text:
Open primaries in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
An open primary is a primary election that does not require voters to be affiliated with a political party in order to vote for partisan candidates. In a traditional open primary, voters may select one party's ballot and vote for that party's nomination. As in a closed primary, the highest voted candidate in each party then proceeds to the general election. In a nonpartisan blanket primary, all candidates appear on the same ballot and the two highest voted candidates proceed to the runoff election, regardless of party affiliation. The constitutionality of this system was affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2008,[1] whereas a partisan blanket primary was previously ruled to be unconstitutional in 2000.[2] The arguments for open primaries are that voters can make independent choices, building consensus that the electoral process is not splintered or undermined by the presence of multiple political parties.
Contents
[hide]
1 Voter participation
2 Manipulation and dilution
3 Constitutional issues
4 California and Election Primary Alternatives
5 States with an open presidential primary
6 States with open primaries for other elections
7 Notes and references
Voter participation[edit]
The open primary could be seen as good for voter participation. First, the open primary allows nonpartisan or independent voters to participate in the nominating process.[3] If these voters are allowed to help select the nominees then they may be more likely to vote in the general election, since one of the candidates could be someone the non-partisan voter voted for. Also, a moderate member of one party may agree more with a candidate for the nomination of another party. This voter will have more of an incentive to participate in the general election if there is a nominee whom he or she agrees with.[3]
The open primary could also be viewed as bad for voter participation. In Hawaii, primary voter turnout fell from 74.6% in 1978 to 42.2% in 2006 after changing to open primaries which could be the result of many things—not just the move towards the open primary system.[4] The closed primary system had more of an incentive for people to join one of the major parties. This led to people being more involved in the voting process. With the open primary, some argue, more voters become independent and are less likely to participate in the nominating or election processes.[3]
Manipulation and dilution[edit]
Opponents of the open primary believe that the open primary leaves the party nominations vulnerable to manipulation and dilution. First, one party could organize its voters to vote in the other party's primary and choose the candidate that they most agree with or that they think their party could most easily defeat. Secondly, in the open primary moderates and independent voters can vote in either party. This occurrence may dilute the vote of a particular party and lead to a nominee who does not represent the views of his or her particular party.
For example, in the 2008 presidential primaries, exit polls say John McCain failed to win a single race among Republican voters, up to Super Tuesday, yet during that same period he went from "also-ran" to front runner, because most non-Republicans who crossed over voted for him. In New Hampshire, Mitt Romney won among registered Republicans, but John McCain won overall [1]. Likewise, in South Carolina, Mike Huckabee won among self-identified Republicans, but John McCain won the state [2].
Similarly, some Republican advocates called for Republicans to cross over and vote in the Democratic race, to help Barack Obama win, on the premise that Clinton had a better chance of beating their candidate. The Rush Limbaugh Show's "Operation Chaos" is the best known of these movements.
Constitutional issues[edit]
Opponents of the open primary argue that the open primary is unconstitutional. These opponents believe that the open primary law violates their freedom of association, because it forces them to allow outsiders to select their candidates. An opposing view is that political parties are not mentioned in the U.S. Constitution in any language, but voting rights of the individual are clearly defined.
Freedom of association has been recognized by the United States Supreme Court. First, in NAACP v. Alabama, the court said that "It is beyond debate that freedom to engage in association for the advancement of beliefs and ideas is an inseparable aspect of the "liberty" assured by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment, which embraces freedom of speech."[5]
In other words, the freedom of association is part of the freedom of speech. The freedom of speech, which is found in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, is applied to the states through the fourteenth amendment. In Gitlow v. New York, Justice Sanford states that "[f]or present purposes we may and do assume that freedom of speech and of the press-which are protected by the First Amendment from abridgment by Congress-are among the fundamental personal rights and 'liberties' protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the States."[6]
This constitutionality raises a problem. The most popular alternative to the open primary is the closed primary. However, a mandatory closed primary can also be unconstitutional. In Tashjian v. Republican Party of Connecticut, the United States Supreme Court determined that Connecticut's closed primary law was unconstitutional. The Connecticut closed primary law "[required] voters in any political party primary to be registered members of that party."[7] The Republican Party of Connecticut, however, wanted to allow independents to vote in the Republican primary if they so chose. The problem with this closed primary law was that it prevented the Republican Party from allowing independent "registered voters not affiliated with any party to vote in Republican primaries for federal and statewide offices."[7] Since the Republican Party of Connecticut was not able to choose who it wanted to vote in the primary, the United States Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision, stated that the closed primary law in Connecticut "impermissibly burdens the right of the Party and its members protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments."[7]
