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Computing
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For the formal concept of computation, see computation.
Not to be confused with the magazine or the scientific journal.
"Computer technology" redirects here. For the company, see Computer Technology Limited.
A difference engine: computing the solution to a polynomial function
Computer laboratory, Moody Hall, James Madison University, 2003
A rack of servers from 2006
Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating a mathematical sequence of steps known as an algorithm — e.g. through computers. Computing includes designing, developing and building hardware and software systems; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific research on and with computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; and creating and using communications and entertainment media. The field of computing includes computer engineering, software engineering, computer science, information systems, and information technology.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 History
3 Computer
3.1 Computer software and hardware
3.1.1 Application software
3.1.2 System software
3.2 Computer network
3.2.1 Internet
3.3 Computer programming
3.3.1 Computer programmer
3.4 Computer industry
3.4.1 Software industry
4 Sub-disciplines of computing
4.1 Computer engineering
4.2 Software engineering
4.3 Computer science
4.4 Information systems
4.5 Information technology
4.5.1 Systems administration
5 Research and emerging technologies
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Definitions[edit]
The ACM Computing Curricula 2005[1] defined "computing" as follows:
"In a general way, we can define computing to mean any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific studies using computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on. The list is virtually endless, and the possibilities are vast."
and it defines five sub-disciplines of the computing field: Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Information Systems, information technology, and Software Engineering.[2]
However, Computing Curricula 2005[1] also recognizes that the meaning of "computing" depends on the context:
Computing also has other meanings that are more specific, based on the context in which the term is used. For example, an information systems specialist will view computing somewhat differently from a software engineer. Regardless of the context, doing computing well can be complicated and difficult. Because society needs people to do computing well, we must think of computing not only as a profession but also as a discipline.
The term "computing" has sometimes been narrowly defined, as in a 1989 ACM report on Computing as a Discipline:[3]
The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information: their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all computing is "What can be (efficiently) automated?"
The term "computing" is also synonymous with counting and calculating. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by mechanical computing machines, and before that, to human computers.
History[edit]
Main articles: History of computing and Timeline of computing
The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables.
Computing is intimately tied to the representation of numbers. But long before abstractions like the number arose, there were mathematical concepts to serve the purposes of civilization. These concepts include one-to-one correspondence (the basis of counting), comparison to a standard (used for measurement), and the 3-4-5 right triangle (a device for assuring a right angle).
The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus, and it was thought to have been invented in Babylon circa 2400 BC. Its original style of usage was by lines drawn in sand with pebbles. Abaci, of a more modern design, are still used as calculation tools today. This was the first known computer and most advanced system of calculation known to date - preceding Greek methods by 2,000 years.
The first recorded idea of using digital electronics for computing was the 1931 paper "The Use of Thyratrons for High Speed Automatic Counting of Physical Phenomena" by C. E. Wynn-Williams.[4] Claude Shannon's 1938 paper "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits" then introduced the idea of using electronics for Boolean algebraic operations.
Computer[edit]
Main articles: Computer, Outline of computers, and Glossary of computer terms
A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions called a computer program. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The same program in its human-readable source code form, enables a programmer to study and develop a sequence of steps known as an algorithm. Because the instructions can be carried out in different types of computers, a single set of source instructions converts to machine instructions according to the central processing unit type.
The execution process carries out the instructions in a computer program. Instructions express the computations performed by the computer. They trigger sequences of simple actions on the executing machine. Those actions produce effects according to the semantics of the instructions.
Computer software and hardware[edit]
Main articles: Software and Computer hardware
Computer software or just "software", is a collection of computer programs and related data that provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. Software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for some purposes. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. Program software performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to another piece of software. The term was coined to contrast with the old term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast to hardware, software is intangible.[5] Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only.
Application software[edit]
Main article: Application software
Application software, also known as an "application" or an "app", is a computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software, accounting software, office suites, graphics software and media players. Many application programs deal principally with documents. Apps may be bundled with the computer and its system software, or may be published separately. Some users are satisfied with the bundled apps and need never install one.
