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Falls in older adults
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Falls in older adults
Classification and external resources
Specialty
geriatrics
ICD-10
R29.6
[edit on Wikidata]
Falls in older adults are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and are an important class of preventable injuries. The cause of falling in old age is often multifactorial, and may require a multidisciplinary approach both to treat any injuries sustained and to prevent future falls.[1] Falls include dropping from a standing position, or from exposed positions such as those on ladders or stepladders. The severity of injury is generally related to the height of the fall. The state of the ground surface onto which the victim falls is also important, harder surfaces causing more severe injury. Falls can be prevented by ensuring that carpets are tacked down, that objects like electric cords are not in one's path, that hearing and vision are optimized, dizziness is minimized, alcohol intake is moderated and that shoes have low heels or rubber soles.[2]
A review of clinical trial evidence by the European Food Safety Authority led to a recommendation that people over age 60 years should supplement the diet with vitamin D to reduce the risk of falling and bone fractures.[3] Falls are an important aspect of geriatric medicine.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Signs and symptoms
3 Causes
3.1 Intrinsic factors
3.2 Extrinsic factors
4 Diagnosis
5 Prevention
5.1 Hospital
5.2 Screening
6 Epidemiology
7 History
8 Economics
9 Research
10 References
11 External links
Definition[edit]
Other definitions are more inclusive and do not exclude "major intrinsic events" as a fall.[4] Falls are of concern within medical treatment facilities. Fall prevention is usually a priority in healthcare settings.[5]
A 2006 review of literature identified the need for standardization of falls taxonomy due to the variation within research.[6] The Prevention of Falls Network Europe (ProFane) taxonomy for the definition and reporting of falls aimed at mitigating this problem.[7] ProFane recommended that a fall be defined as "an unexpected event in which the participants come to rest on the ground, floor, or lower level."[7] The ProFane taxonomy is currently used as a framework to appraise falls-related research studies in Cochrane Systematic Reviews.[8][9][10]
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Trauma
Soft tissue injuries. Bilateral orbital haematomas (two black eyes) suggests that the faller was probably not conscious as they fell, as they did not manage to protect their face as they hit the ground.
Fractures and dislocations. 5% of fallers end up having a fracture as a result of their fall, and 1% fracture their neck of femur[citation needed].
Disuse atrophy and muscle wasting from reduced physical activity during recovery periods
Due to bed rest
Pneumonia
Pressure sores
Dehydration
Hypothermia
A fear of falling[11]
Causes[edit]
Falls are often caused by a number of factors. The faller may live with many risk factors for falling and only have problems when another factor appears. As such, management is often tailored to treating the factor that caused the fall, rather than all of the risk factors a patient has for falling. Risk factors may be grouped into intrinsic factors, such as existence of a specific ailment or disease. External or extrinsic factors includes the environment and the way in which it may encourage or deter accidental falls. Such factors as lighting and illumination, personal aid equipment and floor traction are all important in fall prevention.[11]
Intrinsic factors[edit]
Balance and Gait
As a result of stroke disease, Parkinsonism, arthritic changes, neuropathy, neuromuscular disease or vestibular disease.
Visual and Motor Reaction Time Problems
An extended reaction time will delay responses and compensations to standing or walking imbalances, thus increasing the likelihood of falls.
Medications
Polypharmacy is common in older people
Sedatives significantly increase the risk of falling
Cardiovascular medications can contribute towards falls
Visual impairment
Glaucoma, macular degeneration and retinopathy increase the risk of falling[citation needed]
Bifocals and trifocals can increase the risk of falling as the lower portion of corrective lenses are optimized for distances approximately 18inches, thus precluding clear vision of one's feet/floor, approximately 4.5 to 5.5 feet below one's eyes.
Cognitive problems
Dementia increases the likelihood of falls
Cardiovascular causes
Orthostatic hypotension
Postprandial hypotension
Carotid sinus syndrome
Neurocardiogenic syncope– the commonest cause of syncope in A&E patients
Cardiac arrhythmias
Structural heart disease, such as valvular heart disease
Extrinsic factors[edit]
Hanging straps with triangular handles in a modern Japanese commuter train
Grab rails on a longer-distance commuter train catering for mainly seated passengers
A staircase with metal handrails
Front-wheeled walker.
Poor lighting due to low luminance of existing lights or lamps, so preventing hazard identification and avoidance. Eyesight deteriorates with age, and extra lighting will be needed where seniors move frequently. The power of the bulbs used should be higher than normally accepted, with incandescent bulbs preferred especially as they react much more quickly than other types of bulb when switched on. This is vital when entering a room where an obstacle can trip the user for example, especially if not seen in time to prevent the accident.
Stairs with inadequate handrails, or too steep, encouraging trips and falls. The steps should be spaced widely with low risers, and surfaces should be slip-resistant. Softer surfaces can help limit impact injuries by cushioning loads.
Doorways with adequate headroom so that the user's head does not hit the lintel. Doorways of low headroom (less than about 2 metres) are common in old houses and cottages for example.
Rugs/floor surfaces with low friction, causing poor traction and individual instability. All surfaces should have a high friction coefficient with shoe soles.