On October 1, 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ruled that the Virginia mandatory open primary statute was unconstitutional as applied to the Republicans because it imposed a burden on their freedom to associate under the First Amendment, although it explicitly did not rule on the question of whether an open primary law was in general unconstitutional as a burden on association.[8]
California and Election Primary Alternatives[edit]
A "modified closed primary" was in effect in California from 2001 to 2011.[9] Each political party could decide whether or not they wish to allow unaffiliated voters to vote in their party's primary. This appeared to avoid the constitutional concerns of both the open and the closed primary. In the 2004 and 2006 primary elections, the Republican, Democratic, and American Independent parties all opted to allow unaffiliated voters to request their party's ballot. However, since the 2008 presidential primary election, only the Democratic and American Independent parties took this option, while the Republican party did not.[10]
In 2011, the state adopted a "modified open primary". Individual citizens may vote for any candidate, and the top two candidates regardless of party will advance to the general election. The Presidential election is exempt from this voting method as it is a contest for delegates rather than a direct election for an office.
A potential side effect of the open primary is that parties that run more candidates may find themselves at a disadvantage, since their partisan supporters' votes will be split more ways in the primary and thus those candidates may have a harder time reaching the top-two ranking when competing with parties that run fewer candidates.[11]
States with an open presidential primary[edit]
Alabama
Arkansas
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Massachusetts (All races' primaries open for "unenrolled"/unaffiliated voters only)
Michigan
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
New Hampshire
North Carolina (All races' primaries open for unaffiliated voters only)[12]
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma (Only Democratic primary is open to Independent voters as of November 2015) [13]
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
Wisconsin[14]
States with open primaries for other elections[edit]
The state of Arizona has open primaries for all elections except for presidential primaries.
A similar system known as a nonpartisan blanket primary has been used in Louisiana for state and local elections since 1976, and began to be used in Washington, after numerous court challenges, in 2008.
In California, under Proposition 14, a measure that easily passed, traditional party primaries were replaced in 2011 with wide-open elections. Proposition 14, known as the open primary measure, gave every voter the same ballot in primary elections for most state and federal races, except the presidential contest.[15][16]
Most primaries in New York are closed, but state law contains a provision allowing parties to use a different method if they want. Currently, only the Independence Party chooses to allow unaffiliated voters to participate.
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party, 552 U.S. 442 (2008).
Jump up ^ California Democratic Party v. Jones, 530 U.S. 567 (2000).
^ Jump up to: a b c HeraldTribune.com - News - News stories about Sarasota, Manatee and Charlotte counties in Florida, from the newspapers of record. - HeraldTribune.com
Jump up ^ "Hawaii Democrats vote to keep open primary". Retrieved 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ NAACP v. Alabama, http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=volpage&court=us&vol=357&page=460#460
Jump up ^ Gitlow v. New York, http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=268&invol=652
^ Jump up to: a b c Tashjian v. Republican Party of Connecticut December 10, 1986. 479 U.S. 208.
Jump up ^ Miller v. Brown
Jump up ^ Green, Matthew (6 June 2016). "Making Sense of California's Top-Two Primary System". KQED News. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
Jump up ^ California Secretary of State, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
Jump up ^ Martin, Jonathan (26 May 2018). "Democrats Go All-Out to Avoid Disaster in California House Races". New York Times. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Who can vote in which elections?". NC Voter (.org). Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ KFOR.com - Oklahoma Independent voters now allowed to vote in Democratic Primary
Jump up ^ "Primaries: Open and Closed". FairVote. February 2008. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
Jump up ^ McKinley, Jesse (June 9, 2010). "Calif. Voting Change Could Signal Big Political Shift". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Buchanan, Wyatt; Jones, Carolyn (August 8, 2010). "Voters approve Prop. 14, open primary measure". The San Francisco Chronicle.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_primaries_in_the_United_States&oldid=848422277"
Categories:
Primary elections in the United States
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 July 2018, at 20:19 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: sup

