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Elizabeth II
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For other uses, see Elizabeth II (disambiguation).
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth in 2015
Queen of the United Kingdom and
the other Commonwealth realms[show]
Australia 1952–present
Canada 1952–present
New Zealand 1952–present
Jamaica 1962–present
Barbados 1966–present
The Bahamas 1973–present
Grenada 1974–present
Papua New Guinea 1975–present
Solomon Islands 1978–present
Tuvalu 1978–present
St. Lucia 1979–present
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines
1979–present
Belize 1981–present
Antigua and Barbuda 1981–present
St. Kitts and Nevis 1983–present
Pakistan 1952–1956
South Africa 1952–1961
Ceylon 1952–1972
Ghana 1957–1960
Nigeria 1960–1963
Sierra Leone 1961–1971
Tanganyika 1961–1962
Trinidad and Tobago 1962–1976
Uganda 1962–1963
Kenya 1963–1964
Malawi 1964–1966
Malta 1964–1974
The Gambia 1965–1970
Guyana 1966–1970
Mauritius 1968–1992
Fiji 1970–1987
Reign
6 February 1952 – present
Coronation
2 June 1953
Predecessor
George VI
Heir apparent
Charles, Prince of Wales
Prime Ministers
See list
Born
(1926-04-21) 21 April 1926 (age 91)
17 Bruton Street, Mayfair, London, England, UK
Spouse
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (m. 1947)
Issue
Detail
Charles, Prince of Wales
Anne, Princess Royal
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
Full name
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
House
Windsor
Father
George VI
Mother
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Signature
[show]Royal family of
the United Kingdom and the
other Commonwealth realms
HM The Queen
HRH The Duke of Edinburgh
HRH The Prince of Wales
HRH The Duchess of Cornwall
HRH The Duke of Cambridge
HRH The Duchess of Cambridge
HRH Prince George of Cambridge
HRH Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
HRH Prince Henry of Wales
HRH The Duke of York
HRH Princess Beatrice of York
HRH Princess Eugenie of York
HRH The Earl of Wessex
HRH The Countess of Wessex
HRH The Princess Royal
HRH The Duke of Gloucester
HRH The Duchess of Gloucester
HRH The Duke of Kent
HRH The Duchess of Kent
HRH Prince Michael of Kent
HRH Princess Michael of Kent
HRH Princess Alexandra
v
t
e
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926[a]) has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Additionally, she is Head of the Commonwealth and Queen of 12 countries that have become independent since her accession: Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.[b]
Elizabeth was born in London as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and she was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, with whom she has four children: Charles, Prince of Wales; Anne, Princess Royal; Prince Andrew, Duke of York; and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex.
Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and visits to or from five popes. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in world history. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch and head of state following the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.
Times of personal significance have included the births and marriages of her children, her coronation in 1953, and the celebration of milestones such as her Silver, Golden, and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012, respectively. In 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Moments of sorrow for her include the death of her father in 1952 at age 56; the assassination of Prince Philip's uncle Lord Mountbatten in 1979; the breakdown of her children's marriages in 1992 (her annus horribilis); the death in 1997 of her son's former wife, Diana, Princess of Wales; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the royal family; however, support for the monarchy remains high, as does her personal popularity.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Heir presumptive
2.1 Second World War
2.2 Marriage
3 Reign
3.1 Accession and coronation
3.2 Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth
3.3 Acceleration of decolonisation
3.4 Silver Jubilee
3.5 1980s
3.6 1990s
3.7 Golden Jubilee
3.8 Diamond and Sapphire Jubilees and after
4 Public perception and character
4.1 Finances
5 Titles, styles, honours, and arms
5.1 Titles and styles
5.2 Arms
6 Issue
7 Ancestry
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Early life
Princess Elizabeth aged three, April 1929
Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair.[2] She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[3][c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother.[5] Called "Lilibet" by her close family,[6] based on what she called herself at first,[7] she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.[8]
Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as "Crawfie".[9] Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music.[10] Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family.[11] The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.[12] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[13] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".[14]
Heir presumptive
Princess Elizabeth aged seven, painted by Philip de László, 1933
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as the Prince of Wales was still young. Many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own.[15] When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis.[16] Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. If her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession.[17]
Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College,[18] and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.[19] A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so that she could socialise with girls her own age.[20] Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger.[19]
In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States. As in 1927, when her parents had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain, since her father thought her too young to undertake public tours.[21] Elizabeth "looked tearful" as her parents departed.[22] They corresponded regularly,[22] and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May.[21]
Second World War
Elizabeth in Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War, which lasted until 1945. During the war, many of London's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham[23] that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[24] Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk.[25] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years.[26] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[27] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[28] She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."[28]
Princess Elizabeth (left, in uniform) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with (left to right) her mother Queen Elizabeth, Winston Churchill, King George VI, and Princess Margaret, 8 May 1945
In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.[29] As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[30] In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873.[31] She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later.[32][33]
At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret mingled anonymously with the celebratory crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[34]
During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for various reasons, which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd, at a time when Britain was at war.[35] Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[36] In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[37]
Princess Elizabeth went in 1947 on her first overseas tour, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."[38]
Marriage
Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh
Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and 1937.[39] They are second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After another meeting at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth – though only 13 years old – said she fell in love with Philip and they began to exchange letters.[40] She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[41]
The engagement was not without controversy; Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[42] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[43] Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother initially opposed the union, dubbing Philip "The Hun".[44] In later life, however, the Queen Mother told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[45]
Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[46] Just before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[47]
Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world.[48] Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell.[49] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[50] The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either.[51]
Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[52] A second child, Princess Anne, was born in 1950.[53]
Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,[48] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain.[54]
Reign
Accession and coronation
