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Velocity
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This article is about velocity in physics. For other uses, see Velocity (disambiguation).
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Velocity
As a change of direction occurs while the racing cars turn on the curved track, their velocity is not constant.
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v
t
e
The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time. Velocity is equivalent to a specification of its speed and direction of motion (e.g. 7001600000000000000♠60 km/h to the north). Velocity is an important concept in kinematics, the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of bodies.
Velocity is a physical vector quantity; both magnitude and direction are needed to define it. The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is called "speed", being a coherent derived unit whose quantity is measured in the SI (metric system) as metres per second (m/s) or as the SI base unit of (m⋅s−1). For example, "5 metres per second" is a scalar, whereas "5 metres per second east" is a vector. If there is a change in speed, direction or both, then the object has a changing velocity and is said to be undergoing an acceleration.
Contents
[hide]
1 Constant velocity vs acceleration
2 Distinction between speed and velocity
3 Equation of motion
3.1 Average velocity
3.2 Instantaneous velocity
3.3 Relationship to acceleration
3.3.1 Constant acceleration
3.4 Quantities that are dependent on velocity
4 Relative velocity
4.1 Scalar velocities
5 Polar coordinates
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Constant velocity vs acceleration
To have a constant velocity, an object must have a constant speed in a constant direction. Constant direction constrains the object to motion in a straight path thus, a constant velocity means motion in a straight line at a constant speed.
For example, a car moving at a constant 20 kilometres per hour in a circular path has a constant speed, but does not have a constant velocity because its direction changes. Hence, the car is considered to be undergoing an acceleration.
Distinction between speed and velocity
Kinematic quantities of a classical particle: mass m, position r, velocity v, acceleration a.
Speed describes only how fast an object is moving, whereas velocity gives both how fast it is and in which direction the object is moving.[1] If a car is said to travel at 60 km/h, its speed has been specified. However, if the car is said to move at 60 km/h to the north, its velocity has now been specified.
The big difference can be noticed when we consider movement around a circle. When something moves in a circular path (at a constant speed, see above) and returns to its starting point, its average velocity is zero but its average speed is found by dividing the circumference of the circle by the time taken to move around the circle. This is because the average velocity is calculated by only considering the displacement between the starting and the end points while the average speed considers only the total distance traveled.
Equation of motion
Main article: Equation of motion
Average velocity
Velocity is defined as the rate of change of position with respect to time, which may also be referred to as the instantaneous velocity to emphasize the distinction from the average velocity. In some applications the "average velocity" of an object might be needed, that is to say, the constant velocity that would provide the same resultant displacement as a variable velocity in the same time interval, v(t), over some time period Δt. Average velocity can be calculated as:
v ¯ = Δ x Δ t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\bar {v}}}={\frac {\Delta {\boldsymbol {x}}}{\Delta {\mathit {t}}}}.}
The average velocity is always less than or equal to the average speed of an object. This can be seen by realizing that while distance is always strictly increasing, displacement can increase or decrease in magnitude as well as change direction.
In terms of a displacement-time (x vs. t) graph, the instantaneous velocity (or, simply, velocity) can be thought of as the slope of the tangent line to the curve at any point, and the average velocity as the slope of the secant line between two points with t coordinates equal to the boundaries of the time period for the average velocity.
The average velocity is the same as the velocity averaged over time – that is to say, its time-weighted average, which may be calculated as the time integral of the velocity:
v ¯ = 1 t 1 − t 0 ∫ t 0 t 1 v ( t ) d t , {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\bar {v}}}={1 \over t_{1}-t_{0}}\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\boldsymbol {v}}(t)\ dt,}
where we may identify
Δ x = ∫ t 0 t 1 v ( t ) d t {\displaystyle \Delta {\boldsymbol {x}}=\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\boldsymbol {v}}(t)\ dt}
and
Δ t = t 1 − t 0 . {\displaystyle \Delta t=t_{1}-t_{0}.}
Instantaneous velocity
Example of a velocity vs. time graph, and the relationship between velocity v on the y-axis, acceleration a (the three green tangent lines represent the values for acceleration at different points along the curve) and displacement s (the yellow area under the curve.)
