot of hunting."[9]
The rabbits were extremely prolific creatures and spread rapidly across the southern parts of the country. Australia had ideal conditions for a rabbit population explosion. With mild winters, rabbits were able to breed the entire year. With widespread farming, areas that might otherwise have been scrub or woodlands were instead turned into vast areas with low vegetations, creating ideal habitats for rabbits.
In a classic example of unintended consequences, rabbits had become so prevalent within ten years of their introduction in 1859 that two million could be shot or trapped annually without having any noticeable effect on the population. It was the fastest spread ever recorded of any mammal anywhere in the world. Today, rabbits are entrenched in the southern and central areas of the country, with scattered populations in the northern deserts.
Although the rabbit is a notorious pest, it proved useful to many people during the depressions of the 1890s and 1930s and during wartime. Trapping rabbits helped farmers, stockmen, and stationhands by providing food and extra income, and in some cases helped pay off farming debts. Rabbits were fed to working dogs and boiled to be fed to poultry. Later, frozen rabbit carcasses were traded locally and exported. Pelts, too, were used in the fur trade and are still used in the felt-hat industry.[10]
Effects on Australia's ecology[edit]
Erosion of a gully in South Australia caused by rabbits
Since their introduction from Europe in the 19th century, the effect of rabbits on the ecology of Australia has been devastating. They are suspected of being the most significant known factor in species loss in Australia.[citation needed] Rabbits are believed to have had an immense impact on the abundance of natural resource availability, primarily concerning overgrazing. The rabbits would first deplete the natural pasture vegetation, and would then resort to consuming woody-vegetation, which included small shrubs, and the leaves and bark of trees. [11]The extent of plant species' loss is unknown at this time though it is known that rabbits often kill young trees in orchards, forests, and on properties by ringbarking them.[10]
Rabbits are also responsible for serious erosion problems, as they eat native plants, leaving the topsoil exposed and vulnerable to sheet, gully, and wind erosion. The removal of this topsoil is devastating to the land, as it takes many hundreds of years to regenerate.[12]
Control measures[edit]
By 1887, losses from rabbit damage compelled the New South Wales Government to offer a £25,000 reward for "any method of success not previously known in the Colony for the effectual extermination of rabbits".[13] The Commission received 1456 suggestions, including several schemes involving biological controls (see below), but none was found both safe and effective.[14]
A Royal Commission was held to investigate the situation in 1901. Once the problem was understood, various control methods were tried to limit or reduce the population of rabbits in Australia. These methods had limited success until the introduction of biological control methods in the latter half of the 20th century.
Common control measures[edit]
See also: Animal population control
An old poison cart which distributed poisoned baits to kill rabbits, Woolbrook, NSW
Shooting rabbits is one of the most common control methods and can successfully be used to keep already low populations in check whilst providing food for people or pets, though large scale eradication requires different means.
Destroying warrens through ripping (a procedure wherein rabbits are dismembered or buried alive as a bulldozer dragging sharp tines is driven over their warrens/burrows),[15] ploughing, blasting, and fumigating is widely used, especially on large farms (known as "stations"). The sandy soil in many parts of Australia makes ripping and ploughing a viable method of control, and both tractors and bulldozers are used for this operation.
