text:
Glasses
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the short story by Henry James, see Glasses (short story).
For other uses, see Glass, Glass (disambiguation), and Spectacle (disambiguation).
Glasses
A modern pair of prescription reading glasses
[edit on Wikidata]
Glasses, also known as eyeglasses or spectacles, are devices consisting of glass or hard plastic lenses mounted in a frame that holds them in front of a person's eyes, typically using a bridge over the nose and arms which rest over the ears.
Glasses are typically used for vision correction, such as with reading glasses and glasses used for nearsightedness.
Safety glasses provide eye protection against flying debris for construction workers or lab technicians; these glasses may have protection for the sides of the eyes as well as in the lenses. Some types of safety glasses are used to protect against visible and near-visible light or radiation. Glasses are worn for eye protection in some sports, such as squash.
Glasses wearers may use a strap to prevent the glasses from falling off during movement or sports. Wearers of glasses that are used only part of the time may have the glasses attached to a cord that goes around their neck, to prevent the loss of the glasses and breaking.
Sunglasses allow better vision in bright daylight, and may protect one's eyes against damage from high levels of ultraviolet light. Typical sunglasses are darkened for protection against bright light or glare; some specialized glasses are clear in dark or indoor conditions, but turn into sunglasses when in bright light. Most sunglasses do not have corrective power in the lenses; however, special prescription sunglasses can be ordered.
Specialized glasses may be used for viewing specific visual information, for example 3D glasses for 3D films (stereoscopy). Sometimes glasses are worn purely for fashion or aesthetic purposes. Even with glasses used for vision correction, a wide range of fashions are available, using plastic, wire, and other materials.
People are more likely to need glasses the older they get with 93% of people between the age of 65-75 wearing corrective lenses.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Corrective
1.2 Safety
1.3 Sunglasses
1.4 3D glasses
1.5 Magnification (bioptics)
1.6 Yellow-tinted computer/gaming glasses
1.7 Anti-glare protection glasses
2 Frames
2.1 Parts
2.2 Temple types
2.3 Materials
2.3.1 Plastic and polymer
2.3.2 Metal
2.3.3 Natural material
3 Corrective lens shape
4 History
4.1 Precursors
4.2 Invention
4.2.1 Other claims
4.3 Later developments
4.4 In fashion
5 Society and culture
5.1 Market
5.2 Redistribution
5.3 Fashion
5.3.1 Personal image
5.3.2 Styles
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Types[edit]
Glasses can be marked or found by their primary function, but also appear in combinations such as prescription sunglasses or safety glasses with enhanced magnification.
Corrective[edit]
Main articles: Corrective lens and Refractive error
Seattle skyline as seen through a corrective lens, showing the effect of refraction
Corrective lenses are used to correct refractive errors by bending the light entering the eye in order to alleviate the effects of conditions such as nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hypermetropia) or astigmatism. The ability of one's eyes to accommodate their focus to near and distant focus alters over time. A common condition in people over forty years old is presbyopia, which is caused by the eye's crystalline lens losing elasticity, progressively reducing the ability of the lens to accommodate (i.e. to focus on objects close to the eye). Few people have a pair of eyes that show exactly equal refractive characteristics; one eye may need a "stronger" (i.e. more refracting) lens than the other.
Corrective lenses bring the image back into focus on the retina. They are made to conform to the prescription of an ophthalmologist or optometrist. A lensmeter can be used to verify the specifications of an existing pair of glasses. Corrective eyeglasses can significantly improve the life quality of the wearer. Not only do they enhance the wearer's visual experience, but can also reduce problems that result from eye strain, such as headaches or squinting.
The most common type of corrective lens is "single vision", which has a uniform refractive index. For people with presbyopia and hyperopia, bifocal and trifocal glasses provide two or three different refractive indices, respectively, and progressive lenses have a continuous gradient.
Reading glasses provide a separate set of glasses for focusing on close-by objects. Reading glasses are available without prescription from drugstores, and offer a cheap, practical solution, though these have a pair of simple lenses of equal power, so will not correct refraction problems like astigmatism or refractive or prismatic variations between the left and right eye. For total correction of the individual's sight, glasses complying to a recent ophthalmic prescription are required.
Adjustable-focus eyeglasses might be used to replace bifocals or trifocals, or might be used to produce cheaper single-vision glasses (since they don't have to be custom-manufactured for every person).
Pinhole glasses are a type of corrective glasses that do not use a lens. Pinhole glasses do not actually refract the light or change focal length. Instead, they create a diffraction limited system, which has an increased depth of field, similar to using a small aperture in photography. This form of correction has many limitations that prevent it from gaining popularity in everyday use. Pinhole glasses can be made in a DIY fashion by making small holes in a piece of card which is then held in front of the eyes with a strap or cardboard arms.
Safety[edit]
See also: Eye protection
Safety glasses with side shields