If we consider v as velocity and x as the displacement (change in position) vector, then we can express the (instantaneous) velocity of a particle or object, at any particular time t, as the derivative of the position with respect to time:
v = lim Δ t → 0 Δ x Δ t = d x d t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}=\lim _{{\Delta t}\to 0}{\frac {\Delta {\boldsymbol {x}}}{\Delta t}}={\frac {d{\boldsymbol {x}}}{d{\mathit {t}}}}.}
From this derivative equation, in the one-dimensional case it can be seen that the area under a velocity vs. time (v vs. t graph) is the displacement, x. In calculus terms, the integral of the velocity function v(t) is the displacement function x(t). In the figure, this corresponds to the yellow area under the curve labeled s (s being an alternative notation for displacement).
x = ∫ v d t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}=\int {\boldsymbol {v}}\ d{\mathit {t}}.}
Since the derivative of the position with respect to time gives the change in position (in metres) divided by the change in time (in seconds), velocity is measured in metres per second (m/s). Although the concept of an instantaneous velocity might at first seem counter-intuitive, it may be thought of as the velocity that the object would continue to travel at if it stopped accelerating at that moment.
Relationship to acceleration
Although velocity is defined as the rate of change of position, it is often common to start with an expression for an object's acceleration. As seen by the three green tangent lines in the figure, an object's instantaneous acceleration at a point in time is the slope of the line tangent to the curve of a v(t) graph at that point. In other words, acceleration is defined as the derivative of velocity with respect to time:
a = d v d t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}}={\frac {d{\boldsymbol {v}}}{d{\mathit {t}}}}.}
From there, we can obtain an expression for velocity as the area under an a(t) acceleration vs. time graph. As above, this is done using the concept of the integral:
v = ∫ a d t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}=\int {\boldsymbol {a}}\ d{\mathit {t}}.}
Constant acceleration
In the special case of constant acceleration, velocity can be studied using the suvat equations. By considering a as being equal to some arbitrary constant vector, it is trivial to show that
v = u + a t {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}={\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {a}}t}
with v as the velocity at time t and u as the velocity at time t = 0. By combining this equation with the suvat equation x = ut + at2/2, it is possible to relate the displacement and the average velocity by
x = ( u + v ) 2 t = v ¯ t {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}={\frac {({\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {v}})}{2}}{\mathit {t}}={\boldsymbol {\bar {v}}}{\mathit {t}}} .
It is also possible to derive an expression for the velocity independent of time, known as the Torricelli equation, as follows:
v 2 = v ⋅ v = ( u + a t ) ⋅ ( u + a t ) = u 2 + 2 t ( a ⋅ u ) + a 2 t 2 {\displaystyle v^{2}={\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {v}}=({\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {a}}t)\cdot ({\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {a}}t)=u^{2}+2t({\boldsymbol {a}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}})+a^{2}t^{2}}
( 2 a ) ⋅ x = ( 2 a ) ⋅ ( u t + 1 2 a t 2 ) = 2 t ( a ⋅ u ) + a 2 t 2 = v 2 − u 2 {\displaystyle (2{\boldsymbol {a}})\cdot {\boldsymbol {x}}=(2{\boldsymbol {a}})\cdot ({\boldsymbol {u}}t+{\frac {1}{2}}{\boldsymbol {a}}t^{2})=2t({\boldsymbol {a}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}})+a^{2}t^{2}=v^{2}-u^{2}}
∴ v 2 = u 2 + 2 ( a ⋅ x ) {\displaystyle \therefore v^{2}=u^{2}+2({\boldsymbol {a}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {x}})}
where v = |v| etc.
The above equations are valid for both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity. Where Newtonian mechanics and special relativity differ is in how different observers would describe the same situation. In particular, in Newtonian mechanics, all observers agree on the value of t and the transformation rules for position create a situation in which all non-accelerating observers would describe the acceleration of an object with the same values. Neither is true for special relativity. In other words, only relative velocity can be calculated.
Quantities that are dependent on velocity
The kinetic energy of a moving object is dependent on its velocity and is given by the equation
E k = 1 2 m v 2 {\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}
ignoring special relativity, where Ek is the kinetic energy and m is the mass. Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity as it depends on the square of the velocity, however a related quantity, momentum, is a vector and defined by
p = m v {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}=m{\boldsymbol {v}}}
In special relativity, the dimensionless Lorentz factor appears frequently, and is given by
γ = 1 1 − v 2 c 2 {\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}
where γ is the Lorentz factor and c is the speed of light.
