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21-gun salute
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For other uses, see 21 Guns.
For the three-shot rifle salute given at military and law enforcement funerals, see Three-volley salute.
The Navy Munitions Command, detachment Sewells Point, performs a 21-gun salute at Iowa Point
A 21-gun salute is the most commonly recognized of the customary gun salutes that are performed by the firing of cannons or artillery as a military honor.
The custom stems from naval tradition, where a warship would fire its cannons harmlessly out to sea, until all ammunition was spent, to show that it was disarmed, signifying the lack of hostile intent. As naval customs evolved, 21 guns came to be fired for heads of state, or in exceptional circumstances for head of government, with the number decreasing with the rank of the recipient of the honor.
While the 21-gun salute is the most commonly recognized, the number of rounds fired in any given salute will vary depending on the conditions. Circumstances affecting these variations include the particular occasion and, in the case of military and state funerals, the branch of service, and rank (or office) of the person to whom honors are being rendered.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 By country
2.1 Bangladesh
2.2 Canada
2.3 Republic of China (Taiwan)
2.4 Czech Republic
2.5 Denmark
2.6 France
2.7 India
2.8 Indonesia
2.9 Israel
2.10 Philippines
2.11 Poland
2.12 Pakistan
2.13 Romania
2.14 Russia
2.15 Singapore
2.16 Sri Lanka
2.17 Sweden
2.18 United Kingdom
2.19 United States
2.19.1 Deaths of presidents
2.20 Venezuela
3 Media
4 Cultural references
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
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The tradition of saluting can be traced to the Late Middle Ages practice of placing oneself in an unarmed position and, therefore, in the power of those being honored. This may be noted in the dropping of the point of the sword, presenting arms, discharging cannon and small arms by firing them, lowering sails, manning the yards, removing the headdress or laying on oars.
A Dutch man-of-war firing a salute. The Cannon Shot, painting by Willem van de Velde the Younger.
The gun salute might have originated in the 17th century with the maritime practice of demanding that a defeated enemy expend its ammunition and render itself helpless until reloaded, a time-consuming operation. The gun salute had been established as a naval tradition by the late sixteenth century. A man-of-war which visited a foreign port would discharge all its guns to show that its guns were empty. Since the ship would not have enough time to reload before it was within range of the shore batteries, it was clearly demonstrating its friendly intentions by going in with empty guns.
Salute by gunfire is an ancient ceremony. For years, the British compelled weaker nations to render the first salute; but in time, international practice compelled "gun for gun" on the principle of equality of nations. In the earliest days, seven guns was the recognized British national salute because seven was the standard number of weapons on a vessel. In that day, gunpowder made from sodium nitrate was easier to keep on dry land than at sea. Thus those early regulations stated that although a ship would fire only seven guns, the forts ashore would fire three shots to each one shot afloat, hence the number 21.[1]
The system of firing an odd number of rounds is said[by whom?] to have been originated by Samuel Pepys, Secretary to the Navy in the Restoration, as a way of economizing on the use of powder, the rule until that time having been that all guns had to be fired. Odd numbers were chosen, as even numbers indicated a death.[2] With the increase in quality of naval gunpowder by the use of potassium nitrate, honours rendered at sea were increased to the shore salute. 21 guns became the highest national honor.
There was much confusion because of the varying customs of maritime states, but finally the British government proposed to the United States a regulation that provided for "salutes to be returned gun for gun". The British at that time officially considered the international salute to sovereign states to be 21 guns, and the United States adopted the 21 guns and "gun for gun" return on 18 August 1875.
By country[edit]
Bangladesh[edit]
The 21-gun salute in Bangladesh is generally used for:
Martyrs (a member of the armed forces or other services or a civilian who is killed in any action or however is honored as a martyr)
Opening the Victory Day parade show on 16 December and the Independence Day celebration on 26 March.
Occasions that happen to be largely associated with any national achievements or celebrations.
Canada[edit]
Gun salutes are used at special holidays, state funerals, and for members of the Canadian Royal Family.
21-gun salutes are used for these people and holidays:
The sovereign
The Governor General of Canada (installation, special events, departure)
Foreign heads of state
Members of foreign reigning royal families
The monarch's official birthday (Monday prior to 25 May, in each provincial capital as well as the national capital)
Canada Day (1 July, in each provincial capital as well as the national capital)
Remembrance Day (however the proper rate of fire for this "Funeral Salute" is one round per minute rather than the normal one round every seven seconds) - the historically correct practice of firing the "Funeral Salute" at one minute intervals was revived by The Seymour Artillery Company at Port Moody, BC, in 2007 and has been adopted at other sites since that date, (11 November, in many locations in Canada including provincial capitals, Ottawa, and Montreal)
Birth of a member of the Royal Family
The prime minister, heads of foreign missions, foreign heads of government, and the Vice President of the United States are entitled to a 19 gun salute.[3]
A 17-gun salute is given to the Canadian Minister of National Defence when visiting a saluting station (limited to once a year), as well as foreign ministers of defence.[3]
A 15-gun salute is given on certain occasions for the lieutenant governors of the provinces, such as the Speech from the Throne in a provincial legislature, or for special occasions such as state funerals of important persons.
Before they were abolished in 1968 by the Trudeau government, royal salutes used to be fired in Ottawa, the provincial capitals, and Montreal and Vancouver also on the Queen's Accession Day (February 6), the Queen's actual birthday (April 21), the Queen's Coronation Day (June 2), the Birthday of the Duke of Edinburgh (June 10), and the Birthday of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (August 4).[4]
Republic of China (Taiwan)[edit]
The 21-gun salute is used in the Republic of China in honor of the President during National Day celebrations. After military band trumpeters sound the attention call, the audience is asked to stand up as the President enters. After she or he stands in the podium, the gun salute starts while the gun salute music is played. In some celebrations, it is done while the National Anthem is played, preceded by four ruffles and flourishes by a military band.
