text:
Price controls
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Price controls are governmental restrictions on the prices that can be charged for goods and services in a market. The intent behind implementing such controls can stem from the desire to maintain affordability of goods, to prevent during shortages, and to slow inflation, or, alternatively, to ensure a minimum income for providers of certain goods or a minimum wage. There are two primary forms of price control, a price ceiling, the maximum price that can be charged, and a price floor, the minimum price that can be charged.
Historically, price controls have often been imposed as part of a larger incomes policy package also employing wage controls and other regulatory elements.
Although price controls are sometimes used by governments, economists usually agree that price controls don't accomplish what they are intended to do and are generally to be avoided.[1] For example, nearly three-quarters of economists surveyed disagreed with the statement, "Wage-price controls are a useful policy option in the control of inflation."[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Postwar
1.1.1 United Kingdom
1.1.2 United States
2 Criticism
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
Parts of this article (those related to California electricity price controls) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2015)
WWI poster of the United States Food Administration
WWII poster about US price controls
The Roman Emperor Diocletian tried to set maximum prices for all commodities in the late 3rd century AD but with little success.
During the French Revolution, the Law of the Maximum set price limits on the sale of food and other staples.
Governments in planned economies typically control prices on most or all goods but have not sustained high economic performance and have been almost entirely replaced by mixed economies.
Price controls have also been used in modern times in less-planned economies, such as rent control.[1]
During World War I, the United States Food Administration enforced price controls on food.[3][4][5][6] Price controls were also imposed in the US and Nazi Germany during World War II.[7][8]
Postwar[edit]
Wage controls have been tried in many countries to reduce inflation, seldom successfully. Modern neoclassical economic theory supports the alternative remedy of reducing the money supply and proposes that monetary inflation is caused by too much money creation by the central bank.[citation needed]
United Kingdom[edit]
The National Board for Prices and Incomes was created by the government of Harold Wilson in 1965 in an attempt to solve the problem of inflation in the British economy by managing wages and prices. The Prices and Incomes Act 1966 c. 33 affected UK labour law, regarding wage levels and price policies. It allowed the government to begin a process to scrutinise rising levels of wages (then around 8% per year) by initiating reports and inquiries and ultimately giving orders for a standstill. The objective was to control inflation. It proved unpopular after the 1960s.
United States[edit]
States have sometimes chosen to implement their own control policies. California controls the prices of electricity within the state, which conservative economist Thomas Sowell blames for the occasional electricity shortages the state experiences.[9] Sowell said in 2001, "Since the utility companies have been paying more for electricity than they were allowed to charge their customers, they were operating in the red and the financial markets are downgrading their bonds."[9] California's price-setting board agreed to raise rates but not as much as the companies were paying on the wholesale market for their electricity.[10] Economist Lawrence Makovich contended, "We've already seen in California that price caps on retail rates increased demand and made the shortage worse and price caps also forced the largest utility, Pacific Gas and Electric, into bankruptcy in four months."[11] While some charged that electricity providers had in past years charged above-market rates,[11] in 2002 the San Francisco Chronicle reported that before the blackouts, many energy providers left the state because they could make a greater profit in other Western states.[12] The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission stepped in and set price caps for each megawatt of power bought after lifting the caps to avoid rolling blackouts six months previously.[12]
The state of Hawaii briefly introduced a cap on the wholesale price of gasoline (the Gas Cap Law) in an effort to fight "price gouging" in that state in 2005. Because it was widely seen as too soft and ineffective, it was repealed shortly thereafter.[13]
Criticism[edit]
The primary criticism leveled against price controls is that by keeping prices artificially low, demand is increased to the point where supply can not keep up, leading to shortages in the price-controlled product.[14] For example, Lactantius wrote that Diocletian "by various taxes he had made all things exceedingly expensive, attempted by a law to limit their prices. Then much blood [of merchants] was shed for trifles, men were afraid to offer anything for sale, and the scarcity became more excessive and grievous than ever. Until, in the end, the [price limit] law, after having proved destructive to many people, was from mere necessity abolished."[15] As with Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices, shortages lead to black markets where prices for the same good exceed those of an uncontrolled market.[14] Furthermore, once controls are removed, prices will immediately increase, which can temporarily shock the economic system.[14]
A classic example of how price controls cause shortages was during the Arab oil embargo between October 19, 1973 and March 17, 1974. Long lines of cars and trucks quickly appeared at retail gas stations in the U.S. and some stations closed because of a shortage of fuel at the low price set by the U.S. Cost of Living Council. The fixed price was below what the market would otherwise bear and, as a result, the inventory disappeared. It made no difference whether prices were voluntarily or involuntarily posted below the market clearing price. Scarcity resulted in either case. Price controls fail to achieve their proximate aim, which is to reduce prices paid by retail consumers, but such controls do manage to reduce supply.[16][17]
Nobel prize winner Milton Friedman said "We economists don't know much, but we do know how to create a shortage. If you want to create a shortage of tomatoes, for example, just pass a law that retailers can't sell tomatoes for more than two cents per pound. Instantly you'll have a tomato shortage. It's the same with oil or gas."[18]
U.S. President Richard Nixon's Secretary of the Treasury, George Shultz, enacting Nixon's "New Economic Policy," lifted price controls that had begun in 1971 (part of the Nixon Shock). This lifting of price controls resulted in a rapid increase in prices. Price freezes were re-established five months later.[19] Stagflation was eventually ended in the United States when the Federal Reserve under chairman Paul Volcker raised interest rates to unusually high levels. This successfully ended high inflation but caused a recession that ended in the early 1980s.
See also[edit]
Administered prices
Capital control
Monopsony
Incomes policy
Rent regulation
Council on Wage and Price Stability
Shortages in Venezuela
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rockoff, Hugh (2008). "Price Controls". In David R. Henderson (ed.). The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Jump up ^ Alston, Richard M.; Kearl, J.R.; Vaughan, Michael B. (May 1992). "Is There a Consensus Among Economists in the 1990's?" (PDF). 82 (2). American Economic Review: 203–209. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "File: "Prices charged in this store will not exceed those indicated in the most recent list of Fair Prices applicable to this – NARA – 512556.jpg – Wikimedia Commons". Retrieved 2012-01-21.
Jump up ^ "File: "Closed. Public Notice. For Violation of the rules of the United States Food Administration This Place is Closed days... – NARA – 512564.tif – Wikimedia Commons". Retrieved 2012-01-21.
Jump up ^ "File: "This Store sells at FAIR PRICES as interpreted by U.S. Food Administration...", ca. 1917 – ca. 1919 – NARA – 512714.tif – Wikimedia Commons". Retrieved 2012-01-21.
