text:
Back in the Day (Ahmad song)
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"Back in the Day"
Single by Ahmad
from the album Ahmad
Released
March 29, 1994
Format
12" maxi single; CD single
Recorded
1993
Genre
West Coast hip hop
Length
5:18
Label
Giant/Reprise/Warner Bros. Records
41416
Songwriter(s)
Ahmad A. Lewis
Producer(s)
Kendal, Barr 9 Productions & Ahmad
"Back in the Day" is a 1994 West Coast hip hop single by Ahmad. Released when Ahmad was only 18, the song is a nostalgic remembrance of childhood and young teenage years, from a somewhat jaded adult perspective. "Back in the Day" was Ahmad's only major hit single, making it to #26 on The Billboard Hot 100, #19 on the US R&B chart on the strength of its hook - a sample of the Teddy Pendergrass song "Love TKO"—and Ahmad's quirky vocal style, reminiscent of Fatlip of the Pharcyde fame, and #3 on the US rap chart. It was the first single of his 1994 self-titled album and was RIAA-certified gold.
The TKO Remix of "Back in the Day" (Produced By Maurice Thompson & Jay Williams of Barr 9 Productions) is featured as the single and on the soundtrack of The Wood, a 1999 motion picture.
Contents
[hide]
1 Charts
1.1 Peak positions
1.2 End of year charts
2 Certifications
3 Legacy
4 References
5 External links
Charts[edit]
Peak positions[edit]
Chart (1994)
Peak
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[1] 26
US Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard)[2] 15
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[3] 19
US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[4] 3
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[5] 13
End of year charts[edit]
End of year chart (1994)
Position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[6] 93
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[7]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Legacy[edit]
Mariah Carey's 12th studio album, Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel, featured an interpolation of "Back in the Day" on the track "Candy Bling". Travie McCoy's debut studio album Lazarus features a song titled "Akidagain" which interpolates "Back in the Day". On J. Cole's mixtape The Come Up, his song "School Daze" also interpolates "Back in the Day". Cassidy did an interpolation of this song entitled "Back in the day". In 2013, Complex added the song in its list of nineteen great songs made by teenage rappers in the last 19 years. Complex editor Kyle Kramer said "The blueprint for many songs by nostalgic teenagers since, "Back in the Day" perfectly captures the wistful vibe of the rearview look with its warm chorus and deeply descriptive verses. As a result, ever since back in the day, the song's been a classic."[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ahmad Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ahmad - Ahmad | Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ahmad Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)" Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ahmad Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)" Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ahmad Chart History (Rhythmic)" Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1994". Archived from the original on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Ahmad – Back in the Day". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 12, 2014. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Kramer, Kyle (July 6, 2013). "Nineteen Great Songs Made By Teenage Rappers in the Last 19 Years: Ahmad "Back In the Day" (1994)". Complex. Complex Media. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
This hip hop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Success is Counted Sweetest
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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As first published under the title "Success" in A Masque of Poets, 1878
"Success is counted sweetest" is a lyric poem by Emily Dickinson written in 1859 and published anonymously in 1864. The poem uses the images of a victorious army and one dying warrior to suggest that only one who has suffered defeat can understand success.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Publication history
3 Analysis
4 References
Text[edit]
Success is counted sweetest
By those who ne'er succeed.
To comprehend a nectar
Requires sorest need.

Not one of all the Purple Host
Who took the Flag today
Can tell the definition
So clear of Victory

As he defeated - dying -
On whose forbidden ear
The distant strains of triumph
Burst agonized and clear![1]
Publication history[edit]
The poem was written in 1859 and first published anonymously in the Brooklyn Daily Union on April 27, 1864. It was republished in the anthology A Masque of Poets (1878) as part of a series of books published without writers' names. The book, edited by George Parsons Lathrop, was published by Roberts Brothers. Helen Hunt Jackson, who contributed her own writing to the book, urged Dickinson to contribute in a letter dated August 20, 1876. She then traveled to Amherst, Massachusetts to speak with Dickinson in person on the same topic on October 10. Dickinson initially resisted and asked Thomas Wentworth Higginson to say he disapproved of a contribution. Jackson insisted, nevertheless, and urged her friend to contribute a poem to give pleasure to "somebody somewhere whom you do not know."[2] Jackson wrote again in April 1878 and suggested she send "Success is countest sweetest" as she already knew it by heart.[3] It was published as "Success" in the book, though the publisher Thomas Niles admitted it "was slightly changed in phraseology."[4]
Jackson wrote to Dickinson after the book's publication, "I suppose by this time you have seen the Masque of Poets. I hope you have not regretted giving me that choice bit of verse for it."[5] Jackson published a review noting that "Success" was "undoubtedly one of the strongest and finest wrought things in the book", but offered that speculation on its authorship would be a wasted effort.[6] Readers believed it was written by Ralph Waldo Emerson.[7]