Application software is contrasted with system software and middleware, which manage and integrate a computer's capabilities, but typically do not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. The system software serves the application, which in turn serves the user.
Application software applies the power of a particular computing platform or system software to a particular purpose. Some apps such as Microsoft Office are available in versions for several different platforms; others have narrower requirements and are thus called, for example, a Geography application for Windows or an Android application for education or Linux gaming. Sometimes a new and popular application arises that only runs on one platform, increasing the desirability of that platform. This is called a killer application.
System software[edit]
Main article: System software
System software, or systems software, is computer software designed to operate and control the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. System software includes operating systems, utility software, device drivers, window systems, and firmware. Frequently development tools such as compilers, linkers, and debuggers[6] are classified as system software.
Computer network[edit]
Main article: Computer network
A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information.[7] Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network.
Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics such as the medium used to transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology, and organizational scope.
Communications protocols define the rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network, and provide the basis for network programming. Well-known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and Link Layer standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between multiple networks, as well as host-to-host data transfer, and application-specific data transmission formats.
Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of electrical engineering, telecommunications, computer science, information technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and practical application of these disciplines.
Internet[edit]
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email.
Computer programming[edit]
Main articles: Computer programming and Software engineering
Computer programming in general is the process of writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code and documentation of computer programs. This source code is written in a programming language, which is an artificial language often more restrictive or demanding than natural languages, but easily translated by the computer. The purpose of programming is to invoke the desired behavior (customization) from the machine. The process of writing high quality source code requires knowledge of both the application's domain and the computer science domain. The highest-quality software is thus developed by a team of various domain experts, each person a specialist in some area of development. But the term programmer may apply to a range of program quality, from hacker to open source contributor to professional. And a single programmer could do most or all of the computer programming needed to generate the proof of concept to launch a new "killer" application.
Computer programmer[edit]
Main articles: Programmer, Software engineer, and Software developer
A programmer, computer programmer, or coder is a person who writes computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software. One who practices or professes a formal approach to programming may also be known as a programmer analyst. A programmer's primary computer language (C, C++, Java, Lisp, Python, etc.) is often prefixed to the above titles, and those who work in a web environment often prefix their titles with web. The term programmer can be used to refer to a software developer, software engineer, computer scientist, or software analyst. However, members of these professions typically[citation needed] possess other software engineering skills, beyond programming.
Computer industry[edit]
Main article: Computer industry
The computer industry is made up of all of the businesses involved in developing computer software, designing computer hardware and computer networking infrastructures, the manufacture of computer components and the provision of information technology services including system administration and maintenance.
Software industry[edit]
Main article: Software industry
The software industry includes businesses engaged in development, maintenance and publication of software. The industry also includes software services, such as training, documentation, and consulting.
Sub-disciplines of computing[edit]
Computer engineering[edit]
Main article: Computer engineering
Computer engineering is a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software.[8] Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engineering (or electrical engineering), software design, and hardware-software integration instead of only software engineering or electronic engineering. Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing, from the design of individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work, but also how they integrate into the larger picture.[9]
Software engineering[edit]
Main article: Software engineering
Software engineering (SE) is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the design, development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches; that is, the application of engineering to software.[10][11][12] In layman's terms, it is the act of using insights to conceive, model and scale a solution to a problem. The first reference to the term is the 1968 NATO Software Engineering Conference and was meant to provoke thought regarding the perceived "software crisis" at the time.[13][14][15] Software development, a much used and more generic term, does not necessarily subsume the engineering paradigm. The generally accepted concepts of Software Engineering as an engineering discipline have been specified in the Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK). The SWEBOK has become an internationally accepted standard ISO/IEC TR 19759:2005.[16]
Computer science[edit]
Main articles: Computer science and Computer scientist
Computer science or computing science (abbreviated CS or Comp Sci) is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.[17]
Its subfields can be divided into practical techniques for its implementation and application in computer systems and purely theoretical areas. Some, such as computational complexity theory, which studies fundamental properties of computational problems, are highly abstract, while others, such as computer graphics, emphasize real-world applications. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to description of computations, while the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming languages and complex systems, and human–computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans.
