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Lo que la vida me robó
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Lo que la vida me robó
Genre
Telenovela
Created by
Juan Carlos Alcalá
Written by
Rosa Salazar Arenas
Fermín Zúñiga
Jorge Cervantes
Story by
Caridad Bravo Adams
María Zarattini
Directed by
Claudio Reyes
Manuel Barajas
Sergio Cataño
Armando Zafra
Starring
Daniela Castro
Angelique Boyer
Sebastián Rulli
Luis Roberto Guzmán
Sergio Sendel
Rogelio Guerra
Eric del Castillo
Grettell Valdez
Alberto Estrella
Ana Bertha Espín
Juan Carlos Barreto
Gabriela Rivero
Theme music composer
Enrique Iglesias
Opening theme
"El perdedor" by Enrique Iglesias and Marco Antonio Solís
Ending theme
"Corazones invencibles" by Aleks Syntek
Country of origin
Mexico
Original language(s)
Spanish
No. of episodes
196
Production
Executive producer(s)
Angelli Nesma Medina
Producer(s)
Juan Ignacio Alarcón
Location(s)
Campeche, Mexico
Agua Azul, Chiapas
Quintana Roo
Miami, Florida
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Release
Original network
Canal de las Estrellas
Picture format
HDTV 1080i
Audio format
Stereophonic sound
Original release
October 28, 2013 (2013-10-28) – July 27, 2014 (2014-07-27)
Chronology
Preceded by
La tempestad
Followed by
Hasta el fin del mundo
Related shows
Bodas de odio
Amor real
External links
www.televisa.com/us/videos/telenovelas/lo-que-la-vida-me-robo/
Lo que la vida me robó (English title: What Life Took From Me), is a Mexican telenovela produced by Angelli Nesma Medina for Televisa, broadcast by Canal de las Estrellas now known as Las Estrellas. The series originally aired from October 28, 2013 to July 27, 2014. It is an adaptation of the telenovela of 1983 Bodas de odio produced by Ernesto Alonso, which also inspired Amor real, produced by Carla Estrada in 2003.
The series is starring Daniela Castro as Graciela, Angelique Boyer as Montserrat, Sebastián Rulli as Alejandro, Luis Roberto Guzmán as José Luis, Sergio Sendel as Pedro, Rogelio Guerra as Lauro, Eric del Castillo as Padre Anselmo, Grettell Valdez as María, Alberto Estrella as Juventino, Ana Bertha Espín as Rosario, Juan Carlos Barreto as Macario and Gabriela Rivero as Carlota.
The telenovela tells the story of Montserrat, whom her mother has chosen to be the solution of the family's economic problems, forcing her to marry a wealthy young man.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.1.1 Secondary
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Mexico broadcast
5 Soundtrack
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Love scene between Alejandro (Sebastián Rulli) and Montserrat (Angelique Boyer).
The story takes place in Agua Azul, where Montserrat lives. Montserrat is a beautiful young socialite who has always been domineered by her mother, Graciela, whose only concern is their high society status, even though the family is financially ruined. Montserrat secretly maintains a relationship with José Luis, a marine, whom she plans to marry.[1][2]
Graciela had selected a husband for Montserrat, Sebastian de Icaza, whom Montserrat was in love with as a teenager and they had pledged to marry, Montserrat doesn't want to marry him. Graciela tries her best to unite them again, but it is too late as Sebastian has left Agua Azul. Dimitrio, Montserrat's brother, discovers her relationship with José Luis and decides to tell his mother, and Graciela tries everything to separate the two through intrigue and lies.[3]
At the same time, Alejandro, who is a ranch hand in a nearby hacienda and who was one favorite of Don Benjamin Almonte, learns the truth about his origins. On his deathbed, Don Benjamin tells Alejandro that he is his father. Don Benjamin leaves all of his money and property to Alejandro. Alejandro does not receive the news well and rides his horse to the beach at night, where he meets Montserrat. In the dark, Montserrat mistakes Alejandro for Jose Luis and hugs him, but when she sees that he is someone else, she asks to be left alone.
Dimitrio, who is obsessed with obtaining money to cover his expenses, decides to sell the deed and title of the house where he and his family live. Graciela, not finding a solution to their financial problems, blames Montserrat for everything that's happened, including the heart attack that her father suffered. Dimitrio later confesses to his mother that he delivered the deed and title of their home to Bruno, a mobster. Graciela decides to confront the mobster to ask him to return the documents. Not receiving what they wanted from Bruno, Dimitrio decides to take justice into his own hands and kills him.[4]
In desperation, Graciela decides that Alejandro is the solution to cover their debts and expenses. She decides to deliver the documents to Alejandro and he helps her financially under the condition that she allows him to marry Montserrat. Graciela immediately accepts, but makes Alejandro swear that Montserrat will never find out about their agreement.
The situation becomes complicated when Montserrat does not agree to date Alejandro. Graciela decides to tell Montserrat the whole truth about their financial situation, and Montserrat eventually agrees to help her family by marrying Alejandro. In the meantime, José Luis, who was wrongly imprisoned for Bruno's murder, escapes from prison and tells Montserrat the truth about everything that happened. But it is too late since Graciela has already managed to manipulate Montserrat into marrying Alejandro.
