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C data types
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In the C programming language, data types are declarations for memory locations or variables that determine the characteristics of the data that may be stored and the methods (operations) of processing that are permitted involving them.
The C language provides basic arithmetic types, such as integer and real number types, and syntax to build array and compound types. Several headers in the C standard library contain definitions of support types, that have additional properties, such as providing storage with an exact size, independent of the implementation.[1][2]
Contents
1 Basic types
1.1 Boolean type
1.2 Size and pointer difference types
1.3 Interface to the properties of the basic types
1.3.1 Properties of integer types
1.3.2 Properties of floating-point types
2 Fixed-width integer types
2.1 Printf and scanf format specifiers
3 Additional floating-point types
4 Structures
5 Arrays
6 Pointers
7 Unions
8 Function pointers
9 Type qualifiers
10 See also
11 References
Basic types[edit]
The C language provides the four basic arithmetic type specifiers char, int, float and double, and the modifiers signed, unsigned, short and long. The following table lists the permissible combinations to specify a large set of storage size-specific declarations.
Type
Explanation
Format specifier
char Smallest addressable unit of the machine that can contain basic character set. It is an integer type. Actual type can be either signed or unsigned. It contains CHAR_BIT bits.[3] %c
signed char Of the same size as char, but guaranteed to be signed. Capable of containing at least the [−127, +127] range;[3][4] %c (or %hhi for numerical output)
unsigned char Of the same size as char, but guaranteed to be unsigned. Contains at least the [0, 255] range.[5] %c (or %hhu for numerical output)
short
short int
signed short
signed short int Short signed integer type. Capable of containing at least the [−32,767, +32,767] range;[3][4] thus, it is at least 16 bits in size. The negative value is −32767 (not −32768) due to the one's-complement and sign-magnitude representations allowed by the standard, though the two's-complement representation is much more common.[6] %hi
unsigned short
unsigned short int Short unsigned integer type. Contains at least the [0, 65,535] range;[3][4] %hu
int
signed
signed int Basic signed integer type. Capable of containing at least the [−32,767, +32,767] range;[3][4] thus, it is at least 16 bits in size. %i or %d
unsigned
unsigned int Basic unsigned integer type. Contains at least the [0, 65,535] range;[3][4] %u
long
long int
signed long
signed long int Long signed integer type. Capable of containing at least the [−2,147,483,647, +2,147,483,647] range;[3][4] thus, it is at least 32 bits in size. %li
unsigned long
unsigned long int Long unsigned integer type. Capable of containing at least the [0, 4,294,967,295] range;[3][4] %lu
long long
long long int
signed long long
signed long long int Long long signed integer type. Capable of containing at least the [−9,223,372,036,854,775,807, +9,223,372,036,854,775,807] range;[3][4] thus, it is at least 64 bits in size. Specified since the C99 version of the standard. %lli
unsigned long long
unsigned long long int Long long unsigned integer type. Contains at least the [0, +18,446,744,073,709,551,615] range;[3][4] Specified since the C99 version of the standard. %llu
float Real floating-point type, usually referred to as a single-precision floating-point type. Actual properties unspecified (except minimum limits), however on most systems this is the IEEE 754 single-precision binary floating-point format (32 bits). This format is required by the optional Annex F "IEC 60559 floating-point arithmetic". for formatted input:
%f %F for digital notation, or
%g %G, or
%e %E
%a %A
for scientific notation[7]
double Real floating-point type, usually referred to as a double-precision floating-point type. Actual properties unspecified (except minimum limits), however on most systems this is the IEEE 754 double-precision binary floating-point format (64 bits). This format is required by the optional Annex F "IEC 60559 floating-point arithmetic". %lf %lF
%lg %lG
%le %lE
%la %lA;[7] for formatted output, the length modifier l is optional.
long double Real floating-point type, usually mapped to an extended precision floating-point number format. Actual properties unspecified. It can be either x86 extended-precision floating-point format (80 bits, but typically 96 bits or 128 bits in memory with padding bytes), the non-IEEE "double-double" (128 bits), IEEE 754 quadruple-precision floating-point format (128 bits), or the same as double. See the article on long double for details. %Lf %LF
%Lg %LG
%Le %LE
%La %LA[7]
The actual size of the integer types varies by implementation. The standard only requires size relations between the data types and minimum sizes for each data type:
The relation requirements are that the long long is not smaller than long, which is not smaller than int, which is not smaller than short. As char's size is always the minimum supported data type, no other data types (except bit-fields) can be smaller.
The minimum size for char is 8 bits, the minimum size for short and int is 16 bits, for long it is 32 bits and long long must contain at least 64 bits.
The type int should be the integer type that the target processor is most efficiently working with. This allows great flexibility: for example, all types can be 64-bit. However, several different integer width schemes (data models) are popular. Because the data model defines how different programs communicate, a uniform data model is used within a given operating system application interface.[8]
In practice, char is usually eight bits in size and short is usually 16 bits in size (as are their unsigned counterparts). This holds true for platforms as diverse as 1990s SunOS 4 Unix, Microsoft MS-DOS, modern Linux, and Microchip MCC18 for embedded 8-bit PIC microcontrollers. POSIX requires char to be exactly eight bits in size.
Various rules in the C standard make unsigned char the basic type used for arrays suitable to store arbitrary non-bit-field objects: its lack of padding bits and trap representations, the definition of object representation,[5] and the possibility of aliasing.[9]
The actual size and behavior of floating-point types also vary by implementation. The only guarantee is that long double is not smaller than double, which is not smaller than float. Usually, the 32-bit and 64-bit IEEE 754 binary floating-point formats are used, if supported by hardware.
The C99 standard includes new real floating-point types float_t and double_t, defined in <math.h>. They correspond to the types used for the intermediate results of floating-point expressions when FLT_EVAL_METHOD is 0, 1, or 2. These types may be wider than long double.
C99 also added complex types: float _Complex, double _Complex, long double _Complex.
Boolean type[edit]
C99 added a boolean (true/false) type _Bool. Additionally, the new <stdbool.h> header defines bool as a convenient alias for this type, and also provides macros for true and false. _Bool functions similarly to a normal integral type, with one exception: any assignments to a _Bool that are not 0 (false) are stored as 1 (true). This behavior exists to avoid integer overflows in implicit narrowing conversions. For example, in the following code:
unsigned char b = 256; if (b) { /* do something */ }
b evaluates to false if unsigned char is 8 bits wide. This is because 256 does not fit in the data type, which results in the lower 8 bits of it being used, resulting in a zero value. However, changing the type causes the previous code to behave normally:
_Bool b = 256; if (b) { /* do something */ }
Size and pointer difference types[edit]
The C language specification includes the typedefs size_t and ptrdiff_t to represent memory-related quantities. Their size is defined according to the target processor's arithmetic capabilities, not the memory capabilities, such as available address space. Both of these types are defined in the <stddef.h> header (cstddef header in C++).
size_t is an unsigned integer type used to represent the size of any object (including arrays) in the particular implementation. The sizeof operator yields a value of the type size_t. The maximum size of size_t is provided via SIZE_MAX, a macro constant which is defined in the <stdint.h> header (cstdint header in C++). size_t is guaranteed to be at least 16 bits wide. Additionally, POSIX includes ssize_t, which is a signed integral type of the same width as size_t.
ptrdiff_t is a signed integral type used to represent the difference between pointers. It is only guaranteed to be valid against pointers of the same type; subtraction of pointers consisting of different types is implementation-defined.
Interface to the properties of the basic types[edit]
Information about the actual properties, such as size, of the basic arithmetic types, is provided via macro constants in two headers: <limits.h> header (climits header in C++) defines macros for integer types and <float.h> header (cfloat header in C++) defines macros for floating-point types. The actual values depend on the implementation.
