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Ely Cathedral
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Ely Cathedral
Cathedral Church of the
Holy and Undivided Trinity
West front (main entrance)
Ely Cathedral
Shown within Cambridgeshire
Coordinates: 52°23′55″N 0°15′51″E / 52.398611°N 0.264167°E / 52.398611; 0.264167
Location
Ely, Cambridgeshire
Country
England
Denomination
Church of England
Tradition
Broad church
Website
www.elycathedral.org
Architecture
Style
Romanesque, Gothic
Years built
1083–1375
Specifications
Length
163.7 m
Height
66 m
Nave height
21.9 m
Number of towers
2
Tower height
66 m (west tower), 52 m (lantern)
Administration
Diocese
Ely (since 1109)
Province
Canterbury
Clergy
Dean
Mark Bonney
Canon(s)
James Garrard, Victoria Johnson, Jessica Martin
Laity
Director of music
Paul Trepte
Organist(s)
Edmund Aldhouse
Ely Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in the English city of Ely, Cambridgeshire.
The cathedral has its origins in AD 672 when St Etheldreda built an abbey church. The present building dates back to 1083, and cathedral status was granted it in 1109. Until the reformation it was the Church of St Etheldreda and St Peter, at which point it was refounded as the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Ely, continuing as the principal church of the Diocese of Ely, in Cambridgeshire, England. It is the seat of the Bishop of Ely and a suffragan bishop, the Bishop of Huntingdon. Architecturally it is outstanding both for its scale and stylistic details. Having been built in a monumental Romanesque style, the galilee porch, lady chapel and choir were rebuilt in an exuberant Decorated Gothic. Its most famous feature however is the central octagonal tower, with lantern above, which provides a spectacular internal space and, along with the West Tower, gives a unique exterior landmark that dominates the surrounding landscape. Ely Cathedral is a major tourist destination, receiving around 250,000 visitors per year,[1] and sustains a daily pattern of morning and evening services.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Anglo-Saxon abbey
2 Present-day church
2.1 Norman abbey church
2.2 The West Tower
2.3 Galilee Porch
2.4 Presbytery and East end
2.5 Lady Chapel
2.6 Octagon
2.7 Chantry Chapels
2.8 Dissolution and Reformation
3 Restoration
3.1 Bentham and Essex
3.2 The Victorians
3.2.1 George Gilbert Scott
3.2.2 Stained glass
4 Religious community
5 Clergy
6 Burials
7 Music
7.1 Organ
7.2 Organists
8 Stained Glass Museum
9 In popular culture
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Anglo-Saxon abbey[edit]
Ely Abbey was founded in 672, by Æthelthryth (St Etheldreda), daughter of the East Anglian King Anna. It was a mixed community of men and women.[3] Later accounts suggest her three successor abbesses were also members of the East Anglian Royal family. In later centuries the depredations of Viking raids may have resulted in its destruction, or at least the loss of all records.[4] It is possible that some monks provided a continuity through to its refoundation in 970, under a Benedictine rule.[4] The precise siting of Æthelthryth's original monastery is not known. The presence of her relics, bolstered by the growing body of literature on her life and miracles, was a major driving force in the success of the refounded abbey. The church building of 970 was within or near the nave of the present building, and was progressively demolished from 1102 alongside the construction of the Norman church.[5] Ermenilda of Ely was an Abbess here, as well, after her husband Wulfhere of Mercia died in 675.
Present-day church[edit]
High altar
Presbytery
Lady chapel
Choir
Octagon
Lantern
North transept
South transept
Nave
North aisle
South aisle
West tower
Galilee porch
South-west transept
West front
Ground plan following G.G. Scott's works of 1848, the last major internal re-ordering.[6]
The cathedral is built from stone quarried from Barnack in Northamptonshire (bought from Peterborough Abbey, whose lands included the quarries, for 8000 eels a year), with decorative elements carved from Purbeck Marble and local clunch. The plan of the building is cruciform (cross-shaped), with an additional transept at the western end. The total length is 537 feet (164 m),[7] and the nave at over 75 m (246 ft) long remains one of the longest in Britain. The west tower is 66 m (217 ft) high. The unique Octagon 'Lantern Tower' is 23 m (75 ft) wide and is 52 m (171 ft) high. Internally, from the floor to the central roof boss the lantern is 43 m (141 ft) high. It is known locally as "the ship of the Fens", because of its prominent position above the surrounding flat landscape.[8][9]
Norman abbey church[edit]
Having a pre-Norman history spanning 400 years and a re-foundation in 970, Ely over the course of the next hundred years had become one of England's most successful Benedictine abbeys, with lands exceeded only by Glastonbury, a famous saint, treasures, library and book production of the highest order.[10] However the imposition of Norman rule was particularly problematic at Ely. Newly arrived Normans such as Picot of Cambridge were taking possession of abbey lands,[11] there was appropriation of daughter monasteries such as Eynesbury by French monks, and interference by the Bishop of Lincoln was undermining its status. All this was exacerbated when, in 1071, Ely became a focus of English resistance, through such people as Hereward the Wake, culminating in the Siege of Ely, for which the abbey suffered substantial fines.[12]
Under the Normans almost every English cathedral and major abbey was rebuilt from the 1070s onwards.[13] If Ely was to maintain its status then it had to initiate its own building work, and the task fell to Abbot Simeon. He was the brother of Walkelin, the then Bishop of Winchester, and had himself been Prior at Winchester Cathedral when the rebuilding began there in 1079. In 1083, a year after Simeon's appointment as abbot of Ely, and when he was 90 years old,[14] building work began. The years since the conquest had been turbulent for the Abbey, but the unlikely person of an aged Norman outsider effectively took the parts of the Ely monks, reversed the decline in the abbey's fortunes, and found the resources, administrative capacity, identity and purpose to begin a mighty new building.[15]
The design had many similarities to Winchester, a cruciform plan with central crossing tower, aisled transepts, a three storey elevation and a semi-circular apse at the east end.[16] It was one of the largest buildings under construction north of the Alps at the time.[17] The first phase of construction took in the eastern arm of the church, and the north and south transepts. However, a significant break in the way the masonry is laid indicates that, with the transepts still unfinished, there was an unplanned halt to construction that lasted several years. It would appear that when Abbott Simeon died in 1093, an extended interregnum caused all work to cease.[18] The administration of Ranulf Flambard may have been to blame. He illegally kept various posts unfilled, including that of Abbot of Ely, so he could appropriate the income.[19] In 1099 he got himself appointed Bishop of Durham, in 1100 Abbot Richard was appointed to Ely and building work resumed.[19] It is Abbot Richard who asserted Ely's independence from the Diocese of Lincoln, and pressed for it to be made a diocese in its own right, with the Abbey Church as its Cathedral. Although Abbot Richard died in 1107, his successor Hervey le Breton was able to achieve this and become the first Bishop of Ely in 1109.[20] This period at the start of the 12th century was when Ely re-affirmed its link with its Anglo-Saxon past. The struggle for independence coincided with the period when resumption of building work required the removal of the shrines from the old building and the translation of the relics into the new church. This appears to have allowed, in the midst of a Norman-French hierarchy, an unexpectedly enthusiastic development of the cult of these pre-Norman saints and benefactors.[20]
The nave
The Norman east end and the whole of the central area of the crossing are now entirely gone, but the architecture of the transepts survives in a virtually complete state, to give a good impression of how it would have looked. Massive walls pierced by Romanesque arches would have formed aisles running around all sides of the choir and transepts. Three tiers of archways rise from the arcaded aisles. Galleries with walkways could be used for liturgical processions, and above that is the Clerestory with a passage within the width of the wall.[21]
