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Promised Land (The Vampire Diaries)
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This article is about an episode of TV series The Vampire Diaries. For other uses, see Promised Land.
"Promised Land"
The Vampire Diaries episode
Episode no.
Season 5
Episode 21
Directed by
Michael Allowitz
Written by
Rebecca Sonnenshine
Production code
2J7521
Original air date
May 8, 2014
Guest appearance(s)
Michael Malarkey (Enzo)
Raffi Barsoumian (Markos)
Penelope Mitchell (Liv Parker)
Chris Brochu (Luke Parker)
Episode chronology
← Previous
"What Lies Beneath" Next →
"Home"
The Vampire Diaries (season 5)
List of The Vampire Diaries episodes
"Promised Land" is the 21st episode of the fifth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series' 110th episode overall. "Promised Land" was originally aired on May 8, 2014, on The CW. The episode was written by Rebecca Sonnenshine and directed by Michael Allowitz.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Feature music
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Reviews
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
The episode starts with Damon (Ian Somerhalder) having captured a traveler and interrogating him to tell him where Markos (Raffi Barsoumian) is so he can find Stefan (Paul Wesley) and Elena (Nina Dobrev) but the only thing the traveler tells him is that it does not matter if he find Markos since he has whatever he needs and it is too late to do anything. Meanwhile, Stefan and Elena are tied up and being drained by Markos who needs their blood for his spell. A woman appears and frees Stefan who goes and frees Elena and they escape.
Stefan calls Damon to tell him that they escaped but he does not know where they are and they will try to find their way back home safe. They are walking down the road discussing when a car appears. The driver stops to pick them up and it is Maria (Tamara Austin), one of the travelers and the one who freed Stefan. Elena and Stefan wonder why she is helping them and Maria tells them that her husband, Julian, is inside Tyler's (Michael Trevino) body permanently and that means when Markos finish the spell, Julian will die since Tyler's body is a hybrid. She wants to find her husband and run away.
Enzo (Michael Malarkey) keeps bothering Damon to keep his promise and bring him back to life. He also pesters Bonnie (Kat Graham) since she is the one who is able to do it. Bonnie asks Damon to make Enzo stop but instead he tells her that since she is working with Liv (Penelope Mitchell) on a spell to keep her alive when the Other Side collapses, they should include Enzo as well to the spell and save him too.
Caroline (Candice Accola) comes to Bonnie with an idea of how to save Tyler; they can kill his body so the traveler will go and Tyler passes to the Other Side and then bring him back with the spell that will bring Bonnie back too. Bonnie cannot lie anymore and she admits to Caroline that there is no spell and that she lied about it, something that Enzo also hears and he is mad about it. He demands from Bonnie to find a way and when she tells him to give up he says he will never give up as long as the Other Side still exists and he is there.
Meanwhile, Damon tries to make Markos appear and he steals all the travelers' bodies from the cave, leaving a note to Markos to come and find him. Markos does and he appears at the Salvatore house where he explains Damon his plan and that by threatening him that he will destroy the bodies will not work since the bodies are not essential to his plan. To prove it, he kills one of the travelers. Damon tries to attack him but Markos knocks him out and tells him that he is not strong enough to kill him since he is full of doppelganger blood and he channels the power of all the travelers. Julian, who is chained at the basement, hears the two talking and tells Damon that Markos does not know he is there and they should take advantage of that.
Elena, Stefan and Maria arrive at Mystic Falls but Liv and Luke (Chris Brochu) ambush them and by using magic they cause their car to crush. Maria dies and Elena and Stefan try to get away from them. Liv and Luke want to kill at least one of them so the travelers will not be able to complete the spell that will strip away all the magic from Mystic Falls. In the meantime, the travelers started the spell and Liv and Luke start losing their magic power. Elena and Stefan's rings also stop working and they start getting burned by the sun. They run and hide to avoid the sun and head to find Damon, Caroline and the rest. Maria's spirit appears to Bonnie to pass to the other side and asks Bonnie to tell Julian that she tried to save him.
Back at the Salvatore house, Julian tries to help Damon to take Markos by surprise and he attacks him by biting him. Markos pushes him away while Julian's fangs disappear because of the spell that the travelers already started. Damon's ring stops working as well and the wound of the gunshot that killed him appears on his chest. Damon and Julian run away to get out of the range of the spell so they will not die.
Caroline tries to pack their things and leave the dorm and while Bonnie should be doing the same, she just sits without doing anything. Caroline asks her why she is not helping and Bonnie says that she might found a way to bring them back to life but she needs Enzo's help. Enzo finds Maria at the Other Side and she asks her if she knows the spell the travelers used to bring Markos back and Maria says she does and she is willing to help them, but with the Other Side falling apart, Maria is drawn away by the force that draws away the people from the Other Side. Enzo and Bonnie lose their only chance to manage to bring the ones they need back in life.
Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) finds Damon running in the street and picks him up and they go and find Stefan, Elena, Caroline and Matt (Zach Roerig). Matt and Jeremy decided to go back to Mystic Falls while the rest should try to get as far away as they can. Damon and Elena leave with Jeremy's car while Stefan and Caroline stay behind to wait for Bonnie. Julian appears and asks about Maria. Stefan tells him that Maria is dead and Julian starts a fight with Stefan where he ends up killing him by ripping his heart out. Julian says that that is the way to stop the spell and leaves, while Caroline is in shock crying over Stefan's body.
The episode ends with Stefan appearing to Bonnie so he can pass to the Other Side. Bonnie is aghast seeing him and she cannot believe that he is dead. Stefan asks to tell him that she found a way to bring them all back, Bonnie tells him that she did but she lost it and then Stefan passes through her to the Other Side.
Feature music[edit]
In the "Promised Land" episode we can hear the songs:[1]
"Don't Let Me Go" by Raign
"I'll Be Honest" by The Privates
"Future Bolt" by Hotpipes
"Bad Blood" by Bastille
"Cherry Licorice" by The Felice Brothers
"The Truth in You" by The Garden District
"Torture" by Rival Sons
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
In its original American broadcast, "Promised Land" was watched by 1.50 million; down by 0.34 from the previous episode.[2]
Reviews[edit]
"Promised Land" received positive reviews.