Analysis[edit]
A Celtic warrior dies upon his shield and sword (Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic original)
The poem's three unemotional quatrains are written in iambic trimeter with only line 5 in iambic tetrameter. Lines 1 and 3 (and others) end with extra syllables. The rhyme scheme is abcb. The poem's "success" theme is treated paradoxically: Only those who know defeat can truly appreciate success. Alliteration enhances the poem's lyricism. The first stanza is a complete observation and can stand alone. Stanzas two and three introduce military images (a captured flag, a victorious army, a dying warrior) and are dependent upon one another for complete understanding.[8]
Harold Bloom indicates "Success" was one of Dickinson's earliest manuscript poems and one of only seven poems published during her lifetime. Its theme was one she returned to a number of times during her literary career, as in "Water, is taught by thirst." The poem, Bloom writes, is one of Dickinson's more "masculine" poems and "emphasizes the power of desire and equates desire with victory." From a Christian perspective, Bloom explains, the sounds bursting on the dying warrior's ear may be heavenly music as he passes to his eternal rest. Although Dickinson's poems are often read as poems of losing at romance, Bloom points out that the popularity of "Success" can be attributed to the fact that the poem's "message can be applied to any situation where there are winners and losers."[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fr#112 in: Franklin, R. W., ed. The Poems of Emily Dickinson: Reading Edition. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press, 1999.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Kate. Helen Hunt Jackson: A Literary Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003: 146. ISBN 0-520-21804-3
Jump up ^ Phillips, Kate. Helen Hunt Jackson: A Literary Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003: 146–147. ISBN 0-520-21804-3
Jump up ^ Sewall, Richard B. The Life of Emily Dickinson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003 (sixth edition): ISBN 0-674-53080-2
Jump up ^ Barnstone, Aliki. Changing Rapture: Emily Dickinson's Poetic Development. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 2006: 121. ISBN 978-1-58465-534-3
Jump up ^ Phillips, Kate. Helen Hunt Jackson: A Literary Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003: 147. ISBN 0-520-21804-3
^ Jump up to: a b Anna Priddy and Harold Bloom. 2008. Bloom's How to Write about Emily Dickinson. Infobase Publishing. pp. 61ff
Jump up ^ "Success is Counted Sweetest: A Study Guide". Retrieved July 10, 2011.
[hide]
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Emily Dickinson
Poetry
"Success is Counted Sweetest" (1864)
"Because I could not stop for Death" (1890)
"I taste a liquor never brewed" (1890)
"A Bird came down the Walk" (1891)
"I'm Nobody! Who are you?" (1891)
"I like to see it lap the Miles" (1891)
"I heard a Fly buzz—when I died" (1896)
"There is a pain — so utter —" (1929)
People
Edward Dickinson (father)
William Austin Dickinson (brother)
Lavinia Norcross Dickinson (sister)
Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson (sister in law)
Thomas Wentworth Higginson (editor)
Mabel Loomis Todd (editor)
Related
Emily Dickinson home and museum
Dickinson Historic District
Collected manuscripts and papers
Emily Dickinson International Society
The Emily Dickinson Journal
Dickinson Electronic Archives
The Belle of Amherst (1976 play)
A Quiet Passion (2016 film)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Success_is_Counted_Sweetest&oldid=829525509"
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Bella Swan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Isabella Marie Swan
Twilight character
Bella Swan as portrayed by Kristen Stewart in New Moon.
First appearance
Twilight
Last appearance
Breaking Dawn
Midnight Sun (unpublished)
Created by
Stephenie Meyer
Portrayed by
Kristen Stewart
Information
Nickname(s)
Bella
Bells
Bell
Vampire girl (by Emily Young & Embry Call)
Arizona (in films)
Species
Human (Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, Breaking Dawn)
Vampire (Breaking Dawn)
Gender
Female
Occupation
Student (through Twilight to Eclipse)
Employee at Newton's Olympic Outfitters (New Moon and Eclipse)
Family
Charlie Swan (father)
Renée Dwyer (mother)
Phil Dwyer (stepfather)
Carlisle Cullen (adoptive father-in-law)
Esme Cullen (adoptive mother-in-law)
Emmett Cullen and Jasper Hale (adoptive brothers-in-law)
Alice Cullen and Rosalie Hale (adoptive sisters-in-law)
Spouse(s)
Edward Cullen (husband)
Children
Renesmee Cullen (daughter)
Nationality
American
Isabella Marie "Bella" Swan (later Bella Cullen) is a character and the protagonist of the Twilight series, written by Stephenie Meyer. The Twilight series, consisting of the novels Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn, is primarily narrated from Bella's point of view. In the film series, Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart.
In Twilight, Bella moves to her father's home in Forks, Washington, meets the mysterious Cullen family, and falls in love with Edward Cullen. However, she soon discovers that the family is a coven of vampires. Bella expresses a desire to become a vampire herself, but Edward refuses to "turn" her. In the second novel, New Moon, Edward and the other Cullens leave Forks in an effort to keep Bella safe from the vampire world. Jacob Black, a member of the Quileute tribe who is also a shape shifter taking a wolf form, comforts the distraught and severely depressed Bella. She comes to care deeply for Jacob, though less than she loves Edward. At the end of Eclipse, Bella becomes engaged to Edward, and they marry in Breaking Dawn. On their honeymoon, she becomes pregnant by Edward and, due to the peculiar nature of her baby, Bella nearly dies giving birth to their daughter, Renesmee Cullen. Edward turns her into a vampire to save her life.