Poisoning is probably the most widely used of the conventional techniques, as it requires the least effort, and capable of destroying a local population, though of course re-infestation by the highly mobile pest is almost inevitable. Laying baits of pollard laced with a phosphorus-based poison, such as "S.A.P." manufactured by Sayers, Allport & Potter, was an early method. The advantage of phosphorus is that in dry weather, assuming it has not been laid in clumps (obviated by use of a poison cart), it soon degrades to innocuous phosphoric acid and presents no further danger to livestock or pets. It does, however, present a real fire risk, and concentrated fumes can be toxic to operators.[16] More modern poisons for rabbit control are sodium fluoroacetate ("1080") and pindone.[17]
Another technique is hunting using ferrets, wherein ferrets are deployed to chase the rabbits out to be shot or into nets set over the burrows. Since the number of rabbits ferrets can kill is limited,[18] this is more a hunting activity than a serious control method. Although, ferrets and other mustelid species are used as a control measure, Australia has significantly less wild mustelids to prey on the invasive rabbits than other countries, such as Europe and America, while in their warrens or burrows contributing to rabbit success. [19]
Historically, trapping was also frequently used; steel-jawed leg-holding traps were banned in most states in the 1980s on animal cruelty grounds, though trapping continues at a lower level using rubber-jawed traps. All of these techniques are limited to working only in settled areas and are quite labour-intensive.[citation needed]
Fences[edit]
Queensland[edit]
Gate in the Rabbit Fence at Stanthorpe, Queensland, 1934
In 1893, a rabbit-proof fence was commenced in Queensland. It was progressively extended through the years. In 1997, a final segment was built connecting it to the Dingo Fence. It extends from Mount Gipps (near Rathdowney) to Goombi between Chinchilla and Miles.[20]
Western Australia[edit]
The No. 1 rabbit-fence in Western Australia (1926)
Main article: Rabbit-proof fence (Western Australia)
In 1907, the rabbit-proof fence was built in Western Australia between Cape Keraudren and Esperance to try to control the spread of the rabbit population from the east into Western Australian pastoral areas. However, since European rabbits can both jump very high and burrow underground,[21] even a perfectly intact fence stretching for hundreds of kilometres, and whose gates farmers or graziers did not leave open for livestock or machinery, would not likely succeed.[citation needed]As an example the Number 1 Rabbit-Proof Fence, which was erected in 1901, failed to keep the rabbit population away from the protected area.[22] Even after this large scale fence had failed, smaller scale fencing projects continued to make a successful appearance.[23]
Biological measures[edit]
Myxomatosis control trial, 1952.
Releasing rabbit-borne diseases has proven somewhat successful in controlling the population of rabbits in Australia, but what success has been achieved did not occur as quickly as was hoped.
The NSW government's offer of a £25,000 reward attracted the attention of Louis Pasteur, who proposed using the chicken cholera bacillus (now known as Pasteurella multocida), and while this measure was not proven viable, the association with Pasteur accelerated the introduction of microbiology into Australia.[24]
On 16 April 1888 the NSW Government appointed a Royal Commission "to make a full and diligent inquiry as to whether or not the introduction of contagious diseases amongst rabbits by inoculation or otherwise, or the propagation of diseases natural to rabbits ... will be accompanied or followed by danger to human health or life, or to animal life other than rabbits, or to interfere injuriously with the profitable carrying on of agricultural or pastoral pursuits ..." Under the aegis of the Commission, tests were conducted at Rodd Island, but it was proved that although rabbits who ingested food adulterated with chicken cholera virus were killed, there was no evidence of the contagion spreading to healthy rabbits.[14]
In 1885 Professor Watson of Adelaide University suggested releasing rabbits inoculated with rabbit scab into an enclosed trial area.[25][26] Limited trials proved however that this measure would be ineffective in the drier parts of the continent.
In September 1887, Dr Herbert Butcher (1854–1893) of Wilcannia found at Tintinallogy Station a number of dead emaciated rabbits, which he and Dr H. Ellis of Sydney concluded had died of a novel disease which they dubbed Tintinallogy virus, and could be an effective control measure. Unfortunately whatever they died from was never proved to be infectious or contagious ; it may have been simple starvation caused by natural elements.[14]
In 1906 and 1907 Jean Danysz, of the Pasteur Institute of Paris, conducted trials on Broughton Island, New South Wales of a strain of Pasteurella bacteria he had developed, which proved to be specific to rabbits but less than satisfactory as a control measure. Dr Danysz considered that Broughton Island was a poor choice and that extensive experiments should be conducted on the mainland. Frank Tidswell, who was his chief Australian collaborator, continued Danysz's trials after he left in 1907, also began trials of the Yalgogrin, Gundagai and Picton microbes (named for the stations where infected rabbits were found). But the financial support that would be necessary from the Federal government (or collaboration of affected States) to prove it safe and effective was lacking. The fact that these pathogens did not wipe out whole populations might have raised doubts as to their efficacy.[27]
In 1950, after research was conducted by Frank Fenner, myxoma virus was deliberately released into the rabbit population, causing it to drop from an estimated 600 million[28] to around 100 million. Genetic resistance in the remaining rabbits allowed the population to recover to 200–300 million by 1991.