Properties of integer types[edit]
CHAR_BIT – size of the char type in bits (at least 8 bits)
SCHAR_MIN, SHRT_MIN, INT_MIN, LONG_MIN, LLONG_MIN(C99) – minimum possible value of signed integer types: signed char, signed short, signed int, signed long, signed long long
SCHAR_MAX, SHRT_MAX, INT_MAX, LONG_MAX, LLONG_MAX(C99) – maximum possible value of signed integer types: signed char, signed short, signed int, signed long, signed long long
UCHAR_MAX, USHRT_MAX, UINT_MAX, ULONG_MAX, ULLONG_MAX(C99) – maximum possible value of unsigned integer types: unsigned char, unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned long, unsigned long long
CHAR_MIN – minimum possible value of char
CHAR_MAX – maximum possible value of char
MB_LEN_MAX – maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character
Properties of floating-point types[edit]
FLT_MIN, DBL_MIN, LDBL_MIN – minimum normalized positive value of float, double, long double respectively
FLT_TRUE_MIN, DBL_TRUE_MIN, LDBL_TRUE_MIN (C11) – minimum positive value of float, double, long double respectively
FLT_MAX, DBL_MAX, LDBL_MAX – maximum finite value of float, double, long double, respectively
FLT_ROUNDS – rounding mode for floating-point operations
FLT_EVAL_METHOD (C99) – evaluation method of expressions involving different floating-point types
FLT_RADIX – radix of the exponent in the floating-point types
FLT_DIG, DBL_DIG, LDBL_DIG – number of decimal digits that can be represented without losing precision by float, double, long double, respectively
FLT_EPSILON, DBL_EPSILON, LDBL_EPSILON – difference between 1.0 and the next representable value of float, double, long double, respectively
FLT_MANT_DIG, DBL_MANT_DIG, LDBL_MANT_DIG – number of FLT_RADIX-base digits in the floating-point significand for types float, double, long double, respectively
FLT_MIN_EXP, DBL_MIN_EXP, LDBL_MIN_EXP – minimum negative integer such that FLT_RADIX raised to a power one less than that number is a normalized float, double, long double, respectively
FLT_MIN_10_EXP, DBL_MIN_10_EXP, LDBL_MIN_10_EXP – minimum negative integer such that 10 raised to that power is a normalized float, double, long double, respectively
FLT_MAX_EXP, DBL_MAX_EXP, LDBL_MAX_EXP – maximum positive integer such that FLT_RADIX raised to a power one less than that number is a normalized float, double, long double, respectively
FLT_MAX_10_EXP, DBL_MAX_10_EXP, LDBL_MAX_10_EXP – maximum positive integer such that 10 raised to that power is a normalized float, double, long double, respectively
DECIMAL_DIG (C99) – minimum number of decimal digits such that any number of the widest supported floating-point type can be represented in decimal with a precision of DECIMAL_DIG digits and read back in the original floating-point type without changing its value. DECIMAL_DIG is at least 10.
Fixed-width integer types[edit]
The C99 standard includes definitions of several new integer types to enhance the portability of programs.[2] The already available basic integer types were deemed insufficient, because their actual sizes are implementation defined and may vary across different systems. The new types are especially useful in embedded environments where hardware usually supports only several types and that support varies between different environments. All new types are defined in <inttypes.h> header (cinttypes header in C++) and also are available at <stdint.h> header (cstdint header in C++). The types can be grouped into the following categories:
Exact-width integer types which are guaranteed to have the same number N of bits across all implementations. Included only if it is available in the implementation.
Least-width integer types which are guaranteed to be the smallest type available in the implementation, that has at least specified number N of bits. Guaranteed to be specified for at least N=8,16,32,64.
Fastest integer types which are guaranteed to be the fastest integer type available in the implementation, that has at least specified number N of bits. Guaranteed to be specified for at least N=8,16,32,64.
Pointer integer types which are guaranteed to be able to hold a pointer. Included only if it is available in the implementation.
Maximum-width integer types which are guaranteed to be the largest integer type in the implementation.
The following table summarizes the types and the interface to acquire the implementation details (N refers to the number of bits):
Type category
Signed types
Unsigned types
Type
Minimum value
Maximum value
Type
Minimum value
Maximum value
Exact width
intN_t INTN_MIN INTN_MAX uintN_t 0 UINTN_MAX
Least width
int_leastN_t INT_LEASTN_MIN INT_LEASTN_MAX uint_leastN_t 0 UINT_LEASTN_MAX
Fastest
int_fastN_t INT_FASTN_MIN INT_FASTN_MAX uint_fastN_t 0 UINT_FASTN_MAX
Pointer
intptr_t INTPTR_MIN INTPTR_MAX uintptr_t 0 UINTPTR_MAX
Maximum width
intmax_t INTMAX_MIN INTMAX_MAX uintmax_t 0 UINTMAX_MAX
Printf and scanf format specifiers[edit]
Main article: printf format string
The <inttypes.h> header (cinttypes header in C++) provides features that enhance the functionality of the types defined in <stdint.h> header. Included are macros that define printf format string and scanf format string specifiers corresponding to the <stdint.h> types and several functions for working with intmax_t and uintmax_t types. This header was added in C99.
Printf format string
The macros are in the format PRI{fmt}{type}. Here {fmt} defines the output formatting and is one of d (decimal), x (hexadecimal), o (octal), u (unsigned) and i (integer). {type} defines the type of the argument and is one of N, FASTN, LEASTN, PTR, MAX, where N corresponds to the number of bits in the argument.
Scanf format string
The macros are in the format SCN{fmt}{type}. Here {fmt} defines the output formatting and is one of d (decimal), x (hexadecimal), o (octal), u (unsigned) and i (integer). {type} defines the type of the argument and is one of N, FASTN, LEASTN, PTR, MAX, where N corresponds to the number of bits in the argument.
Functions
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2011)
Additional floating-point types[edit]
Similarly to the fixed-width integer types, ISO/IEC TS 18661 specifies floating-point types for IEEE 754 interchange and extended formats in binary and decimal:
_FloatN for binary interchange formats;
_DecimalN for decimal interchange formats;
_FloatNx for binary extended formats;
_DecimalNx for decimal extended formats.
Structures[edit]
Structures aggregate the storage of multiple data items, of potentially differing data types, into one memory block referenced by a single variable. The following example declares the data type struct birthday which contains the name and birthday of a person. The structure definition is followed by a declaration of the variable John that allocates the needed storage.
struct birthday { char name[20]; int day; int month; int year; }; struct birthday John;
The memory layout of a structure is a language implementation issue for each platform, with a few restrictions. The memory address of the first member must be the same as the address of structure itself. Structures may be initialized or assigned to using compound literals. A function may directly return a structure, although this is often not efficient at run-time. Since C99, a structure may also end with a flexible array member.
A structure containing a pointer to a structure of its own type is commonly used to build linked data structures:
struct node { int val; struct node *next; };
Arrays[edit]
For every type T, except void and function types, there exist the types "array of N elements of type T". An array is a collection of values, all of the same type, stored contiguously in memory. An array of size N is indexed by integers from 0 up to and including N−1. Here is a brief example:
int cat[10]; // array of 10 elements, each of type int
Arrays can be initialized with a compound initializer, but not assigned. Arrays are passed to functions by passing a pointer to the first element. Multidimensional arrays are defined as "array of array …", and all except the outermost dimension must have compile-time constant size:
int a[10][8]; // array of 10 elements, each of type 'array of 8 int elements'
Pointers[edit]
Every data type T has a corresponding type pointer to T. A pointer is a data type that contains the address of a storage location of a variable of a particular type. They are declared with the asterisk (*) type declarator following the basic storage type and preceding the variable name. White space before or after the asterisk is optional.
char * square; long* circle; int *oval;
Pointers may also be declared for pointer data types, thus creating multiple indirect pointers, such as char** and int***, including pointers to array types. The latter are less common than an array of pointers, and their syntax may be confusing:
char *pc[10]; // array of 10 elements of 'pointer to char' char (*pa)[10]; // pointer to a 10-element array of char
The element pc consumes ten blocks of memory of the size of pointer to char (usually 40 or 80 bytes on common platforms), but element pa is only one pointer—sizeof pa is usually 4 or 8—and the data it refers to is an array of ten bytes (sizeof *pa == 10).