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept and creation
2 Appearances
2.1 Twilight
2.2 New Moon
2.3 Eclipse
2.4 Breaking Dawn
3 Characterization
3.1 Physical appearance
3.2 Personality
3.3 Film portrayal
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Concept and creation[edit]
The premise for both the Bella Swan character and the Twilight series originated in a dream Stephenie Meyer had in which an "average girl" and a "fantastically beautiful, sparkly ... vampire ... were having an intense conversation in a meadow in the woods." In this dream, the pair "were discussing the difficulties inherent in the facts that ... they were falling in love with each other while ... the vampire was particularly attracted to the scent of her blood, and was having a difficult time restraining himself from killing her."[1]
Meyer's original characters were unnamed; she took to calling the characters, who would later become Edward Cullen and Bella, 'he' and 'she' for the purpose of convenience as she, "didn't want to lose the dream." The name 'Isabella' was decided upon, Meyer explains, because "after spending so much time with [the character], I loved her like a daughter. ... Inspired by that love, I gave her the name I was saving for my daughter,... Isabella."[1]
Bella's positive reception at her new school in Forks, particularly her popularity with male characters, was modelled after Meyer's real life move from high school to college.[2] Meyer has said that there are similarities between Bella and the title character of Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, a novel which she has cited as an influence on the Twilight Saga.[3]
Appearances[edit]
Twilight[edit]
Twilight is about a 17-year-old girl named Bella Swan, who moves from her mother's home in Phoenix, Arizona, to live with her father in her birthtown of Forks, Washington. There, she becomes intrigued by a student, Edward Cullen. When Edward saves her life, he exhibits super-human qualities. Bella learns from her family friend Jacob Black that Quileute legends say the Cullen family are vampires.[4] Edward eventually admits to this truth, though his family hunts only animals, not humans, through moral choice.[5] Edward constantly warns Bella against being with him, perceiving her life to be at constant risk if she continues to associate with him because the scent of her blood is more powerful to him than that of any other human he has ever encountered. Bella's love and confidence in Edward's restraint is such that his warnings go unheeded, and on an outing with the Cullens she becomes the target of a sadistic vampire, James. With his family's help, Edward is able to save Bella from James' predations, but Edward is still unwilling to change Bella into a vampire himself.[6]
New Moon[edit]
New Moon begins on Bella's eighteenth birthday. She dreams about looking much older than Edward Cullen, her boyfriend. During a birthday celebration at the Cullens, Bella gets a small paper cut while unwrapping a present. Edward's brother, Jasper, instinctively thirsting for her blood, launches an attack, though he is stopped. Edward realizes that his relationship with Bella puts her in danger. In a misguided attempt to protect Bella, he convinces her that he no longer loves her and moves away with his family, leaving her heartbroken and depressed for months.
To appease her worried father, Bella attends a movie with her school friend, Jessica. While there, she carelessly approaches a group of dangerous-looking men outside a bar and discovers she can hear Edward's voice when her adrenaline is high. Desperate to hear his voice again, Bella continually seeks out danger; she convinces Jacob Black to repair two old motorcycles and teach her to ride. Their friendship grows, and Jacob admits that he has romantic feelings for Bella, though she does not reciprocate them. When a vampire named Laurent tries to attack and kill her, Bella is saved by a pack of giant wolves. Later, Bella learns that Jacob and other tribe members are shapeshifters who assume a wolf form to protect humans from vampires. Bella also discovers that the vampire Victoria has returned to Forks, seeking to kill Bella to avenge her mate, James', death.
To hear Edward's voice, Bella attempts cliff-diving and nearly drowns, but she is saved by Jacob. Edward, after mistakenly being informed that Bella has committed suicide, travels to Volterra, Italy, to request the Volturi to destroy him. Alice returns to Forks and discovers Bella is alive; she and Bella pursue Edward to Italy and successfully prevent him from showing himself in daylight to humans, an act that would result in his execution. The trio are taken to the Volturi. Because Bella knows about vampires, the Volturi want to kill her, but Alice claims she has foreseen Bella becoming a vampire. Because most humans are unaware that vampires exist, the Volturi threaten to kill Bella if this does not happen soon. Upon returning home, Edward tells Bella that he never stopped loving her, and he only left Forks because he thought it would protect her. He apologizes for his misguided action and asks for her forgiveness, which Bella quickly grants. Bella, intent on becoming a vampire, decides that Edward's family should vote on her fate. All but Rosalie and Edward vote for her to be changed, but Edward agrees to change her himself if she will marry him.[7]
Eclipse[edit]
Eclipse continues the drama of Bella and Edward's relationship. Edward explains that he is reluctant to change Bella into a vampire because he believes that vampires are soulless creatures who have no place in heaven. Bella, whose opinion of marriage is jaded by her own parents' early divorce, agrees to marry Edward on the condition that he will make love with her while she is still human and then turn her into a vampire. He initially refuses, saying that he could easily lose control in the heat of the moment and unintentionally kill her. However, seeing how important it is to Bella, he agrees to try, but only after they are married.
