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The Natural (film)
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The Natural
Promotional poster of The Natural
Directed by
Barry Levinson
Produced by
Mark Johnson
Screenplay by
Roger Towne
Phil Dusenberry
Based on
The Natural
by Bernard Malamud
Starring
Robert Redford
Robert Duvall
Glenn Close
Kim Basinger
Wilford Brimley
Barbara Hershey
Robert Prosky
Richard Farnsworth
Music by
Randy Newman
Cinematography
Caleb Deschanel
Edited by
Stu Linder
Production
company
TriStar Pictures
Distributed by
TriStar Pictures
Release date
May 11, 1984 (1984-05-11)
Running time
137 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$28 million
Box office
$47,951,979
The Natural is a 1984 American sports drama film adaptation of Bernard Malamud's 1952 baseball novel of the same name, directed by Barry Levinson and starring Robert Redford, Glenn Close, and Robert Duvall. The film, like the book, recounts the experiences of Roy Hobbs, an individual with great "natural" baseball talent, spanning decades of Roy's success and his suffering. It was the first film produced by TriStar Pictures.
The film was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Supporting Actress (Glenn Close), and nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress (Kim Basinger). Many of the baseball scenes were filmed in Buffalo, New York's War Memorial Stadium, built in 1937 and demolished a few years after the film was produced. Buffalo's All-High Stadium stood in for Chicago's Wrigley Field in a key scene.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Reception
4.2 Awards and honors
5 Home video
6 Soundtrack
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
A young Roy Hobbs plays baseball with his father on the family farm. Roy's father dies suddenly under a tree. That tree is split in half by lightning, and Roy carves a baseball bat from it. He burns a lightning bolt on the barrel and calls it Wonderboy.
In 1923, Hobbs, now 19 years old, is travelling by train to a pitching try out for the Chicago Cubs. At a stopover, Hobbs is challenged to strike out 'The Whammer' (Babe Ruth), the top hitter in the Majors. Sportswriter Max Mercy, travelling with Whammer, draws a picture of the event.
Hobbs also encounters Harriet Bird, who becomes smitten with him after he strikes out Whammer. Bird lures Hobbs to her hotel room and shoots him before she commits suicide. It is revealed that Bird kills top athletes, having already murdered an Olympian and an American football star, using silver bullets.
In 1939, Hobbs, now a 35-year-old, is signed by a scout to the New York Knights, frustrating the team's manager and co-owner, Pop Fisher. With the Knights mired in last place, Pop is angry over being saddled with a "middle-aged" rookie.
Unused for weeks, Hobbs finally gets to be a pinch hitter during a game where he replaces team star "Bump" Bailey, whose careless play cost the Knights a lead. Hobbs literally knocks the cover off the baseball, winning the Knights' first game in weeks. When Bump dies after crashing through an outfield fence, Hobbs becomes the league's sensation, turning the Knights' fortunes around.
Hobbs' success prompts Mercy to try to unearth Hobbs' background. Hobbs is summoned to a meeting with the principal owner of the team, The Judge. The Judge has an agreement with Pop that if the Knights fail to win the pennant at the end of the season, Pop's share of the team reverts to the Judge. To ensure the team loses, the Judge bribed "Bump" to play poorly and had a scout sign unknown players like Hobbs.
When Hobbs refuses a $5,000 bribe to throw the season, gambler Gus Sands and the Judge send Memo Paris, Pop's niece and Bump's former girlfriend, to trick Hobbs. Mercy finally remembers where he had seen Hobbs before. Later, Mercy introduces Hobbs to Gus and Memo. Pop warns Hobbs that Memo is "bad luck," but they begin a relationship and Hobbs soon falls into a playing slump.
At Wrigley Field in Chicago, when a woman dressed in white rises in the stands, Hobbs sees her and promptly hits the game-winning home run. The woman is his childhood sweetheart, Iris. They meet later and Hobbs confides to her about the shooting and how he lost his way in life. Iris tells him she has a 16-year-old son, whose father lives in New York.
With Hobbs hitting again, the Knights surge into first place, needing just one more win to clinch the pennant. Hobbs again refuses a payoff from Gus to throw the game. Memo throws a party, where she hand feeds Hobbs a pastry, after which he collapses. Awakening in hospital a few days later, Hobbs learns the Knights have lost their last three games, setting up a one-game playoff against the Pittsburgh Pirates for the pennant. The doctor gives Hobbs the silver bullet found when they pumped his stomach, informing him that his stomach lining has been deteriorating and the physical strain of playing could kill him.
Memo encourages Hobbs to accept Gus' payoff, and The Judge quadruples the bribe. Hobbs refuses, but the Judge informs him he should take it, since he has also bribed another key team member. Hobbs later tells Iris that he feels responsible for failing to achieve his full potential, but she insists he is a great player. Before the final game, Pop tells Hobbs that he is the best hitter he ever saw. Hobbs realizes during the game that The Judge has bribed Fowler, the Knights' starting pitcher. Hobbs confronts him on the mound, warning him not to play poorly. Fowler replies he will start pitching when Hobbs starts hitting. Iris, in the stands with her son, asks an usher to deliver a message to Hobbs saying that she has brought Hobbs' son to watch him play.
The Knights are trailing and Hobbs comes up to bat. The Pirates bring in a young, hard-throwing pitcher who sees that Hobbs is bleeding through his jersey. Down to his last strike, Hobbs hits a foul ball so hard it splits "Wonderboy" in two, shaking his confidence. Bobby, the bat boy, brings Hobbs the "Savoy Special," the bat that Hobbs helped Bobby make. Hobbs hits the next pitch into the overhead lights, winning the pennant.
Some time later, Hobbs plays catch with his son on Iris' farm, as she looks on.