To combat this trend, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) comprehensively tested, over three years from June 1991, the release of calicivirus to cause rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD).[29] The virus escaped from a quarantine compound on Wardang Island, South Australia, where field tests were being carried out on the potential of the virus for biological control of wild rabbits, and by late October 1995 it was recorded in rabbits at Yunta and Gum Creek, in northeastern South Australia.[30] By the winter of 1996, the virus was established in Victoria, New South Wales, the Northern Territory and Western Australia.[31] The virus was discovered in these area by analyzing livers of deceased rabbits. The success of the virus was found to be higher in dry areas, because of a benign calicivirus found in the colder, wetter areas of Australia, which was immunizing rabbits against the more virulent form.[32]
A legal vaccine exists in Australia for RHD. There is no cure for either myxomatosis or RHD, and many affected pets are euthanised. In Europe, where rabbits are farmed on a large scale, they are protected against myxomatosis and calicivirus with a genetically modified virus.[33] The vaccine was developed in Spain.[citation needed]
The team of virologist Francisco Parra, working with the University of Oviedo, in Asturias, northern Spain identified a new variant of the virus in 2012.[34] The pathogen, a new strain of K5 (RHDV1) causes rabbit haemorrhagic disease and is both extremely lethal and highly contagious.[35] In 2017 it was released by Australian authorities throughout its territory to wipe out its wild rabbit populations. The virus was released at around 600 points on the continent; owners of domestic rabbits were advised to vaccinate their animals.[36]
In southern Europe, the scarcity of rabbits threatens the conservation of predator species higher up the food chain that are endangered and depend on small-game such as rabbits. These include the Iberian lynx and the Iberian imperial eagle. For that reason biological warfare in Australia is a serious concern for conservation experts working in other parts of the world where the preservation of a viable rabbit population is problematic.[37]
See also[edit]
CSIRO Hut
Easter Bilby
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fenner, F.; S, F. R. (1983-06-22). "The Florey Lecture, 1983 - Biological control, as exemplified by smallpox eradication and myxomatosis". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 218 (1212): 259–285. doi:10.1098/rspb.1983.0039. ISSN 0080-4649. PMID 6136042.
Jump up ^ "Rabbits - fact sheet". www.environment.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
Jump up ^ Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 22 May 1827
Jump up ^ Cunningham P. [1827] Two years in New South Wales, vol. 1, p. 304
Jump up ^ Sydney Gazette 28 May 1831
Jump up ^ "House of Assembly". South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900). Adelaide, SA: National Library of Australia. 1 November 1876. p. 7. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rabbit Problems in Australia". Animal Control Technologies (Australia) Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 2016-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Geelong Rabbit Invasion". In Town Geelong. Retrieved 2016-06-06.
Jump up ^ "The State Barrier Fence of Western Australia". Archived from the original on 22 July 2005. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Australian Encyclopaedia, Vol, VII, Grolier Society, Sydney
Jump up ^ Cooke, Brain D. (2012). "Rabbits: manageable environmental pests or participants in new Australian ecosystems?". WILDLIFE RESEARCH. CSIRO PUBLISHING, 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA. Volume 39 Issue 4: 280. doi:10.1071/WR11166 – via http://apps.webofknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=1DsfLyUsdIBa9NFMFgD&page=1&doc=3.
Jump up ^ "Environmental Damage caused by Rabbits" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Advertising. – Extermination of rabbits". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney. 7 September 1887. p. 11. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Politics Saved the Rabbit!". Queensland Country Life. National Library of Australia. 24 November 1949. p. 14. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
Jump up ^ "Correspondence". Great Southern Herald. XXIX, (3,139). Western Australia. 13 January 1932. p. 3. Retrieved 19 April 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ Farrelly, Gary; Paul Merks; Vertebrate Pest Research Services (2005), "Options for rabbit control" (pdf), Farmnote No. 89/2001, Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, retrieved 1 February 2011
Jump up ^ Cowan, D. P. (1984-12-01). "The use of ferrets (Mustela furo) in the study and management of the European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)". Journal of Zoology. 204 (4): 570–574. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb02391.x. ISSN 1469-7998.
Jump up ^ Managing vertebrate pests : rabbits. Williams, Kent,, Australia. Department of Primary Industries and Energy. Bureau of Resource Sciences., CSIRO (Australia). Division of Wildlife and Ecology. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service. 1995. ISBN 0644296232. OCLC 153977337.