Czech Republic[edit]
This cannonade salute is used in relation to Czech presidential events and for the inauguration of the Prague Castle guard. It is fired to the sound of the National Anthem. The cannons used today were modified in 1993 from decommissioned 85mm vz.52 artillery cannons with electronic firing mechanisms by the Czech Military Technical Institute of arms and ammunition in Slavičín. The ammunition used is a version of blank shells, modified for an increased acoustic effect. Shots are traditionally fired from either two or four cannons so that, in the case of a failure of one of the weapons, the others will substitute it.
The salute was given to the ex-president Václav Havel by an artillery battery of four cannons (each firing 21 times) from the Petřín hill on the 23 December 2011 during the commemorative service after his death.
Denmark[edit]
27-gun salute from Kronborg Castle to mark the 69th birthday of Queen Margrethe II
Gun salutes are used for a variety of occasions, mostly in honor of the Danish Royal Family. There are permanent salutory guns in place at Kronborg Castle in Elsinore, the Sixtus battery at Holmen naval base in Copenhagen, as well as at the naval base at Kangilinnguit in Greenland.
A 27-gun salute is used in honor of Majesties, whereas the 21-gun salute is used in honor of other members of the Danish Royal Family.
Gun salutes occur on:
16 April - Birthday of HM the Queen
11 June - Birthday of HRH the Prince Consort
At the occasion of royal births
At the occasion of royal funerals
Gun salutes also occur during naval visits and when a foreign head of state arrives on a state visit. Also, when HM the Queen heads out on her annual summer cruise on the Royal Yacht Dannebrog, she is saluted when passing Kronborg.
The day after the birth of Princess Benedikte in 1944 which took place during Nazi Germany's Occupation of Denmark, members of the Danish resistance group Holger Danske performed a salute of 21 bombs in the Ørstedsparken public park in central Copenhagen as a reference to the traditional 21-gun salute performed at the occasion of royal births.[5]
France[edit]
75mm gun firing 21 shots near Les Invalides for the inauguration of François Hollande as President of the French Republic
The 21-gun is accorded to the President of the French Republic, forming part of his "military honors" (honneurs militaires). The salute is given during the inauguration ceremony (by two 75mm guns) and during naval visits. These honors are extended to foreign heads of state when in State visit.
All French Navy vessels anchored in a French harbor on Bastille Day must issue a 21-gun salute at noon, subjected to local regulation.
India[edit]
The 21-gun salute is accorded to the President of India on several occasions. As soon as a new President is sworn in, a 21-gun salute is given. On Republic Day of India, every year, a 21-gun salute is given to the National Flag and the President, during the Flag Hoisting Ceremony. When a foreign head of State or head of government visits India, a formal reception is held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan, and the head of state is given a 21-gun salute, with a 19-gun salute given to a foreign head of government.
During the British Raj, India developed a formal hierarchical system of gun salutes. At the time of Indian independence in 1947, the hierarchy of salutes within British India stood as follows:[6]
Number of guns
Recipients
101
(Imperial Salute)
H.I.M. The King-Emperor of India
31
(Royal Salute)
H.I.M. the Queen-Empress and T.R.H. the Members of the Royal Family
H.E. the Viceroy and Governor-General of India
21
Heads of state.
Foreign sovereigns and members of their families.
Famous heroines.
19
Heads of government.
Governor-General of Portuguese India
Ambassadors
Commander-in-Chief, India (holding the rank of Field Marshal)
17
Governors of the Bombay, Madras and Bengal Presidencies
Governors of Indian Provinces
Governor of French India
Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary
Commander-in-Chief, India (holding the rank of General)
Admirals, Generals and Air Chief Marshals
15
Lieutenant-Governors of Indian Provinces
Plenipotentiaries and Envoys
Ministers Resident
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Fleet
Flag Officer Commanding Royal Indian Navy (rank of Vice-Admiral)
Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Air Forces in India (rank of Air Marshal)
Army Commanders with the rank of Lieutenant-General
Vice-Admirals, Lieutenant-Generals and Air Marshals
13
Chief Commissioners of Indian Provinces
Residents (1st Class)
Residents (2nd Class)
Flag Officer Commanding Royal Indian Navy (rank of Rear-Admiral)
Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Air Forces in India (rank of Air Vice-Marshal)
Major Generals commanding Districts
Rear-Admirals, Major-Generals and Air Vice-Marshals
11
Political Agents
Consuls-General
Charges d'Affaires
Brigade Commanders (including Major-Generals if commanding a Brigade)
Commodores, Brigadiers and Air Commodores
9
Governor of Daman; Governor of Diu (Portuguese India)
Prior to Indian independence in 1947, the Viceroy of India received a unique viceregal salute of 31 guns. After 1947, the 31-gun salute was retained for honouring the Governor-General of India (1947-1950),[7] and for the President of India from 1950 until 1971, as several former Indian salute-state princes enjoyed 21-gun salutes even after independence. The 31-gun salute was used upon the inaugurations and official arrivals of Presidents of India, and was finally replaced with the 21-gun salute in 1971, when the former salute-state princes' privilege of receiving gun salutes was revoked.
The more important of the hundreds of vassal rulers of princely states involved in indirect rule were classified by the number of guns used when paying honours to them, signifying their prestige in the eyes of the British. The highest of these so-called "salute states" (also in some other parts of the British Empire) enjoyed 21 guns.
During British colonial rule in India, the heads of the following states received 21-gun salutes:
Hyderabad[8]
Mysore
Jammu and Kashmir
Baroda
Gwalior
The heads of the following states received 19-gun salutes:
Bhopal (21 local)
Indore (21 local)
Udaipur (21 local)
Kolhapur
Travancore
Kalat
The heads of the following states had 17-gun salutes:
Bharatpur (19 local)
Bikaner (19 local)
Cutch (19 local)
Jaipur/Amber (19 local)
Jodhpur/Marwar (19 local)
Patiala (19 local)
Tonk
Bundi
Bahawalpur
Kotah
Cochin
Karauli
Rewa
Indonesia[edit]
In Indonesia, the 21-gun salute is sometimes done during the state-visit of foreign state leaders in Indonesia.[9] The responsibility of this activity is done by the Artillery units from the Indonesian Army and sometimes from the Indonesian Marine Corps Artillery regiments.