Main article: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
Coronation of Elizabeth II, 2 June 1953
During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.[55] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen.[56] Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course".[57] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[58] She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.[59]
With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[60] In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[61]
Coronation portrait of Elizabeth II and Philip, June 1953
Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought – she hoped – given time, the affair would peter out."[62] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[63] Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[64] In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.[65]
Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died.[66] The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[67][d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries:[71] English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.[72]
Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth
Further information: Historical development of the Commonwealth realms, from the Queen's accession
Elizabeth's realms (pink) and their territories and protectorates (dark red) at the beginning of her reign
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[73] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[74] In 1953, the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land, sea and air.[75] She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[76] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[77] Throughout her reign, the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she is the most widely travelled head of state.[78]
In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union.[79] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[80]
Elizabeth and Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference
The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[81]
The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[82] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[83] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[84] Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister, advice that she followed.[85] The Queen again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.[85] In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving her of involvement.[86]
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Queen Elizabeth II's Address to the United Nations General Assembly
In 1957, she made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session.[87] Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.[87][88] In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran.[89] On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.[90] Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."[90] Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.[91][92] No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; the Queen's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.[93]
Elizabeth's pregnancies with Princes Andrew and Edward, in 1959 and 1963, mark the only times she has not performed the State Opening of the British parliament during her reign.[94] In addition to performing traditional ceremonies, she also instituted new practices. Her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.[95]
Acceleration of decolonisation
The Queen with Edward Heath and American First Lady Pat Nixon, 1970
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian Prime Minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, declared unilateral independence from Britain while still expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth. Although the Queen dismissed him in a formal declaration, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.[96] As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.[97]
In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain.[98] The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered, after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.[99]
A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.[100] As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, stating that she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the governor-general.[101] The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.[100]
Silver Jubilee
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed the Queen's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband.[102] In 1978, the Queen endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena,[103] though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".[104] The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[105]
According to Paul Martin, Sr., by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried that the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian Prime Minister.[106] Tony Benn said that the Queen found Trudeau "rather disappointing".[106] Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office.[106] In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".[106] She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.[106] Patriation removed the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution, but the monarchy was retained. Trudeau said in his memoirs that the Queen favoured his attempt to reform the constitution and that he was impressed by "the grace she displayed in public" and "the wisdom she showed in private".[107]
1980s
Elizabeth riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered that the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.[108] The Queen's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.[109]
From April to September 1982, the Queen was anxious[110] but proud[111] of her son, Prince Andrew, who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War. On 9 July, the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.[112] After hosting US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983, the Queen was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.[113]
Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, not all of which were entirely true.[114] As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."[115] Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that the Queen was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation.[116] Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party – Thatcher's political opponents.[117] Thatcher's biographer John Campbell claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".[118] Belying reports of acrimony between them, Thatcher later conveyed her personal admiration for the Queen,[119] and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift – membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter – to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major.[120] Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.[121][122]
In 1987, in Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.[121] The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. As monarch of Fiji, Elizabeth supported the attempts of the Governor-General, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.[123] By the start of 1991, republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen's private wealth – which were contradicted by the Palace – and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family.[124] The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout was ridiculed,[125] and the Queen was the target of satire.[126]
1990s
In 1991, in the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, the Queen became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress.[127]
Philip and Elizabeth, October 1992
In a speech on 24 November 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis, meaning horrible year.[128] In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and his wife, Sarah, separated; in April, her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips;[129] during a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her;[130] and, in November, a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny.[131] In an unusually personal speech, the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".[132] Two days later, the Prime Minister, John Major, announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list.[133] In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated.[134] The year ended with a lawsuit as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.[135]
In the years to follow, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.[136] Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism was still a minority viewpoint, and the Queen herself had high approval ratings.[137] Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions.[138] In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister, John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, saying that a divorce was desirable.[139]