Stephanie Flasher of TV After Dark gave an A rating to the episode saying that "despite being the season's penultimate episode, "Promised Land" very much had the feeling of a season finale with drama, suspense and an epic cliffhanger."[3]
Ashley Dominique from Geeked Out Nation gave an A- rating to the episode. "The stakes got grave and desperate as the travelers took hold of Mystic Falls in "Promised Land". All of this setting up an extremely tension filled finale."[4]
Carrie Raisler of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B+ rating focusing on Stefan's death and saying: "It hurts me to spend all that time debating something that only took up about one minute of actual episode space—especially because everything else here was so good. This episode was downright hilarious at times, light and breezy and snappy in a way the show hasn’t been in quite a while, and it was an absolute pleasure to watch. [...] It’s well-plotted, well-written, tight stuff. Right up until that insane ending. Which all might be a big misdirect."[5]
Leigh Raines of TV Fanatic rated the episode with 4/5 saying that the end left her pretty speechless. "We all know that death doesn't exactly stick when it comes to The Vampire Diaries but the other side is disintegrating slowly before our eyes. Bonnie and Enzo's plan to use Maria is now kaput since Maria vanished into the darkness. Now what?"[6]
Liane Bonin Starr from HitFix gave a good review to the episode and saying that the end was shocking and the season finale will be explosive. Starr also praises Trevino's portrayal as Julian: "It's still a little unnerving to see Caroline talking to Julian when he's inhabiting Tyler's body. Kudos to Michael Trevino for making Julian distinct as a character, and making his reaction to Maria's death — yanking out Stefan's heart — both wrenching and utterly believable."[7]
Stephanie Hall of K Site TV also gave a good review to the episode saying: ""Promised Land" served as an amazing set up for the finale, ensuring that everything that could go wrong at this point did go wrong. For all of the drama that took place, there was a surprising amount of comedy that was utilized in the beginning of the episode in order to create a more radical shift in tone once the Travelers began their spell. It left off with quite an unexpected cliffhanger that further compels the audience to tune in next week to see how this will all play out."[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Vampire Diaries Season 5 Episode 21: "Promised Land" Music". TV Fanatic. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 9, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy', 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Black Box' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Flasher, Stephanie (May 12, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries 5×21 – "Promised Land" Review". TV After Dark. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dominique, Ashley (May 8, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries: "Promised Land" Review". Geeked Out Nation. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Raisler, Carrie (May 8, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries: "Promised Land"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Raines, Leigh (May 9, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries Review: The Beginning of the End". TV Fanatic. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Starr, Liane Bonin (May 8, 2014). "'The Vampire Diaries': Can the Travelers be beaten?". HitFix. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hall, Stephanie (May 10, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries #5.21 "Promised Land" Recap & Review". K Site TV. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
External links[edit]
List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb
Afterbuzz's discussion about "Promised Land" on YouTube
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Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
Court
Supreme Court of India
Full case name
Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru and Ors. v. State of Kerala and Anr.
Citation(s)
(1973) 4 SCC 225
Holding
There are certain principles within the framework of Indian Constitution which are inviolable and hence cannot be amended by the Parliament. These principles were commonly termed as Basic Structure.
Case opinions
Majority
Sikri C. J. Hegde and Mukherjea, JJ.; Shelat and Grover, JJ.; Jaganmohan Reddy, J.; Khanna, J.
Dissent
Ray J.; Palekar J.; Mathew J.; Beg J.; Dwivedi J.; Chandrachud J.
Laws applied
Constitution of India, Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), Indian Evidence Act, Indian Contract Act 1872
“ Kesavananda Bharathi is the case which saved Indian democracy; thanks to Shri Kesavananda Bharati, eminent jurist Nanabhoy Palkhivala and the seven judges who were in the majority. ”
— The Hindu - in April 2013, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the judgement., [1]
The Kesavananda Bharati judgement or His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru and Ors. v. State of Kerala and Anr. (case citation: (1973) 4 SCC 225) is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of India that outlined the basic structure doctrine of the Constitution.[2] Justice Hans Raj Khanna asserted through this doctrine that the constitution possesses a basic structure of constitutional principles and values. The Court partially cemented the prior precedent Golaknath v. State of Punjab, which held that constitutional amendments pursuant to Article 368 were subject to fundamental rights review, by asserting that only those amendments which tend to affect the 'basic structure of the Constitution' are subject to judicial review. At the same time, the Court also upheld the constitutionality of first provision of Article 31(c), which implied that any constitutional amendment seeking to implement the Directive Principles, which does not affect the 'Basic Structure', shall not be subjected to judicial review.
The basic structure doctrine forms the basis of power of the Indian judiciary to review, and strike down, amendments to the Constitution of India enacted by the Indian parliament which conflict with or seek to alter this basic structure of the Constitution.
The 13-judge Constitutional bench of the Supreme Court deliberated on the limitations, if any, of the powers of the elected representatives of the people and the nature of fundamental rights of an individual. In a sharply divided verdict, by a margin of 7-6, the court held that while the Parliament has "wide" powers, it did not have the power to destroy or emasculate the basic elements or fundamental features of the constitution.[3]
Although the court upheld the basic structure doctrine by only the narrowest of margins, it has since gained widespread acceptance and legitimacy due to subsequent cases and judgments. Primary among these was the imposition of the state of emergency by Indira Gandhi in 1975, and the subsequent attempt to suppress her prosecution through the 39th Amendment. When the Kesavananda case was decided, the underlying apprehension of the majority bench that elected representatives could not be trusted to act responsibly was perceived to be unprecedented. However, the passage of the 39th Amendment proved that in fact this apprehension was well-founded. In Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain, a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court used the basic structure doctrine to strike down the 39th amendment and paved the way for restoration of Indian democracy.[4]
The Kesavananda judgment also defined the extent to which Parliament could restrict property rights, in pursuit of land reform and the redistribution of large landholdings to cultivators, overruling previous decisions that suggested that the right to property could not be restricted. The case was a culmination of a series of cases relating to limitations to the power to amend the Indian constitution.