Construction of the nave was underway from around 1115, and roof timbers dating to 1120 suggest that at least the eastern portion of the nave roof was in place by then. The great length of the nave required that it was tackled in phases and after completing four bays, sufficient to securely buttress the crossing tower and transepts, there was a planned pause in construction.[18] By 1140 the nave had been completed together with the western transepts and west tower up to triforium level, in the fairly plain early Romanesque style of the earlier work. Another pause now occurred, for over 30 years, and when it resumed, the new mason found ways to integrate the earlier architectural elements with the new ideas and richer decorations of early Gothic.[22]
The west front and Galilee Porch
The West Tower[edit]
The half-built west tower and upper parts of the two western transepts were completed under Bishop Geoffrey Ridel (1174–89), to create an exuberant west front, richly decorated with intersecting arches and complex mouldings. The new architectural details were used systematically to the higher storeys of the tower and transepts. Rows of trefoil heads and use of pointed instead of semicircular arches,[23] results is a west front with a high level of orderly uniformity.[24] Originally the west front had transepts running symmetrically either side of the west tower. Stonework details on the tower show that an octagonal tower was part of the original design, although the current western octagonal tower was installed in 1400. Numerous attempts were made, during all phases of its construction to correct problems from subsidence in areas of soft ground at the western end of the cathedral. In 1405-7, to cope with the extra weight from the octagonal tower, four new arches were added at the west crossing to strengthen the tower.[25] The extra weight of these works may have added to the problem, as at the end of the fifteenth century the north-west transept collapsed. A great sloping mass of masonry was built to buttress the remaining walls, which remain in their broken-off state on the north side of the tower.[25]
Galilee Porch[edit]
The Galilee Porch is now the principal entrance into the Cathedral for visitors. Its original liturgical functions are unclear,[26] but its location at the west end meant it may have been used as a chapel for penitents,[27] a place where liturgical processions could gather, or somewhere the monks could hold business meetings with women, who were not permitted into the abbey. It also has a structural role in buttressing the west tower.[26] The walls stretch over two storeys, but the upper storey now has no roof, it having been removed early in the nineteenth century. Its construction dating is also uncertain. Records suggest it was initiated by Bishop Eustace (1197–1215), and it is a notable example of Early English Gothic style.[28] But there are doubts about just how early, especially as Eustace had taken refuge in France in 1208, and had no access to his funds for the next 3 years. George Gilbert Scott argued that details of its decoration, particularly the 'syncopated arches' and the use of Purbeck marble shafts, bear comparison with St Hugh's Choir, Lincoln Cathedral, and the west porch at St Albans, which both predate Eustace,[26] whereas the foliage carvings and other details offer a date after 1220, suggesting it could be a project taken up, or re-worked by Bishop Hugh of Northwold.[29]
Presbytery and East end[edit]
The first major reworking of an element of the Norman building was undertaken by Hugh of Northwold (bishop 1229–54). The eastern arm had been only four bays, running from the choir (then located at the crossing itself) to the high altar and the shrine to Etheldreda. In 1234 Northwold began an eastward addition of six further bays, which were built over 17 years, in a richly ornamented style with extensive use of Purbeck marble pillars and foliage carvings.[29] It was built using the same bay dimensions, wall thicknesses and elevations as the Norman parts of the nave, but with an Early English Gothic style that makes it 'the most refined and richly decorated English building of its period'.[29] St Etheldreda’s remains were translated to a new shrine immediately east of the high altar within the new structure, and on completion of these works in 1252 the cathedral was reconsecrated in the presence of King Henry III and Prince Edward.[28] As well as a greatly expanded presbytery, the new east end had the effect of inflating still further the significance of St Etheldreda's shrine.[29] Surviving fragments of the shrine pedestal suggest its decoration was similar to the interior walls of the Galilee porch.[29] The relics of the saints Wihtburh, Seaxburh (sisters of St Etheldreda) and Eormenhild (daughter of Seaxburh) would also have been accommodated,[5] and the new building provided much more space for pilgrims to visit the shrines, via a door in the North Transept.[30] The presbytery has subsequently been used for the burials and memorials of over 100 individuals connected with the abbey and cathedral.[28]
Lady Chapel[edit]
The Lady Chapel
In 1321, under the sacrist Alan of Walsingham work began on a large free-standing Lady Chapel, linked to the north aisle of the chancel by a covered walkway. The Chapel is 100 feet (30 m) long and 46 feet (14 m) wide, and was built in an exuberant 'Decorated' Gothic style over the course of the next 30 years.[31] Masons and finances were unexpectedly required for the main church from 1322, which must have slowed the progress of the Chapel. The north and south wall each have five bays, comprising large traceried windows separated by pillars each of which has eight substantial niches and canopies which once held statues.[32] Below the window line, and running round three sides of the Chapel is an arcade of richly decorated 'nodding ogees', with Purbeck marble pillars, creating scooped out seating booths. There are three arches per bay plus a grander one for each main pillar, each with a projecting pointed arch covering a subdividing column topped by a statue of a bishop or king. Above each arch is a pair of spandrels containing carved scenes which create a cycle of 93 carved relief sculptures of the life and miracles of the Virgin Mary.[33] The carvings and sculptures would all have been painted. The window glass would all have been brightly coloured with major schemes perhaps of biblical narratives, of which a few small sections have survived.[34] At the reformation, the edict to remove images from the cathedral was carried out very thoroughly by Bishop Thomas Goodrich. The larger statues have gone. The relief scenes were built into the wall, so each face or statue was individually hacked off, but leaving many finely carved details, and numerous puzzles as to what the original scenes showed.[35] After the reformation it was redeployed as the Parish Church for the town, a situation which continued up to 1938.[36]
Octagon[edit]
The ceiling of the nave and lantern, viewed from the Octagon looking west
The central octagonal tower, with its vast internal open space and its pinnacles and lantern above, forms the most distinctive and celebrated feature of the cathedral.[37] However, what Pevsner describes as Ely's 'greatest individual achievement of architectural genius'[38] came about through a disaster at the centre of the Cathedral. On the night of 12–13 February 1322, possibly as a result of digging foundations for the Lady Chapel, the Norman central crossing tower collapsed. Work on the Lady Chapel was suspended as attention transferred to dealing with this disaster. Instead of being replaced by a new tower on the same ground plan, the crossing was enlarged to an octagon, removing all four of the original tower piers and absorbing the adjoining bays of the nave, chancel and transepts to define an open area far larger than the square base of the original tower. The construction of this unique and distinctive feature was overseen by Alan of Walsingham.[39] The extent of his influence on the design continues to be a matter of debate, as are the reasons such a radical step was taken. Mistrust of the soft ground under the failed tower piers may have been a major factor in moving all the weight of the new tower further out.[40] The large stone octagonal tower, with its eight internal archways, leads up to spectacular timber fan-vaulting that appears to allow the large glazed timber lantern to balance on their slender struts.[41] The roof and lantern are actually held up by a complex timber structure above the vaulting which could not be built in this way today because there are no trees big enough.[42] The central lantern, also octagonal in form, but with angles offset from the great Octagon, has panels showing pictures of musical angels, which can be opened, with access from the Octagon roof-space, so that real choristers can sing from on high.[42] More wooden vaulting forms the lantern roof. At the centre is a wooden boss carved from a single piece of oak, showing Christ in Majestry. The elaborate joinery and timberwork was brought about by William Hurley, master carpenter in the royal service.[40]