In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. The Queen was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons by Charles – Princes William and Harry – wanted to attend church and so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning.[140] After that single public appearance, for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private,[141] but the royal family's seclusion and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace caused public dismay.[122][142] Pressured by the hostile reaction, the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral.[143] In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.[144] As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.[144]
In November 1997, the Queen and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary.[145] She made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".[145]
Golden Jubilee
Elizabeth visiting the United States in 2007
In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.[146] She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, which began in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness.[147] As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. A million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,[148] and the enthusiasm shown by the public for the Queen was greater than many journalists had expected.[149]
Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 she had keyhole surgery on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.[150]
In May 2007, The Daily Telegraph, citing unnamed sources, reported that the Queen was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair.[151] She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland.[152] She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.[153] On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales.[154] At the invitation of the Irish President, Mary McAleese, the Queen made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011.[155]
The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth.[156] The UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age".[157] During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for the British victims of the September 11 attacks.[157] The Queen's visit to Australia in October 2011 – her sixteenth visit since 1954 – was called her "farewell tour" in the press because of her age.[158]
Diamond and Sapphire Jubilees and after
Elizabeth visiting Birmingham in July 2012 as part of her Diamond Jubilee tour
Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. In a message released on Accession Day, Elizabeth wrote:
In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family, friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart.[159]
She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.[160][161] On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world.[162] In November, the Queen and her husband celebrated their sapphire wedding anniversary.[163] On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.[164]
The Queen visiting the Home Office in 2015
The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries.[165] For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond.[166] On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony.[167]
On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis. She returned to Buckingham Palace the following day.[168] A week later, she signed the new Commonwealth charter.[169] Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial meeting of Commonwealth heads of government for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by her son, Prince Charles.[170]
The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch in December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015.[171] She was celebrated in Canada as the "longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era".[172] (King Louis XIV of France reigned over Canada (New France) for longer.)[173] She is also the longest-reigning queen regnant in history,[174] and the world's oldest reigning monarch. She became the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016.[175][176] On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee.[177]
Prince Philip retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017.[178] The Queen herself does not intend to abdicate,[179] though Prince Charles is expected to take on more of her workload as Elizabeth, who celebrated her 91st birthday in 2017, carries out fewer public engagements.[180] Plans for her death and funeral have been extensively prepared by most British government and media organisations for decades.[181]
Public perception and character
Main article: Personality and image of Queen Elizabeth II
Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews, little is known of her personal feelings. As a constitutional monarch, she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum. She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her coronation oath seriously.[182] Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she is personally a member of that church and the national Church of Scotland.[183] She has demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis.[184] A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Christmas message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she spoke about the theological significance of the millennium marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus:
To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.[185]
Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan riding at Windsor, June 1982
She is patron of over 600 organisations and charities.[186] Her main leisure interests include equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis.[187] Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by her family.[188][189] Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life have occasionally been witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepare a meal together and do the washing up afterwards.[190]
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".[191] After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".[192] Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.[193] In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales.[194] In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd.[195]
At her Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic,[196] but in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.[197] Elizabeth's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.[198] Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, though Elizabeth's personal popularity and support for the monarchy rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.[199]
In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.[200] Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for Elizabeth,[201] and in 2012, her Diamond Jubilee year, approval ratings hit 90 percent.[202] Referenda in Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 both rejected proposals to become republics.[203]
Elizabeth has been portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett, and Tai-Shan Schierenberg.[204][205] Notable photographers of Elizabeth have included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Annie Leibovitz, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell, and Dorothy Wilding. The first official portrait of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926.[206]
Finances
Sandringham House, Elizabeth's private residence in Norfolk
Further information: Finances of the British royal family
Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. In 1971 Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £25 million today[207]).[208][209] In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".[210] In 2002, she inherited an estate worth an estimated £70 million from her mother.[211] The Sunday Times Rich List 2017 estimated her personal wealth at £360 million, making her the 329th richest person in the UK.[212]
The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust,[213] as are her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle,[214] and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued at £472 million in 2015.[215] Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are personally owned by the Queen.[214] The British Crown Estate – with holdings of £12 billion in 2016[212] – is held in trust and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a personal capacity.[216]
Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Titles and styles
Main article: List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is Sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and has received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica, Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms, she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster. When in conversation with the Queen, the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am.[217]
Arms
See also: Flags of Elizabeth II
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George.[218] Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, and elsewhere.[219]
Coat of arms of Princess Elizabeth (1944–1947) Coat of arms of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (1947–1952) Coat of arms of Elizabeth II in England, Wales and Northern Ireland Coat of arms of Elizabeth II in Scotland Coat of arms of Elizabeth II in Canada (one of three versions used in her reign)[e]
Issue
Name
Birth
Marriage
Their children
Their grandchildren
Date
Spouse
Prince Charles, Prince of Wales 14 November 1948 29 July 1981
Divorced 28 August 1996 Lady Diana Spencer Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Prince George of Cambridge