value: p

values:
/wiki/Independent_(voter)
mw-redirect
Independent (voter)

values:
/wiki/File:Open.primaries.gif
image
This is a test

values: Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21228202

values: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Tashjian v. Republican Party of Connecticut (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/United_States_court_of_appeals
mw-redirect
United States court of appeals

values: Edit section: California and Election Primary Alternatives

values:
/wiki/Unaffiliated_voter
mw-redirect
Unaffiliated voter

values: Edit section: States with an open presidential primary

values: Edit section: States with open primaries for other elections

values:
/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)
mw-redirect
Washington (U.S. state)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/npp.htm

values:
reflist columns references-column-width
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Primary elections in the United States

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Open_primaries_in_the_United_States rootpage-Open_primaries_in_the_United_States skin-vector action-view


text:
Midlife crisis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the Faith No More song, see Midlife Crisis.
A midlife crisis is a transition of identity and self-confidence that can occur in middle-aged individuals, typically 45–64 years old.[1][2][3] The phenomenon is described as a psychological crisis brought about by events that highlight a person's growing age, inevitable mortality, and possibly shortcomings of accomplishments in life. This may produce feelings of depression, remorse, and anxiety, or the desire to achieve youthfulness or make drastic changes to current lifestyle.
The term was coined by Elliott Jaques in 1965. More modern research has shown this is not a phase that most middle-aged people actually experience, and some have questioned the existence of this phenomenon.
When it does occur, a midlife crisis is not typically actually experienced during the midpoint of one's life, which for most developed human populations would be at the age of 35 to 40.
Contents
1 Crisis vs. stressors
2 Occurrence
3 Treatment and prevention
4 Theoretical basis
5 Criticism
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Crisis vs. stressors[edit]
Academic research since the 1980s rejects the notion of mid-life crisis as a phase that most adults go through. Personality type and a history of psychological crisis are believed to predispose some people to this "traditional" midlife crisis.[4][5] People going through this suffer a variety of symptoms and exhibit a disparate range of behaviors.
It is important to understand the difference between a mid-life crisis and a mid-life stressor. Mid-life is the time from years 45–64[3][1][2] where a person is often evaluating his or her own life. However, many mid-life stressors are often labeled as a mid-life crisis. Day-to-day stressors are likely to add up and be thought of as a crisis, but in reality, it is simply an "overload".[4] Both women and men often experience multiple stressors because of their simultaneous roles as wives/husbands, mothers/fathers, employees, daughters/sons, etc.
Many middle-aged adults experience major life events that can cause a period of psychological stress or depression, such as the death of a loved one, or a career setback. However, those events could have happened earlier or later in life, making them a "crisis," but not necessarily a mid-life one. In the same study, 15% of middle-aged adults experienced this type of midlife turmoil. Being of a lower educational status is related to feeling stressors to a greater degree than those of a higher education level during midlife.[citation needed]
Studies indicate that some cultures may be more sensitive to this phenomenon than others; one study found that there is little evidence that people undergo midlife crises in Japanese and Indian cultures, raising the question of whether a mid-life crisis is mainly a cultural construct. The authors hypothesized that the "culture of youth" in Western societies accounts for the popularity of the mid-life crisis concept there.
Researchers have found that mid-life is often a time for reflection and reassessment, but this is not always accompanied by the psychological upheaval popularly associated with "mid-life crisis."[6] Those who made career or jobs changes early in life were less likely to experience a crisis in midlife.[7][8]
Occurrence[edit]
The condition may occur from the ages of 45–64.[1][2] Mid-life crises last about 3–10 years in men and 2–5 years in women. A mid-life crisis could be caused by aging itself, or aging in combination with changes, problems, or regrets over:
work or career (or lack thereof)
spousal relationships (or lack thereof)
maturation of children (or lack of children)
aging or death of parents