Contents
1 Facts
2 Judgment
2.1 Majority judgment
2.2 S.M. Sikri, Chief Justice
2.3 Shelat and Grover, JJ
2.4 Hegde and Mukherjea, JJ
2.5 Jaganmohan Reddy, J
2.6 H R Khanna J.
3 Significance
4 Books
5 See also
6 Notes
Facts[edit]
In February 1970 Swami Kesavananda Bharati, senior plaintiff and head of "Edneer Mutt" - a Hindu Mutt situated in Edneer, a village in Kasaragod district of Kerala, challenged the Kerala government's attempts, under two state land reform acts, to impose restrictions on the management of its property. Although the state invoked its authority under Article 21, a noted Indian jurist, Nanabhoy Palkhivala, convinced Swami into filing his petition under Article 26, concerning the right to manage religiously owned property without government interference. Even though the hearings consumed five months, the outcome would profoundly affect India's democratic processes. The case had been heard for 68 days, the arguments commencing on October 31, 1972, and ending on March 23, 1973[5].[6][7][8][9][10][9] [11] [10][12][13][14][15]
Judgment[edit]
The Supreme Court reviewed the decision in Golaknath v. State of Punjab, and considered the validity of the 24th, 25th, 26th and 29th amendments. The case was heard by the largest ever Constitution Bench of 13 Judges. The bench gave eleven separate judgements, which agreed on some points and differed on others.[16] Nanabhoy Palkhivala, assisted by Fali Nariman, presented the case against the government in both cases.[17]
Majority judgment[edit]
Upholding the validity of clause (4) of article 13 and a corresponding provision in article 368(3), inserted by the 24th Amendment, the Court settled in favour of the view that Parliament has the power to amend the fundamental rights also. However, the Court affirmed another proposition also asserted in the Golaknath case, by ruling that the expression "amendment" of this Constitution in article 368 means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the Preamble and the Constitution to carry out the objectives in the Preamble and the Directive Principles. Applied to fundamental rights, it would be that while fundamental rights cannot be abrogated, reasonable abridgement of fundamental rights could be effected in the public interest. The true position is that every provision of the Constitution can be amended provided the basic foundation and structure of the Constitution remains the same.[16]
The nine signatories to the statement were Chief Justice S M Sikri, and Justices J. M. Shelat, K.S. Hegde, A.N. Grover, B. Jaganmohan Reddy, D.G. Palekar, H R Khanna, A.K. Mukherjee and Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud. Four judges did not sign: A.N. Ray, K.K. Mathew, M.H. Beg and S.N. Dwivedi.[18]
S.M. Sikri, Chief Justice[edit]
S M Sikri, Chief Justice held that the fundamental importance of the freedom of the individual has to be preserved for all times to come and that it could not be amended out of existence. According to the Hon'ble Chief Justice, fundamental rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution of India cannot be abrogated, though a reasonable abridgement of those rights could be effected in public interest. There is a limitation on the power of amendment by necessary implication which was apparent from a reading of the preamble and therefore, according to the learned Chief Justice, the expression "amendment of this Constitution", in Article 368 means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the preamble, made in order to carry out the basic objectives of the Constitution. Accordingly, every provision of the Constitution was open to amendment provided the basic foundation or structure of the Constitution was not damaged or destroyed.
Shelat and Grover, JJ[edit]
Held that the preamble to the Constitution contains the clue to the fundamentals of the Constitution. According to the learned Judges, Parts III and IV of the Constitution which respectively embody the fundamental rights and the directive principles have to be balanced and harmonised. This balance & harmony between two integral parts of the Constitution forms a basic element of the Constitution which cannot be altered. The word 'amendment' occurring in Article 368 must therefore be construed in such a manner as to preserve the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution, but not so as to result in damaging or destroying the structure and identity of the Constitution. There was thus an implied limitation on the amending power which prevented the Parliament from abolishing or changing the identity of the Constitution or any of its Basic Structure.
Hegde and Mukherjea, JJ[edit]
Held that the Constitution of India which is essentially a social rather than a political document, is founded on a social philosophy and as such has two main features basic and circumstantial. The basic constituent remained constant, the circumstantial was subject to change. According to the learned Judges, the broad contours of the basic elements and the fundamental features of the Constitution are delineated in the preamble and the Parliament has no power to abolish or emasculate those basic elements of fundamental features. The building of a welfare State is the ultimate goal of every Government but that does not mean that in order to build a welfare State, human freedoms have to suffer a total destruction. Applying these tests, the learned Judges invalidated Article 31C even in its un-amended form.
Jaganmohan Reddy, J[edit]
Held that the word 'amendment' was used in the sense of permitting a change, in contradistinction to destruction, which the repeal or abrogation brings about. Therefore, the width of the power of amendment could not be enlarged by amending the amending power itself. The learned Judge held that the essential elements of the basic structure of the Constitution are reflected in its preamble and that some of the important features of the Constitution are justice, freedom of expression and equality of status and opportunity. The word 'amendment' could not possibly embrace the right to abrogate the pivotal features and the fundamental freedoms and therefore, that part of the basic structure could not be damaged or destroyed. According to the learned Judge, the provisions of Article 31d, as they hen, conferring power on Parliament and the State Legislatures to enact laws for giving effect to the principles specified in Clauses (b) and (c) of Article 39, altogether abrogated the right given by Article 14 and were for that reason unconstitutional. In conclusion, the learned Judge held that though the power of amendment was wide, it did not comprehend the power to totally abrogate or emasculate or damage any of the fundamental rights or the essential elements of the basic structure of the Constitution or to destroy the identity of the Constitution. Subject to these limitations, Parliament had the right to amend any and every provision of the Constitution.
H R Khanna J.[edit]
H R Khanna has given in his judgment that the Parliament had full power to amend the Constitution, however, since it is only a "power to amend", the basic structure or framework of the structure should remain intact. While as per the aforesaid views of the six learned Judges, certain "essential elements" ( which included fundamental rights) of the judgment cannot be amended as there are certain implied restrictions on the powers of the parliament.
According to the Hon'ble Judge, although it was permissible to the Parliament, in exercise of its amending power, to effect changes so as to meet the requirements of changing conditions, it was not permissible to touch the foundation or to alter the basic institutional pattern. Therefore, the words "amendment of the Constitution" in spite of the width of their sweep and in spite of their amplitude, could not have the effect of empowering the Parliament to destroy or abrogate the basic structure or framework of the Constitution.