Jump up ^ "Information on the Darling Downs-Moreton Rabbit Board". Darling Downs-Moreton Rabbit Board. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ The encyclopedia of mammals. Macdonald, David W. (David Whyte), Oxford University Press. (New ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 9780199206087. OCLC 83049827.
Jump up ^ C., Rolls, Eric (1969). They all ran wild : the story of pests on the land in Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0207950369. OCLC 924872335.
Jump up ^ Managing vertebrate pests : rabbits. Williams, Kent,, Australia. Department of Primary Industries and Energy. Bureau of Resource Sciences., CSIRO (Australia). Division of Wildlife and Ecology. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service. 1995. ISBN 0644292407. OCLC 153977337.
Jump up ^ Puls, Margaret, ed. (April 2006). "A microbial history of Australia" (PDF). Livestock Horizons. St. Lucia, Queensland: CSIRO Livestock Industries. 2 (2). ISSN 1832-3677. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Agricultural Notes". Launceston Examiner. Tas.: National Library of Australia. 14 November 1885. p. 2 Supplement: Supplement to the Launceston Examiner. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Extermination of Rabbits". South Australian Register. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 3 November 1887. p. 5. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Danysz Microbe". The Mercury. Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 20 February 1908. p. 6. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
Jump up ^ The virus that stunned Australia's rabbits
Jump up ^ "Rabbit Calicivirus Disease (RCD)" (PDF). CSIRO. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Cooke, Brian D. (1997). Analysis of the spread of rabbit calicivirus from Wardang Island through mainland Australia. Sydney: Meat Research Corporation.
Jump up ^ Asgari, S.; Hardy, J. R. E.; Cooke, B. D. (1999-01-01). "Sequence analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in Australia: alterations after its release". Archives of Virology. 144 (1): 135–145. doi:10.1007/s007050050490. ISSN 0304-8608.
Jump up ^ "Rollout of RHDV K5: information guide" (PDF). Retrieved 20 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Horizontal Transmissible Protection against Myxomatosis and Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease by Using a Recombinant Myxoma Virus
Jump up ^ "A team led by Doctor Francisco Parra, awarded for their innovative work in the field of animal health". University of Oviedo. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "RHDV1 K5: Frequently asked questions (FAQ)". PestSmart. Centre for Invasive Species Solutions. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rabbit biocontrol: RHDV1 K5 national release". Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development. Government of Western Australia. 21 June 2017. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australia libera un virus letal para arrasar sus poblaciones de conejos:Los expertos alertan de posibles efectos devastadores si el patógeno llega a España" (in Spanish). El Pais national newspaper, Spain. 2017-05-26. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rabbits.
Dr Brian Cooke from CSIRO Wildlife and Ecology receiving the 2000 POL Eureka Prize for Environmental Research, for his lifetime commitment to reducing the devastation caused by rabbits on the Australian environment
Australian Broadcasting Corporation Land line
Australian Broadcasting Corporation Rabbiting On – Australian stories of experiences with the pest
CSIRO Protection for Pet rabbits
Culture Victoria – Nox All Rabbits video about rabbits and rabbit control in Australia
Further reading[edit]
Coman, Brian, Tooth & Nail: The Story of the Rabbit in Australia, Text, Melbourne, 1999, revised edition 2010
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I Love Rock 'n' Roll
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see I Love Rock 'n' Roll (disambiguation).