The plot is driven by the machinations of the vampire Victoria, who first encountered Bella and the Cullens during the first book, Twilight. Victoria, seeking to avenge her lover, James', death, hunts Bella while building a new vampire army. To combat this threat, a grudging truce is struck between the Cullens and the Native American shape-shifting wolf pack led by Sam Uley and Jacob Black, who pits himself against Edward as a love interest for Bella. Initially, Bella considers Jacob only as a friend but, despite her engagement to Edward, she shares a kiss with Jacob and realizes she loves him as well. Ultimately, Edward accepts Bella's love for Jacob and successfully destroys Victoria. Bella acknowledges that Edward is the most important person in her life, agreeing to announce their engagement to her father.[8]
Breaking Dawn[edit]
Breaking Dawn begins with the wedding of Bella and Edward at the Cullen home in the outskirts of Forks. They spend their honeymoon on Isle Esme, a fictional small island off the coast of Brazil that was given to Esme as a gift from Carlisle. They consummate their marriage, but their lovemaking sparks a conflict between the newlywed couple: Edward is horrified that he has bruised his wife, but Bella insists that she is fine and wants Edward to make love to her again. He vows not to do so again while she is still human. He eventually gives in. Afterwards, Bella becomes very sick and realizes that she is pregnant with their child.
Edward is shocked and rushes Bella home to see Carlisle, who, as a doctor, confirms that she is expecting a child. As the pregnancy takes a toll on Bella's health, Edward tries to talk her into having an abortion to save her own life. However, Bella feels a bond with her unborn child and insists on giving birth. Soon, Edward comes to love the baby as well, after he hears its thoughts and learns that the baby loves Bella in return and doesn't mean to hurt her.
Bella nearly dies giving birth but Edward successfully delivers their baby girl and then injects his venom into Bella's heart, thus healing her wounds by turning her into a vampire. During Bella's painful transformation, Jacob imprints—an involuntary process in which a shape-shifter finds his soul mate—on the baby, Renesmee Cullen.
After a vampire named Irina mistakes Renesmee for an immortal vampire child (a creation that is forbidden in the vampire world), Alice foresees the Volturi will arrive to destroy the Cullens as punishment for the alleged transgression. The Cullens find an array of vampire witnesses to observe the mortality of Renesmee. Bella soon discovers her ability to shield people from their mental thoughts and senses. Edward stands with Bella and their allies to convince the Volturi that Renesmee is not an immortal child and poses no threat to their existence. Once the Volturi leave, Edward and Bella are finally free to live their lives in peace with their daughter forever and stay with them.[9]
Characterization[edit]
Physical appearance[edit]
Bella is describes as being petite, with a height of roughly 5'4", and a very translucent, frail complexion. She has thick long, wavy brown hair with a wide forehead, and a widows peak. Her eyes are described as being "chocolate brown" and widely spaced. She has a small thin nose, prominent cheekbones, lips a bit too full for her slim jawline, and thin eyebrows that are straighter than they are arched.
The scent of her negative O blood is incredibly attractive to vampires, described by Bree Tanner to be the "sweetest scent she'd ever smelled", though it is a thousand times more intense to Edward Cullen.
As for distinguishing features, Bella has a small crescent-shaped scar on her hand where she was bitten by James, a tracker vampire, in Twilight. The scar is described as being pale, always a few degrees colder than the rest of her body, and it shines like a vampire's skin when exposed to the sunlight. After Bella is changed into a vampire by Edward, she becomes extremely beautiful with even paler skin, straight waist-length hair, and crimson red eyes that will eventually turn gold after months of drinking animal blood. Her features are also heightened and perfected by the transformation.
Bella wears plain shirts and jeans everywhere she goes, as she lacks care in her appearance.
Personality[edit]
Bella is described as being clumsy, having a weak constitution, being nonathletic and hating anything physical. Bella is also described as a reclusive loner, shy, quiet, insecure, and very sensitive. She also cares for the rest of the Cullen family, her father Charlie and mother Renée, and her friend Jacob Black. She has a tendency to underestimate the people around her mainly because of her concerns for their safety.
Having learned to take care of her mother over the years and being naturally responsible, Bella had developed into a very mature person, especially for her age. Because she lacks any skill in anything noticeable or redeeming as a human, she mostly prefers to spend her free time reading classics from school.
When it comes to fashion, Bella isn't a girly girl. She hates dressing up, saying that makeup "is a pain" and that she feels uncomfortable in impractical, elegant clothes; however, Alice doesn't care what Bella thinks and continues to persuade her to dress up and look glamorous. She isn't materialistic and doesn't like spending money on luxurious items, as she stated to Edward in New Moon 'not to spend a dime on my birthday,' and that fast cars are unnecessary, saying that Edward gave her himself and anything else he gives her would throw their relationship off balance. She hates being singled out, and doesn't like her birthday being celebrated. She also has very negative views on teen marriage due to her parents' early experience, but learns to overcome them later.
She is an extremely private person who keeps her thoughts and feelings to herself and hates when someone tries to understand her, which is thought to be why Edward is unable to hear her thoughts. She is also known to be incredibly stubborn with her self, because of her determination to become a vampire in order to be with Edward forever. She is also said to possess poor acting skills. Ironically, she demonstrates good acting ability in Twilight when she makes her father believe that she has dumped Edward and is leaving Forks. She is a very shy and timid girl with a stiff uptight position, habit of biting her lip, which she shares with Kristen Stewart. Bella knits together her eyebrows when feeling strong emotions such as anxiety. As a human, Bella easily fainted at the sight or smell of blood, which she said smells like rust and salt in Twilight, though it changes after she became a vampire. Bella is also shown in Breaking Dawn, to have a good mood climate, and is able to run away from the smell of human blood when she goes on her first hunting trip as a vampire.