Escape velocity is the minimum speed a ballistic object needs to escape from a massive body such as Earth. It represents the kinetic energy that, when added to the object's gravitational potential energy, (which is always negative) is equal to zero. The general formula for the escape velocity of an object at a distance r from the center of a planet with mass M is
v e = 2 G M r = 2 g r , {\displaystyle v_{\text{e}}={\sqrt {\frac {2GM}{r}}}={\sqrt {2gr}},}
where G is the Gravitational constant and g is the Gravitational acceleration. The escape velocity from Earth's surface is about 11 200 m/s, and is irrespective of the direction of the object. This makes "escape velocity" somewhat of a misnomer, as the more correct term would be "escape speed": any object attaining a velocity of that magnitude, irrespective of atmosphere, will leave the vicinity of the base body as long as it doesn't intersect with something in its path.
Relative velocity
Main article: Relative velocity
Relative velocity is a measurement of velocity between two objects as determined in a single coordinate system. Relative velocity is fundamental in both classical and modern physics, since many systems in physics deal with the relative motion of two or more particles. In Newtonian mechanics, the relative velocity is independent of the chosen inertial reference frame. This is not the case anymore with special relativity in which velocities depend on the choice of reference frame.
If an object A is moving with velocity vector v and an object B with velocity vector w, then the velocity of object A relative to object B is defined as the difference of the two velocity vectors:
v A relative to B = v − w {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}_{A{\text{ relative to }}B}={\boldsymbol {v}}-{\boldsymbol {w}}}
Similarly the relative velocity of object B moving with velocity w, relative to object A moving with velocity v is:
v B relative to A = w − v {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}_{B{\text{ relative to }}A}={\boldsymbol {w}}-{\boldsymbol {v}}}
Usually the inertial frame is chosen in which the latter of the two mentioned objects is in rest.
Scalar velocities
In the one-dimensional case,[2] the velocities are scalars and the equation is either:
v r e l = v − ( − w ) {\displaystyle \,v_{rel}=v-(-w)} , if the two objects are moving in opposite directions, or:
v r e l = v − ( + w ) {\displaystyle \,v_{rel}=v-(+w)} , if the two objects are moving in the same direction.
Polar coordinates
In polar coordinates, a two-dimensional velocity is described by a radial velocity, defined as the component of velocity away from or toward the origin (also known as velocity made good), and an angular velocity, which is the rate of rotation about the origin (with positive quantities representing counter-clockwise rotation and negative quantities representing clockwise rotation, in a right-handed coordinate system).
The radial and angular velocities can be derived from the Cartesian velocity and displacement vectors by decomposing the velocity vector into radial and transverse components. The transverse velocity is the component of velocity along a circle centered at the origin.
v = v T + v R {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}={\boldsymbol {v}}_{T}+{\boldsymbol {v}}_{R}}
where
v T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}_{T}} is the transverse velocity
v R {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}_{R}} is the radial velocity.
The magnitude of the radial velocity is the dot product of the velocity vector and the unit vector in the direction of the displacement.
v R = v ⋅ r | r | {\displaystyle v_{R}={\frac {{\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {r}}}{\left|{\boldsymbol {r}}\right|}}}
where
r {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {r}}} is displacement.
The magnitude of the transverse velocity is that of the cross product of the unit vector in the direction of the displacement and the velocity vector. It is also the product of the angular speed ω {\displaystyle \omega } and the magnitude of the displacement.
v T = | r × v | | r | = ω | r | {\displaystyle v_{T}={\frac {|{\boldsymbol {r}}\times {\boldsymbol {v}}|}{|{\boldsymbol {r}}|}}=\omega |{\boldsymbol {r}}|}
such that
ω = | r × v | | r | 2 . {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {|{\boldsymbol {r}}\times {\boldsymbol {v}}|}{|{\boldsymbol {r}}|^{2}}}.}
Angular momentum in scalar form is the mass times the distance to the origin times the transverse velocity, or equivalently, the mass times the distance squared times the angular speed. The sign convention for angular momentum is the same as that for angular velocity.