Cast[edit]
Robert Redford as Roy Hobbs
Robert Duvall as Max Mercy
Glenn Close as Iris Gaines
Kim Basinger as Memo Paris
Wilford Brimley as Pop Fisher
Barbara Hershey as Harriet Bird
Robert Prosky as The Judge
Richard Farnsworth as Red Blow
Joe Don Baker as "The Whammer"
Darren McGavin as Gus Sands
Michael Madsen as Bartholomew "Bump" Bailey
John Finnegan as Sam Simpson
Alan Fudge as Ed Hobbs
Ken Grassano as Al Fowler
Mike Starr as Boone
Mickey Treanor as Doc Dizzy
Jon Van Ness as John Olsen
Anthony J. Ferrara as Coach Wilson
George Wilkosz as Bobby Savoy
Paul Sullivan Jr. as Young Roy
Rachel Hall as Young Iris
Sibby Sisti as Pirates manager
Production[edit]
The film's producers stated in the DVD extras that the film was not intended to be a literal adaptation of the novel, but was merely "based on" the novel. Malamud's daughter said on one of the DVD extras that her father had seen the film, and his take on it was that it had "legitimized him as a writer".[1]
Darren McGavin was cast late in the process as gambler Gus Sands and was uncredited in the film. Due to a disagreement, he chose not to be credited, though later Levinson wanted to credit him and McGavin said no.[2][3] Levinson stated on the DVD extras for the 2007 edition that because there had been too little time during post-production to find a professional announcer willing and able to provide voice-over services, Levinson recorded that part of the audio track himself.[2]
Two-thirds of the scenes were filmed in Buffalo, New York, mostly at War Memorial Stadium,[4] built in 1937 and demolished a few years after the film was produced. Buffalo's All-High Stadium, with post-production alterations, stood in for Chicago's Wrigley Field in a key scene in the film.[5] Additional filming took place at the New York and Lake Erie Railroad depot in South Dayton, New York.[6]
Release[edit]
Reception[edit]
Variety called it an "impeccably made ... fable about success and failure in America".[7] James Berardinelli praised The Natural as "[a]rguably the best baseball movie ever made".[7] ESPN's Page 2 selected it as the 6th best sports movie of all time.[8] Sports writer Bill Simmons has argued, "Any 'Best Sports Movies' list that doesn't feature either Hoosiers or The Natural as the No. 1 pick shouldn't even count".[9]
Director Barry Levinson said on MLB Network's "Costas at the Movies" in 2013 that while the film is based in fantasy, "through the years, these things which are outlandish actually [happen] ... like Kirk Gibson hitting the home run and limping around the bases ... Curt Schilling with the blood on the sock in the World Series".[10]
Leonard Maltin's 18th annual Movie Guide edition called it "too long and inconsistent". Dan Craft, longtime critic for the Bloomington, Illinois paper, The Pantagraph,[11] wrote, "The storybook ending is so preposterous you don't know whether to cheer or jeer". Frank Deford in Sports Illustrated,[12] had faint praise for it: "The Natural almost manages to be a swell movie". John Simon of the National Review and Richard Schickel of Time were disappointed with the adaptation. Simon contrasted Malamud's story about the "failure of American innocence" with Levinson's "fable of success ... [and] the ultimate triumph of semi-doltish purity", declaring "you have, not Malamud's novel, but a sorry illustration of its theme".[13] Schickel lamented that "Malamud's intricate ending (it is a victory that looks like a defeat) is vulgarized (the victory is now an unambiguous triumph, fireworks included)", and that "watching this movie is all too often like reading about The Natural in the College Outline series".[14]
Roger Ebert called it "idolatry on behalf of Robert Redford".[15] Ebert's television collaborator Gene Siskel praised it, giving it four stars, also putting down other critics that he suggested might have just recently read the novel for the first time.[16]
In a lengthy article on baseball movies in The New Yorker, Roger Angell pointed out that Malamud had intentionally treated Hobbs' story as a baseball version of the King Arthur legend, which came across in the film as a bit heavy-handed, "portentous and stuffy", and that the book's ending should have been kept. He also cited a number of excellent visuals and funny bits, and noted that Robert Redford had prepared so carefully for the role, modeling his swing on that of Ted Williams, that "you want to sign him up".[17]
At the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, retrospectively compiled reviews from 38 critics give the film a score of 82%, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's consensus reads: "Though heavy with sentiment, The Natural is an irresistible classic, and a sincere testament to America's national pastime".[7]
Awards and honors[edit]
The Natural was nominated for four Academy Awards: Actress in a Supporting Role (Glenn Close), Cinematography (Caleb Deschanel), Art Direction (Mel Bourne, Angelo P. Graham, Bruce Weintraub), and Music (Randy Newman).[18] Kim Basinger was also nominated for Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress.[19]
Home video[edit]
The initial DVD edition, with copyright year on the box reading "2001", contained the theatrical version of the film, along with a few specials and commentaries.
The "director's cut" was released on April 3, 2007.[20] A two-disc edition, it contains the featurette "The Heart of the Natural," a 44-minute documentary featuring comments from Cal Ripken, Jr. and Levinson; it is the only extra released originally with the 2001 DVD. Sony added a number of other extras, however, including: "When Lightning Strikes: Creating The Natural," a 50-minute documentary discussing the origins of the original novel and the production of the film; "Knights in Shining Armor," which addresses the mythological parallels between The Natural, King Arthur and the Odyssey; and "A Natural Gunned Down" which tells the story of Eddie Waitkus, a baseball player who was shot by Ruth Ann Steinhagen, a female stalker, in an incident which inspired the fictionalized shooting of Roy Hobbs.[21] The film itself has been re-edited, restoring deleted footage to the early chapters of the story. These scenes expand on the sadness of Hobbs, focusing on his visits to his childhood home as an adult and his childhood memories.[21] The "gift set" version of the release also included some souvenirs: a baseball "signed" by Roy Hobbs; some baseball cards of Roy Hobbs and teammates; and a New York Knights cap.
Soundtrack[edit]
The film score of The Natural was composed and conducted by Randy Newman. The score has often been compared to the style of Aaron Copland and sometimes Elmer Bernstein. Scott Montgomery, writing for Goldmine music magazine, referenced the influence, and David Ansen, reviewing the film for Newsweek, called the score "Coplandesque."[22][23] The score also has certain Wagnerian features of orchestration and use of Leitmotif. Adnan Tezer of Monsters and Critics noted the theme is often played for film and television previews and in "baseball stadiums when introducing home teams and players."[21]
Levinson also described to Bob Costas in MLB Network's "Costas at the Movies" how he heard Randy Newman develop the movie’s iconic theme: "We were racing to try to get this movie out in time and we were in one room and then there was a wall and Randy's in the other room. One of the great thrilling moments is I heard him figuring out that theme...You could hear it through the wall as he was working out that theme and I'll never forget that."
The soundtrack album was released May 11, 1984 on the Warner Bros. label, with the logo for Tri-Star Pictures also appearing on the label to commemorate this as their first production.[24] All music was composed by Randy Newman.[25]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Film in the United States portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Janna Malamud Smith (daughter of Bernard Malamud) (April 3, 2007). When Lightning Strikes: Creating The Natural (Documentary). Sony Pictures Entertainment.