Jump up ^ "File: "We violated the regulations of the Food Administration but have pledged Full Obedience in the Future.", ca. 1917 – ca. – NARA – 512528.jpg – Wikimedia Commons". Retrieved 2012-01-21.
Jump up ^ Paths to Democracy: Revolution and Totalitarianism By Rosemary H. T. O'Kane page 135
Jump up ^ "File: "Cost of Living 1918–1944" – NARA – 514088.jpg – Wikimedia Commons". Retrieved 2012-01-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Sowell, Thomas (2001-01-11). "The Cause of the California Electricity Shortages: "Price Controls"". Capitalism Magazine. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Power problems". NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS. 2001-01-04. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Power struggle". NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS. 2001-06-20. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Mark (2002-05-10). "Memos show makings of power crisis". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
Jump up ^ the well of natal
^ Jump up to: a b c Walter J. Wessels, Economics (2000), pp. 232–33.
Jump up ^ Lactantius. "CHAP. VII.". On the Deaths of the Persecutors. ca. 300 (Christian Classics Ethereal Library ed.). Calvin College.
Jump up ^ Taylor and Van Doren, pp. 26–28
Jump up ^ Thomas Sowell, Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One (2008), pp. 7–9, 112–13, ISBN 0-465-00345-1
Jump up ^ "Controls blamed for U.S. energy woes", Los Angeles Times, February 13, 1977, Milton Friedman press conference in Los Angeles.
Jump up ^ "George P. Shultz (1972–1974)". Treasury.gov. 2010-11-20. Retrieved 2013-09-27.
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text:
UEFA Europa League
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Europa League" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Euro league or European league.
UEFA Europa League
Founded
1971; 47 years ago (1971)
(rebranded in 2009)
Region
Europe (UEFA)
Number of teams
48 (group stage)
8 clubs join after Champions League group stage[1]
160 (total)
Qualifier for
UEFA Super Cup & UEFA Champions League
Related competitions
UEFA Champions League
Current champions
Manchester United (1st title)
Most successful club(s)
Sevilla (5 titles)
Television broadcasters
List of broadcasters
Website
Official website
2017–18 UEFA Europa League
The UEFA Europa League is an annual football club competition organised by UEFA since 1971 for eligible European football clubs. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues and cup competitions.
Previously called the UEFA Cup, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League since the 2009–10 season,[2][3] following a change in format. For UEFA footballing records purposes, the UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League are considered the same competition, with the change of name being simply a rebranding.[4]
In 1999, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was abolished and merged with the UEFA Cup.[5] For the 2004–05 competition a group stage was added prior to the knockout phase. The 2009 re-branding included a merge with the UEFA Intertoto Cup, producing an enlarged competition format, with an expanded group stage and changed qualifying criteria. The winner of the UEFA Europa League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup, and since the 2014–15 season the winner of the UEFA Europa League also qualifies for the next edition of the UEFA Champions League. The winner enters at the group stage.
The title has been won by 28 different clubs, 12 of which have won the title more than once. The most successful club in the competition are Sevilla with five titles and the current champions are Manchester United after defeating Ajax in the final to win the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Trophy
3 Anthem
4 Format
4.1 Qualification
4.2 Background
4.3 Historical formats
4.4 Current format
4.5 Distribution (from 2015–16)
4.6 Format changes (from 2018–19)
5 Prize money
6 Sponsorship
7 Records and statistics
7.1 Winners
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The UEFA Cup was preceded by the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which was a European football competition played between 1955 and 1971. The competition grew from 11 teams during the first cup (1955–58) to 64 teams by the last cup which was played in 1970–71. It had become so important on the European football scene that in the end it was taken over by UEFA and relaunched the following season as the UEFA Cup.
The UEFA Cup was first played in the 1971–72 season, with an all-English final of Wolverhampton Wanderers against Tottenham Hotspur, with Spurs taking the first honours. The title was retained by another English club, Liverpool, in 1973, who defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach in the final. Borussia would win the competition in 1975 and 1979, and reach the final again in 1980. Liverpool won the competition for the second time in 1976 after defeating Club Brugge in the final.
During the 1980s, IFK Göteborg (1982 and 1987) and Real Madrid (1985 and 1986) won the competition twice each, with Anderlecht reaching two consecutive finals, winning in 1983 and losing to Tottenham Hotspur in 1984. The year 1989 saw the commencement of the Italian clubs' domination, when Diego Maradona's Napoli defeated Stuttgart. The 1990s started with two all-Italian finals, and in 1992, Torino lost the final to Ajax on the away goals rule. Juventus won the competition for a third time in 1993 and Internazionale kept the cup in Italy the following year. The year 1995 saw a third all-Italian final, with Parma proving their consistency, after two consecutive Cup Winners' Cup finals. The only final with no Italians during that decade was in 1996. Internazionale reached the final the following two years, losing in 1997 to Schalke 04 on penalties, and winning yet another all-Italian final in 1998, taking home the cup for the third time in only eight years. Parma won the cup in 1999, which ended the Italian club era.
Match between Lech Poznan and Deportivo La Coruña in 2008–09 season.
Liverpool won the competition for the third time in 2001 and Porto triumphed in the 2003 and 2011 tournaments, with the latter against Portuguese team Braga. In 2004, the cup returned to Spain with Valencia being victorious, and then Sevilla succeeded on two consecutive occasions in 2006 and 2007, the latter in a final against fellow Spaniards Espanyol. Either side of Sevilla's success, two Russian teams, CSKA Moscow in 2005 and Zenit Saint Petersburg in 2008, had their glory and yet another former Soviet club, Ukraine's Shakhtar Donetsk, won in 2009. Atlético Madrid would themselves win twice in three seasons, in 2010 and 2012, the latter in another all-Spanish final. In 2013, Chelsea would become the first Champions League holders to win the UEFA Cup/Europa League the following year. In 2014, Sevilla won their third cup in eight years after defeating Benfica on penalties. Just one year later, in 2015, Sevilla won their fourth UEFA Cup/Europa League, becoming the most successful club in the competition.[citation needed]
Since the 2009–10 season, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League.[2][3] At the same time, the UEFA Intertoto Cup, UEFA's third-tier competition, was discontinued and merged into the new Europa League.
Trophy[edit]
The UEFA Cup
The UEFA Cup, also known as the Coupe UEFA, is the trophy awarded annually by UEFA to the football club that wins the UEFA Europa League. Before the 2009–10 season, both the competition and the trophy were known as 'the UEFA Cup'.