The modified 17-gun salute is executed during the commemoration of the precise seconds of the proclamation of the independence every 17 August[10] at 10:00 near the Merdeka Palace in Jakarta. It is also done in other cities in Indonesia during the independence day commemoration ceremonies. See the 17-gun salute in Indonesia here: Indonesian Independence Day 17-gun salute
Israel[edit]
In Israel the practice of gun salute has been eliminated since Israel has suffered many terror attacks[11] and thus the firing of arms has a negative connotation. The three-volley salute is still used in military funerals.
Philippines[edit]
The 21-gun salute is used in events, such as the inauguration of the President, death of a top military official, death of a former president or courtesy calls of foreign leaders during their state visits. The practice is heavily influenced by the United States of America.
Gun salutes can occur on:
30 June - The official date of Inaugurations
Selected day in March - Graduation Parade of the Philippine Military Academy
23 March - Army Day
9 April - Araw ng Kagitingan (Day of Valor)
20 May - Navy Day
12 June - Independence Day
1 July - Air Force Day
21 December - Founding of the Armed Forces of the Philippines(Armed Forces Day)
On the occasions of service change of command ceremonies and ceremonial parades
On these days, the 21-gun salute is done by either the Philippine Army or the Philippine Marine Corps.
The three-volley gun salute can also occur in the death of the low ranking military officials and soldiers who died heroically in combat while the 21-guns are reserved upon news of the deaths of national leaders. The normal 21-gun salute is also given to visiting heads of state upon their arrival at Malacañang Palace, with the guns manned by the Presidential Security Group.
Other salutes include 19 guns for the Vice President of the Philippines, 17 for the Chief of Staff, AFP, service commanders and the Secretary of National Defense. 15 guns are fired for other Cabinet secretaries.
Poland[edit]
In Poland the 21-gun salute is used in military funerals and funerals of fallen leaders and heroes. Known as the Salwa Honorowa (Honour Salute), it is also used in national holidays.
Pakistan[edit]
In Pakistan a 21-gun salute is used on occasions such as on Pakistan Day (23 March), on which a 21-gun salute is given in provincial capitals and 31 in Islamabad, the federal capital. It is also given on Independence Day (14 August) and Defence Day (6 September). A 31-gun salute in Islamabad and a 21-gun salute in provincial capitals is also given on 12 Rabi-ul-Awwal the birth date of Prophet Muhammad. It is also given when a foreign president or prime minister visits Pakistan.[citation needed]
Romania[edit]
Salute with 21 cannons is awarded in honor of the National Day, the National Anthem or Flag, in honor of a sovereign or a foreign head of state.
Russia[edit]
Russia uses a 21-gun salute on holidays such as on Defender of the Fatherland Day (23 February), Victory Day (9 May), and Russia Day (12 June). Contrary to belief, foreign leaders are not entitled to a 21-gun salute during state visits.
Singapore[edit]
A 21-gun salute is carried out for National Day Parades in Singapore by the Singapore Artillery during the presidential inspection of parade contingents.[12]
The 21-gun salute was given to the former prime minister and founding leader Lee Kuan Yew during his state funeral.[13][14]
Sri Lanka[edit]
In Sri Lanka, the Sri Lanka Artillery carries out an 21-gun salute on state occasions, accorded to the President or a visiting heads of state. The salute is delivered from Ordnance QF 25 pounders of the Ceremonial Gun Troop.
Traditionally, the Sri Lanka Navy accords a 25-gun salute to the nation on the National day, which is 4 February each year. The salute is fired from the ceremonial naval gun battery at Colombo Lighthouse. It began with HMCyS Vijaya of the Royal Ceylon Navy, the first warship of the navy according a 25-gun salute on 4 February 1951 with its single 4-inch gun.[15]
Sweden[edit]
Gun salute at Skeppsholmen following the birth of Princess Estelle on 23 February 2012
21-gun salutes mark special royal occasions throughout Sweden, referred to as a Kunglig Salut (Royal Salute). The number of rounds fired in a salute depends on the place and occasion. The basic salute is 21 rounds. However, when a birth takes place within the Royal House of Sweden, and the child is the firstborn to either the reigning monarch or to the heir to the throne, an extra 21 rounds (for a total of 42) are added to the normal salute. In all other births 21 rounds are fired.
Gun salutes occur on:
28 January - Name day of HM the King
30 April - Birthday of HM the King
6 June - National day of Sweden
14 July - Birthday of HRH Crown Princess Victoria
8 August - Name day of HM the Queen
23 December - Birthday of HM the Queen
Gun salutes also occur at royal weddings, royal births, royal deaths and when a foreign head of state arrives on a state visit in Stockholm.
Military saluting stations are Skeppsholmen and Kastellholmen in Stockholm, Fortress of Kungshall in Karlskrona, Battery of Fårösund on the island of Gotland, Boden Fortress in Boden, Battery of Kusthöjden in Härnösand, Vaxholm Castle in Vaxholm, Skansen Lejonet Fortress and Älvsborg Castle in Gothenburg.
19-gun salutes are used for heads of government, cabinet ministers and ambassadors.
The Swedish Armed Forces also use a gun salute consisting of two rapid gunshots. This salute, called Svensk Lösen (Swedish signal), was fired whenever a Swedish ship would enter a harbour in order to identify the ship as Swedish, or on the field of battle to identify the Swedish troops. Sometimes a double signal was fired, i.e. four gunshots fired two and two, hence the Swedish tradition of a fourfold cheer instead of a threefold. This signal is today fired on special occasions, usually within the military.
United Kingdom[edit]
21-gun salutes mark special royal occasions throughout the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth, referred to as a "Royal Salute" (in the British Empire it was reserved, mainly among colonial princely states, for the most prestigious category of native rulers of so-called salute states), unless rendered to the president or flag of a republic; nonetheless salutes rendered to all heads of state regardless of title are casually referred to as "royal" salutes.