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (August 2016)
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
2004 re-issue
Single by the Arrows
B-side
"Broken Down Heart"
Released
July 1975
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
1975
Genre
Hard rock
Length
2:48
Label
RAK
Songwriter(s)
Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker
Producer(s)
Mickie Most
the Arrows singles chronology
"Hard Hearted"
(1975) "I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
(1975) "Once Upon a Time"
(1976)
"Hard Hearted"
(1975) "I Love Rock 'n Roll"
(1975) "Once Upon a Time"
(1976)
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows, who recorded the first released version.[1] The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982.[2] Alan Merrill still plays the song live in Europe, Japan and most often in his home town New York City.[3]
Contents
1 The Arrows original version
2 Joan Jett cover version
2.1 Music video
2.2 Critical reception
2.3 Chart performance
2.4 Weekly charts
2.5 Year-end charts
3 Britney Spears version
3.1 Background, release and composition
3.2 Reception
3.2.1 Critical
3.2.2 Commercial
3.3 Music video
3.4 Live performances
3.5 Track listings
3.6 Charts and certifications
3.6.1 Weekly charts
3.6.2 Year-end charts
3.6.3 Certifications
3.7 Release history
4 Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney version
4.1 Track listing
4.2 Chart performance
4.3 Release history
5 Other cover versions
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
The Arrows original version[edit]
The song was originally recorded and released by the Arrows in 1975 on Rak Records, with lead vocals, guitar, music & lyrics written by Alan Merrill and produced by Mickie Most. In an interview with Songfacts, Merrill said he wrote it as "a knee-jerk response to the Rolling Stones' 'It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)'."[2][4] This version was first released as a B-side, but was soon re-recorded and flipped to A-side status on a subsequent pressing of the record. The Arrows performed the song in 1975 on the Muriel Young-produced show 45, after which Young offered the Arrows a weekly UK television series, Arrows, which was broadcast on ITV starting in March 1976.[5]
Joan Jett cover version[edit]
"I Love Rock 'n Roll"
Single by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts
from the album I Love Rock 'n Roll
B-side
"You Don't Know What You've Got"
Released
January 19, 1982
Format
7-inch single, 12-inch single
Recorded
1981
Genre
Hard rock[6][7]
Length
2:56
Label
Boardwalk
Songwriter(s)
Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker
Producer(s)
Ritchie Cordell, Kenny Laguna
Joan Jett and the Blackhearts singles chronology
"Bad Reputation"
(1981) "I Love Rock 'n Roll"
(1982) "Crimson and Clover"
(1982)
"I Love Rock N Roll"
Joan Jett and the Blackhearts' "I Love Rock N Roll" from I Love Rock 'n Roll
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Joan Jett saw the Arrows perform "I Love Rock 'n Roll" on their weekly UK television series Arrows[2] when she was touring England with the Runaways in 1976.[5] She first recorded the song in 1979 with two of the Sex Pistols: Steve Jones and Paul Cook. This first version was released on vinyl in 1979 on Vertigo records as a B-side to "You Don't Own Me". In 1981, Jett re-recorded the song, this time with her band, the Blackhearts. This recording became a U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one single for seven weeks.[8] Billboard ranked it at the No. 3 song for 1982. The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, representing two million units shipped to stores with Jett's I Love Rock 'n Roll album reaching number two on the Billboard 200. Joan Jett's version was ranked No. 89 in the list 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of Rolling Stone[9] and has also been inducted into the Grammys Hall of Fame in 2016.[10]
Music video[edit]
"I Love Rock 'n Roll"'s black-and-white music video received heavy play from the just-launched MTV network. In it, Jett and the Blackhearts travel to a small, dingy bar and proceed to excite the drunken crowd by performing the song and yelling out its chorus. A snippet of Jett's 1981 hit "Bad Reputation" can be heard at the beginning of the video. The video was originally in color, but it was converted to black and white because Jett hated the look of her red leather jumpsuit in color.
In 1993 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts made another music video for the song as part of the Wayne's World 2 soundtrack. In the video appear several scenes from the movie with Mike Myers and Dana Carvey mixed with footage of Jett and her band in concert. It was again released as a single by Warner/Reprise with "Activity Grrrl" as the B-side.