Information systems[edit]
Main article: Information systems
"Information systems (IS)" is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software (see information technology) that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.[18][19][20][21][22] Computing Careers says on their website that "A majority of IS programs are located in business schools; however, they may have different names such as management information systems, computer information systems, or business information systems. All IS degrees combine business and computing topics, but the emphasis between technical and organizational issues varies among programs. For example, programs differ substantially in the amount of programming required."[23] The study bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various business models and related algorithmic processes within a computer science discipline.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Computer Information System(s) (CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society[34][35][36] while IS emphasizes functionality over design.[37]
Information technology[edit]
Main article: Information technology
Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data,[38] often in the context of a business or other enterprise.[39] The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer services.[40][41]
Systems administration[edit]
Main article: System administrator
A system administrator, IT systems administrator, systems administrator, or sysadmin is a person employed to maintain and operate a computer system and/or network. The duties of a system administrator are wide-ranging, and vary widely from one organization to another. Sysadmins are usually charged with installing, supporting and maintaining servers or other computer systems, and planning for and responding to service outages and other problems. Other duties may include scripting or light programming, project management for systems-related projects, supervising or training computer operators, and being the consultant for computer problems beyond the knowledge of technical support staff.
Research and emerging technologies[edit]
Further information: List of unsolved problems in computer science
DNA-based computing and quantum computing are areas of active research in both hardware and software (such as the development of quantum algorithms). Potential infrastructure for future technologies includes DNA origami on photolithography[42] and quantum antennae for transferring information between ion traps.[43] By 2011, researchers had entangled 14 qubits.[44][45] Fast digital circuits (including those based on Josephson junctions and rapid single flux quantum technology) are becoming more nearly realizable with the discovery of nanoscale superconductors.[46]
Fiber-optic and photonic (optical) devices, which already have been used to transport data over long distances, have started being used by data centers, side by side with CPU and semiconductor memory components. This allows the separation of RAM from CPU by optical interconnects.[47] IBM has created an integrated circuit with both electronic and optical information processing in one chip. This is denoted "CMOS-integrated nanophotonics" or (CINP).[48] One benefit of optical interconnects is that motherboards which formerly required a certain kind of system on a chip (SoC) can now move formerly dedicated memory and network controllers off the motherboards, spreading the controllers out onto the rack. This allows standardization of backplane interconnects and motherboards for multiple types of SoCs, which allows more timely upgrades of CPUs.[49]
See also[edit]
Computing portal
Computer Science portal
Index of history of computing articles
List of computer term etymologies
Scientific computing
Electronic data processing
Creative computing
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Coy, Wolfgang (June 2004). "Between the disciplines". ACM SIGCSE Bulletin. 36 (2): 7–10. doi:10.1145/1024338.1024340. ISSN 0097-8418. Computer science may be in the core of these processes. The actual question is not to ignore disciplinary boundaries with its methodological differences but to open the disciplines for collaborative work. We must learn to build bridges, not to start in the gap between disciplines
Jump up ^ Jessup, Leonard M.; Valacich, Joseph S. (2008). Information Systems Today (3rd ed.). Pearson Publishing. pp. ???, 416.