The choir
It is unclear what damage was caused to the Norman chancel by the fall of the tower, but the three remaining bays were reconstructed under Bishop John Hotham (1316-1337) in an ornate Decorated style with flowing tracery. Structural evidence shows that this work was a remodelling rather than a total rebuilding. New choirstalls with carved misericords and canopy work were installed beneath the octagon, in a similar position to their predecessors. Work was resumed on the Lady Chapel, and the two westernmost bays of Northwold's presbytery were adapted by unroofing the triforia so as to enhance the lighting of Etheldreda’s shrine. Starting at about the same time the remaining lancet windows of the aisles and triforia of the presbytery were gradually replaced by broad windows with flowing tracery. At the same period extensive work took place on the monastic buildings, including the construction of the elegant chapel of Prior Crauden.
Chantry Chapels[edit]
In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries elaborate chantry chapels were inserted in the easternmost bays of the presbytery aisles, on the north for Bishop John Alcock (1486-1500) and on the south for Bishop Nicholas West (1515–33).
John Alcock was born in around 1430, the son of a Hull merchant, but achieved high office in both church and state.[43] Amongst his many duties and posts he was given charge of Edward IV sons, who became known as the Princes in the Tower. That Alcock faithfully served Edward IV and his sons as well Henry VII adds to the mystery of how their fate was kept secret.[43] Appointed bishop of Rochester and then Worcester by Edward IV, he was also declared 'Lord President of Wales' in 1476.[43] On Henry VII's victory over Richard III in 1485, Alcock became interim Lord Chancellor and in 1486 was appointed Bishop of Ely. As early as 1476 he had endowed a chantry for his parents at Hull,[44] but the resources Ely put at his disposal allowed him found Jesus College, Cambridge and build his own fabulous chantry chapel in an ornate style.[43] The statue niches with their architectural canopies are crammed so chaotically together that some of the statues never got finished as they were so far out of sight. Others, although completed, were overlooked by the destructions of the reformation, and survived when all the others were destroyed.[45] The extent that the chapel is squashed in, despite cutting back parts of the Norman walls, raises the possibility that the design, and perhaps even some of the stonework, was done with a more spacious bay at Worcester in mind.[45] On his death in 1500 he was buried within his chapel.[43]
Nicholas West had studied at Cambridge,Oxford and Bologna, had been a diplomat in the service of Henry VII and Henry VIII, and became Bishop of Ely in 1515.[43] For the remaining 19 years of his life he 'lived in greater splendour than any other prelate of his time, having more than a hundred servants.'[46] He was able to build the magnificent Chantry chapel at the south-east corner of the presbytery, panelled with niches for statues (which were destroyed or disfigured just a few years later at the reformation), and with fan tracery forming the ceiling, and West's tomb on the south side.[47]
In 1771 the chapel was also used to house the bones of seven Saxon 'benefactors of the church'. These had been translated from the old Saxon Abbey into the Norman building, and had been placed in a wall of the choir when it stood in the Octagon. When the choir stalls were moved, their enclosing wall was demolished, and the bones of Wulfstan (died 1023), Osmund of Sweden, Athelstan of Elmham, Ælfwine of Elmham, Ælfgar of Elmham, Eadnoth of Dorchester and Byrhtnoth, eorldorman of Essex, were found, and relocated into West's chapel.[47] Also sharing Nicholas West's chapel, against the east wall, is the tomb memorial to the bishop Bowyer Sparke, who died in 1836.[48]
Dissolution and Reformation[edit]
The rood screen viewed from the nave
On 18 November 1539 the royal commissioners took possession of the monastery and all its possessions, and for nearly two years its future hung in the balance as Henry VIII and his advisers considered what role, if any, Cathedrals might play in the emerging Protestant church.[49] On 10 September 1541 a new charter was granted to Ely, at which point Robert Steward, the last Prior, was re-appointed as the first Dean, who, with eight prebendaries formed the Dean and Chapter, the new governing body of the cathedral.[50] Under Bishop Thomas Goodrich's orders, first the shrines to the Anglo-Saxon saints were destroyed, and as iconoclasm increased, nearly all the stained glass and much of the sculpture in the Cathedral was destroyed or defaced during the 1540s.[51] In the Lady Chapel the free-standing statues were destroyed and all 147 carved figures in the frieze of St Mary were decapitated, as were the numerous sculptures on West's chapel.[52] The Cathedrals were spared on the basis of three useful functions: propagation of true worship of God, educational activity, and care of the poor.[50] To this end, vicars choral, lay clerks and boy choristers were all appointed (many having previously been members of the monastic community), to assist in worship. A grammar school with 24 scholars was established in the monastic buildings, and in the 1550s plate and vestments were sold to buy books and establish a library.[53] The passageway running to the Lady Chapel was turned into an almshouse for six bedemen.[54] The Lady Chapel itself was handed over to the town as Holy Trinity Parish Church in 1566, replacing a very unsatisfactory lean-to structure that stood against the north wall of the nave.[55] Many of the monastic buildings became the houses of the new Cathedral hierarchy, although others were demolished. Much of the Cathedral itself had little purpose. The whole East end was used simply as a place for burials and memorials.[54]
Difficult as the sixteenth century had been for the Cathedral, it was the period of the Commonwealth that came nearest to destroying both the institution and the buildings. Throughout the 1640s, with Oliver Cromwell's army occupying the Isle of Ely, a puritanical regime of worship was imposed.[54] Bishop Matthew Wren was arrested in 1642 and spent the next 18 years in the Tower of London.[56] That no significant destruction of images occurred during the Civil War and the Commonwealth would appear to be because it had been done so thoroughly 100 years before. [57] In 1648 parliament encouraged the demolition of the buildings, so that the materials could be sold to pay for 'relief of sick and maimed soldiers, widows and children'.[58] That this didn't happen, and that the building suffered nothing worse than neglect, may have been due to protection by Oliver Cromwell, although the uncertainty of the times, and apathy rather than hostility to the building may have been as big a factor.[58]
Restoration[edit]
Peter Gunning Monument, Ely Cathedral
When Charles II was invited to return to Britain, alongside the political restoration there began a process of re-establishing the Church of England. Matthew Wren, whose high church views had kept him in prison throughout the period of the Commonwealth, was able to appoint a new Cathedral Chapter. The Dean, by contrast was appointed by the crown.[59] The three big challenges for the new hierarchy were to begin repairs on the neglected buildings, to re-establish Cathedral services, and to recover its lands, rights and incomes.[60] The search for lost deeds and records to establish their rights took over 20 years but most of the rights to the dispersed assets appear to have been regained.[61]
In the 1690s a number of very fine baroque furnishings were introduced, notably a marble font (now in Prickwillow church,[62]) and an organ case mounted on the Romanesque pulpitum (the stone screen dividing the nave from the liturgical choir) with trumpeting angels and other embellishments.[63] In 1699 the north-west corner of the north transept collapsed and had to be rebuilt. The works included the insertion of a fine classical doorway in the north face. Christopher Wren has sometimes been associated with this feature, and he may have been consulted by Robert Grumbold, the mason in charge of the project. Grumbold had worked with Wren on Trinity College Library in Cambridge a few years earlier, and Sir Christopher would have been familiar with the Cathedral through his uncle Matthew Wren, bishop from 1638 to 1667. He was certainly among the people with whom the Dean (John Lambe 1693-1708) discussed the proposed works during a visit to London.[64] The damaged transept took from 1699 to 1702 to rebuild, and with the exception of the new doorway, the works faithfully re-instated the Romanesque walls, windows, and detailing. This was a landmark approach in the history of restoration.[64]
