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Women's suffrage in Australia
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Australia's first female political candidate, South Australian suffragette Catherine Helen Spence (1825–1910). South Australian women won the vote in 1894 and Spence stood for office in 1897.
Edith Cowan (1861–1932) was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921 and was the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament.
Women's suffrage in Australia was one of the earliest objectives of the movement for gender equality in Australia. It began to be socially and politically accepted and legislated during the late 19th century, beginning with South Australia in 1894 and Western Australia in 1899. In 1902, the newly established Australian Parliament passed the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902, which set a uniform law enabling women to vote at federal elections and to stand for the federal Parliament. This removed gender discrimination in relation to electoral rights for federal elections in Australia. By 1911, the remaining Australian states had legislated for women's suffrage for state elections.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Pre-19th century experiences
1.2 Male suffrage
1.3 Women's suffrage movement
1.4 Towards voting rights
1.5 Summary
2 Women in political office
3 Other milestones
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Pre-19th century experiences[edit]
Traditional Aboriginal society had been governed by councils of elders and a corporate decision making process.
The female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838, and this right transferred with their resettlement to Norfolk Island (now an Australian external territory) in 1856.[1]
Male suffrage[edit]
The first European-style governments established after 1788 were autocratic and run by appointed governors – although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception, thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists. Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies.[2]
The oldest legislative body in Australia, the New South Wales Legislative Council, was created in 1825 as an appointed body to advise the Governor of New South Wales. In 1840 the Adelaide City Council and the Sydney City Council were established with limited male suffrage. Australia's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843, again with voting rights (for males only) tied to property ownership or financial capacity. Voter rights were extended further in New South Wales in 1850 and elections for legislative councils were held in the colonies of Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania.[3]
By the mid-19th century, there was a strong desire for representative and responsible government in the colonies of Australia, fed by the democratic spirit of the goldfields evident at the Eureka Stockade and the ideas of the great reform movements sweeping Europe, the United States and the British Empire, such as Chartism. The Australian Colonies Government Act, passed in 1850, was a landmark development that granted representative constitutions to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments – though the constitutions generally maintained the role of the colonial upper houses as representative of social and economic "interests" and all established Constitutional Monarchies with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state.[4] 1855 also saw the granting of the right to vote to all male British subjects 21 years or over in South Australia. This right was extended to Victoria in 1857 and New South Wales the following year. The other colonies followed until, in 1896, Tasmania became the last colony to grant universal male suffrage.[3]
Women's suffrage movement[edit]
A movement for women's suffrage gathered pace during the 19th century. The experience and organisations involved in the suffrage movement varied across the colonies.
Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections (but not parliamentary elections) in 1861. The Parliament of South Australia endorsed the right to vote and stand for parliament in 1894 and the law received royal assent in 1895.[5] The law applied equally in the Northern Territory, which was then a part of South Australia. In 1897, Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing for election in South Australia as a delegate to Federal Convention on Australian Federation, which was held in Adelaide.[6]
Western Australia granted voting rights to women in 1899.[7]
In Victoria, the Electoral Act 1863 enfranchised all ratepayers listed on local municipal rolls. Some women ratepayers in Victoria were able to vote at the 1864 colony election. However, the all-male legislature regarded this as a legislative mistake and promptly modified the Act in 1865, in time for the 1866 election, to apply the vote only to male ratepayers. Henrietta Dugdale, who publicly advocated women's suffrage since 1868, and Annie Lowe formed the Victorian Women's Suffrage Society in 1884, the first Australian women's suffrage society.[8] The Society called for votes for women on the same basis as men.[9] It took 19 private members' bills from 1889 before Victorian women gained the vote in 1908, and were able to exercise the vote for the first time at the 1911 state election, the last state to do so.[10] The Victorian Society disbanded in 1908,[9] after women in the state gained the vote.
In 1889, Rose Scott and Mary Windeyer helped to found the Women's Literary Society in Sydney, which grew into the Womanhood Suffrage League in 1891.
In Queensland, the Women's Equal Franchise Association was formed in 1894, which collected two petitions in 1894 for women's suffrage.[11] The first petition received 7,781 signatures by women and the second received 3,575 signatures by men. The petitions called for one vote and one vote only, as at that time men with property had plural votes.[12]
A third petition was organized by the Women's Christian Temperance Movement of Queensland in 1897 and attracted 3,869 signatures by men and women, and called for votes for women on the same basis as men.[13] The Franchise Association disbanded in 1905 after women in the state gained the vote.