Unions[edit]
A union type is a special construct that permits access to the same memory block by using a choice of differing type descriptions. For example, a union of data types may be declared to permit reading the same data either as an integer, a float, or any other user declared type:
union { int i; float f; struct { unsigned int u; double d; } s; } u;
The total size of u is the size of u.s—which happens to be the sum of the sizes of u.s.u and u.s.d—since s is larger than both i and f. When assigning something to u.i, some parts of u.f may be preserved if u.i is smaller than u.f.
Reading from a union member is not the same as casting since the value of the member is not converted, but merely read.
Function pointers[edit]
Function pointers allow referencing functions with a particular signature. For example, to store the address of the standard function abs in the variable my_int_f:
int (*my_int_f)(int) = &abs; // the & operator can be omitted, but makes clear that the "address of" abs is used here
Function pointers are invoked by name just like normal function calls. Function pointers are separate from pointers and void pointers.
Type qualifiers[edit]
Main article: Type qualifier
The aforementioned types can be characterized further by type qualifiers, yielding a qualified type. As of 2014[update] and C11, there are four type qualifiers in standard C: const (C89), volatile (C89), restrict (C99) and _Atomic (C11) – the latter has a private name to avoid clashing with user names,[10] but the more ordinary name atomic can be used if the <stdatomic.h> header is included. Of these, const is by far the best-known and most used, appearing in the standard library and encountered in any significant use of the C language, which must satisfy const-correctness. The other qualifiers are used for low-level programming, and while widely used there, are rarely used by typical programmers.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
The Wikibook C Programming has a page on the topic of: C Programming
C syntax
Uninitialized variable
Integer (computer science)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Barr, Michael (2 December 2007). "Portable Fixed-Width Integers in C". Retrieved 18 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b ISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification, TC3 (PDF). p. 255, § 7.18 Integer types <stdint.h>.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j ISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification, TC3 (PDF). p. 22, § 5.2.4.2.1 Sizes of integer types <limits.h>.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i The minimal ranges −(2n−1−1) to 2n−1−1 come from the various integer representations allowed by the standard. However, most platforms use two's complement, implying a range of the form −2m−1 to 2m−1−1 with m ≥ n for these implementations, e.g. [−128,127] (SCHAR_MIN = −128 and SCHAR_MAX = 127) for a 8-bit signed char.
^ Jump up to: a b ISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification, TC3 (PDF). p. 37, § 6.2.6.1 Representations of types — General.
Jump up ^ Rationale for International Standard—Programming Languages—C Revision 5.10 (PDF). p. 25, § 5.2.4.2.1 Sizes of integer types <limits.h>.
^ Jump up to: a b c Uppercase differs from lowercase in the output. Uppercase specifiers produce values in the uppercase, and lowecase in lower (%A, %E, %F, %G produce such values as INF, NAN and E (exponent) in uppercase).
Jump up ^ "64-Bit Programming Models: Why LP64?". The Open Group. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
Jump up ^ ISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification, TC3 (PDF). p. 67, § 6.5 Expressions.
Jump up ^ C11:The New C Standard, Thomas Plum
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Inflorescence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Fluorescence.
Aloe hereroensis, showing inflorescence with branched peduncle
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed. The modifications can involve the length and the nature of the internodes and the phyllotaxis, as well as variations in the proportions, compressions, swellings, adnations, connations and reduction of main and secondary axes. Inflorescence can also be defined as the reproductive portion of a plant that bears a cluster of flowers in a specific pattern.
The stem holding the whole inflorescence is called a peduncle and the major axis (incorrectly referred to as the main stem) holding the flowers or more branches within the inflorescence is called the rachis. The stalk of each single flower is called a pedicel. A flower that is not part of an inflorescence is called a solitary flower and its stalk is also referred to as a peduncle. Any flower in an inflorescence may be referred to as a floret, especially when the individual flowers are particularly small and borne in a tight cluster, such as in a pseudanthium. The fruiting stage of an inflorescence is known as an infructescence.
Inflorescences may be simple (single) or complex (panicle). The rachis may be one of several types, including single, composite, umbel, spike or raceme.
Contents
1 General characteristics
1.1 Bracts
1.2 Terminal flower
1.3 Phyllotaxis
1.4 Metatopy
2 Organization
2.1 Simple inflorescences
2.1.1 Indeterminate or racemose
2.1.2 Determinate or cymose
2.2 Compound inflorescences
2.3 Other
3 Development and patterning
3.1 Development
3.1.1 Genetic basis
3.1.2 Environmental influences
3.2 Meristems and inflorescence architecture
4 Issues with inflorescence identification
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
General characteristics[edit]
Inflorescences are described by many different characteristics including how the flowers are arranged on the peduncle, the blooming order of the flowers and how different clusters of flowers are grouped within it. These terms are general representations as plants in nature can have a combination of types.
Bracts[edit]
Inflorescences usually have modified shoots foliage different from the vegetative part of the plant. Considering the broadest meaning of the term, any leaf associated with an inflorescence is called a bract. A bract is usually located at the node where the main stem of the inflorescence forms, joined to the main stem of the plant, but other bracts can exist within the inflorescence itself. They serve a variety of functions which include attracting pollinators and protecting young flowers. According to the presence or absence of bracts and their characteristics we can distinguish:
Ebracteate inflorescences: No bracts in the inflorescence.
Bracteate inflorescences: The bracts in the inflorescence are very specialised, sometimes reduced to small scales, divided or dissected.
Leafy inflorescences: Though often reduced in size, the bracts are unspecialised and look like the typical leaves of the plant, so that the term flowering stem is usually applied instead of inflorescence. This use is not technically correct, as, despite their 'normal' appearance, these leaves are considered, in fact, bracts, so that 'leafy inflorescence' is preferable.
Leafy-bracted inflorescences: Intermediate between bracteate and leafy inflorescence.
If many bracts are present and they are strictly connected to the stem, like in the family Asteraceae, the bracts might collectively be called an involucre. If the inflorescence has a second unit of bracts further up the stem, they might be called an involucel.
Ebracteate inflorescence.
Ebracteate of Wisteria sinensis
Bracteate inflorescence.
Bracteate inflorescence of Pedicularis verticillata.
Leafy-bracted inflorescence.
Leafy-bracted inflorescence of Rhinanthus angustifolius.
Leafy inflorescence.
Leafy inflorescence of Aristolochia clematitis.
Terminal flower[edit]
Plant organs can grow according to two different schemes, namely monopodial or racemose and sympodial or cymose. In inflorescences these two different growth patterns are called indeterminate and determinate respectively, and indicate whether a terminal flower is formed and where flowering starts within the inflorescence.
Indeterminate inflorescence: Monopodial (racemose) growth. The terminal bud keeps growing and forming lateral flowers. A terminal flower is never formed.
Determinate inflorescence: Sympodial (cymose) growth. The terminal bud forms a terminal flower and then dies out. Other flowers then grow from lateral buds.
Indeterminate and determinate inflorescences are sometimes referred to as open and closed inflorescences respectively. The indeterminate patterning of flowers is derived from determinate flowers. It is suggested that indeterminate flowers have a common mechanism that prevents terminal flower growth. Based on phylogenetic analyses, this mechanism arose independently multiple times in different species.[1]
In an indeterminate inflorescence there is no true terminal flower and the stem usually has a rudimentary end. In many cases the last true flower formed by the terminal bud (subterminal flower) straightens up, appearing to be a terminal flower. Often a vestige of the terminal bud may be noticed higher on the stem.
Indeterminate inflorescence with a perfect acropetal maturation.
Indeterminate inflorescence with an acropetal maturation and lateral flower buds.
Indeterminate inflorescence with the subterminal flower to simulate the terminal one (vestige present)
In determinate inflorescences the terminal flower is usually the first to mature (precursive development), while the others tend to mature starting from the bottom of the stem. This pattern is called acropetal maturation. When flowers start to mature from the top of the stem, maturation is basipetal, while when the central mature first, divergent.