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
Prince Henry of Wales
9 April 2005 Camilla Parker Bowles
Princess Anne, Princess Royal 15 August 1950 14 November 1973
Divorced 28 April 1992 Mark Phillips Peter Phillips Savannah Phillips
Isla Phillips
Zara Tindall Mia Tindall
12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence
Prince Andrew, Duke of York 19 February 1960 23 July 1986
Divorced 30 May 1996 Sarah Ferguson Princess Beatrice of York
Princess Eugenie of York
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex 10 March 1964 19 June 1999 Sophie Rhys-Jones Lady Louise Windsor
James, Viscount Severn
Ancestry
Main article: Ancestry of Elizabeth II
[show]Ancestors of Elizabeth II
‹ The template below (Ahnentafel-compact5) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
16. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
8. Edward VII of the United Kingdom
17. Victoria of the United Kingdom (niece of 22)
4. George V of the United Kingdom
18. Christian IX of Denmark
9. Princess Alexandra of Denmark
19. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel
2. George VI of the United Kingdom
20. Duke Alexander of Württemberg
10. Francis, Duke of Teck
21. Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde
5. Princess Mary of Teck
22. Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (uncle of 17)
11. Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge
23. Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel
1. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
24. Thomas Lyon-Bowes, Lord Glamis
12. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne
25. Charlotte Grimstead
6. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne
26. Oswald Smith
13. Frances Dora Smith
27. Henrietta Mildred Hodgson
3. Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
28. Lord Charles Cavendish-Bentinck
14. Charles Cavendish-Bentinck
29. Anne Wellesley
7. Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck
30. Edwyn Burnaby
15. Caroline Louisa Burnaby
31. Anne Caroline Salisbury
See also
Royalty portal
Commonwealth portal
British Empire portal
British politics portal
United Kingdom portal
Household of Elizabeth II
List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II
Notes
Jump up ^ See Queen's Official Birthday for an explanation of why Elizabeth II's official birthdays are not on the same day as her actual one.
Jump up ^ These countries are listed in the order of their original accession to the Commonwealth.[1]
Jump up ^ Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught (her paternal great-granduncle); Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt).[4]
Jump up ^ Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of television licences in the United Kingdom doubled to 3 million,[68] and many of the more than 20 million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.[69] In North America, just under 100 million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.[70]
Jump up ^ Canada has used three different versions of the arms during her reign. This version was used between 1957 and 1994.[220]
References
Jump up ^ Bartram, Graham (2010). Flying Flags in the United Kingdom: A Guide to Britain's Flag Protocol (PDF). Flag Institute. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-9513286-1-3.
Jump up ^ Bradford, p. 22; Brandreth, p. 103; Marr, p. 76; Pimlott, pp. 2–3; Lacey, pp. 75–76; Roberts, p. 74
Jump up ^ Hoey, p. 40
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 103; Hoey, p. 40
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 103
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 12
Jump up ^ Williamson, p. 205
Jump up ^ Lacey, p. 56; Nicolson, p. 433; Pimlott, pp. 14–16
Jump up ^ Crawford, p. 26; Pimlott, p. 20; Shawcross, p. 21
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 124; Lacey, pp. 62–63; Pimlott, pp. 24, 69
Jump up ^ Brandreth, pp. 108–110; Lacey, pp. 159–161; Pimlott, pp. 20, 163
Jump up ^ Brandreth, pp. 108–110
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 105; Lacey, p. 81; Shawcross, pp. 21–22
Jump up ^ Brandreth, pp. 105–106
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 8; Lacey, p. 76; Pimlott, p. 3
Jump up ^ Lacey, pp. 97–98
Jump up ^ Marr, pp. 78, 85; Pimlott, pp. 71–73
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 124; Crawford, p. 85; Lacey, p. 112; Marr, p. 88; Pimlott, p. 51; Shawcross, p. 25
^ Jump up to: a b "Her Majesty The Queen: Early life and education". Royal Household. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Marr, p. 84; Pimlott, p. 47
^ Jump up to: a b Pimlott, p. 54
^ Jump up to: a b Pimlott, p. 55
Jump up ^ Warwick, Christopher (2002). Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts. London: Carlton Publishing Group. p. 102. ISBN 0-233-05106-6.
Jump up ^ "Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother". Royal Household. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Crawford, pp. 104–114; Pimlott, pp. 56–57
Jump up ^ Crawford, pp. 114–119; Pimlott, p. 57
Jump up ^ Crawford, pp. 137–141
^ Jump up to: a b "Children's Hour: Princess Elizabeth". BBC. 13 October 1940. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Early public life". Royal Household. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 71
Jump up ^ "No. 36973". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 March 1945. p. 1315.
Jump up ^ Bradford, p. 45; Lacey, p. 148; Marr, p. 100; Pimlott, p. 75
Jump up ^ "No. 37205". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 July 1945. p. 3972.
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 10; Pimlott, p. 79
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Jump up ^ Pimlott, pp. 71–73
Jump up ^ "Gorsedd of the Bards". National Museum of Wales. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "A speech by the Queen on her 21st birthday". Royal Household. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Brandreth, pp. 132–139; Lacey, pp. 124–125; Pimlott, p. 86
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 10; Brandreth, pp. 132–136, 166–169; Lacey, pp. 119, 126, 135
Jump up ^ Heald, p. 77
Jump up ^ Edwards, Phil (31 October 2000). "The Real Prince Philip". Channel 4. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Crawford, p. 180
Jump up ^ Davies, Caroline (20 April 2006). "Philip, the one constant through her life". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Heald, p. xviii
Jump up ^ Hoey, pp. 55–56; Pimlott, pp. 101, 137
Jump up ^ "No. 38128". The London Gazette. 21 November 1947. p. 5495.
^ Jump up to: a b "60 Diamond Wedding anniversary facts". Royal Household. 18 November 2007. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Hoey, p. 58; Pimlott, pp. 133–134
Jump up ^ Hoey, p. 59; Petropoulos, p. 363
Jump up ^ Bradford, p. 61
Jump up ^ Letters Patent, 22 October 1948; Hoey, pp. 69–70; Pimlott, pp. 155–156
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 163
Jump up ^ Brandreth, pp. 226–238; Pimlott, pp. 145, 159–163, 167
Jump up ^ Brandreth, pp. 240–241; Lacey, p. 166; Pimlott, pp. 169–172
Jump up ^ Brandreth, pp. 245–247; Lacey, p. 166; Pimlott, pp. 173–176; Shawcross, p.16
Jump up ^ Bousfield and Toffoli, p. 72; Charteris quoted in Pimlott, p. 179 and Shawcross, p. 17
Jump up ^ Pimlott, pp. 178–179
Jump up ^ Pimlott, pp. 186–187
Jump up ^ Bradford, p. 80; Brandreth, pp. 253–254; Lacey, pp. 172–173; Pimlott, pp. 183–185
Jump up ^ "No. 41948". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 February 1960. p. 1003.
Jump up ^ Brandreth, pp. 269–271
Jump up ^ Brandreth, pp. 269–271; Lacey, pp. 193–194; Pimlott, pp. 201, 236–238
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 22; Brandreth, p. 271; Lacey, p. 194; Pimlott, p. 238; Shawcross, p. 146
Jump up ^ "Princess Margaret". Royal Household. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Bradford, p. 82
Jump up ^ "50 facts about The Queen's Coronation". Royal Household. 25 May 2003. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 207
Jump up ^ Briggs, pp. 420 ff.; Pimlott, p. 207; Roberts, p. 82
Jump up ^ Lacey, p. 182
Jump up ^ Lacey, p. 190; Pimlott, pp. 247–248
Jump up ^ Cotton, Belinda; Ramsey, Ron. "By appointment: Norman Hartnell's sample for the Coronation dress of Queen Elizabeth II". National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Marr, p. 272
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 182
Jump up ^ "The Commonwealth: Gifts to the Queen". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Australia: Royal visits". Royal Household. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
"New Zealand: Royal visits". Royal Household. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Marr, p. 126
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 278; Marr, p. 126; Pimlott, p. 224; Shawcross, p. 59
Jump up ^ Campbell, Sophie (11 May 2012). "Queen's Diamond Jubilee: Sixty years of royal tours". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Thomson, Mike (15 January 2007). "When Britain and France nearly married". BBC News. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 255; Roberts, p. 84
Jump up ^ Marr, pp. 175–176; Pimlott, pp. 256–260; Roberts, p. 84
Jump up ^ Lacey, p. 199; Shawcross, p. 75
Jump up ^ Lord Altrincham in National Review quoted by Brandreth, p. 374 and Roberts, p. 83
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 374; Pimlott, pp. 280–281; Shawcross, p. 76