Safety glasses are worn to protect the eyes in different situations. They are made with break-proof plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris or other matter. Construction workers, factory workers, machinists and lab technicians are often required to wear safety glasses to shield the eyes from flying debris or hazardous splatters such as blood or chemicals. As of 2017, dentists and surgeons in Canada and other countries are required to wear safety glasses to protect against infection from patients' blood or other body fluids. There are also safety glasses for welding, which are styled like wraparound sunglasses, but with much darker lenses, for use in welding where a full sized welding helmet is inconvenient or uncomfortable. These are often called "flash goggles", because they provide protection from welding flash. Nylon frames are usually used for protection eyewear for sports because of their lightweight and flexible properties. Unlike most regular glasses, safety glasses often include protection beside the eyes as well as in front of the eyes.
Sunglasses[edit]
Main article: Sunglasses
Woman wearing sunglasses
Sunglasses provide improved comfort and protection against bright light and often against ultraviolet (UV) light. To properly protect the eyes from the dangers of UV light, sunglasses should have UV-400 blocker to provide good coverage against the entire light spectrum that poses a danger. [3] Photochromic lenses, which are photosensitive, darken when struck by UV light. The dark tint of the lenses in a pair of sunglasses blocks the transmission of light through the lens.
Light polarization is an added feature that can be applied to sunglass lenses. Polarization filters are positioned to remove horizontally polarized rays of light, which eliminates glare from horizontal surfaces (allowing wearers to see into water when reflected light would otherwise overwhelm the scene). Polarized sunglasses may present some difficulties for pilots since reflections from water and other structures often used to gauge altitude may be removed. Liquid-crystal displays often emit polarized light making them sometimes difficult to view with polarized sunglasses. Sunglasses may be worn just for aesthetic purposes, or simply to hide the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that were popular for these reasons include teashades and mirrorshades. Many blind people wear nearly opaque glasses to hide their eyes for cosmetic reasons.
Sunglasses may also have corrective lenses, which requires a prescription. Clip-on sunglasses or sunglass clips can be attached to another pair of glasses. Some wrap-around sunglasses are large enough to be worn over top of another pair of glasses. Otherwise, many people opt to wear contact lenses to correct their vision so that standard sunglasses can be used.
3D glasses[edit]
Main article: 3D Viewers
The illusion of three dimensions on a two dimensional surface can be created by providing each eye with different visual information. 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions by filtering a signal containing information for both eyes. The signal, often light reflected off a movie screen or emitted from an electronic display, is filtered so that each eye receives a slightly different image. The filters only work for the type of signal they were designed for.
Anaglyph 3D glasses have a different colored filter for each eye, typically red and blue or red and green. A polarized 3D system on the other hand uses polarized filters. Polarized 3D glasses allow for color 3D, while the red-blue lenses produce an image with distorted coloration. An active shutter 3D system uses electronic shutters. Head-mounted displays can filter the signal electronically and then transmit light directly into the viewers eyes.
Anaglyph and polarized glasses are distributed to audiences at 3D movies. Polarized and active shutter glasses are used with many home theaters. Head-mounted displays are used by a single person, but the input signal can be shared between multiple units.
Magnification (bioptics)[edit]
Glasses can also provide magnification that is useful for people with vision impairments or specific occupational demands. An example would be bioptics or bioptic telescopes which have small telescopes mounted on, in, or behind their regular lenses. Newer designs use smaller lightweight telescopes, which can be embedded into the corrective glass and improve aesthetic appearance (mini telescopic spectacles). They may take the form of self-contained glasses that resemble goggles or binoculars, or may be attached to existing glasses.
Yellow-tinted computer/gaming glasses[edit]
Yellow tinted glasses are a type of glasses with a minor yellow tint. They perform minor color correction, on top of reducing headaches due to lack of blinking. They may also be considered minor corrective unprescribed glasses.[4] Depending on the company, these computer or gaming glasses can also filter out high energy blue and ultra-violet light from LCD screens, fluorescent lighting, and other sources of light. This allows for reduced eye-strain.[5] These glasses can be ordered as standard or prescription lenses that fit into standard optical frames.[6] Due to the ultra-violet light blocking nature of these lenses, they also help users sleep at night along with reducing age-related macular degeneration.[7][8]
Anti-glare protection glasses[edit]
Anti-glare protection glasses, or anti-reflective glasses, can reduce the reflection of light that enters our eyes. The lenses are given an anti-glare coating to prevent reflections of light under different lighting conditions. By reducing the amount of glare on your eyes, vision can be improved.[9] The anti-glare also applies to the outer glass, thus allowing for better eye contact.[9]
Frames[edit]
Glasses, c. 1920s, with springy cable temples
The ophthalmic frame is the part of a pair of glasses which is designed to hold the lenses in proper position. Ophthalmic frames come in a variety of styles, sizes, materials, shapes, and colors.[10]
Parts[edit]
pair of eye wires or rims surrounding and holding the lenses in place
bridge which connects the two eye wires
chassis, the combination of the eye wires and the bridge
top bar or brow bar, a bar just above the bridge providing structural support and/or style enhancement. The addition of a top bar makes a pair of glasses aviator eyeglasses