Bentham and Essex[edit]
The high altar
The south aisle of the nave looking west
Two people stand out in Ely Cathedral's eighteenth century history, one a minor canon and the other an architectural contractor.[65] James Bentham (1709 – 1794), building on the work of his father Rev. Samuel Bentham, studied the history of both the institution and architecture of the cathedral, culminating in 1771 with his publication of The History and Antiquities of the Conventual and Cathedral Church of Ely.[66] He sought out original documents to provide definitive biographical lists of abbots, priors, deans and bishops, alongside a history of the abbey and cathedral, and was able to set out the architectural development of the building with detailed engravings and plans.[67] These plans, elevations and sections had been surveyed by the architect James Essex (1722–1784), who by this means was able to both highlight the poor state of parts of the building, and understand its complex interdependencies.[65] The level of expertise that Bentham and Essex brought to the situation enabled a well-prioritised series of repairs and sensitive improvements to be proposed that occupied much of the later eighteenth century. Essex identified the decay of the octagon lantern as the starting point of a major series of repairs, and was appointed in 1757 to oversee the work. 400 years of weathering and decay may have removed many of the gothic features, and shortage of funds allied to a Georgian suspicion of ornament resulted in plain and pared down timber and leadwork on the lantern.[68] He was then able to move on to re-roof the entire eastern arm and restore the eastern gable which had been pushed outwards some 2 feet (61 cm).[68] Bentham and Essex were both enthusiastic proponents of a longstanding plan to relocate the 14th century choir stalls from under the octagon. With the octagon and east roof dealt with, the scheme was embarked on in 1769, with Bentham, still only a minor canon, appointed as clerk of works.[67] By moving the choir stalls to the far east end of the cathedral, the octagon became a spacious and dramatic public area for the first time, with grand vistas to east and west and spectacular views of the octagon vaulting.[69] They also removed the Romanesque pulpitum and put in a new choir screen two bays east of the octagon, surmounted by the 1690s organ case.[68] Despite their antiquarian interests, Bentham and Essex appear to have dismantled the choir stalls with alarming lack of care, and saw no problem in clearing away features at the east end, and removing the pulpitum and medieval walls surrounding the choir stalls. The north wall turned out to incorporate the bones of seven 'Saxon worthies' which would have featured on the pilgrim route into the pre-reformation cathedral.[70] The bones were rehoused in Bishop West's Chapel.[68] The choir stalls, with their misericords were however retained, and the restoration as a whole was relatively sympathetic by the standards of the period.
The Victorians[edit]
The next major period of restoration began in the 1840s and much of the oversight was the responsibility of Dean George Peacock (1839–58).[71] In conjunction with the Cambridge Professor Robert Willis, he undertook thorough investigations into the structure, archaeology and artistic elements of the building, and made a start on what became an extensive series of refurbishments by restoring the south-west transept.[72] This had been used as a 'workshop', and by stripping out more recent material and restoring the Norman windows and arcading, they set a pattern that would be adopted in much of the Victorian period works. In 1845, by which time the cathedral had works underway in many areas, a visiting architect, George Basevi, who was inspecting the west tower, tripped, and fell 36 feet to his death. He was given a burial in the north choir aisle.[73] Works at this time included cleaning back thick layers of limewash, polishing pillars of Purbeck marble, painting and gilding roof bosses and corbels in the choir, and a major opening up of the West tower. A plaster vault was removed that had been put in only 40 years before, and the clock and bells were moved higher. The addition of iron ties and supports allowed removal of vast amounts of infill that was supposed to strengthen the tower, but had simply added more weight and compounded the problems.
George Gilbert Scott[edit]
George Gilbert Scott was, by 1847, emerging as a successful architect and keen exponent of the Gothic Revival. He was brought in, as a professional architect to bolster the enthusiastic amateur partnership of Peacock and Willis, initially in the re-working of the fourteenth-century choir stalls. Having been at the East end for 80 years, Scott oversaw their move back towards the Octagon, but this time remaining within the eastern arm, keeping the open space of the Octagon clear.[74] This was Scott's first cathedral commission. He went on to work on a new carved wooden screen and brass gates, moved the high altar two bays westwards, and installed a lavishly carved and ornamented alabaster reredos, a new font for the south-west transept, a new Organ case and later a new pulpit, replacing the neo-Norman pulpit designed by John Groves in 1803.[75] In 1876 Scott's designs for the octagon lantern parapet and pinnacles were implemented,[76] returning it to a form which, to judge from pre-Essex depictions, seems to be genuinely close to the original. Various new furnishings replaced the baroque items installed in the 1690s.
The Noah Window, by Alfred Gérente, in the nave south aisle.[77]
Stained glass[edit]
In 1845 Edward Sparke, son of the bishop Bowyer Sparke, and himself a canon, spearheaded a major campaign to re-glaze the Cathedral with coloured glass. At that time there was hardly any medieval glass (mostly a few survivals in the Lady Chapel) and not much of post-reformation date. An eighteenth century attempt to get James Pearson to produce a scheme of painted glass had produced only one window and some smaller fragments.[78] With the rediscovery of staining techniques, and the renewed enthusiasm for stained glass that swept the country as the nineteenth century progressed, almost all areas of the cathedral received new glazing. Under Sparke's oversight, money was found from donors, groups, bequests, even gifts by the artists themselves, and by Edward Sparke himself.[79] A wide variety of designers and manufacturers were deliberately used, to help find the right firm to fill the great lancets at the east end. In the event, it was William Wailes who undertook this in 1857, having already begun the four windows of the octagon, as well as contributions to the south west transept, south aisle and north transept. Other windows were by the Gérente brothers, William Warrington, Alexander Gibbs, Clayton and Bell, Ward and Nixon, Hardman & Co., and numerous other individuals and firms from England and France.[80]
A timber boarded ceiling was installed in the nave and painted with scenes from the Old and New Testaments, first by Henry Styleman Le Strange and then, after Le Strange’s death in 1862, completed by Thomas Gambier Parry, who also repainted the interior of the octagon.
A further major programme of structural restoration took place between 1986 and 2000 under Deans William Patterson (1984–90) and Michael Higgins (1991-2003), directed by successive Surveyors to the Fabric, initially Peter Miller and from 1994 Jane Kennedy. In 2000 a Processional Way was built, restoring the direct link between the north choir aisle and the Lady Chapel.
Religious community[edit]
Ely has been an important centre of Christian worship since the seventh century AD. Most of what is known about its history before the Norman Conquest comes from Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum [81] written early in the eighth century and from the Liber Eliensis,[82] an anonymous chronicle written at Ely some time in the twelfth century, drawing on Bede for the very early years, and covering the history of the community until the twelfth century.[citation needed] According to these sources the first Christian community here was founded by St. Æthelthryth (romanised as "Etheldreda"), daughter of the Anglo-Saxon King Anna of East Anglia, who was born at Exning near Newmarket.[83] She may have acquired land at Ely from her first husband Tondberht, described by Bede as a "prince" of the South Gyrwas.[84] After the end of her second marriage to Ecgfrith, a prince of Northumbria, in 673 she set up and ruled as abbess a dual monastery at Ely for men and for women. When she died, a shrine was built there to her memory. This monastery is recorded as having been destroyed in about 870 in the course of Danish invasions. However, while the lay settlement of the time would have been a minor one, it is likely that a church survived there until its refoundation in the 10th century.[85] The history of the religious community during that period is unclear, but accounts of the refoundation in the tenth century [86] suggest that there had been an establishment of secular priests.