L = m r v T = m r 2 ω {\displaystyle L=mrv_{T}=mr^{2}\omega \,}
where
m {\displaystyle m\,} is mass
r = ‖ r ‖ . {\displaystyle r=\|{\boldsymbol {r}}\|.}
The expression m r 2 {\displaystyle mr^{2}} is known as moment of inertia. If forces are in the radial direction only with an inverse square dependence, as in the case of a gravitational orbit, angular momentum is constant, and transverse speed is inversely proportional to the distance, angular speed is inversely proportional to the distance squared, and the rate at which area is swept out is constant. These relations are known as Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
See also
Four-velocity (relativistic version of velocity for Minkowski spacetime)
Group velocity
Hypervelocity
Phase velocity
Proper velocity (in relativity, using traveler time instead of observer time)
Rapidity (a version of velocity additive at relativistic speeds)
Terminal velocity
Velocity vs. time graph
Notes
Jump up ^ Wilson, Edwin Bidwell (1901). Vector analysis: a text-book for the use of students of mathematics and physics, founded upon the lectures of J. Willard Gibbs. p. 125. This is the likely origin of the speed/velocity terminology in vector physics.
Jump up ^ Basic principle
References
Robert Resnick and Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of Physics, Wiley; 7 Sub edition (June 16, 2004). ISBN 0-471-23231-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Velocity.
physicsabout.com, Speed and Velocity
Velocity and Acceleration
Introduction to Mechanisms (Carnegie Mellon University)
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Dimensions
1
L
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Dimensions
1
1
1
T
time: t
s absement: A
m s
T
time: t
s
1
distance: d, position: r, s, x, displacement
m area: A
m2
1
angle: θ, angular displacement: θ
rad solid angle: Ω
rad2, sr
T−1
frequency: f
s−1, Hz speed: v, velocity: v
m s−1 kinematic viscosity: ν,
specific angular momentum: h
m2 s−1
T−1
frequency: f
s−1, Hz angular speed: ω, angular velocity: ω
rad s−1
T−2
acceleration: a
m s−2
T−2
angular acceleration: α
rad s−2
T−3
jerk: j
m s−3
T−3
angular jerk: ζ
rad s−3
M
mass: m
kg
ML2
moment of inertia: I
kg m2
MT−1
momentum: p, impulse: J
kg m s−1, N s action: 𝒮, actergy: ℵ
kg m2 s−1, J s
ML2T−1
angular momentum: L, angular impulse: ΔL
kg m2 s−1 action: 𝒮, actergy: ℵ
kg m2 s−1, J s
MT−2
force: F, weight: Fg
kg m s−2, N energy: E, work: W
kg m2 s−2, J
ML2T−2
torque: τ, moment: M
kg m2 s−2, N m energy: E, work: W
kg m2 s−2, J
MT−3
yank: Y
kg m s−3, N s−1 power: P
kg m2 s−3, W
ML2T−3
rotatum: P
kg m2 s−3, N m s−1 power: P
kg m2 s−3, W
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text:
Red Coat (Pretty Little Liars)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Red Coat
Pretty Little Liars character
Red Coat overlooking the grave robbing in "Dead to Me".
First appearance
"UnmAsked"
Last appearance
"The Gloves Are On"
Created by
I. Marlene King
Portrayed by
Sasha Pieterse
Vanessa Ray
Dre Davis
CC Mason (double)
Information
Nickname(s)
A (Charlotte/Sara)
The Black Widow (Sara)
Aliases
Vivian Darkbloom
Gender
Female
Occupation
A (Charlotte/Sara)
Hiding from A (Alison)
Helping the Liars (Alison)
Stalking (Charlotte/Sara)
Blackmail (Charlotte)
Seasons
2 • 3 • 4 • 6
Status
Alive (Alison)
Deceased (Charlotte, Sara)
Residence
Rosewood, Pennsylvania
Real name
Alison DiLaurentis
Charlotte Drake
Sara Harvey
Red Coat is a fictional character on the television show Pretty Little Liars, which was adapted from the book series of same name. Introduced during the second-season finale, she became the primary antagonist of the third and fourth seasons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Unmasking
2.1 Exegesis: summary of episode "Game Over, Charles"
3 Reception
4 Red Coat's appearances
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
In the second-season finale "UnmAsked", the first "A" is revealed to be Mona Vanderwaal, who wanted revenge on the Liars for not preventing Alison's bullying and slowly distancing Hanna away from her. During a fight with Spencer, Mona ends up falling off a cliff and is then found by the authorities and admitted to the Radley Sanitarium, a local psychiatric hospital. During the final scene of the episode, a nurse comes in to alert Mona that she has a visitor and someone walks inside her room in what it looks like a red trench coat, appearing to be the same one worn by Alison DiLaurentis in her Vivian Darkbloom disguise. Mona proceeds to tell the unseen visitor that she did everything they asked her to.