This gave birth to the basic structure doctrine, which has been considered as the cornerstone of the Constitutional law in India.[4] [19]
Significance[edit]
This judgement ruled that Article 368 does not enable Parliament in its constituent capacity to delegate its function of amending the Constitution to another legislature or to itself in its ordinary legislative capacity.[20][21] This ruling made all the deemed constitutional amendments stipulated under the legislative powers of the parliament as void and inconsistent after the 24th constitutional amendment. These are articles 4 (2), 169 (3)-1962, 239A2-1962, 244A4-1969, 356 (1)c, para 7(2) of Schedule V and para 21(2) of Schedule VI.[22] Also articles 239AA(7)b-1991, 243M(4)b-1992, 243ZC3-1992 and 312(4)-1977 which are inserted by later constitutional amendments and envisaging deemed constitutional amendments under legislative powers of the parliament, should be invalid. The Supreme Court declared in the case ‘A. K. Roy, Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December 1981’ that the article 368(1) clearly defines constituent power as 'the power to amend any provision of the constitution by way of an addition, variation or repeal'. it reiterated that constituent power must be exercised by the parliament itself in accordance with the procedure laid down in article 368.[23]
The government of Indira Gandhi did not take kindly to this implied restriction on its powers by the court. On 26 April 1973, Justice Ajit Nath Ray, who was among the dissenters, was promoted to Chief Justice of India superseding three senior Judges, Shelat, Grover and Hegde, which was unprecedented in Indian legal history. Advocate C.K. Daphtary termed the incident as "the blackest day in the history of democracy". Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah (previous Chief Justice of India) remarked that "this was an attempt of not creating 'forward looking judges' but 'judges looking forward' to the office of Chief Justice".[24]
The 42nd Amendment, enacted in 1976, is considered to be the immediate and most direct fall out of the judgement. Apart from it, the judgement cleared the deck for complete legislative authority to amend any part of the Constitution except when the amendments are not in consonance with the basic features of the Constitution.
The basic structure doctrine was adopted by the Supreme Court of Bangladesh in 1989, by expressly relying on the reasoning in the Kesavananda case, in its ruling on Anwar Hossain Chowdhary v. Bangladesh (41 DLR 1989 App. Div. 165, 1989 BLD (Spl.) 1).[25]
Books[edit]
T R Andhyarujina, who was a witness to the court proceedings wrote a book titled "The Kesavananda Bharati Case: The untold story of struggle for supremacy by Supreme Court and Parliament" to discuss the case and the politics involved during and after the judgment was pronounced. It has been published by Universal Law Publishing Company in 2011.[11][14][26][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
"Basic Structure Constitutionalism: Revisiting Kesavananda Bharati" was published by Eastern Book Company in 2011 which was edited by Sanjay S. jain and Sathya Narayan.[31]
See also[edit]
Indian law
Edneer
Edneer Mutt
Sri Kesavananda Bharati
Nanabhoy Palkhivala
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Datar, Arvind P. (24 April 2013). "The case that saved Indian democracy". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kesavananda Bharati ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr on 24 April, 1973". Indian Kanoon. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Kesavananda Bharati ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr on 24 April, 1973". Indian Kanoon. para. 787. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Revisiting a verdict". Chennai, India: Frontline. Jan 14–27, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
Jump up ^ Datar, Arvind P. (2013-04-24). "The case that saved Indian democracy". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2018-09-30.
Jump up ^ Austin, Granville (1999). Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 258. ISBN 0-19-565610-5.
Jump up ^ Datar, Arvind P. (24 April 2013). "The case that saved Indian democracy". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
Jump up ^ KESAVANANDA BHARATI CASE | Legal Articles and Essays
^ Jump up to: a b Kesavananda Bharati's Case | Arijit Pasayat, Ashok Bhan, Y.K. Sabharwal, S.H. Kapadia, C.K. Thakker, P.K. Balasubramanyan
^ Jump up to: a b Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala
^ Jump up to: a b Extraordinary Case Study - Indian Express
Jump up ^ "Event - THE KESAVANANDA BHARATI CASE - LU November 2011". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
Jump up ^ Kesavananda Bharathi case saved constitution
^ Jump up to: a b Revisiting a verdict
Jump up ^ 40 Years of Kesavananda Bharati! | subjudiced
^ Jump up to: a b "Constitution Amendment: Nature and Scope of the Amending Process" (PDF). Lok Sabha Secretariat. pp. 16–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ Satya Prateek (2008). "Today's Promise, Tomorrow's Constitution: 'Basic Structure', Constitutional Transformations And The Future Of Political Progress In India" (PDF). NUJS Law Review. West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences. 1 (3). Retrieved 2012-07-17. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ G. G. Mirchandani (1 January 1977). Subverting the Constitution. Abhinav Publications. pp. 39–40. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Basic structure of the Constitution revisited". Delhi, India: The Hindu. May 21, 2007. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Para 506e of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (AIR 1973 SC 1461)". 1973. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Invalid Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014". Retrieved 3 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Full text of the Constitution of India" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "Pages 311 & 312 of A. K. Roy, Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December, 1981". 1981. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
Jump up ^ Supreme Court Bar Association Archived 2009-10-04 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-12-20. Retrieved 2013-12-02. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Andhyarujina, T R (2012). The Kesavananda Bharati Case: The untold story of struggle for supremacy by Supreme Court and Parliament. India: Universal Law. ISBN 978-93-5035140-6.
Jump up ^ Venkatesan, J. (16 October 2011). "Book on Kesavananda Bharati case to be released on Tuesday". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
Jump up ^ The Kesavananda Bharati Case : The Untold Story of Struggle for Supremacy by Supreme Court and Parliament- Buy online now at Jain Book Agency, Delhi based book store
Jump up ^ Book on “Kesavananda Bharati case” - General Knowledge Today
Jump up ^ "Book Review - THE KESAVANANDA BHARATI CASE - LU May 2012". Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Revisiting a verdict". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
Jump up ^ Kesavananda Bharati Case : The Untold Story Of Struggle For Supremacy By Supreme Court &: Tr Andhyarujina: Text Books at Sapna Online
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All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy is a proverb. It means that without time off from work, a person becomes both bored and boring. The exact origins of the phrase remain unclear, though it was recorded as early as 1659.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Uses in popular media
2.1 In film and television
2.2 In literature
2.3 In music
2.4 In television
2.5 In video games
3 References
History[edit]
Though the spirit of the proverb had been expressed previously, the modern saying appeared first in James Howell's Proverbs in English, Italian, French and Spanish (1659),[1] and was included in later collections of proverbs. It also appears in Howell's Paroimiographia (1659), p. 12.