Before the competition was renamed the UEFA Europa League in the 2009–10 season, the UEFA regulations stated that a club could keep the original trophy for a year before returning it to UEFA. After its return, the club could keep a four-fifths scale replica of the original trophy. Upon their third consecutive win or fifth win overall, a club could retain the trophy permanently.[6] However, under the new regulations, the trophy remains in UEFA's keeping at all times. A full-size replica trophy is awarded to each winner of the competition. Also a club that wins three consecutive times or five times overall will receive a multiple-winner badge.[7] As of 2016–17, only Sevilla has earned the honour to wear the multiple-winner badge, having achieved both prerequired feats in 2016.[8]
The trophy was designed and crafted by Bertoni for the 1972 UEFA Cup Final. It weighs 15 kg and is silver on a yellow marble plinth.[9]
Anthem[edit]
The competition's first anthem was composed by Yohann Zveig and recorded by the Paris Opera in early 2009. The theme for the re-branded UEFA Cup competition was first officially unveiled at the Grimaldi Forum on 28 August 2009 before the 2009–10 season group stage draw. The anthem is to be played before every Europa League game at a stadium hosting such an event and also before every television broadcast of a Europa League game as a musical element of the competition's opening sequence.[10]
A new anthem was composed by Michael Kadelbach and recorded in Berlin and was launched as part of the competition's rebranding at the start of the 2015–16 season.[11]
Format[edit]
Qualification[edit]
See also: UEFA coefficient
Qualification for the competition is based on UEFA coefficients, with better entrance rounds being offered to the more successful nations. In practice, each association has a standard number of three berths, except:
Nations ranked 52 and 53 (Andorra and San Marino in the 2013–14 season), which have two berths
The nation ranked 54 (Gibraltar in the 2014–15 season) which has one berth.
Liechtenstein, which qualifies only the Cup winners
Usually, each country's places are awarded to teams who finish in various runners-up places in its top-flight league and the winner of the main cup competition. Typically the teams qualifying via the league are those in the highest places not eligible for the UEFA Champions League; however, the Belgian league awards one place via a playoff between First A and First B teams. A few countries have secondary cup competitions, but the only ones whose winners are currently granted a UEFA Europa League place are England's and France's.
A team may qualify for European competitions through more than one route. In all cases, if a club is eligible to enter the UEFA Champions League then the Champions League place takes precedence and the club does not enter the UEFA Europa League. The UEFA Europa League place is then granted to another club or vacated if the maximum limit of teams qualifying for European competitions is exceeded. If a team qualifies for European competition through both winning a cup and league placing, the "spare" UEFA Europa League place will go to the highest placed league team which has not already qualified for European competition, depending on the rules of the national association, or vacated, if the described limit is reached.
The top three ranked associations may qualify for the fourth berth if both the Champions League and Europa League champions are from that association and do not qualify for European competition through their domestic performance. In that case, the fourth-placed team in that association will join the Europa League instead of the Champions League, in addition to their other qualifying teams.
More recently, clubs that are knocked out of the qualifying round and the group stage of the Champions League can also join the UEFA Europa League, at different stages (see below). Formerly, the reigning champions qualified to defend their title, but since 2015 they qualify for the Champions League. From 1995 to 2015, three leagues gained one extra place via the UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking.
Background[edit]
UEFA coefficients were introduced in 1980 and, until 1999, they gave a greater number of berths in UEFA Cup to the more successful nations. Three nations had four places, five nations had three places, thirteen nations had two places, and eleven nations only one place. Since 1999, a similar system has been used for the UEFA Champions League. Before 1980, the entrance criteria of the last Fairs Cup was used.
Historical formats[edit]
The competition was traditionally a pure knockout tournament. All ties were two-legged, including the final. Starting with the 1997–98 season, the final became a one-off match, but all other ties remained two-legged.
Before the 2004–05 season, the tournament consisted of one qualifying round, followed by a series of knockout rounds. The sixteen non-qualifiers from the final qualifying round of the Champions League entered at the first round proper; later in the tournament, the survivors were joined by third-place finishers from the (first) group phase of the Champions League.
From the 2004–05 season, the competition started with two knockout qualifying rounds held in July and August. Participants from associations ranked 18 and lower entered the first qualifying round with those from associations ranked 9–18 joining them in the second qualifying round. In addition, three places in the first qualifying round were reserved for the UEFA Fair Play ranking winners (until 2015–16), and eleven places in the second qualifying round for the UEFA Intertoto Cup winners.
Winners of the qualifying rounds then joined teams from the associations ranked 1–13 in the first round proper. In addition, non-qualifiers in the third qualifying round of the Champions League also joined the competition at this point along with the current title-holders (unless they had qualified for the Champions League via their national league), for a total of 80 teams in the first round.
After the first knockout round, the 40 survivors entered a group phase, with the clubs being drawn into eight groups of five each. Unlike the Champions League group phase, the UEFA Cup group phase was played in a single round-robin format, with each club playing two home and two away games. The top three teams in each of the eight groups qualified for the main knockout round along with the eight third-placed teams in the Champions League group phase. From then on a series of two-legged knockout ties were played before a single-legged final, traditionally held on a Wednesday in May, exactly one week before the Champions League final.
Current format[edit]
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Map of UEFA countries whose teams reached the group stage of the UEFA Europa League
UEFA member country that has been represented in the group stage
UEFA member country that has not been represented in the group stage
In 2009–10 season, the competition was rebranded as the UEFA Europa League in a bid to increase the competition's profile.[2] An extra 8 teams now qualify for the group stage consisting of 12 groups with four teams each (in a double round robin), with teams finished on the top two place in each group progressing. The competition then progresses in much the same way as the previous format, with four rounds of two-legged knockout rounds and a one-off final held at a neutral ground that meets UEFA's Category Four stadium criteria. The final is played in May, on the Wednesday ten days before the Champions League final.
Qualification has changed significantly. Associations ranked 7–9 in the UEFA coefficients sent the cup winners and three (two since 2015–16 season) other teams to the UEFA Europa League qualification, all other nations sent a Cup winners and two other teams, except Andorra and San Marino, who sent only a Cup winner and a runner-up, and Liechtenstein, who sent only a Cup winner. Since Gibraltar was accepted as a full UEFA member at the UEFA congress held in London on 24 May 2013, their Cup winner also qualified for Europa League. Usually, the other teams will be the next highest ranked clubs in each domestic league after those qualifying for the UEFA Champions League, however France and England will continue to use one spot for their League Cup winner. With the abolition of the Intertoto Cup, all participants of Europa League are qualified through domestic routes. Generally, the higher an association is ranked in the UEFA coefficients, the later its clubs start in the qualification. However, every team except for the title-holder (up to 2014–15 season) and the highest ranked teams (usually the cup winner and/or the best Europa League qualified team) from the top (six in 2012–15 seasons, 12 since 2015–16 season) associations had to play at least one qualification round.
