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Pledge of Allegiance (United States)
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This article is about the U.S. oath of allegiance. For the general topic of oaths of allegiance, see Oath of allegiance. For other uses, see Pledge of Allegiance (disambiguation).
Pledge of Allegiance
(Bellamy versions)
(changes are bolded and underlined)
1892 (first version) [1]
"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
1892 to 1923
"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
1923 to 1954 [1]
"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
1954 (current version)
4 U.S.C. §4 [2]
"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America, originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch,[3][4][5] a Union Army Officer in the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City Schools. The form of the pledge we use today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892 and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942.[6] The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The last change in language came on Flag Day 1954 when the words "under God" were added.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recital
2 Origins
2.1 Balch and Bellamy pledges
2.2 Francis Bellamy's account
3 Changes
3.1 Addition of "under God"
4 Salute
5 Music
6 Controversy
6.1 Legal challenges
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Recital[edit]
Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[8] In a number of states state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this.[9]
The United States Flag Code says:
The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag—"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."[10]—should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform.[2]
Origins[edit]
Balch and Bellamy pledges[edit]
The Pledge of Allegiance, as it exists in its current form, was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), who was a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist,[11][12] and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy (1850–1898). There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch, a veteran of the Civil War, who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education. Balch's pledge, which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read:
We give our heads and hearts to God and our country; one country, one language, one flag![3]
Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school.[3][13] Balch's pledge, which predates Bellamy's by 5 years [which year?] and was embraced by many schools, by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s, and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference, is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge.[14] Bellamy, however, did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it, referring to the text as "too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[15] The Bellamy "Pledge of Allegiance" was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children's magazine The Youth's Companion as part of the National Public-School Celebration of Columbus Day, a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools.[16] According to author Margarette S. Miller, this campaign was in line both with Upham's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. According to Miller, Upham "would often say to his wife: 'Mary, if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded, and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution, I shall not have lived in vain.'"[17]
Bellamy's original Pledge read:
I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.[1][18]
Students reciting a pledge on Flag Day in 1899
The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds. As a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity[16] but decided against it, knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans.[19]
Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations. This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335. Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition (the Chicago World's Fair), Illinois.[20]
Francis Bellamy's account[edit]
In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge Francis Bellamy said, "At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was (sic) at a low ebb. The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools."[15] James Upham "felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse,"[15] so his publication "fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost, which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year (1892-93).[15]
As the World's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publication's flag drive to the event, "so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising, under the most impressive conditions."[15] Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying "not only the superintendents of education in all the States, but [he] also worked with governors, Congressmen, and even the President of the United States."[15] The publication's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which The Youth's Companion made "an official program for universal use in all the schools."[15] Bellamy recalled that the event "had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity."[15]
Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event, and "There was also an oration suitable for declamation."[15] Bellamy held that "Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag, with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison."[15] He found "There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute. The Balch salute, which ran, "I give my heart and my hand to my country, one country, one language, one flag," seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[15] After working on the idea with Upham, Bellamy concluded, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. I especially stressed the word 'allegiance'. ... Beginning with the new word allegiance, I first decided that 'pledge' was a better school word than 'vow' or 'swear'; and that the first person singular should be used, and that 'my' flag was preferable to 'the.'"[15] Bellamy considered the words "country, nation, or Republic," choosing the last as "it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution. The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands."[15] Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures, and concluded "all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words, one Nation indivisible."[15]
Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution, Liberté, égalité, fraternité ("liberty, equality, fraternity"), but held that "fraternity was too remote of realization, and … [that] equality was a dubious word."[15] Concluding "Liberty and justice were surely basic, were undebatable, and were all that any one Nation could handle. If they were exercised for all. they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity."[15]
After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth's Companion, the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program. Bellamy noted that, "In later years the words 'to my flag' were changed to 'to the flag of the United States of America' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools."[15] Bellamy disliked the change, as "it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition."[15]
Changes[edit]
A plaque in Lansing, MI, dated 1918, listing the Balch Pledge, which was used parallel to the Bellamy Pledge until the National Flag Conference in 1923.
In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, The American Monthly, listed the "formula of allegiance" as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance, which reads:[14]
I pledge allegiance to my flag, and the republic for which it stands. I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country. One country, one language and one flag.
In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution, such as in 1915's "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution" and 1916's annual "National Report," the Balch Pledge, listed as official in 1906, is now categorized as "Old Pledge" with Bellamy's version under the heading "New Pledge."[21][22] However, the "Old Pledge" continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923.
In 1923, the National Flag Conference called for the words "my Flag" to be changed to "the Flag of the United States," so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words "of America" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942:[23]
I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.
Addition of "under God"[edit]
"Under God" redirects here. For the book, see Under God (book).
Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of "under God" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea.[24][25] He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948,[24] he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words "under God" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words "under God", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said "that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom." Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings.[24]
In 1951, the Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance.[26] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words "under God" after the words "one nation." Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal, and copies of this resolution were sent to the President, the Vice President (as Presiding Officer of the Senate), and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24, 1952, adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president, Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart. Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter. This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation. These attempts were eventually a success.[27]
At the suggestion of a correspondent, Representative Louis C. Rabaut (D-Mich.), of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words "under God" to the Pledge in 1953.[28]
Rev. Dr. George MacPherson Docherty (left) and President Eisenhower (second from left) on the morning of February 7, 1954, at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church.