Montserrat finally realizes that her "love" for José Luis was only puppy love, and that she has learned what true love is and feels like with Alejandro. While she cared for Jose Luis, she did not love him; he merely taught her how to care for someone. However, although she has moved on, Jose Luis' obsession with her has not. He holds on to the words she told him as a teenager, and he is convinced that they belong together. Now Montserrat and Alejandro must fight against the unreasonable obsession that drives José Luis to act against Montserrat's happiness. In his deep obsession and need to beat Alejandro, he has convinced himself that it is now his turn with Montserrat, and he ignores her wishes, feelings, and desires. The police accuse Alejandro of lying just to obtain the money of his father; this causes him to arrange an escape plan with his longtime friend, Victor, along with Montserrat and Nadia, Victor's wife. Unfortunately, Montserrat doesn't make it in time and the trio are forced to leave as the police arrive, and Ezequiel shoots one of the engines. In mid flight, the engine fails and they crash in Argentina. The accident causes Nadia to lose her eyesight and Alejandro falls into a comma. Seven years later, José Luis is released from jail after committing a "crime" with Alejandro. He proposes to Montserrat, who thinks Alejandro died in the airplane crash, and she accepts. José Luis learns that Alejandro is alive, but he keeps this a secret, fearing Montserrat will leave him. They must overcome all the deceit and bad temper of Jose Luis and Maria (someone in love with Alejandro) who aim to separate Montserrat and Alejandro.[5]
Cast[edit]
Sebastián Rulli is Alejandro Almonte
Luis Roberto Guzmán is José Luis Álvarez
Carlos de la Mota is Refugio Solares
Main[edit]
Daniela Castro as Graciela de Mendoza
Angelique Boyer as Montserrat Mendoza
Sebastián Rulli as Alejandro Almonte
Luis Roberto Guzmán as José Luis Álvarez
Sergio Sendel as Pedro Medina
Rogelio Guerra as Lauro Mendoza
Eric del Castillo as Padre Anselmo
Grettell Valdez as María Zamudio
Alberto Estrella as Juventino Zamudio
Ana Bertha Espín as Rosario Domínguez
Juan Carlos Barreto as Macario
Gabriela Rivero as Carlota Mendonza
Secondary[edit]
Luis Uribe as Capitán Robledo
Osvaldo Benavides as Dimitrio Mendoza
Verónica Jaspeado as Josefina Valverde
Margarita Magaña as Esmeralda
Carlos de la Mota as Refugio Solares
Alejandro Ávila as Víctor
Alejandra García as Nadia
Ferdinando Valencia as Adolfo Argüelles Beltrán "El Alacran"
Marco Uriel as Efrain Loreto
Isabella Camil as Amelia Betrand
Luis Xavier as Joaquín Aréchiga
Ilithya Manzanilla as Angélica
Natalia Juárez as Virginia
Alejandra Procuna as Dominga García
Alexis Ayala as Ezequiel Basurto
Recurring[edit]
Alex Sirvent as Erik
Santiago Hernández as Kevin
Lizetta Romo as Violeta
Luis Gatica as Bruno Gamboa
Guest[edit]
Lisset as Fabiola
Francisco Gattorno as Sandro
Ricardo Kleinbaum as Samuel Barajas
Ricardo Vera as Licenciado
Iván Caraza as Tomás Valverde
Patricia Conde as Prudencia Robledo
Osvaldo de León as Sebastián de Icaza
Alfredo Adame as Benjamín Almonte
Production[edit]
Filming[edit]
The filming of the telenovela officially began on August 2, 2013, in the state of Campeche, Mexico. The first actors confirmed apart from Sebastián Rulli and Angelique Boyer were Osvaldo Benavides, Grettell Valdez, who plays the role of the villain, Alexis Ayala, among others.[6]Because the telenovela extended more in the production and chapters, several chapters were recorded in scenes of exteriors and in the Hacienda Uayamón, in Campeche, in which the temperatures were of 30 degrees, and they lasted 16 hours of work.[7]A few weeks after the recordings began in 2013 in the state of Campeche, Mexico, the telenovela suspended the recordings due to the bad weather.[8]
Several photos were posted on Twitter, some were taken on the beaches of Yucatán and historic streets as well as Telchac Puerto, Celestún and Mérida, Yucatán.[9]
Mexico broadcast[edit]
As of October 28, 2013, Canal de las Estrellas started broadcasting Lo que la vida me robó weeknights at 9:30pm, replacing La tempestad.[10][11] The last episode was broadcast on July 27, 2014, with Hasta el fin del mundo replacing it the following day. Production of Lo que la vida me robó officially started on September 2, 2013.[12]
Season
Timeslot (ET/PT)
No. of
episodes
Premiered
Ended
Date
Premiere
Ratings
Date
Finale
Ratings
2013-14
Monday to Friday 9:20PM 196 October 28, 2013
20.0[13]
July 27, 2014
30.9[14]
Soundtrack[edit]
Track
Song
Singer(s)
Running time
References
1
"El perdedor" Enrique Iglesias and Marco Antonio Solís 4:22 [15]
2
"Corazones invencibles" Aleks Syntek 4:22 [16]
3
"Vuelvo a nacer" Alex Sirvent and Andrea Parmeggiani 4:25 [17]
4
"Volver a amar" Alex Sirvent N/A [18]
5
"Lo que siento por ti" Carlos de la Mota 4:20 [19]
6
"Cruzaré mil mares" Alex Sirvent 3:54 [20]
7
"Mujer prohibida" Alejandro Ávila N/A [21]
8
"Este amor es muy grande" Banda Los Sebastianes 3:24 [22]
9
"Aún" Jaime Flores and Magda Castelo 4:13 [23]
10
"Volvería a mentir" Evelyn de la Luz 4:33 [24]
11
"Mi mejor amigo" Mafer N/A [25]
12
"No puedo amarte" N/A 3:46 [26]
13
"Amores de cristal" Luja 3:47 [27]
14
"Gracias" Jorge Daher N/A [28]
15
"Gracias" Alex Sirvent 3:53 [29]
16
"Frío" Alex Sirvent 3:11 [30]
17
"Chica Loka" La Klave 3:40 [31]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Nominated
Result
2014 Premios Juventud[32] ¡He's Hot! Sebastián Rulli Nominated
Girl that leaves me sleepless Angelique Boyer Won
Best theme novelero "El Perdedor" Won
Premios People en Español[33] Best Actress Angelique Boyer Nominated
Most Handsome Sebastian Rulli Won
2015 33rd TVyNovelas Awards[34] Best Telenovela of the Year Lo que la vida me robó Nominated
Best Lead Actress Angelique Boyer Nominated
Best Lead Actor Sebastián Rulli Won
Best Female Antagonist Daniela Castro Won
Best Male Antagonist Alexis Ayala Nominated