A 21-gun salute at a reception in Jersey commemorating the birthday of Queen Elizabeth II
The number of rounds fired in a salute depends on the place and occasion. The basic salute is 21 rounds. In Hyde Park and Green Park an extra 20 rounds are added because they are Royal Parks. At the Tower of London 62 rounds are fired on royal anniversaries (the basic 21, plus a further 20 because the Tower is a Royal Palace and Fortress, plus another 21 'for the City of London') and 41 on other occasions. The Tower of London probably holds the record for the most rounds fired in a single salute — 124 are fired whenever the Duke of Edinburgh's birthday (62 rounds) coincides with the Saturday designated as the Queen's official birthday (also 62 rounds).[16]
Gun salute in progress
Gun salutes occur on:
Accession Day (6 February)
The Queen's actual birthday (21 April)
Coronation Day (the anniversary of The Queen's Coronation, 2 June)
The birthday of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (10 June)
The Queen's official birthday (the first, second, or third Saturday in June)
The birthday of Charles, Prince of Wales (14 November)
The morning of bonfire night to symbolise Guy Fawkes being found under the houses of parliament. (5 November)
Gun salutes also occur when Parliament is prorogued by the Queen, on royal births and when a visiting head of state meets the Queen in London, Windsor or Edinburgh. A Royal Salute of 21 Guns is fired at Edinburgh Castle in honour of The Queen or Her Personal Representative, the High Commissioner (female) or Lord High Commissioner (male), when processing in state to the Opening of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland which occurs annually in May. The significance of the 21 Gun Salute is that the Lord High Commissioner is representing the Sovereign as Head of State.
Gun Salute in Gibraltar on the birth of Prince George of Cambridge
Authorized military saluting stations are:[17]
in England:
Hyde Park, London
The Tower of London
Royal Arsenal, Woolwich
York Museum Gardens
Colchester
Royal Artillery Barracks, Larkhill
Royal Citadel, Plymouth
Dover Castle
Her Majesty's Naval Base, Portsmouth
in Scotland:
Edinburgh Castle
Stirling Castle
in Wales:
Cardiff
in Northern Ireland:
Hillsborough Castle
Salutes are also fired in Gibraltar.[18]
In London, salutes are fired from Hyde Park and the Tower of London; on State Visits, at the State Opening of Parliament and for Trooping the Colour, Green Park is used instead of Hyde Park. In Hyde Park, the salute is fired by the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery. The first round is fired at noon (11am on The Queen's official birthday). At the Tower of London, the salute is fired by the Honourable Artillery Company at 1pm.
Salutes in Northern Ireland are usually fired from Hillsborough Castle by 206 (Ulster) Battery, although recently they have also been fired from HMS Caroline in Belfast Harbour.
19-gun salutes are used for Field Marshals, ambassadors, and the heads of executive branch of Parliamentary governments (i.e. Prime Ministers).
At 6am annually, in the market town of Lewes, a mortar is fired from the battlements to mark when Guy Fawkes was found and marks the start of Bonfire Night. The mortar is traditionally followed by the sound fire crackers and bangers being let off throughout the town.
United States[edit]
Beginning in the colonial period, the United States fired one shot for each state in the Union as its national salute.[citation needed]
On 16 November 1776, the West Indian port of St. Eustatius returned a 9-gun salute for the 13-gun salute given by the U.S. brigantine Andrew Doria. At the time, nine guns was the customary salute to an independent republic. This First Salute was specifically ordered by the Dutch governor of the island, and marks the first formal international recognition of the United States as an independent republic. The flag flown by the Andrew Doria was the Grand Union Flag, 13 alternating red and white stripes with the British Flag in the union. The Stars and Stripes received its first salute when John Paul Jones saluted France with 13 guns at Quiberon Bay in 1778 (the Stars and Stripes was not adopted as the national flag until 14 June 1777).
The practice of firing one gun for each state in the union was not officially authorized until 1810, when the United States Department of War declared the number of rounds fired in the "National Salute" to be equivalent to the number of states—which, at the time was 17. The tradition continued until 1841 when it was reduced from 26 to 21.[citation needed]
USS Constitution renders a 21-gun salute to Fort Independence during her Independence Day turnaround cruise
In 1842, the United States declared the 21-gun salute as its "Presidential Salute". While the "National Salute" had been formally established as the 21-gun salute, the current tradition holds the salute on Independence Day to be a 50 rounds—one round for each state in the union. This 'Salute to the Nation' is fired at noon on 4 July, on U.S. military installations, while the U.S. Navy full-dresses ships and fires 21 guns at noon on 4 July, as well as on Presidents' Day.[citation needed]
In April 1914, during the Mexican Revolution, the Tampico Affair occurred, and escalated as a result of a twenty-one gun salute (or more specifically, the lack of one). Nine unarmed U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico, for entering an off-limit area at a fuel loading station. Despite being released, the U.S. Naval commander demanded an apology and a twenty-one gun salute. The apology was provided, but not the salute, giving President Woodrow Wilson reason to order the U.S. occupation of the port of Veracruz.[19] Due to an arms embargo from the United States, issued to try to lessen the bloodshed of the revolution at its border, Mexico was forced to seek arms from European, and to a lesser extent Asian countries. During the occupation, a large German arms shipment aboard the SS Ypiranga was illegally seized, before being released and turned away by the U.S. occupation force. These events ultimately drove a wedge between Mexican-U.S. and German-U.S. relations, and after the start of World War I on 28 July 1914, would cause Germany to seek to influence Mexico into declaring war on the United States, in order to halt U.S. arms shipments to the Allies, and attempt to prevent the then isolationist United States from joining the Allies.[20] This effort ultimately backfired, after culminating in the sending of the Zimmermann Telegram from Germany to Mexico, which urged Mexico to declare war on the United States, promising support and the return of much of the territory lost during the Mexican–American War, which, after being intercepted, caused the U.S. to enter the war on the side of the Allies on 6 April 1917, and due in large part to the arrival of fresh U.S. troops into the war,[21] largely a stalemate in its first years, would lead to the surrender of Germany on 11 November 1918, after helping to overpower the German Army, already fatigued from a long and costly war.