^ Jump up to: a b Hardman, p. 22; Pimlott, pp. 324–335; Roberts, p. 84
Jump up ^ Roberts, p. 84
^ Jump up to: a b "Queen and Canada: Royal visits". Royal Household. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Bradford, p. 114
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 303; Shawcross, p. 83
^ Jump up to: a b Macmillan, pp. 466–472
Jump up ^ Speaight, Robert (1970). Vanier, Soldier, Diplomat, Governor General: A Biography. London: William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd. ISBN 978-0-00-262252-3.
Jump up ^ Dubois, Paul (12 October 1964). "Demonstrations Mar Quebec Events Saturday". The Gazette. p. 1. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Bousfield, p. 139
Jump up ^ Dymond, Glenn (5 March 2010). "Ceremonial in the House of Lords" (PDF). House of Lords Library. p. 12. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Hardman, pp. 213–214
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 66; Pimlott, pp. 345–354
Jump up ^ Bradford, pp. 123, 154, 176; Pimlott, pp. 301, 315–316, 415–417
Jump up ^ Bradford, p. 181; Pimlott, p. 418
Jump up ^ Bradford, p. 181; Marr, p. 256; Pimlott, p. 419; Shawcross, pp. 109–110
^ Jump up to: a b Bond, p. 96; Marr, p. 257; Pimlott, p. 427; Shawcross, p. 110
Jump up ^ Pimlott, pp. 428–429
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 449
Jump up ^ Hardman, p. 137; Roberts, pp. 88–89; Shawcross, p. 178
Jump up ^ Elizabeth to her staff, quoted in Shawcross, p. 178
Jump up ^ Pimlott, pp. 336–337, 470–471; Roberts, pp. 88–89
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Heinricks, Geoff (29 September 2000). "Trudeau: A drawer monarchist". National Post. Toronto. p. B12.
Jump up ^ Trudeau, p. 313
Jump up ^ "Queen's 'fantasy assassin' jailed". BBC News. 14 September 1981. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Lacey, p. 281; Pimlott, pp. 476–477; Shawcross, p. 192
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 115; Pimlott, p. 487
Jump up ^ Shawcross, p. 127
Jump up ^ Lacey, pp. 297–298; Pimlott, p. 491
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 188; Pimlott, p. 497
Jump up ^ Pimlott, pp. 488–490
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 521
Jump up ^ Pimlott, pp. 503–515; see also Neil, pp. 195–207 and Shawcross, pp. 129–132
Jump up ^ Thatcher to Brian Walden quoted in Neil, p. 207; Andrew Neil quoted in Woodrow Wyatt's diary of 26 October 1990
Jump up ^ Campbell, p. 467
Jump up ^ Thatcher, p. 309
Jump up ^ Roberts, p. 101; Shawcross, p. 139
^ Jump up to: a b Geddes, John (2012). "The day she descended into the fray". Maclean's (Special Commemorative Edition: The Diamond Jubilee: Celebrating 60 Remarkable years ed.): 72.
^ Jump up to: a b MacQueen, Ken; Treble, Patricia (2012). "The Jewel in the Crown". Maclean's (Special Commemorative Edition: The Diamond Jubilee: Celebrating 60 Remarkable years ed.): 43–44.
Jump up ^ Pimlott, pp. 515–516
Jump up ^ Pimlott, pp. 519–534
Jump up ^ Hardman, p. 81; Lacey, p. 307; Pimlott, pp. 522–526
Jump up ^ Lacey, pp. 293–294; Pimlott, p. 541
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 538
Jump up ^ "Annus horribilis speech, 24 November 1992". Royal Household. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Lacey, p. 319; Marr, p. 315; Pimlott, pp. 550–551
Jump up ^ Stanglin, Doug (18 March 2010). "German study concludes 25,000 died in Allied bombing of Dresden". USA Today. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 377; Pimlott, pp. 558–559; Roberts, p. 94; Shawcross, p. 204
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 377
Jump up ^ Bradford, p. 229; Lacey, pp. 325–326; Pimlott, pp. 559–561
Jump up ^ Bradford, p. 226; Hardman, p. 96; Lacey, p. 328; Pimlott, p. 561
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 562
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 356; Pimlott, pp. 572–577; Roberts, p. 94; Shawcross, p. 168
Jump up ^ MORI poll for The Independent newspaper, March 1996, quoted in Pimlott, p. 578 and O'Sullivan, Jack (5 March 1996). "Watch out, the Roundheads are back". The Independent. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 578
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 357; Pimlott, p. 577
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 358; Hardman, p. 101; Pimlott, p. 610
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 358; Marr, p. 338; Pimlott, p. 615
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 358; Lacey, pp. 6–7; Pimlott, p. 616; Roberts, p. 98; Shawcross, p. 8
Jump up ^ Brandreth, pp. 358–359; Lacey, pp. 8–9; Pimlott, pp. 621–622
^ Jump up to: a b Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 359; Lacey, pp. 13–15; Pimlott, pp. 623–624
^ Jump up to: a b "A speech by The Queen on her Golden Wedding Anniversary". The Royal Household. 20 November 1997. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 156; Bradford, pp. 248–249; Marr, pp. 349–350
Jump up ^ Brandreth, p. 31
Jump up ^ Bond, pp. 166–167
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 157
Jump up ^ "Queen cancels visit due to injury". BBC News. 26 October 2006. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Alderson, Andrew (28 May 2007). "Revealed: Queen's dismay at Blair legacy". The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Alderson, Andrew (27 May 2007). "Tony and Her Majesty: an uneasy relationship". The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Historic first for Maundy service". BBC News. 20 March 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Bradford, p. 253
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^ Jump up to: a b "Queen addresses UN General Assembly in New York". BBC News. 7 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
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Jump up ^ "The Queen's Diamond Jubilee message". Royal Household. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Prince Harry pays tribute to the Queen in Jamaica". BBC News. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Their Royal Highnesses The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall to Undertake a Royal Tour of Canada in 2012". Office of the Governor General of Canada. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Event News". The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Beacons. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Rayner, Gordon (19 November 2012). "Queen and Duke of Edinburgh celebrate 65th wedding anniversary". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "UK to name part of Antarctica Queen Elizabeth Land". BBC News. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium Announces Broadcast Details for London 2012 Opening Ceremony, Friday". PR Newswire. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Brown, Nicholas (27 July 2012). "How James Bond whisked the Queen to the Olympics". BBC News. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Queen honoured with Bafta award for film and TV support". BBC News. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Queen leaves hospital after stomach bug". BBC News. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Recovering Queen signs Commonwealth charter". BBC News. 11 March 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Queen to miss Commonwealth meeting". BBC News. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Elizabeth Set to Beat Victoria's Record as Longest Reigning Monarch in British History". HuffPost. 6 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Governor General to Host Special Event in Honour of Her Majesty's Historic Reign". Office of the Secretary to the Governor General. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Office of the Prime Minister of Canada (18 May 2015). "Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada on the occasion of Victoria Day". Government of Canada. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Williams, Kate (6 September 2015). "The Queen's record-long reign has seen Britain's greatest time of change". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88". BBC News. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ PA (13 October 2016). "Queen takes over longest reign mantle after Thailand's King Bhumibol dies". AOL (UK). Retrieved 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Rayner, Gordon (29 January 2017). "The Blue Sapphire Jubilee: Queen will not celebrate 65th anniversary but instead sit in 'quiet contemplation' remembering father's death". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Bilefsky, Dan (2 August 2017). "Prince Philip Makes His Last Solo Appearance, After 65 Years in the Public Eye". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Brandreth, pp. 370–371; Marr, p. 395
Jump up ^ Mansey, Kate; Leake, Jonathan; Hellen, Nicholas (19 January 2014). "Queen and Charles start to 'job-share'". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Marr, p. 395
Jump up ^ Knight, Sam (16 March 2017). "Operation London Bridge: the secret plan for the days after the Queen's death". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Queen 'will do her job for life'". BBC News. 19 April 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
Shawcross, pp. 194–195