Sergio Sendel Nominated
Best First Actress Ana Bertha Espín Nominated
Best Co-star Actor Luis Roberto Guzmán Won
Best Supporting Actress Margarita Magaña Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Osvaldo Benavides Won
Best Musical Theme "El Perdedor" Nominated
Best Original Story or Adaptation Juan Carlos Alcalá, Rosa Salazar and Fermín Zúñiga Won
Favoritos del Público TVyNovelas Awards[35] Favorite couple Angelique Boyer and Sebastián Rulli Nominated
Slap favorite Daniela Castro and Angelique Boyer Nominated
Best Kiss Sebastián Rulli and Angelique Boyer Nominated
Luis Roberto Guzmán and Angelique Boyer Nominated
The Most Handsome Sebastián Rulli Nominated
The Prettiest Angelique Boyer Nominated
Favorite Villains Daniela Castro Nominated
Sergio Sendel Nominated
Alexis Ayala Nominated
Favorite final Lo que la vida me robó Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Marie Palma F. "Transmisión del final alternativo de Lo que la vida me robó en Internet" (in Spanish). starMedia. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lo Que La Vida Me Robó Capítulo 1: Gran Estreno En Vivo Minuto a Minuto" (in Spanish). NovelaLounge. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ashbya Meré. "Lo que la vida me robó, hoy gran estreno" (in Spanish). Televisa. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ashbya Meré. "A todos nos ha quitado algo la vida" (in Spanish). Televisa. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Marie Palma F. "Resumen y detalles del gran final de Lo que la vida me robó, con Sebastián Rulli y Angelique Boyer" (in Spanish). starMedia. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "“Lo Que La Vida Me Robó” dio inicio a sus grabaciones" (in Spanish). September 3, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Guadalupe Sánchez. "Acompañamos al elenco de 'Lo que la vida me robó, quien grabó a más de 30 grados de temperatura" (in Spanish). Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Grabaciones de “Lo Que La Vida Me Robó” se ven afectadas por el clima" (in Spanish). Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "“Lo que la vida me robó”, encanta en Yucatán" (in Spanish). Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ 'Lo que la vida me robó' adelantará su estreno
Jump up ^ Gran estreno de Lo que la vida me robó, nueva telenovela de Angelique Boyer y Sebastián Rulli
Jump up ^ “Lo Que La Vida Me Robó” dio inicio a sus grabaciones
Jump up ^ Sandy (October 29, 2014). "COMO LE FUE A "LO QUE LA VIDA ME ROBÓ" EN AUDIENCIA" (in Spanish). Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Álvaro Cueva. "Crítica al final de "Lo que la vida me robó"" (in Spanish). Milenio. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Música telenovela Lo que la vida me robó" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Aleks Syntek – Corazones invensibles (Por la fuerza del amor)" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Canción de amor de Montserrat y Alejandro en Lo que la vida me robó" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Canción de amor de Nadia y Víctor en Lo que la vida me robó" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Lo que siento por ti, canción de Esmeralda y Refugio en Lo que la vida me robó" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Cruzaré mil mares, canción de amor de Angélica y José Luis en Lo que la vida me robó" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Alejandro Ávila canta la canción "Mujer prohibida" en la telenovela Lo que la vida me robó" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Banda Los Sebastianes – Este amor es muy grande (Lo que la vida me robó)" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Canción que aparece en la boda de Montserrat y José Luis en Lo que la vida me robó" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "La nueva canción de Montserrat y Alejandro en Lo que la vida me robó" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Mi mejor amigo, canción de Mafer que aparece en Lo que la vida me robó" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Canción de Dimitrio y Mónica en Lo que la vida me robó" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Canción cuando José Luis deja en libertad a Montserrat" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Video de la boda de Nadia y Víctor en Lo que la vida me robó" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Alex Sirvent – Gracias (canción de Finita y Adolfito)" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Canción que aparece cuando Alejandro despierta del coma" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Notinovelas. "Canción cuando María sale a bailar – Lo que la vida me robó" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Novelalounge. "Premios Juventud 2014: Lista De Nominados Incluye Angelique Boyer, Maite Perroni y Sebastián Rulli" (in Spanish). Retrieved May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ LatinPost (November 14, 2014). "People En Español Las Estrellas Del Año 2014: Angelique Boyer, Sebastián Rulli, William Levy y Enrique Iglesias Entre Los Ganadores [LISTA COMPLETA]" (in Spanish). Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Novelalounge. "Premios TVyNovelas 2015: Lista Completa De Nominados" (in Spanish). Retrieved February 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lista de Nominados Favoritos del Público - Premios TVyNovelas 2015" (in Spanish). Más telenovelas. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
External links[edit]
Lo que la vida me robó on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Telenovelas and series of Televisa in 2010s
[hide]
Telenovelas
2010
Niña de mi corazón
Zacatillo, un lugar en tu corazón
Cuando me enamoro
Llena de amor
Soy tu dueña
Para volver a amar
Teresa
Triunfo del amor
2011
Rafaela
Una familia con suerte
Ni contigo ni sin ti
La fuerza del destino
Dos hogares
Esperanza del corazón
La que no podía amar
