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Slam Dunk Contest
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Slam Dunk Contest
Sport
NBA basketball
History
First award
Larry Nance, 1984
Most wins
Nate Robinson: 3 times
Most recent
Donovan Mitchell
[show]Past winners
1984 Larry Nance
1985 Dominique Wilkins
1986 Spud Webb
1987 Michael Jordan
1988 Michael Jordan
1989 Kenny "Sky" Walker
1990 Dominique Wilkins
1991 Dee Brown
1992 Cedric Ceballos
1993 Harold Miner
1994 Isaiah Rider
1995 Harold Miner
1996 Brent Barry
1997 Kobe Bryant
1998 No contest held
1999 NBA Lockout
2000 Vince Carter
2001 Desmond Mason
2002 Jason Richardson
2003 Jason Richardson
2004 Fred Jones
2005 Josh Smith
2006 Nate Robinson
2007 Gerald Green
2008 Dwight Howard
2009 Nate Robinson
2010 Nate Robinson
2011 Blake Griffin
2012 Jeremy Evans
2013 Terrence Ross
2014 John Wall
2015 Zach LaVine
2016 Zach LaVine
2017 Glenn Robinson III
2018 Donovan Mitchell
The NBA Slam Dunk Contest (officially known as the Verizon Slam Dunk for sponsorship reasons) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) competition held during the NBA All-Star Weekend. The contest was inaugurated by the American Basketball Association (ABA) at its All-Star Game in 1976 in Denver, the same year the slam dunk was legalized in the NCAA. As a result of the ABA–NBA merger later that year there would not be another slam dunk contest at the professional level until 1984. The contest has adopted several formats over the years, including, until 2014, the use of fan voting, via text-messaging, to determine the winner of the final round.
The very first slam dunk contest was won by Larry Nance Sr. of the Suns at the 1984 NBA All-Star Game. The current champion of the NBA Dunk Contest is Donovan Mitchell of the Utah Jazz.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1976 ABA Slam Dunk Contest
1.2 1976–1977 NBA Slam Dunk Contest
1.3 1980s
1.4 1990s
1.5 2000s
1.6 2010s
1.6.1 Controversy over Dunk Contest authenticity
2 Past NBA Slam Dunk Contest champions
3 All-time participants
4 All-time results
4.1 1980s
4.2 1990s
4.3 2000s
4.4 2010s
5 Criticism
6 Records
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
1976 ABA Slam Dunk Contest[edit]
On January 27, 1976 at McNichols Sports Arena during halftime of the 1976 ABA All Star Game the first-ever Slam Dunk Contest was held, which was won by Julius Erving of the New York Nets over David Thompson of the Denver Nuggets, Artis Gilmore of the Kentucky Colonels, and George Gervin and Larry Kenon of the San Antonio Spurs. There was a format each competitor had to follow in which they must attempt 5 dunks in a row under two minutes. One from a standing position, one from a distance of ten feet away from the basket (which is basically the bottom of the semi circle that surrounds the free throw line in the Key. The next 3 were freelance positions, one coming in from the left side of the basket, one coming in from the right side of the basket and finally from either corner down the baseline to the basket. They were judged on artistic ability, imagination, body flow as well as fan response.
Artis Gilmore went first followed by George Gervin, Larry Kenon, David Thompson and finally Julius Erving. George Gervin and David Thompson both missed a dunk during their routines which counted as a zero (scores were not announced to the audience). David Thompson did a 360 degree dunk to finish his routine. All competitors had to perform a dunk from 10 feet, but Julius Erving started marking his steps from the free throw line (15 feet away). He then completed a dunk from the free throw line.
1976–1977 NBA Slam Dunk Contest[edit]
This was a season long event [1] similar to 1977–1978 NBA Horse event. There were 22 competitors throughout the event (nearly one for each team at the time), including future Hall of Famers Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, David Thompson, Alex English, Moses Malone, George Gervin, and Elvin Hayes and took place in multiple venues throughout the season. Darnell Hillman was named the winner that season, beating out the Golden State Warriors' Larry McNeill in the championship round on June 5, 1977 in Portland.[2]
1980s[edit]
The NBA reintroduced the Slam Dunk Contest in 1984 at its birthplace in Denver. Phoenix's Larry Nance defeated the original Dunk contest winner Julius Erving in the final round. Dominique Wilkins won the contest the following year, but in 1986 his Atlanta Hawks teammate Spud Webb made history when he defeated Wilkins in the final, preventing him from retaining his title. Standing a mere 5 feet 7 inches tall, Webb became the shortest player ever to win the contest, a distinction that he still holds. Chicago's Michael Jordan won back-to-back dunk contest victories in 1987 and in 1988. His victory over Wilkins in 1988 in Chicago finished with a perfect 50 dunk from the free-throw line for his third dunk to win the contest. However, the announcers did note that Wilkins was given abnormally low score for his breathtaking third dunk, a 45, allowing Jordan to win it by 2 with his perfect 50. To this day, the allegations of "home cooking" still float around surrounding the event (it was held on Jordan's home court; one of the judges was former Chicago Bears star Gale Sayers; and another judge, former NBA star Tom Hawkins, is a Chicago native) and is considered arguably the most controversial of the slam dunk competitions. The following year in Houston, New York's Kenny "Sky" Walker, a last-minute replacement whose father died just days beforehand, upset Portland's Clyde Drexler, the hometown favorite and Houston native who was seen as the favorite, being that Michael Jordan and Dominique Wilkins were not competing. 1986 champ Spud Webb finished 3rd, while Shelton Jones finished 4th. Though Jordan & Wilkins still played in the All-Star Game, Jordan chose not to compete due to a minor injury, and Wilkins did not compete in the competition due to a hand injury.[1]
1990s[edit]
In 1990, Dominique Wilkins of the Atlanta Hawks edged out Kenny Smith of the Sacramento Kings to win his second Slam Dunk Contest (first won in 1985 over Michael Jordan). Kenny Smith scored high points for originality with his signature dunk – he started by turning his back to the basket, bouncing the ball backward between his legs and off the backboard, then turning and grabbing it in the air and reverse dunking it. After 1990, interest in the Slam Dunk Contest began to wane and lasted throughout the 1990s. Initially, it was because many players lost interest in competing; some cited concerns of injuries, while others felt that the full repertoire of humanly possible dunks had already been exhausted.[citation needed] With most of the superstars – Jordan, Wilkins, Drexler, etc. – choosing not to participate, lesser-known players began to compete, leading to either watered-down competitions or surprises. Fans[who?] complained that players were beginning to win contests with boring or unoriginal dunks (witness the relatively forgettable early-'90s wins by the likes of Cedric Ceballos and Brent Barry). Harold Miner was a standout in 1993, winning the contest with a reverse power dunk, reaching between his legs and down to his feet in mid-air before sending the ball down. In 1994 and 1997 respectively, Isaiah Rider and Kobe Bryant won the contest. Rider would win with a spectacular, between-the-legs dunk, reminiscent of the Orlando Woolridge effort in the 1984 contest, but wasn't able to repeat in 1995, missing the same dunk on several tries, opening the way for Miner to grab his second slam dunk title in three years. In 1998, the Slam Dunk Contest was replaced with the WNBA-NBA 2Ball Contest. In 1999, there was no All-Star Game due to the NBA lockout.