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Jump up ^ Davis, Timothy; Geist, Robert; Matzko, Sarah; Westall, James (March 2004). "τ´εχνη: A First Step". Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education: 125–129. ISBN 1-58113-798-2. In 1999, Clemson University established a (graduate) degree program that bridges the arts and the sciences... All students in the program are required to complete graduate level work in both the arts and computer science
Jump up ^ Hoganson, Ken (December 2001). "Alternative curriculum models for integrating computer science and information systems analysis, recommendations, pitfalls, opportunities, accreditations, and trends". Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges. 17 (2): 313–325. ISSN 1937-4771. The field of information systems as a separate discipline is relatively new and is undergoing continuous change as technology evolves and the field matures
Jump up ^ Khazanchi, Deepak; Bjorn Erik Munkvold (Summer 2000). "Is information system a science? an inquiry into the nature of the information systems discipline". ACM SIGMIS Database. 31 (3): 24–42. doi:10.1145/381823.381834. ISSN 0095-0033. From this we have concluded that IS is a science, i.e., a scientific discipline in contrast to purportedly non-scientific fields
Jump up ^ Denning, Peter (June 2007). "Ubiquity a new interview with Peter Denning on the great principles of computing". 2007 (June): 1–1. People from other fields are saying they have discovered information processes in their deepest structures and that collaboration with computing is essential to them.
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Jump up ^ Kelly, Sue; Gibson, Nicola; Holland, Christopher; Light, Ben (July 1999). "Focus Issue on Legacy Information Systems and Business Process Engineering: a Business Perspective of Legacy Information Systems". Communications of the AIS. 2 (7): 1–27.
Jump up ^ Pearson Custom Publishing & West Chester University (2009). Custom Program for Computer Information Systems (CSC 110). Pearson Custom Publishing. p. 694.
Jump up ^ Polack, Jennifer (December 2009). "Planning a CIS Education Within a CS Framework". Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges. 25 (2): 100–106. ISSN 1937-4771.
Jump up ^ Hayes, Helen; Onkar Sharma (February 2003). "A decade of experience with a common first year program for computer science, information systems and information technology majors". Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges. 18 (3): 217–227. ISSN 1937-4771. In 1988, a degree program in Computer Information Systems (CIS) was launched with the objective of providing an option for students who were less inclined to become programmers and were more interested in learning to design, develop, and implement Information Systems, and solve business problems using the systems approach
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Jump up ^ Freeman, Peter; Hart, David (August 2004). "A Science of Design for Software-Intensive Systems Computer science and engineering needs an intellectually rigorous, analytical, teachable design process to ensure development of systems we all can live with". Communications of the ACM. 47 (8): 19–21. doi:10.1145/1012037.1012054. ISSN 0001-0782. Though the other components' connections to the software and their role in the overall design of the system are critical, the core consideration for a software-intensive system is the software itself, and other approaches to systematizing design have yet to solve the "software problem"—which won't be solved until software design is understood scientifically
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Jump up ^ On the later more broad application of the term IT, Keary comments- "In its original application 'information technology' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the broad field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination. This useful conceptual term has since been converted to what purports to be concrete use, but without the reinforcement of definition...the term IT lacks substance when applied to the name of any function, discipline, or position." Anthony Ralston (2000). Encyclopedia of computer science. Nature Pub. Group. ISBN 978-1-56159-248-7. Retrieved 12 May 2013. .
Jump up ^ Ryan J. Kershner, Luisa D. Bozano, Christine M. Micheel, Albert M. Hung, Ann R. Fornof, Jennifer N. Cha, Charles T. Rettner, Marco Bersani, Jane Frommer, Paul W. K. Rothemund & Gregory M. Wallraff (16 August 2009) "Placement and orientation of individual DNA shapes on lithographically patterned surfaces" Nature Nanotechnology publication information, supplementary information: DNA origami on photolithography doi:10.1038/nnano.2009.220
Jump up ^ M. Harlander, R. Lechner, M. Brownnutt, R. Blatt, W. Hänsel. Trapped-ion antennae for the transmission of quantum information. Nature, 2011; doi:10.1038/nature09800
Jump up ^ Thomas Monz, Philipp Schindler, Julio T. Barreiro, Michael Chwalla, Daniel Nigg, William A. Coish, Maximilian Harlander, Wolfgang Hänse, Markus Hennrich, and Rainer Blatt, (31 March 2011) "14-Qubit Entanglement: Creation and Coherence" Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 13 http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.130506 doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.130506
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Jump up ^ Sebastian Anthony (Dec 10,2012), "IBM creates first commercially viable silicon nanophotonic chip", accessdate=2012-12-10
Jump up ^ Open Compute: Does the data center have an open future? accessdate=2013-08-11
External links[edit]
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FOLDOC: the Free On-Line Dictionary Of Computing
open-access repository of publications - Department of Computing - Imperial College London
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John Barry (naval officer)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
John Barry
An 1801 Gilbert Stuart portrait of Barry.