Amorcito corazón
2012
Abismo de pasión
Por ella soy Eva
Un refugio para el amor
Amor bravío
Cachito de cielo
Amores verdaderos
Corona de lágrimas
Porque el amor manda
Qué bonito amor
La mujer del Vendaval
2013
Corazón indomable
La tempestad
Mentir para vivir
Libre para amarte
De que te quiero, te quiero
Por siempre mi amor
Quiero amarte
Lo que la vida me robó
Qué pobres tan ricos
2014
El color de la pasión
La gata
La malquerida
Mi corazón es tuyo
Hasta el fin del mundo
Yo no creo en los hombres
Muchacha italiana viene a casarse
La sombra del pasado
2015
Que te perdone Dios
Amores con trampa
Lo imperdonable
La vecina
Amor de barrio
A que no me dejas
Antes muerta que Lichita
Pasión y poder
Simplemente María
2016
Un camino hacia el destino
Corazón que miente
Sueño de amor
El hotel de los secretos
Las amazonas
Tres veces Ana
Despertar contigo
Vino el amor
Mujeres de negro
Yago
Sin rastro de ti
La candidata
2017
Mi adorable maldición
El Bienamado
La doble vida de Estela Carrillo
Enamorándome de Ramón
Mi marido tiene familia
El vuelo de la victoria
En tierras salvajes
Caer en tentación
Papá a toda madre
Upcoming
Me declaro culpable
Sin tu mirada
[show]
Series
Series
La Madame (2013)
La viuda negra (2014)
El Chivo (2014)
Señorita Pólvora (2014)
La esquina del diablo (2015)
El Dandy (2015)
Blue Demon (2016)
Por siempre Joan Sebastian (2016)
La Piloto (2017)
Hoy voy a cambiar (2017)
Upcoming
Las Buchonas
La bella y las bestias
1958–59
1960–69
1970–79
1980–89
1990–99
2000–09
2010–present
[show]
v
t
e
Works produced by Angelli Nesma Medina
Television
Viviana
El hogar que yo robé
Chispita
Los años felices
Rosa Salvaje
Carrusel
Mi pequeña Soledad
Entre la vida y la muerte
María la del Barrio
Mi querida Isabel
Sin ti
Camila
Por tu amor
Por un beso
Niña amada mía
Apuesta por un amor
Amar sin límites
Al diablo con los guapos
Un gancho al corazón
Llena de amor
Abismo de pasión
Lo que la vida me robó
Que te perdone Dios
Tres veces Ana
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Recession
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Rescission.
This article is about a slowdown in economic activity. For other uses, see Recession (disambiguation).
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction which results in a general slowdown in economic activity.[1][2] Macroeconomic indicators such as GDP (gross domestic product), investment spending, capacity utilization, household income, business profits, and inflation fall, while bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise. In the United Kingdom, it is defined as a negative economic growth for two consecutive quarters.[3][4]
Recessions generally occur when there is a widespread drop in spending (an adverse demand shock). This may be triggered by various events, such as a financial crisis, an external trade shock, an adverse supply shock or the bursting of an economic bubble. Governments usually respond to recessions by adopting expansionary macroeconomic policies, such as increasing money supply, increasing government spending and decreasing taxation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Attributes
2.1 Type of recession or shape
2.2 Psychological aspects
2.3 Balance sheet recession
2.4 Liquidity trap
2.5 Paradoxes of thrift and deleveraging
3 Predictors
4 Government responses
5 Stock market
6 Politics
7 Consequences
7.1 Unemployment
7.2 Business
7.3 Social effects
8 History
8.1 Global
8.2 Australia
8.3 United Kingdom
8.4 United States
8.5 Late 2000s
8.5.1 United States
8.5.2 Other countries
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Definition[edit]
In a 1979 New York Times article, economic statistician Julius Shiskin suggested several rules of thumb for defining a recession, one of which was two down consecutive quarters of GDP.[5] In time, the other rules of thumb were forgotten. Some economists prefer a definition of a 1.5-2 percentage points rise in unemployment within 12 months.[6]
In the United States, the Business Cycle Dating Committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) is generally seen as the authority for dating US recessions. The NBER defines an economic recession as: "a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales."[7] Almost universally, academics, economists, policy makers, and businesses defer to the determination by the NBER for the precise dating of a recession's onset and end.
In the United Kingdom, recessions are generally defined as two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth, as measured by the seasonal adjusted quarter-on-quarter figures for real GDP.[3][4] The exact same recession definition applies for all member states of the European Union. [8]
Attributes[edit]
A recession has many attributes that can occur simultaneously and includes declines in component measures of economic activity (GDP) such as consumption, investment, government spending, and net export activity. These summary measures reflect underlying drivers such as employment levels and skills, household savings rates, corporate investment decisions, interest rates, demographics, and government policies.
Economist Richard C. Koo wrote that under ideal conditions, a country's economy should have the household sector as net savers and the corporate sector as net borrowers, with the government budget nearly balanced and net exports near zero.[9][10] When these relationships become imbalanced, recession can develop within the country or create pressure for recession in another country. Policy responses are often designed to drive the economy back towards this ideal state of balance.
A severe (GDP down by 10%) or prolonged (three or four years) recession is referred to as an economic depression, although some argue that their causes and cures can be different.[6] As an informal shorthand, economists sometimes refer to different recession shapes, such as V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped and W-shaped recessions.
