text:
Political status of Puerto Rico
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Puerto Rico
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Puerto Rico
Constitution and law[show]
United States Constitution
Puerto Rico Constitution
Puerto Rico law
Executive[show]
Governor: Ricky Rosselló (NPP, D)
Acting Governor
Cabinet
Chief of Staff
Executive departments
Fiscal agent and financing
Government-owned corporations
Lieutenant Governor
Line of succession
Office of the Governor
Secretaries
Transition process
First Lady
Legislative[show]
Legislature: 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico
Senate: 26th Senate of Puerto Rico
President of the Senate: Thomas Rivera Schatz
President pro tempore: Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez
Majority Leader: Carmelo Ríos Santiago
Majority Whip: Ángel Chayanne Martínez
Minority Leader: Eduardo Bhatia; Juan Dalmau; Vargas Vidot
Minority Whip: José Luis Dalmau
House of Representatives: 30th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico
Speaker: Johnny Méndez
Speaker pro tempore: José Torres Zamora
Majority Leader: Gabriel Rodríguez Aguiló
Majority Whip: Urayoán Hernández
Minority Leader: Tatito Hernández
Minority Whip: Ramón Luis Cruz
Judicial[show]
Supreme Court
Elections[show]
Elections
Political Parties
New Progressive Party
Popular Democratic Party
Puerto Rican Independence Party
Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party
Working People's Party
Sovereign Union Movement
Political party strength
Municipalities[show]
Mayors in Puerto Rico
Municipalities of Puerto Rico
Federal relations[show]
Federal representation
United States House of Representatives
Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico
Pedro Pierluisi (PNP, D)
Insular Cases
Political status[show]
Current status
Proposed political status
Sovereigntism
Independence
Statehood
Status quo
Politics of the United States
Politics portal
v
t
e
The political status of Puerto Rico is that of an unincorporated territory of the United States. As such, the island is neither a sovereign nation nor a U.S. state. Because of that ambiguity, the territory, as a polity, lacks certain rights but enjoys certain benefits that other polities have or lack. For instance, in contrast to sovereign nations, Puerto Rico does not have voting rights in its federal legislature nor in electing its federal head of government. But, in contrast to U.S. states, Puerto Ricans are not subject to federal income taxes. The political status of the island thus stems from how different Puerto Rico is politically from sovereign nations and from U.S. states.
The status of the island is the result of various political activities within both the United States and Puerto Rican governments. The United Nations removed it from the list of non-self-governing territories in 1953.[1] But it remains subject to the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution. According to the Insular Cases, Puerto Rico is "a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but not a part of the United States within the revenue clauses of the Constitution".[2][3]
American and Puerto Rican political activities regarding the status question have revolved around three sets of initiatives: presidential executive orders, bills in the U.S. Congress, and referenda held in Puerto Rico. U.S. Presidents have issued three executive orders on the subject, and Congress has considered four major bills on Puerto Rico's political status. Puerto Rican status referenda have been held four times to determine the desired political status of Puerto Rico in relation to the United States of America. In 1967 and 1993, Commonwealth won. In another plebiscite held on November 6, 2012, 54% of respondents voted to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution.[4] In a second question, 61% favored statehood as the preferred alternative, however, when blank ballots were counted, statehood support dropped to 45%.[5] Another referendum was held on June 11, 2017, in which voters had three options: "Statehood", "Free Association/Independence" or "Current Territorial Status". While 97% of voters chose "Statehood", turnout was only 23% (the lowest in history) due to a boycott from pro-Independence and pro-Commonwealth supporters.
Internationally, several organizations have called for the U.S. government to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico while considering Puerto Rico a Caribbean nation with its own national identity.[6][7][8][9][10] For instance, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization has called for the United States "to allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty."[11]
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Terminology
1.2 The Insular Cases
2 Implications of the current political status
3 Status questions
3.1 Plebiscites
3.2 Presidential executive orders
3.3 Bills in U.S. Congress
4 United Nations classification
4.1 Resolution 748
4.2 UN vote aftermath
4.3 Attempts to reintroduce a new UN vote
4.4 United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization
5 Distinct national group
5.1 Internationally
5.2 Amongst Puerto Ricans
6 Position of U.S. political parties
7 Controversies
7.1 Decolonization by the UN and political empowerment
7.2 Granting of U.S. citizenship and cultural identity
7.3 Economic survival and self-support
7.4 English as an official language
7.5 Suffrage and representation in the U.S. Congress
8 Stateside Puerto Ricans and status
9 U.S. public opinion on the status of Puerto Rico
10 See also
11 Further reading
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
14.1 U.N. Resolutions
14.2 Bills before Congress
14.3 Others
Background[edit]
The United States acquired the islands of Puerto Rico in 1898 after the Spanish–American War. In 1950, Congress enacted legislation (P.L. 81-600) authorizing Puerto Rico to hold a constitutional convention and in 1952, the people of Puerto Rico ratified a constitution establishing a republican form of government for the island. After being approved by Congress and the President in July 1952 and thus given force under federal law (P.L. 82-447), the new constitution went into effect on July 25, 1952.
Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917.[12][13][14] Since the promulgation of the current Commonwealth constitution in 1952, further local attempts to change the island's political status took place in 1967, 1993, and 1998. An additional referendum held in 1991 sought to amend the relationship through an amendment to the Puerto Rican constitution. Each time, the results favored retaining the current status over the possible independence of Puerto Rico and statehood alternatives.
As a result of Puerto Rico's status as a U.S. territory, the citizens of Puerto Rico do not have any voting representation in the U.S. Federal government. Instead of outright representation through Senators and House Representatives, Puerto Rico has one non-voting Resident Commissioner in the House of Representatives. Furthermore, Puerto Rico is not represented in the Electoral College, and thus U.S. citizens resident there are unable to vote in U.S. presidential elections. Citizens of Puerto Rico can vote in the Republican and Democratic primary elections.
Although Puerto Rico presently has a certain amount of local autonomy, according to the U.S. Constitution ultimate governance of the island is retained by both the U.S. Congress and President.[15][16][17] Thus, results of plebiscites, whether or not authorized by Congress, while they reflect public sentiment, and thus bear some impact, can be ignored by Congress. Ultimately, the results of Puerto Rican plebiscites are opinions, although congressional resolutions have expressed support for following the will of the Puerto Rican people.[18][full citation needed]
Terminology[edit]
The English term "commonwealth" "does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship ... [and] when used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states ... broadly describes an area that is self-governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self-government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by Congress".[19] It is the same terminology used elsewhere but with other different meanings than what is meant for Puerto Rico:
"Commonwealth" is what four states of the United States have named themselves, these being Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
A number of independent states use "Commonwealth" in their style, such as the Commonwealth of Australia or the Commonwealth of The Bahamas; historically the Commonwealth of England, the Icelandic Commonwealth, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth have also used the style in English. Here it relates to its original definition, as a translation of the Latin res publica.
"Commonwealth" is part of the name of the Commonwealth of Nations, a group of independent nations, voluntarily joined by common bonds of various kinds and whose bonds are subject to unilateral revocation by any of the parties.
"Commonwealth" is also used in the Commonwealth of Independent States, formerly parts of the Soviet Union, but now a group of independent nations, voluntarily joined by common bonds of various kinds.
But in the United States, "commonwealth" is also a term, without a clear and stable legal definition, now and previously used by current and past possessions of the United States:
"Commonwealth" was a term used by the Philippines before gaining its independence from the United States in 1947 and becoming a republic, prior to which the US Supreme Court had declared it was an unincorporated territory of the United States.[20]
"Commonwealth" is the term used by the U.S. territory of the Northern Mariana Islands, a country that is still "unquestionably a colony in light of the decolonization criteria adopted by the United Nations, and [which] is openly treated as a territory by the government of the United States".[21]
Tree definition of the term "commonwealth" as per current U.S. State Department policy (as codified in the department's Foreign Affairs Manual) reads: "The term 'Commonwealth' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship. It has, for example, been applied to both states and territories. When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states, the term broadly describes an area that is self-governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self-government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by Congress."[19]
Juan R. Torruella, a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (which has jurisdiction over the Federal Court for the District of Puerto Rico), claims that the use of the term "commonwealth" is a label that "can deceive and obscure the true nature of things". He contends that Puerto Rico is obviously not a state, and that "neither Puerto Rico's status nor its relationship with the U.S. supports any legitimate claim that a British type of 'commonwealth' exists between Puerto Rico and the United States".[22]
Then U.S. Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman, under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs, clarified the new commonwealth label by stating, "The bill (to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government. ... The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico's political, social, and economic relationship to the United States."[23]
The Insular Cases[edit]
It has been said that "any inquiry into Puerto Rico's status must begin with the Constitution of the United States, as well as various Supreme Court and lower court decisions".[24]
Almost immediately after Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States, Puerto Rico's political status was defined by a series of landmark decisions made by the U.S. Supreme Court in what are collectively known as The Insular Cases. From 1901 to 1905, the Supreme Court held that the Constitution extended ex proprio vigore to the territories. However, the Court in these cases also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation. Under the same, the Constitution only applied fully in incorporated territories such as Alaska and Hawaii, whereas it only applied partially in the new unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. Although other cases followed, strictly speaking the Insular Cases are the original six opinions issued concerning acquired territories as a result of the Treaty of Paris (1898). The six cases were:[25]
De Lima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1 (1901) A plaintiff challenged the imposition of duties for the import of sugar from Puerto Rico to the United States proper. The Court sided with the plaintiff holding that Puerto Rico was not a "foreign country" and hence the duties were invalid.[26]
Goetze v. United States (Crossman v. United States), 182 U.S. 221 (1901)
Dooley v. United States, 182 U.S. 222 (1901)
Armstrong v. United States, 182 U.S. 243 (1901)
Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901)
Considered the leading Insular case, concluded that the United States could acquire territory and exercise unrestricted power in determining what rights to concede to its inhabitants. It included the "fateful phrase" that:[27]
While in an international sense Porto Rico (sic) was not a foreign country, since it was subject to the sovereignty of and was owned by the United States, it was foreign to the United States in a domestic sense, because the island has not been incorporated into the United States, but was merely appurtenant thereto as a possession.[28]
The case created the constitutionally unprecedented category of "unincorporated territories".[29]
Huus v. New York and Porto Rico Steamship Co., 182 U.S. 392 (1901)
Other authorities, such as José Trías Monge, state that the list also includes these additional two cases:[27]
Dooley v. United States, 183 U.S. 151 (1901)
Fourteen Diamond Rings v. United States, 183 U.S. 176 (1901)
The Supreme Court later made other rulings. For example, in Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298, 305 (1922), explained the distinction between an incorporated and a non-incorporated territory. Juan R. Torruella restated it this way, "an unincorporated territory is a territory as to which, when acquired by the United States, no clear intention was expressed that it would eventually be incorporated into the Union as a State".[30]
Since the Insular Cases had established that only those rights in the U.S. Bill of Rights that are determined to be "fundamental" are applicable in unincorporated territories, the implications of Balzac v. Porto Rico have been enormous. For example:
The Court held that the right to trial by jury is not a fundamental right, and thus need not be given to criminal defendants in Puerto Rico.[22] (see Dorr v. United States.[31] See also Balzac v. Porto Rico[32][33]
The Court relied on Downes and Balzac to justify the outright denial of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) to United States citizens who had relocated to Puerto Rico from the States. This ruling allowed Congress to deny Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments to the aged and benefits to children and the poor who reside in Puerto Rico, even in the case of an insured who had worked all his life as a resident of the States proper but then moved to live in Puerto Rico.[34][35] (see Califano v. Torres, 435 U.S. 1 (1978) (per curiam))
In a brief concurrence in the United States Supreme Court judgment of Torres v. Puerto Rico, 442 U.S. 465 (1979), Supreme Court Justice Brennan, argued that any implicit limits from the Insular Cases on the basic rights granted by the Constitution (including especially the Bill of Rights) were anachronistic in the 1970s.[36]
Implications of the current political status[edit]
Main article: Implications of Puerto Rico's current political status
Puerto Rico's current political status limits to the autonomy of the Puerto Rican government. For example, the Island's government is not fully autonomous, and a level of federal presence in the Island is commonplace, including a branch of the United States Federal District Court.
People born in Puerto Rico are U.S. citizens by birth but that citizenship is protected by statutory law rather than by the U.S. Constitution.
Puerto Ricans are also covered by a group of "fundamental civil rights" but, because Puerto Rico is not a state, they are not covered by the full Bill of Rights. All residents must pay federal taxes but, for a variety of reasons, only some pay federal income taxes.[37][note 1]
In 2017, the Government Accountability Office estimated that corporations paid $1.42 billion in taxes.[which?] Had Puerto Rico been a state, corporations would have paid an estimated $5 billion to $9.3 billion.[which?][54]
Puerto Ricans lack a voting representative in the U.S. Congress, but they do have a Resident Commissioner who has a voice in Congress (but no vote other than committee-level voting). Puerto Ricans must also serve in the United States military whenever it is compulsory in the mainland United States, with the same duties and obligations as U.S. citizens residing in the 50 states.
Governor Alejandro García Padilla signed legislation which would have allowed corporations owned by the Commonwealth to declare bankruptcy.[55] However, in Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax-Free Trust (2016), the U.S. Supreme Court, by a vote of 5–2, found the legislation was void because it was preempted by the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, with Justice Sonia Sotomayor dissenting.[56]
In Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle (2016) the U.S. Supreme Court found that the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution forbids successive criminal prosecutions by the Commonwealth and the Federal Government because they are not separate sovereigns.[57]
On June 30, 2016, President Barack Obama signed the PROMESA into law, which empowered him to appoint a seven-member Financial Oversight and Management Board that has ultimate control over the Commonwealth's budget.[58]
Status questions[edit]
Part of a series on