Jump up ^ "How we are organised". Church of Scotland. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Queen meets Pope Francis at the Vatican". BBC News. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Christmas Broadcast 2000". Royal Household. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Shawcross, pp. 236–237
Jump up ^ "About The Patron's Lunch". The Patron's Lunch. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "80 facts about The Queen". Royal Household. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Bush, Karen (26 October 2007). Everything Dogs Expect You To Know. London: New Holland Publishers. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-84537-954-4. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Andrew (1 October 2007). "Hug for Queen Elizabeth's first corgi". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Delacourt, Susan (25 May 2012). "When the Queen is your boss". Toronto Star. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 22
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 35; Pimlott, p. 180; Roberts, p. 82; Shawcross, p. 50
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 35; Pimlott, p. 280; Shawcross, p. 76
Jump up ^ Bond, pp. 66–67, 84, 87–89; Bradford, pp. 160–163; Hardman, pp. 22, 210–213; Lacey, pp. 222–226; Marr, p. 237; Pimlott, pp. 378–392; Roberts, pp. 84–86
Jump up ^ Cartner-Morley, Jess (10 May 2007). "Elizabeth II, belated follower of fashion". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 97; Bradford, p. 189; Pimlott, pp. 449–450; Roberts, p. 87; Shawcross, pp. 114–117
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 117; Roberts, p. 91
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 134; Pimlott, pp. 556–561, 570
Jump up ^ Bond, p. 134; Pimlott, pp. 624–625
Jump up ^ Hardman, p. 310; Lacey, p. 387; Roberts, p. 101; Shawcross, p. 218
Jump up ^ "Monarchy poll". Ipsos MORI. April 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
"Monarchy Survey" (PDF). Populus Ltd. 16 December 2007. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
"Poll respondents back UK monarchy". BBC News. 28 December 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Vincies vote "No"". BBC News. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Riley, Ben (12 February 2016). "Revealed: Damien Hirst's only portrait of the Queen found in government archives". The Telegraph. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Elizabeth II". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marcus Adams". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark (2016), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", MeasuringWorth.com.
Jump up ^ "£2m estimate of the Queen's wealth 'more likely to be accurate'". The Times: 1. 11 June 1971.
Jump up ^ Pimlott, p. 401
Jump up ^ Lord Chamberlain Lord Airlie quoted in Hoey, p. 225 and Pimlott, p. 561
Jump up ^ "Queen inherits Queen Mother's estate". BBC News. 17 May 2002. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rich List 2017". The Sunday Times. 7 May 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
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"The Royal Collection". Royal Household. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
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Jump up ^ "FAQs". Crown Estate. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
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Jump up ^ "Coat of Arms: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth". Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Personal flags". Royal Household. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Coat of Arms of Canada". Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
Bibliography
Bond, Jennie (2006). Elizabeth: Eighty Glorious Years. London: Carlton Publishing Group. ISBN 1-84442-260-7
Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2002). Fifty Years the Queen. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-360-2
Bradford, Sarah (2012). Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-91911-6
Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. London: Century. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4
Briggs, Asa (1995). The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Volume 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-212967-8
Campbell, John (2003). Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-06156-9
Crawford, Marion (1950). The Little Princesses. London: Cassell & Co.
Hardman, Robert (2011). Our Queen. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-193689-1
Heald, Tim (2007). Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84820-2
Hoey, Brian (2002). Her Majesty: Fifty Regal Years. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-653136-9
Lacey, Robert (2002). Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-85940-0
Macmillan, Harold (1972). Pointing The Way 1959–1961 London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-12411-1
Marr, Andrew (2011). The Diamond Queen: Elizabeth II and Her People. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-74852-1
Neil, Andrew (1996). Full Disclosure. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-64682-7
Nicolson, Sir Harold (1952). King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign. London: Constable & Co.
Petropoulos, Jonathan (2006). Royals and the Reich: the princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516133-5
Pimlott, Ben (2001). The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-255494-1
Roberts, Andrew; Edited by Antonia Fraser (2000). The House of Windsor. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35406-6
Shawcross, William (2002). Queen and Country. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-8056-5
Thatcher, Margaret (1993). The Downing Street Years. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-255049-0
Trudeau, Pierre Elliott (1993). Memoirs. Toronto: McLelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-8588-8
Williamson, David (1987). Debrett's Kings and Queens of Britain. Webb & Bower. ISBN 0-86350-101-X
Wyatt, Woodrow; Edited by Sarah Curtis (1999). The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt: Volume II. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-77405-1
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Titles and succession [show]
Elizabeth II
House of Windsor
Born: 21 April 1926
Regnal titles
Preceded by
George VI Queen of the United Kingdom
6 February 1952 – present Incumbent
Heir apparent:
Charles, Prince of Wales
Queen of Australia
6 February 1952 – present
Queen of Canada
6 February 1952 – present
Queen of New Zealand
6 February 1952 – present
Queen of Ceylon
6 February 1952 – 22 May 1972 Vacant
Republics established
Queen of Pakistan
6 February 1952 – 23 March 1956
Queen of South Africa
6 February 1952 – 31 May 1961
New title
Independence from the United Kingdom
Queen of Ghana
6 March 1957 – 1 July 1960
Queen of Nigeria
1 October 1960 – 1 October 1963
Queen of Sierra Leone
27 April 1961 – 19 April 1971
Queen of Tanganyika
9 December 1961 – 9 December 1962
Queen of Trinidad and Tobago
31 August 1962 – 1 August 1976
Queen of Uganda
9 October 1962 – 9 October 1963
Queen of Kenya
12 December 1963 – 12 December 1964
Queen of Malawi
6 July 1964 – 6 July 1966
Queen of Malta
21 September 1964 – 13 December 1974
Queen of the Gambia
18 February 1965 – 24 April 1970
Queen of Guyana
26 May 1966 – 23 February 1970
Queen of Mauritius
12 March 1968 – 12 March 1992
Queen of Fiji
10 October 1970 – 6 October 1987
Queen of Jamaica
6 August 1962 – present Incumbent
Heir apparent:
Charles, Prince of Wales
Queen of Barbados
30 November 1966 – present
Queen of the Bahamas
10 July 1973 – present
Queen of Grenada
7 February 1974 – present
New title
Independence from Australia
Queen of Papua New Guinea
16 September 1975 – present
New title
Independence from the United Kingdom
Queen of the Solomon Islands
7 July 1978 – present
Queen of Tuvalu
1 October 1978 – present
Queen of Saint Lucia
22 February 1979 – present
Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27 October 1979 – present
Queen of Belize
21 September 1981 – present
Queen of Antigua and Barbuda
1 November 1981 – present
Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis
19 September 1983 – present
Preceded by
George VI Head of the Commonwealth
1952–present Incumbent
Military offices
Preceded by
The Earl Jellicoe
as First Lord of the Admiralty Lord High Admiral
1964–2011 Succeeded by
The Duke of Edinburgh
Order of precedence
First Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
as sovereign Followed by
The Duke of Edinburgh
Order of precedence in Canada
as sovereign Followed by
Julie Payette
[show]
v
t
e
Queen Elizabeth II
Monarchies
Antigua and Barbuda
Australia
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Grenada
Jamaica
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
United Kingdom
Ancestry
and family
George VI (father)
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (mother)
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (husband)
wedding
wedding dress
Charles, Prince of Wales (son)
Anne, Princess Royal (daughter)
Prince Andrew, Duke of York (son)
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (son)
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (sister)
Accession and
coronation
Coronation
Royal Guests
Participants in the procession
Coronation gown
Coronation Medal
Treetops Hotel
Proclamation of accession
Reign