Type of recession or shape[edit]
Main article: Recession shapes
The type and shape of recessions are distinctive. In the US, V-shaped, or short-and-sharp contractions followed by rapid and sustained recovery, occurred in 1954 and 1990–91; U-shaped (prolonged slump) in 1974–75, and W-shaped, or double-dip recessions in 1949 and 1980–82. Japan’s 1993–94 recession was U-shaped and its 8-out-of-9 quarters of contraction in 1997–99 can be described as L-shaped. Korea, Hong Kong and South-east Asia experienced U-shaped recessions in 1997–98, although Thailand’s eight consecutive quarters of decline should be termed L-shaped.[11]
Psychological aspects[edit]
Recessions have psychological and confidence aspects. For example, if companies expect economic activity to slow, they may reduce employment levels and save money rather than invest. Such expectations can create a self-reinforcing downward cycle, bringing about or worsening a recession.[12] Consumer confidence is one measure used to evaluate economic sentiment.[13] The term animal spirits has been used to describe the psychological factors underlying economic activity. Economist Robert J. Shiller wrote that the term "...refers also to the sense of trust we have in each other, our sense of fairness in economic dealings, and our sense of the extent of corruption and bad faith. When animal spirits are on ebb, consumers do not want to spend and businesses do not want to make capital expenditures or hire people."[14]
Balance sheet recession[edit]
Main article: Balance sheet recession
High levels of indebtedness or the bursting of a real estate or financial asset price bubble can cause what is called a "balance sheet recession." This is when large numbers of consumers or corporations pay down debt (i.e., save) rather than spend or invest, which slows the economy. The term balance sheet derives from an accounting identity that holds that assets must always equal the sum of liabilities plus equity. If asset prices fall below the value of the debt incurred to purchase them, then the equity must be negative, meaning the consumer or corporation is insolvent. Economist Paul Krugman wrote in 2014 that "the best working hypothesis seems to be that the financial crisis was only one manifestation of a broader problem of excessive debt--that it was a so-called "balance sheet recession." In Krugman's view, such crises require debt reduction strategies combined with higher government spending to offset declines from the private sector as it pays down its debt.[15]
For example, economist Richard Koo wrote that Japan's "Great Recession" that began in 1990 was a "balance sheet recession." It was triggered by a collapse in land and stock prices, which caused Japanese firms to have negative equity, meaning their assets were worth less than their liabilities. Despite zero interest rates and expansion of the money supply to encourage borrowing, Japanese corporations in aggregate opted to pay down their debts from their own business earnings rather than borrow to invest as firms typically do. Corporate investment, a key demand component of GDP, fell enormously (22% of GDP) between 1990 and its peak decline in 2003. Japanese firms overall became net savers after 1998, as opposed to borrowers. Koo argues that it was massive fiscal stimulus (borrowing and spending by the government) that offset this decline and enabled Japan to maintain its level of GDP. In his view, this avoided a U.S. type Great Depression, in which U.S. GDP fell by 46%. He argued that monetary policy was ineffective because there was limited demand for funds while firms paid down their liabilities. In a balance sheet recession, GDP declines by the amount of debt repayment and un-borrowed individual savings, leaving government stimulus spending as the primary remedy.[9][10][16][17]
Krugman discussed the balance sheet recession concept during 2010, agreeing with Koo's situation assessment and view that sustained deficit spending when faced with a balance sheet recession would be appropriate. However, Krugman argued that monetary policy could also affect savings behavior, as inflation or credible promises of future inflation (generating negative real interest rates) would encourage less savings. In other words, people would tend to spend more rather than save if they believe inflation is on the horizon. In more technical terms, Krugman argues that the private sector savings curve is elastic even during a balance sheet recession (responsive to changes in real interest rates) disagreeing with Koo's view that it is inelastic (non-responsive to changes in real interest rates).[18][19]
A July 2012 survey of balance sheet recession research reported that consumer demand and employment are affected by household leverage levels. Both durable and non-durable goods consumption declined as households moved from low to high leverage with the decline in property values experienced during the subprime mortgage crisis. Further, reduced consumption due to higher household leverage can account for a significant decline in employment levels. Policies that help reduce mortgage debt or household leverage could therefore have stimulative effects.[20][21]
Liquidity trap[edit]
A liquidity trap is a Keynesian theory that a situation can develop in which interest rates reach near zero (zero interest-rate policy) yet do not effectively stimulate the economy. In theory, near-zero interest rates should encourage firms and consumers to borrow and spend. However, if too many individuals or corporations focus on saving or paying down debt rather than spending, lower interest rates have less effect on investment and consumption behavior; the lower interest rates are like "pushing on a string." Economist Paul Krugman described the U.S. 2009 recession and Japan's lost decade as liquidity traps. One remedy to a liquidity trap is expanding the money supply via quantitative easing or other techniques in which money is effectively printed to purchase assets, thereby creating inflationary expectations that cause savers to begin spending again. Government stimulus spending and mercantilist policies to stimulate exports and reduce imports are other techniques to stimulate demand.[22] He estimated in March 2010 that developed countries representing 70% of the world's GDP were caught in a liquidity trap.[23]
Paradoxes of thrift and deleveraging[edit]
Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession. Economist Hyman Minsky also described a "paradox of deleveraging" as financial institutions that have too much leverage (debt relative to equity) cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets.[24]
During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve Vice Chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: "Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn’t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed, we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year. A process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy. Consumers are pulling back on purchases, especially on durable goods, to build their savings. Businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash. And, financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm. Once again, Minsky understood this dynamic. He spoke of the paradox of deleveraging, in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms—and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state—nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole."[24]
Predictors[edit]
There are no known completely reliable predictors, but the following are considered possible predictors.[25]
Inverted yield curve,[26] the model developed by economist Jonathan H. Wright, uses yields on 10-year and three-month Treasury securities as well as the Fed's overnight funds rate.[27] Another model developed by Federal Reserve Bank of New York economists uses only the 10-year/three-month spread. It is, however, not a definite indicator;[28]
The three-month change in the unemployment rate and initial jobless claims.[29]
Index of Leading (Economic) Indicators (includes some of the above indicators).[30]
Lowering of asset prices, such as homes and financial assets, or high personal and corporate debt levels.