Before February 1954, no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded. The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty. Some American presidents honored Lincoln's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended, New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12. On February 7, 1954, with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln's pew, the church's pastor, George MacPherson Docherty, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled "A New Birth of Freedom." He argued that the nation's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose. He noted that the Pledge's sentiments could be those of any nation: "There was something missing in the pledge, and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life." He cited Lincoln's words "under God" as defining words that set the US apart from other nations.[citation needed]
President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently, just a year before. He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service. Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8, 1954, Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill to that effect. Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[29] Eisenhower said:
From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural school house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty.... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource, in peace or in war.[30]
The phrase "under God" was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14, 1954, by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942.[29]
On October 6, 1954, the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution, first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954, which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance.[27]
Even though the movement behind inserting "under God" into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge, author Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed. Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push-back against atheistic communism during the Cold War, but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role.[31]
Salute[edit]
Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute. An early version of the salute, adopted in 1887, known as the Balch Salute, which accompanied the Balch pledge, instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag, the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead, followed by being placed flat over the heart, and finally falling to the side.[3]
In 1892, Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute. It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag, palm down, and ended with the palm up. Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, which was adopted in Germany later, the US Congress stipulated that the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute. Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22, 1942, when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22, 1942.[32] Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 (Section 301(b)(1)of title 36, United States Code), language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag, when the colors are presented, and during the National Anthem.[33]
Music[edit]
Musical setting by Irving Caesar
A musical setting for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase "under God" was signed into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[34]
The composer, Irving Caesar, wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime. Dedicated to social issues, he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government, so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties.[35][36]
It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day, June 14, 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the "Singing Sergeants". A July 29, 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge.[37]
Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted, including by Beck (2003), Lovrekovich (2002 and 2001), Roton (1991), Fijol (1986), and Girardet (1983).[38]
Controversy[edit]
Main article: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance
In 1940, the Supreme Court, in Minersville School District v. Gobitis, ruled that students in public schools, including the respondents in that case—Jehovah's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry—could be compelled to swear the Pledge. In 1943, in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court reversed its decision. Justice Robert H. Jackson, writing for the 6 to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country, concluding with:
If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. If there are any circumstances which permit an exception, they do not now occur to us.[39]
In a later case, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge.[40]
First graders of Japanese ancestry pledging allegiance to the American flag (1942, photo by Dorothea Lange).
Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds.
One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing, which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance.[41][40] Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day, small children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making.[42] Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase "under God" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[43]
In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, "under God" meant "God willing", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd.[44][45]
Legal challenges[edit]
Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag.[46] They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.[47][48]
In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase "under God" an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school. In 2004, the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, an appeal of the ruling, and rejected Newdow's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent, and therefore lacked standing, thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school-sponsored recitation. On January 3, 2005, a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families. On September 14, 2005, District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor. Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Karlton issued an Order stating that, upon proper motion, he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to "one Nation under God."[49]
A 2005 Bill, H.R. 2389, to prohibit the Supreme Court's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance, died in the Senate after having passed in the House. This action is viewed[by whom?] in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the Judiciary. Even if a similar bill is enacted, its practical effect may not be clear:[opinion] proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights, since this can only be done through Constitutional Amendment. Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional, the US separation of powers would be disturbed, or rendered non-functional.[50]
Mark J. Pelavin, former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that:[51][52]
Today's House adoption of the so-called "Pledge Protection Act" is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans. By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts, including the Supreme Court, from cases involving the Pledge, this legislation sets a dangerous precedent: threatening religious liberty, compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded, and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes. Today, the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance, but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights, civil rights, or any other fundamental concern.
—  Mark J. Pelavin, Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism
In 2006, in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre, a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution.[53] As a result of that decision, a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called "unpatriotic" by a teacher.[54]
In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, as state law and the school's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge.[55]
On March 11, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District.[56][57] In a 2–1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not constitute an establishment of religion.[56] Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that "the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution."[58]
On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary.[59][60] A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13, 2011.[61][62]
In September 2013, a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts.[63] In May 2014, Massachusetts' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists, saying that the words "under God" represent a patriotic, not a religious, exercise.[64]
In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that "… the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message."[65] The case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God" in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens." In a twenty-one page decision, Bauman wrote, "Under [the association members'] reasoning, the very constitution under which [the members] seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which [association members] do not and cannot advance here."[65] Bauman said the student could skip the pledge, but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have "conscientious scruples" that do not allow it.[66][67] He noted, "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.”
See also[edit]
Australian citizenship affirmation, a similar concept
Ceremonial deism
Flag Salute
Loyalty oaths in the United States
Youth's Companion Building, where the Pledge of Allegiance was written and published
Separation of church and state, which provides more information surrounding "under god" in the pledge
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Jump up ^ ""Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" H. Con. Res. 161 Statute 69 Pages B24-B25 Concurrent Resolutions - July 26, 1955" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright search for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag"".
Jump up ^ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624, 642 (U.S. Supreme Court 1943).
^ Jump up to: a b Holloman ex rel. Holloman v. Harland , 370 F.3d 1252 (11th Cir. 2004).
Jump up ^ Lane v. Owens; 03-B-1544, United States District Court, District of Colorado
Jump up ^ Olander, Herbert T. (December 1941). "Children's Knowledge of the Flag Salute". The Journal of Educational Research. 35 (4): 300–305. JSTOR 27528245.
Jump up ^ "Court upholds 'under God' in Pledge of Allegiance". Associated Press. 2010-03-11. Archived from the original on 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg (2004-06-20). "I Might Have Guessed Parson Weems Would Figure In There Somewhere". Language Log. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg (2004-06-20). ""(Next) Under God," Phrasal Idiom". Language Log. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses-Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, 1993, pp. 196-197.