Determinate inflorescence with acropetal maturation
Determinate inflorescence with basipetal maturation
Determinate inflorescence with divergent maturation
Phyllotaxis[edit]
As with leaves, flowers can be arranged on the stem according to many different patterns. See 'Phyllotaxis' for in-depth descriptions
Alternate flowers
Opposite flowers
Similarly arrangement of leaf in bud is called Ptyxis.
Metatopy[edit]
Metatopy is the placement of organs out of their normally expected position: typically metatopy occurs in inflorescences when unequal growth rates alter different areas of the axis and the organs attached to the axis.
When a single or a cluster of flower(s) is located at the axil of a bract, the location of the bract in relation to the stem holding the flower(s) is indicated by the use of different terms and may be a useful diagnostic indicator.
Typical placement of bracts include:
Some plants have bracts that subtend the inflorescence, where the flowers are on branched stalks; the bracts are not connected to the stalks holding the flowers, but are adnate or attached to the main stem (Adnate describes the fusing together of different unrelated parts. When the parts fused together are the same, they are connately joined.)
Other plants have the bracts subtend the pedicel or peduncle of single flowers.
Metatopic placement of bracts include:
When the bract is attached to the stem holding the flower (the pedicel or peduncle), it is said to be recaulescent; sometimes these bracts or bracteoles are highly modified and appear to be appendages of the flower calyx. Recaulescences is the fusion of the subtending leaf with the stem holding the bud or the bud itself,[2] thus the leaf or bract is adnate to the stem of flower.
When the formation of the bud is shifted up the stem distinctly above the subtending leaf, it is described as concaulescent.
Flower and subtending bract
Lilium martagon (flower and subtending bract)
Concaulescence
Solanum lycopersicum (concaulescence)
Recaulescence
Tilia cordata (recaulescence)
Organization[edit]
There is no general consensus in defining the different inflorescences. The following is based on Focko Weberling's Morphologie der Blüten und der Blütenstände (Stuttgart, 1981). The main groups of inflorescences are distinguished by branching. Within these groups, the most important characteristics are the intersection of the axes and different variations of the model. They may contain many flowers (pluriflor) or a few (pauciflor). Inflorescences can be simple or compound.
Simple inflorescences[edit]
Inflorescence of sessile disc florets forming the capitulum
Indeterminate or racemose[edit]
Indeterminate simple inflorescences are generally called racemose /ˈræsɪmoʊs/. The main kind of racemose inflorescence is the raceme (/ˈræsiːm/, from classical Latin racemus, cluster of grapes).[3] The other kind of racemose inflorescences can all be derived from this one by dilation, compression, swelling or reduction of the different axes. Some passage forms between the obvious ones are commonly admitted.
A raceme is an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with pedicellate (having short floral stalks) flowers along the axis.
A spike is a type of raceme with flowers that do not have a pedicel.
A racemose corymb is an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence that is flat-topped or convex due to their outer pedicels which are progressively longer than inner ones.
An umbel is a type of raceme with a short axis and multiple floral pedicels of equal length that appear to arise from a common point.
A spadix is a spike of flowers densely arranged around it, enclosed or accompanied by a highly specialised bract called a spathe. It is characteristic of the family Araceae.
A flower head or capitulum is a very contracted raceme in which the single sessile flowers share are borne on an enlarged stem. It is characteristic of Dipsacaceae.
A catkin or ament is a scaly, generally drooping spike or raceme. Cymose or other complex inflorescences that are superficially similar are also generally called thus.
Raceme
Epilobium angustifolium
Spike
Plantago media (spike)
Racemose corymb
Iberis umbellata (racemose corymb)
Umbel
Astrantia minor (umbel)
Spadix
Arum maculatum (spadix)
Head (round)
Dipsacus fullonum (head)
Catkin (racemose or spicate)
Alnus incana (ament)
Determinate or cymose[edit]
Determinate simple inflorescences are generally called cymose. The main kind of cymose inflorescence is the cyme (pronounced 'saim', from the Latin cyma in the sense ‘cabbage sprout’, from Greek kuma ‘anything swollen’[4]).[5] Cymes are further divided according to this scheme:
Only one secondary axis: monochasium
Secondary buds always develop on the same side of the stem: helicoid cyme or bostryx
The successive pedicels are aligned on the same plane: drepanium
Secondary buds develop alternately on the stem : scorpioid cyme
The successive pedicels are arranged in a sort of spiral: cincinnus (characteristic of the Boraginaceae and Commelinaceae)
The successive pedicels follow a zig-zag path on the same plane: rhipidium (many Iridaceae)
Two secondary axes: dichasial cyme
Secondary axis still dichasial: dichasium (characteristic of Caryophyllaceae)
Secondary axis monochasia: double scorpioid cyme or double helicoid cyme
More than two secondary axes: pleiochasium
Double cyme
Double cyme
Bostryx (lateral and top view)
Hypericum perforatum (bostryx)
Drepanium (lateral and top view)
Gladiolus imbricatus (drepanium)
Cincinnus (lateral and top view)
Symphytum officinale (cincinnus)
Rhipidium (lateral and top view)
Canna sp. (rhipidium)
Dichasium
Dichasium, top view
Silene dioica (dichasium)
A cyme can also be so compressed that it looks like an umbel. Strictly speaking this kind of inflorescence could be called umbelliform cyme, although it is normally called simply 'umbel'.
Another kind of definite simple inflorescence is the raceme-like cyme or botryoid; that is as a raceme with a terminal flower and is usually improperly called 'raceme'.
Umbelliform cyme
Pelargonium zonale (umbelliform cyme)
Botryoid
Berberis vernae (botryoid)
A reduced raceme or cyme that grows in the axil of a bract is called a fascicle. A verticillaster is a fascicle with the structure of a dichasium; it is common among the Lamiaceae. Many verticillasters with reduced bracts can form a spicate (spike-like) inflorescence that is commonly called a spike.
Gentiana lutea (fascicles)
Lamium orvala (verticillaster)
Mentha longifolia ('spike')
Compound inflorescences[edit]
Simple inflorescences are the basis for compound inflorescences or synflorescences. The single flowers are there replaced by a simple inflorescence, which can be both a racemose or a cymose one. Compound inflorescences are composed of branched stems and can involve complicated arrangements that are difficult to trace back to the main branch.
A kind of compound inflorescence is the double inflorescence, in which the basic structure is repeated in the place of single florets. For example, a double raceme is a raceme in which the single flowers are replaced by other simple racemes; the same structure can be repeated to form triple or more complex structures.
Compound raceme inflorescences can either end with a final raceme (homoeothetic), or not (heterothetic). A compound raceme is often called a panicle. Note that this definition is very different from that given by Weberling.
Compound umbels are umbels in which the single flowers are replaced by many smaller umbels called umbellets. The stem attaching the side umbellets to the main stem is called a ray.
Homeothetic compound raceme
Melilotus officinalis (homoeothetic compound raceme)
Heterothetic compound raceme
Hebe albicans (heterothetic compound raceme)
Compound spike
Lolium temulentum (compound spike)
Compound capitulum
Echinops ritro (compound capitulum)
Compound (double) umbel
Laserpicium latifolium (double umbel)
Compound (triple) umbel
The most common kind of definite compound inflorescence is the panicle (of Webeling, or 'panicle-like cyme'). A panicle is a definite inflorescence that is increasingly more strongly and irregularly branched from the top to the bottom and where each branching has a terminal flower.
The so-called cymose corymb is similar to a racemose corymb but has a panicle-like structure. Another type of panicle is the anthela. An anthela is a cymose corymb with the lateral flowers higher than the central ones.
Panicle
Vitis vinifera (panicle)
Cymose corymb
Sambucus nigra (cymose corymb)
Anthela
Juncus inflexus (anthela)
A raceme in which the single flowers are replaced by cymes is called a (indefinite) thyrse. The secondary cymes can be of any of the different types of dichasia and monochasia. A botryoid in which the single flowers are replaced by cymes is a definite thyrse or thyrsoid. Thyrses are often confusingly called panicles.