^ Jump up to: a b Barry Levinson (director) (April 3, 2007). When Lightning Strikes: Creating The Natural (Documentary). Sony Pictures Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Heldenfels, Rich (June 14, 2012). "Mailbag: Why do TV shows run longer than scheduled?". Akron Beacon-Journal. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Film Starring Redford To Be Shot in Buffalo". The New York Times. June 18, 1983. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Wrigley Field in Buffalo". buffalonews.com. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "South Dayton remembers filming of". WDOE. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Natural (1984)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Page 2's Top 20 Sports Movies of All-Time". ESPN.com. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Simmons, Bill. "Holy trilogy of the 'Karate Kid'". ESPN.com. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Barry Levinson, Costas at the Movies, MLB Network, February 11, 2013
Jump up ^ (May 19, 1984)
Jump up ^ (May 21, 1984, p. 71)
Jump up ^ Simon, John (July 13, 1984). "The Natural" (36). National Review: 51–2.
Jump up ^ Schickel, Richard (May 14, 1984). "The Natural". Time (123): 91.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1984). "The Natural". rogerebert.com. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ Siskel, Gene (May 11, 1984). "'The Natural': Redford scores in an uplifting celebration of the individual". Chicago Tribune. pp. D A1.
Jump up ^ Angell, Roger (July 31, 1989). "No, But I Saw The Game". The New Yorker: 41.
Jump up ^ "Academy Awards Database: The Natural (57th-1984)". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "NY Times: The Natural". NY Times. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "DVD - The Natural (Director's Cut)". Monsters and Critics.com, WotR Ltd. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tezer, Adnan (April 1, 2007). "DVD Review: The Natural (Director's Cut)". Monsters and Critics.com, WotR Ltd. Archived from the original on January 21, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ Montgomery, Scott; Gary Norris; Kevin Walsh (September 1, 1995). "The Invisible Randy Newman". 21 (18). Goldmine. Archived from the original on August 17, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2008. The Natural, a 1984 Robert Redford vehicle based on the classic Bernard Malamud novel about a baseball player, features some of Newman's most inspiring movie music — his first score to feature synthesizers prominently in string arrangements. Leaning gently on Copland, Berlin and his uncle Al, the dramatic title theme (which has been heard in virtually every baseball-related film trailer since the movie's release) earned Newman both an Academy Award nomination for best soundtrack and a 1985 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental.
Jump up ^ Ansen, David (May 28, 1984). "The Natural". Newsweek.
Jump up ^ "Images for Randy Newman - The Natural". www.discogs.com.
Jump up ^ "The Natural (1984 Film) [SOUNDTRACK]". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 20, 2008.
External links[edit]
The Natural on IMDb
The Natural at Box Office Mojo
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Films directed by Barry Levinson
Diner (1982)
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Young Sherlock Holmes (1985)
Tin Men (1987)
Good Morning, Vietnam (1987)
Rain Man (1988)
Avalon (1990)
Bugsy (1991)
Toys (1992)
Jimmy Hollywood (1994)
Disclosure (1994)
Sleepers (1996)
Wag the Dog (1997)
Sphere (1998)
Liberty Heights (1999)
An Everlasting Piece (2000)
Bandits (2001)
Envy (2004)
Man of the Year (2006)
What Just Happened (2008)
PoliWood (2009)
You Don't Know Jack (2010)
The Bay (2012)
The Humbling (2014)
Rock the Kasbah (2015)
The Wizard of Lies (2017)
Paterno (2018)
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Grey matter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Grey matter (disambiguation).
Grey matter
The formation of the spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots. (Grey matter labeled at center right.)
Micrograph showing grey matter, with the characteristic neuronal cell bodies (dark shade of pink), and white matter with its characteristic fine meshwork-like appearance (left of image - lighter shade of pink). HPS stain.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Substantia grisea
MeSH
D066128
TA
A14.1.00.002
FMA
67242
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries. Grey matter is distinguished from white matter in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axon tracts.[1] The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.[2]
Contents
1 Structure
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 History
4.1 Etymology
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Grey matter refers to unmyelinated neurons and other cells of the central nervous system. It is present in the brain, brainstem and cerebellum, and present throughout the spinal cord.
Grey matter is distributed at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex) and of the cerebellum (cerebellar cortex), as well as in the depths of the cerebrum (thalamus; hypothalamus; subthalamus, basal ganglia – putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens; septal nuclei), cerebellar (deep cerebellar nuclei – dentate nucleus, globose nucleus, emboliform nucleus, fastigial nucleus), brainstem (substantia nigra, red nucleus, olivary nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei).
Grey matter in the spinal cord is known as the grey column which travels down the spinal cord distributed in three grey columns that are presented in an "H" shape. The forward-facing column is the anterior grey column, the rear-facing one is the posterior grey column and the interlinking one is the lateral grey column. The grey matter on the left and right side is connected by the grey commissure. The grey matter in the spinal cord consists of interneurons, as well as the cell bodies of projection neurons.
Diagram of a spinal vertebra. The grey matter is in the central part of the spinal cord.
Cross-section of spinal cord with grey matter labelled.
Grey matter undergoes development and growth throughout childhood and adolescence.[3] Recent studies using cross-sectional neuroimaging have shown that by around the age of 8 the volume of grey matter begins to decrease.[4] However, the density of grey matter appears to increase as a child develops into early adulthood.[4] Males tend to exhibit grey matter of increased volume but lower density than that of females.
Function[edit]
Grey matter contains most of the brain's neuronal cell bodies. The grey matter includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control, and sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision making, and self-control.[5]
The grey matter in the spinal cord is split into three grey columns:
The anterior grey column contains motor neurons. These synapse with interneurons and the axons of cells that have travelled down the pyramidal tract. These cells are responsible for the movement of muscles.
The posterior grey column contains the points where sensory neurons synapse. These receive sensory information from the body, including fine touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion. This information is then transmitted in axons up the spinal cord in spinal tracts, including the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract and the spinothalamic tract.
The lateral grey column is the third column of the spinal cord.
The grey matter of the spinal cord can be divided into different layers, called Rexed laminae. These describe, in general, the purpose of the cells within the grey matter of the spinal cord at a particular location.
Interneurons present in the grey matter of the spinal cord
Rexed laminae groups the grey matter in the spinal cord according to its function.