A unified body, the Australian Women's Suffrage Society was formed in 1889, with the aim of educating women and men about a woman's right to vote and stand for parliament. Key figures in the Australian suffrage movement included: from South Australia Mary Lee and Catherine Helen Spence; in Western Australia Edith Cowan; from New South Wales Maybanke Anderson, Louisa Lawson, Dora Montefiore and Rose Scott; from Tasmania Alicia O'Shea Petersen and Jessie Rooke; from Queensland Emma Miller; and from Victoria Annette Bear-Crawford, Henrietta Dugdale, Vida Goldstein, Alice Henry and Annie Lowe.
The various suffrage societies collected signatures for monster suffrage petitions to be tabled in Parliament. The results varied. Recently some of these petitions have been transcribed and can be searched digitally.
Towards voting rights[edit]
The first election for the Parliament of the newly formed Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 was based on the electoral laws of the six federating colonies, so that women who had the vote and the right to stand for Parliament at a colony (now state) level (i.e., in South Australia including the Northern Territory and Western Australia) had the same rights for the 1901 Australian federal election. In 1902, the Commonwealth Parliament passed the uniform Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902, which enabled women 21 years of age and older to vote at elections for the federal Parliament. The States soon gave women over 21 the vote: New South Wales in 1902, Tasmania in 1903, Queensland in 1905, and Victoria in 1908.
However, this franchise did not apply to Indigenous women, who did not get the vote for federal elections until 1962, as did all Indigenous men, and in all States until 1967. (See Voting rights of Indigenous Australians.)
Summary[edit]
Female suffrage
Right to vote
Right to stand
for Parliament
Commonwealth 1902 1902
State
South Australia 1895 1895
Western Australia 1899 1920
New South Wales[14] 1902 1918
Tasmania 1903 1921
Queensland 1905 1915
Victoria 1908 1923
Women in political office[edit]
Robert Menzies (left) walking with early woman parliamentarian Enid Lyons (to his immediate right) in 1946. Menzies appointed Lyons as the first woman to sit in an Australian Cabinet in 1949.
Julia Gillard, the first female Prime Minister of Australia with United States President Barack Obama in the Oval Office in 2011.
Main article: Women and government in Australia
In 1897, in South Australia, Catherine Helen Spence was the first woman to stand as a political candidate,[15] after standing (unsuccessfully) for the Federal Convention held in Adelaide.
The Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902, which enabled women to vote at federal elections, also permitted women to stand for election for the Australian Parliament. Four women stood for election at the 1903 federal election.[7] They were Mary Moore-Bentley and Nellie Martel from New South Wales, and Vida Goldstein from Victoria, all of whom stood for the Senate, and Selina Anderson who contested the Sydney House of Representatives seat of Dalley. All failed to get major party endorsement and stood as independents, and all were unsuccessful. Goldstein stood for the Senate again in 1910, 1913, 1914 and 1917, all without success. Eva Seery contested Labor Party preselection for the Senate in 1916 but was unsuccessful. She and Henrietta Greville were endorsed Labor candidates at the 1917 federal election, though for safe conservative seats. Though unsuccessful they were the first women to stand for the Australian Parliament with major party endorsement.
The first woman elected to any Australian Parliament was Edith Cowan, elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921. Dame Enid Lyons, in the Australian House of Representatives and Senator Dorothy Tangney, became the first women in the federal Parliament in 1943. Lyons was in 1949 appointed Vice-President of the Executive Council by Robert Menzies. She was described as Minister without Portfolio, with no departmental duties, but the appointment gave her a seat in Cabinet. She held the position between 19 December 1949 and 7 March 1951, and is the only woman to have occupied the position.
Rosemary Follett of the Australian Labor Party was elected Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory in 1989, becoming the first woman elected to lead a state or territory. The state parliamentary Labor Parties of Western Australia and Victoria selected women to replace their incumbent leaders in 1990: Carmen Lawrence was Premier of Western Australia between 12 February 1990 and 16 February 1993; and Joan Kirner was Premier of Victoria between 10 August 1990 and 6 October 1992. Both leaders suffered defeat at the subsequent state elections. Clare Martin became Labor Opposition Leader in the Northern Territory in 1999, and won a victory at the 2001 territory election, becoming the first ALP and first female Chief Minister of the Northern Territory. At the 2005 NT election, she led Territory Labor to the second-largest majority government in the history of the Territory, before resigning as Chief Minister on 26 November 2007. Anna Bligh became the leader of the Queensland Labor Party and Premier of Queensland on 12 September 2007 and then led the party to victory in the 2009 Queensland State Election.[16] After Bligh's loss at the 2012 Queensland State Election, Annastacia Palaszczuk succeeded her as party leader, and led the ALP to victory at the 2015 Queensland State Election, to become the second Labor Premier of Queensland on 14 February 2015, leading the party to victory from Opposition. Palaszczuk's ministry has a female majority of 8 of 14, a first in Australia.[17] Kristina Keneally was the Labor Premier of New South Wales between 4 December 2009 and 28 March 2011. Julia Gillard was the Labor Prime Minister of Australia between 24 June 2010 and 27 June 2013. Lara Giddings was Labor Premier of Tasmania from 24 January 2011 to 31 March 2014. Gladys Berejiklian became Liberal Premier of New South Wales on 23 January 2017.