Thyrse
Aesculus hippocastanum
Thyrsoid
Syringa vulgaris
Other combinations are possible. For example, heads or umbels may be arranged in a corymb or a panicle.
Achillea sp. (heads in a corymb)
Hedera helix (umbels in a panicle)
Other[edit]
The family Asteraceae is characterised by a highly specialised head technically called a calathid (but usually referred to as 'capitulum' or 'head'). The family Poaceae has a peculiar inflorescence of small spikes (spikelets) organised in panicles or spikes that are usually simply and improperly referred to as spike and panicle. The genus Ficus (Moraceae) has an inflorescence called syconium and the genus Euphorbia has cyathia (sing. cyathium), usually organised in umbels.
Matricaria chamomilla (calathid)
Triticum aestivum (compound spikes, "spikes")
Oryza sativa (spikes in a panicle, "panicle")
Ficus carica (syconium)
Euphorbia tridentata (cyathium)
Euphorbia cyparissias (cyathia in an umbel)
(Coleus-false spike)
Development and patterning[edit]
Development[edit]
Genetic basis[edit]
Genes that shape inflorescence development have been studied at great length in Arabidopsis. LEAFY (LFY) is a gene that promotes floral meristem identity, regulating inflorescence development in Arabidopsis.[6] Any alterations in timing of LFY expression can cause formation of different inflorescences in the plant.[7] Genes similar in function to LFY include APETALA1 (AP1). Mutations in LFY, AP1, and similar promoting genes can cause conversion of flowers into shoots.[6] In contrast to LEAFY, genes like terminal flower (TFL) support the activity of an inhibitor that prevents flowers from growing on the inflorescence apex (flower primordium initiation), maintaining inflorescence meristem identity.[8] Both types of genes help shape flower development in accordance with the ABC model of flower development. Studies have been recently conducted or are ongoing for homologs of these genes in other flower species.
Environmental influences[edit]
Inflorescence-feeding insect herbivores shape inflorescences by reducing lifetime fitness (how much flowering occurs), seed production by the inflorescences, and plant density, among other traits.[9] In the absence of this herbivory, inflorescences usually produce more flower heads and seeds.[9] Temperature can also variably shape inflorescence development. High temperatures can impair the proper development of flower buds or delay bud development in certain species, while in others, an increase in temperature can hasten inflorescence development.[10][11][12]
Meristems and inflorescence architecture[edit]
The shift from the vegetative to reproductive phase of a flower involves the development of an inflorescence meristem that generates floral meristems.[13] Plant inflorescence architecture depends on which meristems becomes flowers and which become shoots.[14] Consequently, genes that regulate floral meristem identity play major roles in determining inflorescence architecture because their expression domain will direct where the plant's flowers are formed.[13]
On a larger scale, inflorescence architecture affects the quality and quantity of offspring from selfing and outcrossing, as the architecture can influence pollination success. For example, Asclepias inflorescences have been shown to have an upper size limit, shaped by self-pollination levels due to crosses between inflorescences on the same plant or between flowers on the same inflorescence.[15] In Aesculus sylvatica, it has been shown that the most common inflorescence sizes are correlated with the highest fruit production as well.[16]
Issues with inflorescence identification[edit]
Some species have flower and inflorescence intermediates. In these cases, some reproductive structures of certain flowers appear as transitional between inflorescences and flowers, making it difficult to accurately categorize and identify the structure as one or the other. For example, the genus Potamogeton of the family Potamogetonaceae are considered to have inflorescences that appear like an individual flower.[17]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bradley, Desmond; Ratcliffe, Oliver; Vincent, Coral; Carpenter, Rosemary; Coen, Enrico (1997-01-03). "Inflorescence Commitment and Architecture in Arabidopsis". Science. 275 (5296): 80–83. doi:10.1126/science.275.5296.80. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 8974397.
Jump up ^ Kubitzki, Klaus, and Clemens Bayer. 2002. Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales, and non-betalain Caryophyllales. The Families and genera of vascular plants, 5. Berlin: Springer. p. 77
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary. Raceme 2. Bot. A type of inflorescence in which the flowers are arranged on short, nearly equal, lateral pedicels, at equal distances along a single elongated axis
Jump up ^ Collins English Dictionary. 8th Edition first published in 2006
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary. Cyme(1) Bot. A species of inflorescence wherein the primary axis bears a single terminal flower which develops first, the system being continued by axes of secondary and higher orders which develop successively in like manner; a centrifugal or definite inflorescence: opposed to Raceme. Applied esp. to compound inflorescences of this type forming a more or less flat head.
^ Jump up to: a b Shannon, S.; Meeks-Wagner, D. R. (1993-06-01). "Genetic Interactions That Regulate Inflorescence Development in Arabidopsis". The Plant Cell. 5 (6): 639–655. doi:10.1105/tpc.5.6.639. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC 160302  . PMID 12271079.
Jump up ^ Schultz, E. A.; Haughn, G. W. (1991-08-01). "LEAFY, a Homeotic Gene That Regulates Inflorescence Development in Arabidopsis". The Plant Cell. 3 (8): 771–781. doi:10.1105/tpc.3.8.771. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC 160044  . PMID 12324613.
Jump up ^ Alvarez, John; Guli, Catherine L.; Yu, Xiang-Hua; Smyth, David R. (1992-01-01). "terminal flower: a gene affecting inflorescence development in Arabidopsis thaliana". The Plant Journal. 2 (1): 103–116. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.1992.00103.x. ISSN 1365-313X.
^ Jump up to: a b Louda, Svata M.; Potvin, Martha A. (1995-01-01). "Effect of Inflorescence-Feeding Insects on the Demography and Lifetime of a Native Plant". Ecology. 76 (1): 229–245. doi:10.2307/1940645. ISSN 1939-9170.
Jump up ^ Moss, G (27 November 2015). "Influence of Temperature and Photoperiod on Flower Induction and Inflorescence Development in Sweet Orange (Citrus Sinensis L. Osbeck)". Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 44: 311–320.
Jump up ^ Bjorkman, T.; Pearson, K. J. (1998-01-01). "High temperature arrest of inflorescence development in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.)". Journal of Experimental Botany. 49 (318): 101–106. doi:10.1093/jxb/49.318.101. ISSN 0022-0957.
Jump up ^ BREWSTER, J. L. (1983-04-01). "Effects of Photoperiod, Nitrogen Nutrition and Temperature on Inflorescence Initiation and Development in Onion (Allium cepa L.)". Annals of Botany. 51 (4): 429–440. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086487. ISSN 0305-7364.
^ Jump up to: a b Souer, E.; Krol, A. van der; Kloos, D.; Spelt, C.; Bliek, M.; Mol, J.; Koes, R. (1998-02-15). "Genetic control of branching pattern and floral identity during Petunia inflorescence development". Development. 125 (4): 733–742. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 9435293.
Jump up ^ Benlloch, R.; Berbel, A.; Serrano-Mislata, A.; Madueno, F. (2007-09-01). "Floral Initiation and Inflorescence Architecture: A Comparative View". Annals of Botany. 100 (3): 659–676. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm146. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 2759223  .
Jump up ^ WYATT, ROBERT (1980-05-01). "THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA: I. FLOWER NUMBER, ARRANGEMENT, AND FRUIT-SET". New Phytologist. 85 (1): 119–131. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04453.x. ISSN 1469-8137.
Jump up ^ Wyatt, Robert (1982-04-01). "Inflorescence Architecture: How Flower Number, Arrangement, and Phenology Affect Pollination and Fruit-Set". American Journal of Botany. 69 (4): 585–594. doi:10.2307/2443068. ISSN 1537-2197.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Shirley C.; Grimes, James (1999-10-01). "The inflorescence: Introduction". The Botanical Review. 65 (4): 303–316. doi:10.1007/BF02857752. ISSN 0006-8101.