Elections in Puerto Rico
General elections
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
Referendums
1951
1952 (Mar)
1952 (Nov)
1960
1961
1964
1967
1970
1991
1993
1994
1998
2005
2012 (Aug)
2012 (Nov)
2017
Gubernatorial
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
Resident Commissioner
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
Senate
2004
2008
2012
House of Representatives
2004
2008
2012
PNP primaries
2003
2008
2012
2016
PPD primaries
2003
2008
2012
2016
Democratic primaries
2008
2016
Republican primaries
2008
2012
2016
Transition processes
2004
2008
2012
v
t
e
Puerto Rico's main political issue is the territory's relationship with the United States. A United States territory since 1898, and known as "Estado Libre Asociado" (Free Associated State) or as commonwealth since 1952, Puerto Rico today is torn by profound ideological rifts, as represented by its political parties, which stand for three distinct future political scenarios: the status quo (commonwealth), statehood, and independence. The Popular Democratic Party (PPD) seeks to maintain or improve the current status towards becoming a more sovereign territory of the United States, the New Progressive Party (PNP) seeks to fully incorporate Puerto Rico as a U.S. state, and the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP) seeks national independence.
When asked, in non-binding plebiscites, to choose between independence, statehood, or continuation of the status quo with enhanced powers, as proposed by the PPD, Puerto Ricans have voted to remain a commonwealth. In the penultimate plebiscite in 1998, Puerto Ricans voted for "none of the above" by a slight majority. While 50.3% of them voted for the status quo, it has been asserted that "the oldest strategy for governing recalcitrant subjects—divide and conquer—was subtly at work."[59][60]
The issue is debated and is on the agenda of all the political parties and civil society groups. Several pro-commonwealth leaders within the PPD are proposing an Associated Republic or Free Association similar to that of the former U.S. territories of the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands or Palau.
Plebiscites[edit]
Main article: Puerto Rico political status plebiscites
In general, three main alternatives were presented to Puerto Rican voters in status plebiscites:
Full independence
Maintenance or enhancement of commonwealth status
Full statehood
The exact expectations for each of these status formulas are a matter of debate by a given position's adherents and detractors. Puerto Ricans have proposed positions that modify the alternatives above:
Indemnified independence with phased-out U.S. subsidy
Expanded political but not fiscal autonomy
Statehood with a gradual phasing out of industrial federal tax incentives
The following table summarizes the results of Puerto Rico's plebiscites so far.
Results of Puerto Rico's status referenda, vote total (% total).[61]
1967[62]
1993[63]
1998[64][65]
2012[66]
Independence
4,248 (0.6%) 75,620 (4.4%) 39,838 (2.54%) NA 5.5%
Commonwealth
425,132 (60.4%) 826,326 (48.6%) 993 (0.06%) NA 46.0%
Free Association
NA NA 4536 (0.29%) NA 33.2%
Statehood
274,312 (39.0%) 788,296 (46.3%) 728,157 (46.49%) NA 61.3%
None of the above
NA NA 787,900 (50.3%) NA
Electoral turnout
66%[67][68] 74% 71% 79%
In the Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012[69] 54.00% of voters indicated "No" to maintaining the current political status. A full 61.11% of voters chose statehood, 33.34% chose free association, and 5.55% chose independence.[70][71] Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots, creating confusion as to the voters' true desire, Congress decided to ignore the vote.[72][73] The 2014 budget bill included $2.5 million in funding for a future vote on Puerto Rico's political status.[74][75]
The previous plebiscites provided voters with three options: remain a Commonwealth, Statehood and Independence/Free Association. The Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017 was to offer only two options: Statehood and Independence/Free Association. If the majority favor Independence/Free Association, a second vote will be held to determine the preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a "free and voluntary political association" between Puerto Rico and the United States. The specifics of the association agreement[76] would be detailed in the Compact of Free Association that would be negotiated between the U.S. and Puerto Rico. That document might cover topics such as the role of the US military in Puerto Rico, the use of the US currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens.[77]
Governor Ricardo Rosselló is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to "solve our 500-year-old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option .... It’s a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy," he told the news media.[78][79]
Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis, since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection. According to the Government Development Bank, this might be the only solution to the debt crisis. Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood, but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept. Other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and Medicaid funding, the right to vote in Presidential elections and the higher (federal) minimum wage.[80]
At approximately the same time as the referendum, Puerto Rico's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress. Regardless of the outcome of the votes, Congress will be the body to make the final decision on the status of Puerto Rico.[79]
Presidential executive orders[edit]
Main article: Presidential executive orders on the political status of Puerto Rico
Various U.S. presidents have signed executive orders to help define, study, and generate activity regarding the political status of Puerto Rico. Three major orders were the 2005, 2007, and 2011 executive orders to establish the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status.
Bills in U.S. Congress[edit]
Main article: Bills in U.S. Congress regarding the political status of Puerto Rico
See also: The United States-Puerto Rico Political Status Act and Puerto Rico Democracy Act
The Territories Clause of the United States Constitution (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) allows for Congress to "dispose of" Puerto Rico and allow it to become independent of the U.S. (in the same way as the Philippines did in 1945) or, under the authority of the Admissions Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 1) for it to be admitted as a state of the United States (with a vote of Congress in the same way that Alaska and Hawaii were admitted in 1958 and 1959 respectively).
Since Congress must approve of any political status change for Puerto Rico, some argue that "congressional agreement to the options [on a ballot], prior to a plebiscite would save the people of Puerto Rico the grief of an emotionally draining and politically divisive vote that might result in a status not acceptable to Congress".[81] Former Resident Commissioner and Former Governor Carlos Romero Barceló echoed this sentiment when he recalled, at a 1997 congressional hearing, that both "[Representatives] Young and Miller were clear in stating [in their March 3, 1997, letter to the presidents of the three political parties in Puerto Rico] that there was no purpose in presenting the people of Puerto Rico a status definition which does not represent an option that the Congress will be willing to ratify should it be approved in a plebiscite."[82]
A catalyst for the legislative activity taking place in Congress was the release in December 2005 of the presidential task force's report.[83] Per United States v. Sanchez, 992 F.2d 1143, 1152–53 (11th Cir. 1993), "Congress continues to be the ultimate source of power [over Puerto Rico] pursuant to the Territory Clause of the Constitution". (quoting United States v. Andino, 831 F.2d 1164, 1176 (1st Cir. 1987) (Torruella, J., concurring), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1034 (1988)), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 11 10 (1994).9[84] An Act of Congress, thus, is ultimately required to modify the current political status of Puerto Rico.
On June 9, 2016, in Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle, a 6-2 majority of the United States Supreme Court determined that Puerto Rico is a territory and lacks sovereignty. The opinion of the court stated: "Back of the Puerto Rican people and their Constitution, the 'ultimate' source of prosecutorial power remains the U. S. Congress, just as back of a city’s charter lies a state government."[85]
Four major bills regarding the political status of Puerto Rico have come before Congress, H.R. 856, H.R. 900, H.R. 2499, and H.R. 2000.
United Nations classification[edit]
The United Nations has intervened in the past to evaluate the legitimacy of Puerto Rico's political status, to ensure that the island's government structure complies with the standards of self-government that constitute the basic tenets of the United Nations Charter, its covenants, and its principles of international law. Some authorities, such as Trias Monge, argue that Puerto Rico "clearly does not meet the decolonization standards set by the United Nations in 1960".[86]
Resolution 748[edit]
During its 8th session, the United Nations General Assembly recognized Puerto Rico's self-government on November 27, 1953, with Resolution 748 (VIII).[87] (UN Resolution "748 (VIII)", adopted on November 27, 1953, during its 459th Plenary Meeting.) This removed Puerto Rico's classification as a non-self-governing territory (under article 73(e) of the Charter of the United Nations). The resolution passed, garnering a favorable vote from some 40% of the General Assembly, with over 60% abstaining or voting against it (20 to 16, plus 18 abstentions). Today, however, the UN "still debates whether Puerto Rico is a colony" or not.[88]
UN vote aftermath[edit]
However, Puerto Rico's political status is still debated in many international forums, possibly in part because of the circumstances surrounding the vote: "Under United States pressure, General Assembly Resolution 748 passed—though only narrowly and with many countries abstaining. The debate over Resolution 748 prompted the United Nations to agree on governing arrangements that would provide full self-government to non-self-governing territories: in United States terms, these arrangements were statehood, independence, and free association. Yet, under international law, a freely associated state is a sovereign nation in a joint governing arrangement with another nation that either nation can unilaterally end."[89] Though the subject continues to be debated in many forums it is clear that (1) the current territorial status has not satisfied Puerto Rican political leaders,[89] and (2) that despite the divergent views that Puerto Ricans have with respect to their preferred political status, 'all factions agree on the need to end the present undemocratic arrangement whereby Puerto Rico is subject to the laws of Congress but cannot vote in it.'[89]
Attempts to reintroduce a new UN vote[edit]
The list of factors for determining when a colony has achieved a full measure of self-government appears in Resolution 1541 (XV) of the General Assembly of the United Nations, 15 UN GAOR Supplement (No. 16) at 29, UN Document A/4684 (1960).[90][91]
The General Assembly did not apply its full list of criteria to Puerto Rico[91][92] for determining whether or not self-governing status had been achieved. The UN's Committee on Non-Self-Governing States recently unanimously agreed to ask the General Assembly to take up the issue of Puerto Rico.[93] In June 2007, the Puerto Rico Senate approved a Concurrent Resolution urging the UN General Assembly to discuss Puerto Rico's case.
Starting in 1971, "Cuba introduced annual resolutions on the issue in the UN's Decolonization Committee but the United States has blocked General Assembly action and stopped cooperating with the Decolonization Committee. On August 23, 1973, the United States vigorously opposed that members of Puerto Rico's independence movement be allowed to speak at the UN.[94] The U.S. position has not been that Puerto Rico is not a territory; rather, the U.S. position of record, based on General Assembly Resolution 748, is that the Decolonization Committee lacks jurisdiction, that the matter is one for the United States and Puerto Rico to resolve, and that Puerto Rico has not sought a new status."[89]