Marie Bashir was appointed Governor of New South Wales by Labor Premier Bob Carr from 1 March 2001 and continued in the office until 1 October 2014. Quentin Bryce was appointed Governor of Queensland by the Labor Premier Peter Beattie from 29 July 2003 and continued to 29 July 2008; and was appointed Governor-General of Australia by Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd from 5 September 2008 and continued to 28 March 2014. Kerry Sanderson was appointed Governor of Western Australia by the Liberal Premier Colin Barnett from 20 October 2014. Kate Warner was appointed Governor of Tasmania by Liberal Premier Will Hodgman from 10 December 2014. Linda Dessau was appointed Governor of Victoria by Labor Premier Daniel Andrews from 1 July 2015.
The Coalition Abbott Ministry formed in September 2013 contained only one woman in cabinet — Julie Bishop, the Liberal Party deputy leader — to widespread criticism,[18] and Abbott added a second woman to his cabinet in Sussan Ley following a reshuffle in December 2014.[19][20][21][22] The First Turnbull Ministry, announced on 20 September 2015, increased the number of female ministers to five, out of 21 Cabinet Ministers, including for the first time a female Assistant Treasurer in Kelly O'Dwyer and a Minister of Defence in Senator Marise Payne.[23] In a reshuffle on 13 February 2016, the number of women in cabinet became six, with the election by the National Party of Fiona Nash to the position of deputy leader, the first woman to hold the position, who was also brought into the cabinet. Sussan Ley resigned from the Ministry on 13 January 2017. On 27 October 2017, the High Court ruled that Fiona Nash had been ineligible to have been elected to Parliament.[24] She was replaced by Bridget McKenzie as deputy leader of the Nationals.
On 3 March 2018, Australia passed another milestone when, at the 2018 Tasmanian election, Tasmanians elected a majority of women to the Tasmanian House of Assembly, with 13 women and 12 men.[25] Seven of the ten Labor members are women, four of the 13 Liberals and both of the Greens.
In 2010 Sydney, Australia's oldest city, had female leaders occupying every major political office, with Clover Moore as Lord Mayor, Kristina Keneally as Premier of New South Wales, Marie Bashir as Governor of New South Wales, Julia Gillard as Prime Minister, Quentin Bryce as Governor-General of Australia, and Elizabeth II as Queen of Australia.
Other milestones[edit]
Since 1983, a married woman's application for an Australian passport does not need to be authorised by her husband.[26]
See also[edit]
Australia portal
Feminism portal
Women's history#Australia and New Zealand
History of Australia
Human rights in Australia
Feminism in Australia
List of suffragists and suffragettes
List of women's rights activists
Politics of Australia
Suffrage in Australia
Timeline of women's suffrage
Women and government in Australia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ EC (13 April 2005). "Votes for Women | Elections New Zealand". Elections.org.nz. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Our Democracy: Democracy timeline — Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House". Moadoph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Australia's major electoral developments Timeline: 1788–1899 – Australian Electoral Commission". Aec.gov.au. 11 June 2010. Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Right to Vote in Australia – Australian Electoral Commission". Aec.gov.au. 26 November 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Women's Suffrage Petition 1894: parliament.sa.gov.au" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Documenting Democracy". Foundingdocs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Electoral Milestones for Women – Australian Electoral Commission". Aec.gov.au. 17 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Audrey, Oldfield (1998). Caine, Barbara, ed. Australian Feminism A Companion. Oxford University Press. p. 452. ISBN 0195538188.
^ Jump up to: a b "Victorian Women's Suffrage Society. (1884–1908) – People and organisations". Trove. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Oldfield, Audrey, Woman Suffrage in Australia: A Gift or a Struggle? Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 116, 119, 121.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Deborah (2012). "Leading the call for "one vote and no more": Emma Miller (1839-1917)" (PDF). eScholarship Research Centre, The University of Melbourne. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Jump up ^ McCulloch, John E. S, "From suffragists to legislators", Central Queensland University Press, 2005.