Bibliography[edit]
Focko Weberling: Morphologie der Blüten und der Blütenstände; Zweiter Teil. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1981
Wilhelm Troll: Die Infloreszenzen; Erster Band. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1964
Wilhelm Troll: Die Infloreszenzen; Zweiter Band, Erster Teil. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1969
Wilhelm Troll: Praktische Einführung in die Pflanzenmorphologie. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1957
Bernhard Kausmann: Pflanzenanatomie. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1963
Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, Michael J. Donoghue: Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Sinauer Associates Inc. 2007
Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website[1]. Version 7, May 2006 [and more or less continuously updated since].
Strasburger, Noll, Schenck, Schimper: Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen. 4. Auflage, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1900, p. 459
R J Ferry. Inflorescences and Their Names. The McAllen International Orchid Society Journal.Vol. 12(6), pp. 4-11 June 2011
External links[edit]
Media related to Inflorescence at Wikimedia Commons
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text:
The O.C. (season 1)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The O.C. (season 1)
DVD cover
Starring
Peter Gallagher
Kelly Rowan
Benjamin McKenzie
Mischa Barton
Adam Brody
Chris Carmack
Tate Donovan
Melinda Clarke
Rachel Bilson
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
27
Release
Original network
Fox
Original release
August 8, 2003 (2003-08-08) – May 5, 2004 (2004-05-05)
Season chronology
Next →
Season 2
List of The O.C. episodes
The first season of The O.C. commenced airing in the United States on August 5, 2003, concluded on May 5, 2004, and consisted of 27 episodes. It tells the story of "the Cohen and Cooper families, and Ryan [Atwood], a troubled teen from the wrong side of the tracks" who is thrust into the wealthy, harbor-front community of Newport Beach, Orange County, California and "will forever change the lives of the residents".[1]
The first seven episodes of The O.C. aired in the US on Tuesdays at 9:00 p.m. on FOX, a terrestrial television network. Following a seven-week mid-season hiatus, the remainder of the season aired on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm. The season was released on DVD as a seven disc boxed set under the title of The O.C.: The Complete First Season on September 26, 2004 by Warner Bros. Home Video.[2] On June 17, 2008 the season became available to purchase for registered users of the US iTunes Store.
In the United Kingdom the season premiere aired at 9:00 pm. Sunday March 7, 2004 on Channel 4 with the second episode airing immediately after, on sister station E4.[3] After taking a hiatus over summer, the show returned in early September to a 1:00 p.m. slot as part of T4.[4] In Canada it aired on CTV Television Network and in Australia it was first broadcast on Nine Network, but dropped it after three episodes. Network Ten subsequently picked up the show, airing it in its entirety.[5]
Contents
1 Crew
2 Cast
3 Reception
4 Episodes
5 DVD release
6 References
7 External links
Crew[edit]
The season was produced by Warner Bros. Television, Hypnotic (now Dutch Oven) and Wonderland.[6] The executive producers were creator Josh Schwartz, Doug Liman, Dave Bartis and McG, with showrunner Bob DeLaurentis joining them after the pilot episode.[7][8] Melissa Rosenberg and Allan Heinberg served as co-executive producers. Stephanie Savage was supervising producer and Loucas George producer. The staff writers were Schwartz, Savage, Heinberg, Rosenberg, Jane Espenson, Debra J. Fisher, Erica Messer, Brian Oh, J.J. Philbin and Liz Friedman. The regular directors throughout the season were Liman, Sanford Bookstaver, Michael Lange, Patrick Norris, Michael Fresco, James Marshall and Sandy Smolan.
Cast[edit]
Season 1 cast; from left to right: Jimmy, Summer, Marissa, Julie, Ryan, Sandy, Kirsten, Seth and Luke.
The initial season had nine major roles receive star billing. Benjamin McKenzie portrayed protagonist Ryan Atwood, a troubled teenager who is thrust into the wealthy lifestyle of Newport.[9] Mischa Barton played the girl next door, Marissa Cooper, with Tate Donovan starring as her financially troubled father Jimmy.[9] Adam Brody acted as geeky ostracized teenager Seth Cohen with Kelly Rowan playing his mother Kirsten,[9] the powerful businesswoman, and Peter Gallagher portraying his father, Sandy, a public defense attorney.[10] Chris Carmack portrayed Marissa's boyfriend Luke Ward.[9] Originally only guest stars, Melinda Clarke starred as Marissa's mother, Julie Cooper, and Rachel Bilson played Summer Roberts,[11] best friend to Marissa and Seth's object of affection. Both gained contracts to the main cast list after thirteen episodes.[12]
Numerous supporting characters were given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive storyline, including Samaire Armstrong as Anna Stern,[13] Alan Dale as wealthy businessman and father of Kirstin, Caleb Nichol.[14] Taylor Handley played Oliver Trask,[13] a psychotic character who viewers loved to hate.[15] Amanda Righetti starred as Kirstin's younger sister Hailey Nichol.[13] Navi Rawat played Theresa Diaz, childhood sweetheart of Ryan.[16] Bonnie Somerville acted as Rachel Hoffman, a former colleague of Sandy,[17] and Ashley Hartman portrayed Holly Fischer a friend of Marissa and Summer.[17]
Other guest stars in recurring roles include Linda Lavin as Nana Cohen,[14] Daphne Ashbrook as Ryan's mother Dawn and Michael Nouri as Summer's father Neil.[18] Actors Bradley Stryker, as Ryan's brother Trey,[19] and Shailene Woodley, as Marissa's younger sister Kaitlin, were both only guest stars at this point. However both these characters, portrayed by different actors, would return to a larger role in later seasons.
Reception[edit]
The pilot episode of the season gained 7.5 million viewers and was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for best episodic drama.[20] As the season progressed, ratings picked up with 8 million viewers tuning into for the third episode and 8.6 million viewers watching the fourth installment.[21][22] This resulted in FOX initially ordering an additional six episodes.[22] The season was split into two parts, the first consisting of seven episodes shown weekly, which averaged 8.43 million viewers.[23] This was followed by a seven-week hiatus, in which FOX announced it had ordered another five episodes, bringing the total season to twenty-seven.[24]
The time-slot for the second half of the season was originally planned for Thursday nights, but facing competition from CSI: Crime Scene Investigation on CBS and Will & Grace on NBC it was moved to Wednesday nights at 9:00 p.m. instead. Overall season one was the highest-rated new drama of the season among adults aged 18 to 34,[25] averaging a total of 9.7 million viewers.[26] The show picked up four Teen Choice Awards and was nominated for another two, as well as getting nominated for the Outstanding New Program TCA Award.[27] In the UK, its two showings a week averaged 1.2 million viewers, and it was one of the highest rating Sunday daytime programs, also attracting fans to E4 on Monday nights.[28] It was also well received in Australia, picking up a Logie Award for Most Popular Overseas Program in 2005.[29]
However, the show did come in for some criticism. San Jose Mercury News criticized the plot and the casting saying that "the storylines usually involve the obligatory three-episode-arc drug problems or lost virginity with dialogue designed to keep a dog up to speed",[30] and that "Whoever at FOX thought Benjamin McKenzie (Ryan on "The O.C.") could pass for anything younger than 25 should be fired".[30] A DVD review was critical of the repetitive plot stating that "the Ryan-Marissa fol-de-rol gets tiresome as it devolves into relentless bad timing",[31] while Entertainment Weekly did not think the acting was always up to scratch, stating "it's unfortunate to have all this potential for arm-flinging drama invested in Barton, an actress who can be as flat as a paper doll".[32] It was also denounced for excessive brawling and glamorizing underage drinking.[33]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of The O.C. episodes
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Premiere" Doug Liman Josh Schwartz August 5, 2003 (2003-08-05) 475197 7.5[34]
Just after Ryan escapes jail time and is kicked out by his mother, his attorney, Sandy Cohen, brings him home, to the dismay of his wife, Kirsten. Ryan meets their son, Seth, and other Newport teenagers who lead him to trouble, making Kirsten think again about letting Ryan stay in their home.
2
2 "The Model Home" Doug Liman Allan Heinberg & Josh Schwartz August 12, 2003 (2003-08-12) 176501 7.9[34]
Marissa and Seth convince Ryan not to leave Newport, and hide him in one of Kirsten's vacant model homes. When Luke confronts Ryan about his relationship with Marissa, their fights ends up setting the model home on fire, getting them both arrested.