Clinical significance[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2017)
High alcohol consumption has been correlated with significant reductions in grey matter volume.[6][7] Short-term cannabis use (30 days) is not correlated with changes in white or grey matter.[8] However, several cross-sectional studies have shown that repeated long-term cannabis use is associated with smaller grey matter volumes in the hippocampus, amygdala, medial temporal cortex, and prefrontal cortex, with increased grey matter volume in the cerebellum.[9][10][11] Long-term cannabis use also alters white matter integrity in an age-dependent manner,[12] with heavy cannabis use during adolescence and early adulthood causing the greatest amount of damage.[13]
Meditation has been shown to change grey matter structure.[14][15][16][17][18]
Habitual playing of action video games has been reported to promote a reduction of grey matter in the hippocampus while 3D platformer games have been reported to increase grey matter in the hippocampus.[19][20][21][22]
Women and men with equivalent IQ scores have differing proportions of grey to white matter in cortical brain regions associated with intelligence.[23]
Pregnancy renders substantial changes in brain structure, primarily reductions in gray matter volume in regions subserving social cognition. The gray matter reductions endured for at least 2 years post-pregnancy.[24]
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
In the current edition[25] of the official Latin nomenclature, Terminologia Anatomica, substantia grisea is used for English grey matter. The adjective grisea for grey is however not attested in classical Latin.[26] The adjective grisea is derived from the French word for grey, gris.[26] Alternative designations like substantia cana [27] and substantia cinerea[28] are being used alternatively. The adjective cana, attested in classical Latin,[29] can mean grey,[26] or greyish white.[30] The classical Latin cinerea means ash-coloured.[29]
Additional images[edit]
Human brain right dissected lateral view
Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V).
See also[edit]
Grey matter heterotopia
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Tessner KD, Toga AW (November 2001). "Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex: Inverse relationships during postadolescent brain maturation". The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 (22): 8819–29. PMID 11698594.
^ Jump up to: a b Gennatas ED, Avants BB, Wolf DH, Satterthwaite TD, Ruparel K, Ciric R, Hakonarson H, Gur RE, Gur RC (May 2017). "Age-Related Effects and Sex Differences in Gray Matter Density, Volume, Mass, and Cortical Thickness from Childhood to Young Adulthood". The Journal of Neuroscience. 37 (20): 5065–5073. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3550-16.2017. PMC 5444192. PMID 28432144.
Jump up ^ Miller AK, Alston RL, Corsellis JA (1980). "Variation with age in the volumes of grey and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres of man: measurements with an image analyser". Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 6 (2): 119–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1980.tb00283.x. PMID 7374914.
Jump up ^ Yang X, Tian F, Zhang H, Zeng J, Chen T, Wang S, Jia Z, Gong Q (July 2016). "Cortical and subcortical gray matter shrinkage in alcohol-use disorders: a voxel-based meta-analysis". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 66: 92–103. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.034. PMID 27108216.
Jump up ^ Xiao P, Dai Z, Zhong J, Zhu Y, Shi H, Pan P (August 2015). "Regional gray matter deficits in alcohol dependence: A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 153: 22–8. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.030. PMID 26072220.
Jump up ^ Thayer RE, YorkWilliams S, Karoly HC, Sabbineni A, Ewing SF, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE (December 2017). "Structural neuroimaging correlates of alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents and adults". Addiction. 112 (12): 2144–2154. doi:10.1111/add.13923. PMC 5673530. PMID 28646566.
Jump up ^ Lorenzetti V, Lubman DI, Whittle S, Solowij N, Yücel M (September 2010). "Structural MRI findings in long-term cannabis users: what do we know?". Substance Use & Misuse. 45 (11): 1787–808. doi:10.3109/10826084.2010.482443. PMID 20590400.
Jump up ^ Matochik JA, Eldreth DA, Cadet JL, Bolla KI (January 2005). "Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 77 (1): 23–30. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.06.011. PMID 15607838.
Jump up ^ Yücel M, Solowij N, Respondek C, Whittle S, Fornito A, Pantelis C, Lubman DI (June 2008). "Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use". Archives of General Psychiatry. 65 (6): 694–701. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.6.694. PMID 18519827.
Jump up ^ Jakabek D, Yücel M, Lorenzetti V, Solowij N (October 2016). "An MRI study of white matter tract integrity in regular cannabis users: effects of cannabis use and age". Psychopharmacology. 233 (19–20): 3627–37. doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4398-3. PMID 27503373.
Jump up ^ Becker MP, Collins PF, Lim KO, Muetzel RL, Luciana M (December 2015). "Longitudinal changes in white matter microstructure after heavy cannabis use". Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 16: 23–35. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.004. PMC 4691379. PMID 26602958.
Jump up ^ Kurth F, Luders E, Wu B, Black DS (2014). "Brain Gray Matter Changes Associated with Mindfulness Meditation in Older Adults: An Exploratory Pilot Study using Voxel-based Morphometry". Neuro. 1 (1): 23–26. doi:10.17140/NOJ-1-106. PMC 4306280. PMID 25632405.
Jump up ^ Hölzel BK, Carmody J, Vangel M, Congleton C, Yerramsetti SM, Gard T, Lazar SW (January 2011). "Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density". Psychiatry Research. 191 (1): 36–43. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006. PMC 3004979. PMID 21071182.
Jump up ^ Kurth F, MacKenzie-Graham A, Toga AW, Luders E (January 2015). "Shifting brain asymmetry: the link between meditation and structural lateralization". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 10 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu029. PMC 4994843. PMID 24643652.
Jump up ^ Fox KC, Nijeboer S, Dixon ML, Floman JL, Ellamil M, Rumak SP, Sedlmeier P, Christoff K (June 2014). "Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 43: 48–73. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016. PMID 24705269.
Jump up ^ Hölzel BK, Carmody J, Evans KC, Hoge EA, Dusek JA, Morgan L, Pitman RK, Lazar SW (March 2010). "Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 5 (1): 11–7. doi:10.1093/scan/nsp034. PMC 2840837. PMID 19776221.
Jump up ^ "Habitual players of action video games have less grey matter in their brain, study reveals". news-medical.net. 8 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Playing action video games can actually harm your brain". umontreal.ca. 1 May 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Collins K. "Video games can either grow or shrink part of your brain, depending on how you play". qz.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
Jump up ^ West GL, Zendel BR, Konishi K, Benady-Chorney J, Bohbot VD, Peretz I, Belleville S (5 May 2018). "Playing Super Mario 64 increases hippocampal grey matter in older adults". PLOS One. 12 (12): e0187779. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187779. PMC 5718432. PMID 29211727.
Jump up ^ Haier RJ, Jung RE, Yeo RA, Head K, Alkire MT (March 2005). "The neuroanatomy of general intelligence: sex matters". NeuroImage. 25 (1): 320–7. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.11.019. PMID 15734366.