In the third season, we see Red Coat purchasing hoodies for the team she is building, and later the Liars begin catching glimpses of her. Hanna sees the mysterious figure watching her outside a boutique, Emily remembers her in a flashback to the night she and Mona kidnapped her, Spencer notices her on a date with Wren and Aria catches her at a morgue. All four girls see two specific details in regards to her physical features: a red trench coat with blonde curly hair hanging out. Emily suspects that Red Coat is the one in charge of the "A-Team" and they hatch a plan to catch her. Spencer having joined the "A-Team" at the time to look for clues on Toby, who was briefly on the team before inexplicably disappearing, finds out that he is alive and a double agent who intends to help the girls. Spencer gives Mona and Red Coat the idea to throw a party at the Thornhill Lodge, where Red Coat can meet the girls in person. Mona and Red Coat agree with the idea. Red Coat flies in on a plane and Toby and Spencer go outside to catch her. As the other Liars corner Mona inside, someone sets fire to the lodge. Toby goes to follow a flashlight in the woods and Spencer follows Red Coat, who gets off the plane and heads into the woods. Aria, Emily, Hanna and Mona fall unconscious due to the flames and smoke, but Hanna is pulled out by Red Coat and she looks up to see Alison DiLaurentis. As the girls all gather outside, Mona says she also saw Alison and Spencer believes she did too. However, Mona proceeds to admit that she doesn't know the accurate identity of Red Coat because the anonymous entity always wore a mask.
In the fourth season, Red Coat continues to play the game. The disguise is briefly abandoned, after the Red Coat who flew into the Lodge burned her coat and mask in the Lodge fire, but Red Coat returns mid-season and films a video of herself in an Emily mask. She then begins sneaking under the DiLaurentis home and surveilling the residence. Toby and Caleb begin looking for clues on her identity and discover that CeCe Drake is the one who set up the flight plan for Red Coat to go to the Lodge. The Liars hunt for CeCe but with no luck. In "Bring Down the Hoe," she returns and is seen in a room filled with photos of Alison and a red coat laying on a chair. Red Coat shows up to the Rosewood High Hoedown and Spencer and Emily manage to take her coat. They discover that the coat is missing the same button which they found earlier underneath the DiLaurentis house. Meanwhile, CeCe lurks outside Ezra's apparent in the same attire that Red Coat wears but now in a black hoodie.
Unmasking[edit]
The third Red Coat unmasked.
In the fourth season's mid-season finale "Now You See Me, Now You Don't", the Liars head to Ravenswood to look for Red Coat. While there, Red Coat kidnaps Emily and locks her in a coffin on a Sawmill. The Liars witness Red Coat heading to that Sawmill and chase her inside, where she actually stops the saw and another Red Coat, donning a mask of Alison's face, appears on the stairwell, revealing that two people have been sporting the disguise all along. Spencer follows the "good" one, while Aria fights and unmasks the other figure as CeCe Drake. The Liars manage to catch the "good" Red Coat near the ending of "Grave New World", who reveals herself as an alive Alison. During "EscApe from New York", Ali claims that she asked CeCe to wear the disguise to distract "Big A". It is later revealed this was all a ruse, given that CeCe actually was the Red Coat who stole the game from Mona and wore the disguise during her schemes until she was caught in it. In "Game Over, Charles", the Liars learn there was a third Red Coat who posed as a decoy to CeCe and used the infamous disguise to distract the Liars whenever she couldn't. The third Red Coat is revealed to be Sara Harvey.