Clothing/footwear poorly fitted, shoes of low friction against floor. Rubber soles with ribs normally have a high friction coefficient, so are preferred for most purposes. Clothing should fit the user well, without trailing parts (hems falling below the heel and loose shoe strings) which could snag with obstacles
Lack of equipment/aids such as walking sticks or walking frames, such as Zimmer frames so as to improve user stability. Grab bars and hanging straps should be supplied plentifully, especially in critical areas where users may be vulnerable.
Diagnosis[edit]
When assessing a person who has fallen, it is important to try to get an eyewitness account of the incident. As the faller may have had some loss of consciousness, they may not give an accurate description of the fall. However, in practice, these eyewitness accounts are often unavailable. It is also important to remember than 30% of cognitively intact older people are unable to remember a documented fall three months later.[citation needed] Important points of inquiry:[11]
Visual motor reaction time
Frequency of falls
Effectiveness of "parachute" corrective response of moving hand and arm to "break" the fall
Eyewitness account
Associated features
Risk factors for falling
legal and illegal drug interactions
Sedative and alcohol consumption
Assessment of proper, safe use of cane or walker assistive device
Prevention[edit]
Main article: Fall prevention
Fall prevention is accomplished first with a detailed assessment of the risk for falls.[12]
A large body of evidence shows that a multi-disciplinary approach to assessment and treatment results in the best outcome.[13][14][15]
Possible interventions to prevent falls include:
Provision of safety devices such as grab handles, high friction floors and footwear, as well as low power lighting at night
Regular exercise - lower limb strengthening exercise to increase muscle strength.[16] Other forms of exercise, such as those involving gait, balance, co-ordination and functional tasks, may also help improve balance in older adults.[17]
A 2014 review concluded that exercise interventions may reduce fear of falling (FOF) in community-dwelling older adults immediately after the intervention, without evidence of long-term effects.[18]
Review– monitoring of medications and ongoing medical problems
Supplementation with vitamin D, as determined by the European Food Safety Authority that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of falling and bone fractures in women and men over 60 years old; "in order to obtain the claimed effect, 800 I.U. (20 μg) of vitamin D from all sources should be consumed daily."[3][19]
Tackling environmental issues, including a review of current living conditions (action checklist)
Interventions to minimize the consequences of falls:
Hip protectors – probably decrease chance of hip fractures slightly, although it may increase the small chance of a pelvic fracture in older adults living in nursing care facilities. Little or no effect reported on other fractures or falls[20]
Treatment for osteoporosis
Hospital[edit]
People who are hospitalized are at risk for falling. A randomized trial showed that use of a tool kit reduced falls in hospitals. Nurses complete a valid fall risk assessment scale. From that, a software package develops customized fall prevention interventions to address patients' specific determinants of fall risk. The kit also has bed posters with brief text and an accompanying icon, patient education handouts, and plans of care, all communicating patient-specific alerts to key stakeholders.[21]
Screening[edit]
American Geriatrics society (AGS)/British Geriatrics Society (BGS) recommend that all older adults should be screened for "falls in the past year". Fall history is the strongest risk factor associated with subsequent falls.[22] Older people who have experienced at least one fall in the last 6 months, or who believe that they may fall in the coming months, should be evaluated with the aim of reducing their risk of recurrent falls.[23]
Many health institutions in USA have developed screening questionnaires. Enquiry includes difficulty with walking and balance, medication use to help with sleep/mood, loss of sensation in feet, vision problems, fear of falling, and use of assistive devices for walking.
Older adults who report falls should be asked about their circumstances and frequency to assess risks from gait and balance which may be compromised. A fall risk assessment is done by a clinician to include history, physical exam, functional capability, and environment.[24]
Epidemiology[edit]
The incidence of falls increases progressively with age. According to the existing scientific literature, approximately one-third of the elderly population experiences one or more falls each year, while 10% experience multiple falls annually. The risk is greater in people older than 80 years, in which the annual incidence of falls can reach 50%.[25][26][27][28][29]
History[edit]
Researchers have tried to create a consensual definition of a fall since the 1980s. Tinneti et al. defined a fall as "an event which results in a person coming to rest unintentionally on the ground or other lower level, not as a result of a major intrinsic event (such as a stroke) or overwhelming hazard.”[30]
Economics[edit]
The health care impact and costs of falls in older adults is significantly rising all over the world. The cost of falls are categorized into 2 aspects: direct cost and indirect cost.
Direct costs are what patients and insurance companies pay for treating fall-related injuries. This includes fees for hospital and nursing home, doctors and other professional services, rehabilitation, community-based services, use of medical equipment, prescription drugs, changes made to home and insurance processing.
Indirect costs include the loss of productivity of family caregivers and long-term effects of fall-related injuries such as disability, dependence on others and reduced quality of life.
In the United States alone, the total cost of falling injuries for people 65 and older was $31 billion in 2015. The costs covered millions of hospital emergency room visits for non-fatal injuries and more than 800,000 hospitalizations. By 2030, the annual number of falling injuries is expected to be 74 million older adults.[31]
Research[edit]
Furthermore, a recent systematic review has demonstrated that performing dual-task tests (for example, combining a walking task with a counting task) may help in predicting which people are at an increased risk of a fall.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Sarofim M (2012). "Predicting falls in the elderly: do dual-task tests offer any added value? A systematic review". Australian Medical Student Journal. 3 (2): 13–19.