Born
(1745-03-25)March 25, 1745
Tacumshane, County Wexford, Ireland
Died
September 12, 1803(1803-09-12) (aged 58)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Buried
St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Allegiance
United States of America
Service/branch
Continental Navy
United States Navy
Years of service
1775–1783, 1797–1803
Rank
Commodore
Battles/wars
American Revolutionary War
Lexington vs. HMS Edward
Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet
Alliance vs. HMS Atalanta and Trepassey
Alliance vs. Sybil
John Barry (March 25, 1745 – September 12, 1803) was an officer in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War and later in the United States Navy. He came to be widely credited as "The Father of the American Navy" (and shares that moniker with John Paul Jones and John Adams)[1] and was appointed a captain in the Continental Navy on December 7, 1775.[2] He was the first captain placed in command of a U.S. warship commissioned for service under the Continental flag.[3]
After the war, he became the first commissioned U.S. naval officer, at the rank of commodore, receiving his commission from President George Washington in 1797.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
2.1 Command of Delaware
2.2 Command of Raleigh
2.3 Command of Lexington
2.4 Command of Alliance
2.5 Commodore commission
2.6 Command of United States
3 Later life and death
4 Personal life
5 Commemorations
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Footnotes
7.2 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Barry was born on March 25, 1745, in Tacumshane, County Wexford, Ireland. When Barry's family was evicted from their home by their British landlord, they moved to Rosslare on the coast, where his uncle worked a fishing skiff. As a young man, Barry determined upon a life as a seaman, and he started out as a ship's cabin boy.
Career[edit]
Barry received his first captain's commission in the Continental Navy on March 14, 1776, signed by John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress. Barry was a religious man and began each day at sea with a reading from the Bible. He had great regard for his crew and their well being and always made sure they were properly provisioned while at sea.[4]
During his naval career Barry commanded United States Ships Delaware, Lexington, Raleigh, and Alliance.
Command of Delaware[edit]
In 1777 Barry commanded the ship USS Delaware, a brig sailing under a letter of marque capturing English vessels in the Delaware River.[5]
Command of Raleigh[edit]
In 1778 Barry assumed command of USS Raleigh, capturing three prizes before being run aground in action on September 27, 1778. Her crew scuttled her, but she was raised by the British, who refloated her for further use in the Royal Navy.[6]
Command of Lexington[edit]
Captain Barry was given command of USS Lexington, of 14 guns, on December 7, 1775. It was the first commission issued by the Continental Congress.[7] The Lexington sailed March 31, 1776. On April 7, 1776, off the Capes of Virginia, he fell in with the Edward, tender to the British man-of-war HMS Liverpool, and after a desperate fight of one hour and twenty minutes captured her and brought her into Philadelphia.
On June 28, Pennsylvania's brig Nancy arrived in the area with 386 barrels of powder in her hold and ran aground while attempting to elude British blockader Kingfisher. Barry ordered the precious powder rowed ashore during the night leaving only 100 barrels in Nancy at dawn. A delayed action fuse was left inside the brig, which exploded the powder just as a boatload of British seamen boarded Nancy.[8] This engagement became known as the Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet.[9]
Barry continued in command of Lexington until October 18, 1776, and captured several private armed vessels during that time.