Jump up ^ "About us". NSW Parliament. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Electoral Milestones for Women – Australian Electoral Commission". Aec.gov.au. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Beaming Bligh: You can count on me – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Abc.net.au. Archived from the original on 23 February 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Historic day for women in Queensland". Sunshince Coast Daily. 16 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Crowe, David (17 September 2013). "Liberals' 'despair' at jobs for boys". The Australian. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tony Abbott's revamped Ministry sworn in at Government House". news.com.au. News Corp Australia. 23 December 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cabinet reshuffle: Tony Abbott promotes Sussan Ley to Health, David Johnston axed". News.com.au. 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Chung, Frank (21 December 2014). "The shape of things to come: New Health Minister Sussan Ley's 'slush fund' speech shows she has fight". News.com.au. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Lenore (21 December 2014). "Tony Abbott cabinet reshuffle moves Scott Morrison out of immigration". Guardian Australia. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
Jump up ^ The Age, 20 September 2015: Malcolm Turnbull cabinet reshuffle: Women, young MPs the big winners in '21st century' team Archived 20 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Barnaby Joyce disqualified by High Court". ABC News. 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Jump up ^ ABC News, 16 March 2018, Tasmania leading the way on female representation in Parliament Archived 22 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The History of Passports in Australia". 14 June 2006. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
External links[edit]
Utopia Girls – How Women won the Vote. Website for ABC TV production about women's suffrage
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What Remains of Edith Finch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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What Remains of Edith Finch
Developer(s)
Giant Sparrow
Publisher(s)
Annapurna Interactive
Director(s)
Ian Dallas
Producer(s)
Alvin Nelson
Michael Fallik
Designer(s)
Chris Bell
Programmer(s)
Joshua Sarfaty
Artist(s)
Brandon Martynowicz
Writer(s)
Ian Dallas
Composer(s)
Jeff Russo
Engine
Unreal Engine 4
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4
April 25, 2017
Xbox One
July 19, 2017
Genre(s)
Adventure
Mode(s)
Single-player
What Remains of Edith Finch is a mystery adventure and walking simulator[1] video game developed by Giant Sparrow and published by Annapurna Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is a story-focused drama with first-person gameplay.
What Remains of Edith Finch follows the titular character, a young woman revisiting her old family home as she recalls or discovers the stories of deceased family members. The game was met with very positive reception from critics, who praised its story and presentation.[2][3] It won British Academy Games Award for Best Game 2017[4], and won the Best Narrative category at The Game Awards 2017.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Story
3 Gameplay
4 Reception
4.1 Accolades
5 References
6 External links
Development[edit]
What Remains of Edith Finch is the second game developed by the team at Giant Sparrow, led by creative director Ian Dallas, with their debut effort being the BAFTA-award-winning The Unfinished Swan. The game was first announced with an on-stage trailer at the 2014 PlayStation Experience event as a title to be published by SCE Santa Monica Studio,[6] with a subsequent trailer released prior to E3 2015.[7] What Remains of Edith Finch resurfaced again with a new on-stage trailer at the 2016 PlayStation Experience event with a new publisher, Annapurna Interactive.[8][9]
Composer Jeff Russo, whose previous works include the soundtracks to the Fargo TV series, The Night Of, and Power, composed the soundtrack for What Remains of Edith Finch.[10]
Story[edit]
The Finches are an American family living on the coast of Washington state. Dubbed "America's most unfortunate family," the Finches believe they are being pursued by a curse; every member of the family, going back at least five generations, has died an untimely death, and only one child from each generation has survived to have children of their own.
Odin Finch (1880 – December 1937), the earliest known member of the family, sets sail for the United States in 1937 in hopes of escaping the curse, after it claims his wife and newborn child. Traveling with his daughter Edith "Edie" Finch (8 April 1917 – 5 December 2010), his son-in-law Sven (17 June 1915 – 26 August 1964), and his granddaughter Molly (11 December 1937 – 13 December 1947), and tethering their entire house to the boat, the family eventually crosses the Pacific Ocean and arrives on the coast of Washington. However, high tidal waves sink the house at sea, and Odin drowns with it.