Jump up ^ Chang, Huan J. (2010-01-20). "Falls and older adults". JAMA. 303 (3): 288–288. doi:10.1001/jama.303.3.288. ISSN 0098-7484.
^ Jump up to: a b Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2011). "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin D and risk of falling pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006". EFSA Journal 2011;9(9):2382 [18 pp.]. Brussels, Belgium: European Food Safety Authority. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2382. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Fall and Injury Prevention – Patient Safety and Quality – NCBI Bookshelf". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
Jump up ^ Mayo Clinic internal medicine board review. Ficalora, Robert D., Mayo Clinic., Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (10th ed. / editor-in-chief, Robert D. Ficalora ; editor, Paul S. Mueller ; associate editors, Thomas J. Beckman [and others] ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2013. p. 762. ISBN 9780199948949. OCLC 822991632.
Jump up ^ Hauer K, Lamb SE, Jorstad EC, Todd C, Becker C (2006). "Systematic review of definitions and methods of measuring falls in randomised controlled fall prevention trials". Age and Ageing. 35 (1): 5–10. doi:10.1093/ageing/afi218. PMID 16364930.
^ Jump up to: a b Lamb SE, Jørstad-Stein EC, Hauer K, Becker C (2005). "Development of a Common Outcome Data Set for Fall Injury Prevention Trials: The Prevention of Falls Network Europe Consensus". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 53 (9): 1618–1622. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53455.x.
Jump up ^ Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Sherrington C, Gates S, Clemson LM, Lamb SE (2012). "Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD007146. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3. PMID 22972103.
Jump up ^ Hopewell S, Adedire O, Copsey BJ, Sherrington C, Clemson LM, Close JC, Lamb SE (2016). "Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (Protocol)". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012221.
Jump up ^ Sherrington C, Tiedemann A, Fairhall NJ, Hopewell S, Michaleff ZA, Howard K, Clemson L, Lamb SE (2016). "Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community (Protocol)". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012424.
^ Jump up to: a b c Department of Health, National service framework for older people; Standard 6 – Falls, Crown Copyright, 24 May 2001, [1] accessed:19/5/2008
Jump up ^ "Resource: Algorithm for Fall Risk Screening, Assessment, and Intervention" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Tinetti, ME; Baker DI; Garrett PA; Gottschalk M; Koch ML; Horwitz RI (March 1993). "Yale FICSIT: risk factor abatement strategy for fall prevention". J Am Geriatr Soc. 41 (3): 315–20. PMID 8440856.
Jump up ^ Tinetti, ME; Baker DI; McAvay G; Claus EB; Garrett P; Gottschalk M; Koch ML; Trainor K; Horwitz RI (September 1994). "A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community". N Engl J Med. 331 (13): 821–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199409293311301. PMID 8078528. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
Jump up ^ Close, J; Ellis M; Hooper R; Glucksman E; Jackson S; Swift C (January 1999). "Prevention of falls in the elderly trial (PROFET): a randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 353 (9147): 93–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06119-4. PMID 10023893.
Jump up ^ Ishigaki, Erika Y.; Ramos, Lidiane G.; Carvalho, Elisa S.; Lunardi, Adriana C. (2016-11-08). "Effectiveness of muscle strengthening and description of protocols for preventing falls in the elderly: a systematic review". Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy. 18 (2): 111–118. doi:10.1590/S1413-35552012005000148. ISSN 1809-9246. PMC 4183251  . PMID 24760166.
Jump up ^ Howe, T. E.; Rochester, L; Neil, F; Skelton, D. A.; Ballinger, C (2011). "Exercise for improving balance in older people" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD004963. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004963.pub3. PMID 22071817.
Jump up ^ Kendrick D, Kumar A, Carpenter H, Zijlstra G, Skelton DA, Cook JR, Stevens Z, Belcher CM, Haworth D, Gawler SJ, Gage H, Masud T, Bowling A, Pearl M, Morris RW, Iliffe S, Delbaere K (2014). "Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Art. No.: CD009848 (11): CD009848. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009848.pub2. PMID 25432016.
Jump up ^ Spiro, A; Buttriss, J. L. (2014). "Vitamin D: An overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe". Nutrition Bulletin. 39 (4): 322–350. doi:10.1111/nbu.12108. PMC 4288313  . PMID 25635171.
Jump up ^ Santesso, Nancy; Carrasco-Labra, Alonso; Brignardello-Petersen, Romina (2014-03-31). "Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (3): CD001255. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001255.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 24687239.
Jump up ^ Dykes PC, Carroll DL, Hurley A, Lipsitz S, Benoit A, Chang F, Meltzer S, Tsurikova R, Zuyov L, Middleton B (2010-11-03). "Fall prevention in acute care hospitals: A randomized trial". JAMA. 304 (17): 1912–1918. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1567. ISSN 0098-7484. PMC 3107709  . PMID 21045097.
Jump up ^ DK, Kiely (1998). "Identifying nursing home residents at risk of falling". Journal of American Geriatrics Society. 46 (5): 551–555. PMID 9588366.
Jump up ^ Rodríguez-Molinero, Alejandro (2017). "A two-question tool to assess the risk of repeated falls in the elderly". PLoS One. 10 (12(5)): e0176703. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276703R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176703. PMC 5425174  . PMID 28489888.