Bella has a sarcastic sense of humor, especially when she gets mad; Bella is almost always a very soft and forgiving person who is hard to anger. She is easily scared but can be surprisingly very brave, able to block painful thoughts and memories (hence her special vampire ability), and tends to come face-to-face with life-threatening danger head-on, even though she can get scared later. She puts Edward before herself and everybody and everything else, but several 'selfish' tendencies emerge (as when she asked Edward to stay with her instead of fighting vampires in Eclipse). Meyer has stated that Bella's "tragic flaw" in Eclipse is her lack of self-knowledge. This is most obviously illustrated in her consistent denial of any romantic feelings for Jacob Black, despite the fact that she later realizes that she is, indeed, in love with him.
Bella is also a very bad liar except to herself. According to Eclipse, Jacob and Edward saying that she's a terrible liar, are evidence to this. Besides, she also admits this throughout the whole saga, though she seemingly manages to lie to herself about her romantic feelings for Jacob.
In contrary to her fearful demeanor, Bella, according to Edward in Midnight Sun, has no sense of fear when she finds out Edward is a vampire. Instead of running away, as she should have, she decides to ask lots of questions with extreme curiosity. This makes Edward believe that it is not bad luck that follows her around, but that she has no sense of self-preservation. Bella isn't very rational nor sensible as she lacks common sense and street intelligence.
She hates anything cold and wet, even snow, which is why she initially hated to live in Forks. However, after meeting Edward, she found the town much more comfortable, even calling it "home". As a vampire, she also dislikes the idea of feeding on humans, but is glad to have found the strength she needed to protect her loved ones.
Bella inherited her mother's high perceptiveness to some degree, as she was able to guess Edward was a mind reader, the first human to do so. However, she was not able to guess that Edward was in love with her.
After being turned into a vampire, she describes having a much clearer view of the world. She is also very self-controlled, being able to ignore the scent of human blood on her first hunting trip. Bella's private mind that was able to repel some vampires' mental abilities while she was human evolved after she became a vampire; her skill strengthened, allowing her to shield herself and those around her from other vampires' mental gifts. By the end of Breaking Dawn, she is able to cast the shield away from herself. She is also described by Edward as "very graceful", even for a vampire, in comparison to her earlier clumsiness.
Film portrayal[edit]
In the film adaptations, Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart.[10] Meyer stated that she was "very excited" to see Stewart play the part and that she was "thrilled to have a Bella who has practice [in a vast array of film genres]", since, according to Meyer, Twilight has moments that fit into many genres.[11] Stewart wears contact lenses in the films in order to achieve a chocolate brown eye color as described in the books. Despite that exception, Stewart and Bella are very similar in personality, both reserved and inexpressive.
Reception[edit]
Bella has received a generally negative reception from critics. Publishers Weekly states that, after her transformation into a vampire, "it's almost impossible to identify with her" in Breaking Dawn.[12] Lilah Lohr of the Chicago Tribune compares Bella's character to the story of the Quileute wolves and describes it as "less satisfying."[13] During Twilight, Kirkus Reviews stated that "Bella's appeal is based on magic rather than character", but that her and Edward's "portrayal of dangerous lovers hits the spot".[14] In the review of New Moon, Kirkus Reviews said that Bella's personality was "flat and obsessive".[15] Laura Miller of salon.com said, in regards to Edward and Bella, "neither of them has much personality to speak of."[16] Entertainment Weekly's Jennifer Reese, in her review of Breaking Dawn noted, in regard to Bella, "You may wish she had loftier goals and a mind of her own, but these are fairy tales, and as a steadfast lover in the Disney Princess mold, Bella has a certain saccharine appeal", and that during Bella's pregnancy "she is not only hard to identify with but positively horrifying, especially while guzzling human blood to nourish the infant."[17] Washington Post journalist Elizabeth Hand noted how Bella was often described as breakable and that "Edward's habit of constantly pulling her onto his lap or having her ride on his back further emphasize her childlike qualities", continuing to write that "the overall effect is a weird infantilization that has repellent overtones to an adult reader and hardly seems like an admirable model to foist upon our daughters (or sons)."[18] Gina Dalfonzo, in an article posted on the National Review website, calls Bella "self-deprecating" before her transformation into a vampire, and afterwards she is "insufferably vain".[19] Dalfonzo also states that Bella gets what she wants and discovers her worth "by giving up her identity and throwing away nearly everything in life that matters."[19] Bella Swan was often compared to Katniss Everdeen on the publication of The Hunger Games.[20]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Story Behind Twilight". Stepheniemeyer.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
Jump up ^ "Bella's Move to Another High School". Stepheniemeyer.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
Jump up ^ Karen Valby (November 5, 2008). "Stephenie Meyer: 12 of My 'Twilight' Inspirations". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2005). Twilight. Park Avenue, New York City, United States of America: Little, Brown. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-316-01584-4. Blood drinkers," he replied in a chilling voice. "Your people call them vampires.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2005). Twilight. Park Avenue, New York City, United States of America: Little, Brown. p. 337. ISBN 978-0-316-01584-4. One night, a herd of deer passed his hiding place. He was so wild with thirst that he attacked without thought. His strength returned and he realized there was an alternative to being the vile monster he feared.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2005). Twilight. Park Avenue, New York City, United States of America: Little, Brown. p. 475. ISBN 978-0-316-01584-4. Exactly", he [Edward] snapped. "And I won't end it [life] for you [Bella].