pair of brows or caps, plastic or metal caps which fit over the top of the eye wires for style enhancement and to provide additional support for the lenses. The addition of brows makes a pair of glasses browline glasses
pair of nose pads that allows a comfortable resting of the eye wires on the nose
pair of pad arms connects the nose pads to the eye wires
pair of temples (earpieces) on either side of the skull
pair of temple tips at the ends of the temples
pair of end pieces connects the eye wires via the hinges to the temples
pair of frame-front end pieces
pair of hinges connects the end pieces to the temples, allowing a swivel movement. Spring-loaded flex hinges are a variant that are equipped with a small spring that affords the temples a greater range of movement and does not limit them to the traditional, 90 degree angle. Repairs can be made by using Self Aligning Spring Hinge Screws. Use screw insertion pliers to push the tip beyond the first barrel of a spring hinge at a 45 degree angle and use a standard screwdriver to tighten. As the screw moves down the barrel, it will move to a 90 degree angle. When finished, use a plier to break off the excess.[11]
Temple types[edit]
Skull temples: bend down behind the ears, follow the contour of the skull and rest evenly against the skull
Library temples: generally straight and do not bend down behind the ears. Hold the glasses primarily through light pressure against the side of the skull
Convertible temples: used either as library or skull temples depending on the bent
Riding bow temples: curve around the ear and extend down to the level of the ear lobe. Used mostly on athletic, children’s, and industrial safety frames;
Comfort cable temples: similar to the riding bow, but made from a springy cable of coiled metal, sometimes inside a plastic or silicone sleeve. The tightness of the curl can be adjusted along its whole length, allowing the frame to fit the wearer's ear curve perfectly. Used for physically active wearers, children, and people with high prescriptions (heavy lenses).[12][13] See the image of 1920s frames above.
Materials[edit]
Plastic and polymer[edit]
Cellulose acetate
Optyl, a type of hypoallergenic material made especially for eyeglass frames. It features a type of elasticity that returns the material to its original shape.
Cellulose propionate, a molded, durable plastic
3D-printed plastic using super-fine polyamide powder and Selective Laser Sintering processes – see Mykita Mylon (It should also be noted that the frames can be 3-D printed by fused filament fabrication for pennies of ABS, PLA or nylon)[14]
Nylon
Metal[edit]
Gold
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Stainless steel
Titanium
Flexon
Natural material[edit]
Wood
Bone
Ivory
Leather
Semi-precious or precious stone
Corrective lens shape[edit]
Modern glasses with a rectangular lens shape
Corrective lenses can be produced in many different shapes from a circular lens called a lens blank. Lens blanks are cut to fit the shape of the frame that will hold them. Frame styles vary and fashion trends change over time, resulting in a multitude of lens shapes. For lower power lenses, there are few restrictions which allows for many trendy and fashionable shapes. Higher power lenses can cause distortion of peripheral vision and may become thick and heavy if a large lens shape is used. However, if the lens becomes too small, the field of view can be drastically reduced.
Bifocal, trifocal, and progressive lenses generally require a taller lens shape to leave room for the different segments while preserving an adequate field of view through each segment. Frames with rounded edges are the most efficient for correcting myopic prescriptions, with perfectly round frames being the most efficient. Before the advent of eyeglasses as a fashion item, when frames were constructed with only functionality in mind, virtually all eyeglasses were either round, oval, or curved octagons. It was not until glasses began to be seen as an accessory that different shapes were introduced to be more aesthetically pleasing than functional.
History[edit]
Precursors[edit]
Further information: Reading stone
Detail of a portrait of the Dominican Cardinal and renowned biblical scholar Hugh of Saint-Cher painted by Tommaso da Modena in 1352
Portrait of cardinal Fernando Niño de Guevara by El Greco circa 1600 shows glasses with temples passing over and beyond the ears
Scattered evidence exists for use of vision aid devices in Greek and Roman times, most prominently the use of an emerald by emperor Nero as mentioned by Pliny the Elder.[15]
The use of a convex lens to form an enlarged/magnified image was most likely described in Ptolemy's Optics (which however only survives in a poor Arabic translation). Ptolemy's description of lenses was commented upon and improved by Ibn Sahl (10th century) and most notably by Alhazen (Book of Optics, ca. 1021). Latin translations of Ptolemy's Optics and of Alhazen became available in Europe in the 12th century, coinciding with the development of "reading stones".
Robert Grosseteste's treatise De iride ("On the Rainbow"), written between 1220 and 1235, mentions using optics to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances". A few years later in 1262, Roger Bacon is also known to have written on the magnifying properties of lenses.[16] The development of the first eyeglasses took place in Northern Italy in the second half of the 13th century.[17]
Independently of the development of optical lenses, some cultures developed "sunglasses" for eye protection, without any corrective properties.[18] Thus, flat panes of smoky quartz, were used in 12th-century China.[a] Similarly, the Inuit have used snow goggles for eye protection.
Invention[edit]
The Glasses Apostle by Conrad von Soest (1403)
The first eyeglasses were made in Northern Italy, most likely in Pisa, by about 1290: In a sermon delivered on 23 February 1306, the Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa (ca. 1255–1311) wrote "It is not yet twenty years since there was found the art of making eyeglasses, which make for good vision... And it is so short a time that this new art, never before extant, was discovered. ... I saw the one who first discovered and practiced it, and I talked to him."[20]