Jump up ^ "Clinical Practice Guideline: Prevention of Falls in Older Persons". The American Geriatrics Society. 2016.
Jump up ^ Tinetti (1988). "Risk Factors for Falls among Elderly Persons Living in the Community". N Engl J Med. 319 (26): 1701–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM198812293192604. PMID 3205267.
Jump up ^ Nevitt (1989). "Risk factors for recurrent nonsyncopal falls. A prospective study". JAMA. 261 (18): 2663–68. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420180087036. PMID 2709546.
Jump up ^ Rodríguez-Molinero (2015). "Falls in the Spanish elderly population: Incidence, consequences and risk factors". Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 50 (6): 274–80. doi:10.1016/j.regg.2015.05.005. PMID 26168776.
Jump up ^ Rapp (2014). "Fall incidence in Germany: results of two population-based studies, and comparison of retrospective and prospective falls data collection methods". BMC Geriatr. 14: 105. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-105. PMC 4179843  . PMID 25241278.
Jump up ^ Shumway-Cook (2009). "Falls in the Medicare population: incidence, associated factors, and impact on health care". Phys Ther. 89 (4): 324–32. doi:10.2522/ptj.20070107. PMC 2664994  . PMID 19228831.
Jump up ^ Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF (Dec 1988). "Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community". N Engl J Med. 319 (26): 1701–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM198812293192604. PMID 3205267.
Jump up ^ "Costs of Falls Among Older Adults". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Home and Recreational Safety, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD. 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Morse Fall Assessment An assessment tool to determine and quantify persons as low, mid, and high risk for falls.
Older Adult Falls – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Television producer
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A television producer is a person who oversees all aspects of video production on a television program. Some producers take more of an executive role, in that they conceive new programs and pitch them to the television networks, but upon acceptance they focus on business matters, such as budgets and contracts. Other producers are more involved with the day-to-day workings, participating in activities such as screenwriting, set design, casting and directing.
There is a variety of different producers on a television show. A traditional producer is one who manages a show's budget and maintains a schedule, but this is no longer the case in modern television.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of television producers
2 Writer as "producer"
3 Star as "producer"
4 Notable television producers
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Types of television producers[edit]
Main article: Television crew
Different types of producers in the industry today include (in order of seniority):
Executive producer
There are four meanings for the term in North America. The showrunner is the "chief executive" in charge of everything related to the production of the show. It is the highest ranking individual who is responsible for the development and daily management of the show. In fictional television, they supervise the writing room as well. Established show creators with prior writing credits are automatically given the title of executive producer, even after they depart the show. Executive producers can be showrunners, head writers, the head of a production company, or a long-time writer for the show.
Co-executive producer
Near seniority to the executive producers, these producers serve as "chief operating officers" by managing above and below-the-line staff. In fictional shows, they have also contributed significantly in the writing room through table reads, discussions, and/or revisions. The co-executive producer may pen scripts as well.
Supervising producer
In fictional shows, these producers assist in the creative process by engaging in table discussions, aiding in script rewrites, and also guiding new writers. In reality shows, they are often series directors who supervise other directors.
Producer
In fictional shows, a producer may not have written the episode, but contributed significantly through table reads, discussions, and/or revisions. They may also be a former executive producer who still writes for the show, but has since relinquished his/her duties as E.P. Producers responsible for production logistics are given the credit of "produced by."
Co-producer
In fictional shows, a co-producer may not have written the episode, but contributed significantly through table reads, discussions, and/or revisions.
Coordinating producer
The term is only used when the staff are working simultaneously on multiple shows. In such scenario, this producer coordinates their various tasks for them and places them into teams.
Consulting producer, executive consultant, or production consultant
They consult certain aspects for the series. These producers are sometimes former executive producers or directors, who no longer work on the show, but are hired to consult for the production, nonetheless. They are usually called upon to assist the writers.
Associate producer
Serves any of the producer job functions at the request of the showrunner.
Assistant producer
Sources contributors and stories for the reality program.
Chase producer
For news and talk show production, locates and schedules (or "chases") guests for interviews.
Segment producer
Writes one segment of a reality program.
Line producer
In charge of the unit production manager, these producers find staff to hire and manages their pay checks. Most line producers receive the "produced by" title, as they tend to also be responsible for production logistics.
Field producer
In reality shows only. Selects areas to film (outside of a television studio) and coordinates stories for a production in the field. They also form a trusting relationship with the cast/participants in order to get interviews while in the field. They may fill a number of different roles, including production manager/coordinator, videographer, and also production assistant.
Edit producer
Helps co-ordinate the edit by working with the editor and relaying information from other producers. Involved in creating stories and writing the script if necessary.
Post-production producer or post-production coordinator
Responsible for the overall post-production process, including editing, dubbing, and grading, and are managed by the post-production supervisor.
In live television or "as-live", an executive producer seldom has any operational control of the show. His/her job is to stand back from the operational aspects and judge the show as an ordinary viewer might.
In film or video productions, the executive producer is almost always given an opportunity to comment on a rough cut, but the amount of attention paid to his/her comments is highly dependent on the overall personnel structure of the production.