Government responses[edit]
See also: Stabilization policy
Most mainstream economists believe that recessions are caused by inadequate aggregate demand in the economy, and favor the use of expansionary macroeconomic policy during recessions. Strategies favored for moving an economy out of a recession vary depending on which economic school the policymakers follow. Monetarists would favor the use of expansionary monetary policy, while Keynesian economists may advocate increased government spending to spark economic growth. Supply-side economists may suggest tax cuts to promote business capital investment. When interest rates reach the boundary of an interest rate of zero percent (zero interest-rate policy) conventional monetary policy can no longer be used and government must use other measures to stimulate recovery. Keynesians argue that fiscal policy—tax cuts or increased government spending—works when monetary policy fails. Spending is more effective because of its larger multiplier but tax cuts take effect faster.
For example, Paul Krugman wrote in December 2010 that significant, sustained government spending was necessary because indebted households were paying down debts and unable to carry the U.S. economy as they had previously: "The root of our current troubles lies in the debt American families ran up during the Bush-era housing bubble...highly indebted Americans not only can’t spend the way they used to, they’re having to pay down the debts they ran up in the bubble years. This would be fine if someone else were taking up the slack. But what’s actually happening is that some people are spending much less while nobody is spending more — and this translates into a depressed economy and high unemployment. What the government should be doing in this situation is spending more while the private sector is spending less, supporting employment while those debts are paid down. And this government spending needs to be sustained..."[31]
Stock market[edit]
Some recessions have been anticipated by stock market declines. In Stocks for the Long Run, Siegel mentions that since 1948, ten recessions were preceded by a stock market decline, by a lead time of 0 to 13 months (average 5.7 months), while ten stock market declines of greater than 10% in the Dow Jones Industrial Average were not followed by a recession.[32]
The real-estate market also usually weakens before a recession.[33] However real-estate declines can last much longer than recessions.[34]
Since the business cycle is very hard to predict, Siegel argues that it is not possible to take advantage of economic cycles for timing investments. Even the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) takes a few months to determine if a peak or trough has occurred in the US.[35]
During an economic decline, high yield stocks such as fast-moving consumer goods, pharmaceuticals, and tobacco tend to hold up better.[36] However, when the economy starts to recover and the bottom of the market has passed (sometimes identified on charts as a MACD[37]), growth stocks tend to recover faster. There is significant disagreement about how health care and utilities tend to recover.[38] Diversifying one's portfolio into international stocks may provide some safety; however, economies that are closely correlated with that of the U.S. may also be affected by a recession in the U.S.[39]
There is a view termed the halfway rule[40] according to which investors start discounting an economic recovery about halfway through a recession. In the 16 U.S. recessions since 1919, the average length has been 13 months, although the recent recessions have been shorter. Thus if the 2008 recession followed the average, the downturn in the stock market would have bottomed around November 2008. The actual US stock market bottom of the 2008 recession was in March 2009.
Politics[edit]
Generally an administration gets credit or blame for the state of economy during its time.[41] This has caused disagreements about on actually started.[42] In an economic cycle, a downturn can be considered a consequence of an expansion reaching an unsustainable state, and is corrected by a brief decline. Thus it is not easy to isolate the causes of specific phases of the cycle.
The 1981 recession is thought to have been caused by the tight-money policy adopted by Paul Volcker, chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, before Ronald Reagan took office. Reagan supported that policy. Economist Walter Heller, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers in the 1960s, said that "I call it a Reagan-Volcker-Carter recession.[43] The resulting taming of inflation did, however, set the stage for a robust growth period during Reagan's administration.
Economists usually teach that to some degree recession is unavoidable, and its causes are not well understood. Consequently, modern government administrations attempt to take steps, also not agreed upon, to soften a recession.