Giordano's colleague Friar Alessandro della Spina of Pisa (d. 1313) was soon making eyeglasses. The Ancient Chronicle of the Dominican Monastery of St. Catherine in Pisa records: "Eyeglasses, having first been made by someone else, who was unwilling to share them, he [Spina] made them and shared them with everyone with a cheerful and willing heart."[21] By 1301, there were guild regulations in Venice governing the sale of eyeglasses.[22]
Seated apostle holding lenses in position for reading. Detail from Death of the Virgin, by the Master of Heiligenkreuz, ca. 1400–30 (Getty Center).
French Empire gilt scissors glasses (with one lens missing), c. 1805
The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses is Tommaso da Modena's 1352 portrait of the cardinal Hugh de Provence reading in a scriptorium. Another early example would be a depiction of eyeglasses found north of the Alps in an altarpiece of the church of Bad Wildungen, Germany, in 1403. These early glasses had convex lenses that could correct both hyperopia (farsightedness), and the presbyopia that commonly develops as a symptom of aging. It was not until 1604 that Johannes Kepler published the first correct explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia.[b]
Early frames for glasses consisted of two magnifying glasses riveted together by the handles so that they could grip the nose. These are referred to as "rivet spectacles". The earliest surviving examples were found under the floorboards at Kloster Wienhausen, a convent near Celle in Germany; they have been dated to circa 1400.[25]
Other claims[edit]
Claims that Salvino degli Armati of Florence invented eyeglasses have been exposed as hoaxes.[26][27]
Marco Polo is sometimes claimed to have encountered eyeglasses during his travels in China in the 13th century, however, no such statement appears in his accounts.[28][29] Indeed, the earliest mentions of eyeglasses in China occur in the 15th century and those Chinese sources state that eyeglasses were imported.[30]
It is also sometimes claimed that glasses were first invented in India. In 1907 Professor Berthold Laufer stated in his history of glasses that "the opinion that spectacles originated in India is of the greatest probability and that spectacles must have been known in India earlier than in Europe".[31] However, Joseph Needham showed that the mention of glasses in the manuscript Laufer used to justify the prior invention of them in Asia did not exist in older versions of that manuscript, and the reference to them in later versions was added during the Ming dynasty.[32] In a 1971 article in the British Journal of Ophthalmology it was argued that it: "...is therefore most likely that the use of lenses reached Europe via the Arabs, as did Hindu mathematics and the ophthalmological works of the ancient Hindu surgeon Susruta",[33] but all dates given are well after the existence of eyeglasses in Italy was established, and there had been significant shipments of eye glasses from Italy to the Middle East, with one shipment as large as 24,000 glasses.[34]
Later developments[edit]
A portrait of Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas, 1580–1645
Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States, was known to have poor vision.
The American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented bifocals. Serious historians have from time to time produced evidence to suggest that others may have preceded him in the invention; however, a correspondence between George Whatley and John Fenno, editor of The Gazette of the United States, suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and perhaps 50 years earlier than had been originally thought.[35] The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were designed by the British astronomer George Airy in 1825.[36]
Over time, the construction of frames for glasses also evolved. Early eyepieces were designed to be either held in place by hand or by exerting pressure on the nose (pince-nez). Girolamo Savonarola suggested that eyepieces could be held in place by a ribbon passed over the wearer's head, this in turn secured by the weight of a hat. The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was developed some time before 1727, possibly by the British optician Edward Scarlett. These designs were not immediately successful, however, and various styles with attached handles such as "scissors-glasses" and lorgnettes were also fashionable from the second half of the 18th century and into the early 19th century.
In the early 20th century, Moritz von Rohr and Zeiss (with the assistance of H. Boegehold and A. Sonnefeld[37]), developed the Zeiss Punktal spherical point-focus lenses that dominated the eyeglass lens field for many years. In 2008, Joshua Silver designed eyewear with adjustable corrective glasses. They work by silicone liquid, a syringe, and a pressure mechanism.[38]
Despite the increasing popularity of contact lenses and laser corrective eye surgery, glasses remain very common, as their technology has improved. For instance, it is now possible to purchase frames made of special memory metal alloys that return to their correct shape after being bent. Other frames have spring-loaded hinges. Either of these designs offers dramatically better ability to withstand the stresses of daily wear and the occasional accident. Modern frames are also often made from strong, light-weight materials such as titanium alloys, which were not available in earlier times.
In fashion[edit]
A Woman in fashion glasses
In the 1930s, "spectacles" were described as "medical appliances."[39] Wearing spectacles was sometimes considered socially humiliating. In the 1970s, fashionable glasses started to become available through manufacturers, and the government also recognized the demand for stylized eyewear.[39]