Writer as "producer"[edit]
Because of the restrictions the Writers Guild of America screenwriting credit system places on writing credits, many script writers in television are credited as "producers" instead, even though they may not engage in the responsibilities generally associated with that title. On-screen, a "producer" credit for a TV series will generally be given to each member of the writing staff who made a demonstrable contribution to the final script. The actual producer of the show (in the traditional sense) is listed under the credit "produced by".
Bill Lawrence, a television screenwriter, producer, director and series creator (Scrubs, Cougar Town and Spin City) explained during an interview on Off Camera that:
... the end credits of a TV show, it will say Staff Writer, Story Editor, Executive Story Editor, Co-Producer, Producer, Supervising Producer, Co-Executive Producer, Executive Producer. (While) (s)omeone else will (also) be Executive Producer because they help to run the room, every other title is just ... writer who's been here one year, writer who's been here two years, writer who's been here three years, ... and it's just a pay scale.[1]
Star as "producer"[edit]
Sometimes the star of a successful television series can have a degree of influence over the creative process. For example, besides his leading role as Jack Bauer in 24, Kiefer Sutherland was credited as producer during the show's second season, then rising to co-executive producer from season 3 to the last few episodes of season 5, from where he was finally promoted to executive producer. Claire Danes, the star of Homeland, also produces the show. Mark Harmon, star of the series NCIS, serves as one of the show's producers. Similarly, Tom Welling, the star of the CW show Smallville, became co-executive producer for the show in season 9 and executive producer in season 10. House star Hugh Laurie became co-executive producer for the show in its sixth season. Holly Marie Combs and Alyssa Milano, the stars of Charmed, became producers of the show in its fifth season.
Notable television producers[edit]
J. J. Abrams: Alias, Lost, Fringe
Mara Brock Akil: The Game, Girlfriends
David Angell: Frasier, Wings, Cheers
Alan Ball: Six Feet Under, True Blood
Chuck Barris: The Dating Game, The Gong Show, The Newlywed Game, Treasure Hunt
Biddy Baxter: Blue Peter (1962–65; editor 1965–1988)
Thom Beers: Deadliest Catch, Lobster Wars, numerous other Discovery Channel series
Bradley Bell: The Bold and the Beautiful (1995–present) [2]
William J. Bell: The Young and the Restless (1973-2005), The Bold and the Beautiful (1987-1995) [3]
Donald P. Bellisario: Magnum, P.I., Airwolf, JAG, NCIS, Quantum Leap
Rick Berman: Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: Voyager, Star Trek: Enterprise
Eric Bischoff: WCW Monday Nitro
Linda Bloodworth-Thomason: Designing Women, Evening Shade, Hearts Afire
Andy Bobrow: Community, Malcolm in the Middle
Steven Bochco: Hill Street Blues, L.A. Law, NYPD Blue
Yvette Lee Bowser: Living Single, A Different World, For Your Love, Half and Half
Kevin S. Bright: Friends, Veronica's Closet, Jesse, Joey
James L. Brooks: The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Rhoda, Taxi, The Simpsons, The Tracey Ullman Show
Jerry Bruckheimer: The Amazing Race, Cold Case, CSI, Without a Trace
Mark Burnett: The Apprentice, Survivor, Rock Star, Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?, The Contender, The Voice
Stephen J. Cannell: The Rockford Files, 21 Jump Street, The A-Team, Hunter
Marcy Carsey: 3rd Rock from the Sun, The Cosby Show, Roseanne
Chris Carter: The X-Files, Millennium, Harsh Realm, The Lone Gunmen
Shaun Cassidy: American Gothic, Invasion, Ruby & The Rockits
Ilene Chaiken: The L Word
David Chase: The Sopranos[4]
Marc Cherry: Desperate Housewives, The Golden Girls
Stephen Colbert: Strangers with Candy, The Colbert Report
Betty Corday: Days of Our Lives (1966-1987)
Ken Corday: Days of Our Lives (1985–present)
Ted Corday: Days of Our Lives (1965-1966)
David Cormican: Between, Shadowhunters, The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe
Simon Cowell: The X Factor, Britain's Got Talent, America's Got Talent
Ron Cowen: Queer as Folk USA
David Crane: Dream On, Friends, Veronica's Closet, Jesse, The Class, Episodes
Carlton Cuse: The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr., Nash Bridges, Lost, Bates Motel, The Strain
Greg Daniels: The Office, King of the Hill, The Simpsons
Larry David: Seinfeld, Curb Your Enthusiasm[5]
Michael Davies: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (1999-2010)
Russell T Davies: Queer as Folk UK, Doctor Who (2005 revival), Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures
Rupesh D Gohil: Krantijyoti Savitribai Phule (2016)
Frederick de Cordova: The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1970-1992)
John de Mol: Big Brother, Fear Factor, Deal or No Deal
Suzanne de Passe: Lonesome Dove, Sister, Sister, Smart Guy
Roger Dobkowitz: The Price Is Right (1984–2008)
David Doyle: Poker Superstars Invitational Tournament, Puppy Bowl
Tina Fey: 30 Rock, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
Jeff Franklin: Full House, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper
Lowell Ganz: Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley, Joanie Loves Chachi
Larry Gelbart: M*A*S*H
Michael Gill: Civilisation, Alistair Cooke's America
Vince Gilligan: Breaking Bad
Mark Goodson: Beat the Clock, Card Sharks, Family Feud, I've Got a Secret, Match Game, Password, The Price is Right, Tattletales, To Tell the Truth, What's My Line?