Exegesis: summary of episode "Game Over, Charles"[edit]
Big "A" kidnaps Alison from the Rosewood High senior prom and takes her to Radley, where their dad and brother are also there, unconscious. With Mona's aid, the Liars figure out that "A's" phone server is located at the Carissimi Group's building and along with Sara make their way over there. They manage to break into a secret room hidden in the wall of an empty storage room. The Liars and Mona go inside but Sara suspiciously leaves them behind, just as the door closes.
A holographic monitor comes on and the Liars get a glimpse of a live feed that shows Alison in a room, talking to "A". "A" turns around and is revealed to be CeCe Drake, who reveals that she was born as Charles before transitioning into Charlotte.
While Charlotte is telling her story, the Liars are alerted to a motion sensor in another room. The camera manages to detect another Red Coat, who is setting up a bomb for Charlotte to blow up Radley with her family alongside herself.
Charlotte mentions that she kept seeing a blonde girl in a red coat watching the girls and deduced the mysterious entity was Alison. So in order to find out, Charlotte organized the lodge party at Thornhill to trap the girls and lure Alison out of hiding, since she knew her sister would only show up if her friends were in grave danger. Charlotte sent Sara Harvey to distract the Liars and maintain Mona occupied, further explaining that she was a decoy whenever she "needed her to be". Nigel Wright was paid to fake a flight plan to Delaware by Charlotte but the plane actually made its way to the lodge since Sara landed it in a nearby field despite the fog in the area. Shana Fring also showed up with Jenna Marshall to find out if the Liars were going to meet Alison at the request of Melissa Hastings, since she too had her own suspicions. However, both plans went awry and while Jenna wasn't noticing, Shana set fire to the lodge since she grew a hatred towards the Liars for blinding Jenna as she later admits to in "EscApe from New York". Sara managed to rescue Aria, Emily and Mona while Alison arrived just in time to save Hanna, giving Charlotte the much needed confirmation that her sister was indeed alive. Knowing that Wilden would never let Alison return and tell her story, Charlotte went to the lake and killed him, dumping his car and body in the middle of town. She then sent Sara dressed as the mysterious woman in a black veil to attend his funeral and ensure he was deceased. The Liars are shocked about this revelation, but Hanna tells Emily that Charlotte is just messing with her. However, Spencer realizes that the authorities haven't arrived to Radley because Sara must've pretended to dial them.
The Liars manage to break out of the room and head over to Radley, where they come upon Sara in the hallway. She orders them to leave as she turns on the bomb for Charlotte, but they manage to subdue her and give Spencer enough time to stop the bomb. Alison quickly arrives and tells them that Charlotte has headed to the roof and begs them to help her surrender. Sara tries to escape but Emily grabs her by the hood of her trench coat and angrily punches her in the face for betraying her trust. They chase Charlotte and persuade her not to commit suicide. She instead declares an ending to her reign as A. At the end of the episode, Emily mentions that Sara is getting released from the local town's hospital and Alison states that what happened to her that night wasn't their fault. Nonetheless, Spencer discloses to Caleb during "The Gloves Are On" that after Emily punched Sara, she got back up but accidentally put her hand on some electrical cords, which began electrocuting her body, as the Liars watched in horror. This led to Sara being unable to use her hands since she lost her palpable abilities.
Reception[edit]
The reveal of Alison possibly being alive and Red Coat in "A DAngerous GAme" was met with mixed reviews, with many expressing joy over this, while others were disappointed in not receiving a definite answer to Red Coat's identity. The reveal that there were two active Red Coats was generally met with positive reviews, with many praising the reveal that Alison was alive in the episode "Grave New World" as one of the best moments of the series.
The reveal of the third Red Coat received mostly negative reviews, with many feeling discomfort over Sara being officially introduced so late into the series. However, Entertainment Weekly's Isabella Biedenharn deemed the best moment of "Game Over, Charles" the scene where Emily punches Sara in the face for her betrayal.[1]
Red Coat's appearances[edit]
There has often been confusion amongst fans as to who was who at what time in the series, due to the fact that there were three of them. Some of the appearances have been cleared up by the writers or the series.