In the course of the revival of the English church under Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Aethelwold, Bishop of Winchester, a new Benedictine abbey for men was established in Ely in 970. This was one of a wave of monastic refoundations which locally included Peterborough and Ramsey.[87] Ely became one of the leading Benedictine houses in late Anglo-Saxon England. Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066 the abbey allied itself with the local resistance to Norman rule led by Hereward the Wake. The new regime having established control of the area, after the death of the abbot Thurstan, a Norman successor Theodwine was installed. In 1109 Ely attained cathedral status with the appointment of Hervey le Breton as bishop of the new diocese which was taken out of the very large diocese of Lincoln. This involved a division of the monastic property between the bishopric and the monastery, whose establishment was reduced from 70 to 40 monks, headed by a prior; the bishop being titular abbot.
In 1539, during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the monastery surrendered to Henry VIII’s commissioners.[88] The cathedral was refounded by royal charter in 1541 [89] with the former prior Robert Steward as dean and the majority of the former monks as prebendaries and minor canons, supplemented by Matthew Parker, later Archbishop of Canterbury, and Richard Cox, later Bishop of Ely. With a brief interruption from 1649 to 1660 during the Commonwealth, when all cathedrals were abolished, this foundation has continued in its essentials to the twenty-first century, with a reduced number of residentiary canons now supplemented by a number of lay canons appointed under a Church Measure of 1999.[90]
As with other cathedrals, Ely’s pattern of worship centres around the Opus Dei, the daily programme of services drawing significantly on the Benedictine tradition. It also serves as the mother church of the diocese and ministers to a substantial local congregation. At the Dissolution the veneration of St Etheldreda was suppressed, her shrine in the cathedral was destroyed, and the dedication of the cathedral to her and St Peter was replaced by the present dedication to the Holy and Undivided Trinity. Since 1873 the practice of honouring her memory has been revived,[91] and annual festivals are celebrated, commemorating events in her life and the successive “translations” - removals of her remains to new shrines – which took place in subsequent centuries.
Clergy[edit]
Dean – The Very Revd Mark Bonney (since 22 September 2012 installation)[92]
Canon – The Revd Canon Dr James Garrard (since 29 November 2008 installation)[93]
Canon - The Revd Canon Dr Victoria Johnson (since 25 April 2015 installation)[94]
Canon - The Revd Canon Dr Jessica Martin (since 10 September 2016 installation)[95]
Burials[edit]
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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
The burials below are listed in date order
Æthelthryth – Abbess of Ely in 679. The shrine was destroyed in 1541, her relics are alleged to be in St Etheldreda's Church, Ely Place, London and St Etheldreda's Roman Catholic Church, Ely
Seaxburh – Abbess of Ely in about 699
Wihtburh – possible sister of Æthelthryth, founder and abbess of convent in Dereham. Died 743 and buried in the cemetery of Ely Abbey, reinterred in her church in Dereham 798, remains stolen in 974 and buried in Ely Abbey
Byrhtnoth – patron of Ely Abbey, died leading Anglo-Saxon forces at the Battle of Maldon in 991
Eadnoth the Younger – Abbot of Ramsey, Bishop of Dorchester, killed in 1016 fighting against Cnut, his body was seized and hidden by Ely monks and subsequently venerated as Saint Eadnoth the Martyr
Wulfstan II – Archbishop of York (1002–1023), he died in York but according to his wishes he was buried in the monastery of Ely. Miracles are ascribed to his tomb by the Liber Eliensis
Alfred Aetheling – son of the English king Æthelred the Unready (1012–1037)
Hervey le Breton – First Bishop of Ely (1109–1131)
Nigel – Bishop of Ely (1133–1169), may have been buried here
Geoffrey Ridel – the nineteenth Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely (1173–1189)
Eustace – Bishop of Ely (1197–1215), also the twenty-third Lord Chancellor of England and Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. Buried near the altar of St Mary
John of Fountains – Bishop of Ely (1220–1225), "in the pavement" near the high altar [96]
Geoffrey de Burgo – Bishop of Ely (1225–1228), buried in north choir but no surviving tomb or monument has been identified as his
Hugh of Northwold – Bishop of Ely (1229–1254), buried next to a shrine to St Etheldreda in the presbytery that he built, his tomb was moved to the north choir aisle but the location of his remains is unclear
William of Kilkenny – Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely (1254–1256), his heart was buried here, having died in Spain on a diplomatic mission for the king
Hugh de Balsham – Bishop of Ely (1256–1286), founder of Peterhouse, his tomb has not been firmly identified
John Kirkby – Lord High Treasurer of England and Bishop of Ely (1286–1290), a marble tomb slab located in the north choir aisle may possibly be from his tomb[97]
William of Louth – Bishop of Ely (1290–1298), his elaborate tomb is near the entrance to the Lady Chapel in the south choir aisle
John Hotham – Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord High Treasurer, Lord Chancellor and Bishop of Ely (1316–1337), died after two years of paralysis
John Barnet – Bishop of Ely (1366–1373)
Louis II de Luxembourg – Cardinal, Archbishop of Rouen and Bishop of Ely (1437-1443). He is not known to have ever visited the cathedral; after his death at Hatfield his bowels were interred in the church there, his heart at Rouen and his body at Ely on the south side of the Presbytery
John Tiptoft – 1st Earl of Worcester ('The Butcher of England') (1427–1470), in a large tomb in the South Choir Aisle
William Grey – Lord High Treasurer of England and Bishop of Ely (1454–1478)
John Alcock – Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely (1486–1500), in the Alcock Chantry
Richard Redman – Bishop of Ely (1501–1505)
Nicholas West – Bishop of Ely (1515–1534), buried in the Bishop West Chantry Chapel, which he built, at the eastern end of the South Choir Aisle
Thomas Goodrich – Bishop of Ely (1534-1554), buried in the South Choir
Robert Steward – First Dean of Ely (1541–1557)
Richard Cox – Bishop of Ely (1559–1581), buried in a tomb over which the choir box was built
Martin Heton – Bishop of Ely (1599–1609)
Humphrey Tyndall - Dean of Ely (1591–1614)
Henry Caesar – Dean of Ely (1614–1636)
Benjamin Lany – Bishop of Ely (1667–1675)
Peter Gunning – Bishop of Ely (1675–1684)
Simon Patrick – Bishop of Ely (1691–1707)
John Moore – Bishop of Ely (1707–1714)
William Fleetwood – Bishop of Ely (1714–1723), in the north chancel aisle
Robert Moss – Dean of Ely (1713–1729)
Thomas Green – Bishop of Ely (1723–1738)
Robert Butts – Bishop of Ely (1738–1748)
Matthias Mawson – Bishop of Ely (1754–1771)
Edmund Keene – Bishop of Ely (1771–1781), in the Bishop West Chantry Chapel (his wife, Mary, was buried in the south side of the choir)
Bowyer Sparke – Bishop of Ely (1812–1836), in the Bishop West Chantry Chapel
George Basevi – Architect. Died 1845, aged 51, after falling through an opening in the floor of the old bell chamber of the west tower of Ely Cathedral while inspecting repairs. Buried in North Choir Aisle under a monumental brass
Joseph Allen – Bishop of Ely (1836–1845)
William Hodge Mill – (1792–1853) the first principal of Bishop’s College, Calcutta, and later Regius Professor of Hebrew at Cambridge and Canon at Ely Cathedral
James Woodford – Bishop of Ely (1873–1885), in Matthew Wren's chapel on the south side of the choir
Harry Legge-Bourke – died 1973 while Member of Parliament for the Isle of Ely
Music[edit]
The organ
The cathedral retains six professional adult lay clerks who sing in the Cathedral Choir along with boy choristers aged 7 to 13 who receive choristerships funded by the cathedral to attend the King's Ely school as boarding pupils. The Cathedral Girl Choir consists of girls aged 13 to 18 who are also boarding pupils at King's Ely and who are funded by the school.[98]
The Octagon Singers and Ely Imps are voluntary choirs of local adults and children respectively.[98]
Organ[edit]
Details of the organ from the National Pipe Organ Register