Apart from the teams mentioned, an additional 15 teams eliminated in the Champions League third qualifying round are transferred to the Europa League play-off round, and the 10 losing teams in the Champions League play-off round are transferred to the Europa League group stage. The 12 winners and the 12 runners-up in the group stage advanced to the knock out round, together with eight third-placed teams from the Champions League group stage.
In 2014, the distribution was changed to broaden the appeal of the competition, namely through giving the Europa League champions a Champions League qualification berth, which is always used ever since. More teams automatically qualify for the group stage. If cup winners already qualified for European competition through league performance, their place through league is vacated and goes to the best ranked teams not qualified for European competition, This means that the cup runners-up is no longer qualified through the cup route.[12] These rules comes to effect from 2015–16 season.
Distribution (from 2015–16)[edit]
Teams entering in this round
Teams advancing from previous round
Teams transferred from Champions League
First qualifying round
(104 teams)
31 domestic cup winners from associations 24–54
35 domestic league runners-up from associations 18–53 (except Liechtenstein)
35 domestic league third-placed teams from associations 16–51 (except Liechtenstein)
3 teams which qualified via Fair Play ranking
(this is no longer applicable as of the beginning of the 2015–16 season, see also UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking).
Second qualifying round
(66 teams)
6 domestic cup winners from associations 18–23
2 domestic league runners-up from associations 16–17
6 domestic league fourth-placed teams from associations 10–15
52 winners from first qualifying round
Third qualifying round
(58 teams)
5 domestic cup winners from associations 13–17
9 domestic league third-placed teams from associations 7–15
5 domestic league fourth-placed teams from associations 5–9
3 domestic league fifth-placed teams from associations 4–6 (League Cup winners for France)
3 domestic league sixth-placed teams from associations 1–3 (League Cup winners for England)
33 winners from second qualifying round
Play-off round
(44 teams)
29 winners from third qualifying round
15 losers from Champions League third qualifying round
Group stage
(48 teams)
12 domestic cup winners from associations 1–12
1 domestic league fourth-placed team from association 4
3 domestic league fifth-placed teams from associations 1–3
22 winners from play-off round
10 losers from Champions League play-off round
Knockout phase
(32 teams)
12 group winners from group stage
12 group runners-up from group stage
8 third-placed teams from Champions League group stage
The access list above is provisional, as changes will need to be made in the following cases:
If the Champions League title holders or the Europa League title holders have qualified for the Europa League through domestic performance, their berth in the Europa League is vacated (not replaced by another team from the same association), and cup winners of the highest-ranked associations are moved to a later round accordingly.[13]
In some cases where changes to the access list of the Champions League are made, the number of losers of the Champions League third qualifying round which are transferred to the Europa League is increased or decreased from the default number of 15, which means changes to the access list of the Europa League will also need to be made.[14]
Because a maximum of five teams from one association can enter the UEFA Champions League, if both the Champions League title holders and the Europa League title holders are from the same top three ranked association and finish outside the top four of their domestic league, the fourth-placed team of their association will be moved to the Europa League and enter the group stage, which means changes to the access list of the Europa League may also need to be made.[15]
Format changes (from 2018–19)[edit]
Beginning with the 2018–19 tournament, all domestic champions eliminated in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League will transfer to the Europa League, rather than just teams that are eliminated in the third-qualifying and play-off rounds. Europa League qualifying will also provide a separate champions route for these teams, allowing more opportunities for domestic league champions to compete against each other.[16]
Prize money[edit]
Similar to the UEFA Champions League, the prize money received by the clubs is divided into fixed payments based on participation and results, and variable amounts that depend of the value of their TV market.[17]
For the 2016/2017 season, group stage participation in the Europa League awarded a base fee of €2.6 million. A victory in the group pays €360,000 and a draw €120,000. Also, each group winner earns €600,000 and each runner-up €300,000. Reaching the knock-out stage triggers additional bonuses: €500,000 for the round of 32, €750,000 for the round of 16, €1 million for the quarter-finals and €1.6 million for the semi-finals. The losing finalists receive €3.5 million and the champions receive €6.5 million.[18]
First qualifying round: €215,000
Second qualifying round: €225,000
Third qualifying round: €235,000
Play-off round elimination: €245,000
Base fee for group stage: €2,600,000
Group match victory: €360,000
Group match draw: €120,000
Group winners: €600,000
Group runners-up: €300,000
Round of 32: €500,000
Round of 16: €750,000
Quarter-finals: €1,000,000
Semi-finals: €1,600,000
Losing finalist: €3,500,000
Winners: €6,500,000
Sponsorship[edit]
The UEFA Europa League is sponsored by five multinational corporations; the current tournament sponsors are:
Enterprise Rent-A-Car[19]
FedEx (the main sponsor)[20]
Hankook Tire.[21]
Heineken International (Amstel being the main brand, with local brands being also advertised)[22]
UniCredit[23]
Adidas is a secondary sponsor and supplies the official match ball, as it does for all other UEFA competitions. Konami's Pro Evolution Soccer is also a secondary sponsor as the official Europa League video game.
Since the inception of Europa League brand, the tournament has used its own hoardings (in that year it debuted in the round of 32) like UEFA Champions League. LED hoardings made their debut in the 2012–13 final and will appear in 2015–16 season from the round of 16; in the same season, from the group stage, teams are not allowed to show their sponsors.[24]
Individual clubs may wear jerseys with advertising, even if such sponsors conflict with those of the Europa League. However, only one sponsorship is permitted per jersey unless it is a non profit sponsor (plus that of the manufacturer), and if clubs play a match in a country where the relevant sponsorship category is restricted (such as alcohol in the case of France), then they must remove that logo from their jerseys.
Records and statistics[edit]
Main article: UEFA Cup and Europa League records and statistics
See also: List of UEFA Cup and Europa League top scorers
The UEFA Cup finals were played over two legs until 1997. The first final was played on 3 May 1972 in Wolverhampton and 17 May 1972 in London. The first leg between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Tottenham Hotspur was won 2–1 by the away side. The second leg finished as a 1–1 draw, meaning that Tottenham Hotspur became the first UEFA Cup winners.
The one-match finals in pre-selected venues were introduced in 1998. A venue must meet or exceed UEFA Category three standards to host UEFA Cup finals. On two occasions, the final was played at a finalist's home ground: Feyenoord defeated Borussia Dortmund at De Kuip, Rotterdam, in 2002, and Sporting CP lost to CSKA Moscow at their own Estádio José Alvalade, Lisbon, in 2005.
The winner of the last UEFA Cup final (prior to the competition being rebranded as the UEFA Europa League) was Shakhtar Donetsk on 20 May 2009. The Ukrainian team beat Werder Bremen of Germany 2–1 at Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium, Istanbul.