2000s[edit]
After a one-All Star Weekend layoff (the NBA did not have an All Star Weekend during the labor-shortened 1999 season), the NBA decided to bring the Slam Dunk Contest back for the 2000 All-Star Weekend in Oakland, California. It would prove to be one of the most electrifying dunk contests in the league's history,[citation needed] featuring a great showdown between eventual winner Vince Carter of the Toronto Raptors, his cousin and then-teammate Tracy McGrady, and the Houston Rockets' Steve Francis. Carter won after performing a number of very impressive dunks, including two reverse 360 windmills, a honey dip, and a between-the-legs dunk off a bounced alley-oop from McGrady. The next four contests did not feature superstars like Carter and Bryant, and despite innovative efforts by the likes of Desmond Mason and Jason Richardson, the lack of A-list superstars willing to participate hurt the appeal of the contest.
In 2005, the Slam Dunk Contest returned to its birthplace in Denver. With the spectacular dunks of prior contests, there was buzz[citation needed] that the dunk competition could regain the popularity it had in the 1980s. The Phoenix Suns' Amar'e Stoudemire alley-ooping 360 off a soccer-style header from teammate Steve Nash; J. R. Smith putting it around his back and dunking, and the new champion, Josh Smith alley-ooping over Kenyon Martin all wowed the crowd with their maneuvers. With the change in the rules requiring an additional teammate starting in the second round, they proved there were indeed many ways to dunk a basketball that had not been done before. Amar'e Stoudemire received rave reviews, as did Smith when he did a tribute dunk to Dominique Wilkins while donning Wilkins' jersey.
Again in 2006, the Dunk Contest in Houston revitalized the interests of audiences as 5'9" Nate Robinson of the New York Knicks took the title with a great dunk-off. One of his most exciting dunks was a high-flying dunk over former Slam Dunk Contest winner, 5'7" Spud Webb. The 2006 Slam Dunk Contest was also the first Dunk Contest in history to have a "Dunk Off", the equivalent to a Dunk Contest overtime, between Knicks point guard Nate Robinson and shooting guard Andre Iguodala of the Philadelphia 76ers. Many fans argue that Iguodala should have won the contest, as it took Robinson fourteen attempts before finally completing his dunk. Iguodala pulled off a dunk where he started out of bounds from the right side of the baseline while teammate Allen Iverson bounced the ball off the back of the right side of the backboard. Iguodala caught the ball in mid-air behind the backboard, spun around to the other side while ducking his head (to avoid colliding with the backboard) and dunked it with his right hand.
On February 17, 2007, the contest was held in Las Vegas. Judges for the event were all past winners: Michael Jordan, Dominique Wilkins, Kobe Bryant, Julius Erving, and Vince Carter. The title was taken by the Boston Celtics' Gerald Green, who, among other dunks, jumped over reigning champ Nate Robinson while covering his face – a homage to 1991 winner, Dee Brown, whose jersey Green had worn. He also scored a perfect fifty with his last slam, a windmill over a table. Other noteworthy dunks include a dunk by Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard, who, while making his dunk, stuck a sticker with his smiling face on the backboard a reported 12'6" from the ground, two and a half feet beyond the regulation NBA rim.[2]
On February 16, 2008, the contest was held in New Orleans. Judges for the event included Darryl Dawkins, Dominique Wilkins, Karl Malone, Julius Erving, and Magic Johnson. The title was taken by Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard. Howard's most noteworthy dunk came during the first round, his second dunk overall, when he took off his jersey to reveal a Superman shirt and cape.[3] With teammate Jameer Nelson's assistance he would make a leaping dunk from just in front of the free-throw line after a running start, throwing the ball through the rim from a few feet away.[4] Other noteworthy dunks included the first round slam by Jamario Moon while the previous year's winner, Gerald Green, relied heavily on theatrics by blowing out a cupcake with a birthday candle on the rim before dunking (a jam he termed "The Birthday Cake"). For the first time ever, fan voting determined the outcome of the final round of the contest; Howard beat Green for the trophy by claiming 78% of the fans' votes.
Nate Robinson won the 2009 contest on February 14 in Phoenix, Arizona. The 5'9" guard dressed all in green as "Krypto-Nate" (a portmanteau of 'Nate' and Kryptonite) and jumped over 6'11" Dwight Howard characterized as Superman. He defeated Howard in the finals by a fan vote of 52–48 percent. J. R. Smith and Rudy Fernández also competed.
2010s[edit]
Nate Robinson won the 2010 contest on February 13 in Dallas, becoming the first 3-time Slam Dunk champion. Robinson took on Shannon Brown of the Los Angeles Lakers, Gerald Wallace of the Charlotte Bobcats, and DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors. DeRozan earned his spot in the competition by defeating Los Angeles Clippers guard Eric Gordon in the inaugural Sprite Slam Dunk-In held the night before the actual dunk contest. Robinson and DeRozan advanced to the final round, where Robinson's double-pump reverse dunk helped seal a 51% to 49% victory.
Blake Griffin won the 2011 slam dunk contest by jumping and dunking over the hood of a Kia sedan on February 19 in Los Angeles. JaVale McGee of the Washington Wizards, DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors, and Serge Ibaka of the Oklahoma City Thunder all competed against Griffin. Griffin and McGee advanced to the final round, where Griffin stole the show, winning the contest with 68% of the vote.
Jeremy Evans won the 2012 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest by performing a dunk over Kevin Hart on February 25 in Orlando, Florida with 29% of the votes. Joining Evans were Chase Budinger of the Houston Rockets, Paul George of the Indiana Pacers, and Derrick Williams of the Minnesota Timberwolves. While George awed the crowd with a dunk with the lights turned off, Evans had perhaps the dunk of the contest by jumping teammate Gordon Hayward, catching two balls from Hayward, and dunking it.
Terrence Ross won the 2013 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest after a tomahawk dunk in tribute to former Toronto Raptors player Vince Carter, as well as a between-the-legs dunk performed while jumping over a ball boy. Ross took on Jeremy Evans of the Utah Jazz, Eric Bledsoe of the Los Angeles Clippers, Kenneth Faried of the Denver Nuggets, Gerald Green of the Indiana Pacers, and James White of the New York Knicks. Evans advanced to the final round to defend his title of slam dunk champion, but was thwarted by Ross. Ross carried the momentum of his near-perfect first round, in which he scored a 99 out of a possible 100, with a stellar final round. Ross won the competition decisively, earning 58% of the vote.