In 1972, the UN set a precedent when, after approving Puerto Rico's association with the United States in 1953[95] as sufficient evidence to remove PR from the list of Colonized Countries, the United Nations reopened the matter in 1972 and it is still under review.[96][97][98] "Failure [of the United States] to include independence as an option and harassment of [Puerto Rican] pro-independence organizations were reasons for the United Nations' recent reconsideration of the status of Puerto Rico".[98]
Since 1972, the Decolonization Committee has called for Puerto Rico's decolonization and for the United States to recognize the island's right to self-determination and independence. Most recently, the Decolonization Committee called for the General Assembly to review the political status of Puerto Rico, a power reserved by the 1953 resolution.[99][100]
In 1993, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice.[101] In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill, the U.S. House Committee on Resources stated, "Puerto Rico's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self-government under Resolution 1541" (the three established forms of full self-government being stated in the report as (1) national independence, (2) free association based on separate sovereignty, or (3) full integration with another nation on the basis of equality). The report concluded that Puerto Rico "remains an unincorporated territory and does not have the status of 'free association' with the United States as that status is defined under United States law or international practice", and that the establishment of local self-government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress.[102][103] The application of the U.S. Constitution applies partially to Puerto Rico by the Insular Cases.
United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization[edit]
Since 1953, the UN has been considering the political status of Puerto Rico and how to assist it in achieving "independence" or "decolonization". In 1978, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization determined that a "colonial relationship" existed between the US and Puerto Rico.[104]
The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization has often referred to Puerto Rico as a nation in its reports, because, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity.[7][6][105] In a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico. The group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence. ... [and] allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty".[11]
Distinct national group[edit]
Internationally[edit]
Though politically associated with the United States, Puerto Rico is considered by many other nations to have its own distinct national identity.[6] Internationally, it has been reported that "the Fourteenth Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-aligned Nations...reaffirms that Puerto Rican people constitute a Latin American and Caribbean nation."[7]
Amongst Puerto Ricans[edit]
Although Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States classified as a commonwealth, many Puerto Ricans consider it to be a country in and of itself.[106][107][108][109] In their book on American expansionism titled The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898, Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow also determined that "Most Puerto Ricans consider themselves a distinct national group."[110][111] They also observed that both Americans and Puerto Ricans see themselves as separate cultures—"even separate nationalities".[112]
At the local level, it has been observed that Puerto Ricans "consider themselves a territorially distinct national unit, a nation defined by its cultural distinctiveness".[113] In recent plebiscites Puerto Ricans have not expressed themselves in favor of a political status with the intention of becoming a sovereign state, but the idea that Puerto Rico is a separate social, political and cultural entity from the United States has been repeatedly expressed.
Position of U.S. political parties[edit]
Main article: United States politics and the political status of Puerto Rico
Both major United States political parties (Democratic and Republican) have expressed their support for the U.S. citizens in Puerto Rico to exercise their right to self-determination, with the Republican Party platform explicitly mentioning support for statehood and the Democratic Party platform expressing explicitly broader support for right to self-determination.[citation needed]
Controversies[edit]
The U.S.–Puerto Rico relationship is a matter of debate. Some contend that the current political status of Puerto Rico, perhaps with enhancements, remains a viable option. Others argue that commonwealth status is or should be only a temporary fix to be resolved in favor of other solutions considered permanent, non-colonial, and non-territorial. Some contend that if independence is achieved, the close relationship with the United States could be continued through compact negotiations with the federal government. One element apparently shared by all discussants is that the people of Puerto Rico seek to attain full, democratic representation, notably through voting rights on national legislation to which they are subject.[114]
Decolonization by the UN and political empowerment[edit]
Controversy exists surrounding the "real" political status of Puerto Rico, with some calling it a colony and others disagreeing.[115] Some (especially independentistas and statehooders) claim Puerto Rico is still a colony despite the UN's removing Puerto Rico from its list of non self-governing countries in 1953. Others (notably those who vote for the current commonwealth status option) argue that Puerto Rico is not a colony because the UN has not revoked its resolution after 55 years.
Some authors have called Puerto Rico "the world's oldest colony" (2001)[116] and "one of the world's last colonies" (2004).[117] Former chief justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court José Trías Monge wrote a book that referred to it as the "oldest colony in the world".[118] Those who argue that Puerto Rico is still a colony insist that despite the UN resolution, Puerto Rico remains what some call a "post-colonial colony".[119] Defenders of this point of view argue that Puerto Rico has less self-determination than before the U.S. invasion—it no longer has its own Puerto Rican citizenship,[120] free maritime control,[121] nor congressional representation as it did in the Spanish Cortes. Trías Monge argues that just prior to the U.S. invasion, Puerto Rico enjoyed greater freedom and rights in certain areas:
The insular parliament could legislate in matters of monetary policy, banking, import/export duties, and public credit
Puerto Rico could negotiate its own commercial treaties
Puerto Ricans were Spanish citizens, equal in all respects to mainland Spanish citizens
The Spanish Constitution applied in Puerto Rico in the same manner as it applied in Spain proper
The Autonomic Charter of 1897, which governed Puerto Rico's relation with Spain, could not be changed except with Puerto Rico's consent
Yet those who claim Puerto Rico is not a colony will say that in its 8th session, the United Nations General Assembly recognized Puerto Rico's self-government on November 27, 1953, with Resolution 748.[87] This side points out that such recognition removed Puerto Rico's classification as a non-self-governing territory (under article 73(e) of the Charter of the United Nations). They add that the Resolution has not been revoked even though Puerto Rico's political status is still debated in many international forums.[122]
Those who claim Puerto Rico is still a colony argue that Puerto Rico was vested with the commonwealth status by the U.S. Congress to give the appearance of self-government but that genuine decolonization never occurred.[123] These supporters claim that the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1947 allowed the U.S. to continue its colonial policy of Puerto Rico in a post-colonial world.[124] They see the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 (P.L. 600[125]) as a gimmick to maintain the colonial status of PR "The US Congress, however, carefully preserved its exclusive right to [unilaterally] alter the political status of Puerto Rico. Some saw the commonwealth as at best as temporary arrangement or at worst as a relic of the old colonial past."[126] They also point to the fact that no change in the political status of Puerto Rico is possible unless authorized by the U.S. Congress as proof of the real current status.[126] Rivera Ramos argues that the "deepest question pertains to the source of rights and the source of authority to govern...In the case of [unincorporated] territories, the rights deemed to apply to their people, as well as those denied them, have their source in a constitution they have not approved nor have the power to amend".[127]
Those who support the view that Puerto Rico is no longer a colony but has changed into a different status, the commonwealth, argue that since the 1952 Constitution Congress has indicated that they will respect the wishes of the people of Puerto Rico, indicating that this is evidence of the validity of the current status as a non-colony.
Those claiming it is still a colony point to Congress legislating for Puerto Rico, and to bills where text such as those authorizing plebiscites in Puerto Rico (example "to conduct a second plebiscite between the options of (1) independence, (2) national sovereignty in association with the United States, and (3) U.S. statehood. The three options in the plebiscite also correspond to the options that the United Nations has identified as the options for decolonizing a territory." (HR 2499, section 2(c) ) clearly include content to satisfy the United Nations demand for decolonizing a territory. In addition to judicial decisions like the 1993 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit decision, which stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice.[101]
Granting of U.S. citizenship and cultural identity[edit]
Some claim that granting of U.S. citizenship on Puerto Ricans on March 2, 1917 was devised by the United States in order to further reiterate its hold of Puerto Rico as a possession while others claim that it was a serious attempt to pave the way for statehood.
Former chief of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court José Trías Monge insists that statehood was never intended for the island and that, unlike Alaska and Hawaii, which Congress deemed incorporated territories and slated for annexation to the Union from the start, Puerto Rico was kept "unincorporated" specifically to avoid offering it statehood.[128] And Myriam Marquez has stated that Puerto Ricans "fear that statehood would strip the people of their national identity, of their distinct culture and language".[129] Ayala and Bernabe add that the "purpose of the inclusion of U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans in the Jones Act of 1917 was an attempt by Congress to block independence and perpetuate Puerto Rico in its colonial status".[130] Proponents of the citizenship clause in the Jones Act argue that "the extension of citizenship did not constitute a promise of statehood but rather an attempt to exclude any consideration of independence".[131]
The preamble of the Commonwealth constitution approved by the people of Puerto Rico in 1952 in part reads: "We consider as determining factors in our life our citizenship of the United States of America and our aspiration continually to enrich our democratic heritage in the individual and collective enjoyment of its rights and privileges;
For the island's pro-statehood movement, the concession of U.S. citizenship has been seen, ever since, as the key that would eventually guarantee statehood for the island, as soon as the people of Puerto Rico demanded equality in citizenship.