Some writers have added a second part to the proverb, as in Harry and Lucy Concluded (1825) by the Irish novelist Maria Edgeworth:
“ All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy,
All play and no work makes Jack a mere toy. ”
Uses in popular media[edit]
While the proverb is used in several examples of popular media, from James Joyce's short story "Araby" to Jack Kerouac's Big Sur to the 1957 movie The Bridge on the River Kwai, the most famous use appears in the 1980 horror movie The Shining,[2] directed by Stanley Kubrick, in which the main character, Jack (played by Jack Nicholson), is found to have abandoned the play he was writing in favor of typing this sentence over and over onto reams of paper. Kubrick's addition of a psychotic edge to the proverb has had some effect on popular culture, inspiring several other works to include a direct homage to the scene.[3]
The "Sunday" computer virus, a member of the Jerusalem virus family discovered in 1989, contained a reference to the proverb. Infected files will contain the string "Today is Sunday! Why do you work so hard? All work and no play make you a dull boy! Come on! Let's go out and have some fun!" The virus's payload prints the proverb on the screen and then deletes all files running while the virus is a resident in the memory, as the original Jerusalem did every Friday the 13th.[citation needed]
In film and television[edit]
It is used in the film "I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang" (1932).
The phrase is spoken by the comic actor Oliver Hardy in Sons of the Desert (1933).
It is stated by Colonel Saito in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957).
It is stated by Thornhill in Hitchcock's North by Northwest (1959).[4]
In Season 5 Episode 30 "Opie Flunks Arithmetic" of The Andy Griffith Show - Aunt Bee uses the phrase to describe Opie's studying vs playing football. (April 1965)
In Thunderbirds Are Go Tin-Tin says: "All work and no play makes Scott a dull boy" (1966).
It is used in the film "The Shining" (1980).
It has been incorporated into the Hindi film "Mazdoor" (1983).
It is featured during the Simpsons intro when Bart writes at the chalkboard. Episode 90: The Last Temptation of Homer. (1995)
It is mentioned in Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London (2004).
It is said by Poorna Jagannathan in Delhi Belly (2011).
It is used by Peta Sergeant in the science-fiction comedy Iron Sky (2012).
It is used by (Dwight Schrute) in season 5 episode 27 of the hit comedy, "The Office".
It is used by (John Murphy) in season 4 episode 6 of the American drama series, "The 100".
In literature[edit]
It appears in chapter 10 of Karl Marx's Capital: Critique of Political Economy (Volume one), from 1867
It appears in chapter 36 of George Moore's 1894 novel Esther Waters
It appears in chapter 16 of John Dewey's How We Think, from 1910.
It appears in James Joyce's story "Araby" as the nameless narrator's uncle mentions the old saying.
It appears in Act II Scene I of the 1924 play Marco Millions by Eugene O'Neill.
It appears in chapter eight of Carson McCullers's 1998 novel Clock Without Hands.
It appears in Jack Kerouac's novel Big Sur from 1962.
It appears in Chinua Achebe's 1966 children's novel Chike and the River.
It appears in Tom Sharpe's novel Porterhouse Blue, by Mrs Biggs to Zipser.
It appears in Kurt Vonnegut's novel Jailbird from 1979.
It appears in Stephen King's novel Pet Sematary] as a brief mention.
It appears in the 1985 novel Ender's Game, by Orson Scott Card, as Peter Wiggin's mother addresses him.
It appears slightly altered in chapter 7 of Brian Jaques's 1986 novel Redwall, by Abbot Mortimer to Matthias.
It appears in Paul Auster's novel Squeeze Play from 1997.
It appears in Lee Child's 2006 novel The Hard Way.
It appears in chapter 24 of Grant Morrison's run in the comic book Doom Patrol.
In music[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Let Your Hair Down" is a 1973 single by American vocal group The Temptations which contains the lyrics "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy".
In the chorus of the song "Boy's Chorus (La Sui Monti Dell' Est)" from the 1984 Malcolm McLaren album Fans, but "Jack" is replaced with "Mac" - plus the line used is "all work and no joy", which rhymes with boy.
In the 1986 song "All Work and No Play" by Hüsker Dü from the Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely EP the line "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" is repeated 72 times.
In the 1990 song "He's a Man" by Madonna the name "Jack" is again replaced, this time by "Dick" referring to Dick Tracy, a fictional character portrayed in the film by Warren Beatty, which the song had been written for.
The song "Angry Chair" (1992) by Alice in Chains contains the verse "I'm a dull boy, work all day".
"American Dream" by Casting Crowns begins with the phrase.
In 2008 the metal music band Mudvayne released a song called "Dull Boy" with the quote included in their lyrics.
In 2012 the post-hardcore band Averia quote this in their song "The Overlook"
A song called "Still Sane" by the singer Lorde featured in her 2013 album titled Pure Heroine
In 2014 South African rap-rave group Die Antwoord released their single "Pitbull Terrier", which features a variation of the expression.
The song "Ali r u ok?" (2016) by "M.I.A. (rapper)" from her album "IAM" contains the phrase "All work and no play"
In television[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Used in episode of "My Three Sons" by Uncle Charlie: "All work and no play makes Steve a dull boy."
Aunt Bea said it in reference to Opie studying too much in the 1965 episode of "The Andy Griffith Show" called "Opie Flunks Arithmetic".
In the 1974 Columbo Episode "Mind Over Mayhem", Dr. Marshall Cahill (José Ferrer) tells Steve, a whiz kid who is playing chess with his toy robot, that "all work and no play make Jack a dull boy" to hint the boy not to work too much.
In an episode of Porridge, Fletcher tells Godber "all work and no play makes Jack a dull beanstalk"
In The Jeffersons, season 1 episode 4, Lionel Jefferson tells his girlfriend Jenny Willis to enjoy life saying, "All work and no play makes Jenny a dull girl." To this, Jenny responds, "Well, you know what I say? All play and no work makes Lionel a dummy!" It is also used in another episode during an argument between Lionel's parents, George and Louise, in which Louise, concerned by George's constant efforts to make money, tells him "You know, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy", to which George responds, "As usual, you're half right, Weezie. All work and no play makes jack!"