Organists[edit]
See also: List of musicians at English cathedrals
Notable organists at Ely Cathedral have included the composers Basil Harwood and Arthur Wills.
Stained Glass Museum[edit]
The south triforium is home to the Stained Glass Museum, a collection of stained glass from the 13th century to the present that is of national importance and includes works from notable contemporary artists including Ervin Bossanyi.[99]
In popular culture[edit]
The cathedral appears on the horizon in the cover photo of Pink Floyd's 1994 album The Division Bell.
The covers of a number of John Rutter's choral albums feature an image of the cathedral, a reference to early recordings of his music being performed and recorded in the Lady chapel.
Direct references to the cathedral appear in the children's book Tom's Midnight Garden by Philippa Pearce. A full-length movie with the same title was released in 1999.
A section of the film Elizabeth: The Golden Age was filmed at the cathedral in June 2006.
Filming for The Other Boleyn Girl took place at the cathedral in August 2007.
Parts of Marcus Sedgwick's 2000 novel Floodland take place at the cathedral after the sea has consumed the land around it turning Ely into an island.
Direct references to Ely Cathedral are made in Jill Dawson's 2006 novel Watch Me Disappear.
A week's filming took place in November 2009 at the cathedral, when it substituted for Westminster Abbey in The King's Speech.[100]
In April 2013 Mila Kunis was at the cathedral filming Jupiter Ascending.[101]
The film Macbeth used the cathedral for filming in February and March 2014.[102]
In 2016 the cathedral substituted for Westminster Abbey again in the Netflix original series The Crown.
See also[edit]
List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom
Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
English Gothic architecture
Ely Eel Day
Ely Inquiry
William Selwyn – Canon and astronomer
Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church, a 1916 church in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, modeled after Ely Cathedral
Walter Frye
History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Lindley, Phillip (1995). "The Imagery of the Octagon at Ely". Gothic to Renaissance: Essays on Sculpture in England. Stamford: Paul Watson. p. 142. ISBN 1871615763.
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Jump up ^ King, Richard John (1862). "Ely Cathedral". Handbook to the Cathedrals of England – Vol. 3, Eastern Division. John Murray. p. 219.
Jump up ^ James, M.R. (1892). "The Sculptures in the Lady Chapel at Ely". The Archaeological Journal. 49: 345–362.
Jump up ^ Mills, Rosie (2008). "Locating and Relocating St Joseph in the Lady Chapel, Ely". Vidimus (22).
Jump up ^ James 1892, p. 359.
Jump up ^ VCH for Ely: Atkinson, T D, Ethel M Hampson, E T Long, C A F Meekings, Edward Miller, H B Wells and G M G Woodgate. 'City of Ely: Cathedral.' A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 4, City of Ely; Ely, N. and S. Witchford and Wisbech Hundreds. Ed. R B Pugh. London: Victoria County History, 2002. 50-77. British History Online. accessed 18 March 2015.
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Jump up ^ Coldstream, Nicola (1979). "Ely Cathedral: the Fourteenth-Century Work". In Coldstream, Nicola; Draper, Peter. Medieval Art and Architecture at Ely Cathedral. BAA Conference Transactions. The British Archaeological Association. pp. 28–46.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jesus College, Cambridge: Pen Portraits - Nicholas West Accessed 4 May 2015
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Jump up ^ Meadows, Peter (2003a). "Dean and Chapter Restored 1660-1836". In Meadows, Peter; Ramsay, Nigel. A History of Ely Cathedral. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 193–212. ISBN 0 85115 945 1.
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Jump up ^ Cocke, Thomas (2003). "The History of the Fabric 1541-1836". In Meadows, Peter; Ramsay, Nigel. A History of Ely Cathedral. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 213–223. ISBN 0 85115 945 1.
Jump up ^ Cocke 2003, p. 217.
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Jump up ^ Bentham, James (1771). The History and Antiquities of the Conventual and Cathedral Church of Ely : from the foundation of the monastery, A.D. 673 to the year 1771 : illustrated with copper-plates. p. 494.
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Jump up ^ Meadows, Peter (2003b). "Cathedral Restoration 1836–1980". In Meadows, Peter; Ramsay, Nigel. A History of Ely Cathedral. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 305–332. ISBN 0 85115 945 1.
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Jump up ^ For the origin of the word "tawdry", see Æthelthryth.
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Jump up ^ Cathedrals Measure 1999 No 1
Jump up ^ Charles Merivale, St Etheldreda Festival. Summary of Proceedings with Sermons and Addresses at the Bissexcentenary Festival of St Etheldreda in Ely, October 1873 (Ely, 1873)
Jump up ^ "Ely Cathedral – The Installation of Canon Mark Bonney as Dean". Elycathedral.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Diocese of Ely – Installation of the Precentor". Ely.anglican.org. 2008-11-29. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Cathedral welcomes first female residentiary canon". elycathedral.org. 2015-01-15. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Revd Canon Dr Jessica Martin to be a residentiary canon". elycathedral.org. 2015-04-10. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
Jump up ^ Sayers "Once 'Proud Prelate'" Journal of the British Archaeological Association p. 77
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^ Jump up to: a b "Ely Cathedral - Music". Ely Cathedral. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Stained Glass Museum". The Stained Glass Museum. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Ely News Retrieved 24 April 2013
Jump up ^ Mila Kunis at the Cathedral Retrieved 24 April 2013
Jump up ^ Setting up for filming of Macbeth at Ely Cathedral gets underway Retrieved 26 March 2014
Further reading[edit]
W. E. Dickson. Ely Cathedral (Isbister & Co., 1897).
Richard John King. Handbook to the Cathedrals of England – Vol. 3, (John Murray, 1862).
D. J. Stewart. On the architectural history of Ely cathedral (J. Van Voorst, 1868).
Peter Meadows and Nigel Ramsay, eds., A History of Ely Cathedral (The Boydell Press, 2003).
Lynne Broughton, Interpreting Ely Cathedral (Ely Cathedral Publications, 2008).
John Maddison, Ely Cathedral: Design and Meaning (Ely Cathedral Publications, 2000).
Janet Fairweather, trans., Liber Eliensis: A History of the Isle of Ely from the Seventh Century to the Twelfth Compiled by a Monk of Ely in the Twelfth Century (The Boydell Press, 2005).
Peter Meadows, ed., Ely: Bishops and Diocese, 1109–2009 (The Boydell Press, 2010).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ely Cathedral.
Descriptive tour of Ely Cathedral
360° interior panorama at BBC Cambridgeshire
The Stained Glass Museum at Ely Cathedral
A history of the choristers of Ely Cathedral
Flickr images tagged Ely Cathedral
Article about the medieval stained glass in the Lady Chapel
Discussion of the lady chapel by Janina Ramirez and Will Shank: Art Detective Podcast, 20 Feb 2017
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 158244517
ISNI: 0000 0001 0556 7477
GND: 4070786-6
NKC: kn20040209005
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ely_Cathedral&oldid=801506237"
Categories:
Anglican cathedrals in England
Buildings and structures in Cambridgeshire
Ely, Cambridgeshire
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Grade I listed churches in Cambridgeshire
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Ely Cathedral
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text:
Salad
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the type of culinary dish. For other uses, see Salad (disambiguation).
Salad
A garden salad consisting of lettuce, cucumber, scallions, cherry tomatoes, olives, sun-dried tomatoes, and cheese
Main ingredients
A base of vegetables, fruits, meat, eggs, or grains; mixed with a sauce.
Variations
Many
Cookbook: Salad Media: Salad
A salad is a dish consisting of a mixture of small pieces of food, usually predominantly vegetables.[1][2] They are typically served at room temperature or chilled, with notable exceptions such as south German potato salad which is served warm. Salads may contain virtually any type of ready-to-eat food.
Garden salads use a base of leafy greens like lettuce, arugula, kale or spinach; they are common enough that the word salad alone often refers specifically to garden salads. Other types include bean salad, tuna salad, fattoush, Greek salad, and Japanese sōmen salad (a noodle-based salad). The sauce used to flavor a salad is commonly called a salad dressing; most salad dressings are based on either a mixture of oil and vinegar or a fermented milk product.