Lauren Graham: Gilmore Girls
Merv Griffin: Jeopardy!, Wheel of Fortune
Paul Haggis: Due South
Alan Hardwick: Yorkshire Television
Dan Harmon: Community
Don Hewitt: 60 Minutes
Stephen Hillenburg: SpongeBob SquarePants
Roy Huggins: Baretta, The Fugitive, The Rockford Files
Armando Giovanni Iannucci, OBE: The Thick of It, Veep
Marta Kauffman: Dream On, Friends, Veronica's Closet, Jesse, Related, Grace and Frankie
David E. Kelley: Ally McBeal, Boston Legal, Boston Public, Chicago Hope, Picket Fences, The Practice
Michael Patrick King: Sex and the City
Eric Kripke: Supernatural, Revolution
Matt Kunitz: Fear Factor, Wipeout
Verity Lambert: Doctor Who, Adam Adamant Lives!, Jonathan Creek
John Langley: COPS
Lynn Marie Latham: Knots Landing, Homefront, The Young and the Restless
Bill Lawrence: Scrubs, Cougar Town, Spin City
Norman Lear: All in the Family, Good Times, Maude, One Day at a Time, Sanford and Son
Ron Leavitt: Married... with Children, Unhappily Ever After
Damon Lindelof: Lost
Daniel Lipman: Queer as Folk (US)
Chuck Lorre: Grace Under Fire, Cybill, Dharma & Greg, Two and a Half Men, The Big Bang Theory, Mike & Molly, Mom
Seth MacFarlane: Family Guy, American Dad!, The Cleveland Show
David Maloney: Blake's 7, The Day of the Triffids
Garry Marshall: The Odd Couple (1970-1975), Happy Days (1974-1984), Laverne & Shirley (1976-1983)
Quinn Martin: The Untouchables, The Fugitive, The F.B.I., The Invaders, Cannon, The Streets of San Francisco, Barnaby Jones
Elizabeth Meriwether: New Girl
Lorne Michaels: Saturday Night Live, The Kids in the Hall, 30 Rock
Fran Mires: Ocurrio asi, Al Youm
Steven Moffat: Doctor Who (after Russell T Davies), Sherlock, Jekyll, Coupling, Joking Apart and Chalk
Ronald D. Moore: Battlestar Galactica, Roswell, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: The Next Generation
Sarah Mulvey: Brat Camp, 10 Years Younger, Wife Swap
Ryan Murphy: Popular, Nip/Tuck, Glee, American Horror Story, The New Normal
John Nathan-Turner: Doctor Who (1980–1989)
Sydney Newman: General Motors Theatre, Armchair Theatre
Jonathan Nolan: Person of Interest
Rockne S. O'Bannon: Farscape, Cult
Michelle Paradise: Exes and Ohs
Tyler Perry: Meet the Browns, House of Payne, Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse[6]
William P. Perry: Anyone for Tennyson?
Julie Plec: The Vampire Diaries
Bill Podmore: Coronation Street
Gordon Ramsay: MasterChef US, Kitchen Nightmares, Ramsay's Best Restaurant
Paul Rauch: Another World (1971-1983), Texas (1980-1981), One Life to Live (1984-1991), Santa Barbara (1992-1993), Guiding Light (1996-2002), The Young and the Restless (2008-2011)
Shonda Rhimes: Grey's Anatomy, Private Practice, Scandal, How to Get Away with Murder
Mark Risley: Rugrats, The Wild Thornberrys, Rocket Power and As Told by Ginger
Gene Roddenberry: Star Trek: The Original Series, Star Trek: The Next Generation
Shawn Ryan: The Shield, The Chicago Code, Last Resort
Haim Saban: Power Rangers (1993–2001; 2010–present), Beetleborgs, VR Troopers
Magnús Scheving: LazyTown
Dan Schneider: Victorious, iCarly, Drake & Josh, Zoey 101, What I Like About You, Kenan & Kel, The Amanda Show, All That
Josh Schwartz: The O.C., Chuck, Gossip Girl
Jerry Seinfeld: Seinfeld
Tom Selleck: Magnum, P.I.
David Shore: House, Battle Creek
David Simon: The Wire, The Corner, Generation Kill, Homicide: Life on the Street, Treme[7]
Aaron Sorkin: Sports Night, The West Wing, Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, The Newsroom
Aaron Spelling: Beverly Hills, 90210, Charmed, Charlie's Angels, Dynasty, Fantasy Island, The Love Boat, Melrose Place, The Mod Squad, 7th Heaven, Starsky and Hutch, S.W.A.T., T. J. Hooker [8]
Darren Star: Beverly Hills, 90210, Melrose Place, Sex and the City
Stephen Stohn: Degrassi: The Next Generation, Instant Star
J. Michael Straczynski: Babylon 5
Tim Taylor: 13 series of Time Team
Harry Thomason: Designing Women, Evening Shade, Hearts Afire
Paul Tibbitt: SpongeBob SquarePants (2007–present)
Bill Todman: Beat the Clock, Card Sharks, Family Feud, I've Got a Secret, Match Game, Password, The Price Is Right, Tattletales, To Tell the Truth, What's My Line?