In the third episode of Twin Peaks, "Zen, or the Skill to Catch a Killer" Jerry Horne says to his brother Benjamin Horne: "All work and no play makes Ben and Jerry dull boys"
In Animaniacs, season 1, episode 27, segment "I Got Yer Can", Candie repeatedly types, "All work and no cans make Candie a dull Chipmunk".
Referenced by The Joker in an episode of The Animated Series ("Joker's Wild"). "All work and no play..."[5]
The phrase was parodied in an episode of The Critic as "All work no play makes Jay a dull boy."
One 1994 episode of The Simpsons, "Treehouse of Horror V" contained a Shining parody, where Marge finds a piece of paper with just two words – "Feelin' fine" – typed up, before noticing "No TV and no beer make Homer go crazy" written all over the walls. This is also parodied in the 1997 episode "The Springfield Files" as a cascading text, in the manner of The X-Files. The proverb is also referenced in the chalkboard gags of season five episode "The Last Temptation of Homer" and of season twenty-five's "Treehouse of Horror XXIV."
In "Leverage" "all work and no play makes Monica dull girl" is put on dozens of pages in an evidence folder to embarrass a TV reporter.
In "Men in Black: The Series" Season 2 episode 15, when Jay is working too many hours at MiB he discovers that L is using a quick clone to do her work after he threatens to let it out of the box she agrees to make 4 clones when J is discovered by K talking to L on the phone he says "All work and no play makes J look like K".
In a 1999 episode of Family Guy, "Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater", when Stewie was riding his tri-bike at Lois's big inherited house and met the twins from The Shining at a corridor and they said "Come play with us Stewie for ever, and ever and ever", Stewie replied back to them "All work and no play makes Stewie a dull boy".
In the 1999 episode of Melrose Place "When cheerleaders attack" Lexi Sterling played by Jamie Luner says the line "all work and no play makes Megan a dull girl" to Megan Lewis played by Kelly Rutherford
The episode of the cartoon Ed, Edd n Eddy titled "Stop, Look and Ed" features Eddy telling Rolf that "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy".
In the episode 2 of the first season of Gilmore Girls, Lorelai has an argument with her mother about her attempt to pay for the installation of a DSL line on Lorelai's house. Lorelai alleges that her current, slower connection gives her time to dance and have a snack. With a faster connection "It would be all work and no play, haven't you seen The Shining, mum?"
In the fifteenth episode of the second season (215) of Queer as Folk, Justin and Michael are working on their comic book late into the night, resulting in Brian having to go to Babylon alone. Before leaving for the club, he tells them : "Well just remember, all work and no dick make Mikey and Sunshine dull boys."
One 2001 episode of CSI includes a scene where Greg Sanders is caught dancing in the lab by his boss, and says "All work and no play makes Greg a dull boy". Gil Grissom responds by saying that all play and no work makes Greg an unemployed boy.
A 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, "Gone", includes a scene where Buffy Summers fills a social worker's report with pages consisting entirely of repetitions of "All work and no play make Doris a dull girl".
In Gilmore Girls, season 4 episode 21, Tana Schrick's boyfriend, Chester Fleet, lost a bet against Tana and therefore he had to go all day only talking in cliches, which Paris thinks is annoying. Paris points out that Rory doesn't go out enough, so Chester says "All work and no play makes Jack.." but then gets interrupted by Paris' mean look.
In the Power Rangers SPD episode "Recognition", the team leader Jack uses the phrase to describe the uptight Sky, who prefers to work as his method of relaxing. "All work and no play make Sky a dull boy."
In Supernatural, Dean Winchester reads an insane doctor's writings about the "treatments" he used on his patients and comments "all work and no play make Doctor Ellicot a very dull boy." The same phrase is used again in Season 2 when Dean investigates a crime scene and finds sheets of paper with the same name printed over and over, in reference to the film "The Shining".
During "Cafe Disco", an episode on the popular NBC series The Office, Dwight makes a remark after Michael states that the office has gotten boring, saying "All work and no play makes Michael a dull boy!"
In a 2009 episode of Wizards of Waverly Place, Max Russo played by Jake T. Austin, says the line to Alex Russo (Selena Gomez) when he is doing an impression of Jack Nicholson.[episode needed]
It was used in Season 1, Episode 5 of the TV series Downton Abbey, when Mary tells Matthew that "You know what all work and no play did for Jack" and Matthew answers that "You think I'm a dull boy anyway, don't you." The saying was used once again when Lord Gillingham's valet flirts with Anna in Season 4, Episode 3 when he says, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy and Jill a dull girl."
In The Blacklist, season 2 episode 2, Raymond Reddington says "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" to a Mossad double agent when she says she looks forward to working with him.
In Mind Your Language, season 2, episode 4, professor Mr. Brown says "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" to Ranjeet, one of his students.
In Halt and Catch Fire season 1, episode 7, Cameron says it to Joe, who's working late, replacing 'Jack' with 'Joe'.
In Criminal Minds season 1, episode 22, Garcia's computer gets hacked and her screen gets full with "All Work No Play".
In video games[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the game Command & Conquer: Renegade during the last mission. "All work and no play, may make Jack a dull boy." can occasionally be heard from the loudspeakers in the Temple of Nod.
In the game Kingdom of Loathing in one of the quests, the player finds a tape with this sentence repeated and Jack replaced by the player's name.
In the Safehouse Nightmare mission in PAYDAY 2 (with Jack substituted for the character Wolf).
In the game Jazzpunk. In the first mission, when the player enters the world of pizza.
In chapter 2 of the game Hyperdimension Neptunia Re;Birth 1, Neptune says "All work and no play makes Nep a dull girl".
In the game Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate there's a message that reads: "All play and no rest makes a hunter dull nya"
In the game Tropico 3 El Presidente can be heard saying: "All work and no play for El Presidente!".
In the game RuneScape, during the quest What Lies Below, the player says "All work and no play makes [player name] a dull adventurer."