Salads may be served at any point during a meal:
Appetizer salads - light, smaller portion-salads served as the first course of the meal.
Side salads - to accompany the main course as a side dish.
Main course salads - usually containing a portion of a high-protein food, such as chicken, salmon, beef, legumes, or cheese.
Dessert salads - sweet versions containing fruit, gelatin, sweeteners or whipped cream.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Types of salads
3.1 Green salad
3.2 Bound salad
3.3 Main course salads
3.4 Fruit salads
3.5 Dessert salads
4 Dressings
5 Salad records
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
Green leaf salad with salmon and bread
The word "salad" comes from the French salade of the same meaning, from the Latin salata (salty), from sal (salt). In English, the word first appears as "salad" or "sallet" in the 14th century. Salt is associated with salad because vegetables were seasoned with brine or salty oil-and-vinegar dressings during Roman times.[3] The phrase "salad days", meaning a "time of youthful inexperience" (based on the notion of "green"), is first recorded by Shakespeare in 1606, while the use of salad bar, referring to a buffet-style serving of salad ingredients, first appeared in American English in 1976.[3]
History[edit]
The Romans and ancient Greeks ate mixed greens with dressing.[4][5] In his 1699 book, Acetaria: A Discourse on Sallets, John Evelyn attempted with little success to encourage his fellow Britons to eat fresh salad greens.[6] Mary, Queen of Scots, ate boiled celery root over greens covered with creamy mustard dressing, truffles, chervil, and slices of hard-boiled eggs.
Oil used on salads can be found in the 17th century colony of New Netherland (Later called New York, New Jersey and Delaware). A list of common items arriving on ships and their designated price when appraising cargo, "a can of salad oil at 1.10 florins" and "an anker of wine vinegar at 16 florins".[7] In a 1665 letter to the Director of New Netherland from the Island of Curaçao there is a request to send greens, "I request most amicably that your honors be pleased to send me seed of every sort, such as cabbage, carrots, lettuce, parsley, etc. for none can be acquired here and I know that your honor has plenty,...".[8]
Salads, including layered and dressed salads, were popular in Europe since the Greek and Roman imperial expansions. Salads are sold in supermarkets, at restaurants and at fast food chains. In the US market, restaurants will often have a "Salad Bar" laid out with salad-making ingredients, which the customers will use to put together their salad.[citation needed] Salad restaurants were earning more than $300 million in 2014.[9]
Types of salads[edit]
A salad can be composed (with the ingredients specifically arranged) or tossed (with the ingredients placed in a bowl and mixed).
Green salad[edit]
A green salad
A green salad or garden salad is most often composed of leafy vegetables such as lettuce varieties, spinach, or rocket (arugula). If non-greens make up a large portion of the salad it may be called a vegetable salad instead of a green salad. Common raw vegetables (in the culinary sense) used in a salad include cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, onions, carrots, celery, radishes, mushrooms, avocado, olives, artichoke hearts, heart of palm, watercress, parsley, garden beets, and green beans. Nuts, berries, seeds, and flowers are less common components. Hard-boiled eggs, bacon, shrimp, cheeses, and croutons may be used as garnishes, but large amounts of animal based foods would be more likely in a dinner salad.
A wedge salad is made from a head of lettuce (such as iceberg) halved or quartered, with other ingredients on top.[10]
Bound salad[edit]
American-style potato salad with egg and mayonnaise
They are assembled with thick sauces such as mayonnaise. One portion of a true bound salad will hold its shape when placed on a plate with an ice-cream scoop. Examples of bound salad include tuna salad, pasta salad, chicken salad, egg salad, and potato salad.
Bound salads are often used as sandwich fillings. They are popular at picnics and barbecues.
Main course salads[edit]
A traditional Slovak fish salad of cod in mayonnaise
Main course salads (also known as "dinner salads"[11] and commonly known as "entrée salads" in North America) may contain grilled or fried chicken pieces, seafood such as grilled or fried shrimp or a fish steak such as tuna, mahi-mahi, or salmon or sliced steak, such as sirloin or skirt. Caesar salad, Chef salad, Cobb salad, Chinese chicken salad and Michigan salad are dinner salads.
Fruit salads[edit]
Fruit salad
Fruit salads are made of fruit, which may be fresh or canned. Examples include fruit cocktail.[11] Note that "fruit" here refers to culinary fruits, many components of vegetable salads (such as tomatoes and cucumbers) are botanical fruits but culinary vegetables.
Dessert salads[edit]
Ambrosia
Dessert salads rarely include leafy greens and are often sweet. Common variants are made with gelatin or whipped cream; e.g. jello salad, pistachio salad, and ambrosia. Other forms of dessert salads include snickers salad, glorified rice, and cookie salad popular in parts of the Midwestern United States.[11]
Dressings[edit]
A dish of American-style Italian dressing.
Sauces for salads are often called "dressings". The concept of salad dressing varies across cultures.
In Western culture, there are two basic types of salad dressing:
Vinaigrettes based on a mixture (emulsion) of salad oil and vinegar, often flavored with herbs, spices, salt, pepper, sugar, and other ingredients. [12]
Creamy dressings, usually based on mayonnaise or fermented milk products, such as yogurt, sour cream (crème fraîche, smetana), or buttermilk;
In North America, mayonnaise-based ranch dressing is most popular, with vinaigrettes and Caesar-style dressing following close behind.[13] Traditional dressings in France are vinaigrettes, typically mustard-based, while sour cream (smetana) and mayonnaise are predominant in eastern European countries and Russia. In Denmark, dressings are often based on crème fraîche. In southern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean, salad is generally dressed by the diner with olive oil and vinegar. In Asia, it is common to add sesame oil, fish sauce, citrus juice, or soy sauce to salad dressings.[citation needed]
Other common salad dressings include:
Blue cheese dressing
French dressing
Ginger dressing
Honey mustard
Italian dressing
Louis dressing
Tahini
Thousand Island dressing
Wafu dressing
Salad records[edit]
On 4 September 2016, the largest recorded salad, weighing 20,100 kg, was created in Red Square, Moscow, Russia, by Mouzenidis Travel. It was a Greek salad consisting of tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, olives, feta cheese, olive oil, oregano and salt.[14]
See also[edit]
Food portal
Antipasto
List of salads
List of Arab salads
Thai salads
Salad spinner
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "salad". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "salad". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Harper, Douglas. "salad". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Lynne Olver. "TheFood Timeline: history notes--salad".
Jump up ^ "salad-recipe.net".
Jump up ^ "The History Of Salad". ChefTalk.com. 17 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Council Minutes page 78
Jump up ^ Curaçao Papers page 234
Jump up ^ Lam, Bourree (3 July 2015). "America's $300 Million Salad Industry". The Atlantic. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Paula Deen. "Wedge Salad". Food Network. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Melissa Barlow, Stephanie Ashcraft. Things to Do with a Salad: One Hundred One Things to Do With a Salad. Gibbs Smith, 2006. ISBN 1-4236-0013-4. 128 pages, page 7.
Jump up ^ "Vinaigrette". BBC Good Food.
Jump up ^ "Top Ten Most Popular Salad Dressing Flavors". The Food Channel®.
Jump up ^ "Largest salad". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
Further reading[edit]
Frances Barber Harris (1918), Florida Salads: a collection of dainty, wholesome salad recipes that will appeal to the most fastidious, Jacksonville, Fla: Jacksonville Printing Co., OCLC 509840
External links[edit]
Find more aboutSaladat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Wikibooks Cookbook
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Types
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Brand names
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values:
/wiki/Salad_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Salad (disambiguation)