On Memorial Day, batteries on military installations fire a 21-gun salute to the nation's fallen. As well, batteries at Naval stations and on ships, fire a salute of 21-minute guns and display the ensign at half-mast from 8 a.m. until completion of the salute.[citation needed]
Today, a 21-gun salute is rendered on the arrival and departure of the President of the United States; it is fired in concordance with four ruffles and flourishes, which are immediately followed by "Hail to the Chief"—the actual gun salute begins with the first ruffle and flourish, and 'run long' (i.e. the salute concludes after "Hail to the Chief" has ended). A 21-gun salute is also rendered to former U.S. Presidents, foreign Heads of State (or members of a reigning royal family), as well as to Presidents-elect. In such a ceremony, the national anthem of the visiting dignitary's country is played, following the salute.[citation needed]
In accordance with the ceremonial standard operating procedure (SOP) of the 3rd US Infantry (The Old Guard) the various gun salutes are assigned as follows: each round in a given salute is fired one at a time. The number of cannon used in a battery depends upon the intervals between each round fired. This includes, for example, a three-gun battery firing two of its guns with five-second intervals between rounds and one gun remaining at the ready in case of a misfire; such a battery would be used at an Armed Forces Full Honors Funeral, or for State Arrival Ceremony of a foreign dignitary at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery. A four-gun battery has its first three guns firing rounds at three-second intervals, with the fourth gun (again) at the ready in case of misfire.[citation needed]
The SOP also provides each gun salute a two-man gun crew (one loader, one gunner) for each cannon, as well as a five-man "staff" of soldiers to give the fire commands. The staff includes an Officer in Charge, a watchman (who marks the intervals and signals each gun to fire), an assistant watchman (as a backup), a counter (who keeps track of the number of rounds fired and signals the last round to the Officer in Charge), and a Non-Commissioned Officer in Charge (who marches the battery into place as well as signals the backup cannon to fire in case another gun misfires).[citation needed]
Naval vessels now have saluting guns installed which are used solely for such purpose.
Nineteen-gun salutes are reserved for the Vice President of the United States, foreign deputy heads of state, cabinet members, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, Chief Justice of the United States, state Governors, foreign heads of government (such as Prime Ministers), chiefs of staff and general officers in the U.S. military of five-star rank. For each flag rank junior to a five-star officer, two guns are subtracted (e.g., for a four-star admiral, a 17-gun salute is prescribed; a three-star general would rate a 15-gun salute; a two-star, 13 guns, and a one-star, 11 guns).
A gun salute is not to be confused with the three-volley salute often rendered at military funerals.
The gun salutes fired in the United States are as follows:[22]
Number of guns
Recipients
21
The President of the United States, former Presidents and Presidents-elect.
Chiefs of state, heads of government and reigning monarchs.
19 Vice President of the United States, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, Chief Justice of the United States, Cabinet officers. Governors of a U.S. state, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the Director of Defense Research and Engineering, a Prime Minister or Premier, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, the Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force, the Chief of Naval Operations, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, a Fleet Admiral, General of the Army or General of the Air Force and Ambassadors, High Commissioners, and others whose credentials are at least equivalent to those of an ambassador.
17 Governor General or Governor of a Territory, Commonwealth, or Possession of the United States or an area under U.S. administration, Committee of Congress, Assistant Secretaries of Defense, General Counsel of the Department of Defense, Under Secretaries of the Army, Navy, or Air Force. Admiral, General.
15 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. Vice Admiral, Lieutenant General.
13 Minister Resident; Rear Admiral, Major General
11 Chargé d'Affaires, Consul general, Consul, or Vice Consul when in charge of a consulate-general. Brigadier general; Rear Admiral (lower half)
7 Consuls accredited to the U.S. Vice-consuls when in charge of consulate.
5 Vice-consuls and consular agents.
Deaths of presidents[edit]
See also: State funerals in the United States
A U.S. presidential death also involves 21-gun salutes and other military traditions. On the day after the death of the president, a former president or president-elect—unless this day falls on a Sunday or holiday, in which case the honor will be rendered the following day—the commanders of Army installations with the necessary personnel and material traditionally order that one gun be fired every half-hour, beginning at reveille and ending at retreat.
On the day of burial, a 21-minute gun salute traditionally is fired starting at noon at all military installations with the necessary personnel and material. Guns will be fired at one-minute intervals. Also on the day of burial, those installations will fire a 50-gun salute—one round for each state—at five-second intervals immediately following lowering of the flag.
Venezuela[edit]
A 21-gun salute by an artillery battalion from either the Venezuelan Army or the Venezuelan Marine Corps is fired on the following dates:
On the inauguration of a new President
State funerals of former Presidents
15 January, for the State of the Nation Address
24 June, Army Day
5 July, Independence Day
24 July, Navy Day
27 November, Air Force Day
Media[edit]
Play media
Six shots from a 21-gun salute on 4 December 2005 celebrating the birth of the new Norwegian Prince, Sverre Magnus, the previous day
Play media
A 21-gun salute for 2009 Coronation Day of HM King Rama IX at Sanam Luang, Bangkok, Thailand, 5 May 2009
Play media
Instrumental performance of the Russian national anthem at the 2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade in Moscow's Red Square, resplendent with a 21 gun salute
Play media
A 21-gun salute in honour of HRH Princess Bejaratana Rajasuda in her royal cremation ceremony, 9 April 2012
Cultural references[edit]
The title of the Green Day song "21 Guns" is a reference to a 21-gun salute.
In the song "For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)" by AC/DC 21-gun salutes are mentioned, including the use of Napoleonic cannons.
The song "Move Now" by Nonpoint also includes a reference.
In the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, when the Grandfather sings "Posh" whilst dangling from a hot air balloon, there is a line "they 21 gun salute me".
Boston-based Celtic punk band Dropkick Murphys recorded the song "21 Guitar Salute" (originally by The Press) on their 2002 split EP Face to Face vs. Dropkick Murphys.
The 21-gun salute are also mentioned in the song "Methods to your Madness" by heavy metal band Metal Church.
Another mention is in the Clutch song "The Mob Goes Wild".
British Grime artist Stormzy included a song titled "21 Gun Salute" on his debut album Gang Signs & Prayer.