Jump up ^ Hoekzema E, Barba-Müller E, Pozzobon C, Picado M, Lucco F, García-García D, Soliva JC, Tobeña A, Desco M, Crone EA, Ballesteros A, Carmona S, Vilarroya O (February 2017). "Pregnancy leads to long-lasting changes in human brain structure". Nature Neuroscience. 20 (2): 287–296. doi:10.1038/nn.4458. PMID 27991897. Archived from the original on 2017-12-03.
Jump up ^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). Terminologia Anatomica. Stuttgart: Thieme
^ Jump up to: a b c Triepel H (1910). Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen (3rd ed.). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
Jump up ^ Triepel H (1910). Nomina Anatomica. Mit Unterstützung von Fachphilologen. Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
Jump up ^ Schreger CH (1805). "Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur". In Fürth. Bureau für Literatur.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis CT, Short C (1879). A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Jump up ^ Stearn WT (1983). Charles D, ed. Botanical Latin. History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary (3rd ed.). London: Newton Abbot.
External links[edit]
Why Gray Matter is Gray
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v
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e
Nervous tissue
CNS
Tissue Types
Grey matter
White matter
Projection fibers
Association fiber
Commissural fiber
Lemniscus
Nerve tract
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Postganglionic nerve fibers)
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nerve fibers
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Sensory neuron
GSA
GVA
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fibers
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Ib or Golgi or Aα
II or Aβ and Aγ
III or Aδ or fast pain
IV or C or slow pain
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GSE
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Postsynaptic density
Autapse
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Sensory receptors
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The spinal cord
General features
Cervical enlargement
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Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Cauda equina
Meninges
Central canal
Terminal ventricle
Grey columns
Posterior grey column
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Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain
Frontal lobe
Superolateral
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
8
Middle frontal gyrus
9
10
46
Inferior frontal gyrus: 11
47-Pars orbitalis
Broca's area
44-Pars opercularis
45-Pars triangularis
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Precentral
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Medial/inferior
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
Medial frontal gyrus
8
9
Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area
12
Straight gyrus
11
Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex
10
11
12
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
10
Subcallosal area
25
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital sulcus
Precentral
Paracentral lobule
4
Paracentral sulcus
Both
Primary motor cortex
4
Premotor cortex
6
Supplementary motor area
6
Supplementary eye field
6
Frontal eye fields
8
Parietal lobe
Superolateral
Superior parietal lobule
5
7
Inferior parietal lobule
40-Supramarginal gyrus
39-Angular gyrus
Parietal operculum
43
Intraparietal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Paracentral lobule
1
2
3
5
Precuneus
7
Marginal sulcus
Both
Postcentral gyrus/Primary somatosensory cortex
1
2
3
Secondary somatosensory cortex
5
Posterior parietal cortex
7
Occipital lobe
Superolateral
Occipital pole of cerebrum
Lateral occipital gyrus
18
19
Lunate sulcus
Transverse occipital sulcus
Medial/inferior
Visual cortex
17
Cuneus
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Temporal lobe
Superolateral
Transverse temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex
41
42
Superior temporal gyrus
38
22/Wernicke's area
Middle temporal gyrus
21
Superior temporal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Fusiform gyrus
37
Medial temporal lobe
27
28
34
35
36
Inferior temporal gyrus
20
Inferior temporal sulcus
Interlobar
sulci/fissures
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Central (frontal+parietal)
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Medial/inferior
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Callosal sulcus
Limbic lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
anterior
Entorhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Postrhinal cortex
Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
Prepyriform area
Cingulate cortex/gyrus
Subgenual area
25
Anterior cingulate
24
32
33
Posterior cingulate
23
31
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex
26
29
30
Hippocampal formation
Hippocampal sulcus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Rhinal sulcus
Other
Indusium griseum
Uncus
Amygdala
Insular cortex
Insular cortex
General
Operculum
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.
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Today (BBC Radio 4)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Today
Other names
Today programme
Genre
News, current events, and factual
Running time
Weekdays: 06:00–09:00
Saturday: 07:00–09:00
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Language(s)
English
Home station
BBC Radio 4
Hosted by
John Humphrys
Sarah Montague
Justin Webb
Mishal Husain
Nick Robinson
Announcer
Basil Gray
Edited by
Sarah Sands
Recording studio
Broadcasting House (1957–97, Dec 2012–)
BBC Television Centre (1997 – Dec 2012)
Original release
28 October 1957 – present
Website
www.bbc.co.uk/today
Today (often referred to as "the Today programme" to avoid ambiguity) is BBC Radio 4's long-running early morning news and current affairs programme, now broadcast from 6:00 am to 9:00 am Monday to Friday, and 7:00 am to 9:00 am on Saturdays. It is also the most popular programme on Radio 4 and one of the BBC's most popular programmes across its radio networks.[1] It consists of regular news bulletins, serious and often confrontational political interviews, in-depth reports and Thought for the Day. Today has been voted the most influential news programme in Britain in setting the political agenda.[2] The programme has around 7 million listeners per week.[3][4] It was voted the Best National Speech Breakfast Show at the 2016 Radio Academy Awards.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Notable features
2.1 Message boards
2.2 Guest editors
3 Controversy
4 Criticism
5 Presenters
5.1 Current
5.2 Former
6 Newsreaders
6.1 BBC
6.2 Freelance
7 Notable editors
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Today was launched on the BBC's Home Service on 28 October 1957 as a programme of "topical talks" to give listeners a morning alternative to light music. It was named by Isa Benzie who together with Janet Quigley were the programme's founders. Benzie volunteered to lead the programme and she served as its first de facto editor.[6] It was initially broadcast as two 20-minute editions slotted in around the existing news bulletins and religious and musical items. In 1963 it became part of the BBC's Current Affairs department, and it started to become more news-orientated. The two editions also became longer, and by the end of the 1960s it had become a single two-hour-long programme that enveloped the news bulletins and the religious talk that had become Thought for the Day in 1970.[7] Radio 4 controller Ian McIntyre cut it back to two parts in 1976–78 (creating a gap which was filled by Up to the Hour), but it was swiftly returned to its former position.