Graham Pullin describes how devices for disability, like glasses, have traditionally been designed to camouflage against the skin and restore ability without being visible.[39] In the past, design for disability has "been less about projecting a positive image as about trying not to project an image at all."[39] Pullin uses the example of spectacles, traditionally categorized as a medical device for "patients", and outlines how they are now described as eyewear: a fashionable accessory.[39] Much like other fashion designs and accessories, eyewear is created by designers, has reputable labels, and comes in collections, by season and designer.[39] It is becoming more common for consumers purchase eyewear with clear, non-prescription lenses, illustrating that glasses are no longer a social stigma, but a fashionable accessory that "frames your face."[39]
Society and culture[edit]
Market[edit]
The market for spectacles has been characterized as having highly inelastic demand, and advertising restrictions in the USA have correlated with higher prices, suggesting that adverts make the spectacles market more price-competitive.[40] It may also be monopolistically competitive.[citation needed]
There are claims that insufficiently free market competition inflates the prices of frames, which cost an average of $25-$50 US to make, to an average retail price of $300 in the United States. This claim is disputed by some in the industry.[41][42][43] (See also Luxottica#Criticism.)
Redistribution[edit]
Some organizations like Lions Clubs International,[44] Unite For Sight,[45] ReSpectacle,[46] and New Eyes for the Needy provide a way to donate glasses and sunglasses. Unite For Sight has redistributed more than 200,000 pairs.[47]
Fashion[edit]
Glasses - Decoration, Presi HQ, Budapest
Many people require glasses for the reasons listed above. There are many shapes, colors, and materials that can be used when designing frames and lenses that can be utilized in various combinations. Oftentimes, the selection of a frame is made based on how it will affect the appearance of the wearer. Some people with good natural eyesight like to wear eyeglasses as a style accessory.
Personal image[edit]
For most of their history, eyeglasses were seen as unfashionable, and carried several potentially negative connotations: wearing glasses caused individuals to be stigmatized and stereotyped as pious clergymen (as those in religious vocation were the most likely to be literate and therefore the most likely to need reading glasses), elderly, or physically weak and passive.[48][49] The stigma began to fall away in the early 1900s when the popular Theodore Roosevelt was regularly photographed wearing eyeglasses, and in the 1910s when popular comedian Harold Lloyd began wearing a pair of horn-rimmed glasses as the "Glasses" character in his films.[48][49]
Former United States senator Barry Goldwater in horn-rimmed glasses
Since, eyeglasses have become an acceptable fashion item and often act as a key component in individuals' personal image. Musicians Buddy Holly and John Lennon became synonymous with the styles of eye-glasses they wore to the point that thick, black horn-rimmed glasses are often called "Buddy Holly glasses" and perfectly round metal eyeglass frames called "John Lennon (or Harry Potter) Glasses." British comedic actor Eric Sykes was known in the United Kingdom for wearing thick, square, horn-rimmed glasses, which were in fact a sophisticated hearing aid that alleviated his deafness by allowing him to "hear" vibrations.[50] Some celebrities have become so associated with their eyeglasses that they continued to wear them even after taking alternate measures against vision problems: United States Senator Barry Goldwater and comedian Drew Carey continued to wear non-prescription glasses after being fitted for contacts and getting laser eye surgery, respectively.
Other celebrities have used glasses to differentiate themselves from the characters they play, such as Anne Kirkbride, who wore oversized, 1980s-style round horn-rimmed glasses as Deirdre Barlow in the soap opera Coronation Street, and Masaharu Morimoto, who wears glasses to separate his professional persona as a chef from his stage persona as Iron Chef Japanese. In 2012 some NBA players wear lensless glasses with thick plastic frames like horn-rimmed glasses during post-game interviews, geek chic that draws comparisons to Steve Urkel.[51][52]
In superhero fiction, eyeglasses have become a standard component of various heroes' disguises (as masks), allowing them to adopt a nondescript demeanor when they are not in their superhero persona: Superman is well known for wearing 1950s style horn-rimmed glasses as Clark Kent, while Wonder Woman wears either round, Harold Lloyd style glasses or 1970s style bug-eye glasses as Diana Prince. An example of the halo effect is seen in the stereotype that those who wear glasses are intelligent.
Styles[edit]
Young woman wearing eyeglasses
In the 20th century, eyeglasses came to be considered a component of fashion; as such, various different styles have come in and out of popularity. Most are still in regular use, albeit with varying degrees of frequency.
Browline glasses
Bug-eye glasses
Cat eye glasses
GI glasses
Horn-rimmed glasses
Lensless glasses
Goggles
Pince nez
Rimless glasses
Full-rimmed glasses
See also[edit]
Adjustable-focus eyeglasses
Baden-Powell's unilens
Eye examination
Eyeglass prescription
History of optics
Monocle
X-ray vision
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Chinese judges wore dark glasses to hide their facial expressions during court proceedings.[19]
Jump up ^ In his treatise Ad Vitellionem paralipomena [Emendations (or Supplement) to Witelo] (1604), Kepler explained how eyeglass lenses compensate for the distortions that are caused by presbyopia or myopia, so that the image is once again properly focused on the retina.[23][24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Collin, Liz. "Good Question: Why Do So Many Of Us Need Glasses?".
Jump up ^ "Newsroom".
Jump up ^ Solutions, Sun Sentinel Content. "Sunglasses not just an accessory in the Sunshine State". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