physical changes associated with aging
Mid-life crisis can affect men and women differently because their stressors differ. An American cultural stereotype of a man going through a midlife crisis may include the purchase of a luxury item such as an exotic car, or seeking intimacy with a younger woman. Some men seek younger women who are able to procreate, not necessarily with an intention to produce offspring, but psychologists refer to this as a human instinct.[9] A man's midlife crises is more likely to be caused by work issues,[5] a woman's crisis by personal evaluations of their roles. Even though there are differences between why men and women go through a midlife crisis, the emotions they both encounter can be intense.
One of the main characteristics of a mid-life crisis perspective, is one assumes that their mid-life is about to be eventful, usually in a negative way, and potentially stressful. Psychologist Oliver Robinson's research characterizes each decade of life by describing frequent occurrences or situations particular to those age periods. He describes that a crisis can begin in a person's early 20s, when they usually try to map out their whole life. Moreover, the later age period, between 50 and 60, may be a time of illness or even the thought of death. Such a deadline may convince a middle-aged person that their life needs to be lived as expected.[8]
Individuals experiencing a mid-life crisis may feel:[10]
a deep sense of remorse for goals not accomplished
a fear of humiliation among more successful colleagues
longing to achieve a feeling of youthfulness
need to spend more time alone or with certain peers
a heightened sense of their sexuality or lack thereof
ennui, confusion, resentment or anger due to their discontent with their marital, work, health, economic, or social status
ambitious to right the missteps they feel they have taken early in life[11]
Treatment and prevention[edit]
Physical changes that commonly occur during these years are weight gain, wrinkles, sagging skin, hair loss.[12][6][13][14][8] Regular exercise and maintenance of a nutritious diet may help to sustain one's physical and mental health during these years of transition.
Significant changes made early in life may prevent one from having a mid-life crisis. An example supporting such a theory can be derived from the research conducted by Dr. Susan Krauss Whitbourne. People who changed jobs before their midlife years had a greater sense of generativity when they reached mid-life. They also experienced a greater sense of motivation to deviate from stagnation and a desire to help the younger generation thrive. This is a psychological stage proposed by Erik Erikson that describes a normal stage adults go through during their mid-life years.[15]
Theoretical basis[edit]
The notion of the mid-life crisis began with followers of Sigmund Freud, who thought that during middle age everyone’s thoughts were driven by the fear of impending death.[16] Although mid-life crisis has lately received more attention in popular culture than serious research, there are some theoretical constructs supporting the notion. Jungian theory holds that mid-life is key to individuation, a process of self-actualization and self-awareness that contains many potential paradoxes.[17] Although Carl Jung did not describe midlife crisis per se, the mid-life integration of thinking, sensation, feeling, and intuition that he describes could, it seems, lead to confusion about one's life and goals.
Erik Erikson's life stage of generativity versus stagnation also coincides with the idea of a mid-life crisis. Erikson believed that in this stage adults begin to understand the pressure of being committed to improving the lives of generations to come. In this stage a person realizes the inevitability of mortality and the virtue of this stage is the creating of a better world for future generations in order for the human race to grow. Stagnation is the lack of psychological movement or growth. Instead of helping the community a person is barely able to help their own family. Those who experience stagnation do not invest in the growth of themselves or others.[18]
Some psychologists believe men's mid-life crisis is a psychological reaction to the imminent menopause and end of reproductive career of their spouses.[19] Their genes may be influencing men to be more attracted to reproductive women, and less attached to their non-reproductive spouses.
Criticism[edit]
Some people have challenged the existence of mid-life crises altogether. One study found that 23% of participants had what they called a "midlife crisis," but in digging deeper, only one-third of those—8% of the total—said the crisis was associated with realizations about aging.[4]