Jump up ^ "Flag Salute Cases". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
Jump up ^ Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 586, 60 S. Ct. 1010, 84 L. Ed. 1375 (1940)
Jump up ^ Kravets, David (September 16, 2005), "Federal judge rules Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional", The Chicago Defender, archived from the original on 2006-01-11, retrieved 2008-03-31
Jump up ^ "Retired Federal Judges Urge Congress Not to Pass "Court-Stripping" Measure that Would Deny Rights in". Brennancenter.org. 2005-12-08. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Who We Are: Mark J. Pelavin, Senior Advisor to the President". Union for Reform Judaism. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Court-stripping and Legislating Against the First Amendment (12 July 2006)". Jewsonfirst.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
Jump up ^ Frazier v. Alexandre , 434 F.Supp.2d 1350 (S.D. Fla. May 31, 2006).
Jump up ^ "Frazier v. Alexandre, No. 05-81142 (S.D. Fla. May 31, 2006)". National School Boards Association. March 15, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-03-15.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Jenna (February 24, 2010). "Pledge of Allegiance dispute results in Md. teacher having to apologize". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Chea, Terence (March 12, 2010). "Fed. appeals court upholds 'under God' in pledge". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2010-03-15. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
Jump up ^ Newdow vs. Rio Linda Union School District (9th Cir. March 12, 2010). Text
Jump up ^ "Pledge of Allegiance's God reference now upheld by court". LA Times. March 12, 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
Jump up ^ Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Hanover School District (1st Cir. Nov 12, 2010). Text
Jump up ^ Lavoie, Denise (November 15, 2010). "Court OKs NH law allowing 'God' pledge in schools". The Boston Globe. Boston, MA: Christopher M. Mayer. Retrieved 2010-11-16. The constitutionality of a New Hampshire law...
Jump up ^ Egelko, Bob (June 15, 2011). "High court spurns atheist's 'under God' challenge". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, CA: Hearst Corporation. A Sacramento atheist's challenge to the addition of "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance...
Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States (June 13, 2011). "Freedom From Religion Foundation, Petitioner v. United States, et al". Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
Jump up ^ "'Under God' part of Pledge of Allegiance under review in Massachusetts". CNN.com. 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
Jump up ^ "Massachusetts court rules 'under God' in pledge does not discriminate against atheists". The Washington Post. 2014-05-09. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Under God' is not discriminatory and will stay in pledge, judge says". NJ.com. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo. "Hearing 'Under God' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students, NJ judge rules". NorthJersey.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools". Forbes. 7 February 2015. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Martin, Leisa A. (May–June 2008). "Examining the Pledge of Allegiance". Social Studies. 99 (3): 127–131. doi:10.3200/tsss.99.3.127-131.
John W. Baer (2007). The Pledge of Allegiance: A Revised History and Analysis, 1892–2007 (Free State Press, Inc.) ISBN 978-0-9650620-2-2 Excerpt, Chapter Eight: "Under God" and Other Questions About the Pledge.
Richard J. Ellis (2005). To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press) ISBN 0-7006-1372-2
Marc Leepson (2005). Flag: An American Biography (Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press) ISBN 0-312-32308-5
Kevin M. Kruse (2015). One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America, Basic Books, ISBN 0465049494.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutPledge of Allegiance (United States)at Wikipedia's sister projects
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4 U.S.C. § 4
Docherty's Sermon Manuscript, Feb. 7, 1954[dead link]
Minister Reprises "Under God" Sermon
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Orange Is the New Black (season 6)
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Orange Is the New Black (season 6)
Promotional poster
Starring
Taylor Schilling
Natasha Lyonne
Uzo Aduba
Danielle Brooks
Jackie Cruz
Laura Gómez
Selenis Leyva
Taryn Manning
Adrienne C. Moore
Matt Peters
Jessica Pimentel
Dascha Polanco
Elizabeth Rodriguez
Nick Sandow
Dale Soules
Yael Stone
Kate Mulgrew
Laura Prepon
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 5
List of Orange Is the New Black episodes
The sixth season of the American comedy-drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on July 27, 2018, at 12:00 am PDT in multiple countries.[1] It consists of thirteen episodes, each between 50–84 minutes. The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum-security federal prison. The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan.[2]
This season takes place in a maximum security prison, after the inmates incite a riot at Litchfield Penitentiary during the previous season, and the season deals with the fallout from the riot.[3] The main story arc of the season involves a gang-like war between two cell blocks which is sparked by the feud between two sisters. Meanwhile, the guards play a fantasy sport game called "fantasy inmate". Several supporting characters who appeared throughout the first five seasons are absent in this season due to change in setting, but this season introduces several new characters featured in maximum security.[4]
Contents
1 Episodes
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Special guest stars
2.3 Recurring cast
2.3.1 Inmates
2.3.2 Staff
2.3.3 Others
3 Production
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date
66
1 "Who Knows Better Than I" Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Suzanne & Cindy July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Suzanne hallucinates about those who were captured during the riot. Meanwhile, those who were found in the bunker have been taken to Litchfield's maximum security prison but soon detectives interrogate everyone about Piscatella's death, starting off with Suzanne. The girls soon face individual problems as a result of the aftermath as well as being emotionally and physically abused by the corrupt guards in the prison and facing new antagonistic inmates. The riot leaves Red frantic about her friends and wondering whether they will tell the truth or not, while Piper begins to worry about Alex after she was dragged away by guards in the chaos. Daya suffers abuse from the guards, while Gloria and Maria start a fight in the rec room, and are soon handcuffed and forced to kiss one another by the guards. Nicky struggles to deal with her father when she is forced to ask him to hire a lawyer to defend her. Piper learns that a prisoner died during the riot and fears it was Alex. Suzanne is released from questioning and brought to the prison which she realizes is not her "home" anymore.