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie. (2006) New Moon. 563pp.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie. (2007) Eclipse. 629pp.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie. (2008) Breaking Dawn. 756pp.
Jump up ^ "Kristen Stewart chosen". MTV. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
Jump up ^ "Excitement Towards Stewart's role". Stephenie Meyer. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
Jump up ^ "Breaking Dawn: Stephenie Meyer, Author". Publisher's Weekly.
Jump up ^ "Chicago Tribune Breaking Dawn review". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Twilight at Kirkus Reviews". Kirkus Reviews. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
Jump up ^ "New Moon at Kirkus Reviews". Kirkus Reviews. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Twilight series at salon.com". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Weekly Breaking Dawn review". Entertainment Weekly. 2008-08-08. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
Jump up ^ Hand, Elizabeth (2008-08-10). "Washington Post Review". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "National Review". National Review. Archived from the original on 26 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
Jump up ^ Firestone, Amanda (2012). "Apples to Oranges". Of bread, blood, and the Hunger Games : critical essays on the Suzanne Collins trilogy. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., Publishers. p. 209. ISBN 9780786470198.
External links[edit]
Twilight portal
Novels portal
Stephenie Meyer - Official Website
Bella Swan on IMDb
Bella Swan on Facebook
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Connective tissue
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Connective tissue
Section of epididymis. Connective tissue (blue) is seen supporting the epithelium (purple)
Identifiers
MeSH
D003238
FMA
9640
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue. They support and protect the body. All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers),[1] ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood[2] or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
The cells of connective tissue include fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells and leucocytes.
The term "connective tissue" (in German, Bindegewebe) was introduced in 1830 by Johannes Peter Müller. The tissue was already recognized as a distinct class in the 18th century.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Characteristics
2 Function
2.1 Aging
3 Clinical significance
4 Staining of connective tissue
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 External links
Types[edit]
Connective tissue can be broadly subdivided into connective tissue proper, and special connective tissue.[5][6] Connective tissue proper consists of loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue (which is further subdivided into dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues.)[7] Loose and dense connective tissue are distinguished by the ratio of ground substance to fibrous tissue. Loose connective tissue has much more ground substance and a relative lack of fibrous tissue, while the reverse is true of dense connective tissue. Dense regular connective tissue, found in structures such as tendons and ligaments, is characterized by collagen fibers arranged in an orderly parallel fashion, giving it tensile strength in one direction. Dense irregular connective tissue provides strength in multiple directions by its dense bundles of fibers arranged in all directions.
Special connective tissue consists of reticular connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.[8] Other kinds of connective tissues include fibrous, elastic, and lymphoid connective tissues.[9] New vascularised connective tissue that forms in the process of wound healing is termed granulation tissue.[10] Fibroblasts are the cells responsible for the production of some CT.
Type I collagen is present in many forms of connective tissue, and makes up about 25% of the total protein content of the mammalian body.[11]
Characteristics[edit]
Characteristics of CT:
Cells are spread through an extracellular fluid.
Ground substance - A clear, colorless, and viscous fluid containing glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans to fix the body water and the collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces. Ground substance slows the spread of pathogens.
Fibers. Not all types of CT are fibrous. Examples of non-fibrous CT include adipose tissue and blood. Adipose tissue gives "mechanical cushioning" to the body, among other functions.[12][13] Although there is no dense collagen network in adipose tissue, groups of adipose cells are kept together by collagen fibers and collagen sheets in order to keep fat tissue under compression in place (for example, the sole of the foot). The matrix of blood is plasma.
Both the ground substance and proteins (fibers) create the matrix for CT. Connective tissues are derived from the mesenchyme.
Types of fibers:
Tissue
Purpose
Components
Location
Collagenous fibers Bind bones and other tissues to each other Alpha polypeptide chains tendon, ligament, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, gut, and intervertebral disc.