As former Puerto Rico House of Representatives Speaker Miguel A. García Méndez subsequently declared, "For an American citizen, there cannot be another political goal other than equality with his or her fellow American citizens. To seek other solutions – to repudiate equality – is to repudiate the natural destiny of American citizenship."[132]
However, as early as 1912, President William Howard Taft had already said that there was no connection between the extension of citizenship to Puerto Ricans and the prospect of admission of Puerto Rico into the American Union. "I believe the demand for citizenship is just, and amply earned by the sustained loyalty on the part of the inhabitants of the island. But it should be remembered that the demand must be entirely dissociated from any thought of statehood".[133] President Taft's views in 1912 became a Supreme Court opinion when, in 1922, as Chief Justice, Taft wrote the opinion on Balzac, the last of the so-called Insular Cases.[134][135][136]
Thus, in the end, U.S. citizenship has had multiple meanings for Puerto Ricans. For some it is a welcome link to the United States, regardless of the political status of the territory. For others, it has been nothing more than an imposed identity by an imperial power. Still others regard it as a useful asset that provides access to certain rights and tangible benefits and opportunities. And there are those that cherish it as a constituent element of their self-image and identity.[137]
Economic survival and self-support[edit]
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Some contend that Puerto Rico cannot become a fully independent republic because there will be economic chaos and its citizens will die of hunger given that the land has no natural resources to sustain its population.[138][139] But others point to the example of countries that became independent, such as Ireland and Singapore and, though some containing less land and natural resources than Puerto Rico, today have economies far better than the Island.[140]
According to educational scientists Francesco Cordasco and Eugene Bucchioni, in their 1973 work The Puerto Rican Experience: a Sociological Sourcebook, the belief that Puerto Rico cannot survive on its own results from teachings since grade school. "Puerto Ricans here and in Puerto Rico are taught three things: Puerto Rico is small and the US is big, Puerto Rico is poor and the US is rich, Puerto Rico is weak and the US is strong."[141] This theory of non-sustainability is not new; it has been held by various groups at least since the 1930s.[142]
Commonwealth partisans argue that Puerto Rico cannot afford statehood, that post-war economic growth in Puerto Rico was the result of special treatment via exemption from Federal corporate taxes. Statehooders respond that such tax exemptions primarily benefit the large industrialists and not the population as a whole since low income Puerto Ricans would not pay taxes.[143]
An example given by those who claim the Island will be able to support itself is Singapore, an island nation 14 times smaller than Puerto Rico with a drastically higher level of population density and fewer natural resources, which has surpassed the per capita income of larger nations, including the United States.[144]
"In Puerto Rico, ever since you are a child, you are told that you live on a tiny island that has no natural resources, nothing. This is what they teach you in school, on TV, the media, and it's always negative. This perception is a byproduct of the island's political dependence on the U.S. Politicians here will name it 20,000 different ways, but in any dictionary Puerto Rico is a colony. And there is this colonized mentality that everything from abroad is better."[145]
Juan Mari Brás stated, "Only through a great unified movement looking beyond political and ideological differences, can the prevalent fears of hunger and persecution be overcome for the eventual liberation of Puerto Rico, breaking through domination by the greatest imperialist power of our age."[146]
English as an official language[edit]
See also: English in Puerto Rico
After the invasion by the United States in 1898, the Americans made English the official language.[147][148] In 1991 under the pro-Commonwealth PPD administration of Rafael Hernández Colón Spanish was declared the only official language in the Island. Then, in 1993, under the pro-statehood PNP administration of Pedro Rosselló, the law was reversed, and English was again reinstated as an official language alongside Spanish.[149] In a 1993 survey by the Ateneo Puertorriqueño, a leading cultural institution in Puerto Rico, 93 percent of respondents indicated that they would not relinquish Spanish as their language if Puerto Rico ever became a state of the American Union, even if the United States required English as the only official language of the Island.[150][151]
Suffrage and representation in the U.S. Congress[edit]
In a First Circuit Court of Appeals case Igartúa v. United States, two of three members of the three-judge panel that dismissed the appeal on procedural grounds suggested in separate opinions that, in an en banc reconsideration, the United States could be required to extend full voting representation to the United States citizens in Puerto Rico if (1) the en banc Court determines that, contrary to current Circuit precedent, the Constitution does not prohibit extending such rights "under another source of law", (2) that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which, at Article 25, states that "[e]very citizen shall have the right and the opportunity...[t]o vote and to be elected at genuine and periodic elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage", is self-executing.[152][153]
Stateside Puerto Ricans and status[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
See also: Puerto Ricans in the United States
Stateside Puerto Rican members of the United States Congress: Luis Gutierrez (D-IL)(left), José Serrano (D-NY)(center), and Nydia Velázquez (D-NY)(right) speaking at the Encuentro Boricua Conference at Hostos Community College in New York City, 2004
More Puerto Ricans live stateside in the U.S. than in Puerto Rico. A 2009 report by the Pew Hispanic Center indicates that, as of 2007, 4.1 million Puerto Ricans lived in the mainland versus 3.9 million living in the Island.[154] Since the 1967 referendum, there have been demands that stateside Puerto Ricans be allowed to vote in these plebiscites on the political status of Puerto Rico. Since the 1990s, the role of stateside Puerto Ricans in advocating for Puerto Rico in Washington, D.C., on issues such as the Navy's removal from Vieques and others has increased, especially given that there have been three voting members of the U.S. Congress who are stateside Puerto Ricans (two from New York City and one from Chicago), in contrast to Puerto Rico's single Resident Commissioner in the U.S. Congress with no vote.
Between February 24-March 6, 2006, the National Institute for Latino Policy conducted an opinion survey over the Internet of a broad cross-section of stateside Puerto Rican community leaders and activists across the United States. The survey had a total of 574 respondents, including 88 non-Puerto Rican members of the Institute's national network of community leaders.
The views of the 484 Puerto Ricans in the survey found broad support among them for the holding of a plebiscite on the future political status of Puerto Rico. While 73% were in favor of such a vote, they were split on the options to be voted upon. Those supporting the 2005 proposal made by the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status that the vote be ultimately limited to the options of statehood versus independence made up 31% of the total respondents. 43% supported including the commonwealth option in the proposed plebiscite.[155][not in citation given]
U.S. public opinion on the status of Puerto Rico[edit]
In a 1991 Gallup Poll more than 60% of Americans said they would support independence or statehood if a majority of Puerto Ricans voted for either.[citation needed]
A 1998 Gallup Poll[156] asked Americans: "Do you personally think Puerto Rico: Should become a completely independent nation; should remain a territory of the United States, or, should be admitted to the United States as the fifty-first state?"
The responses were:
Become independent – 28%
Remain a U.S. territory – 26%
Be admitted as the fifty-first state – 30%
None/Other – 5%
No opinion – 11%
In a 2007 Opinion Dynamics/Fox News poll, 46% of Americans preferred Puerto Rico continue to be a US territory, 30% believed it should be a state, 11% believed it should be an independent nation, and 13% didn't know.[157][158]
In a 2016 Economist/YouGov poll, 29% supported statehood, 25% believed Puerto retain its present status, 20% believed it should be an independent nation, and 26% were not sure. However, only 43% knew that a person born in Puerto Rico is an American citizen, with 41% believing that person would be a Puerto Rican citizen, and 15% not sure.[159]
See also[edit]
Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 (H.R. 900 & S. 1936)
Puerto Rican citizenship
Voting rights in Puerto Rico
Politics of Puerto Rico
51st state
Puerto Rico (proposed state)
Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico)
Special Committee on Decolonization
United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories
Proposed political status for Puerto Rico
Statehood movement in Puerto Rico
Privileges and Immunities Clause
Territories of the United States
United States territorial court
Federal tribunals in the United States
Index of Puerto Rico-related articles
Puerto Rico portal
United States portal
New Spain portal
Caribbean portal
Further reading[edit]
"The Singularly Strange Story of the English Language in Puerto Rico" by A Pousada.
"Puerto Rico's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite: Background and Key Questions."
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory and does not have the status of 'free association' with the US as defined under United States law or international practice.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Contrary to common misconception, residents of Puerto Rico do pay U.S. federal taxes: customs taxes (which are subsequently returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury),[38] import/export taxes,[39] federal commodity taxes,[39] social security taxes,[40] etc. Residents pay federal payroll taxes, such as Social Security[40] and Medicare,[41] as well as Commonwealth of Puerto Rico income taxes.[42][43] All federal employees,[44] those who do business with the federal government,[45] Puerto Rico-based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S.,[46] and some others (For example, Puerto Rican residents that are members of the U.S. military;[44] and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico[47]) also pay federal income taxes. In addition, because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the U.S. IRS code, and because the per-capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per-capita income on the mainland, more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island. This occurs because "the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments".[48] As residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, Puerto Ricans are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement, but are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents, unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States, do not receive the SSI.[49] The island actually receives less than 15% of the Medicaid funding it would normally receive if it were a U.S. state. However, Medicare providers receive less-than-full state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico, even though the latter paid fully into the system.[50] It has also been estimated that, because the population of the island is greater than that of 50% of the States, if it were a state, Puerto Rico would have six to eight seats in the House, in addition to the two seats in the Senate.[51][52][53] Another misconception is that the import/export taxes collected by the U.S. on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury. This is not the case. Such import/export taxes are returned only for rum products, and even then the US Treasury keeps a portion of those taxes.[53]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cessation of the transmission of information under Article 73 e of the Charter in Respect of Puerto Rico".
Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 287 (1901); Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922).
Jump up ^ Yet, in November 2008 a district court judge ruled that a sequence of prior Congressional actions had had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico's status to incorporated.Consejo de Salud Playa Ponce v. Johnny Rullan, p.28: "The Congressional incorporation of Puerto Rico throughout the past century has extended the entire Constitution to the island". However, as of April 2011 the issue had not yet made its way through the courts: Hon. Gustavo A. Gelpi, "The Insular Cases: A Comparative Historical Study of Puerto Rico, Hawai'i, and the Philippines", The Federal Lawyer, March/April 2011. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) p. 25: "In light of the [Supreme Court] ruling in Boumediene, in the future the Supreme Court will be called upon to reexamine the Insular Cases doctrine as applied to Puerto Rico and other US territories." As of January 2013 the U.S. government still referred to Puerto Rico as unincorporated: accessed 26 January 2013 Archived June 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.: "Puerto Rico is a self-governing, unincorporated territory of the United States located in the Caribbean".
Jump up ^ Condición Política Territorial Actual (English:Actual Territorial Political Condition). Archived November 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Government of Puerto Rico. State Electoral Commission. Nov 16 2012 9:59PM. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Opciones No Territoriales. (English: Non-Territorial Options). Archived November 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Government of Puerto Rico. State Electoral Commission. Nov 16 2012 9:59PM. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations. Durban, South Africa, 2004. See pages 14–15" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 31, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971). Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. 23. United Nations Publications. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-92-1-810211-9. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples 1971 https://books.google.com/books?id=4nEyLDpKZjMC&pg=PA10 10–11" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
Jump up ^ 2011-06-20. Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States, in Consensus Text, to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self-Determination: Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island, Buckling Under Economic Strain; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed. June 20, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ 2009-06-15. Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self-determination Process for Puerto Rico: Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence, Statehood, Free Association. June 15, 2009. Retrieved Sept 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ 2006-06-13. Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self-determination Process: Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader's Killing, Human Rights Abuses; Calls for Clean-up, Decontamination of Vieques. June 13, 2006. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self-Determination Process for Puerto Rico". United Nations. UN. June 20, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude: Puerto Rico's American Century. by Juan R. Torruella. In Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page 248.
Jump up ^ Jones-Shafroth Act
Jump up ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1402
Jump up ^ RHC admite congreso puede hacer lo que quiera con el ELA. El Sur a la Vista. Ponce, Puerto Rico. December 14, 2011. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bea, Keith (May 25, 2005). "Political Status of Puerto Rico: Background, Options, and Issues in the 109th Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress: 5–6. Retrieved January 24, 2010. .
Jump up ^ United States v. Sanchez Archived May 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., 992 F.2D 1143 (11th Cir. 1993)
Jump up ^ Let Puerto Rico Decide: An Introduction to Puerto Rico's Status Debate Archived February 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions" (PDF). U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 - Consular Affairs. U.S. Department of State. January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298, 305 (1922).
Jump up ^ Injustice According to Law: The Insular Cases and Other Oddities. by José Trías Monge. In, Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page 231.
^ Jump up to: a b One Hundred Years of Solitude: Puerto Rico's American Century. by Juan R. Torruella. In, Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page 243.
Jump up ^ "Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status: True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence." Rosalinda de Jesus. The Allentown Morning Call. Republished by The Puerto Rico Herald. July 21, 2002. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Juan R. Torruella, "One Hundred Years of Solitude: Puerto Rico's American Century". In Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page 242.
Jump up ^ Juan R. Torruella, "One Hundred Years of Solitude: Puerto Rico's American Century". In Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page 248.
Jump up ^ Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall, "Between the Foreign and the Domestic: The Doctrine of Territorial Incorporation, Invented and Reinvented". In, Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page 13.
^ Jump up to: a b José Trías Monge. "Injustice According to Law: The Insular Cases and Other Oddities". In Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page 239.
Jump up ^ Downes, 182 U.S. at 341–342 (White, J. concurring)
Jump up ^ Sanford Levinson, and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. The Louisiana Purchase and the American Expansion. page 12.
Jump up ^ Juan R. Torruella. "One Hundred Years of Solitude: Puerto Rico's American Century". In Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page 243. In Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298, 305 (1922) at 304–312.
Jump up ^ 195 U.S. 138, 149.
Jump up ^ 258 U.S. 298, 312.
Jump up ^ The right of trial by jury has been incorporated against the states through the Due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145 (1968). However, the size of the jury, as well as the requirement that it unanimously reach its verdict, vary between federal and state courts. Even so, the Supreme Court has ruled that a jury in a criminal case may have as few as six members. If there are twelve, only nine jurors need agree on a verdict. See, Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
Jump up ^ U.S. Citizens or "qualified aliens" resident of one of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, or the Northern Mariana Islands are eligible for SSI. Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
Jump up ^ Juan R. Torruella, "One Hundred Years of Solitude: Puerto Rico's American Century". In Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page 244.
Jump up ^ "Torres v. Puerto Rico". FindLaw.com Supreme Court Case Law. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ All residents of PR pay federal taxes, with the exception of federal income taxes which only some residents of Puerto Rico must still pay (though everyone must pay all other federal taxes).
Jump up ^ Dept of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs Archived June 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Puerto Rico". wellsphere.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tax Topics - Topic 903 Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico". irs.gov. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform". Reuters. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Is Not Innocent Of Colonization... Puerto Ricans Pay Up, Too... No They Don't". Puerto Rico Herald. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.htrcpa.com/businessinpr1.html Archived April 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "D.C. Voting Rights: No Representation? No Taxation!". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf Archived October 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options" (PDF). The Joint Committee on Taxation - Congress of the United States: 9. 23 June 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options" (PDF). The Joint Committee on Taxation - Congress of the United States: 14–15. 23 June 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. GAO - Puerto Rico: Fiscal Relations with the Federal Government and Economic Trends during the Phaseout of the Possessions Tax Credit". gao.gov. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "SSA Handbook § 2114". socialsecurity.gov. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 Archived May 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Deceitful Tactics Used To Make Puerto Rico A State". eagleforum.org. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html Archived June 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Committee Reports, 110th Congress (2007-2008), House Report 110-597, Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007". thomas.gov. Retrieved 22 February 2005. (Note that for the official US Congress database website, you will need to resubmit a query. The document in question is called "House Report 110-597 - Puerto Rico Democracy Act of." These are the steps to follow: http://www.thomas.gov > Committee Reports > 110 > drop down "Word/Phrase" and pick "Report Number" > type "597" next to Report Number. This will provide the document "House Report 110-597 - Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007", then from the Table of Contents choose "Background and Need for Legislation".)
Jump up ^ "Statehood for Puerto Ricans: Billions More in U.S. Programs—and in Taxes". Wall Street Journal. November 3, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Recent Legislation: Puerto Rico Passes New Municipal Reorganization Act, 128 Harv. L. Rev. 1320 (2015).
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax-Free Trust". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
Jump up ^ The Supreme Court, 2015 Term — Leading Cases, 130 Harv. L. Rev. 347 (2016).
Jump up ^ Developments in the Law — Ch. II: Territorial Federalism, 130 Harv. L. Rev. 1632 (2017).
Jump up ^ Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page xii. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page xii.
Jump up ^ 2005 President's Task Force. Page 4.
Jump up ^ Puerto Rico State Electoral Commission: Official Results for the 1967 Political-Status Plebiscite. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Puerto Rico State Electoral Commission: Official Results for the 1993 Political-Status Plebiscite. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ 2005 President's Task Force. Page 4. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Puerto Rico State Electoral Commission: Official Results for the 1998 Political-Status Plebiscite. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Resultados Elecciones Generales 2012 - Noche del Evento". Comision Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress. Report RL32933. By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett, Government and Finance Division. Congressional Research Service. Updated May 29, 2008. Page 32. Appendix B: Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda, 1967–1998. (A WikiLeaks Document Release. At: https://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32933. Dated February 2, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2009. Archived February 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress. Report RL32933. By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett, Congressional Research Service. Dated June 19, 2009. Page 29. Table B-1: Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda, 1967–1998. Page 29. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Papeleta Modelo Plebiscito 2012" (PDF). CEEPUR. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "CEE Event - Condición Política Territorial Actual - Resumen" (in Spanish). Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico. November 8, 2012. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "CEE Event - Opciones No Territoriales - Resumen" (in Spanish). Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico. November 8, 2012. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wyss, Jim (January 26, 2017). "Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag?". Miami Herald. Miami Herald. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Willie, Santana, (2016-01-01). "Incorporating the Lonely Star: How Puerto Rico Became Incorporated and Earned a Place in the Sisterhood of States". Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy. 9 (4).