3
3 "The Gamble" Ian Toynton Jane Espenson August 19, 2003 (2003-08-19) 176502 8.0[34]
Sandy comes to Ryan's rescue once again. Kirsten decides to invite Dawn to an elite Casino Night, but she gets lost in the sauce, disappointing Ryan. Dawn believes Ryan is better off with the Cohens, leaving him with Sandy and Kirsten.
4
4 "The Debut" Daniel Attias Allan Heinberg & Josh Schwartz August 26, 2003 (2003-08-26) 176503 8.6[34]
Now that Ryan is staying with the Cohens, he must attend the Cotillion Ball, where Newport's finest young ladies enter society. Luke's jealousy results in Ryan escorting Marissa. Jimmy becomes a suspect of a fraud investigation and Holly's dad decides to confront him at the Ball in front of everyone.
5
5 "The Outsider" Jesús Salvador Treviño Melissa Rosenberg September 2, 2003 (2003-09-02) 176504 9.1[34]
Ryan gets a job and meets Donnie, a Newport teen from Corona. Seth decides to invite Donnie to Holly's beach party, but his attendance ends with Luke getting shot. Julie tells Jimmy she wants a divorce.
6
6 "The Girlfriend" Steve Robman Josh Schwartz & Debra J. Fisher September 9, 2003 (2003-09-09) 176505 9.1[34]
Kirsten's father, Caleb Nichol, comes to town with his new 24-year-old girlfriend, Gabrielle. Marissa isn't ready to pick between Luke and Ryan, but when she walks in on Ryan with Gabrielle, she chooses Luke. Summer's growing feelings for Seth begin to show.
7
7 "The Escape" Sanford Bookstaver Josh Schwartz September 16, 2003 (2003-09-16) 176506 8.8[34]
Marissa doesn't take her parents' divorce well, and when she finds Luke with Holly during an end of summer trip to Tijuana, she's found passed out in an alley due to a drug/alcohol overdose. Kirsten, upset that Sandy is considering the job, finds herself in a compromising position with Jimmy in his new apartment.
8
8 "The Rescue" Michael Lange Melissa Rosenberg & Allan Heinberg October 29, 2003 (2003-10-29) 176507 9.27[35]
Julie blames Ryan for Marissa's incident and tells him to stay away. Sandy starts his new job, and Kirsten is displeased with his new coworker, Rachel. Ryan must take a placement test to determine his enrollment at The Harbor School. Julie tries to get Marissa to see a therapist in San Diego, contrary to what Jimmy and Marissa want.
9
9 "The Heights" Patrick Norris Debra J. Fisher & Erica Messer November 5, 2003 (2003-11-05) 176508 7.52[36]
Ryan doesn't feel like he belongs at Harbor and Luke doesn't help his situation. Summer keeps her friendship with Seth private, but is jealous of his relationship with Anna. Sandy accepts a case against Caleb at his new job, that will test his relationship with Kirsten.
10
10 "The Perfect Couple" Michael Fresco Allan Heinberg November 12, 2003 (2003-11-12) 176509 8.28[37]
Kirsten becomes worried about Sandy's professional relationship with Rachel. Ryan spots Caleb and Julie together, and becomes responsible for Marissa outing their private relationship at a charity event. Summer tells Seth how she feels.
11
11 "The Homecoming" Keith Samples Josh Schwartz & Brian Oh November 19, 2003 (2003-11-19) 176510 9.03[38]
Ryan and Marissa go to Chino to visit Trey for Thanksgiving, but he asks Ryan for a favor. Seth must choose between Anna and Summer. Kirsten and Sandy make an attempt to set up Jimmy and Rachel.
12
12 "The Secret" James Marshall Allan Heinberg & Josh Schwartz November 26, 2003 (2003-11-26) 176511 6.9[39]
Ryan's trust is put to the test when he and Luke spot Carson with another man. Seth struggles to reconcile with Anna and Summer. Caleb and Julie agree to separate for a while. Jimmy and Sandy go into business together.
13
13 "The Best Chrismukkah Ever" Sanford Bookstaver Stephanie Savage December 3, 2003 (2003-12-03) 176512 9.27[40]
Kirsten learns something about her father that'll help Sandy's case, but will put her job in jeopardy. Ryan's Christmas does not go as planned. Marissa meets someone in therapy. Meanwhile, Seth struggles choosing between Anna and Summer.
14
14 "The Countdown" Michael Fresco Josh Schwartz December 17, 2003 (2003-12-17) 176513 7.99[41]
Kirsten's sister, Hailey, crashes at the Cohen's home and throws a New Year's Eve party that gets out of control. Ryan is worried about Marissa's relationship with Oliver. Anna decides to spend her night with Seth, without Summer's knowledge.
15
15 "The Third Wheel" Sandy Smolan Melissa Rosenberg January 7, 2004 (2004-01-07) 176514 9.4[42]
Hailey realizes she is no longer welcome at the Cohen residence. Oliver invites the gang to a Rooney concert, but Ryan catches him in a drug deal in the parking lot. Seth has difficulties telling Summer about his relationship with Anna.
16
16 "The Links" Michael Lange Debra J. Fisher & Erica Messer January 14, 2004 (2004-01-14) 176515 8.9[43]
Oliver's friendship with Marissa strains her relationship with Ryan. Summer becomes jealous of Seth and Anna's relationship. Meanwhile, Hailey and Kirsten clash when Kirsten convinces Caleb to cut her off.
17
17 "The Rivals" Ian Toynton Josh Schwartz January 21, 2004 (2004-01-21) 176516 12.72[44]
Oliver transfers to Harbor, while Ryan risks his academic future to expose him. Seth becomes jealous of Summer's relationship with Danny, forcing him to doubt his relationship with Anna. Meanwhile, Jimmy and Sandy go into business together. Also, Kirsten gets worried about the company when Caleb hires Julie as an interior designer.
18
18 "The Truth" Rodman Flender Allan Heinberg February 11, 2004 (2004-02-11) 176517 12.70[45]
Luke starts to see Oliver's true colors after he gets Ryan suspended, but Marissa won't see it. Anna confronts Seth about his relationship with Summer. Meanwhile, Caleb gets Kirsten to break up with Julie for him.
19
19 "The Heartbreak" Lev L. Spiro Josh Schwartz February 18, 2004 (2004-02-18) 176518 10.95[46]
Ryan and Marissa need to rebuild trust after the incident with Oliver, but it's hard when Theresa comes to town. Jimmy discovers he has a secret admirer, while Luke spends the night with Julie. Meanwhile, Seth and Summer come to terms with their feelings for each other and consummate their relationship.
20
20 "The Telenovela" Sanford Bookstaver Stephanie Savage February 25, 2004 (2004-02-25) 176519 9.56[47]
Ryan realizes Theresa isn't telling him the truth on why she's staying in Newport. Summer keeps her relationship with Seth private, turning him to Anna for support. Meanwhile, Sandy finds himself in the middle of Caleb's mess. Also, Jimmy suspects something between Julie and Luke.
21
21 "The Goodbye Girl" Patrick Norris Josh Schwartz March 3, 2004 (2004-03-03) 176520 10.27[48]
Seth feels guilty when Anna announces she's moving back to Pittsburgh. Legal troubles brew for Caleb and Kirsten, while Sandy works to solve them. Luke and Julie find their secret affair harder to maintain. Meanwhile, Theresa's boyfriend from Chino arrives bringing trouble.
22
22 "The L.A." David M. Barrett Josh Schwartz March 24, 2004 (2004-03-24) 176521 11.09[49]
Ryan, Marissa, Seth and Summer head down to L.A. and find Hailey working as a stripper. Jimmy and Sandy approach Caleb for business help. Meanwhile, Ryan tries to keep Luke and Julie's affair a secret from Marissa.