Jack de Manio[8] became its principal presenter in 1958. He was held in affection by listeners, but became notorious for on-air gaffes (announcing a documentary on Nigeria titled 'The Land of Niger' as 'The Land of Nigger', and referring to Yoko Ono as "Yoko Hama, or whatever her name is", for instance).[9] In 1970 the programme format was changed so that there were two presenters each day. De Manio left in 1971, and in the late 1970s the team of John Timpson and Brian Redhead became established. Timpson had been critical of the content, style and professionalism of Today—describing it once as "not so much a programme, more a way of telling the time" and being filled with "eccentric octogenarians, prize pumpkins, and folk who ate lightbulbs and spiders".[10]
John Timpson: Presenter 1970–86
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, under editors Ken Goudie and Julian Holland, Today made moves to broaden its appeal away from broadcasting a lot of national politics with London-centric bias. Presentation was split for a time between London, usually by John Timpson, and from Manchester, usually by Brian Redhead. The objective was to make it more of a balanced, national programme. The on-air humour of the two presenters and the split of locations made the programme very popular and influential. Brian Redhead was quoted, "If you want to drop a word in the ear of the nation, then this is the programme in which to do it."[11] This pairing lasted until Timpson's retirement in 1986. Other presenters during this period included Libby Purves in the late 1970s. John Humphrys and Sue MacGregor joined the rotating list of presenters in 1986. Peter Hobday who had first broadcast on the programme in the 1950s was a regular presenter from the early 80s and a favourite with listeners because of his relaxed, urbane style.
By this time the programme was benefiting from publicity gained after it became known that Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was a regular listener. Ministers thus became keen to go on the programme, but the tough, confrontational interviewing they encountered led to accusations that the BBC was biased. Criticism was particularly directed against Redhead, who was often seen as being on the left. Chancellor Nigel Lawson accused him of having been a Labour voter all his life during a live interview,[12] in 1988. The style of the male interviewers was analysed and contrasted with the approach of MacGregor, who was alleged to be giving subjects an easier time. The 'Big 8.10' interview that follows the 8 o'clock news had become an important institution of British politics, a position it retains.[13][14]
After Brian Redhead died in January 1994, James Naughtie became a member of the team. Peter Hobday presented the programme regularly until 1996; Sarah Montague replaced MacGregor in 2002.
Justin Webb: Presenter 2009–present
Carolyn Quinn was a regular presenter until 2008 as was Edward Stourton until 2009. Other more occasional presenters include the BBC's Stephen Sackur and Tim Franks.[15] Evan Davis and Justin Webb[16] were the newest regular presenters to join the roster until Mishal Husain in 2013. Husain became the second regular female presenter when James Naughtie began to cover the Scottish Independence referendum as a Good Morning Scotland presenter for two days a week, and across the BBC's output. Naughtie returned to Today before the 2015 general election.[17]
On 7 July 2015, the BBC announced that James Naughtie was to leave the programme, to become a Special Correspondent for BBC Radio 4.[18] Two days later, Nick Robinson was announced as Naughtie's replacement.[19]
Notable features[edit]
Today regularly holds an end-of-year poll. For many years this took the form of write-in votes for the Man and Woman of the Year. This was stopped after an episode of organised vote-rigging in 1990, but was soon revived as a telephone vote for a single Personality of the Year. A further episode of vote-rigging, in favour of Tony Blair in 1996, forced the programme-makers to consider more innovative polling questions. In 2004 listeners nominated candidates for a peerage, in 2005 the question was set of "Who Runs Britain?" (though this, too, turned out to be rigged). Recent years have also included nominations for a "Listener's Law" (which an MP agreed to sponsor as a parliamentary bill, although he did not support the winning nomination, which he thought was not appropriate), and, in 2006, nominations were sought for the law that listeners would most like to see repealed.
In Thought for the Day, featured since 1970, a speaker reflects on topical issues from a theological viewpoint, the editorial responsibility lying with BBC's Religion and Ethics Department (a point often made on the Today programme).[20] Notable contributors to the slot have included Rabbi Lionel Blue, the academic Elaine Storkey, the Sikh Indarjit Singh and Richard Harries, the former Bishop of Oxford. Over the years the slot has featured an increasing number of speakers from religions other than Christianity, though Christian speakers remain in a substantial majority. In August 2002 University of Oxford professor Richard Dawkins gave a non-religious humanist thought for the day; however, this did not replace the regular thought and was broadcast an hour later as an alternative thought.
In 1983 the long-running "Prayer for the Day", which had always gone on air at 6.50am, was moved to 6.25am and replaced by a "Business News" slot. It was later moved, out of Today against protest from listeners, to 5.43am where it is still received by an appreciative audience.
The programme has a regular slot for sports news and items, 'Sports Desk', between 26 and 30 minutes past each hour, regularly presented by Garry Richardson, Jonathan Legard or Rob Bonnet and occasionally by Alison Mitchell, Karthi Gnanasegaram or Chris Dennis.[21] If Parliament is in session the previous day there will be a summary at about 06:50 (Yesterday in Parliament[22]) presented by two from Robert Orchard, David Wilby,[23] Rachel Hooper and Susan Hulme.[24]
Journalist and historian Peter Hennessy has made an assertion, in one of his books,[25] that a test that the commander of a British nuclear-missile submarine must use to determine whether the UK has been the target of a nuclear attack (in which case he has sealed orders which may authorise him to fire his nuclear missiles in retaliation), is to listen for the presence of Today on Radio 4's frequencies. If a certain number of days (said to be three) pass without the programme being broadcast, that is to be taken as evidence that the orders must be executed. The true conditions are of course secret, and Hennessy has never revealed his sources for this story, leading Paul Donovan, author of a book about Today, to express some scepticism about it.[26] However, the longwave signal of Radio 4 is capable of penetrating to surface depths where submarines can rise, although it does not have the range required to be heard at this depth far from the UK's coastal waters.
Message boards[edit]
In 2001 the Today Programme created a system of message boards[27] allowing the users of its web site to challenge thinking on current affairs with all those contributing. Available statistics indicate the amassing, over five years, of up to 18,000 separate discussions – topic threads – sometimes with as many as 3,000 contributions per thread. However, on 16 November 2006 the programme changed its board policy so that only the producers of Today could start a thread, but all contributors could still join in with them. This action appeared to have been unattractive[28] to past contributors and, it seems, many stopped dealing with Today in favour of other outlets.[29] After the changes there were fewer contributions, but, on occasion, contributions made by the public were featured on-air in the Today programme. Message boards dedicated to the Today programme were discontinued around mid-2008 and listeners were invited to use the general BBC 'Have Your Say' board.[30]
Guest editors[edit]
Further information: List of Today programme guest editors
Beginning in 2003, for over one week at the end of December, guest editors have been invited to commission items for one edition of the programme. These usually reflect their social or cultural interests and at the end of each edition the guest editor is interviewed by a member of the regular presenting team about the experience. Guest editors participating in the inaugural year of this feature were Monica Ali, Thom Yorke, Stephen Hawking, and Norman Tebbit, who is a frequent critic of the programme. Since its inception, notable guest editors have included: David Blunkett, who used the programme as an opportunity to 'turn the tables' on John Humphrys in 2005; Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, whose appearance on 29 December 2006 encompassed discussions of his growing concerns about the 'justification' for the invasion of Iraq, Britain's role in the affair, and the consequences for British armed forces; and Peter Hennessy, who, on 28 December 2007, led a visit to HMS Vigilant (a British Trident submarine) alongside its base at Faslane. The likes of Queen Noor of Jordan (2005), Bono (2004) and Sarah, Duchess of York (2004) have also pitched in for this one-day editorial stint to promote their causes and interests.