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values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

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/wiki/Salad_dressing
mw-redirect
Salad dressing

values:
/wiki/Chicken_(food)
mw-redirect
Chicken (food)

values: clear:left; float:left; width:auto; background:none; margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0;

values:
/wiki/Celery_root
mw-redirect
Celery root

values:
/wiki/Hard-boiled_egg
mw-redirect
Hard-boiled egg

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Leafy_vegetable
mw-redirect
Leafy vegetable

values:
/wiki/Culinary_vegetable
mw-redirect
Culinary vegetable

values:
/wiki/Olive_(fruit)
mw-redirect
Olive (fruit)

values:
/wiki/Garden_beet
mw-redirect
Garden beet

values:
/wiki/Fruit_cocktail
mw-redirect
Fruit cocktail

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Pistachio_salad
mw-redirect
Pistachio salad

values:
/wiki/Cookie_salad
mw-redirect
Cookie salad

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)

values:
/wiki/Honey_mustard
mw-redirect
Honey mustard

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

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nofollow
external text
http://www.etymonline.com/?term=salad

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nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/509840

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/wiki/Lemon_juice
mw-redirect
Lemon juice

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navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

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/wiki/Kraft_foods
mw-redirect
Kraft foods

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

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nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4051351-8

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

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values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Salad
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/w/index.php?title=Salad&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: سلطة (طعام) – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apanyizo
Apanyizo – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensalada
Ensalada – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values: সালাদ – Bangla

values: Салата (страва) – Belarusian

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salod
Salod – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanida
Amanida – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensalada
Ensalada – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad
Salad – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values: Σαλάτα – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensalada
Ensalada – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salato
Salato – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entsalada
Entsalada – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensalada
Ensalada – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: سالات – Gilaki

values: सलाद – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salata
Salata – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salado
Salado – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insalata
Insalata – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad
Salad – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಸ್ಯಾಲಡ್ – Kannada

values: Авторитарлық – Kazakh

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selete
Selete – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaria
Acetaria – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salotos
Salotos – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad
Salad – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salade
Salade – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salatrett
Salatrett – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values: ସାଲାଡ଼ – Odia

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salat
Salat – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salada
Salada – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuyupa
Yuyupa – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Салат (блюдо) – Russian

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad
Salad – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solata
Solata – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladh
Saladh – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values: Салата – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salata
Salata – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaatti
Salaatti – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallad
Sallad – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensalada
Ensalada – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: சாலட் – Tamil

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salata
Salata – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Салат (страва) – Ukrainian

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suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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