Team East, composed of dunkers Paul George, defending champion Terrence Ross, and John Wall won the 2014 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest in commanding fashion. Under the new team format, they dominated the Freestyle Round, capping it off with a pass off the backboard from Ross to Wall, then off the shot clock from Wall to George for the finish. In the Battle Round, Ross defeated Damian Lillard with a through the legs dunk from rapper Drake, George took down Harrison Barnes with a 360-degree, through the legs finish, and Wall defeated Ben McLemore by jumping over the Wizards' mascot G-Man and throwing down a reverse on the first try. Though Team East are the official winners, Wall was voted by fans as the Dunker of the Night.
To the delight of NBA fans, the 2015 contest was changed back to its original format, as the Freestyle Round as well as the teams were taken out. The 4 dunkers competing were all up-and-coming players: The Bucks' Giannis Antetokounmpo, the Timberwolves' Zach LaVine, the Magic's Victor Oladipo, and the Nets' Mason Plumlee. LaVine took home the hardware with dunks that included a between-the-legs reverse, a behind-the-back slam in which he caught it in midair, a between-the-legs lefthanded dunk, and finished with a between-the-legs dunk as he caught it off the pole behind the backboard. Similar to Howard with Superman, LaVine did his first dunk with a cultural homage, wearing Michael Jordan's jersey from Space Jam.[5]
Controversy over Dunk Contest authenticity[edit]
Many people, including 2010 winner Nate Robinson, thought that the 2011 contest was rigged to allow up-and-coming star Blake Griffin to win and that runner-up JaVale McGee deserved to win.[6][7][8][9] It was even disputed if Griffin even legitimately qualified for the finals since his final dunk got a perfect score but was basically a copy of DeMar DeRozan's first dunk with a lower degree of difficulty. Ben Maller of Fox Sports Radio reported that a media advisory sent out by the NBA over an hour before the 2011 Slam Dunk Contest began already referring to Blake Griffin as the winner.[10]It is widely accepted in various respected internet chatboxes that Griffin, Kia, and the NBA colluded to fix the contest.[11][12]
Past NBA Slam Dunk Contest champions[edit]
There have been 25 players crowned the best dunkers in the NBA. Nate Robinson is the only player to win the event three times. Five are two-time winners: Dominique Wilkins, Michael Jordan, Harold Miner, Jason Richardson and Zach LaVine.
1984 (Denver) – Larry Nance, Phoenix Suns
1985 (Indianapolis) – Dominique Wilkins, Atlanta Hawks
1986 (Dallas) – Spud Webb, Atlanta Hawks
1987 (Seattle) – Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls
1988 (Chicago) – Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls
1989 (Houston) – Kenny "Sky" Walker, New York Knicks
1990 (Miami) – Dominique Wilkins, Atlanta Hawks
1991 (Charlotte) – Dee Brown, Boston Celtics
1992 (Orlando) – Cedric Ceballos, Phoenix Suns
1993 (Salt Lake City) – Harold Miner, Miami Heat
1994 (Minneapolis) – Isaiah Rider, Minnesota Timberwolves
1995 (Phoenix) – Harold Miner, Miami Heat
1996 (San Antonio) – Brent Barry, Los Angeles Clippers
1997 (Cleveland) – Kobe Bryant, Los Angeles Lakers
1998 (New York City) – None, the WNBA-NBA 2Ball Competition replaced the Slam Dunk Contest
1999 (Philadelphia) – Lockout – Shortened Season, No NBA All Star Game
2000 (Oakland) – Vince Carter, Toronto Raptors
2001 (Washington, D.C.) – Desmond Mason, Seattle SuperSonics
2002 (Philadelphia) – Jason Richardson, Golden State Warriors
2003 (Atlanta) – Jason Richardson, Golden State Warriors
2004 (Los Angeles) – Fred Jones, Indiana Pacers
2005 (Denver) – Josh Smith, Atlanta Hawks
2006 (Houston) – Nate Robinson, New York Knicks
2007 (Las Vegas) – Gerald Green, Boston Celtics
2008 (New Orleans) – Dwight Howard, Orlando Magic
2009 (Phoenix) – Nate Robinson, New York Knicks
2010 (Dallas) – Nate Robinson, New York Knicks
2011 (Los Angeles) – Blake Griffin*, Los Angeles Clippers
2012 (Orlando) – Jeremy Evans, Utah Jazz
2013 (Houston) – Terrence Ross, Toronto Raptors
2014 (New Orleans) – John Wall, Washington Wizards
2015 (New York City) – Zach LaVine, Minnesota Timberwolves
2016 (Toronto) – Zach LaVine, Minnesota Timberwolves
2017 (New Orleans) - Glenn Robinson III, Indiana Pacers
2018 (Los Angeles) - Donovan Mitchell, Utah Jazz
Slam Dunk Contest champions by franchise
Number
Franchise
Last Time
4 Atlanta Hawks 2005
4 New York Knicks 2010
3 Minnesota Timberwolves 2016
2 Indiana Pacers 2017
2 Toronto Raptors 2013
2 Chicago Bulls 1988
2 Golden State Warriors 2003
2 Miami Heat 1995
2 Phoenix Suns 1992
2 Boston Celtics 2007
2 Los Angeles Clippers 2011
2 Utah Jazz 2018
1 Los Angeles Lakers 1997
1 Orlando Magic 2008
1 Seattle Supersonics 2001
1 Washington Wizards 2014
All-time participants[edit]
Bold denotes winner(s) of that year.
Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf: 1993
Ray Allen: 1997
Chris Andersen: 2004, 2005
Greg Anderson: 1988
Nick Anderson: 1992
Giannis Antetokounmpo: 2015
Darrell Armstrong: 1996
Stacey Augmon: 1992
Harrison Barnes: 2014
Brent Barry: 1996
Will Barton: 2016
Kenny Battle: 1990
Jonathan Bender: 2001
David Benoit: 1993
Eric Bledsoe: 2013
Dee Brown: 1991
Shannon Brown: 2010
Kobe Bryant: 1997
Chase Budinger: 2012
Chris Carr: 1997
Vince Carter: 2000
Cedric Ceballos: 1992, 1993
Tom Chambers: 1987
Rex Chapman: 1990, 1991
Doug Christie: 1996
Michael Cooper: 1984
Antonio Davis: 1994
Baron Davis: 2001
Ricky Davis: 2000, 2004
Johnny Dawkins: 1987
DeMar DeRozan: 2010, 2011
Clyde Drexler: 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989
Andre Drummond: 2016
Tony Dumas: 1995
Blue Edwards: 1991
Julius Erving: 1984, 1985
Jeremy Evans: 2012, 2013
Rudy Fernández: 2009
Michael Finley: 1996, 1997
Steve Francis: 2000, 2002
Rudy Gay: 2008, 2009
Paul George: 2012, 2014
Kendall Gill: 1991
Aaron Gordon: 2016, 2017
Gerald Green: 2007, 2008, 2013
Blake Griffin: 2011
Darrell Griffith: 1984, 1985
Darvin Ham: 1997
Ron Harper: 1987, 1989
Antonio Harvey: 1995
Roy Hinson: 1986
Allan Houston: 1994
Dwight Howard: 2007, 2008, 2009
Larry Hughes: 2000
Serge Ibaka: 2011
Andre Iguodala: 2006
Richard Jefferson: 2003
Larry Johnson: 1992
Derrick Jones Jr.: 2017
Edgar Jones: 1984
Fred Jones: 2004
Shelton Jones: 1989
DeAndre Jordan: 2017
Michael Jordan: 1985, 1987, 1988
Shawn Kemp: 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994
Jerome Kersey: 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989
Zach LaVine: 2015, 2016
Damian Lillard: 2014
Corey Maggette: 2001
Desmond Mason: 2001, 2002, 2003
JaVale McGee: 2011
Tracy McGrady: 2000
Ben McLemore: 2014
Harold Miner: 1993, 1995
Greg Minor: 1996
Donovan Mitchell: 2018
Jamario Moon: 2008
Chris Morris: 1989
Larry Nance: 1984, 1985
Larry Nance Jr.: 2018
Victor Oladipo: 2015, 2018
Robert Pack: 1994
Tim Perry: 1989, 1993, 1995
Scottie Pippen: 1990
Mason Plumlee: 2015
Paul Pressey: 1986
Jason Richardson: 2002, 2003, 2004
Isaiah Rider: 1994, 1995
Glenn Robinson III: 2017
James Robinson: 1994
Nate Robinson: 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010
Terrence Ross: 2013, 2014
Ralph Sampson: 1984
Dennis Smith Jr.: 2018
J. R. Smith: 2005, 2009
Josh Smith: 2005, 2006
Kenny Smith: 1990, 1991, 1993
Otis Smith: 1988, 1991
Jerry Stackhouse: 1996, 2000
Terence Stansbury: 1985, 1986, 1987
John Starks: 1992
DeShawn Stevenson: 2001
Amar'e Stoudemire: 2003, 2005
Bob Sura: 1997
Stromile Swift: 2001
Tyrus Thomas: 2007
Billy Thompson: 1990
Terry Tyler: 1986
Kenny "Sky" Walker: 1989, 1990
John Wall: 2014
Gerald Wallace: 2002, 2010
Hakim Warrick: 2006
Jamie Watson: 1995
Clarence Weatherspoon: 1993
Spud Webb: 1986, 1988, 1989
Doug West: 1992
Dominique Wilkins: 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990
Gerald Wilkins: 1986, 1987
Derrick Williams: 2012
Kenny Williams: 1991
Orlando Woolridge: 1984, 1985
All-time results[edit]
1980s[edit]
1984
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Larry Nance (Phoenix) 134 (44+44+46) 140 (49+48+43) 134 (48+39+47)
Julius Erving (Philadelphia) 134 (39+47+48) 140 (44+49+47) 122 (47+25+50)
Dominique Wilkins (Atlanta) 135 (47+39+49) 137 (48+48+41)
Darrell Griffith (Utah) 121 (39+40+42) 108 (42+42+24)
Edgar Jones (San Antonio) 118 (32+43+43)
Ralph Sampson (Houston) 118 (37+40+41)
Orlando Woolridge (Chicago) 116 (23+45+48)
Clyde Drexler (Portland) 108 (40+24+44)
Michael Cooper (L.A. Lakers) 70 (24+24+22)
1985
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Dominique Wilkins (Atlanta) 145 (47+49+49) 140 (48+45+47) 147 (47+50+50)
Michael Jordan (Chicago) 130 (44+42+42) 142 (45+47+50) 136 (43+44+49)
Terence Stansbury (Indiana) 130 (46+50+34) 136 (49+48+39)
Julius Erving (Philadelphia) BYEa 132 (43+44+45)
Larry Nance (Phoenix) BYEa 131 (42+47+42)
Darrell Griffith (Utah) 126 (38+42+46)
Orlando Woolridge (Chicago) 124 (40+43+41)
Clyde Drexler (Portland) 122 (39+39+44)
aErving and Nance received first-round byes as they were the finalists from the previous year.
1986
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Spud Webb (Atlanta) 141 (46+48+47) 138 (50+42+46) 100 (50+50)
Dominique Wilkins (Atlanta) BYEa 138 (46+47+45) 98 (50+48)
Terence Stansbury (Indiana) 129b (34+47+48) 132 (44+39+49)
Gerald Wilkins (New York) 133 (44+50+39) 87 (37+25+25)
Jerome Kersey (Portland) 129 (39+43+47)
Paul Pressey (Milwaukee) 116 (44+35+37)
Roy Hinson (Cleveland) 112 (35+39+38)
Terry Tyler (Sacramento) 110 (37+36+37)
aWilkins received a first-round bye as he was the previous year's champion.
bStansbury defeated Kersey in a dunk-off to break their tie.
1987
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Michael Jordan (Chicago) 88 (41+47) 148 (49+49+50) 146 (48+48+50)
Jerome Kersey (Portland) 92 (48+44) 147 (50+48+49) 140 (46+45+49)
Terence Stansbury (Seattle) 99 (49+50) 144 (49+45+50)
Clyde Drexler (Portland) 92 (45+47) 136 (46+45+45)
Ron Harper (Cleveland) 83 (45+38)
Johnny Dawkins (San Antonio) 81 (37+44)
Tom Chambers (Seattle) 62 (41+21)
Gerald Wilkins (New York) 62 (41+21)
1988
Ron Harper (Cleveland) was to participate but withdrew due to injury.