Jump up ^ Crabbe, Nathan (June 15, 2014). "Part of our country but still not a State". Gainesville Sun. Gainesville, FL. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Make room for 51st star? Spending bill includes $2.5 million for vote on Puerto RIco statehood". 2014-01-22. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
Jump up ^ "What's a Free Associated State?". Puerto Rico Report. Puerto Rico Report. February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico Statehood, Independence, or Free Association Referendum (2017)". Ballotpedia. Ballotpedia. February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017. With my vote, I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through: (1) Free Association: Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of Puerto Rico. The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association, the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations. Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities. Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government; (2) Proclamation of Independence, I demand that the United States Government, in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory, recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico. My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights, duties, powers, and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics, my support of Puerto Rican citizenship, and a "Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation" between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process
Jump up ^ Wyss, Jim (January 2017). "Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag?". Miami Herald. Miami. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Coto, Danica (February 3, 2017). "Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood". Washington Post. DC. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ White, Gillian B. (November 9, 2017). "Why Puerto Rican Statehood Matters So Much Right Now". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved February 21, 2017. Six words: the ability to file for bankruptcy
Jump up ^ Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution. By Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. Duke University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8223-2698-1. Page 21. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "1997 Statement from Romero Barcelo Before Congress". Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress, Page 6" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Appendix E, page 6" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle, No. 15–108. (Argued January 13, 2016—Decided June 9, 2016) Supreme Court of the United States" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States Blog. June 9, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Injustice According to Law: The Insular Cases and Other Oddities. by José Trías Monge. In, Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page 233.
^ Jump up to: a b Resolution 748 (VIII). [Note: To access the text of the UN document, scroll down the list that appears until Resolution "748 (VIII)", dated "November 27, 1953", is found. Click on the link "748 (VIII)" to view the text of the Resolution. Important: This is a UN document database query server; documents are served on-the-fly. Saving the link that appears when the document opens will not provide access in the future.]Retrieved July 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Puerto Rico: Commonwealth, Statehood, or Independence? Constitutional Rights Foundation Archived June 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d U.S House of Representatives. 110th Congress. Second Session. Report #597. Washington, D.C.
Jump up ^ Injustice According to Law: The Insular Cases and Other Oddities. by Jose Trias Monge. In, Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page 239.
^ Jump up to: a b UN Resolution 1514 (XV) of December 15, 1960. Listing of the full set of criteria that determines if a country or territory is a colony. Archived May 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "US Congress (Thomas Online Query Database), House Report 110-597 – Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007. Background and Need for Legislation section". Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Epedite Puerto Rico's Self-Determination Process – General Assembly GA/COL/3160 – Department of Public Information – June 14, 2007". June 14, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Terroristic Activity: The Cuban Connection in Puerto Rico. Hearings Before the U.S. Senate, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee of the Judiciary. 94th Congress. First Session, part 6. July 30, 1975. (Washington, D.C.) Retrieved December 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ General Assembly Resolution 748 (VIII), November 27, 1953.
Jump up ^ "Puerto Ricans Must Approve Future Status-Decolonization Committee", U.N. Chronicle 15(9):35 (October 1978)
Jump up ^ "Committee Calls for Fact Finding Mission to Visit Puerto Rico", U.N. Chronicle 16(6):25 (July–October 1979).
^ Jump up to: a b "The International Legal Status of Native Alaska" by Russel Lawrence Barsh, published in Alaska Native News (July 1984), 4. 2, p. 35.
Jump up ^ "Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Expedite Puerto Rico's Self-Determination Process – General Assembly GA/COL/3160 – Department of Public Information – June 14, 2007". June 14, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Constitutional Rights Foundation. Archived June 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b United States v. Sanchez Archived May 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., 992 F.2d 1143 (11 Cir. 1993). (Paragraphs 44 – 46)
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing". Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, 105th Congress. April 19, 1997. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ "1541 (XV). Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73 e of the Charter". United Nations General Assembly. December 15, 1960.
Jump up ^ López, Ana M. (2014). "Puerto Rico at the United Nations". The North American Congress on Latin America. The North American Congress on Latin America. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971). Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. 23. United Nations Publications. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-92-1-810211-9.
Jump up ^ U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez, D-Illinois. House Session: United States-Puerto Rico Political Status Act. March 4, 1998. C-SPAN Video Library. In the words of the Congressman, The fact is that Puerto Rico is a nation... Retrieved September 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez, D-Illinois. House Session: United States-Puerto Rico Political Status Act. March 4, 1998. Congressional Record. March 4, 1998. 105th Congress, Second Session. Volume 144, Issue No. 20. Page H821. 1900 Hours. In the words of the Congressman, The people of Puerto Rico consider themselves a nation... Retrieved September 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dr. Lynn Darrell Bender. Puertorriqueños and americanos in Puerto Rico: Ethnic Conflict? in "The Perplexing Hemisphere." Revista/Review Interamericana. Vol. XXX, No. 1-4 (2002), pp. 1–4. Interamerican University of Puerto Rico. San German, Puerto Rico. The [Puerto Rican] cultural elites and intellectuals...view Puerto Rico as a "nation," in the sense of a distinct cultural-linguistic unit... Retrieved September 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Countries and Their Cultures: Culture of Puerto Rico. "Orientation: Identification." Page 1. Puerto Ricans are a Caribbean people who regard themselves as citizens of a distinctive island nation... Retrieved September 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ (page 167)
Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2005. ISBN 978-0-7425-4984-5. Page 167. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2005. ISBN 978-0-7425-4984-5. Page 243.
Jump up ^ Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico. in Making and Marketing National Identities. By Arlene M. Dávila. Temple University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-1-56639-549-6. Pages 1–3. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress. Summary page" (PDF).
Jump up ^ United States-Puerto Rico Relations in the Early Cold War Years (1945–1953): Abstract. Carlos Ramon Zapata-Oliveras. January 1, 1986. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Constitutional Rights Foundation". Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Navarro, Sharon Ann, and Mejia, Armando Xavier, Latino Americans and Political Participation Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2004. ISBN 1-85109-523-3. page 106.
Jump up ^ Puerto Rico:The Trials of the Oldest Colony in the World. By Jose Trias Monge. Yale University Press. 1997.
Jump up ^ Archaeology and the Postcolonial Critique. By Matthew Liebmann, and Uzma Z. Rizvi. Page 54. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "GUILLERMO MOSCOSO, "FACTS REGARDING PUERTO RICAN CITIZENSHIP," THE SAN JUAN STAR, VIEWPOINT, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 1997, PAGE 58". www.puertorico-herald.org.
Jump up ^ "Requirement to use US-flagged ships only" (PDF).
Jump up ^ La Prensa San Diego. By Marjorie Cohn. The Incarceration of Carlos Alberto Torres: After 30 Years in Prison, the Puerto Rican Political Prisoner Will Be Freed.. Vol. XXXIII. July 30, 2010."Every year for 29 years the United Nations Decolonization Committee has passed a resolution calling for independence."
Jump up ^ Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America By Juan Gonzalez. page 262, 272. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Archaeology and the Postcolonial Critique. By Matthew Liebmann, Uzma Z. Rizvi. Page 54. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ cited as "Act of July 3, 1950, U.S. Statutes at Large 64 (1950):319", in One Hundred Years of Solitude: Puerto Rico's American Century. by Juan R. Torruella. In, Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, The American Expansion, and the Constitution. Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall. 2001. Duke University Press. Page 248.
^ Jump up to: a b The Politics of Direct Democracy: Referendums in Global Perspective. By Lawrence By LeDuc. Page 117. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 2005. Page 175.
Jump up ^ Harvest of Empire. By Juan Gonzalez. Page 265. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ True Nationhood Stands On The Pillar Of Independence. Myriam Marquez. Orlando Sentinel. 21 July 2002. Reprinted by "Puerto Rico Herald." Retrieved 22 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History Since 1898. By César J. Ayala and Rafael Bernabe. Page 82. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ayala and Bernabe, Page 82. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "prfaa.com". www.prfaa.com.
Jump up ^ Harvest of Empire. By Juan Gonzalez. Page 265. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Insular Cases – The Decisions, Influence of the Cases, De Lima v. Bidwell, Goetze v. United States—United, Court, Territories, Rico, Puerto, and Congress
Jump up ^ Juan R. Torruella (1985). The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico: the doctrine of separate and unequal. La Editorial, UPR. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8477-3019-3
Jump up ^ "The Insular Cases: The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid" (2007) Juan R. Torruella Pages 318–319" (PDF). Retrieved February 7, 2010 .
Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 2005. Page 174.
Jump up ^ Francesco Cordasco and Eugene Bucchioni. The Puerto Rican Experience: a Sociological Sourcebook. Littlefield, Adams, & Co. 1973. ISBN 0-87471-162-2. page=317.
Jump up ^ Have A Puerto Rican question? Ask El Boricuazo. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Angel Collado Schwarz. Soberanias Exitosas: Seis modelos para el desarrollo economico de Puerto Rico. Fundacion Voz del Centro. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. (Spanish) 2009. ISBN 1-933545-13-5. pp. 17–18.
Jump up ^ Francesco Cordasco and Eugene Bucchioni (1973). The Puerto Rican Experience: a Sociological Sourcebook. Littlefield, Adams, & Co. p. 317. ISBN 0-87471-162-2.
Jump up ^ Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos. Accessed January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Defining Status: A Comprehensive Analysis of United States Territorial Relations. By Arnold H. Leibowitz. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1989. Page 128.
Jump up ^ Angel Collado Schwarz (2009). "Singapur". Soberanias Exitosas: Seis modelos para el desarrollo economico de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Guaynabo, Puerto Rico: Fundacion Voz del Centro. pp. 17–18. ISBN 1-933545-13-5.
Jump up ^ "Have A Puerto Rican question? Ask El Boricuazo". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Voices for Independence: In the Spirit of Valor and Sacrifice. Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence. By Jean Zwickel. White Star Press (Pittsburg, California, U.S.) ISBN 0-9620448-0-6. March 1998. Copyrighted". Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ The University of Puerto Rico: Colonialism and the Language of Teaching and Learning, 1903 – 1952. By Pablo Navarro-Rivera, School of Undergraduate Studies, Lesley College, Cambridge, MA. In, Journal for Pedagogy, Pluralism & Practice."With the military invasion of Puerto Rico in 1898 the United States (U.S.) initiated a colonization effort that made English the official language of the island." Retrieved March 12, 2010
Jump up ^ Language Situations. (A Review of The Movement Against Teaching English in Schools in Puerto Rico. (1987) By Edith Algren de Guitierrez. University Press of America.) JSTOR. Vol 19. No. 3. (Sept, 1990) By Ana Cecilia Zentella. Cambridge University Press."Ever since the United States occupied the Island in 1898 and declared English the only official language..." Retrieved March 12, 2010
Jump up ^ Caribbean Business. Historical Highlights of Puerto Rico Retrieved March 12, 1020.
Jump up ^ Hispania Research Corporation: Memorando analitico sobre el estudio del idioma en Puerto Rico – Sometido a: Ateneo Puertorriqueño. Page 60. (1993).
Jump up ^ Rivera Ramos, Efren (2005). "Puerto Rico's Political Status". In Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 179–180.
Jump up ^ Igartúa v. United States, 626 F.3d 592 (1st Cir 2010). Retrieved January 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.vocero.com/noticias-es/nuevamente-‘no’-al-foto-federal
Jump up ^ Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the United States, 2007 Retrieved November 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ White House Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status at the Wayback Machine (archived June 24, 2008) (archived from the original on June 24, 2008)
Jump up ^ Gallup Poll, 3/6-9/1998, CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll, ref # GO 121850: The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1998, by George Horace Gallup, pp. 40–41.
Jump up ^ http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/061407_envrn_summer_web.pdf
Jump up ^ Puerto Rico remains a colony, panel says. J. A. Cruz. People's World. July 6, 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Americans' limited awareness of Puerto Rico or its crisis - YouGov".
External links[edit]
U.N. Resolutions[edit]
2011-06-20. Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States, in Consensus Text, to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self-Determination: Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island, Buckling Under Economic Strain; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed.(June 20, 2011) Retrieved April 22, 2012.
2010-06-21. Special Committee on Decolonization Passes Text Urging General Assembly to Consider Formally Situation Concerning Puerto Rico: Draft Resolution Calls on United States to Expedite Island's Self-Determination. (June 21, 2010) Retrieved July 11, 2010.
2009-06-15. Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self-determination Process for Puerto Rico. Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence, Statehood, Free Association. (June 15, 2009) Retrieved Sept 3, 2010.
2006-06-13. Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self-determination Process. Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader's Killing, Human Rights Abuses; Calls for Clean-up, Decontamination of Vieques. (June 13, 2006) Retrieved Dec 3, 2009.
Bills before Congress[edit]
1996-03-23. HR-3024, U.S.-Puerto Rico Political Status Act. San Juan, PR. (March 23, 1996) Retrieved December 3, 2009.
1997-03-19. 1997 Puerto Rico Status Hearing before the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives. 105th Congress. First Session on H.R. 856, "A Bill to Provide a Process Leading to Full Self-government for Puerto Rico". (March 19, 1997) — Washington, D.C. (Serial No. 105–16)
2007-02-07. Text of H.R. 900: Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007. Union Calendar No. 370. 110th CONGRESS, 2d Session. H.R. 900. Report No. 110-597. To provide for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico. In the House of Representatives. (February 7, 2007)
Others[edit]
Will Puerto Rico Finally Become Our 51st State?
Portal de la Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico (In Spanish)
Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration
An Introduction to Puerto Rico's Status Debate at the Wayback Machine (archived August 7, 2007) (archived from the original on 2007-08-07)
Again with the 51st State ... by Eric Lurio, The Huffington Post, August 1, 2009
House Vote On Puerto Rico's Status Divides Hispanic Lawmakers – video report by Democracy Now!
1993-07-13. Puerto Rico Self-Determination Part I. Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Insular Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives. 103rd Congress, First Session. On H. Con. Res. 94: Expressing the Sense of the Congress Regarding the Expression of Self-determination by the People of Puerto Rico. Washington, D.C. (July 13, 1993) Retrieved Dec 3, 2009.
Text of Law #283 of 2011, ordering the 2012 Political Status plebiscite, and which provides a fairly complete picture of the events related to Puerto Rico's political status that have taken place since the 1898 U.S. annexation of the island. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
show
v
t
e
United States articles
History
By event
Timeline of U.S. history
Pre-Columbian era
Colonial era
Thirteen Colonies
military history
Continental Congress
American Revolution
War
American frontier
Confederation Period
Drafting and ratification of Constitution
Federalist Era
War of 1812
Territorial acquisitions
Territorial evolution
Mexican–American War
Civil War
Reconstruction Era
Indian Wars
Gilded Age
Progressive Era
African-American civil rights movement 1865–1896 / 1896–1954 / 1954–1968
Spanish–American War
Imperialism
World War I
Roaring Twenties
Great Depression
World War II
home front
Nazism in the United States
American Century
Cold War
Korean War
Space Race
Feminist Movement
Vietnam War
Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
War on Terror
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Recent events (2008–present)
By topic
Outline of U.S. history
Demographic
Discoveries
Economic
debt ceiling
Inventions
before 1890
1890–1945
1946–91
after 1991
Military
Postal
Technological and industrial
Geography
Territory
counties
federal district
federal enclaves
Indian reservations
insular zones
minor outlying islands
populated places
states
Earthquakes
Extreme points
Islands
Mountains
peaks
ranges
Appalachian
Rocky
National Park Service
National Parks
Regions
East Coast
West Coast
Great Plains
Gulf
Mid-Atlantic
Midwestern
New England
Pacific
Central
Eastern
Northern
Northeastern
Northwestern
Southern
Southeastern
Southwestern
Western
Longest rivers
Arkansas
Colorado
Columbia
Mississippi
Missouri
Red (South)
Rio Grande
Yukon
Time
Water supply and sanitation
Politics
Federal
Executive
Cabinet
Civil service
Executive departments
Executive Office
Independent agencies
Law enforcement
President of the United States
Powers
Public policy
Legislative
House of Representatives
current members
Speaker
Senate
current members
President pro tempore
Vice President
Judicial
Courts of appeals
District courts
Supreme Court
Law
Bill of Rights
civil liberties
Code of Federal Regulations
Constitution
federalism
preemption
separation of powers
Federal Reporter
United States Code
United States Reports
Intelligence
Central Intelligence Agency
Defense Intelligence Agency
Federal Bureau of Investigation
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
National Reconnaissance Office
National Security Agency
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
Uniformed
Armed Forces
Army
Marine Corps
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
National Guard
NOAA Corps
Public Health Service Corps
51st state
political status of Puerto Rico
District of Columbia statehood movement
Elections
Electoral College
Foreign relations
Foreign policy
Hawaiian sovereignty movement
Ideologies
anti-Americanism
exceptionalism
nationalism
Local government
Parties
Democratic
Republican
Third parties
Red states and blue states
Purple America
Scandals
State government
governor
state legislature
state court
Uncle Sam
Economy
By sector
Agriculture
Banking
Communications
Energy
Insurance
Manufacturing
Mining
Tourism
Trade
Transportation
Companies
by state
Currency
Exports
Federal budget
Federal Reserve System
Financial position
Labor unions
Public debt
Social welfare programs
Taxation
Unemployment
Wall Street
Society
Culture
Americana
Architecture
Cinema
Cuisine
Dance
Demography
Education
Family structure
Fashion
Flag
Folklore
Languages
American English
Indigenous languages
ASL
Black American Sign Language
HSL
Plains Sign Talk
Arabic
Chinese
French
German
Italian
Russian
Spanish
Literature
Media
Journalism
Internet
Newspapers
Radio
Television
Music
Names
People
Philosophy
Public holidays
Religion
Sexuality
Sports
Theater
Video games
Visual art
Social class
Affluence
American Dream
Educational attainment
Homelessness
Home-ownership
Household income
Income inequality
Middle class
Personal income
Poverty
Professional and working class conflict
Standard of living
Wealth
Issues
Ages of consent
Capital punishment
Crime
incarceration
Criticism of government
Discrimination
Ableism
affirmative action
antisemitism
intersex rights
Islamophobia
LGBT rights
racism
same-sex marriage
Drug policy
Energy policy
Environmental movement
Gun politics
Health care
abortion
health insurance
hunger
obesity
smoking
Human rights
Immigration
illegal
International rankings
National security
Mass surveillance
Terrorism
Separation of church and state
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico&oldid=861270122"
Categories:
Political history of Puerto Rico
Hidden categories:
Pages with reference errors
CS1 maint: Archived copy as title
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages with duplicate reference names
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Articles with inconsistent citation formats
Articles with incomplete citations from February 2010
All articles with incomplete citations
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018
NPOV disputes from September 2018
All NPOV disputes
Articles needing additional references from March 2009
All articles needing additional references
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from November 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Nederlands
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 September 2018, at 07:35 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