The 2000 U.S. Open Golf Championship, held at the famed Pebble Beach Golf Links, saw a unique twist on the 21-gun salute. The tournament's defending champion, Payne Stewart, had died in a plane crash the previous October. Before the tournament began, a ceremony was held in Stewart's memory in which 21 golfers lined up on the 18th fairway and hit drives into the Pacific Ocean.[23]
See also[edit]
Celebratory gunfire
Near-shore salute - custom of bringing a ship close to shore to "salute" those on land
Three-volley salute
Ten-bell salute
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Origin of the 21-Gun Salute".
Jump up ^ "Maritime Gun Salutes". Retrieved 2014-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Honours, Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
Jump up ^ Toporoski, Richard. "Royal Birthday Salute". Canadian Royal Heritage Trust. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Peter Øvig Knudsen: Efter drabet (s. 191), forlaget Press, Oslo 2003, ISBN 82-7547-119-2
Jump up ^ The India Office and Burma Office List: 1945. Harrison & Sons, Ltd. 1945. pp. 44–45.
Jump up ^ "Swearing-in Ceremony of President-Elect and Ministers" (PDF). Archive - Press Information Bureau of India.
Jump up ^ "Salute". Royalark.net. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
Jump up ^ "Aquino welcomed with 21-gun salute in Indonesia", Philip C. Tubeza, Inquirer.net, 8 March 2011, retrieved 13 June 2017
Jump up ^ "17 Cannon Shots by the Indonesian Army Accompanied the seconds of Proclamation". Pos Kota (in Indonesian). poskotanews.com. 17 August 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "The State Funeral Procession and Funeral Service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew" (PDF) (Press release). Government of Singapore. 2015-03-27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
Jump up ^ "21-gun salute to bid Mr Lee Kuan Yew farewell on Sunday: Ng Eng Hen". Channel News Asia.
Jump up ^ Gun salutes by the Sri Lanka Navy
Jump up ^ "Gun Salutes". royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Queen's Regulations for the Army" (PDF). QR Army July 2013, paragraph 8.062. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
Jump up ^ www.mod.uk Archived 13 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The Border - 1914 The Tampico Affair and the Speech from Woodrow Wilson". PBS. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Katz, pp. 328-29.
Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004, p. 383.
Jump up ^ "Cannon or Gun Salute". Sizes.com. 2012-08-29. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
Jump up ^ "Payne Stewart honored with 21-ball salute". Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. 2000-06-14. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gun salutes.
Navy Regulations, 1990, Ch 12, Flags, Pennants, Honors, Ceremonies and Customs
AR 600-25 Salutes, Honors, and Visits of Courtesy
Origins of the 21-gun salute at the United States Army Center of Military History
The 21-Gun International Salute
RoyalArk- India - salute states
Urban Legend re: Sum of Digits of 1776
Honours and salutes - Department of Canadian Heritage
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21-gun_salute&oldid=849039255"
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Puerto Rico
Date
June 11, 2017
Voting system
Plurality
Results
Statehood
97.18%
Independence/Free Association
1.50%
Current Territorial Status
1.32%
A referendum on the political status of Puerto Rico was held in Puerto Rico on June 11, 2017.[1] The referendum had three options: becoming a state of the United States, independence/free association, or maintaining the current territorial status.[2] Those who voted overwhelmingly chose statehood by 97%; turnout, however, was 23%, a historically low figure.[3] This figure is attributed to a boycott led by the pro-status quo PPD party.[4]
Four previous referendums have been held on the island to decide on its political status, the most recent in 2012. Puerto Rico has been an unincorporated territory of the United States since the conclusion of the Spanish–American War in 1898, and its residents were granted U.S. citizenship in 1917.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Previous referendums
2 Referendum question and options
3 Boycott
4 Opinion polls
5 Results
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
Background[edit]
Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States in 1898 as part of the Treaty of Paris after the end of the Spanish–American War. Since then, the island has been an unincorporated territory of the United States. Because of this territorial status, the island is neither a state of the United States nor a sovereign one. Although Puerto Ricans were granted United States citizenship with the 1917 Jones–Shafroth Act, the American citizens residing on the island cannot vote for the President of the United States (their head of government) nor for a legislator in Congress with voting powers even though the federal government of the United States has jurisdiction on the island. In addition, due to its political status, the United States has full authority over Puerto Rico's foreign policy.
Legislation approving the referendum was passed in the Senate of Puerto Rico on January 26, 2017, by a senate controlled by the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico (PNP In Spanish) which advocates for Puerto Rico to become a state of the United States.[5] The measure was then passed with amendments by the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico on January 31 by a house which is also controlled by the PNP.[6] The amendments then passed in the Senate and the bill was signed into law by Governor Ricardo Rosselló (PNP) on February 3, 2017.[7]
While initially the referendum would only have the options of statehood and independence/free association, a letter from the Trump administration recommended to add the Commonwealth, the current status, in the plebiscite.[8] The option had been removed from this plebiscite in response to the results of the plebiscite in 2012 which asked whether to remain in the current status and No had won. However, the Trump administration cited changes in demographics during the past 5 years to add the option once again. Amendments to the plebiscite bill were adopted making ballot wording changes requested by the U.S. Department of Justice, as well as adding a "current territorial status" option.[9] After adding the "current status" option, the Puerto Rican government started the voting process before the Justice Department could review the revised ballot, losing $2.5 million in funding set aside and spending $8 million of its own money for the election.[3]
Previous plebiscites have discussed the margins of the win to result in a mandate with some arguing for a 50%+1 or sometimes a higher percentage to initiate congressional action on the will of Puerto Rico. Previous plebiscites with the three options have resulted in a close race between statehood and commonwealth but with neither option breaking 50%. Congressional hearings on Puerto Rico have discussed scenarios where a second round could be held on the options that win the first but that has not been discussed by the government of Puerto Rico.
Previous referendums[edit]
Previous referendums were held in 1967,[10] 1993,[11] 1998,[12] and 2012.
In the 2012 status referendum, voters were asked two questions: (1) whether they agreed to continue with Puerto Rico's territorial status, and (2) to indicate the political status they preferred from three possibilities: statehood, independence, or a sovereign nation in free association with the United States. 53.97% voted "No" on the first question, expressing themselves against maintaining the current political status, and 46.03% voted "Yes", to maintain the current political status[13]. Of those who answered on the second question 61.16% chose statehood, 33.34% chose free association, and 5.49% chose independence[14].
Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots in the 2012 referendum, creating confusion as to the voters' true desire, Congress decided to ignore the vote.[15] The House of Representatives provided funds for holding a fifth referendum in the future.[16]
Referendum question and options[edit]
The 2017 referendum offered three options: Statehood, Independence/Free Association, and "Current Territorial Status". If the majority of the people voted for the Independence/Free Association, a second vote would have been held to determine the preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a "free and voluntary political association" between Puerto Rico and the United States.[17]
The White House Task Force on Puerto Rico offers the following specifics:
“ Free Association is a type of independence. A compact of Free Association would establish a mutual agreement that would recognize that the United States and Puerto Rico are closely linked in specific ways as detailed in the compact. Compacts of this sort are based on the national sovereignty of each country, and either nation can unilaterally terminate the association.[17] ”
The Compact of Free Association would've covered topics such as the role of the U.S. military in Puerto Rico, the use of the U.S. currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens.[18]
Governor Ricardo Rosselló was strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to "solve our 500-year-old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option .... It’s a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy," he told the news media.[19] Benefits of statehood include an additional $10 billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited.[1]
At approximately the same time as the referendum, Puerto Rico's legislators were expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress. Regardless of the outcome of the referendum, action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution.[20]
Boycott[edit]
The referendum was boycotted by all the major parties against statehood for several reasons. One reason is that the title of the ballot asserted that Puerto Rico is a colony.[a] The Popular Democratic Party (PPD) has historically rejected that notion. Similarly, under the option for maintaining the status quo, the ballot also asserted that Puerto Rico is subject to the plenary powers of the United States Congress, a notion also historically rejected by the PPD.[b] Likewise, under the 'independence/free association' option, the ballot asserted that Puerto Rico must be a sovereign nation in order to enter into a compact of free association with the United States.[c] Supporters of the free association movement reject this notion. Had these parties participated in the referendum, they claim it would mean they had accepted those assertions implicitly, regardless of whether the assertions were correct.
Opinion polls[edit]
Date of opinion poll
Conducted by
Statehood
Current status
Free Association / Independence
Abstain
Undecided
Margin of Error
Sample size
May 24–26, 2017[21] El Nuevo Día 52% 17% 15% 9% 7% ±3.2% 966
Results[edit]
Preliminary results, with 100.00% of precincts reporting.[22]
Choice
Votes
%
Statehood 502,801 97.18%
Free Association / Independence 7,786 1.50%
Current Status 6,823 1.32%
Valid votes 517,410 99.81%
Invalid or blank votes 984 0.19%
Total votes 518,394 100%
Registered voters and turnout 2,260,804 22.93%
Source: Plebiscito para la Descolonización Inmediata de Puerto Rico
See also[edit]
Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico)
Independence movement in Puerto Rico
Statehood movement in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (proposed state)
Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 (H.R. 900 & S. 1936)
Puerto Rican citizenship
Territories of the United States
Proposed political status for Puerto Rico
Voting rights in Puerto Rico
Politics of Puerto Rico
Political status of Puerto Rico
Special Committee on Decolonization
United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories
Index of Puerto Rico-related articles
District of Columbia statehood referendum, 2016
Book: Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico portal
United States portal
New Spain portal
Caribbean portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The title of the ballot was "PLEBISCITE FOR THE IMMEDIATE DECOLONIZATION OF PUERTO RICO."
Jump up ^ The blurb used below the third option asserted that, "With my vote, I express my wish that Puerto Rico remains, as it is today, subject to the powers of the Congress and subject to the Territory Clause of the United States Constitution that in the Article IV, Section 3 states: “The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State”."
Jump up ^ The blurb used under the second option asserted that, "The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association, the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations."
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Coto, Danica (February 3, 2017). "Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood". Washington Post. DC. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Analysis – Puerto Rico votes on statehood on Sunday — for the fifth time. Here's what's at stake". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Frances Robles (June 11, 2017). "23% of Puerto Ricans Vote in Referendum, 97% of Them for Statehood". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "PDP to boycott status referendum". 20 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Senado abre camino al plebiscito El Nuevodia, 27 January 2017
Jump up ^ Cámara aprueba el proyecto de consulta de estatus Metro, 1 February 2017
Jump up ^ Ricardo Rosselló oficializa el próximo plebiscito de status El Nuevodia, 3 February 2017
Jump up ^ "US to Puerto Rico: Add another option to status referendum". 13 April 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "El Senado aprueba enmiendas a la ley del plebiscito". 18 April 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico State Electoral Commission: Official Results for the 1967 Political-Status Plebiscite". Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico State Electoral Commission: Official Results for the 1993 Political-Status Plebiscite". Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Elecciones en Puerto Rico: Consulta de Resultados". Eleccionespuertorico.org. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
Jump up ^ "CONDICIÓN POLÍTICA TERRITORIAL ACTUAL". Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "OPCIONES NO TERRITORIALES". Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wyss, Jim (January 26, 2017). "Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag?". Miami Herald. Miami Herald. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Crabbe, Nathan (June 15, 2014). "Part of our country but still not a State". Gainesville Sun. Gainesville, FL. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "What's a Free Associated State?". Puerto Rico Report. Puerto Rico Report. February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico Statehood, Independence, or Free Association Referendum (2017)". Ballotpedia. BALLOTPEDIA. February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017. With my vote, I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through: (1) Free Association: Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of Puerto Rico. The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association, the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations. Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities. Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government; (2) Proclamation of Independence, I demand that the United States Government, in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory, recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico. My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights, duties, powers, and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics, my support of Puerto Rican citizenship, and a "Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation" between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process
Jump up ^ Wyss, Jim. "Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag?". Miami Herald. Miami. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Coto, Danica (February 3, 2017). "Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood". Washington Post. DC. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Día, El Nuevo. "Plebiscite Boycott Fails to Seduce the Masses". Puerto Rico Decide. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "CEE Event". resultados2017.ceepur.org.