Charlotte visited Mona in "UnmAsked", but was wearing a red bathrobe.[2]
Charlotte was the one who bought black hoodies and gloves in "Blood Is the New Black".[3]
Alison was watching Hanna outside the boutique in "Misery Loves Company".[4][5]
Charlotte was the one who burned a bobble head of Hanna in "Out of the Frying Pan, Into the Inferno".[6]
Charlotte was the one who overlooked the grave robbing in "Dead to Me".[7]
Sara got off the plane at Thornhill and rescued Aria, Mona and Emily, while Alison rescued Hanna in "A dAngerous gAme".[8][9]
Sara's coat was the one found in the rummage at Thornhill in "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e".[10][11]
Charlotte was the one who filmed a video of herself wearing the red coat and an Emily mask in "Under the Gun".[12]
Charlotte was the one sneaking under the DiLaurentis residency in "Into the Deep" but was not living there.[13][14]
Charlotte was the one who appeared behind Hanna in Ali's mirror in "The Mirror Has Three Faces".[15]
Charlotte was the one who attended the Hoe Down at Rosewood High in "Bring Down the Hoe".[16]
Charlotte locked Emily inside the Sawmill, while Alison rescued her in "Now You See Me, Now You Don't".[17]
Alison went to the graveyard party in "Grave New World".[18]
Sara took a seat beside Charlotte in "FrAmed".[19]
Sara set the bomb inside Radley in "Game Over, Charles".[20]
See also[edit]
Alison DiLaurentis
Charlotte DiLaurentis
Sara Harvey (character)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Biedenharn, Isabella (August 12, 2015). "'Game Over, Charles'". Entertainment Weekly. p. 3. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Charles"
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/787877249856831488
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/787877588085583872
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/787878024414756864
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/787877249856831488
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/707767226607120385
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Charles". It is unknown why Sara left Hanna behind, probably to use her as bait and lure Ali out for Charlotte to confirm she was alive.
Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2015/08/11/pretty-little-liars-marlene-king-answers
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Charles"
Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2015/08/11/pretty-little-liars-marlene-king-answer
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/699777404772831232
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/674852637670400000
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/797513428734590980
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/797513428734590980
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/699777404772831232
Jump up ^ "Now You See Me, Now You Don't" and "Grave New World"
Jump up ^ "Grave New World"
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Charles"
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Charles"
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Common Assessment Framework
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Common Assessment Framework (CAF) is the common European quality management instrument for the public sector. It is a free tool to assist public sector organisations to improve their performance. The CAF helps the organisations to perform a self-assessment with the involvement of all staff, to develop an improvement plan based on the results of the self-assessment and to implement the improvement actions. The model "is based on the premise that excellent results in organisational performance, citizens/customers, people and society are achieved through leadership driving strategy and planning, people, partnerships and resources, and processes. It looks at the organisation from different angles at the same time, the holistic approach of organisation performance analysis."[1] On 7 September 2011, 2382 public sector organisations from 43 different nationalities or from the EU institutions were registered as CAF users in the CAF Database.[2]
The CAF Model is derived from the EFQM Excellence Model and shares the same 9 criteria.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin and evolution
2 Purpose
3 CAF model structure
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Origin and evolution[edit]
In 1998, discussions amongst the Directors-General of the Public Administration of the EU Member States in the European Public Administration Network (EUPAN) revealed that there was a need for a common European quality framework that could be used across the public sector as a tool for organisational self-assessment. As a consequence of this, it was decided that this quality framework should be jointly developed under the aegis of the Innovative Public Services Group (IPSG), an informal working group of national experts set up by the Directors General of the EUPAN network. The first version of the CAF was then developed in 1998 and 1999 by the IPSG and with the support of the European Foundation of Quality Management (EFQM), the Speyer Academy (which organised the Speyer Quality Award for the public sector in the German-speaking European countries) and the European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA).[3]