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Michael Jordan (Chicago) 94 (47+47) 145 (50+48+47) 147 (50+47+50)
Dominique Wilkins (Atlanta) 96 (49+47) 143 (49+47+47) 145 (50+50+45)
Clyde Drexler (Portland) 88 (44+44) 133 (45+42+46)
Otis Smith (Golden State) 87 (40+47) 109 (45+22+42)
Jerome Kersey (Portland) 79 (41+38)
Greg Anderson (San Antonio) 76 (42+34)
Spud Webb (Atlanta) 52 (34+18)
1989
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Kenny "Sky" Walker (New York) 91.3 (42.5+48.8) 96.4 (46.9+49.5) 148.1 (48.9+49.6+49.6)
Clyde Drexler (Portland) 93.7 (46.6+47.1) 95.0 (47.3+47.7) 49.5 (24.5+25.0+ 0.0a)
Spud Webb (Atlanta) 94.5 (46.8+47.7) 91.8 (47.8+44.0)
Shelton Jones (Philadelphia) 89.5 (44.1+45.4) 90.6 (45.7+44.9)
Tim Perry (Phoenix) 89.4 (44.4+45.0)
Jerome Kersey (Portland) 88.9 (44.9+44.0)
Ron Harper (Cleveland) 88.5 (41.7+46.8)
Chris Morris (New Jersey) 83.2 (41.1+42.1)
a Drexler did not attempt his final dunk, as victory was out of reach.
1990s[edit]
1990
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Dominique Wilkins (Atlanta) 96.3 (48.1+48.2) 97.7 (48.0+49.7) 146.8 (47.9+49.7+49.2)
Kenny Smith (Sacramento) 93.0 (43.4+49.6) 98.3 (49.1+49.2) 145.1 (48.1+49.8+47.2)
Kenny "Sky" Walker (New York) 95.2 (47.0+48.2) 97.4 (49.5+47.9)
Shawn Kemp (Seattle) 98.2 (49.1+49.1) 96.4 (47.6+48.8)
Scottie Pippen (Chicago) 92.2 (47.2+45.0)
Rex Chapman (Charlotte) 92.1 (45.5+46.6)
Billy Thompson (Miami) 91.4 (47.7+43.7)
Kenny Battle (Phoenix) 85.8 (42.5+42.8)
1991
Beginning with this year, final round competitors were allowed three dunks, with the two highest scores comprising the total.
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Dee Brown (Boston) 92.4 (48.2+44.2) 98.0 (49.6+48.4) 97.7 (48.1+49.6–46.4)
Shawn Kemp (Seattle) 95.8 (47.6+48.2) 95.6 (48.3+47.3) 93.7 (48.0+45.7–44.3)
Rex Chapman (Charlotte) 95.2 (45.5+49.7) 94.0 (48.0+46.0)
Kenny Smith (Houston) 90.8 (48.5+42.3) 87.9 (46.6+41.3)
Kenny Williams (Indiana) 86.9 (42.3+44.6)
Blue Edwards (Utah) 84.3 (40.1+44.2)
Otis Smith (Orlando) 83.0 (41.2+41.8)
Kendall Gill (Charlotte) 81.0 (40.1+40.9)
1992
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Cedric Ceballos (Phoenix) 85.4 (43.1+42.3) 90.4 (45.7+44.7) 97.2 (47.2+50.0–43.3)
Larry Johnson (Charlotte) 98.0 (48.6+49.4) 98.0 (49.6+48.4) 66.0 (33.5+32.5–0.0a)
Nick Anderson (Orlando) 88.6 (47.4+41.2) 89.8 (46.0+43.8)
John Starks (New York) 89.6 (42.6+47.0) 87.9 (43.1+44.8)
Doug West (Minnesota) 84.1 (44.3+39.8)
Shawn Kemp (Seattle) 81.4 (47.4+34.0)
Stacey Augmon (Atlanta) 79.5 (44.7+34.8)
a Johnson did not attempt his final dunk, as victory was out of reach.
1993
The two highest score dunks of three in each round constituted the competitor's score.
Shawn Kemp (Seattle) was scheduled to compete but was injured.
Player
First round
Finals
Harold Miner (Miami) 94.8 (49.0+45.8–45.8) 97.4 (48.0+49.4–47.0)
Clarence Weatherspoon (Philadelphia) 87.5 (43.2+44.3–38.5) 92.2 (44.7+47.5–27.5)
Cedric Ceballos (Phoenix) 87.3 (42.3+45.1–22.5) 79.8 (42.3+37.5–24.5)
David Benoit (Utah) 85.8 (41.5+44.3–28.5)
Kenny Smith (Houston) 85.0 (46.5+38.5–26.5)
Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf (Denver) 80.8 (38.0+42.8–26.0)
Tim Perry (Philadelphia) 70.0 (38.5+31.5–22.0)
1994
In the first round, each competitor was allowed 90 seconds to do as many dunks as he chooses with one overall score. The final round score was the best of two dunks.
Player
First round
Finals
Isaiah Rider (Minnesota) 46.8 49.0, 47.0
Robert Pack (Denver) 42.0 43.8, 25.0
Shawn Kemp (Seattle) 46.6 25.0, 25.0
Allan Houston (Detroit) 41.5
Antonio Davis (Indiana) 40.0
James Robinson (Portland) 39.0
1995
This year, each competitor was allowed 90 seconds to do at least three dunks and then given an overall score in round one. In the final round, each competitor was allowed 60 seconds to do at least two dunks and then given an overall score.
Player
First round
Finals
Harold Miner (Miami) 49.2 46.0
Isaiah Rider (Minnesota) 44.6 34.0
Jamie Watson (Utah) 40.4 26.0
Antonio Harvey (L.A. Lakers) 35.2
Tim Perry (Philadelphia) 31.0
Tony Dumas (Dallas) 15.0
1996
Beginning this year, in the first round, each competitor was allowed 90 seconds to do as many dunks as he chooses with one overall score. The final round score was the best of two dunks.
Player
First round
Finals
Brent Barry (L.A. Clippers) 45.5 8.0, 49.0
Michael Finley (Phoenix) 45.0 7.0, 46.2
Greg Minor (Boston) 41.0 2.0, 40.0
Jerry Stackhouse (Philadelphia) 40.0
Doug Christie (New York) 39.5
Darrell Armstrong (Orlando) 25.5
1997
Player
First round
Finals
Kobe Bryant (L.A. Lakers) 37 49
Chris Carr (Minnesota) 44 45
Michael Finley (Dallas) 39 33
Ray Allen (Milwaukee) 35
Bob Sura (Cleveland) 35
Darvin Ham (Denver) 36
1998
No competition was held.
1999
No competition was held as All-Star Weekend was not held due to the NBA's lockout.
2000s[edit]
2000
Beginning with this year, the two highest dunks in each round constituted the competitor's total score.
Player
First round
Finals
Vince Carter (Toronto) 100 (50,49,50) 98 (50+48)
Steve Francis (Houston) 95 (45,50,32) 91 (43+48)
Tracy McGrady (Toronto) 99 (45,49,50) 77 (45+32)
Ricky Davis (Charlotte) 88 (40,32,48)
Jerry Stackhouse (Detroit) 83 (41,36,42)
Larry Hughes (Philadelphia) 67 (30,30,37)
2001
Player
First round
Finals
Desmond Mason (Seattle) 91 (42+49) 89 (45+44)
DeShawn Stevenson (Utah) 95 (46+49) 85 (38+47)
Baron Davis (Charlotte) 94 (45+49) 77 (44+33)
Stromile Swift (Vancouver) 90 (45+45)
Jonathan Bender (Indiana) 90 (46+44)
Corey Maggette (L.A. Clippers) 88 (46+42)
2002
A tournament format was adopted for this year.