The first ever winner of the rebranded Europa League was Atlético Madrid, beating Premier League side Fulham 2–1 after extra time.
Winners[edit]
Main article: List of UEFA Cup and Europa League finals
Club
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runners-up
Sevilla 5 0 2006, 2007, 2014, 2015, 2016
Internazionale 3 1 1991, 1994, 1998 1997
Juventus* 3 1 1977, 1990, 1993 1995
Liverpool 3 1 1973, 1976, 2001 2016
Borussia Mönchengladbach 2 2 1975, 1979 1973, 1980
Tottenham Hotspur 2 1 1972, 1984 1974
Real Madrid 2 0 1985, 1986
IFK Göteborg 2 0 1982, 1987
Parma 2 0 1995, 1999
Feyenoord 2 0 1974, 2002
Porto 2 0 2003, 2011
Atlético Madrid 2 0 2010, 2012
Anderlecht 1 1 1983 1984
Ajax* 1 1 1992 2017
PSV Eindhoven 1 0 1978
Eintracht Frankfurt 1 0 1980
Ipswich Town 1 0 1981
Bayer Leverkusen 1 0 1988
Napoli 1 0 1989
Bayern Munich* 1 0 1996
Schalke 04 1 0 1997
Galatasaray 1 0 2000
Valencia 1 0 2004
CSKA Moscow 1 0 2005
Zenit St. Petersburg 1 0 2008
Shakhtar Donetsk 1 0 2009
Chelsea* 1 0 2013
Manchester United* 1 0 2017
* Club has won all three major UEFA competitions
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The top two teams in each group advance to the round of 32, where they are joined by the eight third-place teams in the Champions League group phase.
^ Jump up to: a b c "UEFA Cup gets new name in revamp". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 26 September 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "UEFA Cup to become UEFA Europa League". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 September 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "New format provides fresh impetus". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Europa League History". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Regulations of the UEFA Cup 2007/08, page 6, II Cup and Medals, Article 4, Cup" (PDF). Union of European Football Associations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Regulations of the UEFA Europa League 2009/10, page 7, III Trophies and medals, Article 5, Trophy" (PDF). Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sevilla make it three in row at Liverpool's expense". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Europa League History". Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Europa League anthem makes debut". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Europa League anthem". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "New approach broadens Europa League appeal". UEFA. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Distribution details". UEFA.org. 23 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Access List 2015/18 with explanations" (PDF). Bert Kassies.
Jump up ^ "How the Europa League winners will enter the Champions League". UEFA.com. 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA club competitions rights sales process for 2018-21 cycle kicks off". UEFA.com. 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ uefadirect 7/09 p.7
Jump up ^ "2016/17 Europa League revenue distribution". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 August 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Enterprise Rent-A-Car becomes an official partner of the UEFA Europa League". UEFA.org. UEFA. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "FedEx to become Main Sponsor of the UEFA Europa League". UEFA. UEFA.com. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hankook renews official sponsor status for the UEFA Europa League". UEFA.org. UEFA. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Amstel Brand". The Heineken Company. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "UniCredit renews and expands with Uefa". SportsProMedia.com. SportsPro. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
Jump up ^ http://it.uefa.org/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/uefaorg/Regulations/02/23/69/59/2236959_DOWNLOAD.pdf (Page 53)
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Sex and the City (film)
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Sex and the City
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Michael Patrick King
Produced by
Michael Patrick King
John Melfi
Sarah Jessica Parker
Darren Star
Written by
Michael Patrick King
Based on
Sex and the City
by Candace Bushnell
Sex and the City
by Darren Star
Starring
Sarah Jessica Parker
Kim Cattrall
Kristin Davis
Cynthia Nixon
Chris Noth
Jennifer Hudson
Candice Bergen
Narrated by
Sarah Jessica Parker
Music by
Aaron Zigman
Cinematography
John Thomas
Edited by
Michael Berenbaum
Production
company
HBO Films
Distributed by
United States:
New Line Cinema
International:
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
May 12, 2008 (2008-05-12) (London premiere)
May 30, 2008 (2008-05-30) (United States)
Running time
145 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$65 million
Box office
$415.2 million
Sex and the City (advertised as Sex and the City: The Movie) is a 2008 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Michael Patrick King in his feature film directorial debut,[2] and a sequel to the 1998-2004 HBO comedy series of the same name (itself based on the book of the same name by Candace Bushnell) about four female friends: Carrie Bradshaw (Sarah Jessica Parker), Samantha Jones (Kim Cattrall), Charlotte York Goldenblatt (Kristin Davis), and Miranda Hobbes (Cynthia Nixon),[2] dealing with their lives as single women in New York City. The series often portrayed frank discussions about romance and sexuality.
The world premiere took place at Leicester Square, London, on May 15, 2008, and premiered on May 28, 2008, in the United Kingdom and May 30, 2008, in the United States. Despite mixed reviews from critics, calling the film an extended episode of the series, it was a commercial success, grossing over $415 million worldwide from a $65 million budget.
A sequel to the film, entitled Sex and the City 2,[3] was released in 2010 to similar commercial success but even larger critical failure. Another sequel, entitled Sex and the City 3 was announced in December 2016, that a script for the third and final film had been approved. That same day, the main cast had signed on; however, no start filming date has been announced yet.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Supporting
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Costumes
4 Music
4.1 Soundtrack
4.2 Score
5 Release
5.1 Premiere
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
7 Media releases
8 Sequels
9 Awards and nominations
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
Carrie walks through the streets of New York City thinking about events that have happened to her and her friends during Sex and the City. Charlotte is now happily married to Harry Goldenblatt, but she had a hard time getting pregnant - so they adopted a Chinese girl named Lily; Miranda has settled down in Brooklyn with Steve (David Eigenberg) to raise their son Brady together; and Samantha has relocated her business to Los Angeles to be close to Smith (Jason Lewis), who is now a superstar, although she misses her old life and takes every opportunity to fly East to be with Carrie, Miranda and Charlotte.
Carrie herself is now in a relationship with Big (Chris Noth), and they are viewing apartments with plans to move in together. Carrie falls in love with a penthouse far from their price range. Big immediately agrees to pay for it. Carrie offers to sell her own apartment, although she also voices her fear that she would have no legal rights to their home in case they separate, as they are not married. To quell her fears, Big suggests that they marry. Carrie announces the news to her friends. Charlotte and Miranda are happy at the news, but Samantha - as Carrie points out dryly - sounds more excited at the thought of Carrie "finally getting Botox". Charlotte suggests her longtime gay friend, Anthony Marantino, as the pushy wedding planner.