23
23 "The Nana" Michael Lange Allan Heinberg March 31, 2004 (2004-03-31) 176522 11.37[50]
Sandy's mother from Florida comes to Newport for a visit with a different attitude. Ryan searches for Marissa. Summer tries to impress Nana. Jimmy and Hailey take a step forward with their newfound romance.
24
24 "The Proposal" Helen Shaver Liz Friedman & Josh Schwartz April 14, 2004 (2004-04-14) 176523 10.49[51]
Marissa doesn't want to hear what Luke has to say, but gives him a chance after a near-fatal car accident. Meanwhile, Jimmy becomes an obstacle in getting a liquor license. Caleb proposes to Julie.
25
25 "The Shower" Sandy Smolan J. J. Philbin April 21, 2004 (2004-04-21) 176524 10.13[52]
Kirsten and Marissa throw a bridal shower for Julie, but Marissa invites Julie's unwanted estranged sister. Theresa calls Sandy for legal advice, but tries to avoid Ryan. Hailey and Jimmy continue their romance. Meanwhile, Summer is disappointed when Seth meets her father.
26
26 "The Strip" James Marshall Allan Heinberg April 28, 2004 (2004-04-28) 176525 10.52[53]
While the boys are in Las Vegas, Jimmy and Sandy learn Caleb's true motives. Hailey devises a plan in an attempt to get Caleb to break it off with Julie. Marissa spends the night with Theresa and discovers something that might affect her.
27
27 "The Ties That Bind" Patrick Norris Josh Schwartz May 5, 2004 (2004-05-05) 176526 10.72[54]
Caleb and Julie officially get married, and Marissa moves in with them. Ryan and Theresa face a difficult decision regarding her pregnancy. Seth makes a bold move when things around him start to fall apart.
DVD release[edit]
The DVD release of season one was released by Warner Bros. in the US on October 26, 2004, after it had completed broadcast on television. As well as every episode from the season, the DVD release features bonus material including a preview of the second season, deleted scenes, audio commentary and behind-the-scenes featurettes.
The O.C. – The Complete First Season
Set details[55] Special features[55]
27 episodes
7-disc set
Running Time: (Region 1) 1186 minutes; (Region 2) 999 minutes; (Region 4) 1134 minutes
1.33:1 aspect ratio
English (Dolby Surround 2.0)
Subtitles: English, French, Spanish
Additional Scenes:
Introductions by Josh Schwartz
Audio Commentary:
"Pilot" – Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage
The Music Of The O.C. – a screen music guide for six episodes
Three Easter Eggs
Featurettes
Casting the OC
The Music of the OC
The Real OC – Behind-the-scenes footage and cast & crew interviews
Release dates[55][56][57]
USA Canada UK Australia
October 26, 2004 October 18, 2004 February 2, 2005
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The O.C." Warner Bros. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The O.C. – The Complete 1st Season". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ Clark, Caren (March 6, 2004). "Switched on this week the best bits on TV". Southport Reporter. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Wilkes, Neil (July 27, 2004). "'The O.C.' set for UK return". Digital Spy. Digital Spy Ltd. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ Burke, Don (November 5, 2004). "Hoo-roo, forever". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved July 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Broadcast Upfront Presentations: FOX Part 1". The Futon Critic. May 15, 2003. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Stanley, Alessandra (August 5, 2003). "TELEVISION REVIEW; Take One Enclave, Add Rebellious Youth". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Backstage Pass – Insider Commentary: Stephanie Savage". The O.C. Insider. Warner Bros. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Maxwell, Alison; Jim Cheng (April 14, 2004). "A grown-up's guide to 'The O.C.'". USA Today. McLean, Virginia: Gannett Company. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Peter Gallagher – The O.C." PeterGallagher.com. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ O'Toole, Lesley (October 31, 2006). "Rachel Bilson: She's the one". The Independent. Canary Wharf, London: Independent News & Media. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Backstage Pass: Episode Guide – "The Countdown"". The O.C. Insider. Warner Bros. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Backstage Pass: Episode Guide – "The Links"". The O.C. Insider. Warner Bros. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Barnes, Ken (April 13, 2004). "Five reasons you should watch 'The O.C.'". USA Today. McLean, Virginia: Gannett Company. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (February 11, 2004). "O.C. Exec Defends Oliver". TV Guide. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Backstage Pass: Episode Guide – "The Hearbreak"". The O.C. Insider. Warner Bros. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Backstage Pass: Episode Guide – "The Rescue"". The O.C. Insider. Warner Bros. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Backstage Pass: Episode Guide – "The Pilot"". The O.C. Insider. Warner Bros. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Backstage Pass: Episode Guide – "The Homecoming"". The O.C. Insider. Warner Bros. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Today's News: Our Take". TV Guide. August 7, 2003. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Today's News: Our Take". TV Guide. August 27, 2003. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Today's News: Our Take". TV Guide. August 28, 2003. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ Ford Sullivan, Brian (October 20, 2003). "FOX EXTENDS 'THE O.C.' TO 27 EPISODES". The Futon Critic. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Today's News: Our Take". TV Guide. October 20, 2003. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ratings shine in 'The O.C.'" (Note: Payment required). USA Today. McLean, Virginia: Gannett Company. March 2, 2004. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "I.T.R.S. Ranking Report: Primetime Mon-Sun". ABC Medianet. June 2, 2004. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Television Critics Association Awards Archived July 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.", Television Critics Association. Documented at "Complete list of nominees Archived July 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine." (XLS). Retrieved on July 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Elsworth, Catherine; Born, Matt (May 3, 2007). "Bush twins endorse the sultry soap taking over from Friends". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved July 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Logie award winners 2005". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney: News Limited. October 16, 2004. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Unreality TV". San Jose Mercury News. MediaNews Group. May 18, 2004. Archived from the original on June 23, 2004. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ Dorr, Gregory P. "The O.C.: Season One". DVD Journal. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Flynn, Gillian (November 19, 2004). "TV Review – The O.C." Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Isaac, Steven (October 2003). "The O.C." Plugged In. Archived from the original on May 8, 2006. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Gallagher, Peter. "The O.C. Ratings Summary". PeterGallagher.org. Retrieved August 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ Berman, Marc (October 31, 2003). "The Programming Insider". Mediaweek. Nielsen Company. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Berman, Marc (November 7, 2003). "The Programming Insider". Mediaweek. Nielsen Company. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Berman, Marc (November 14, 2003). "The Programming Insider". Mediaweek. Nielsen Company. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Berman, Marc (November 21, 2003). "The Programming Insider". Mediaweek. Nielsen Company. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Kissel, Rick (November 30, 2003). "Thanksgiving 'Survivor' Roasts the Competish". Variety. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Berman, Marc (December 5, 2003). "The Programming Insider". Mediaweek. Nielsen Company. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Berman, Marc (December 19, 2003). "The Programming Insider". Mediaweek. Nielsen Company. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Kissel, Rick (January 8, 2004). "Fox's 'Simple' Rules Wednesday". Variety. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Kissel, Rick (January 15, 2004). "'Bachelorette', 'Simple' Socko". Variety. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Berman, Marc (January 23, 2004). "The Programming Insider". Mediaweek. Nielsen Company. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Berman, Marc (February 13, 2004). "The Programming Insider". Mediaweek. Nielsen Company. p. 5. Retrieved August 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Program Rankings Report". ABC Medianet. February 24, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Program Rankings Report". ABC Medianet. March 2, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Program Rankings Report". ABC Medianet. March 9, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Program Rankings Report". ABC Medianet. March 30, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Program Rankings Report". ABC Medianet. April 6, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Program Rankings Report". ABC Medianet. April 20, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Program Rankings Report". ABC Medianet. April 27, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Program Rankings Report". ABC Medianet. May 4, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Program Rankings Report". ABC Medianet. May 11, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Complete First Season". Warner Bros. Retrieved September 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The OC: The Complete Season 1 (UK)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The OC – Season 1 (Aus)". DVD Orchard. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
External links[edit]
Episode guide at Warner Bros.' The OC Insider
List of The O.C. episodes on IMDb
List of The O.C. season 1 episodes at TV.com
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