Semifinals Finals
1 Desmond Mason (Seattle) 84 (41,43,36)
4 Jason Richardson (Golden State) 98 (48,31,50)
Jason Richardson 85 (36+49)
Gerald Wallace 80 (44+36)
3 Steve Francis (Houston) 77 (31,40,37)
2 Gerald Wallace (Sacramento) 84 (41,43,36)
2003
Player
First round
Finals
Jason Richardson (Golden State) 100 (50+50) 95 (45+50)
Desmond Mason (Seattle) 90 (46+44) 93 (50+43)
Amar'e Stoudemire (Phoenix) 79 (49+30)
Richard Jefferson (New Jersey) 74 (37+37)
2004
Player
First round
Finals
Fred Jones (Indiana) 92 (50+42) 86 (50+36)
Jason Richardson (Golden State) 95 (45+50) 78 (45+33)
Chris Andersen (Denver) 88 (42+46)
Ricky Davis (Boston) 76 (45+31)
2005
Player
First round
Finals
Josh Smith (Atlanta) 95 (45+50) 100 (50+50)
Amar'e Stoudemire (Phoenix) 95 (45+50) 87 (45+42)
J. R. Smith (New Orleans) 90 (45+45)
Chris Andersen (New Orleans) 77 (41+36)
2006
Player
First round
Finals
Tie-break
Nate Robinson (New York) 93 (49+44) 94 (44+50) 47
Andre Iguodala (Philadelphia) 95 (45+50) 94 (50+44) 46
Hakim Warrick (Memphis) 86 (44+42)
Josh Smith (Atlanta) 81 (41+40)
2007
Player
First round
Finals
Gerald Green (Boston) 95 (48+47) 91 (41+50)
Nate Robinson (New York) 90 (45+45) 80 (39+41)
Dwight Howard (Orlando) 85 (43+42)
Tyrus Thomas (Chicago) 80 (37+43)
2008
The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging for the first time.
Player
First round
Finals
Dwight Howard (Orlando) 100 (50+50) 78%
Gerald Green (Minnesota) 91 (46+45) 22%
Jamario Moon (Toronto) 90 (46+44)
Rudy Gay (Memphis) 85 (37+48)
2009
The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging.
Player
First round
Finals
Nate Robinson (New York) 87 (46+41) 52%
Dwight Howard (Orlando) 100 (50+50) 48%
J. R. Smith (Denver) 85 (43+42)
Rudy Fernández (Portland) 84 (42+42)
2010s[edit]
2010
The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging.
Player
First round
Finals
Nate Robinson (New York) 89 (44+45) 51%
DeMar DeRozan (Toronto) 92 (42+50) 49%
Gerald Wallace (Charlotte) 78 (38+40)
Shannon Brown (L.A. Lakers) 78 (37+41)
2011
The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging.
Player
First round
Finals
Blake Griffin (L.A. Clippers) 95 (49+46) 68%
JaVale McGee (Washington) 99 (50+49) 32%
DeMar DeRozan (Toronto) 94 (44+50)
Serge Ibaka (Oklahoma) 90 (45+45)
2012
The format for this season was changed so that each participant had 3 dunks, and the results would be entirely decided by fan voting online, via text messaging, and (for the first time) via Twitter.
Player
Voting results
Jeremy Evans (Utah) 29%
Chase Budinger (Houston) 28%
Paul George (Indiana) 24%
Derrick Williams (Minnesota) 19%
2013
The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging.
Player
First round
Finals
Terrence Ross (Toronto) 99 (50+49) 58%
Jeremy Evans (Utah) 90 (47+43) 42%
Eric Bledsoe (L.A. Clippers) 89 (39+50)
Kenneth Faried (Denver) 89 (39+50)
Gerald Green (Indiana) 83 (50+33)
James White (New York) 77 (45+32)
2014
A team format was adopted this year. The first round was a Freestyle Round, with the winning team choosing the order of dunkers for the Battle Round. The Battle Round was then composed of one-on-one "battles", with the first team to three victories being the champion.
John Wall was voted Dunker of the Night.
Freestyle Round
Division
Members
Result
East
Paul George, Indiana Pacers
Terrence Ross, Toronto Raptors
John Wall, Washington Wizards Won
West
Harrison Barnes, Golden State Warriors
Damian Lillard, Portland Trail Blazers
Ben McLemore, Sacramento Kings Lost
Battle Round
Division
Player
Result
East
Terrence Ross, Toronto Raptors Won
West
Damian Lillard, Portland Trail Blazers Lost
East
Paul George, Indiana Pacers Won
West
Harrison Barnes, Golden State Warriors Lost
East
John Wall, Washington Wizards Won
West
Ben McLemore, Sacramento Kings Lost
2015
This year saw the return of the voting style that was last used in 2007.
Player
First round
Finals
Zach LaVine (Minnesota) 100 (50+50) 94 (45+49)
Victor Oladipo (Orlando) 89 (50+39) 75 (31+44)
Mason Plumlee (Brooklyn) 76 (40+36)
Giannis Antetokounmpo (Milwaukee) 65 (30+35)
2016
Player
First round
Finals
Tie-break 1
Tie-break 2
Zach LaVine (Minnesota) 99 (50+49) 100 (50+50) 50 50
Aaron Gordon (Orlando) 94 (45+49) 100 (50+50) 50 47
Andre Drummond (Detroit) 75 (36+39)
Will Barton (Denver) 74 (44+30)
2017
Player
First round
Finals
Glenn Robinson III (Indiana) 91 (50+41) 94 (44+50)
Derrick Jones Jr. (Phoenix) 95 (45+50) 87 (37+50)
DeAndre Jordan (L.A. Clippers) 84 (41+43)
Aaron Gordon (Orlando) 72 (38+34)
2018
Player
First round
Finals
Donovan Mitchell (Utah)[13] 98 (48+50) 98 (50+48)
Larry Nance, Jr. (Cleveland) 93 (44+49) 96 (46+50)
Dennis Smith Jr. (Dallas) 89 (39+50)
Victor Oladipo (Indiana) 71 (31+40)
Criticism[edit]
Historically, the dunk contest drew some mild criticisms. One is that players who often compete in these contests are seen as dunkers only (with the obvious exceptions of Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, and Julius Erving), which is why notable high flying athletes like Shawn Marion and LeBron James have sometimes refused to participate.[citation needed] High-profile players such as Dwyane Wade and Charles Barkley have also declined to participate citing it as an unnecessary risk to injury.[citation needed] In the 2000 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Tracy McGrady injured his wrist while performing a dunk.[citation needed] Also in the 1995 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Tony Dumas hurt his knee while performing his "Texas Twister" dunk.[citation needed] Although a longtime critic, LeBron James said he would perform in the 2010 Slam Dunk Contest. This decision was made after watching the 2009 dunk contest when Dwight Howard and Nate Robinson went at it. However, he withdrew his statement once the All-Star Weekend came around.[citation needed]
The 2006 NBA Slam Dunk Competition between Nate Robinson and Andre Iguodala drew much criticism because players were not penalized for missing a dunk attempt. Consequently, Robinson attempted a single dunk 14 times before completing it.[14] Prior to the 2007 competition, the NBA changed a few rules to prevent excessive dunk attempts. Each participant has two minutes to complete their dunk. At the end of the two minutes allotted, they then have their number of dunk attempts limited to two.