Flashback: Flashbacks depict that Suzanne and Black Cindy hid from prisoners in the pool and that the CERT officers had covered up Piscatella's death to make it look like one of the inmates had killed him. Suzanne and Black Cindy are caught eventually. On the bus to max however, Red comes with a story that Piscatella brought them to the pool to torture them. Suzanne soon snaps when she is forced to lie about what they saw, but Cindy gently makes her do so for fear of the guards who did kill Piscatella.
67
2 "Sh*tstorm Coming" Mark A. Burley Brian Chamberlayne Cindy July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Federal authorities file charges over the riot, with two inmates getting life sentences for killing the guards, including Daya, who pleads guilty to second-degree murder for Humphrey. Three more will get 10 years for inciting the riot including Taystee. Meanwhile, Caputo, on paid suspension over the riot, reconnects with Figueroa but learns that she has taken his position as interim warden. Piper learns that her new cellmate, Beth, murdered her three children and that Madison "Badison" Murphy is the C-block bully. CO Coates is revealed to have run away with Pennsatucky and hidden her in the trunk of the car, but when he drives Dixon to his sister's, Dixon finds a road trip itinerary and—mistaking it for a bucket list—demands to come along. Gloria intends to frame Maria for what she did in the riot, but Ruiz tells an opposing story to the authorities; Gloria invents a religious holiday to get Blanca to corroborate her version. Black Cindy attempts to warn Taystee about the plan to frame her for Piscatella's death, but her prints are found on the gun. Black Cindy accidentally reveals that Taystee was the one who had the gun, and the agents reveal that they will grant immunity for testimony they can use.
Flashback: Flashbacks show Black Cindy during her teenage years, where she is used by a boy for sex. She is hurt when he sticks up for his real girlfriend Jasmine instead of Black Cindy when his friends mock her. When she gets pregnant, her parents demand to know the father's identity, something that she will not tell them, as she thinks they will ruin her chance with him. After her daughter's birth, Cindy ignores her child and frequently silences out the cries with music. Cindy watches her mother hold her daughter and sneaks out of the house.
68
3 "Look Out for Number One" Erin Feeley Hilary Weisman Graham Frieda, Carol & Barb July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Linda is finally released but not before her head is shaved following a lice outbreak. She threatens to sue MCC for $10 million for her ordeal, unless they triple her salary and give her a promotion to senior vice president. In Litchfield Max, the inmates soon begin to realize the power structure that takes place among the prison with D Block being ruled by an older yet powerful inmate named Barbara, who orders others to steal the toiletries of the new inmates. It is revealed that B Block, dubbed "Florida" for its many elderly inmates, is the mildest and thus safest place to be amidst a decade-old feud between C Block and D Block. Daya continues to receive unprovoked beatings from the guards, and an inmate named "Daddy" tries to befriend her and gives her oxycodone for her injuries. Nicky discovers that her father is engaged to her lawyer and even has two children with her. Authorities threaten to add 70 years to Nicky's sentence for raiding the pharmacy during the riot. Trying to warn her about Piscatella, Red sends a message to Piper ("Tall one killed in pool"), but Piper misinterprets this to mean Alex. Devastated, Piper tells the authorities what they want to hear, that Red lured Piscatella to the pool, as does Frieda, who exchanges stares with an old enemy, Carol. Frieda is relieved to be taken to "Florida" where she reunites with Suzanne.
Flashback: In the 1980s, a young Frieda Berlin is in Litchfield Max and runs a secret black market with Carol, whose sister, Barbara, runs a rival market in the prison. After a confrontation with Barbara over property, both Frieda and Carol return to find that most of their stash has been stolen and immediately assume that it was Barbara. During a game of kickball with the inmates, Carol soon starts a brawl and upon pinning Barbara to the ground, she learns that her sister was not the one who stole their stash but that it was Frieda instead. Frieda brings the stolen items to the warden and as a reward, is brought to Litchfield minimum security prison.
69
4 "I'm the Talking Ass" Phil Abraham Tami Sagher Nicky July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Pressured to turn on Red, Nicky does not know what to do. Red, thinking she will only get a slightly shorter sentence, convinces Nicky to take the deal even if it means more time for her. Released from prison and trying to get her children out of foster care, Aleida struggles to find work and ends up hawking dietary shakes and supplements. Caputo faces a transfer to the Missouri State Penitentiary, a place so depressing the previous warden killed himself. Taystee, accused of killing Piscatella, begs Caputo for help, but he says he tried to help her during the riot and cannot do anything else for her. The COs play a "Fantasy Inmate" game where the inmates on their fantasy teams earn points for various infractions and incidents.
Flashback: Fed up with her divorced parents' selfish behavior, the well-behaved Nicky snaps during her bat mitzvah ceremony. Inspired by her Torah portion of Balaam's Talking Ass, Nicky mocks God for the Holocaust and her parents for neglecting her while comparing herself to the donkey who suddenly found its voice after enduring abuse. Afterward, her parents berate her while arguing with each other over who has to take her home.
70
5 "Mischief Mischief" Andrew McCarthy Anthony Natoli none July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Daddy instructs her D Block gang to release rats in the cheese-packaging facility in the hopes it will get C Block fired and D Block will get the better work assignments there. It backfires when the rat infestation hits the newspapers and the cheese company cancels its work contract with the prison. Along with their chance for better jobs, Daddy and Hellman, a corrupt guard, lose the route they were using to smuggle in Oxycodone. Pennsatucky decides to give herself up and turns herself in at a small police station.