Ivan Tors: Science Fiction Theater, Sea Hunt, The Man and the Challenge, The Aquanauts, Daring Game, Flipper, Gentle Ben, Daktari, Rip Cord, Cowboy in Africa, Jambo
Mark Wahlberg: In Treatment, Entourage, Boardwalk Empire
Ray Waru: Frontier of Dreams
Ken Warwick: American Idol, America's Got Talent, Pop Idol, Gladiators
Reg Watson: The Young Doctors, Prisoner, Neighbours
Michael Wearing: Boys from the Blackstuff, Edge of Darkness
Matthew Weiner: Mad Men
Joss Whedon: Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, Firefly and Dollhouse [9]
Kevin Williamson: The Vampire Diaries, The Following
Terence Winter: Boardwalk Empire [10]
Dick Wolf: Law & Order, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Chicago P.D., Chicago Fire [11]
J. H. Wyman: Fringe, Almost Human
See also[edit]
Film producer
Film director
Executive producer
Line producer
Showrunner
Producers Guild of America
Writers Guild of America
Screenwriter
Television director
Television program creator
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jones, Sam (host) (2015-12-07). "TV Producer Bill Lawrence Reveals How a Writer's Room Really Works". Off Camera. Season 4. Episode 48. Audience.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
Jump up ^ "William J. Bell".
Jump up ^ http://www.hbo.com/sopranos/cast/crew/david_chase.shtml
Jump up ^ HBO: Curb Your Enthusiasm: About the Show "Curb Your Enthusiasm" Check |url= value (help).
Jump up ^ "Tyler Perry's Biography".
Jump up ^ http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/crew/david_simon.shtml
Jump up ^ Aaron Spelling New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Joss Whedon - Biography". IMDB.
Jump up ^ HBO: cast and crew: Terence Winter: Bio "Terence Winter" Check |url= value (help).
Jump up ^ New York Times. "Dick Wolf Breaks and Enters With 'Law and Order' on NBC" by Bruce Weber. March 1, 1992.
External links[edit]
Producers Guild of America Frequently Asked Questions
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_producer&oldid=815529419"
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Nathan Parsons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nathan Parsons
Parsons at the July 2014 San Diego Comic Con
Born
Nathan Dean Parsons
(1988-06-16) 16 June 1988 (age 30)
Adelaide, Australia
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1991–present
Nathan Dean Parsons (born 16 June 1988) is an Australian-born American actor, known for his work in daytime television on the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital as the character of Ethan Lovett.[1][2][3][4] He also had roles on primetime television shows as vampire James Kent on the seventh and final season of the HBO drama series True Blood, and the role of exiled werewolf Jackson Kenner on The CW drama series The Originals. Recently, he has been on Once Upon a Time as Hansel/Jack/Nick Branson.
Contents
1 Background
2 Career
2.1 Early works
2.2 General Hospital
2.3 Bunheads
2.4 True Blood
2.5 The Originals
2.6 Roswell, New Mexico
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 Awards
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
Nathan Parsons was born in Adelaide, South Australia but raised in Colorado and Texas. He moved to Los Angeles to attend the University of Southern California after being accepted into their Bachelor of Fine Arts Acting program. He is also a member of Boom Kat Dance Theatre, a non-profit dance company based in Santa Monica, California. Currently, in their third year, Boom Kat has been made a resident company of the Miles Memorial Playhouse in Santa Monica following the success of their third production NeverWonderland. In his spare time, Nathan enjoys dance, rock climbing, hiking, lacrosse, football, soccer, yoga, and scuba diving.[2][3][4]
Career[edit]
Early works[edit]
As a child actor, he did voice-over work dubbing Japanese anime for ADV Films, including the lead role of Jean Roque-Raltique in Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water and parts in "Soul Hunter", Devil Lady and Jing: King of Bandits. Parsons has previously appeared in the films Teeth (2007)[2][5] and The Brotherhood V: Alumni (2009).[2][3]
General Hospital[edit]
Parsons originally auditioned for a different role on General Hospital and was not cast, but the series subsequently created a new character for him.[2][4] He made his first appearance as con artist Ethan Lovett on 30 January 2009.[2][3][6][7][8] Parsons was initially hired on a recurring basis but was soon put on contract with the series, working closely with multi-Daytime Emmy Award-winner Anthony Geary.[2][8][9] Parsons's debut storyline hinted at the secret parentage of his character Ethan,[7][10][11][12] who was later established as the son of Luke Spencer (Geary) and Holly Sutton (Emma Samms),[13] characters made household names during General Hospital's 1980s peak.[14] In March 2009 Soaps In Depth magazine credited Parsons with "taking the show by storm" and dubbed Ethan "one of daytime's most riveting young characters."[15]
In December 2011, Parsons announced that he had decided not to renew his contract with General Hospital (which was expiring in early 2012).[citation needed] His last airdate was 7 March 2012, in a final scene that was shared with his on-screen parents, Anthony Geary and Emma Samms. The storyline was left open-ended for his possible return.