Records[edit]
Zach LaVine posted the highest score in any round with 200 in the 2016 final round, as well as the best overall score with 299.0 points.
27 players have scored at least one perfect 50 on an individual dunk: Julius Erving, Terence Stansbury, Michael Jordan, Dominique Wilkins, Gerald Wilkins, Spud Webb, Jerome Kersey, Cedric Ceballos, Vince Carter, Steve Francis, Tracy McGrady, Jason Richardson, Desmond Mason, Fred Jones, Josh Smith, Amar'e Stoudemire, Andre Iguodala, Nate Robinson, Gerald Green, Dwight Howard, DeMar DeRozan, JaVale McGee, Terrence Ross, Victor Oladipo, Zach LaVine, Aaron Gordon, Glenn Robinson III, and Donovan Mitchell. Zach LaVine holds the record with the most perfect 50s, with seven; Michael Jordan has the second most with six, followed by Dominique Wilkins and Jason Richardson with five each. From 1989 to 1995, when scoring went by tenths of points, there was only one perfect 50 (Ceballos).
Michael Jordan, Jason Richardson, Nate Robinson, and Zach LaVine are the only players to win the NBA Slam Dunk Contest back-to-back. Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant and Brent Barry are the only players to have won an NBA championship and a slam dunk championship.
Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to win the slam dunk contest at the age of 18.
At 5'7", Spud Webb is the shortest player to win the NBA slam dunk contest (Nate Robinson is 5'9"). Ralph Sampson, at 7'4", is the tallest player to compete in the dunk contest, while Dwight Howard is the tallest winner, at 6'11".
Nate Robinson is the only player to win the contest three times.
The 2006 NBA Slam Dunk Competition between Nate Robinson and Andre Iguodala was the first time that the competition had to go into a sudden-death dunk-off.[15]
In 1996, Greg Minor of the Boston Celtics received the lowest individual score for a single dunk, with a 2.0 for a missed first attempt.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Walker Wins One for His Father". The New York Times. 12 February 1989. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Matthew. "Howard's Sticker Dunk Doesn't Impress Judges". NBA. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Howard wins Slam Dunk title". ESPN.com. 17 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Dwight Howard takes flight on All-Star Saturday Night!". Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Zach LaVine explodes on national stage, wins 2015 Sprite Slam Dunk".
Jump up ^ "Everything so convenient for NBA in dunk contest. | CelticsLife.com – Boston Celtics Fan Site, Blog, T-shirts". CelticsLife.com. February 20, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Blake Griffin Won the NBA Dunk Contest: Too Bad It Was Fixed". Bleacher Report. February 20, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Slam Dunk Contest Rigged?". NBA Fan Voice. February 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Nate Robinson thinks the dunk contest is rigged". Probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Blake Griffin COULDN'T lose Slam Dunk contest?". Ben Maller. February 28, 2011. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "apple cider papi on Twitter". apple cider papi. April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Blake Griffin says he was forced to jump over Kia during Slam Dunk contest". foxsports. June 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Utah Jazz rookie Donovan Mitchell to replace Aaron Gordon in 2018 Verizon Slam Dunk". NBA.com. February 5, 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
Jump up ^ "5-foot-9 Robinson soars to Slam Dunk title". MSNBC. February 19, 2006. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ Matt Wong (February 21, 2006). "Robinson wins dunkfest amid controversy – NBA – ESPN". Sports.espn.go.com. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
External links[edit]
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Slam Dunk Contest winners
1984: Nance
1985: Wilkins
1986: Webb
1987: Jordan
1988: Jordan
1989: Walker
1990: Wilkins
1991: Brown
1992: Ceballos
1993: Miner
1994: Rider
1995: Miner
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2000: Carter
2001: Mason
2002: Richardson
2003: Richardson
2004: Jones
2005: Smith
2006: Robinson
2007: Green
2008: Howard
2009: Robinson
2010: Robinson
2011: Griffin
2012: Evans
2013: Ross
2014: Wall
2015: LaVine
2016: LaVine
2017: Robinson III
2018: Mitchell
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slam_Dunk_Contest&oldid=842190262"
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Human decontamination
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Human decontamination is the process of removing hazardous materials from the human body, including chemicals, radioactive substances, and infectious material.
Contents
[hide]
1 General principles
2 Hospital decontamination
3 Decontamination Exercises
4 Unified command
5 Collection of personal belongings for evidence
6 Handling uncooperative victims
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
General principles[edit]
Decontamination of humans is usually done by a three-step procedure, separated by sex: removal of clothing, washing, and reclothing.
Persons suspected of being contaminated are usually separated by sex, and led into a decontamination tent, trailer, or pod, where they shed their potentially contaminated clothes in a strip-down room. Then they enter a wash-down room where they are showered. Finally they enter a drying and re-robing room to be issued clean clothing, or a jumpsuit or the like. Some more structured facilities include six rooms (strip-down, wash-down and examination rooms, for each of men's and women's side as per attached drawing). Some facilities, such as Modecs, and many others, are remotely operable, and function like "human car washes".
Mass decontamination is the decontamination of large numbers of people. The ACI World Aviation Security Standing Committee describes a decontamination process thus, specifically referring to plans for Los Angeles authorities:
The disinfection/decontamination process is akin to putting humans through a car wash after first destroying their garments. Los Angeles World Airports have put in place a contingency plan to disinfect up to 10,000 persons who might have been exposed to biological or chemical substances.