71
6 "State of the Uterus" Constantine Makris Merritt Tierce Daddy July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
In retaliation for the rat prank, Badison convinces her gang to defecate on D Block's laundry. Daddy tells her gang, suffering from opiate withdrawal, that it was C Block who ruined their drug connection. Flaca is intent on hosting a talk show on the prison radio, but must find a co-host. Flaca and Black Cindy (a.k.a. Tova) dub themselves "Flava" and host a radio show, Flava to the Max. Gloria fears she is going through menopause and decides to follow the doctor's advice by exercising. Taystee pleads guilty to inciting a riot but not guilty to murder and discovers activists from Black Lives Matter and the ACLU are rallying for her cause, after news of Poussey's death spreads.
Flashback: Daddy was once a madam at an escort agency/prostitution ring catering to successful Latino businessmen. One of her girls is killed by a John at a party, and she is forced to cover it up and dispose of her body.
72
7 "Changing Winds" Andrew McCarthy Heather Jeng Bladt Badison July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Carol holds Badison accountable for Daddy's prank that cost them their cushy jobs, and makes her persona non grata. Badison tries to restore her status by finding a new guard to smuggle in drugs. After talking to Alex, who points out that other contraband is more valuable, she recruits Luschek. Someone tries to drown Ruiz in a toilet and, accused of trying to commit suicide, she is sent to psych, where a nurse tries to convince her to find religion. Linda returns to Lichfield in her capacity as MCC Senior VP, and Pennsatucky threatens to tell everyone she had sex with Boo unless she gets transferred to B Block. Blanca frets that she will never have a baby, and Nicky convinces her it is possible to artificially inseminate herself. Caputo and Figueroa have a real date before he leaves for Missouri, and she is surprised by her feelings. Piper discovers old photos of inmates from C Block and D Block playing kickball together. While several D Block inmates suffer from withdrawals, Daya steals Barbara's personal stash from Daddy's hiding place. Daddy confronts her and threatens her, but Daya, high, kisses her. Luschek and Badison smuggle in cellphones. When Badison is shivved in the yard by a junkie, she hurriedly gives a phone to Alex.
Flashback: Bullied all her life, Badison begins to act up and is expelled from her Boston high school. She is sent to a boot camp for troubled teens, where she is still bullied. Trying to impress the other girls, she accidentally lights another girl on fire, severely burning her.
73
8 "Gordons" Sian Heder Vera Santamaria Taystee & Tamika July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Alex is unwittingly sucked into the C Block smuggling ring. Red, who was blamed for Frieda's bunker, is infuriated that Frieda is living the "good life" in B Block, where they get fresh fruit, pudding and yogurt. Red discovers Carol is Frieda's old nemesis. Now romantically involved, Daddy pushes Daya to connect with anyone she knew from minimum security at C Block in order to get opiates. Daya convinces Blanca, who is looking for help smuggling in her boyfriend Diablo's semen. Daya gets assigned janitorial duties in the visitors' area, where Diablo leaves his semen after masturbating into a condom. A journalist interviews Taystee, who details the abuse and harassment inmates suffer at the hands of the COs, while COs Ward and Hellman overhear. Piper schemes to bring kickball back. Blanca and Daya trade the oxycontin and condom, but Daya gets jumped by C Block inmates who steal most of the oxy. Nicky successfully "deposits" the semen in Blanca in the library, but looks up to see the same inmates who jumped Daya, angry that Blanca broke the rules against fraternizing with D Block.
Flashback: Years before she became a prison guard, Tamika Ward worked with Taystee at Storky's, a fast-food restaurant. Late one night after closing, they smoke a joint but forget to lock the door and get robbed at gunpoint. When Taystee lies and says she cannot open the register that late or it would activate the security cameras, the robber steals her new Air Jordan 8 shoes instead. Tamika is impressed with Taystee's quick thinking, and Taystee reveals that there are no security cameras but she did not want to call the police or else she and Tamika would be arrested for being high and accused of stealing the money. She also reveals that her Jordans were actually "Gordons"—counterfeit.
74
9 "Break the String" Nick Sandow Kirsa Rein none July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Gloria takes over aerobics classes from the ineffective Luschek and begins teaching Latin dance. When dancing with Luschek, he gets an erection, enraging Zirconia, who has a crush on Luschek. Zirconia convinces Badison that Gloria is plotting against her by wooing Luschek, and Badison threatens Gloria to stop teaching her classes. Trying to reconnect with her real family, Red learns her husband is dating someone. Barbara threatens Daddy, who slips her bath salts instead of her usual oxycodone. Barbara ends up in medical with Nicky, who was beaten up in the library with Blanca. When Barbara sobers up, Nicky convinces her to get clean. Caputo is deposed for Taystee's case and is forced to admit she punched him in the face. When Linda insults him for helping Taystee over MCC, he quits. Daya tries to talk Aleida into helping her smuggle drugs into the prison. Aleida initially responds with anger, but reconsiders after being evicted. Aleida moves in with Hopper, the supervising CO, whom she has been dating. Piper successfully gets kickball reinstated.
75
10 "Chocolate Chip Nookie" Ludovic Littee Carolina Paiz Carol & Barb July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Hopper unwittingly smuggles drugs into Lichfield each day through his canisters of herbal shake powder, which Daya retrieves from the trash. Barb gets her 30-day sobriety chip, thanks to Nicky. Black Cindy calls Caputo and tells him that Taystee is being framed for Piscatella's death, and he should look into CERT as the true culprits. When he approaches one of the CERT members and asks questions, the officer's defensive stance makes Caputo suspicious. When Daya pushes Aleida to increase the amount of drugs coming in, the weight leads to Hopper discovering the stash when he goes to throw out an empty can.