The balance (15% of those surveyed) had experienced major life experiences or transitions such as divorce or loss of a job in middle age and described them as "midlife crisis." While there is no doubt these events can be traumatic—the associated grief reactions can be indistinguishable from depression.[4]
Costa and McCrae (1980) found little evidence for an increase in neuroticism in midlife. While they did find that some people were likely to experience such crises, these individuals were likely to experience crises in their 20s and 30s, and these experiences were not unique to midlife. Robinson, Rosenberg, and Farrell (1999) re-interviewed (500) men. Looking back over their midlife period, it became evident that while not necessarily entailing crisis, it was a time for re-evaluation.
Wrapping up their review of men's mid-life crisis, Alwin and Levenson wrote that "... Given the bulk of the data, it is likely that, for most men, mid-life is a time of achievement and satisfaction. For a certain proportion of men, however, the passage is not at all smooth." They found a similar pattern when they reviewed research on what are commonly thought to be triggers for women's mid-life crisis: menopause, children leaving home, the "sandwich" of caring for both parents and children. Most women navigated those periods without a traumatic psychological "crisis."
The enduring popularity of the mid-life crisis concept may be explained by another finding by Robinson et al. As Alwin and Levenson summarize: "... younger men, now middle-aged Baby Boomers, used the term "midlife crisis" to describe nearly any setback, either in their career or family life."
Levenson researched the possible existence of a midlife crisis and its implications. Whereas Levenson (1978) found that 80% of middle-aged participants had a crisis, and Ciernia (1985) reported that 70% of men in midlife said they had a crisis (Shek, 1996) others could not replicate those findings including Shek (1996), Kruger (1994), McCrae and Costa (1990). The debate of whether or not there is a midlife crisis is being answered through recent research that attempts to balance such factors as response bias and experimenter effects in order to establish internal validity. The above mentioned research does not support Levenson's model of a single age in the middle years that is a designated time of transition and potential "crisis." Instead, changes in personality can occur throughout the adult years with no peak in general distress or psychosocial crisis.[20]
Many view mid-life as a negative, but in reality many experience this time positively. If looked at as a time of personal growth, the experience can be greatly beneficial and rewarding. If treated as a transitional phase,[6] psychologists believe the initial experience may be difficult and confusing but as time passes it becomes an experience of self growth and self-realization.[6][21][22]
Cognitively, those of this age period tested better than when they were 25, in tasks measuring long-ago memorized information, or "crystallized intelligence". This refutes the presumption of women losing much of their cognitive ability during menopause. Forgetting words or numbers does not happen to the degree popular culture would suggest of menopausal women. Conversely, people over the age of 25 perform worse at tasks that require fluid intelligence, understood as inventive, adaptive cognition that is able to learn new ideas and synthesize new strategies. In general, as people age, they gain more accumulated information, but gradually lose the ability to analyze and synthesize novel information.
See also[edit]
Existential crisis
Meaning of life
Quarter-life crisis
Empty nest syndrome
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c http://web.ntpu.edu.tw/~language/course/research/paper9.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~lifespan/articles/Forbes_12.8.14.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b "Definition of MIDDLE AGE".
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sliwinski, Martin J.; Almeida, David M.; Smyth, Joshua; Stawski, Robert S. (1 December 2009). "Intraindividual change and variability in daily stress processes: Findings from two measurement-burst diary studies". Psychol Aging. 24 (4): 828–840. doi:10.1037/a0017925. PMC 2857711. PMID 20025399 – via PubMed Central.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheehy, Gail (1996). New Passages: Mapping Your Life Across Time. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255619-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Erik H. Erikson, Joan M. Erikson, The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version (W. W. Norton, 1998),
Jump up ^ "The Male Midlife Crisis". Psych Central.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "PsycNET - Option to Buy".
Jump up ^ "Why do men go through midlife crisis?". Psychology Today.