In the game Bot Colony, when talking to the maintenance bot 'Charlie', He says "All work and no play makes Charlie a dull boy."
In the game Rust, the quote can be found on a typewriter inside of the Rocket Factory.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "JamHowell Quotes and Quotations". Famous Quotes and Authors.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Film Script, The Shining". p. 107.
Jump up ^ "Movie connections for The Shining (1980)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
Jump up ^ Hitchcock/Lehman. "Shooting Script, North by Northwest (1958)" (PDF). p. 107.
Jump up ^ "": The Animated Series" Joker's Wild (TV Episode 1992)". IMDb.
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Northern flicker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Northern flicker
Female C. a. auratus
Male C. a. auratus
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Tetrapodomorpha
Class: Aves
Order: Piciformes
Family: Picidae
Genus: Colaptes
Species: C. auratus
Binomial name
Colaptes auratus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Summer only range Winter only range Year-round range
Synonyms
Cuculus auratus Linnaeus, 1758
Picus auratus Linnaeus, 1766
Northern flicker, Roslyn, New York
The northern flicker (Colaptes auratus) is a medium-sized bird of the woodpecker family. It is native to most of North America, parts of Central America, Cuba, and the Cayman Islands, and is one of the few woodpecker species that migrate. Over 100 common names for the northern flicker are known, including yellowhammer (not to be confused with the Eurasian yellowhammer), clape, gaffer woodpecker, harry-wicket, heigh-ho, wake-up, walk-up, wick-up, yarrup, and gawker bird. Many of these names derive from attempts to imitate some of its calls.
Contents
1 Taxonomy
2 Description
2.1 Call and flight
3 Behavior
3.1 Diet
4 Habitat
5 Lifespan
5.1 Reproduction
5.2 Wintering and migration
6 References
7 External links
Taxonomy[edit]
The northern flicker is part of the genus Colaptes, which encompasses 12 New World woodpeckers. Nine subspecies (one of them extinct) of C. auratus are recognized.[2] The existing subspecies were at one time considered separate species, but they commonly interbreed where ranges overlap and are now considered one species by the American Ornithologists Union. This is an example of the "species problem".
The yellow-shafted flicker (C. a. auratus) resides in eastern North America. They are yellow under the tail and underwings and have yellow shafts on their primaries. They have a grey cap, a beige face, and a red bar at the nape of the neck. Males have a black moustache. Colaptes comes from the Greek verb colapt, meaning "to peck"; auratus is from the Latin root aurat, meaning "gold" or "golden", and refers to the bird's underwing.
As the state bird of Alabama,[3] this subspecies is known by the common name "yellowhammer," a term that originated during the American Civil War to describe Confederate soldiers from Alabama.[4]
The red-shafted flicker (C. a. cafer) resides in western North America. They are red under the tail and underwings and have red shafts on their primaries. They have a beige cap and a grey face. Males have a red moustache. The subspecific name, C. a. cafer, is the result of an error made in 1788 by the German systematist Johann Gmelin, who believed that its original habitat was in South Africa among the Xhosa people, then known as the "Kaffirs".
C. a. collaris has a range that closely overlaps that of C. a. cafer, extending along much of the west coast of North America from British Columbia to northwestern Mexico.
The boreal flicker (C. a. luteus; syn. C. a. borealis) is present from central Alaska through most of Canada to southern Newfoundland and Labrador and the northeastern United States.
C. a. mexicanus is present in central and southern Mexico, from Durango to San Luis Potosí and Oaxaca.
The Guatemalan flicker (C. a. mexicanoides) is native to the highlands of southern Mexico and Central America.
C. a. chrysocaulosus is endemic to Cuba.
C. a. gundlachi is restricted to Grand Cayman in the Cayman Islands.
The Guadalupe flicker (C. a. rufipileus; syn. C. cafer rufipileus) is an extinct subspecies formerly restricted to Guadalupe Island, off the northwest coast of Mexico. Its presence was last recorded in 1906.[5]
C. a. cafer: female (left), male (right)
C. a. chrysocaulosus
female, Cuba
Description[edit]
Adults are brown with black bars on the back and wings. A mid- to large-sized woodpecker measures 28–36 cm (11–14 in) in length and 42–54 cm (17–21 in) in wingspan.[6][7] The body mass can vary from 86 to 167 g (3.0 to 5.9 oz).[8] Among standard scientific measurements, the wing bone measures 12.2–17.1 cm (4.8–6.7 in), the tail measures 7.5–11.5 cm (3.0–4.5 in), the bill measures 2.2–4.3 cm (0.87–1.69 in) and the tarsus measures 2.2–3.1 cm (0.87–1.22 in). The largest-bodied specimens are from the northern stretches of the species range, at the latitude of Alaska and Labrador, while the smallest specimens come from Grand Cayman Island.[9] A necklace-like black patch occupies the upper breast, while the lower breast and belly are beige with black spots. Males can be identified by a black or red moustachial stripe at the base of the beak. The tail is dark on top, transitioning to a white rump which is conspicuous in flight. Subspecific plumage is variable.
Call and flight[edit]
This bird's call is a sustained laugh, ki ki ki ki, more congenial than that of the pileated woodpecker. One may also hear a constant knocking as they often drum on trees or even metal objects to declare territory. Like most woodpeckers, northern flickers drum on objects as a form of communication and territory defense. In such cases, the object is to make as loud a noise as possible, so woodpeckers sometimes drum on metal objects.
Northern flicker
Long Island, NY, August 1996, by Tony Phillips
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Like many woodpeckers, its flight is undulating. The repeated cycle of a quick succession of flaps followed by a pause creates an effect comparable to a rollercoaster.
A northern flicker at a tree in the Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge
Behavior[edit]
Diet[edit]
According to the Audubon field guide, "flickers are the only woodpeckers that frequently feed on the ground", probing with their beak, also sometimes catching insects in flight. Although they eat fruits, berries, seeds, and nuts, their primary food is insects. Ants alone can make up 45% of their diet. Other invertebrates eaten include flies, butterflies, moths, beetles, and snails. Flickers also eat berries and seeds, especially in winter, including poison oak and poison ivy, dogwood, sumac, wild cherry, grape, bayberries, hackberries, and elderberries, as well as sunflower and thistle seeds. Flickers often break into underground ant colonies to get at the nutritious larvae there, hammering at the soil the way other woodpeckers drill into wood. They have been observed breaking up cow dung to eat insects living within. Their tongues can dart out 50 mm (2.0 in) beyond the end of the bill to catch prey.[10] The flicker is a natural predator of the European corn borer, a moth that costs the US agriculture industry more than $1 billion annually in crop losses and population control.[11][12] As well as eating ants, flickers exhibit a behavior known as anting, in which they use the formic acid from the ants to assist in preening, as it is useful in keeping them free of parasites.