Flashback: In 1982 West Virginia, high schoolers Barb and Carol plot to get rid of their younger sister, Debbie, whom they resent when the family plans to move to Plano, Texas for her gymnastics training. Late one night, they lock her in the car and push it into a freezing lake, where it immediately sinks. In Lichfield, their argument over a funny story (which they both claim happened to them) leads to the sisters being separated and the beginning of the block feud.
76
11 "Well This Took a Dark Turn" Laura Prepon Anthony Natoli none July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
As Barb plots to finally murder Carol and take out her supporters, Nicky worries for Red. She tries to alert Red but her note is intercepted by a CO, and Carol is taken into administrative segregation. When Hopper confronts Aleida about the drug smuggling, she accuses him of having low expectations for being satisfied with his menial job. After realizing he has been at Lichfield for nearly 10 years, he decides to help her for three months only, during which time they will fill the whole can with drugs to smuggle in. Black Cindy tells her lawyer the story she told was not true, but he urges her not to make things worse for herself, saying it is impossible for her to help Taystee. At Taystee's trial, she testifies against her. Suzanne and Pennsatucky try to figure out who in B Block is secretly planning to kill Frieda on Carol's instructions. Badison, outraged when Piper stands up to her and is made captain of their kickball team, plots revenge. At prayer group, Beth confesses to Ruiz that she was the one who tried to drown her in the toilet, saying she just sometimes has compulsions. Angered, Ruiz leaves the group. Caputo encourages Sophia to sue MCC for her time in solitary, but Linda discovers this and offers her a $300,000 settlement and possible early release, which Sophia takes. Eager to get points for her fantasy team, CO Copeland a.k.a. Ginger locks Barb and Carol together in a cell.
77
12 "Double Trouble" Clark Johnson Hilary Weisman Graham none July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Barb and Carol ignore each other locked overnight in the cell, but declare war the next day. Caputo tries to cheer up Taystee before her testimony and convince her that she has a chance if she can win over the jury. Badison aims to get Piper's stay at Lichfield extended and plants drugs in her shoe. She informs Hopper, alarming him, and offers to be his snitch and find out who is bringing drugs in. Badison arranges for Hellman to get a blowjob from two Asian inmates in exchange for writing up a false incident report against Piper. Alex complains to Carol about Badison and reveals that she is the one behind the contraband idea, and agrees to work for her in exchange for Badison leaving Piper alone. It is too late as Hellman has already written up a fake incident report of Piper assaulting Badison and gives it to Hopper. MCC rebrands itself "PolyCon" and seeks to rebuild its image with a marketing campaign. Gloria offers to help Flaca with the radio show while Black Cindy is testifying against Taystee. Gloria discovers the "Fantasy Inmate" game and reveals it over the radio, only to be told the radio was not on, and she is sent to SHU. Red's son finally brings his two children to see her, but when she sees Frieda and attacks her, she ruins her first chance to meet her grandchildren and is sent to SHU. Instead of entering the fake infraction into the system, Hopper tears it up now knowing that Piper is being targeted, and instead modifies her record to put her among the top 25 inmates who are getting released early.
78
13 "Be Free" Nick Sandow Brian Chamberlayne Carol & Barb July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
Piper, Sophia and Blanca discover they are getting early release the next day. Piper and Alex get "prison married" with Nicky officiating, and Piper makes Alex vow to get out of prison. Diablo is overjoyed that Blanca is getting out. Aleida is shocked to visit Daya and see her high on heroin, but she realizes that if she stops smuggling in the drugs, someone else will do it, and she needs to get her other children out of foster care. At trial, Taystee is found guilty of murder in the second degree for Piscatella's death. Caputo confronts the CERT member he spoke with earlier, who punches him. Carol and Barb meet in a closet and get dressed in the pink garb of B Block, as the "war" they have declared during the kickball game is merely a distraction to allow them to sneak in and kill Frieda, their mutual enemy of 35 years. Ruiz begs the guard to let the captains pick new teams so the blocks are not playing each other. When Carol and Barb do not show up, the inmates get caught up in the game and do not act when Badison gives the attack signal. Carol and Barb, waiting for lockdown from the planned fight, turn on each other and end up killing each other. Lorna, seven months pregnant, begins feeling intense stomach pains and is led to medical with her crotch covered in blood. Piper and Sophia are greeted by relatives upon their release, but Blanca is devastated when she is handed over to ICE to be sent to PolyCon's new immigration detention centre. Piper looks out of the car window and contemplates on what she will do now that she is free.