Controversy[edit]
Today found itself in the midst of controversy again in 2002, when its editor Rod Liddle wrote a column in The Guardian that was extremely critical of the Countryside Alliance and which raised questions about his own impartiality. In the article, he wrote that catching "a glimpse of the forces supporting the Countryside Alliance: the public schools that laid on coaches; the fusty, belch-filled dining rooms of the London clubs that opened their doors, for the first time, to the protesters; the Prince of Wales and, of course, Camilla ... and suddenly, rather gloriously, it might be that you remember [why you voted Labour] once again." He eventually resigned from his post on Today.
In the summer of 2003, Today once again found itself at the centre of allegations of political bias, this time against a Labour government. The controversy arose after Today broadcast a report by its correspondent Andrew Gilligan. The report alleged that a dossier the British Government had produced to convince the British public of the need to invade Iraq was deliberately exaggerated, and that the government had known this prior to publishing it. In his live 2-way (interview with presenter John Humphrys), just after 6.07 a.m., Gilligan asserted that the Government "probably knew" that one of the main claims in its dossier "was wrong". Gilligan's anonymous source for the claim was Dr David Kelly, a key adviser on biological weapons who had worked in Iraq – though it was never established whether Dr Kelly had actually used the words Gilligan attributed to him.
Evan Davis: Presenter 2008–2014
In the furore that followed Gilligan's report, David Kelly's name became public and he was forced to appear before the Foreign Affairs Select Committee. Shortly afterward he was found dead having presumably committed suicide. In the ensuing public inquiry (the Hutton Inquiry), which reported in January 2004, the BBC was heavily criticised. This led to the resignation of the BBC's chairman Gavyn Davies and Director-General (equivalent to chief executive) Greg Dyke; Andrew Gilligan also resigned.
On Friday 5 November 2010, the programme failed to be transmitted due to 48-hour strike action at the BBC. Transmission continued the next day, in spite of ongoing industrial action, as Evan Davis and Sarah Montague decided to break the strike.[31] Justin Webb disclosed he would have taken the same action, had he been scheduled to present that day.[31]
Criticism[edit]
"Radio 4 on the whole is good for using serious female presenters, but the Today programme lets it down badly", commented former Today newsreader Alice Arnold early in 2013, pointing out that Sarah Montague was (then) the only female presenter among the regular presenters.[32] During 2010, editor Ceri Thomas acknowledged that the gender balance was not ideal, but faced criticism for saying in an interview that the programme was not going to be the "first place you'll see those changes because it's just too tough an environment for novices, frankly."[33] Radio 4 presenter Mariella Frostrup described the men involved in running the programme in an interview as "a bunch of misogynists",[34] but later retracted this statement by saying she had been "careless" in her vocabulary.[35]
In 2011, Guardian journalist Kira Cochrane and colleagues researched the female–male ratio in the British media for a month. Concerning Today they found 83.5% of the contributors were male and the remaining 16.5% female.[36] The issue was thought important enough for culture minister Ed Vaizey to request a meeting with the BBC in January 2012,[37] and for Director-General George Entwistle, at the start of his brief period in charge of the BBC, to advocate that the next new Today presenter should be female.[38]
An interview with David Cameron conducted by John Humphrys in 2006 received 200 complaints concerning Humphrys' aggressive approach and "excessive" interruptions.[39] Ceri Thomas became the programme's editor shortly afterwards, and was asked about this issue. "I'm not going to rule out the confrontational interview as it is on occasion necessary... [A]ll the evidence we've got shows that the audience is overwhelmingly behind John Humphrys in general and support our right to do [this] kind of interviews."[39]
In an article decrying the BBC's attitude to science reporting, Guardian science columnist Martin Robbins wrote of the Today programme in 2012:
The Today programme claims to be serious, but seems to work on the basis that the best way to enlighten viewers is to take two people and force them into a sort of intellectual-masturbation death match. Graham Linehan appeared on the show last year to discuss his adaptation of The Ladykillers and found himself ambushed by questions that weren't just hostile, but sometimes completely bizarre.[40]
Suzanne Moore believes the format is "tired and goes nowhere" and commented on her reluctance to participate: "Life's too short for Today".[41] After a debate about abortion with Mehdi Hasan on Today she thought that: "We ended up talking over each other – neither mine or Hasan's finest hour, to be honest."[41]
Expert Women's Days, intended by the BBC as a training exercise intended in part to increase the number of female interviewees on Today, took place in several locations in 2013.[42]
Presenters[edit]
Current[edit]
Years
Presenter
Current role
1987–present John Humphrys Main presenter
2001–present Sarah Montague
2003–present Justin Webb
2013–present Mishal Husain
2015–present Nick Robinson
Former[edit]
Jack de Manio (1958–71)
Robert Hudson (1964–68)
John Timpson (1964, 1970–76, 1978–86)
Robert Robinson (1971–74)
Barry Norman (1974–76)
Desmond Lynam (1974–75)
Paul Barnes (1975–77)
Brian Redhead (1975–93)
Gillian Reynolds (1976)
Nigel Rees (1976–78)
Libby Purves (1978–81)
Peter Hobday (1983–96)
Jenni Murray (1985–87)
Sue MacGregor (1984–2002)
Anna Ford (1993–99)
Andrew Marr (2005-2014)
Edward Stourton (1999–2009)
Carolyn Quinn (2004–08)
Evan Davis (2007–14)
James Naughtie (1994–2015)
Newsreaders[edit]
BBC[edit]
Chris Aldridge
Corrie Corfield
Caroline Nicholls
Neil Sleat
Zeb Soanes
Freelance[edit]
Kathy Clugston
Susan Rae
Notable editors[edit]
Jenny Abramsky (1986–87)
Phil Harding (1987–93)
Roger Mosey (1993–97)
Rod Liddle (1998–2002)
Kevin Marsh (2002–06)
Ceri Thomas (2006-12)
Sarah Sands (2017–present)[43]
See also[edit]
BBC portal
Radio portal
Greatest Painting in Britain Vote, a Today listener poll in 2005
PM, Radio 4's early evening stablemate to the Today programme
The World at One, Radio 4's afternoon stablemate to the Today programme
The World Tonight, Radio 4's late evening stablemate to the Today programme
Roundabout East Anglia, BBC East's regional opt-out from the Today programme in the 1970s
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Wogan's listenership close to 8m". BBC News. 2 February 2006.