Consequences[edit]
Unemployment[edit]
Unemployment is particularly high during a recession. Many economists working within the neoclassical paradigm argue that there is a natural rate of unemployment which, when subtracted from the actual rate of unemployment, can be used to calculate the negative GDP gap during a recession. In other words, unemployment never reaches 0 percent, and thus is not a negative indicator of the health of an economy unless above the "natural rate," in which case it corresponds directly to a loss in gross domestic product, or GDP.[44]
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The full impact of a recession on employment may not be felt for several quarters. Research in Britain shows that low-skilled, low-educated workers and the young are most vulnerable to unemployment[45] in a downturn. After recessions in Britain in the 1980s and 1990s, it took five years for unemployment to fall back to its original levels.[46] Many companies often expect employment discrimination claims to rise during a recession.[47]
Business[edit]
Productivity tends to fall in the early stages of a recession, then rises again as weaker firms close. The variation in profitability between firms rises sharply. Recessions have also provided opportunities for anti-competitive mergers, with a negative impact on the wider economy: the suspension of competition policy in the United States in the 1930s may have extended the Great Depression.[46]
Social effects[edit]
The living standards of people dependent on wages and salaries are not more affected by recessions than those who rely on fixed incomes or welfare benefits. The loss of a job is known to have a negative impact on the stability of families, and individuals' health and well-being. Fixed income benefits receive small cuts which make it tougher to survive.[46]
History[edit]
Global[edit]
Main article: Global recession
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), "Global recessions seem to occur over a cycle lasting between eight and 10 years."[48] The IMF takes many factors into account when defining a global recession. Until April 2009, IMF several times communicated to the press, that a global annual real GDP growth of 3.0 percent or less in their view was "...equivalent to a global recession."[49][50] By this measure, six periods since 1970 qualify: 1974–1975,[51] 1980–1983,[51] 1990–1993,[51][52] 1998,[51][52] 2001–2002,[51][52] and 2008–2009.[53] During what IMF in April 2002 termed the past three global recessions of the last three decades, global per capita output growth was zero or negative, and IMF argued—at that time—that because of the opposite being found for 2001, the economic state in this year by itself did not qualify as a global recession.[48]
In April 2009, IMF had changed their Global recession definition to:
A decline in annual per‑capita real World GDP (purchasing power parity weighted), backed up by a decline or worsening for one or more of the seven other global macroeconomic indicators: Industrial production, trade, capital flows, oil consumption, unemployment rate, per‑capita investment, and per‑capita consumption.[54][55]
By this new definition, a total of four global recessions took place since World War II: 1975, 1982, 1991 and 2009. All of them only lasted one year, although the third would have lasted three years (1991–93) if IMF as criteria had used the normal exchange rate weighted per‑capita real World GDP rather than the purchase power parity weighted per‑capita real World GDP.[54][55]
Australia[edit]
The worst recession Australia has ever suffered happened in the beginning of the 1930s. As a result of late 1920s profit issues in agriculture and cutbacks, 1931-1932 saw Australia’s biggest recession in its entire history. It fared better than other nations, that underwent depressions, but their poor economic states influenced Australia’s as well, that depended on them for export, as well as foreign investments. The nation also benefited from bigger productivity in manufacturing, facilitated by trade protection, which also helped with feeling the effects less.
Due to a credit squeeze, the economy had gone into a brief recession in 1961 Australia was facing a rising level of inflation in 1973, caused partially by the oil crisis happening in that same year, which brought inflation at a 13% increase. Economic recession hit by the middle of the year 1974, with no change in policy enacted by the government as a measure to counter the economic situation of the country. Consequently, the unemployment level rose and the trade deficit increased significantly.[56]
Another recession – the most recent one to date – came in the 1990s, at the beginning of the decade. It was the result of a major stock collapse in 1987, in October,[57] referred to now as Black Monday. Although the collapse was larger than the one in 1929, the global economy recovered quickly, but North America still suffered a decline in lumbering savings and loans, which led to a crisis. The recession wasn’t limited to only America, but it also affected partnering nations, such as Australia. The unemployment level increased to 10.8%, employment declined by 3.4% and the GDP also decreased as much as 1.7%. Inflation, however, was successfully reduced.
United Kingdom[edit]
Main article: List of recessions in the United Kingdom
The most recent recession to affect the United Kingdom was the late-2000s recession.
United States[edit]
Main article: List of recessions in the United States
This article duplicates the scope of other articles. Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia's Manual of Style. (October 2013)
According to economists, since 1854, the U.S. has encountered 32 cycles of expansions and contractions, with an average of 17 months of contraction and 38 months of expansion.[7] However, since 1980 there have been only eight periods of negative economic growth over one fiscal quarter or more,[58] and four periods considered recessions:
July 1981 – November 1982: 15 months
July 1990 – March 1991: 8 months
March 2001 – November 2001: 8 months
December 2007 – June 2009: 18 months[59][60]
For the past three recessions, the NBER decision has approximately conformed with the definition involving two consecutive quarters of decline. While the 2001 recession did not involve two consecutive quarters of decline, it was preceded by two quarters of alternating decline and weak growth.[58]
Late 2000s[edit]
Main article: Great Recession
Official economic data shows that a substantial number of nations were in recession as of early 2009. The US entered a recession at the end of 2007,[61] and 2008 saw many other nations follow suit. The US recession of 2007 ended in June 2009[62] as the nation entered the current economic recovery.
United States[edit]
The United States housing market correction (a possible consequence of United States housing bubble) and subprime mortgage crisis significantly contributed to a recession.
The 2007–2009 recession saw private consumption fall for the first time in nearly 20 years. This indicates the depth and severity of the current recession. With consumer confidence so low, recovery takes a long time. Consumers in the U.S. have been hard hit by the current recession, with the value of their houses dropping and their pension savings decimated on the stock market. Not only have consumers watched their wealth being eroded – they are now fearing for their jobs as unemployment rises.[63]
U.S. employers shed 63,000 jobs in February 2008,[64] the most in five years. Former Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan said on 6 April 2008 that "There is more than a 50 percent chance the United States could go into recession."[65] On 1 October, the Bureau of Economic Analysis reported that an additional 156,000 jobs had been lost in September. On 29 April 2008, Moody's declared that nine US states were in a recession. In November 2008, employers eliminated 533,000 jobs, the largest single month loss in 34 years.[66] For 2008, an estimated 2.6 million U.S. jobs were eliminated.[67]
The unemployment rate in the US grew to 8.5 percent in March 2009, and there were 5.1 million job losses until March 2009 since the recession began in December 2007.[68] That was about five million more people unemployed compared to just a year prior,[69] which was the largest annual jump in the number of unemployed persons since the 1940s.[70]
Although the US Economy grew in the first quarter by 1%,[71][72] by June 2008 some analysts stated that due to a protracted credit crisis and "...rampant inflation in commodities such as oil, food, and steel," the country was nonetheless in a recession.[73] The third quarter of 2008 brought on a GDP retraction of 0.5%[74] the biggest decline since 2001. The 6.4% decline in spending during Q3 on non-durable goods, like clothing and food, was the largest since 1950.[75]
A 17 November 2008 report from the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia based on the survey of 51 forecasters, suggested that the recession started in April 2008 and would last 14 months.[76] They project real GDP declining at an annual rate of 2.9% in the fourth quarter and 1.1% in the first quarter of 2009. These forecasts represent significant downward revisions from the forecasts of three months ago.