Jump up ^ Loria, Kevin. "Blue blocking glasses have become a popular way of protecting eyesight - but you probably don't need them". Blue blocking glasses. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Heiting, Gary. "Computer Eye Strain: 10 Steps For Relief". All about vision.com. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "BluTech Lenses – Technology, The story behind BluTech Lenses". BluTech Lenses.
Jump up ^ "Expert Healthy Vision & Eye Care Tips, News, Articles & Information – Essilor USA". essilorusa.com.
Jump up ^ "protect your vision". Blue light exposed.
^ Jump up to: a b "Anti-glare Coating". All about Vision.com. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Optical Course". OpticalCourse.com. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Self Aligning Spring Hinge".
Jump up ^ Cable Temples
Jump up ^ "Cable conversion temple covers". www.optiboard.com.
Jump up ^ Gwamuri, Jephias; Wittbrodt, Ben T.; Anzalone, Nick C.; Pearce, Joshua M. "Reversing the Trend of Large Scale and Centralization in Manufacturing: The Case of Distributed Manufacturing of Customizable 3-D-Printable Self-Adjustable Glasses". Challenges in Sustainability. 2 (1). doi:10.12924/cis2014.02010030.
Jump up ^ The Natural History, Book 37, Chpt.16. Pliny the Elder. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 1855
Jump up ^ "...Optics Highlights: II. Spectacles". University of Maryland, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
Jump up ^ Kriss, Timothy C; Kriss, Vesna Martich (April 1998). "History of the Operating Microscope: From Magnifying Glass to Microneurosurgery". Neurosurgery. 42 (4): 899–907. doi:10.1097/00006123-199804000-00116. PMID 9574655.
Jump up ^ Ament, Phil (4 December 2006). "Sunglasses History – The Invention of Sunglasses". The Great Idea Finder. Vaunt Design Group. Retrieved 2007-06-28.
Jump up ^ Needham 1962, p. 121.
Jump up ^ Ilardi 2007, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Ilardi 2007, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Ilardi 2007, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Ilardi 2007, p. 244.
Jump up ^ Ronchi, Vasco; Rosen, Edward (1991), Optics: The Science of Vision, Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, pp. 45–46
Jump up ^ "Rivet spectacles". www.college-optometrists.org. The College of Optometrists. 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Edward (1956), "The invention of eyeglasses", Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 11: 13–46 (part 1), 183–218 (part 2), doi:10.1093/jhmas/xi.2.183
Jump up ^ Ilardi 2007, pp. 13-18.
Jump up ^ Needham 1962, p. 119, footnote c.
Jump up ^ Hirschberg, Julius (1911), "Geschichte der Augenheilkunde" [History of Ophthamology], in Graef, Alfred K; Saemisch, Theodor, Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde [Handbook of all ophthalmology], 13, Leipzig, DE: Wilhelm Engelmann, p. 265
Jump up ^ Needham 1962, p. 119.
Jump up ^ Laufer, Berthold (1907) "Geschichte der Brille" (History of eyeglasses), Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften (Communications on the History of Medicine and the Sciences), 6 (4) : 379-385.
Jump up ^ "Science and Civilization in China Vol 4.1" (PDF). pp. 118–119. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Agarwal, R. K. (1971) "Origin of spectacles in India," British Journal of Ophthalmology, 55 (2) : 128-129. Available on-line at: National Center for Biotechnology Information
Jump up ^ Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes, Vincent Ilardi, American Philosophical Society 2007 pages 118 - 125
Jump up ^ "The 'Inventor' of Bifocals?". The College of Optometrists. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Bruen, Robert. "Sir George Biddell Airy". The Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge University. Robert Bruen. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Eyeglass Lenses and Visual Aids from Industrial Production". Zeiss. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
Jump up ^ "Adspecs Eyeglasses Could Provide Sight for a Billion". TreeHugger.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Pullin, Graham; et al. (2009). "Fashion Meets Discretion". Design Meets Disability. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 13–64. ISBN 9780262162555. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Lee Benham, "The Effect of Advertising on the Price of Eyeglasses," The Journal of Law and Economics 15, no. 2 (Oct. 1972): 337-352. [1]; fulltext
Jump up ^ "Does Luxottica Own 80% of the Eyeglass Industry?". snopes.com.
Jump up ^ "Why are glasses so expensive?". CBS News.
Jump up ^ "Sticker shock: Why are glasses so expensive?". 60 Minutes. CBS News. 7 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Lions Eyeglasses Recycling Facts, Lions Clubs International, retrieved 20 August 2008
Jump up ^ Donate Eyeglasses and Sunglasses, Unite For Sight, retrieved 20 August 2008
Jump up ^ The world's online database of high quality used glasses, ReSpectacle, retrieved 11 July 2017
Jump up ^ "Brick Award Winner: Jennifer Staple", People: do something, HowStuffWorks, 20 February 2007, retrieved 20 August 2008
^ Jump up to: a b "Understanding Three-Piece Mounting", Eyewear, Seiko, archived from the original on 28 October 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Lloyd, Annette (1996), The Fashion of Harold Lloyd
Jump up ^ Sykes, Eric (31 December 2004), "Comedy Great", News, BBC
Jump up ^ "Whacky NBA Playoff Fashion!". YouTube. Google. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
Jump up ^ Cacciola, Scott (14 June 2012), "NBA Finals: LeBron James, Dwyane Wade and Other Fashion Plates of the NBA Make Specs of Themselves", The Wall Street Journal (oline ed.), retrieved 2012-06-26
Bibliography[edit]
Ilardi, Vincent (2007), Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes, Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society .
Needham, Joseph (1962), "part 1", Science & Civilisation in China, IV, Cambridge, ENG, UK: Cambridge University Press .
External links[edit]
Listen to this article (info/dl)