Jump up ^ "BBC News tops MPs' survey". BBC Newswatch. 14 April 2005.
Jump up ^ "Rajar radio figures round-up: Radio 4's Today loses 300,000 listeners following departure of Jim Naughtie". Press Gazette (Press release). Progressive Media International. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016. According to figures released by Rajar, it had an average reach of 6.8m listeners per week in the first three months of this year compared with 7.1m in the first quarter of 2015.
Jump up ^ Sherwin, Adam (2016-08-04). "Brexit effect helps BBC Radio 4 Today programme win record audience". Today’s weekly audience soared to 7.35m listeners [...] The figure exceeded the programme’s previous record high of 7.18m in 2011, according to figures from listening bureau, Rajar.
Jump up ^ ARIAS - the winners![permanent dead link]. The Radio Academy (19 October 2016).
Jump up ^ Paul Donovan, ‘Benzie, Isa Donald (1902–1988)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 4 March 2017
Jump up ^ Lizzie Clifford "Thought for the Day’: Beyond the god-of-the-slots", Ekklesia [c.2009]
Jump up ^ Jack de Manio. Radio Academy.
Jump up ^ Hugh Chignell (2 September 2011). Public Issue Radio: Talks, News and Current Affairs in the Twentieth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-230-34645-1.
Jump up ^ Hendy, David (2007). Life on Air: A History of Radio Four. Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780199248810.
Jump up ^ Today Programme. BBC Press Office. October 2007.
Jump up ^ Michael Leapman Obituary: Brian Redhead, The Independent, 24 January 1994
Jump up ^ Zoe Williams (3 April 2010). "When Newsnight got a wife". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Elisabeth Mahoney (10 January 2012). "Radio review: Today interview". theguardian.com.
Jump up ^ Biographies: Tim Franks. BBC Press Office. January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Justin Webb joins Radio 4's Today programme presenting team" (Press release). BBC. 26 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Jason Deans and Josh Halliday "BBC's Mishal Husain to join Today", The Guardian, 16 July 2013
Jump up ^ "James Naughtie appointed Special Correspondent for Radio 4". Media Centre.
Jump up ^ "Nick Robinson to become a presenter on BBC Radio 4's Today programme". Media Centre.
Jump up ^ BBC Religion and Ethics. BBC.
Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 – Today. BBC (1 January 1970).
Jump up ^ "Westminster to your ears". BBC News (13 May 2004).
Jump up ^ David Wilby Archived 10 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Susan Hulme Archived 10 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Peter Hennessy. The Secret State: Whitehall and the Cold War, 1945–1970. Allen Lane, The Penguin Press. 256 pages. ISBN 0-7139-9626-9
Jump up ^ Paul Donovan: All Our Todays: Forty Years of Radio 4's "Today" Programme.London, Jonathan Cape, 1997. ISBN 0-224-04358-7 (revised paperback edition is ISBN 0-09-928037-X)
Jump up ^ Today Programme Message Board. BBC.
Jump up ^ Haines, Lester. (10 November 2006) BBC in Radio 4 messageboard punch-up. The Register.
Jump up ^ James St George. Jamesstgeorge.proboards32.com.
Jump up ^ Have Your Say. BBC News (1 January 1970).
^ Jump up to: a b Hastings, Chris (7 November 2010). "Dragons' Den star defies BBC strikers: Furious row as Evan Davis crosses the picket line to keep news show on air". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Alison Roberts "Alice Arnold: You look at men of a certain age on TV and think: 'If you were a woman, you wouldn’t be there'", London Evening Standard, 8 January 2013
Jump up ^ John Plunkett "Radio 4's Today editor under fire over comments on female presenters", The Guardian, 31 March 2010. See also Ceri Thomas "BBC Radio 4: the fog of gender war", The Guardian, 5 April 2010 where he responded to the criticism.
Jump up ^ Alastair Jamieson "Radio 4 Today programme 'run by misogynists' says Mariella Frostrup", The Daily Telegraph, 26 May 2010
Jump up ^ Andrew Hough "Mariella Frostrup: BBC Radio 4 presenter 'regrets misogynists jibe'", The Daily Telegraph, 2 June 2010
Jump up ^ Kira Cochrane "Why is British public life dominated by men?" The Guardian, 4 December 2011
Jump up ^ Christopher Hope "Eight out of 10 guests and presenters on 'Today' programme are men, complains minister", The Daily Telegraph, 24 January 2012
Jump up ^ "BBC boss: next Today programme presenter should be a woman", The Daily Telegraph, 19 September 2012
^ Jump up to: a b James Silver "'Humphrys could see me off too'", The Guardian, 10 April 2006
Jump up ^ Robbins, Martin (26 January 2012). "The BBC's problem with science". The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b Suzanne Moore "Today programme debates are petty, dishonest and put people off politics", The Guardian, 17 October 2012
Jump up ^ Maggie Brown "BBC to hold Expert Women's Days in Salford, Glasgow and Cardiff", The Guardian, 18 March 2013
Jump up ^ Grierson, Jamie (30 January 2017). "Sarah Sands named editor of BBC Radio 4's Today programme". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Today programme.
Official website
Today at BBC Programmes
All Our Todays: Forty Years of Radio 4's "Today" Programme. Book review
Thought for the Day official site
Luckhurst, Tim (27 October 2007). "Today... 50 today!". The Independent. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007.
The Today Programme – Review and analysis at the Journalism Now! project
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Good Morning Ulster (BBC Radio Ulster since 1975)
Steve & Karen's Breakfast Show (various since 1999)
Former
The Radio 2 Breakfast Show (1967-93)
Wake Up to Wogan (BBC Radio 2 1993–2009)
Hirsty's Daily Dose (Capital Yorkshire 2003–2014)
Simon Bates at Breakfast (Smooth Radio (2011–2014)
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1957 radio programme debuts
BBC Radio 4 programmes
British radio breakfast shows
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