Annus horribilis
Lithgow Plot
Marcus Sarjeant incident
Michael Fagan incident
Personality and image
Prime Ministers
Operation London Bridge
Jubilees
Silver Jubilee
Events
Medal
Honours
Jubilee Gardens
Jubilee line
Jubilee Walkway
Golden Jubilee
Prom at the Palace
Party at the Palace
Medal
Honours
Jubilee Odyssey
Diamond Jubilee
Pageant
Armed Forces Parade and Muster
Thames Pageant
Gloriana
Spirit of Chartwell
Concert
Gibraltar Flotilla
Medal
Honours
Commonwealth
tours
Australia
Official openings
Canada
Ships used
HMS Vanguard (23)
SS Gothic (1947)
HMY Britannia
State visits
Outgoing
State visit to Ireland
Incoming
Pope Benedict XVI
President Michael D. Higgins
Titles and
honours
Head of the Commonwealth
List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II
Royal Family Order
Elizabeth Cross
Queen's Official Birthday
Flags
Depictions
Documentaries
Royal Journey (1951)
A Queen Is Crowned (1953)
The Queen in Australia (1954)
Royal Family (1969)
Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen (1992)
Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)
The Queen (TV serial)
The Diamond Queen (2012)
Elizabeth at 90: A Family Portrait (2016)
Film and
television
A Question of Attribution (1992 TV)
Her Majesty (2001)
The Queen (2006)
Happy and Glorious (2012)
A Royal Night Out (2015)
The Crown (2016–)
Plays
A Question of Attribution (1988)
The Audience (2013)
Stamps
Wilding series
Machin series
Castle series
Canadian domestic rate stamp
Animals
Corgis
Dookie
Susan
Horses
Aureole
Burmese
Dunfermline
Estimate
Height of Fashion
Highclere
Pall Mall
Winston
[show]
v
t
e
English, Scottish and British monarchs
Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603
Æthelstan
Edmund I
Eadred
Eadwig
Edgar the Peaceful
Edward the Martyr
Æthelred the Unready
Sweyn
Edmund II
Cnut
Harold I
Harthacnut
Edward the Confessor
Harold II
Edgar Ætheling
William I
William II
Henry I
Stephen
Matilda
Henry II
Henry the Young King
Richard I
John
Henry III
Edward I
Edward II
Edward III
Richard II
Henry IV
Henry V
Henry VI
Edward IV
Edward V
Richard III
Henry VII
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Jane
Mary I and Philip
Elizabeth I
Kenneth I MacAlpin
Donald I
Constantine I
Áed
Giric
Eochaid
Donald II
Constantine II
Malcolm I
Indulf
Dub
Cuilén
Amlaíb
Kenneth II
Constantine III
Kenneth III
Malcolm II
Duncan I
Macbeth
Lulach
Malcolm III
Donald III
Duncan II
Donald III
Edgar
Alexander I
David I
Malcolm IV
William I
Alexander II
Alexander III
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First Interregnum
John Balliol
Second Interregnum
Robert I
David II
Edward Balliol
Robert II
Robert III
James I
James II
James III
James IV
James V
Mary I
James VI
Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603
James I & VI
Charles I
Commonwealth
Charles II
James II & VII
William III & II and Mary II
Anne
British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707
Anne
George I
George II
George III
George IV
William IV
Victoria
Edward VII
George V
Edward VIII
George VI
Elizabeth II
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.
[show]
v
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Current members of the Order of the Garter
Ex officio
The Queen
The Prince of Wales
Knights and Ladies
Companion
The Lord Carrington
The Lord Bramall
The Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover
The Lord Ashburton
Sir Ninian Stephen
Sir Timothy Colman
The Duke of Abercorn
Sir Erskine Gladstone of Fasque and Balfour, Bt
The Lord Inge
Sir Antony Acland
The Lord Butler of Brockwell
The Lord Morris of Aberavon
Sir John Major
The Lord Luce
Sir Thomas Dunne
The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers
The Lord Boyce
The Lord Stirrup
The Baroness Manningham-Buller
The Lord King of Lothbury
The Lord Shuttleworth
Sir David Brewer
2 vacancies
Royal Knights
and Ladies
The Duke of Edinburgh
The Duke of Kent
The Princess Royal
The Duke of Gloucester
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
The Duke of York
The Earl of Wessex
The Duke of Cambridge
Stranger Knights
and Ladies
Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg
The Queen of Denmark
The King of Sweden
King Juan Carlos I of Spain
Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands
The Emperor of Japan
The King of Norway
The King of Spain
Officers
The Bishop of Winchester (Prelate)
The Duke of Abercorn (Chancellor)
The Dean of Windsor (Registrar)
Thomas Woodcock (Garter Principal King of Arms)
The Clarenceux King of Arms (Secretary)
David Leakey (Black Rod)
[show]
v
t
e
Monarchy in Canada
The Crown
Monarchy in the Canadian provinces
BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
NB
NS
PE
NL
Monarchs
Victoria
Edward VII
George V
Edward VIII
George VI
Elizabeth II
Viceroys
Governor General of Canada
List of Governors General of Canada
Lieutenant governors in Canada
List of lieutenant governors in Canada
BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
NB
NS
PE
NL
Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments
Constitutional
Queen-in-Council
Queen-in-Parliament
Queen-on-the-Bench
Queen's peace
The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Forces
The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples
Legal
Royal charter
Queen's Consent
Royal commissions
Crown corporations
Crown copyright
Queen's Printer
Crown Collection
Ceremonial and symbolic
Canadian royal symbols
Title and style of the Canadian monarch
Chapels Royal
Royal tours of Canada
Related
Canadian Secretary to the Queen
History of monarchy in Canada
Debate on the monarchy in Canada
[show]
v
t
e
Current sovereigns of monarchies
Africa
Letsie III
Mohammed VI
Mswati III
Asia
Hamad
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
Hassanal Bolkiah
Norodom Sihamoni
Akihito
Abdullah II
Sabah IV
Muhammad V
Qaboos
Tamim
Salman
Rama X
Khalifa
Europe
Macron and Vives Sicília
Philippe
Margrethe II
Hans-Adam II (Regent: Alois)
Henri
Albert II
Willem-Alexander
Harald V
Felipe VI
Carl XVI Gustaf
Elizabeth II
Francis
Americas
Elizabeth II
Oceania
Elizabeth II
Tupou VI
[show]
v
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British princesses
The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family. Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than once, her most senior descent, by which she bore or bears her title, is used.
1st generation
Queen Sophia Dorothea in Prussia
2nd generation
Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
Princess Amelia
Princess Caroline
Mary, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel
Queen Louise of Denmark and Norway
3rd generation
Duchess Augusta of Brunswick
Princess Elizabeth
Princess Louisa
Queen Caroline Matilda of Denmark and Norway
4th generation
Queen Charlotte of Württemberg
Princess Augusta Sophia
Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
Princess Sophia
Princess Amelia
Princess Sophia of Gloucester
Princess Caroline of Gloucester
5th generation
Princess Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Princess Elizabeth of Clarence
Queen Victoria
Grand Duchess Augusta of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck
6th generation
German Empress Victoria
Grand Duchess Alice of Hesse and by Rhine
Princess Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll
Princess Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg
Princess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-Rammingen
Princess Marie of Hanover
7th generation
Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife
Princess Victoria
Queen Maud of Norway
Queen Marie of Romania
Grand Duchess Victoria Melita of Hesse and by Rhine, Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia
Princess Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Princess Beatrice, Duchess of Galliera
Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden
Princess Patricia, Lady Patricia Ramsay
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
Princess Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of Baden
Grand Duchess Alexandra of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Princess Olga of Hanover
8th generation
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife
Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk
Princess Sibylla, Duchess of Västerbotten
Princess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Queen Frederica of Greece
9th generation
Queen Elizabeth II
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
10th generation
Anne, Princess Royal
11th generation
Princess Beatrice of York
Princess Eugenie of York
Lady Louise Windsor1
12th generation
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
1 Status debatable; see her article.
[show]
v
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Duchesses of Edinburgh
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (1736–1751*)
Duchesses of Gloucester and Edinburgh
Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (1874–1900*)
Princess Elizabeth (1947–1952^)
*From marriage to husband's death ^From marriage to accession as Queen
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 20471592
LCCN: n80126296
ISNI: 0000 0001 2123 3290
GND: 118529889
SELIBR: 184346
SUDOC: 027772357
BNF: cb11974322d (data)
ULAN: 500233087
MusicBrainz: 911ffa04-7051-4172-a370-02f1102120ef
NDL: 00620626
NKC: jn20000700038
IATH: w67d2t18
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values: দ্বিতীয় এলিজাবেথ – Bangla