Habitat[edit]
Flickers may be observed in open habitats near trees, including woodlands, edges, yards, and parks. In the western United States, one can find them in mountain forests all the way up to tree line. Northern flickers generally nest in holes in trees like other woodpeckers. Occasionally, they have been found nesting in old, earthen burrows vacated by belted kingfishers or bank swallows. Both sexes help with nest excavation. The entrance hole is about 7.6 cm (3.0 in) in diameter, and the cavity is 33–41 cm (13–16 in) deep. The cavity widens at bottom to make room for eggs and the incubating adult. Inside, the cavity is bare except for a bed of wood chips for the eggs and chicks to rest on. Once nestlings are about 17 days old, they begin clinging to the cavity wall rather than lying on the floor.
Lifespan[edit]
The oldest yet known "yellow-shafted" northern flicker lived to be at least 9 years 2 months old, and the oldest yet known “red-shafted” northern flicker lived to be at least 8 years 9 months old.[10]
Reproduction[edit]
Two males in a territorial display during spring
Their breeding habitat consists of forested areas across North America and as far south as Central America. They are cavity nesters which typically nest in trees, but they also use posts and birdhouses if sized and situated appropriately. They prefer to excavate their own home, although they reuse and repair damaged or abandoned nests. Abandoned flicker nests create habitat for other cavity nesters. Flickers are sometimes driven from nesting sites by another cavity nester, the European starling.
About 1 to 2 weeks are needed for a mated pair to build the nest. The entrance hole is roughly 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) wide.
Northern flicker feeding juvenile at nest cavity entrance
A typical clutch consists of six to eight eggs whose shells are pure white with a smooth surface and high gloss. The eggs are the second-largest of the North American woodpecker species, exceeded only by the pileated woodpecker's. Incubation is by both sexes for about 11 to 12 days. The young are fed by regurgitation and fledge about 25 to 28 days after hatching.
Wintering and migration[edit]
Northern birds migrate to the southern parts of the range; southern birds are often permanent residents.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Colaptes auratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Colaptes auratus report". ITIS Report. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alabama State Bird". Alabama Emblems, Symbols and Honors. Alabama Department of Archives & History. 2006-04-27. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
Jump up ^ Record, James (1970). A Dream Come True: The Story of Madison County and Incidentally of Alabama and the United States. Huntsville, Alabama: John Hicklin Printing Company. p. 128. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Northern Flicker: Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Avibase - the world bird database. Bird Studies Canada. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ [1] (2011).
Jump up ^ [2] (2011).
Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
Jump up ^ Woodpeckers: An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World by Hans Winkler, David A. Christie & David Nurney. Houghton Mifflin (1995), ISBN 978-0-395-72043-1
^ Jump up to: a b "Northern Flicker". The Cornell Lab of Ornithology (All About Birds). Retrieved 2015-10-03.
Jump up ^ "The European Corn Borer | The European Corn Borer". www.ent.iastate.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
Jump up ^ "European corn borer - Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner)". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northern flicker.
Wikispecies has information related to Colaptes auratus
Northern Flicker Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Northern Flicker - Colaptes auratus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
A sample of the call of a Northern Flicker by the USGS
Stamps (for Antigua, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, United States) (imperfect Range Map) at bird-stamps.org
"Northern Flicker media". Internet Bird Collection.
Northern flicker photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Calls of the northern flicker at Animal Diversity Web
Northern (Yellow-shafted) Flicker Bird Sound at Florida Museum of Natural History
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q16819
Wikispecies: Colaptes auratus
ABA: norfli
ADW: Colaptes_auratus
ARKive: colaptes-auratus
Avibase: 756009696D15E8A0
BirdLife: 22726404
eBird: norfli
EoL: 917151
Fossilworks: 129808
GBIF: 2478259
IBC: northern-flicker-colaptes-auratus
iNaturalist: 18236
IRMNG: 10696452
ITIS: 178154
IUCN: 22726404
NBN: NHMSYS0000533159
NCBI: 51355
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_flicker&oldid=857806765"
Categories:
IUCN Red List least concern species
Colaptes
Birds of North America
Birds of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
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Kalingattuparani
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Kalingattuparani
Author
Jayamkondar
Country
India
Language
Tamil
Genre
Epic poetry
Kalingatteuparani is a 12th-century Tamil poem and a war song by Jayamkondar, celebrating the victory of Kulottunga Chola I over the Kalinga king, Anantavarman Chodaganga in the Chola-Kalinga war.[1][2] parani is a type of literature thy is written on a king(person) who kills a thousand elephants in a war. Hence, kalingattuparani depicts that kulottunga chola I killed a thousand elephants in tha chola-kalinga war. It gives a vivid and a graphic description of battle scenes. It is hailed as one of the master-pieces of Tamil literature with its majestic style and diction.[3] Kulottunga Chola I is the protagonist and the hero of this work.[4][5] Jayakondar, the court poet, touches on various sections such as lineage of the king, his birth, his family, the training in warfare that he received as a child, his accession to the throne, his exploits and his subsequent move to the city of Kanchi. The author then proceeds to explain the training that Kulothunga received in warfare and his heroics in Vayiragaram and Chakrakottam while he was still young. Next he proceeds to talk about his queens and how one day the king wanted to move his capital to Kanchi. Finally, he touches on the circumstances which led to the Kalinga war. Karunakara Thondaiman, a Pallavan prince and a feudatory will distinguish himself in this affair.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture, page 13
Jump up ^ Tamil studies, Volume 1, page 65
Jump up ^ Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu, page 77
Jump up ^ History of medieval Andhradesa, page 25
Jump up ^ History of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, 610–1210 A.D.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalingattuparani&oldid=780811406"
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This page was last edited on 17 May 2017, at 09:44.
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