Decontamination of injured victim
Hospital decontamination[edit]
Most hospitals in the United States are prepared for handling a large influx of patients from a terrorist attack. Volunteer hospital decontamination teams are common. These teams are specially trained to set up showers or washing equipment, to wear personal protective equipment, and to ensure safety of both the victims and the community during the response. From a planning perspective it must be remembered that first responders in Level A or B personal protective equipment (PPE) will have limited working duration, typically 20 minutes to 2 hours.[1]
Typically these teams use decontamination showers built into the hospital or tents which are set up outside in order to decontaminate individuals. Beyond terrorism incidents, common exposures may be related to factory spills, agricultural incidents, and vehicle accidents. Incidents are common in both urban and rural communities. Hospital decontamination is a component of the Hospital Incident Command System and required in the standards set forth by the Joint Commission.
Decontamination Exercises[edit]
Decontamination Exercises are frequently used to test the preparedness of emergency plans and personnel.
Exercises are of three types:
Tabletop - An exercise held with responsible personnel in which a facilitator relays information about a scenario to the group. The group then discusses the actions they each would take in the given situation. There is no "live response" or use of assets. The table top is a low impact, low stress method to review emergency plans.
Functional - A functional exercise involves the agencies involved in an Emergency Operations Center, a scenario is presented and the players go through the actions they would if it were a real incident. The exercise tests the technical resources and plans of the Emergency Operations Center. There is no "live response" outside of the Emergency Operations Center.
Full Scale - A full scale exercise is the most involved type of exercise and the most difficult to plan and execute. Full scale exercises can vary in size from one agency or municipality to multinational exercises such as the US Government lead annual TOPOFF exercise. In a full scale exercise a scenario is created and acted out in a real world manner. Responders are expected to act in accordance with established plans and as they would in a real incident. At times certain parts of the exercise have to be simulated due to equipment, financial, or safety reasons, sometimes making the scenario confusing. Full scale exercises are often used as a chance to test and rate an agency's true level of preparedness.
Unified command[edit]
Decontamination of persons during a fire brigade exercise employment (Germany)
Collaboration among various levels of authority, and among various countries, is required to address bioterror threats, because contamination knows no boundaries. Disease and contamination do not stop at the border from one country to another. Thus organizations such as NATO, bring together member countries to practice how to contain an outbreak, setup quarantine facilities, and care for displaced persons.
Collection of personal belongings for evidence[edit]
Dofficers (Decontamination officers in the "doffing" or disrobing area) are often police or military personnel, ready to handle potentially unruly persons who refuse to cooperate with first responders.
For example, the U.S. ARMY SOLDIER AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL COMMAND suggests that:
"The entire incident is a crime scene requiring the collection of criminal evidence and suspicious victim belongings. The preservation of a proper chain of custody must be maintained for all evidence. ... patients could be suspects and their belongings may be evidence. ... Direct patients through a detailed decontamination process and deal with potentially unruly patients. ... Enforce order when persons become uncooperative when asked to remove clothing and relinquish personal items.".
Paul Rega, M.D., FACEP, and Kelly Burkholder-Allen also note, in "The ABCs of Bioterrorism" an additional advantage in decontaminating everyone found at the scene of an incident, because this will help the authorities in searching through everyone's clothes to find suspicious items:
"Removal of clothing in the decon procedure has the additional advantage of detecting weapons or a secondary device on a victim or "pseudo-victim".
Chris Seiple, in "Another Perspective on the Domestic Role of the Military in Consequence Management" suggests that the evidence gathering process of identifying contaminated people and their belongings should also include the process of video surveillance:
The identification of contaminated victims and their personal effects... Victims are also videotaped as they proceed through the decontamination line.
Video Surveillance... Videotaped documentation could later be used in the evidence processes;
Although there are the obvious privacy concerns in surveillance, one can also argue that due to the high risk nature of terrorism, such surveillance is warranted, as it is in other high risk areas like bathing complexes where surveillance is often used because of the risk of drowning. In these cases the importance of safety may often be thought to outweigh privacy concerns.
Handling uncooperative victims[edit]
One of the elements that separates a drill from a real-life situation is dealing with panicked or uncooperative victims. Security personnel should be assigned to the area for crowd control and to ensure appropriate flow of individuals in and out of the decontamination area.
In a real attack, the perpetrators may be among the victims, or some of the victims may be in possession of contraband, or of evidence that might help law enforcement in solving the crime.
Another consideration is that some of the perpetrator victims might refuse to go through decon because this would result in discovery of the contraband they may be hiding.
For example, a person with explosives strapped to his or her body, under their clothing, would likely not be so willing to take it off. Such a victim might try to escape, and need to be restrained for decon.
Separate male and female dofficers (decon officers) deal with potentially unruly patients, by restraining the hands using flex cuffs, and cutting off the shirt, then removing shoes and pants normally. This usually requires a couple of officers.
The Belfast Telegraph describes such a situation:
"...holds back hundreds of extras playing traumatised bomb victims. Coated in ash and wrapped up in bandages, these people are staggering around, dazed and confused, like so many shell-shocked World War I soldiers. While troops in riot gear charge forward to reinforce the cordon and use their shields and batons to beat back ... desperately appeal for calm. They ask people to file in an orderly fashion towards the decontamination units being rapidly assembled by fire fighters in inflated orange Chemical Biological Radiation Nuclear (CBRN) suits."
See also [2] Battalion Chief Michael Farri:
They bring a law enforcement agency group with them and they have no problem if somebody needs to be restrained with handcuffs or flex cuffs or whatever to keep them from going from the hot zone to a cool zone; whereas the fire department, we are not geared to do that.... KWAME HOLMAN: Colonel Hammes says his Marines are trained to handle uncooperative people. ... If they're really hysterical, there's some simple techniques from this program called Marine Martial Arts, that teaches various martial arts skills; there are common techniques that police also use to provide pain compliance-- no permanent damage, just enough to get your attention, and allows us to control you. If you still won't, then we can control in flex cuffs, and then we'll flex cuff decontaminate you. And if you're calm at that point, we turn you loose. If you're still not calm, then the police will be asked to give us a hand.
See also[edit]
Contamination control
Decontamination foam
Disease surveillance
Fukushima disaster cleanup
Incident Support Unit
Mass decontamination
Radioactive contamination
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jane's Chem-Bio Handbook, third edition
Jump up ^ "Online NewsHour: Guarding the Homeland - September 27, 2002". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Decontamination.
Cleanroom Technology-The Internal Journal of Contamination Control
Airport shows off human carwash
Annual decontamination (de)conference
RODS Laboratory
TVI corporation (makes tents that have a separate decon corridors for men and women on each side, with a central corridor for nonambulatory patients)
First Line Technology - Mass Decontamination, Personal Decontamination Systems and Equipment
Airshelter - ACD, manufacturer of mobile, rapid deployment shelters and (mass) decon systems
qüb9 Environmental - Manufacturer of container-based mobile, deployable human decontamination, decon platforms
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