Elastic fibers Allow organs like arteries and lungs to recoil Elastic microfibril and elastin extracellular matrix
Reticular fibers Form a scaffolding for other cells Type III collagen liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs
Function[edit]
Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions that depend on the types of cells and the different classes of fibers involved. Loose and dense irregular connective tissue, formed mainly by fibroblasts and collagen fibers, have an important role in providing a medium for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from capillaries to cells, and carbon dioxide and waste substances to diffuse from cells back into circulation. They also allow organs to resist stretching and tearing forces. Dense regular connective tissue, which forms organized structures, is a major functional component of tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses, and is also found in highly specialized organs such as the cornea.[14]:161 Elastic fibers, made from elastin and fibrillin, also provide resistance to stretch forces.[14]:171 They are found in the walls of large blood vessels and in certain ligaments, particularly in the ligamenta flava.[14]:173
In hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues, reticular fibers made by reticular cells provide the stroma—or structural support—for the parenchyma—or functional part—of the organ.[14]:171
Mesenchyme is a type of connective tissue found in developing organs of embryos that is capable of differentiation into all types of mature connective tissue.[15] Another type of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue is mucous connective tissue, found inside the umbilical cord.[14]:160
Various types of specialized tissues and cells are classified under the spectrum of connective tissue, and are as diverse as brown and white adipose tissue, blood, cartilage and bone.[14]:158 Cells of the immune system, such as macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells and eosinophils are found scattered in loose connective tissue, providing the ground for starting inflammatory and immune responses upon the detection of antigens.[14]:161
Aging[edit]
Aging-related disorders in connective tissue-rich organs are common and cause major disabilities in the elderly. The production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species appears to be a major determinant of aging (see Free radical theory of aging). Ordinarily mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) protects against oxidative stress. Mutant mice with a connective tissue conditional deficiency for (SOD2) have an accelerated aging phenotype.[16] This aging phenotype includes weight loss, skin atrophy, kyphosis (curvature of the spine), osteoporosis, muscle degeneration and reduced life span.
Clinical significance[edit]
Main article: Connective tissue disease
There are many types of connective tissue disorders, such as:
Connective tissue neoplasms including sarcomas such as hemangiopericytoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in nervous tissue.
Congenital diseases include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.
Myxomatous degeneration – a pathological weakening of connective tissue.
Mixed connective tissue disease – a disease of the autoimmune system, also undifferentiated connective tissue disease.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – a major autoimmune disease of connective tissue
Scurvy, caused by a deficiency of vitamin C which is necessary for the synthesis of collagen.
Staining of connective tissue[edit]
For microscopic viewing, most of the connective tissue staining-techniques, colour tissue fibers in contrasting shades. Collagen may be differentially stained by any of the following:
Van Gieson's stain
Masson's trichrome stain
Mallory's trichrome stain
Aniline blue stain
Eosin
Reticulin stain
See also[edit]
Endometrium
Fascia
Parametrium
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "Connective Tissue Study Guide". 2 January 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Dorland, W. A. Newman (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 1931. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Mathews, M. B. (1975). Connective Tissue, Macromolecular Structure Evolution. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York. link.
Jump up ^ Aterman, K. (1981). Connective tissue: An eclectic historical review with particular reference to the liver. Histochem. J. 13: 341-396. link.
Jump up ^ Shostak, Stanley. "Connective Tissues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Carol Mattson Porth; Glenn Matfin (1 October 2010). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-1-58255-724-3. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Potter, Hugh. "The Connective Tissues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Caceci, Thomas. "Connective Tisues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ King, David. "Histology Intro". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Granulation Tissue Definition". Memidex. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Di Lullo; G. A. (2002). "Mapping the Ligand-binding Sites and Disease-associated Mutations on the Most Abundant Protein in the Human, Type I Collagen". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (6): 4223–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110709200. PMID 11704682.
Jump up ^ Xu, H.; et al. (2008). "Monitoring Tissue Engineering Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 106 (6): 515–527. doi:10.1263/jbb.106.515. PMID 19134545.
Jump up ^ Laclaustra, M.; et al. (2007). "Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology: The role of adiposetissue". Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 17 (2): 125–139. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2006.10.005. PMID 17270403.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ross M, Pawlina W (2011). Histology: A Text and Atlas (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 158–197. ISBN 978-0-7817-7200-6.
Jump up ^ Young B, Woodford P, O'Dowd G (2013). Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas (6th ed.). Elsevier. p. 65. ISBN 978-0702047473.
Jump up ^ Treiber N, Maity P, Singh K, Kohn M, Keist AF, Ferchiu F, Sante L, Frese S, Bloch W, Kreppel F, Kochanek S, Sindrilaru A, Iben S, Högel J, Ohnmacht M, Claes LE, Ignatius A, Chung JH, Lee MJ, Kamenisch Y, Berneburg M, Nikolaus T, Braunstein K, Sperfeld AD, Ludolph AC, Briviba K, Wlaschek M, Florin L, Angel P, Scharffetter-Kochanek K (April 2011). "Accelerated aging phenotype in mice with conditional deficiency for mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in the connective tissue". Aging Cell. 10 (2): 239–54. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00658.x. PMID 21108731.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Connective tissues.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Connective Tissue
Overview at kumc.edu
UIUC Histology Subject 230
Connective tissue atlas at uiowa.edu
Questions and Answers about Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue - US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
Connective Tissue Photomicrographs
[show]
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Biological tissues
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Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Plants
Dermal tissue: Epidermis
Cuticle
Pavement cell
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Subsidiary cell
Periderm
Phellem
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Vascular tissue: Phloem
Sieve tube
Companion cell
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Phloem parenchyma
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Xylem fiber
Xylem parenchyma
Ground tissue: Parenchyma
Aerenchyma
Chlorenchyma
Mesophyll
Pith
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Sclereid
Fiber
Meristematic tissue: Primary
Protoderm
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Category
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[show]
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Connective tissue
Physiology
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Cells
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text:
Empty calorie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Granulated sugar supplies energy, but no nutrition other than calories
In human nutrition, the term empty calories applies to foods and beverages composed primarily or solely of sugar, fats or oils, or alcohol-containing beverages. An example is carbonated soft drinks. These supply food energy but little or no other nutrition in the way of vitamins, minerals, protein, fiber, or essential fatty acids. Fat contributes nine calories per gram, ethanol seven calories, sugar four calories. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) advises, "A small amount of empty calories is okay, but most people eat far more than is healthy."[1] The phrase is derived from low nutrient density, which is the proportion of nutrients in a food relative to its energy content.[2]
The error of considering energy foods as adequate nutrition was first scientifically demonstrated by François Magendie by experiments on dogs and described in his Précis élementaire de Physiologie. He showed that only sugar, or only olive oil, or only butter, each led to the death of his test animals in 30 to 40 days.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Examples
2 Impact on other nutrients
3 Allowable intake without impacting health
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Examples[edit]
The following foods are often considered[4][5][6][7] to contain mostly empty calories and may lead to weight gain:
Sugar: cake, cookies, sweets, candy, soft drinks, fruit-flavored sweet beverages and other foods containing mostly added sugars (including High-fructose corn syrup).