This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Glasses" dated 2008-03-31, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
The dictionary definition of spectacles at Wiktionary
Media related to Glasses at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Glasses at Wikiquote
"Spectacles Gallery", Museum, British Optical Association .
"Spectacles", The Medieval Technology, NYU .
"Are Your Eyes Right", Popular Science (article), February 1944 , on eyes and how eyeglasses correct vision (page 120).
"Common Spectacles Styles before, during and after the Civil War", Archive.org (article), 2012 , Antique Eyeglasses in America.
Glasses Measurement Guide (infographics) , on how to measure glasses
[show]
v
t
e
Types of eyewear
Historical
Lorgnette
Monocle
Pince-nez
Scissors-glasses
Modern
Browline
Bug-eye
Cat eye
GI glasses
Goggles
Horn-rimmed
Lensless
Rimless
Sunglasses
Aviator
Glacier
Iggaak
Mirrored
Solar viewer
Shutter Shades
Teashades
Wayfarer
[show]
v
t
e
Headwear
Hats
caps
General
Asian conical
Baseball
Beanie
Bonnet
Beret
Bucket
Casquette
Cowboy
Cricket
Easter
Fedora
Fez
Flat
Gandhi
Knit
Kofia
Newsboy
Pillbox
Pork pie
Sombrero
Stormy Kromer
Straw
Sun
Top
Tricorne
Trucker
Ushanka
Military
Bearskin
Boonie
Campaign
Forage
Mitznefet
Peaked
Sailor
Side
Utility cover
Wrapped
Do-rag
Hood
Turban
Veil
Crowns and
bands
Astral
Circlet
Consort
Corolla
Coronation
Coronet
Diadem
Eastern
Ferronnière
Fillet
Hoop
Imperial
Makuṭa
"Queens"
State
Tiara
Wreath (laurel)
Helmets
Combat
Corinthian
Imperial
Barbute
Close
Great
Morion
Sallet
Advanced Combat
Enhanced Combat (US)
Flight
Mk 7
Paratrooper
Stahlhelm
Vocational
Firefighter
Hard hat
Welding
Sport
Batting
Bicycle
Football
Motorcycle
Racing
Other protective
Balaclava
Earmuffs
Earplug
Face shield
Facekini
Padded headgear
Scarf
Sports visor
Eyewear
Eyeglasses
Pince-nez
Browline
GI
Rimless
Monocle
Goggles
Sunglasses
Head-mounted display
Hairwear and
other items
Barrette
Deely bobber
Dush-toh
Hair drop
Hair tie
Hairnet
Headband
Headphones
Headpiece
Kerchief
Peineta
Scrunchie
Shpitzel
List of headwear
Authority control
GND: 4129978-4
LCCN: sh85046700
NARA: 10675278
NDL: 00562229
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glasses&oldid=842885102"
Categories:
Corrective lenses
Italian inventions
Protective gear
Sports equipment
Fashion accessories
Ophthalmology
Headgear
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
Use dmy dates from May 2018
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018
Spoken articles
Articles with hAudio microformats
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
贛語
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Кырык мары
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Napulitano
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Sardu
Scots
Seeltersk
Sesotho sa Leboa
Sicilianu
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Ślůnski
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Tsetsêhestâhese
Türkçe
Тыва дыл
Українська
اردو
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
文言
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
95 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 10:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Glass_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Glass (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Spectacle_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Spectacle (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Ultraviolet_light
mw-redirect
Ultraviolet light