Critical reception[edit]
Jett's version has received many accolades, including:
Ranking No. 85 on Q magazine March 2005 list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks
Ranking No. 491 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of "the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time"
Ranking No. 56 in Billboard's Greatest Songs of all time.[11]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[12] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[13] 4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[14] 2
Canadian RPM Top Singles[15] 1
France (SNEP)[16] 4
Germany (Official German Charts)[17] 6
Ireland (IRMA)[18] 2
Italy (FIMI)[19] 42
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[20] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[21] 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[22] 1
South African Chart[23] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[24] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[25] 3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[26] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[27] 1
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[28] 31
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[29] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[30] 1
Chart (2015)
Peak
position
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[31] 81
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Rank
Australia [32] 7
Canada [33] 1
Netherlands [34] 25
New Zealand [35] 7
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[36] 3
U.S. Cash Box [37] 5
Britney Spears version[edit]
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
Single by Britney Spears
from the album Britney and Crossroads (Music from the Major Motion Picture)
Released
27 May 2002 (2002-05-27)[38]
Format
Cassette single
CD single
Recorded
2001
Genre
Pop rock
Length
3:06
Label
Jive
Songwriter(s)
Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker
Producer(s)
Rodney Jerkins
Britney Spears singles chronology
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman"
(2002) "I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
(2002) "Anticipating"
(2002)
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman"
(2002) "I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
(2002) "Anticipating"
(2002)
Music video
"I Love Rock 'N' Roll" on YouTube
Background, release and composition[edit]
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is the fourth European single released by pop singer Britney Spears from the album Britney on 27 May 2002. The song was used in her 2002 movie Crossroads. Spears's character, Lucy, performs it in a karaoke bar. Spears said of the song, "They asked me to sing karaoke in the movie Crossroads and I've actually sung I Love Rock 'n' Roll in a lot of clubs that I've been to."[39] Spears has publicly admitted the original song to be one of her favorites. Spears listened to the original Arrows Mickie Most-produced version just before she recorded the song, according to Jive A&R representative Steve Lunt. The scratches performed on this song were performed by Corey Chase, at Hit Factory Miami. When promoting the single's release she mistakenly attributed the hit version of the song to Pat Benatar instead of Joan Jett.[40]
Reception[edit]
Critical[edit]
Spears' cover was met with mostly favorable reviews. NME's Ted Kessler wrote that Britney "still works best when making a good pop cheese and dance sandwich: there's the ace Rodney Jerkins-produced version of Joan Jett's 'I Love Rock'n'Roll', which does exactly what is says on the tin."[41] Rolling Stone's Barry Walters wrote that "producer Rodney Jerkins' hip-hop blaspheming of Joan Jett's "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" doesn't go as far as it should (is a Limp Bizkit remix in its future?), but it certainly beats what her earlier studio architects did to those Sonny and Cher ("The Beat Goes On" on ...Baby One More Time) and Stones ("(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" on Oops!... I Did It Again) songs."[42] Another positive reception came from PopMatters's editor Nikki Tranter, who enjoyed that the song is "different from the average run-of-the-mill pop offering," and praised that "she does strange justice to the tune, vamping up her vocals and turning out something, that while silly and camp, is actually a fun listen."[43] In contrast, David Browne wrote for Entertainment Weekly that "her remake is neither imaginative (it simply xeroxes Joan Jett's arrangement) nor all that believable."[44]
Commercial[edit]
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" charted moderately upon release, reaching the top twenty in most regions. The song was moderately successful in the UK, where it peaked at number thirteen (which, at the time, was her lowest peak for a single released there, until "Radar" only managed to reach number forty-six in 2009, and then "I Wanna Go, which peaked at one-hundred and eleven). The single sold a total of 65,000 copies.[45] It was also certified Gold in Australia.
Music video[edit]
Spears performing ′′I Love Rock ′n′ Roll′′ at the Dream Within a Dream Tour.
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Directed by Chris Applebaum, the music video for "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" shows Spears with her own band, a stack of speakers, and flashing lights. It was shot at The Inn, a bar in Long Beach, New York. The video was ranked at No. 2 on the 100 Best Videos of 2002 at MTV Latin America's countdown. The Director's Cut version of the video was later leaked; it included previously unseen scenes from the video.