Barry authored a signal book published in 1780 to improve communications at sea among vessels traveling in formation.[10]
Command of Alliance[edit]
He and his crew of the USS Alliance fought and won the final naval battle of the American Revolution off the coast of Cape Canaveral on March 10, 1783. He was seriously wounded on May 29, 1781, while in command of Alliance during her capture of HMS Atalanta and Trepassey. Barry was successful in suppressing three mutinies during his career as an officer in the Continental Navy.[11]
John Barry was once offered 100,000 British pounds and command of any frigate in the entire British Navy if he would desert the American Navy. Outraged at the offer, Captain Barry responded that not all the money in the British treasury or command of its entire fleet could tempt him to desert his adopted country.[12]
Commodore commission[edit]
Barry receiving commodore commission from Washington
On February 22, 1797, he was issued Commission Number 1 by President George Washington, backdated to June 4, 1794. His title was thereafter "commodore." He is recognized as not only the first American commissioned naval officer but also as its first flag officer.[13]
Command of United States[edit]
Appointed senior captain upon the establishment of the U.S. Navy, he commanded the frigate United States in the Quasi-War with France. This ship transported commissioners William Richardson Davie and Oliver Ellsworth to France to negotiate a new Franco-American alliance.
Barry's last day of active duty was March 6, 1801, when he brought USS United States into port, but he remained head of the Navy until his death on September 12, 1803, from asthma. Barry died childless.[14]
Later life and death[edit]
Barry died at Strawberry Hill, in present-day Philadelphia on September 12, 1803, and was buried in the graveyard of Old St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Center City, Philadelphia.[15]
Personal life[edit]
On October 24, 1768, Barry married Mary Cleary, who died in 1774. On July 7, 1777, he married Sarah Austin, daughter of Samuel Austin and Sarah Keen of New Jersey. Barry had no children, but he helped raise Patrick and Michael Hayes, children of his sister, Eleanor, and her husband, Thomas Hayes, who both died in the 1780s.[citation needed]
Commemorations[edit]
The U.S. Revenue Cutter Commodore Barry, captured off Maine in the War of 1812
Commodore Barry Park in Brooklyn, New York. It is the oldest park in the borough. It was renamed for Commodore Barry in 1951, due to its location next to the Brooklyn Navy Yard that Barry helped found.
Four U.S. Navy ships
USS Barry (DD-2) (1902–1920)
USS Barry (DD-248) (1921–1945)
USS Barry (DD-933) (1956–1983)
USS Barry (DDG-52) (1992–present)
In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS John Barry was named in his honor.
There is a large portrait of Commodore Barry at the Rhode Island State House in Providence; and Title 16 of the Rhode Island Statutes (§ 16-20-3 – Days of special observance) requires observing September 13 as Commodore John Barry Day.
John Barry Hall at the United States Merchant Marine Academy
Commodore Barry Bridge, which crosses the Delaware River from Chester, Pennsylvania to Bridgeport, New Jersey.
John Barry Hall at Villanova University
Commodore Barry Club (Philadelphia Irish Center) Emlen St & Carpenter Lane, Mt Airy, Phila Pennsylvania
Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Commodore John Barry Elementary School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Commodore John Barry Elementary School in Chicago, Illinois
Commodore John Barry Division of Ancient Order of Hibernians, Annapolis, Maryland
John Barry Bar, Grand Hyatt Muscat, Muscat, Oman
September 13, Commodore John Barry Day in New Jersey public schools
Commodore John Barry Memorial Plaque at Staten Island Borough Hall
A new plaque with a cannon was dedicated on March 10, 2007, in Port Canaveral.
A plaque stands in the city of Boston at Boston Common.
A plaque commemorating Barry and his crew of the Alliance for the final naval battle of the American Revolution is located at Jetty Park in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
A stone plaque commemorating his grave site is located at Old St. Mary's Church in Philadelphia, PA.
A 6 ft. bronze statue of Commodore John Barry stands in Franklin Square (between I and K sts. on 14th st. N.W.) in Washington, D.C.