values: Elizabeth II matan Britania Raya – Banjar

values: Елизавета II – Bashkir

values: Лізавета II – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Elizabeta II, kraljica Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva – Bosnian

values: Elizabeth II sa Hiniusang Gingharian – Cebuano

values: Reina Elizabeth, el aca-segundo – Chavacano

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values: Elizabeth II fan it Feriene Keninkryk – Western Frisian

values: Ealisaid II y Reeriaght Unnaneysit – Manx

values: 엘리자베스 2세 – Korean

values: एलिज़ाबेथ द्वितीय – Hindi

values: Elizabeth la 2ma di Unionita Rejio – Ido

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values: اليزابيث التانيه – Egyptian Arabic

values: Elizabeth II dari United Kingdom – Malay

values: အယ်လီဇဘက် ဒုတိယ (ယူကေဘုရင်မ) – Burmese

values: Elizabeth II van het Verenigd Koninkrijk – Dutch

values: एलिजाबेथ द्वितीय – Nepali

values: संयुक्त अधिराज्ययाम्ह एलिजाबेथ निम्ह – Newari

values: Элизабет II – Chechen

values: Elizabeth II av Storbritannia – Norwegian

values: Elizabeth II av Storbritannia – Norwegian Nynorsk

values: Елизавета II – Russian

values: एलिज़बेथ २ – Sanskrit

values: දෙවන එලිසබෙත් රැජිණ – Sinhala

values: ئێلیزابێتی دووەم – Central Kurdish

values: Елизабета II – Serbian

values: ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் இரண்டாம் எலிசபெத் – Tamil

values: Lesabbètte II d'u Regne Aunìte – Tarantino

values: Елизавета II – Tatar

values: ఎలిజబెత్ II – Telugu

values: สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถเอลิซาเบธที่ 2 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร – Thai

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values: ایلزبتھ دوم – Urdu

values: ئېلىزابېت II – Uyghur

values: עליזאבעט די צווייטע – Yiddish

values: 伊丽莎白二世 – Chinese

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