Jump up ^ Stern, Theodore A.; Fava, Maurizio; Wilens, Timothy E.; Rosenbaum, Jerrold F. (13 February 2015). "Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry". Elsevier Health Sciences – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Warning Signs of a Midlife Crisis - http://www.drphil.com/articles/article/694
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus. Minaker, K. L., Dugdale, D. C., III MD, & Zieve, D., MD. (2011)
Jump up ^ Bourgeois, F. John; Gehrig, Paola A.; Veljovich, Daniel S. (1 January 2005). "Obstetrics and Gynecology Recall". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Products - Data Briefs - Number 193 - March 2015". Cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Merriam Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster.
Jump up ^ Scientific American MIND Magazine February 2009 article titled "Ask the Brains: Is the Midlife Crisis a Myth?" by David Almeida, professor of human development and family studies at Pennsylvania State University
Jump up ^ "The Individuation Process".
Jump up ^ Newman, Barbara M.; Newman, Philip R. (2012). Development Through Life. Wadsworth. pp. 512–15.
Jump up ^ "Why Do Men Go Through a Midlife Crisis?". Psychology Today.
Jump up ^ Sheehy, Gail (1 January 1996). "New Passages: Mapping Your Life Across Time". Ballantine Books – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Chandra, Prabha (June 2011). "Is midlife crisis for real?". Prevention India.
Jump up ^ Erikson, Erik H. (1968) Identity, Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton.
References[edit]
"Midlife Crisis? Lets break it down.", Seth Chernoff, Sunday, Oct 11, 2015.
Chandra, P. (2011, June 8). Is midlife crisis for real? : Prevention News - India Today. News - Latest News - Breaking News India - Live Update - India Today. Retrieved April 23, 2012
http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&uid=1986-19674-001
Doheny, K.d (n.d.). Midlife Crisis: Depression or Normal Transition?. WebMD - Better information. Better health..
Sheehy, Gail (1996). New Passages: Mapping Your Life Across Time. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255619-4.
Mid-Life Transition. (n.d.). DrWeil.com - Official Website of Andrew Weil, M.D
Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry at Google Books
Erik H. Erikson, Joan M. Erikson, The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version (W. W. Norton, 1998),
hide
v
t
e
Young adult development
Life stages or events
Adolescence
Emerging adulthood and early adulthood
Gap year
Twixter
Generation labels
421 generation
Boomerang Generation
Baby boomers
Generation X
Millennials
Generation Z
Post-80s
Post-90s
Sampo generation
Satori generation
Strawberry generation
Waithood
Psychological or social dysfunction
Disconnected youth
Freeter
Hikikomori
NEET
Parasite single
Puer aeternus
Quarter-life crisis
Vulnerable adult
Youth homelessness
Youth unemployment
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midlife_crisis&oldid=863131944"
Categories:
Words and phrases introduced in 1965
Middle age
Midlife crisis
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Български
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
中文
14 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 October 2018, at 22:28 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

value: input

attrs: type role id class style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Seems like speculation, see talk page (March 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Japanese_culture
mw-redirect
Japanese culture

values:
/wiki/Indian_culture
mw-redirect
Indian culture

values:
/wiki/Cultural_construct
mw-redirect
Cultural construct

values:
/wiki/Jungian_theory
mw-redirect
Jungian theory

values:
/wiki/Clinical_depression
mw-redirect
Clinical depression

values:
/wiki/Baby_Boomers
mw-redirect
Baby Boomers

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0017925

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025399

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/4-2-1_phenomenon
mw-redirect
4-2-1 phenomenon

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Words and phrases introduced in 1965

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Midlife_crisis
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: أزمة منتصف العمر – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: Криза на средната възраст – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: بحران میانسالی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Միջին տարիքի ճգնաժամ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: משבר אמצע החיים – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Кризис среднего возраста – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: วิกฤตวัยกลางคน – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Криза середнього віку – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 結構性中年危機 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Midlife_crisis rootpage-Midlife_crisis skin-vector action-view