A 1 December 2008, report from the National Bureau of Economic Research stated that the U.S. has been in a recession since December 2007 (when economic activity peaked), based on a number of measures including job losses, declines in personal income, and declines in real GDP.[77] By July 2009 a growing number of economists believed that the recession may have ended.[78][79] The National Bureau of Economic Research announced on 20 September 2010 that the 2008/2009 recession ended in June 2009, making it the longest recession since World War II.[80]
Other countries[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Many other countries, particularly in Europe, have undergone negative GDP growth. Some countries have been able to avoid a recession but have still experienced slower economic activity, such as China. India and Australia were able to maintain positive growth throughout the late-2000s recession.
China had their stock market crash, which began with the popping of the stock market bubble on 12 July 2015.
See also[edit]
Economic stagnation
Stagflation
Overproduction
Underconsumption
Credit crunch
Deflation
Disinflation
Foreclosure
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ The Bush Recession Archived 2011-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. Prepared by: Democrat staff, Senate Budget Committee, 31 July 2003
Jump up ^ Ready for a Real Downer Monday, 23 November 1981 By GEORGE J. CHURCH
Jump up ^ The Saylor Foundation. "Unemployment Rate." pp. 1 [1] Accessed 20 June 2012
Jump up ^ Market Oracle John Mauldin Feb 2009 "US in Recession Rising Unemployment " [2]
^ Jump up to: a b c Vaitilingam, Romesh (17 September 2009). "Recession Britain: New ESRC report on the impact of recession on people's jobs, businesses and daily lives". Economic and Social Research Council. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Rampell, Catherine (11 January 2011). "More Workers Complain of Bias on the Job, a Trend Linked to Widespread Layoffs". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b The Recession that Almost Was. Kenneth Rogoff, International Monetary Fund, Financial Times, 5 April 2002
Jump up ^ "The world economy Bad, or worse". Economist.com. 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ Lall, Subir. "IMF Predicts Slower World Growth Amid Serious Market Crisis," International Monetary Fund, April 9, 2008. [3]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/update/01/index.htm IMF Jan 2009 update
^ Jump up to: a b c "Global Recession Risk Grows as U.S. `Damage' Spreads. Jan 2008". Bloomberg.com. 2008-01-28. Archived from the original on March 21, 2010. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ "World Economic Outlook (WEO) April 2013: Statistical appendix - Table A1 - Summary of World Output" (PDF). IMF. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis, Bob (22 April 2009). "What's a Global Recession?". The Walstreet Journal. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Economic Outlook - April 2009: Crisis and Recovery" (PDF). Box 1.1 (page 11-14). IMF. 24 April 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Australian Economic Indicators, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 27 February 1998
Jump up ^ Reasons for 1990s Recession, Melbourne: The Age, 2 December 2006
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.bea.gov/national/xls/gdpchg.xls
Jump up ^ Isidore, Chris (1 December 2008). "It's official: Recession since Dec. '07". CNN. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "BBC News – Business – US economy out of recession". BBC. 29 October 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Determination of the December 2007 Peak in Economic Activity" (PDF). NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee. 11 December 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Izzo, Phil (20 September 2010). "Recession Over in June 2009". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Economic Crisis: When will it End? IBISWorld Recession Briefing " Dr. Richard J. Buczynski and Michael Bright, IBISWorld, January 2009
Jump up ^ [4] Job Loss Predictions Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Recession unlikely if US economy gets through next two crucial months Archived August 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Uchitelle, Louis; Andrews, Edmund L.; Labaton, Stephen (6 December 2008). "U.S. Loses 533,000 Jobs in Biggest Drop Since 1974". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
Jump up ^ [5][dead link]
Jump up ^ [6] Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Employment Situation Summary". Bls.gov. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Goldman, David (9 January 2009). "Worst year for jobs since '45". CNN. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Brent Meyer (16 October 2008). "Real GDP First-Quarter 2008 Preliminary Estimate :: Brent Meyer :: Economic Trends :: 06.03.08 :: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland". Clevelandfed.org. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Fragile economy improves but not out of woods yet: Financial News – Yahoo! Finance Archived July 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Why it's worse than you think, 16 June 2008, Newsweek.
Jump up ^ "Gross Domestic Product: Third quarter 2008". Bea.gov. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Chandra, Shobhana (30 October 2008). "U.S. Economy Contracts Most Since the 2001 Recession". Bloomberg. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fourth quarter 2008 Survey of Professional Forecasters". Philadelphiafed.org. 17 November 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Text of the NBER's statement on the recession". USA Today. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Daniel Gross, The Recession Is... Over?, Newsweek, 14 July 2009.
Jump up ^ V.I. Keilis-Borok et al., Pattern of Macroeconomic Indicators Preceding the End of an American Economic Recession. Journal of Pattern Recognition Research, JPRR Vol.3 (1) 2008.
Jump up ^ Business Cycle Dating Committee, National Bureau of Economic Research
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Recession
Resources in your library
Moore, Geoffrey H. (2002). "Recessions". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (1st ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link) OCLC 317650570, 50016270, 163149563
Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions The National Bureau Of Economic Research
Independent Analysis of Business Cycle Conditions – American Institute for Economic Research (AIER)
The Recession Journal – The Recession Journal (RJ)
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