Miranda confesses to her friends that she has been so busy she hasn’t had sex with Steve in six months. When Steve confesses he has cheated on her, Miranda is devastated and immediately separates from him. At Carrie and Big's rehearsal dinner, Steve tries to reconcile with Miranda, but she rebuffs him. Still upset with Steve, she tells Big bluntly that marriage ruins everything.
On the wedding day, (partially due to Miranda's words at the rehearsal dinner) Big is too fearful to go through with the ceremony. Carrie, devastated, flees the wedding. Samantha stays behind to clear the guests. Big changes his mind and catches up with Carrie in an attempt to reconcile in the middle of a one-way street. Carrie furiously attacks him with her bouquet while he earns scathing looks from Miranda and Charlotte, as well as from the crowds of New Yorkers watching the scene unfold. To console Carrie (who is depressed, and at the beginning of the holiday doesn't eat anything for two days), the four women take the honeymoon that Carrie had booked to Mexico, where they de-stress and collect themselves.
Upon returning to New York, Carrie hires an assistant, Louise (Jennifer Hudson), to help her manage her life. Miranda eventually confesses to Carrie about what happened at the rehearsal dinner, and the two briefly fall out as Carrie storms out of a restaurant on Valentine's Day. After reflecting on the argument she had with Carrie, Miranda agrees to attend couples counseling with Steve, and they are eventually able to reconcile. Samantha finds her five-year-old relationship passionless, and begins over-eating to keep from cheating on Smith with a gorgeous neighbour, Dante. She eventually decides to say farewell to Smith and moves back to New York. Around the same time, Louise quits her job as Carrie's assistant to get married and move back permanently to her hometown of St Louis.
Charlotte learns she is pregnant, and for most of her pregnancy is fearful that something might happen to her baby, so she stops her regular running around Central Park. Carrie puts her fear to rest by telling her that, since she already soiled herself in Mexico, her bad luck is finished. Later, Charlotte has a surprise encounter with Big that leaves her so outraged that her water breaks. Big takes her to the hospital and waits until baby Rose is born, hoping to see Carrie. Harry passes on the message that Big would like her to call him, and that he has written to her frequently, but never received a reply. Carrie searches her correspondence and finds in Louise's personal assistant file that he has sent her dozens of letters copied from the book she read him before their wedding, culminating with one of his own where he apologizes for screwing up and promises to love her forever.
Carrie travels to the exquisite penthouse Big had bought for them to collect a pair of brand new Manolo Blahnik shoes (that later become one of the icons of the movie) that she had left there. She finds Big in the walk-in closet he had built for her, and the moment she sees him, her anger at his betrayal dissipates. They share a passionate kiss, and Big proposes to Carrie properly, using one of her diamond-encrusted shoes in place of a ring. They later marry alone, in a simple wedding in New York City Hall, with Carrie wearing the simple suit that she had intended to wear before being enticed away by the Vivienne Westwood dress that she had modelled in the bridal issue of Vogue. Miranda, Samantha, and Charlotte turn up to surprise Carrie, having been called by Big. The film ends with the four women sipping cosmopolitans, celebrating Samantha's fiftieth birthday, with Carrie making a toast to the next fifty.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Sarah Jessica Parker as Carrie Bradshaw
Kim Cattrall as Samantha Jones
Kristin Davis as Charlotte York Goldenblatt
Cynthia Nixon as Miranda Hobbes
Chris Noth as John James "Mr. Big" Preston
Supporting[edit]
Jennifer Hudson as Louise, Carrie's assistant
David Eigenberg as Steve Brady
Jason Lewis as Smith Jerrod
Evan Handler as Harry Goldenblatt
Willie Garson as Stanford Blatch
Mario Cantone as Anthony Marantino
Lynn Cohen as Magda
Candice Bergen as Enid Frick
Annaleigh Ashford as Spoiled Label Queen
André Leon Talley (cameo) as Vogue magazine executive
Joseph Pupo as Brady Hobbes, Miranda and Steve's son
Alexandra and Parker Fong as Lily Goldenblatt, Charlotte and Harry's daughter
Gilles Marini as Dante
Monica Mayhem as Dante's Lover #1
Julie Halston as Bitsy von Muffling
Daphne Rubin-Vega as Baby-voiced girl
Ben Rindner as Waiter
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
At the end of Sex and the City's run in February 2004, there were indications of a movie being considered following the series. HBO announced that Michael Patrick King was working on a possible script for the movie which he would direct.[4] Later that year, Kim Cattrall declined to work on the project citing reasons that the script and the start date were overly prolonged and she decided to take other offers at hand.[5] As a result, the immediate follow-up ideas for the movie were dropped.
It was in mid-2007 that the plans for making the movie were announced again. This reportedly resulted after Cattrall's conditions being accepted along with a future HBO series.[6] In May 2007 the project was halted after HBO decided it was no longer in a position to finance the movie on its own. The project was pitched within the Time Warner family (owners of HBO) and was picked by sister concern New Line Cinema.
In February 2009 it was officially announced that a sequel would be made including all four actresses and writer-director Michael Patrick King.[7]
Filming[edit]
The film was prominently shot in New York between September–December 2007.[8][9] The locations included a number of places around Manhattan and a certain portion was shot in Steiner Studios and Silvercup Studios. The shooting was continually interrupted by paparazzi and onlookers with the security and police authorities employed in order to control the crowd.[10] Efforts were taken to keep the film's plot secret, including the shooting of multiple endings.[11] As a defense strategy, scenes shot in public or in presence of number of extras were termed by Ryan Jonathan Healy and the main cast as "dream sequences."[12]
Costumes[edit]
As in the TV series, fashion played a significant role in plot and production of the movie. Over 300 ensembles were used over the course of entire film.[13] Patricia Field, who created costume designs for the series, also undertook the job in the film.[14] Field has stated that she initially was ambivalent to do the film, for monetary and creative reasons.[15] Field rose to fame particularly after designing for the series from 1998 to 2004, wherein she popularized the concept of using designer clothes with day-to-day fashion.
While dressing the characters for the film, Field decided to stay clear from the latest fashion trends defining the characters and instead focused on the evolution of individual character and the actor portraying it, over the last four years.[15] While Samantha's dressing was influenced by American TV soap opera Dynasty (see Nolan Miller), Jackie Kennedy was the inspiration for Charlotte's clothes. Miranda, according to Field, has evolved the most from the series in terms of fashion. This was influenced significantly by development in actress Cynthia Nixon in past years.[15][16]
The iconic and glamorous wedding dress was made by Vivienne Westwood.[17]
The tutu outfit that Carrie models for the other girls is the same outfit she wears on the show's credits.