Further reading[edit]
Report By the President's Task Force On Puerto Rico's Status (December 2005) – President William J. Clinton.
Report By the President's Task Force On Puerto Rico's Status (December 2007) – President George W. Bush.
Report By the President's Task Force On Puerto Rico's Status (March 2011) – President Barack Obama.
Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress – Congressional Research Service (CRS Report)
Puerto Rico's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite: Background and Key Questions – Congressional Research Service (CRS Report)
http://www.oslpr.org/2017-2020/%7B21019674-18CE-47B5-A04E-E24EF16ECDC9%7D.pdf
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Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (February 2013)
Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven
by William Butler Yeats
First published in
1899
Language
English
Read online
Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven at Wikisource
"Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven" is a poem by William Butler Yeats. It was published in 1899 in his third volume of poetry, The Wind Among the Reeds.
Contents
1 Commentary
2 Allusions
3 Text
4 Musical settings
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Commentary[edit]
The speaker of the poem is the character Aedh, who appears in Yeats's work alongside two other archetypal characters of the poet's myth: Michael Robartes and Red Hanrahan. The three are collectively known as the principles of the mind. Whereas Robartes is intellectually powerful and Hanrahan represents Romantic primitivism, Aedh is pale, lovelorn, and in the thrall of La belle dame sans merci.[1] (The character "Aedh" is replaced in volumes of Yeats's collected poetry by a more generic "he".)
Allusions[edit]
The poem was used in the films Equilibrium, 84 Charing Cross Road and the Korean film Dasepo Naughty Girls. The poem is recited by the character Brendan in the final episode of season 3 of the BBC series Ballykissangel. In Flagrante, a photographic book by Chris Killip, opens with the poem. John Irving uses the poem in the book A Widow for One Year. It is a recurrent metaphor in the relationship between a father and son in William Nicholson's novel The Secret Intensity of Everyday Life.
Text[edit]
Had I the heavens' embroidered cloths,
Enwrought with golden and silver light,
The blue and the dim and the dark cloths
Of night and light and the half light,
I would spread the cloths under your feet:
But I, being poor, have only my dreams;
I have spread my dreams under your feet;
Tread softly because you tread on my dreams.
Musical settings[edit]
A musical setting of this poem is included in YEATS SONGS, a song cycle composed by Richard B. Evans.
The first movement of John Tavener's song cycle To a Child Dancing in the Wind is a setting of this poem .
The poem was set to music by Virginia Astley on the title track of her 1996 album Had I The Heavens.
The poem has been set to music by composers Thomas Dunhill and Z. Randall Stroope.
A slightly modified version of the poem also appears on the 1991 album Spin by Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin (Rykodisc RCD 20213 / MIDI Records(1991)).
A slightly modified version of the poem also features in the track "Birthday" on the 2009 album No Hassle by Tosca.
A setting of this poem is featured on Dancing In The Wind, a set of W.B. Yeats poems set to songs and harp music by Claire Roche.
The Cranberries cite the last sentence of the poem in the song "Delilah" from their album Bury the Hatchet.
Black Rebel Motorcycle Club cites the last sentence of the poem in the song "Promise".
A musical setting of this poem appears on the 2006 debut album of the North Sea Radio Orchestra, along with He Gives His Beloved Certain Rhymes.
The French band Elephanz composed the Yeats-inspired "Walk on my dreams" on their debut album Time for a Change. The song's chorus: "I spread at your feet, The best part of my dreams, You'd better watch out where you walk. I hope, I hope you could walk the slowest, You walk on my dreams"
Hollie Fullbrook, Tiny Ruins, and Hamish Kilgour included "Tread Softly", a musical setting of "Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven", on their 2015 EP titled Hurtling Through.
See also[edit]
1899 in poetry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (December 1968), "'Principles of the Mind': Continuity in Yeats's Poetry". Comparative Literature 83 (6): 882-889
External links[edit]
Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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W. B. Yeats
Poetry
Volumes
The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems (1889)
The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics (1892)
In the Seven Woods (1903)
Responsibilities and Other Poems (1916)
The Wild Swans at Coole (1919)
Michael Robartes and the Dancer (1921)
The Tower (1928)
The Winding Stair and Other Poems (1933)
Poems
"Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven"
"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death"
"Adam's Curse"
"Blood and the Moon"
"The Circus Animals' Desertion"
"Down by the Salley Gardens"
"A Drunken Man's Praise of Sobriety"
"Easter, 1916"
"Ego Dominus Tuus"
"In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz"
"Lake Isle of Innisfree"
"On being asked for a War Poem"
"Politics"
"A Prayer for My Daughter"
"Remorse for Intemperate Speech"
"The Rose of Battle"
"The Rose-Tree"
"Sailing to Byzantium"
"September 1913"
"Song of the Old Mother"
"The Fiddler of Dooney"
"The Scholars"
"The Second Coming"
"The Song of the Happy Shepherd"
"The Stolen Child"
"Swift's Epitaph"
"To the Rose upon the Rood of Time"
"The Tower"
"Under Ben Bulben
"The Wanderings of Oisin"
"The Wild Swans at Coole"
Plays
Mosada (1886)
The Land of Heart's Desire (1894)
Diarmuid and Grania (1901)
Cathleen ni Houlihan (1902)
On Baile's Strand (1903)
The Countess Cathleen (1911)
At the Hawk's Well (1916)
The Resurrection (1927)
Purgatory (1938)
Other works
A Vision (1925)
"The Curse of the Fires and of the Shadows"
Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892–1935 (editor)
People
John Butler Yeats (father)
Susan Pollexfen (mother)
Jack Butler Yeats (brother)
Elizabeth Yeats (sister)
Lily Yeats (sister)
Maud Gonne (lover)
Georgie Hyde-Lees (wife)
Anne Yeats (daughter)
Michael Yeats (son)
Related
W. B. Yeats bibliography
Rhymers' Club
Dun Emer Press
Cuala Press
An Appointment with Mr Yeats
"Troy"
Thoor Ballylee
Samhain magazine
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Poetry by W. B. Yeats
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