In May 2012, Parsons was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in the Outstanding Younger Actor category for his portrayal of Ethan Lovett on General Hospital.[citation needed] The 2012 Daytime Emmy Awards were televised live on 23 June 2012, from the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, California. Though Parsons did not win in this category, he was prominently featured in the telecast as a presenter for the coveted Outstanding Lead Actor category, in which his former co-stars, Anthony Geary and Maurice Benard, were both nominated. Parsons presented the award to his former on-screen father, Anthony Geary (for an unprecedented 7th win), and was acknowledged in Geary's acceptance speech. General Hospital also won the Outstanding Drama Series award.[citation needed]
In April 2013, Parsons returned to General Hospital as Ethan Lovett as part of the show's 50th Anniversary Celebration.[citation needed] His return aired over two days, 2 and 3 April, in which he appeared with Anthony Geary (Luke Spencer), Genie Francis (Laura Spencer) and Constance Towers (Helena Cassadine).[citation needed] He also reprised his character again in July 2015 for two episodes.
Bunheads[edit]
Nathan Parsons debuted on Bunheads on 16 July 2012, in an episode entitled "Money for Nothing", which introduced his character of Godot. While Godot was well known and idolized by the "bunheads"/girls, the lead character of Michelle (Sutton Foster) had never met him, as he had only just returned from a year-long surfing trip. There was a brief, but instant rapport/flirtation between Michelle and Godot; a relationship that was played out through season 1. He went on to appear in a further six episodes through the season, (which was the only season as the show was cancelled by ABC Family).
True Blood[edit]
Parsons replaced Luke Grimes as James in the final season of True Blood.[16]
The Originals[edit]
Nathan has appeared on The Originals as Jackson Kenner since 2014.
Roswell, New Mexico[edit]
On March 5, 2018, news outlets reported that Parsons was played as Max in The CW series Roswell, New Mexico.[17]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1991 Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water Jean (English version, voice)
1998 Devilman Lady Kid (English version, voice)
2002 Ô dorobô Jing Angostura (English version, voice)
2007 Teeth Soda Spritzer
2009 The Brotherhood V: Alumni Holden Williams
2011 The Roommate Coffee Shop Cashier
2013 The Nightmare Nanny Jake TV movie
2013 #twitterkills Justin Tyme Short
2015 Point of Honor John Rhodes TV movie
2016 Pet Eric
2016 Late Bloomer Shane Rutherford TV movie
2017 Justice James McCord
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990–91 Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water Jean (English version, voice) 39 episodes
2009–15 General Hospital Ethan Lovett Series regular: January 30, 2009 – March 7, 2012
Guest: April 2–3, 2013, July 2015
2011 State of Georgia Doug Episode: "Know When to Fold 'em"
2012–13 Bunheads Godot 7 episodes
2014 Complete Works Fantasy Shakespeare Episode: "The Green-Eyed Monster"
2014–17 The Originals Jackson Kenner 22 episodes
2014 True Blood James Kent Series regular: Season 7
2016 Rosewood Nip-Tuck Episode: "Tree Toxins & Three Stories"
2017–18 Once Upon a Time Hansel / Jack / Nick Branson 8 episodes
2019 Roswell, New Mexico Max Main role
Awards[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
2012 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series General Hospital Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water: Perfect Collection, Region 1 DVD (27 November 2007)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Stacy, Tom (2 June 2009). "Port Charles Newcomer Nathan Parsons: Man of Mystery". Soap Opera Digest. pp. 48–51 (Vol. 34, No. 22).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nathan Parsons biography – ABC.com Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rossi, Rosemary A. (1 June 2009). "In Fate's Hands". Soaps In Depth. pp. 62–65. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Teeth (2007): Cast & Details". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
Jump up ^ General Hospital recap (1/30/09) – Soaps.com Retrieved on 29 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Who is Ethan?". Soaps In Depth. 9 February 2009. p. 12. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Mitovich, Matt (20 January 2009). "General Hospital Casting Exclusive: A New Con Is On!". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Nathan Parsons Joins the Cast of General Hospital". Soaps.com. 21 January 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Holly: 'Ethan's Father Is...'". Soaps In Depth. 1 June 2009. p. 4. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "GH's Emma Samms Returns". Soaps In Depth. 12 May 2009. p. 4. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ West, Abby (10 March 2009). "Emma Samms to return to General Hospital". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
Jump up ^ General Hospital recap (5/29/09) – Soaps.com Retrieved on 29 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Schemering, Christopher (September 1985). "General Hospital". The Soap Opera Encyclopedia. pp. 108–119. ISBN 0-345-32459-5.
Jump up ^ "Next Big Thing!". Soaps In Depth. 23 March 2009. p. 88.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (January 15, 2014). "True Blood Recast Exclusive: Bunheads Hunk Is the New James, Replacing Luke Grimes". TV Line. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 5, 2018). "'Roswell': Nathan Parsons, Four More Cast In the CW Reboot Pilot". Deadline. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
External links[edit]
Nathan Parsons on IMDb
Nathan Parsons biography – ABC.com
Clark Robinson, Julie (17 March 2009). "Interview with General Hospital Newcomer Nathan Parsons". Soaps.com. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: no2011110515
SNAC: w6gc6hjm
VIAF: 173415040
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Parsons&oldid=852713057"
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