Carrie's assistant, Louise, rents her designer handbags from Bag Borrow or Steal.[18]
Hats for Vivienne Westwood in the film are made by Prudence Millinery.
H. Stern lent more than 300 pieces of jewelry to the film.
Costumes were also selected from collections by haute couture designer Gilles Montezin.[19]
Music[edit]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Sex and the City: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
The soundtrack was released May 27, 2008, by New Line Records. The soundtrack includes new songs by Fergie and Jennifer Hudson (who plays Carrie's assistant in the film).
The film's soundtrack debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200, the highest debut for a multi-artist theatrical film soundtrack since 2005's Get Rich or Die Tryin',[20] and debuting at #6 on the UK Albums Chart, selling to date more than 55,000 copies.
A second soundtrack, Sex and the City: Volume 2, was released on September 23, 2008, coinciding with the film's DVD release, featuring the British singers Estelle, Craig David, Mutya Buena and Amy Winehouse. It also featured Janet Jackson, Ciara, and Elijah Kelley.
Score[edit]
In December 2008, the orchestral score for the film was released, Sex And The City - The Score, containing 18 tracks of original score composed, co-orchestrated, and conducted by Aaron Zigman. Whilst the order of the tracks does not correspond directly to the order that the score is heard in the film, the score soundtrack contains almost every single piece of score that is present in the film.
Release[edit]
Premiere[edit]
The film's international premiere took place on Monday, May 12, 2008, at Odeon West End in London's Leicester Square to the audience of 1700.[21] It was next premiered at Sony Center at Potsdamer Platz in Berlin on May 15.[22] The film had its New York City premiere at Radio City Music Hall on Tuesday, May 27, 2008.[23]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film was a commercial success. Opening in 3,285 theaters, the film made $26.93 million in the US and Canada on its first day. The three-day opening weekend total was $57,038,404, aggregating $17,363 per theater.[24] The film recorded the biggest opening ever for an R-rated comedy and for a romantic comedy,[25] and also for a film starring all women.[26] As of March 2010, the film had grossed $152,647,258 at the US and Canadian box office, and $262,605,528 in other markets, bringing the worldwide total gross revenue to $415,252,786, making it the highest-grossing romantic comedy of 2008.[24]
Critical response[edit]
Sex and the City received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 49%, based on 176 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, "Sex and the City loses steam in the transition to the big screen, but will still thrill fans of the show."[27] Metacritic gave the film a normalized average score of 53 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[28]
Brian Lowry of Variety said the film "...feels a trifle half-hearted",[29] while Carina Chocano of the Los Angeles Times stated "the film tackles weighty issues with grace but is still very funny". She praised Michael Patrick King's work saying very few movies "are willing to go to such dark places while remaining a comedy in the Shakespearean sense".[30] Colin Bertram of the New York Daily News dubbed the film a "great reunion", and was happy with the return of "The 'Oh, my God, they did not just do that!' moments, the nudity, the swearing, the unabashed love of human frailty and downright wackiness".[31] The Chicago Tribune's Jessica Reeves described it as "Witty, effervescent and unexpectedly thoughtful."[32] Michael Rechtshaffen at The Hollywood Reporter praised the performances of the four leading ladies and said the film kept the essence of the series, but resembled a super-sized episode.[33]
Manohla Dargis of The New York Times found the film "a vulgar, shrill, deeply shallow — and, at 2 hours and 22 turgid minutes, overlong — addendum to a show",[34] while The Daily Telegraph's Sukhdev Sandhu panned the film saying "the ladies have become frozen, Spice Girls-style types - angsty, neurotic, predatory, princess - rather than individuals who might evolve or surprise us".[35] Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail slammed the film commenting on lack of script and adding that the characters "don't perform so much as parade, fixed in their roles as semi-animated clothes hangers on a cinematic runway". He gave the film zero stars out of four.[36] Anthony Lane, a film critic for The New Yorker, called the film a "superannuated fantasy posing as a slice of modern life"; he noted that "almost sixty years after All About Eve, which also featured four major female roles, there is a deep sadness in the sight of Carrie and friends defining themselves not as Bette Davis, Anne Baxter, Celeste Holm, and Thelma Ritter did—by their talents, their hats, and the swordplay of their wits—but purely by their ability to snare and keep a man....All the film lacks is a subtitle: "The Lying, the Bitch, and the Wardrobe."[37]
Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek speculated that some of the criticism for the film is derived possibly from sexism: "when you listen to men talk about it (and this is coming from the perspective of a male writer), a strange thing happens. The talk turns hateful. Angry. Vengeful. Annoyed...Is this just poor sportsmanship? I can't help but wonder—cue the Carrie Bradshaw voiceover here—if it's not a case of 'Sexism in the City.' Men hated the movie before it even opened...Movie critics, an overwhelmingly male demographic, gave it such a nasty tongue lashing you would have thought they were talking about an ex-girlfriend...The movie might not be Citizen Kane—which, for the record, is a dude flick—but it's incredibly sweet and touching."[26]
The movie featured on worst of 2008 lists including that of The Times,[38] Mark Kermode, The New York Observer,[39] The Tart[40] and The Daily Telegraph.[41]
Media releases[edit]
New Line Home Entertainment released a DVD and Blu-ray release of Sex and the City: The Movie on September 23, 2008.[42] There are two versions of the film released in the US on home video. There is a standard, single disc theatrical cut (the version seen in theaters) which comes in fullscreen or widescreen (in separate editions). Both discs are the same, except for the movie presentation. The only features are an audio commentary, deleted scenes, and a digital copy of the film. Also released on the same day as the standard edition is the two-disc special edition, which adds six minutes of footage to the film, along with the commentary from the standard edition DVD and a second disc that contains bonus features, as well as a digital copy of the widescreen theatrical version of the film. The only version of the film released on Blu-Ray is the two-disc extended cut, which is identical to the DVD version of the extended cut.
On December 9, 2008, New Line Home Entertainment released a third edition of Sex and the City: The Movie. This edition is a 4-disc set entitled Sex and the City: The Movie (The Wedding Collection). The 4-disc set features the previously released extended cut of the film on the first disc, the second disc has the bonus features from the extended cut and three additional featurettes, the third disc holds even more special features, and the fourth is a music CD with songs inspired by the movie, including the alternative mix of Fergie's "Labels or Love" from the beginning of the film. The set also comes with an exclusive hardcover book, featuring photos and quotes from the movie, and a numbered certificate of authenticity in a pink padded box.
A fourth edition was also released in Australia. This set contained the two discs from the Sex and the City: The Movie Special Edition and a bonus 'Sex and the City Inspired' Clutch Bag. This clutch being black in color in a tile or snake skin material.