Live performances[edit]
The song was performed live during Spears's Dream Within a Dream Tour (2001–02). In 2016, it was added to the revamped set list of her Las Vegas residency show, Britney: Piece of Me (2016–17), marking the first time Spears performed the song in 14 years. During the performance, Britney Spears rides a mechanical electric guitar, which simulates a mechanical bull, as it rotates on stage. The same prop electric guitar was previously used during her Femme Fatale Tour (2011) for a segment in which she covered the song "Burning Up" by Madonna. In the 2016 Billboard Music Awards, the song was performed as part of a medley, using the same guitar proposed
Track listings[edit]
European 2 tracks CD single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:06
"Overprotected" (Darkchild Remix) — 3:18
European/Australian CD single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:08
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Karaoke Version) — 3:06
"Overprotected" (Darkchild Remix) — 3:20
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" (Metro Remix) — 5:26
German 2 tracks CD single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:07
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Karaoke Version) — 3:05
German CD single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:07
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Karaoke Version) — 3:05
"Overprotected" (Riprock 'N Alex G Remix) — 3:25
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" (Metro Remix) — 5:24
Japanese CD maxi single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:06
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Karaoke Version) — 3:04
"Overprotected" (Darkchild Remix) — 3:20
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" (Metro Remix) — 5:25
"I'm a Slave 4 U" (Thunderpuss Radio Mix) — 3:18
"I'm a Slave 4 U" (Miguel Migs Petalpusher Vocal) — 5:30
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" (Spanish Fly Dub Mix) — 5:55
UK CD maxi single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:06
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Karaoke Version) — 3:04
"Overprotected (Darkchild Remix Radio Edit)" — 3:06
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Video) — 3:06
Cassette single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:06
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Karaoke Version) — 3:04
"Overprotected" (Darkchild Remix Radio Edit) — 3:06
Digital download (Digital 45)
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" — 3:07
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" (Metro Remix Radio Edit) — 3:29
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2002)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[46] 13
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[47] 9
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[48] 15
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[49] 27
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[50] 19
Germany (Official German Charts)[51] 7
Hungarian Singles Chart[52] 6
Irish Singles Chart[53] 8
Italy (FIMI)[54] 20
Japan (Oricon) 26
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[55] 17
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[56] 18
Portugal (Portuguese Singles Chart)[57] 4
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[58] 7
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[59] 15
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[60] 15
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[61] 13
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2002)
Position
Australian Singles Chart[62] 68
Belgium Singles Chart (Flanders)[63] 76
German Singles Chart[64] 96
Swedish Singles Chart[65] 85
Swiss Singles Chart[66] 81
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[67]
Gold 35,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Germany[68]
27 May 2002 Maxi single JIVE
Japan[69]
19 June 2002 Sony
United Kingdom[70]
1 July 2002 JIVE
Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney version[edit]
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
Promotional single by Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney
Released
3 December 2008
Recorded
2008
Length
3:37
Label
541/NEWS
Songwriter(s)
Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker
Alex Gaudino singles chronology
"Watch Out"
(2008) Watch Out2008 "I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
(2008) I Love Rock 'n' Roll2008 "I'm in Love (I Wanna Do It)"
(2010) I'm in Love (I Wanna Do It)2010
The Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney cover version was released in 2008.
Track listing[edit]
UK Digital download
No.
Title
Length
1. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Radio Edit) 3:37
2. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Extended Mix) 7:43
3. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Dabruck, Klein Remix) 6:01
4. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Nari & Milani Remix) 5:35
5. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Disko Kriminals Remix) 7:05
Credits and personnel
Lead vocals – Alex Gaudino
Music – Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker
Lyrics – Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker
Scratches – Corey Chase
Label: 541/NEWS
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2008)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[71] 10
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
United Kingdom 3 December 2008 Digital download[72]
Other cover versions[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is an often-covered song, and has been notably recorded by such artists as:
Singer Tiny Tim covered it in 1980 on his album Chameleon.
L'Arc~En~Ciel released the song as a single internationally in 2011 and it was used in a Pepsi commercial in Japan.
Lee Da-hae released the song as a single in 2007, with versions in both English and Korean.
Boy band Five sampled the song for "Everybody Get Up".
Reverend Run sampled the song for his song "Mind on the Road" on his solo album Distortion.
"Weird Al" Yankovic (parody, as "I Love Rocky Road")
The group Forever Young covered the song in 2003 and made the French top 30 peaking at #27 in 2003.[73]
Fast Forward Highway covered Joan Jett's version for the video game Just Dance 2017.
American rapper Eminem sampled the instrumental for his song "Remind Me" on his ninth studio album Revival.
Finnish group Lipsaset released a version in Finnish "Aina rock'n'roll" as a single in 2014.[74]
See also[edit]
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1982
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
History of the song "I Love Rock 'n Roll"
Bill Harry's Merseybeat article
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
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e
Joan Jett / Joan Jett and the Blackhearts
Studio albums
Joan Jett / Bad Reputation
I Love Rock 'n Roll
Album
Glorious Results of a Misspent Youth
Good Music
Up Your Alley
The Hit List
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Great Hits
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I Love Rock 'n' Roll 92
1979
Cherry Bomb
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"I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
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"Everyday People"
"I Love You Love Me Love"
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"Roadrunner"
"Light of Day"
"I Hate Myself for Loving You"
"Dirty Deeds"
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"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?"
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Oops!... I Did It Again
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Promotional singles
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
"Missing You"
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