values: adr font-size:smaller

value: th

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.svg

attrs: href class

values: nowrap font-weight:normal

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values: Executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico

values:
/wiki/Ricky_Rossell%C3%B3
mw-redirect
Ricky Rosselló

values:
/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Chief_of_Staff
mw-redirect
Puerto Rico Chief of Staff

values: Executive departments of the government of Puerto Rico

values: List of government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico

values: Puerto Rico governmental line of succession

values: Puerto Rico government transition process

values: Legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico

values: 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico

values: President pro tempore of the Senate of Puerto Rico

values: Party leaders of the Senate of Puerto Rico

values: Assistant party leaders of the Senate of Puerto Rico

values: 30th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico

values: Speaker of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico

values:
/wiki/Johnny_M%C3%A9ndez
mw-redirect
Johnny Méndez

values: Speaker pro tempore of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico

values:
/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Torres_Zamora
mw-redirect
José Torres Zamora

values: Party leaders of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico

values: Assistant party leaders of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico

values: List of political parties in Puerto Rico

values: Proposed political status for Puerto Rico

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;font-size:smaller

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Unincorporated territories of the United States

values:
/wiki/Federal_income_tax
mw-redirect
Federal income tax

values:
/wiki/United_States_Government
mw-redirect
United States Government

values:
/wiki/Territorial_Clause
mw-redirect
Territorial Clause

values:
/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people
mw-redirect
Puerto Rican people

values:
/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Executive order (United States)

values:
/wiki/U._S._Congress
mw-redirect
U. S. Congress

values:
/wiki/US_Congress
mw-redirect
US Congress

values: United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Constitutional convention (political meeting)

values:
/wiki/U.S._citizens
mw-redirect
U.S. citizens

values:
/wiki/United_States_Senator
mw-redirect
United States Senator

values:
/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Electoral College (United States)

values: A complete citation is needed (February 2010)

values:
/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia
mw-redirect
Commonwealth of Australia

values:
/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State
mw-redirect
U.S. Department of State

values: U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual

values: United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit

values: United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico

values:
/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
U.S. Supreme Court

values:
/wiki/De_Lima_v._Bidwell
mw-redirect
De Lima v. Bidwell

values:
/wiki/Goetze_v._United_States
mw-redirect
Goetze v. United States

values:
/wiki/Dooley_v._United_States
mw-redirect
Dooley v. United States

values:
/wiki/Armstrong_v._United_States
mw-redirect
Armstrong v. United States

values:
/wiki/Dorr_v._United_States
mw-redirect
Dorr v. United States

values: Califano v. Torres (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
United States Supreme Court

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 442

values: Edit section: Implications of the current political status

values: Implications of Puerto Rico's current political status

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2017)

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words

values:
/wiki/U.S._Congress
mw-redirect
U.S. Congress

values:
/wiki/United_States_military
mw-redirect
United States military

values:
/wiki/U.S._Bankruptcy_Code
mw-redirect
U.S. Bankruptcy Code

values: Great Seal of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.svg

values: Puerto Rican constitutional referendum, 1952

values: Puerto Rican judicial reform referendum, 1960

values: Puerto Rican constitutional referendum, 1991

values: Puerto Rican constitutional referendum, 1994

values: Puerto Rican unicameralism referendum, 2005

values: Puerto Rican constitutional referendum, 2012

values:
/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Puerto_Rico
mw-redirect
List of Governors of Puerto Rico

values: Puerto Rico gubernatorial election, 2000 (page does not exist)

values: Puerto Rico gubernatorial election, 2004 (page does not exist)

values: Puerto Rico gubernatorial election, 2008

values: Puerto Rico gubernatorial election, 2012

values: Puerto Rico gubernatorial election, 2016

values: List of Resident Commissioners of Puerto Rico

values: Puerto Rico Resident Commissioner election, 2000 (page does not exist)

values: Puerto Rico Resident Commissioner election, 2004 (page does not exist)

values: United States House of Representatives election in Puerto Rico, 2008

values: United States House of Representatives election in Puerto Rico, 2012

values: United States House of Representatives election in Puerto Rico, 2016

values: Puerto Rico Senate election, 2004 (page does not exist)

values: Puerto Rico Senate election, 2008 (page does not exist)

values: Puerto Rico House of Representatives election, 2004 (page does not exist)

values: Puerto Rico House of Representatives election, 2008 (page does not exist)

values: Puerto Rico House of Representatives election, 2012 (page does not exist)

values: New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico primaries, 2003

values: New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico primaries, 2008

values: New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico primaries, 2012

values: New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico primaries, 2016

values: Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico primaries, 2003

values: Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico primaries, 2008

values: Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico primaries, 2012

values: Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico primaries, 2016

values: Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries

values: United States presidential election in Puerto Rico, 2016

values: Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries

values: List of Puerto Rico government transition processes

values: 2004 Puerto Rico government transition process (page does not exist)

values: 2008 Puerto Rico government transition process (page does not exist)

values: 2012 Puerto Rico government transition process

values: Template:Sidebar Elections in Puerto Rico

values: Template talk:Sidebar Elections in Puerto Rico

values:
/wiki/U.S._territories
mw-redirect
U.S. territories

values: Puerto Rico political status plebiscites

values: Edit section: Presidential executive orders

values: President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status

values: The United States-Puerto Rico Political Status Act

values: Article Four of the United States Constitution

values: Edit section: United Nations classification

values: United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories

values: Edit section: Attempts to reintroduce a new UN vote

values:
/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Senate
mw-redirect
Puerto Rico Senate

values: United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit

values: Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950

values: United States House Committee on Natural Resources

values: Edit section: United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization

values:
/wiki/American_expansionism
mw-redirect
American expansionism

values: Edit section: Position of U.S. political parties

values: United States politics and the political status of Puerto Rico

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Decolonization by the UN and political empowerment

values:
/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
Puerto Rico Supreme Court

values:
/wiki/Spanish_Cortes
mw-redirect
Spanish Cortes

values:
/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations
mw-redirect
Charter of the United Nations

values: Edit section: Granting of U.S. citizenship and cultural identity

values:
/wiki/U.S._citizenship
mw-redirect
U.S. citizenship

values: Edit section: Economic survival and self-support

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV

values: List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

values: Edit section: English as an official language

values:
/wiki/English_in_Puerto_Rico
mw-redirect
English in Puerto Rico

values: Edit section: Suffrage and representation in the U.S. Congress

values:
/wiki/First_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals
mw-redirect
First Circuit Court of Appeals

values: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

values: Edit section: Stateside Puerto Ricans and status

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Luis_Gutierrez
mw-redirect
Luis Gutierrez

values:
/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Enrique_Serrano
mw-redirect
José Enrique Serrano

values: United States Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico

values: The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2010)

values: Edit section: U.S. public opinion on the status of Puerto Rico

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)

values:
/wiki/Gallup_Poll
mw-redirect
Gallup Poll

values:
/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Democracy_Act_of_2007
mw-redirect
Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007

values:
/wiki/Voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico
mw-redirect
Voting rights in Puerto Rico

values:
/wiki/Puerto_Rico_(proposed_state)
mw-redirect
Puerto Rico (proposed state)

values: -moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
external text
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42765.pdf

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Archived copy as title

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nam.gov.za/media/040820.pdf

values: Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key

values:
/wiki/Jones-Shafroth_Act
mw-redirect
Jones-Shafroth Act

values:
nofollow
external text
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf

values:
/wiki/Due_process_clause
mw-redirect
Due process clause

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 391

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-541

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.thomas.gov

values:
/wiki/Washington_Post
mw-redirect
Washington Post

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.thomas.gov

values:
nofollow
external text
http://aitc.org/?q=node/216

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.prfaa.com/puertorico.asp

values:
nofollow
http://albizu.8m.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/pss/4168157

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ceepur.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.prfaa.com

values: Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

values: Territorial evolution of the United States

values:
/wiki/Reconstruction_Era
mw-redirect
Reconstruction Era

values: African-American civil rights movement (1865–1896)

values: African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954)

values: History of the United States (1865–1918)

values: Military history of the United States during World War II

values: United States home front during World War II

values: History of the United States (1991–2008)

values: History of the United States (2008–present)

values: Demographic history of the United States

values: Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)

values: Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)

values: Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)

values: Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)

values: Postage stamps and postal history of the United States

values: Technological and industrial history of the United States

values: Lists of populated places in the United States

values: List of earthquakes in the United States

values: List of extreme points of the United States

values: List of mountain peaks of the United States

values: List of areas in the United States National Park System

values:
/wiki/Pacific_States
mw-redirect
Pacific States

values: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States

values: United States federal executive departments

values: Executive Office of the President of the United States

values: Independent agencies of the United States government

values: Federal law enforcement in the United States

values: Powers of the President of the United States

values: Current members of the United States House of Representatives

values: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

values: Current members of the United States Senate

values: President pro tempore of the United States Senate

values: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

values: United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps

values: Political ideologies in the United States

values: List of federal political scandals in the United States

values: List of companies of the United States by state

values:
/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System
mw-redirect
Federal Reserve System

values:
/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Cuisine of the United States

values: Chinese language and varieties in the United States

values: Educational attainment in the United States

values: Professional and working class conflict in the United States

values: Criticism of the United States government

values:
/wiki/Ableism_in_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Ableism in the United States

values: Federal drug policy of the United States

values: Environmental movement in the United States

values: Illegal immigration to the United States

values: International rankings of the United States

values: Separation of church and state in the United States

values:
/wiki/Book:United_States
mw-redirect
Book:United States

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Political history of Puerto Rico

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages with duplicate reference names

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats

values: Category:Articles with incomplete citations from February 2010

values: Category:All articles with incomplete citations

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018

values: Category:NPOV disputes from September 2018

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2009

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with failed verification

values: Category:Articles with failed verification from November 2010

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: Estatus político de Puerto Rico – Spanish

values: Politieke status van Puerto Rico – Dutch

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico rootpage-Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico skin-vector action-view