The DVD has reached the #1 on the UK DVD Top Chart and is the fastest selling DVD release of 2008 in the UK, selling over 920,000 copies in one week. It is way ahead of the 700,000 copies sold for Ratatouille which was, prior to Sex and the City's release, the best selling DVD of 2008 in the UK. Although the record has since been beaten by Mamma Mia!
Sequels[edit]
Main article: Sex and the City 2
Sex and the City 2 was released in cinemas on May 27, 2010, in the United States and May 28, 2010, in the United Kingdom. It was co-written, produced and directed by Michael Patrick King. The DVD was available for purchase in the United Kingdom on November 29, 2010. The film stars Sarah Jessica Parker, Kim Cattrall, Kristin Davis, Cynthia Nixon, and Chris Noth, who reprised their roles from the previous film and television series. It also features cameos from Liza Minnelli, Miley Cyrus, Tim Gunn, Ron White, Omid Djalili, and Penélope Cruz, as well as Broadway actors Norm Lewis, Kelli O'Hara, and Ryan Silverman.
Main article: Sex and the City 3 (TBA)
It was announced in December 2016, that a script for the third and final film had been approved. That same day, the main cast had signed on; however, no start filming date has been announced yet.
Awards and nominations[edit]
MTV Movie Awards
2008: Best Summer Movie So Far (Nominated)
Teen Choice Awards
2008: Choice Movie Actress: Comedy (Sarah Jessica Parker, Nominated)
2008: Choice Movie: Chick Flick (Nominated)
Satellite Awards
2008: Best Costume Design (Patricia Field, Nominated)
People's Choice Awards
2008: Favorite Cast (Sarah Jessica Parker, Kim Cattrall, Kristin Davis, Cynthia Nixon, Chris Noth, Nominated)
2008: Favorite Song from a Soundtrack (Fergie for "Labels or Love", Nominated)
National Movie Awards
2008: Best Comedy (Nominated)
2008: Best Female Performance (Sarah Jessica Parker, Nominated)
Golden Trailer Awards
2008: Best Summer 2008 Blockbuster Poster (Nominated)
Costume Designers Guild Awards
2009: Excellence in Costume Design for Film - Contemporary (Patricia Field, Nominated)
BET Award
2009: Best Actress (Jennifer Hudson, Nominated)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sex and the City (15)". British Board of Film Classification. May 15, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sex and the City". Turner Classic Movies. Atlanta: Turner Broadcasting System (Time Warner). Retrieved July 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sex and the City 2". Turner Classic Movies. Atlanta: Turner Broadcasting System (Time Warner). Retrieved July 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Sex and the City' May Get Big-Screen Treatment". Washington Post. 2004-02-19. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Cattrall declines 'Sex and the City' film". USA Today. 2004-05-26. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
Jump up ^ ""Sex and the City" headed to movie theaters". Washington Post. 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Sex and the City" Sequel: SJP & Co. Make It Official!, E! Online, February 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Huguenin, Patrick (2007-09-20). "Filming begins on 'Sex and the City' movie". New York: NY Daily News. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Sex and The City movie ends filming". RTÉ. 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
Jump up ^ Plum Sykes. "rebel romance". Vogue. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
Jump up ^ Will Lawrence (2008-05-19). "Sex and the City - The Movie: exclusive on-set report". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
Jump up ^ Missy Schwartz (2008-05-15). "'Sex and the City': Secrets from the Movie Set". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
Jump up ^ Wendy Donahue (2008-05-18). "'Sex and the City' fashions take a starring role in the movie". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
Jump up ^ Andrea Vaucher (2007-10-05). "'Sex and the City' returns, with fashion to spare". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c Robin Givhan (2008-05-25). "Sex, the City & Patricia Field". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
Jump up ^ Liz Jones (2008-05-19). "The woman behind the clothes". London: Daily Mail. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Vivienne Westwood Couldn’t Sit Through ‘Sex and the City’". The Cut. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
Jump up ^ //www.bagborroworsteal.com/specialty-shops/sex-and-the-city/
Jump up ^ Nelson, Shannon (July 29, 2008). "Interview with Couture Designer Gilles Montezin". Pierce Mattie Public Relations, New York. Archived from the original on August 16, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hasty, Katie (2008-06-04). "Usher Scores Second Best Sales Debut of '08". Billboard. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
Jump up ^ Singh, Anita (2008-05-12). "Sex And The City stars want London audience to keep plot secret". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
Jump up ^ "SEX AND THE CITY - Germany Premiere in Berlin". 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Photo Gallery: 'Sex and the City: The Movie' New York Premiere". WCBS Newsradio 880. 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sex and the City (2008)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Josh (2008-06-02). "'Sex and the City' is No. 1 at box office". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-06-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Ramin Setoodeh (2008-05-29). "Criticism of ‘Sex and the City’ Is Mostly Sexist". Newsweek. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
Jump up ^ "Sex and the City". Rotten Tomatoes. Amazon.com. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Sex and the City: The Movie (2008): Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian (2008-05-15). "Sex and the City Review". Variety. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
Jump up ^ Carina Chicano (2008-05-30). "Movie Review 'Sex and the City'". LA Times. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
Jump up ^ Colin Bertram (2008-05-05). "'Sex And The City: The Movie' proves that a great reunion is possible". New York: NY Daily News. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
Jump up ^ Jessica Reeves (2008-05-31). "'Sex and the City:' Better than ever". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
Jump up ^ Michael Rechtshaffen (2008-05-15). "Film Review: Sex and the City". THR. Archived from the original on 2008-05-19. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis (2008-05-30). "The Girls Are Back in Town". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
Jump up ^ Sukhdev Sandhu (2008-05-28). "Sex and the City review: too many plugs and too few sparks". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
Jump up ^ Rick Groen (2008-05-29). "In this case, ladies, bigger is far from better". Toronto: Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
Jump up ^ Anthony Lane (2008-05-29). "Carrie: "Sex and the City"". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
Jump up ^ Asthana, Anushka (2007-10-23). "The 100 Worst Movies of 2008". The Times. London. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
Jump up ^ Reed, Rex (2007-12-19). "The 10 Worst Films of 2008". The New York Observer. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
Jump up ^ Morgan, James (2007-12-22). "The Worst Movies of 2008 - Part 1". The Tart. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
Jump up ^ Sandhu, Sukhdev; Robey, Tim (2007-12-18). "Worst films of the year 2008". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
Jump up ^ "New Line Planning September Bow for 'Sex and the City' Blu-ray", High-Def Digest, July 9, 2008.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sex and the City (film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sex and the City (film)
Official website
Sex and the City on IMDb
Sex and the City at AllMovie
Sex and the City at Rotten Tomatoes
Sex and the City at Metacritic
Sex and the City at Box Office Mojo
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