The CAF model was launched in 2000 at the 1st European Quality Conference in Lisbon. A European CAF Resource Centre was established in 2001 at EIPA in Maastricht to serve as a centre of expertise in CAF implementation, to provide training and consultancy, to support the Member States in disseminating the CAF and to further develop the model. The first two years of CAF were evaluated with a study on the use of the CAF. The results led to the CAF 2002, an improved version of the model, which was presented at the 2nd European Quality Conference in Denmark. In 2005, a new study on the use of the CAF was conducted. A number of areas in the CAF needed further improvement: increase the coherence and simplicity of the model, increase the user friendliness by improving the examples and the glossary, develop a more fine‐tuned scoring system for certain users, and broaden the quality approach with directives for the improvement action plans and guidelines for bench learning. The CAF was improved for the second time in 2006. The new CAF 2006 was presented at the 4th European Quality Conference in Finland. In 2009 and 2010 followed a procedure for external feedback on the CAF implementation in the organisation and a tailor-made version of the CAF for the education sector.[2]
Until today, the CAF 2006 is the most recent version of the CAF model. A new revision of the model is planned for 2012 and will be based on the results of a study conducted during the first half of 2011.[2]
Year
Event
1998 Agreement on the development of the CAF within the EUPAN network
2000 Launch of the CAF
2001 Creation of the European CAF Resource Centre at EIPA (European Institute of Public Administration) - Maastricht
2002 First revision of the model: Launch of the CAF 2002
2006 Second revision of the model: Launch of the CAF 2006
2009 Launch of the Procedure on External Feedback and the Effective CAF User label
2010 Launch of the CAF and Education version
Purpose[edit]
The CAF has four main purposes:[1]
To introduce public administrations to the principles of TQM and gradually guide them, through the use and understanding of self-assessment, from the current “Plan-Do” sequence of activities to a full-fledged “Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA)” cycle;
To facilitate the self-assessment of a public organisation in order to arrive at a diagnosis and improvement actions;
To act as a bridge across the various models used in quality management;
To facilitate bench learning between public-sector organisations.
CAF model structure[edit]
The Common Assessment Framework is based on eight principles, "the principles of excellence". These eight principles are:[4]
Results orientation
Citizen/Customer focus
Leadership & constancy of purpose
Management of processes & facts
Involvement of people
Continuous improvement & innovation
Mutually beneficial partnerships
Corporate social responsibility
The CAF has nine criteria representing the main aspects requiring consideration in any organisational analysis. There are five enabler-criteria (Leadership, Strategy & Planning, People, Partnerships & Resources and Processes) and four result-criteria (Citizen/Customer Oriented Results, People Results, Society Results and Key Performance Results).[1] The Enablers cover what an organisation does. The Results cover what an organisation achieves. By performing a self-assessment with the CAF, public sector organisations can find areas for improvement in the functioning of the organisation and in pursuing the desired results.[5]
The CAF is especially designed for the public sector. As a matter of a fact, this focus is what distinguishes the CAF from the EFQM Excellence model.
Public management and quality in the public sector have a number of special unique conditions in comparison with the private sector. They presume basic preconditions, common to our European socio-political and administrative culture: legitimacy (democratic parliamentary), the rule of law and ethical behaviour based on common values and principles such as openness, accountability, participation, diversity, equity, social justice, solidarity, collaboration and partnerships.[1]
The 9 criteria of the CAF model are further broken down in 28 sub-criteria. These sub-criteria identify the main issues that need to be considered when assessing a public sector organisation. Each sub-criterion is illustrated by a series of examples that explain its content.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e CAF Resource Centre (2006). CAF 2006. Maastricht: EIPA. p. 49.
^ Jump up to: a b c Staes, P.; N. thijs; A. Stoffels & S. Geldof (2011). Five Years of CAF 2006: From Adolescence to Maturity - What Next? A study on the use, the support and the future of the Common Assessment Framework (PDF). Maastricht: EIPA. p. 160.
Jump up ^ Engel, C. (2002). "Common Assessment Framework: The State of affairs" (PDF). Eipascope. 1: 35–39.
Jump up ^ CAF Resource Centre (2010). CAF External Feedback. Maastricht: EIPA. p. 64.
Jump up ^ Tomaževič, N.; Seljak, J. & Aristovnik A. (2014). The impact of CAF enablers on job satisfaction: the case of the Slovenian Law Enforcement Agency. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence.
Further reading[edit]
Study (2011) on the use, the support and the future of the CAF
Publication on 10 years of CAF in the EU Member States (2010)
External links[edit]
European CAF Resource Centre
EUPAN (European Public Administration Network)
CAF User Database
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