Flashback: The flashback reveals that the funny story Carol and Barb both claimed happened to them as waitresses (bringing a customer a newspaper after mishearing a request for a "glass of ice" as "classifieds") actually happened to neither, as another waitress told them both the story.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Orange Is the New Black characters
Main cast[edit]
Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman, inmate
Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols, inmate
Uzo Aduba as Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren, inmate
Danielle Brooks as Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson, inmate
Jackie Cruz as Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales, inmate
Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores, inmate
Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza, inmate
Taryn Manning as Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett, inmate
Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy "Black Cindy" Hayes, inmate
Matt Peters as Joel Luschek, correctional officer
Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz, inmate
Dascha Polanco as Dayanara "Daya" Diaz, inmate
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz, former inmate
Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo, former warden
Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin, inmate
Yael Stone as Lorna Morello, inmate
Kate Mulgrew as Galina "Red" Reznikov, inmate
Laura Prepon as Alex Vause, inmate
Special guest stars[edit]
Michael J. Harney as Sam Healy
Lea DeLaria as Carrie "Big Boo" Black
Alex Trebek as himself
Recurring cast[edit]
Main article: List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters
Inmates[edit]
Amanda Fuller as Madison "Badison" Murphy
Finnerty Steeves as Beth Hoefler
Alice Kremelberg as Nicole Eckelcamp
Vicci Martinez as Dominga "Daddy" Duarte
Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset
Henny Russell as Carol Denning
Ashley Jordyn as Young Carol Denning
Mackenzie Phillips as Barbara "Barb" Denning
Sipiwe Moyo as Adeola
Daniella De Jesus as Irene "Zirconia" Cabrera
Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight
Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill
Christina Toth as Annalisa Damiva
Kana Hatakeyama as Charlene Teng
Reema Sampat as Shruti Chambal
Jo Lampert as Marie Brock
Shirley Roeca as Vazquez
Rebecca Knox as Tina Swope
Staff[edit]
Alysia Reiner as Natalie Figueroa
Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough
Susan Heyward as Tamika Ward
Nicholas Webber as CO Alvarez
Mike Houston as Lee Dixon
James McMenamin as Charlie Coates
Josh Segarra as CO Stefanovic
Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson
Nick Dillenburg as CO Blake
Branden Wellington as CO Jarod Young
Others[edit]
Ali Ahn as Agent Nguyen
Alexander Wrigth as Vasily Reznikov
Miguel Izaguirre as Diablo
Karina Ortiz as Margarita
Production[edit]
In February 2016, Netflix gave the series a three-season renewal, which included its sixth season.[5] For the sixth season, Laura Gómez, Matt Peters and Dale Soules were promoted to series regulars.
Reception[edit]
The sixth season received positive reviews from critics, with most critics noting its improvement over the previous season. On Metacritic, it has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 14 reviews.[6] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an 83% rating with an average score of 7.44 out of 10 based on 29 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Brutality and humor continue to mesh effectively in a season of Orange Is the New Black that stands as a marked improvement from its predecessor, even if some arcs are more inspired than others."[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (January 17, 2016). "Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB, Kimmy Schmidt, and more". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (April 30, 2013). "Netflix Prison Series Gets July Release Date". The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Strause, Jackie (July 9, 2018). "'Orange Is the New Black': Watch the Season 6 Trailer". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Marcus, Stephanie (August 2, 2018). "All the characters who didn't return on the new season of 'Orange Is the New Black'". Insider. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (February 5, 2016). "'Orange Is the New Black' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix". Variety. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Orange Is the New Black: Season 6". Metacritic. 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Orange Is the New Black: Season 6". Rotten Tomatoes. 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Orange Is the New Black on IMDb
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Characters
Piper Chapman
Alex Vause
Crazy Eyes
Nicky Nichols
Tiffany Doggett
Lorna Morello
Miss Rosa
Seasons
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2
3
4
5
6
Related
Piper Kerman
Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison
"You've Got Time"
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List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Governor of the Reserve Bank of India
Seal of RBI
Incumbent
Urjit Patel
since 4 September 2016
Appointer
Government of India
Inaugural holder
Osborne Smith
Formation
1 April 1935
The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India is the chief executive of India's central bank and the ex-officio chairperson of its Central Board of Directors. Indian Rupee currency notes, issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), bear the governor's signature. Since its establishment in 1935 by the British colonial government, the RBI has been headed by 24 governors. The term of office typically runs for 3 years.
The inaugural officeholder was the British banker Osborne Smith, while C. D. Deshmukh was the first Indian governor. The position is currently held by Urjit Patel, who took over from Raghuram Rajan on 4 September 2016.j
RBI governors[edit]
I. G. Patel served a five-year term as RBI governor from 1977 to 1982.
Manmohan Singh, RBI governor for two years in the 1980s, went on to serve one five-year term as finance minister and two as prime minister.
D. Subbarao served his five-year term as RBI governor under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.
Raghuram Rajan, formerly chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, was India's central banker between 2013 and 2016.
No.
Name
Term of office
Began
Ended
Length
1 Osborne Smith 1 April 1935 30 June 1937 7002821000000000000♠2 years, 90 days
2 James Braid Taylor, ICS[1] 1 July 1937 17 February 1943 7003205700000000000♠5 years, 231 days
3 C. D. Deshmukh, ICS 11 August 1943 30 June 1949 7003215000000000000♠5 years, 323 days
4 Benegal Rama Rau, ICS 1 July 1949 14 January 1957 7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days
5 K. G. Ambegaonkar, ICS 14 January 1957 28 February 1957 7001450000000000000♠45 days
6 H. V. R. Iyengar, ICS 1 March 1957 28 February 1962 7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days
7 P. C. Bhattacharya 1 March 1962 30 June 1967 7003194700000000000♠5 years, 121 days
8 L. K. Jha 1 July 1967 3 May 1970 7003103700000000000♠2 years, 306 days
9 B. N. Adarkar 4 May 1970 15 June 1970 7001420000000000000♠42 days
10 S. Jagannathan 16 June 1970 19 May 1975 7003179800000000000♠4 years, 337 days
11 N. C. Sen Gupta 19 May 1975 19 August 1975 7001920000000000000♠92 days
12 K. R. Puri 20 August 1975 2 May 1977 7002621000000000000♠1 year, 255 days
13 M. Narasimham 3 May 1977 30 November 1977 7002211000000000000♠211 days
14 I. G. Patel 1 December 1977 15 September 1982 7003174900000000000♠4 years, 288 days
15 Manmohan Singh 16 September 1982 14 January 1985 7002851000000000000♠2 years, 120 days
16 Amitav Ghosh 15 January 1985 4 February 1985 7001200000000000000♠20 days
17 R. N. Malhotra, IAS 4 February 1985 22 December 1990 7003214700000000000♠5 years, 321 days
18 S. Venkitaramanan, IAS 22 December 1990 21 December 1992 7002730000000000000♠1 year, 365 days
19 C. Rangarajan 22 December 1992 21 November 1997 7003179500000000000♠4 years, 334 days
20 Bimal Jalan 22 November 1997 6 September 2003 7003211400000000000♠5 years, 288 days
21 Y. V. Reddy, IAS 6 September 2003 5 September 2008 7003182600000000000♠4 years, 365 days
22 D. Subbarao, IAS 5 September 2008 4 September 2013 7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days
23 Raghuram Rajan 4 September 2013 4 September 2016 7003109600000000000♠3 years, 0 days
24 Urjit Patel 4 September 2016 Incumbent 7002400000000000000♠1 year, 35 days
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Saha, Siddhartha Sankar (2013). Indian financial systems and markets. New Delhi, IN.: McGraw-Hill. p. 67. ISBN 1259005003.