An entrance to the United States Naval Academy, from Downtown Annapolis to the Visitor's Center, commemorates Commodore John Barry.
A large statue of Barry stands directly in front of the formal entrance to Independence Hall in Philadelphia, PA.
A statue of Barry overlooks the Crescent Quay in Wexford town in Ireland. It was a gift to the town from the United States and was delivered by a United States Navy destroyer USS John R. Pierce (DD-753). The statue was unveiled in 1956, and each year a parade and wreath-laying ceremony takes place at the statue to celebrate "Barry Day", commemorated by the Irish Naval Service and the Minister for Defence.
Statue in Independence Hall
John F. Kennedy visiting the John Barry Memorial at Crescent Quay in Wexford, Ireland
The statue of Barry in Wexford
Barry and John Paul Jones on a U.S. postage stamp
Barry on an Irish postage stamp
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Bibliography of early American naval history
Commodore Stephen Decatur
Commodore John Hazelwood
Irish military diaspora
William Brown (admiral), "Father of the Argentine Navy"
List of people on stamps of Ireland
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the Naval History & Heritage Command document "Captain John Barry".
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "John Adams I (Frigate) 1799–1867". USA.gov. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Williams, 2008 p. 5
Jump up ^ Meany, 1911 p. 1
Jump up ^ Williams, 2008 p. 73
Jump up ^ Meany, 1911 p. 22
Jump up ^ Ignatius, Griffin, 1897 pp. 42–44
Jump up ^ Williams, 2008 p. 72
Jump up ^ "Lexington". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command.
Jump up ^ "The Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet". Wildwood Crest Historical Society.
Jump up ^ Woods, D. & Sterling, C. Signaling and communicating at sea. Arno Press, 1980. p. 195
Jump up ^ "Alliance". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command.
Jump up ^ The American Irish Blog
Jump up ^ specifically issued by a Joint Congressional Resolution and proclaimed by President George W. Bush on December 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ Meany, 1911 pp. 56–57
Jump up ^ John Barry at Find a Grave
Bibliography[edit]
Clark, William Bell (1938). Gallant John Barry 1745 1803 The Story Of A Naval Hero Of Two Wars.
The Macmillan Company, New York. p. 554. URL
Fink, Leo Gregory (1962). Barry or Jones, "Father of the United States Navy"; Historical Reconnaissance.
Jefferies & Manz, Inc, Philadelphia. p. 138. URL
Ignatius, Martin; Griffin, Joseph (1897). The history of Commodore John Barry.
Published by the Author, Philadelphia. p. 261. URL
—— (1903). Commodore John Barry: "the father of the American navy".
Published by the Author, Philadelphia. p. 424. URL
McGrath, Tim (2010). John Barry: An American Hero in the Age of Sail.
AuthorHouse, IN. p. 704. ISBN 978-1-59416-104-9. URL
Meany, William Barry (1911). Commodore John Barry, the father of the American navy:
a survey of extraordinary episodes in his naval career.
Harper & brothers, New York, London. p. 74. URL
Williams, Thomas (2008). America's First Flag Officer: Father of the American Navy.
AuthorHouse, IN. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-4343-8654-0. URL
Further reading[edit]
Fowler, William M. (1976). Rebels under Sail: The American Navy during the Revolution. New York: Charles Scribner and Sons. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-684-14583-9. URL
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Barry.
Webb, Alfred (1878). " Barry, John". A Compendium of Irish Biography. Dublin: M. H. Gill & son. Wikisource
Father of the American Navy
Portraits of Barry
Barry-Hayes Collection, papers at Independence Seaport Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, digitized by Villanova University's Digital Library, Villanova, Pennsylvania.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 124441044
LCCN: n88129581
ISNI: 0000 0000 8601 0285
GND: 1019725982
IATH: w6xh02sh
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Barry_(naval_officer)&oldid=798299555"
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