values:
/wiki/Life_quality
mw-redirect
Life quality

values:
/wiki/Progressive_lenses
mw-redirect
Progressive lenses

values:
/wiki/Reading_glasses
mw-redirect
Reading glasses

values:
/wiki/Visible_light
mw-redirect
Visible light

values:
/wiki/Mirrorshades_(fashion)
mw-redirect
Mirrorshades (fashion)

values: Edit section: Yellow-tinted computer/gaming glasses

values: Edit section: Anti-glare protection glasses

values:
/wiki/Ray-Ban_Aviator
mw-redirect
Ray-Ban Aviator

values: Cellulose propionate (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Fused_Filament_Fabrication
mw-redirect
Fused Filament Fabrication

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Inuit_snow_goggles
mw-redirect
Inuit snow goggles

values: Alessandro della Spina (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Convex_lenses
mw-redirect
Convex lenses

values:
/wiki/Kloster_Wienhausen
mw-redirect
Kloster Wienhausen

values:
/wiki/Salvino_degli_Armati
mw-redirect
Salvino degli Armati

values:
/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo_y_Villegas
mw-redirect
Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas

values:
/wiki/The_Gazette_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
The Gazette of the United States

values:
/wiki/George_Airy
mw-redirect
George Airy

values:
/wiki/Contact_lenses
mw-redirect
Contact lenses

values:
/wiki/Memory_metal
mw-redirect
Memory metal

values:
/wiki/Inelastic_demand
mw-redirect
Inelastic demand

values:
/wiki/Price_competition
mw-redirect
Price competition

values:
/wiki/Monopolistically_competitive
mw-redirect
Monopolistically competitive

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Market_competition
mw-redirect
Market competition

values:
/wiki/Rimless_glasses
mw-redirect
Rimless glasses

values: Full-rimmed glasses (page does not exist)

values: -moz-column-width: 14em; -webkit-column-width: 14em; column-width: 14em;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://blutechlenses.com/technology/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.12924%2Fcis2014.02010030

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9574655

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fxi.2.183

values: Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
https://doi.org/10.1086/466740

values:
nofollow
http://www.respectacle.org/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 100px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 200px; position: relative;

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
float: left; margin-left: 5px;
floatnone

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

values: font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em; margin-left: 60px;

values:
/wiki/Shutter_Shades
mw-redirect
Shutter Shades

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Queens_Crown
mw-redirect
Queens Crown

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129978-4

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Glasses
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Glasses&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bril
Bril – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: نظارة – Arabic

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gafes
Gafes – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Акуляры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulleres
Ulleres – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Куçлăх – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbectol
Sbectol – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briller
Briller – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brille
Brille – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prillid
Prillid – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Γυαλιά – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gafas
Gafas – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunettes
Lunettes – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentes
Lentes – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gom
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoklo
Binoklo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacamata
Kacamata – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occhiali
Occhiali – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: משקפיים – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacamata
Kacamata – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಕನ್ನಡಕ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: სათვალე – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Көзілдірік – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miwani
Miwani – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Көз айнек – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brilles
Brilles – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiniai
Akiniai – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bril
Bril – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogiai
Ogiai – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values: မျက်မှန် – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bril
Bril – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: चश्मा – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acchiale
Acchiale – Neapolitan
nap
nap
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briller
Briller – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briller
Briller – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill
Brill – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochelari
Ochelari – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olleras
Olleras – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glesses
Glesses – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brille
Brille – Saterland Frisian
stq
stq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nso
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucchiali
Ucchiali – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okuliare
Okuliare – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryle
Bryle – Silesian
szl
szl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

values: Наочаре – Serbian

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasma
Tasma – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: தண்ணாடி – Tamil

values: Күзлек – Tatar

values: కళ్ళద్దాలు – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: แว่นตา – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv
display: none;

values: Окуляри для корекції вад зору – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipara
Antipara – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Glasses rootpage-Glasses skin-vector action-view