Fat: margarine, shortening and other fats and oils. (Although some consumption of certain fatty acids is essential to health, as those cannot be synthesized.)
Alcohol: beer, wine, hard spirits and other alcoholic beverages. While moderate amounts can lead to weight gain, chronic consumption of large amounts of alcohol can lead to weight loss because alcoholic liver disease is characterized by an increased metabolic rate and impaired muscle protein synthesis, resulting in sarcopenia.[8]
Impact on other nutrients[edit]
The 'empty calories' argument is that a diet high in added sugar will reduce consumption of foods that contain essential nutrients. One review reported that for increases in consumption of added sugars, nutrients at most risk for inadequacy were vitamins E, A, C, and magnesium. For these, nutrient intake was less with each 5% increase in added sugars intake.[9]
A diet high in alcohol can have the same effect. According to one review, "Micronutrient deficiencies occur in patients with ALD (alcoholic liver disease) because the major proportion of calories derived from alcohol lack minerals and vitamins. Specific emphasis is necessary for zinc, vitamin D, thiamine, folate, cyanocobalamin, and selenium." People with ALD also display sarcopenia - muscle wasting - but it is not clear if this is due to chronic low protein intake or the disease, which is known to inhibit muscle protein synthesis.[8]
Allowable intake without impacting health[edit]
Food energy intake must be balanced with activity to maintain a proper body weight. Sedentary individuals and those eating less to lose weight may suffer malnutrition if they eat food supplying empty calories but not enough nutrients.[10][11] In contrast, people who engage in heavy physical activity need more food energy as fuel, and so can have a larger amount of calorie-rich, essential nutrient-poor foods. Dietitians and other healthcare professionals prevent malnutrition by designing eating programs and recommending dietary modifications according to patient's needs.[12][13]
The USDA advises the following levels of empty calorie consumption as an upper limit for individuals who engage in moderate exercise, defined as 30 minutes or less daily.[14]
Gender
Age (years)
Total daily calorie needs
Daily limit for empty calories
Male 2-3 1000 135
4-8 1200-1400 120
9-13 1800 160
14-18 2200 265
19-30 2400 330
31-50 2200 265
51+ 2000 260
Female 2-3 1000 135
4-8 1200-1400 120
9-13 1600 120
14-18 1800 160
19-30 2000 260
31-50 1800 160
51+ 1600 120
See also[edit]
Junk food
References[edit]
Jump up ^ What are empty calories?
Jump up ^ Marion Nestle and Malden Nesheim (2013) Why Calories Count: From Science to Politics, page 3, ISBN 0520952170
Jump up ^ Magendie, F. (1816) "Sur les propriétés nutritives des substances qui ne contiennent pas d’ azote", Annales de Chimie (ser. 2) 3:66-77, 408–410.
Jump up ^ "What are Empty Calories?". Choosemyplate.gov. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Beware-Empty-Calories". Webmd.com. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Definition Of Empty Calories". Livestrong.Com. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Which foods have empty calories?". Caloriecount.about.com. 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Dasarathy S (2016). "Nutrition and Alcoholic Liver Disease: Effects of Alcoholism on Nutrition, Effects of Nutrition on Alcoholic Liver Disease, and Nutritional Therapies for Alcoholic Liver Disease". Clin Liver Dis. 20 (3): 535–50. PMC 4934388  . PMID 27373615. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2016.02.010.
Jump up ^ Marriott BP, Olsho L, Hadden L, Connor P (2010). "Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 50 (3): 228–58. PMID 20301013. doi:10.1080/10408391003626223.
Jump up ^ "Healthy Weight: Caloric Balance | DNPAO | CDC". Cdc.gov. 2011-10-31. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
Jump up ^ "A Healthier You - Chapter 6. Calories + Nutrients = Food". Health.gov. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Dietitians and Nutritionists : Occupational Outlook Handbook : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". Bls.gov. 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Vitamin and Nutrient Information from the Academy". Eatright.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Empty Calories: How Many Empty Calories Can I Have?". USDA MyPlate 2011. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
External links[edit]
"Adequate Nutrients Within Calorie Needs". Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. Retrieved 2006-05-09.
"Nutrient-dense food vs. empty-calorie food". Calorie Counter. Retrieved 2006-05-09.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empty_calorie&oldid=803008608"
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