External links[edit]
Official RBI site's Governors Page
Reserve Bank of India – About Us: List of Governors (Present one first)
[show]
v
t
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Governors of the Reserve Bank of India
Osborne Smith (1935–37)
James Braid Taylor (1937–43)
C. D. Deshmukh (1943–49)
Benegal Rama Rau (1949–57)
K. G. Ambegaonkar (1957)
H. V. R. Iyengar (1957–62)
P. C. Bhattacharya (1962–67)
Lakshmi Kant Jha (1967–70)
B. N. Adarkar (1970)
S. Jagannathan (1970–75)
N. C. Sen Gupta (1975)
K. R. Puri (1975–77)
M. Narasimham (1977)
I. G. Patel (1977–82)
Manmohan Singh (1982–85)
Amitav Ghosh (1985)
R. N. Malhotra (1985–90)
S. Venkitaramanan (1990–92)
C. Rangarajan (1992–97)
Bimal Jalan (1997–2003)
Y. Venugopal Reddy (2003–08)
Duvvuri Subbarao (2008–13)
Raghuram Rajan (2013–16)
Urjit Patel (2016–)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_Reserve_Bank_of_India&oldid=804473670"
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This page was last edited on 9 October 2017, at 06:56.
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Alyvia Alyn Lind
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Alyvia Alyn Lind
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2011–present
Parent(s)
Barbara Alyn Woods (mother)
Relatives
Natalie Alyn Lind (sister)
Emily Alyn Lind (sister)
Alyvia Alyn Lind is an American child actress. She is best known for roles of Faith Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless since 2011, and young 9-year-old Dolly Parton in the made-for-television movies Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors and Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
Lind made her feature film debut in 2013 in Dark Skies. Since 2011, she has played Faith Newman for over 70 episodes in the television series The Young and the Restless. She has had recurring roles in the television series Revenge as young Amanda Clarke, as well as in Transparent as Grace. She guest starred on such series as NCIS and Masters of Sex. In 2014, she played alongside Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore in the feature movie Blended.[1][2]
In 2016, Lind starred alongside Mary McCormack and Madison Lawlor in the Amazon Studios special An American Girl Story – Maryellen 1955: Extraordinary Christmas, playing the role of American Girl character Maryellen Larkin.[3]
Personal life[edit]
Lind is the youngest daughter of actress Barbara Alyn Woods and producer John Lind. She has two older sisters, Natalie Alyn Lind and Emily Alyn Lind, who are also actresses.[4]
Filmography[edit]
Television roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2011–present Young and the Restless, TheThe Young and the Restless Faith Newman Recurring role
2012–2015 Revenge Young (5 year old) Amanda Clarke Recurring role; 8 episodes
2012–2014 See Dad Run Charlotte Recurring role; 5 episodes
2013 NCIS Emma Daly Episode: "Homesick"
2014 Transparent Grace Recurring role, 5 episodes
2015 Deadly Adoption, AA Deadly Adoption Sully Benson Movie
2015 Fire Twister Young Daughter Movie
2015 Masters of Sex Jenny Masters 4 episodes
2015 Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything Tina Episode: "Puddin' Party"
2015 Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton Movie
2016 Teachers Annika Episode: "Hot Lunch"
2016 Dolly Parton's Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love Dolly Parton Movie
Film roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2013 Dark Skies Young Daughter
2014 Blended Lou Friedman
2014 Mockingbird Megan
2015 Date to Die For, AA Date to Die For Kali Armstrong
2015 Shangri-La Suite Lisa Marie Presley
2016 An American Girl Story – Maryellen 1955: Extraordinary Christmas Maryellen Larkin Direct-to-video
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Alyvia Alyn Lind profile". Fandango. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Serial Scoop. "Serial Scoop: Alyvia Alyn Lind Back as Faith Newman on 'The Young and the Restless'; McKenna Grace Leaving To Shoot a Movie". Retrieved December 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Heather (18 November 2016). "The Young and the Restless Spoilers: Alyvia Alyn Lind Stars in Dolly Parton's 'Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love'". Celeb Dirty Laundry. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Barbara Alyn Woods Describes Her "Circus Family"". Retrieved December 8, 2014.
External links[edit]
Alyvia Alyn Lind on IMDb
Alyvia Alyn Lind on Twitter
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alyvia_Alyn_Lind&oldid=833284353"
Categories:
21st-century American actresses
American child actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
American soap opera actresses
Hidden categories:
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Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
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This page was last edited on 30 March 2018, at 17:19.
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