Edie and Sven begin construction on a new Finch house overlooking the ocean (though Edie insists on building a family graveyard first), incorporating some recovered materials from the sunken house. The house is filled with elaborate crawlspaces and secret tunnels leading from one room to another, but these are apparently kept secret from Molly, and from all children who would live there in future. The Finches exist in relative normalcy for some time, until Molly dies at ten years of age. Though her final diary entry alleges that she possessed a carnivorous sea monster and led it to her bedroom, it can be inferred that she dies after a hallucination episode and intestinal problems from eating toxic holly berries placed over Christmas. Edie and Sven's next daughter, Barbara (31 October 1944 – 31 October 1960), dies in an apparent home invasion, though the specifics of her death are uncertain; the only accessible account of her death is a highly fictionalized horror comic, similar in style to Tales from the Crypt. It is also implied that Barbara may have been murdered by her boyfriend (who also disappeared that night), as this is what the police were said to believe. Edie and Sven's youngest son Walter (26 August 1952 – 21 March 2005) is traumatized by her death, and spends the rest of his life in a secret bunker beneath the Finch house.
Calvin (25 April 1950 – 23 September 1961), one of Edie and Sven's three remaining children, dies after falling off of a rope swing into the ocean; his twin brother Sam (25 April 1950 – 16 June 1983) remains in their partitioned bedroom for the rest of his childhood. Sven dies in 1964 while adding a dragon-themed slide to the house; Edie, when asked, tells people he was killed by a dragon.
After each Finch's death, Edie converts their former bedroom into a memorial, incorporating a portrait of the family member as painted by Edie herself, as well as a eulogy or other such document recounting their death. She also creates extravagant additions to the house to make more space, as the bedrooms are never passed down to other family members.
Sam, the sole Finch of his generation who lives until adulthood, marries a woman named Kay, and has three children with her: Dawn (1968–2016), Gus (20 June 1969 – 8 November 1982), and Gregory (12 January 1976 – 19 December 1977). They move into a third story which is built on top of the existing house. Gregory drowns in a flooded bathtub due to neglect on Kay's part (in the bathroom adjacent to Edie's bedroom on the second floor), and Sam and Kay finalize a divorce soon after, for apparently unrelated reasons. Sam marries another woman, and Gus is killed in a storm during their wedding. Sam himself is killed during a hunting trip with his only surviving child Dawn in 1983, where a deer knocks him off a cliff.
At some point during her adulthood, Dawn travels to India for work, and marries a man named Sanjay, with whom she also has three children: Lewis (27 December 1988 – 21 November 2010), Milton (19 May 1992) and Edith Jr. (14 February 1999 – 18 January 2017). After Sanjay's death, Dawn and her children move back into the Finch house.
Milton eventually disappears in 2003; the game's creative director Ian Dallas confirmed in a Reddit interview that Milton travelled into the world of one of his paintings and eventually became the King in The Unfinished Swan. He graffitied his name in many secret passages, so it is implied he died while investigating the house (journeying through a black door is used as a metaphor in his flipbook). Milton's disappearance drives his mother Dawn paranoid, who seals every memorial room shut from the outside. Edie, who firmly believes her great-grandchildren deserve to know their family's stories, drills peepholes into these rooms. An adult Walter, deciding to finally move on, emerges from his bunker through an adjacent rail tunnel, only to be killed by a passing train.
Dawn distributes leaflets with Milton's likeness on them, hoping that he is still alive. After the suicide of her eldest son Lewis in 2010, following a hallucinatory episode caused by derealization, Dawn gives up hope, and makes plans to move out with her daughter, leaving Edie and the Finch house behind. Edie is not informed of these plans until the day before they leave.
During the family's final dinner together, Edie rushes Edith out of the dining room during an argument with Dawn, and sends her to the house library, where she has written an account of the day of Edith's birth in 1999. On that night, according to Edie, an earthquake in the Pacific Ocean brought the tide low enough that she could walk to the old house, which sank with Odin in 1937. Before Edith can learn what Edie found there, however, Dawn rips Edie's book and leaves the Finch home with Edith without packing. Dawn makes plans for Edie to be sent to a nursing home; when personnel come to collect Edie the next morning, however, she is gone, unclear whether she passed or disappeared.
Dawn is sickly for the rest of her life, and finally dies of an unspecified illness in 2016. In her will, she leaves Edith a key, but does not inform her of its significance. Edith, who is 22 weeks pregnant, ventures to the Finch house some time in late 2016, in hopes of finding a use for the key. She breaks into the abandoned house through the pet door and finds a hidden lock in what used to be Walter's room (his memorial was erected at his spot of death, and his childhood room was left untouched), which opens a passageway to Molly's memorialized bedroom. From here, Edith explores the Finch house, learning about the lives and deaths of everyone in her family, and writes a memoir of her experience, which she plans to pass down to her unborn child. The text of this memoir serves as the voice narration during the game.
Edith dies in January 2017, and it is implied that she died of complications from childbirth. At some point in the future, her unnamed son, the sole surviving Finch, reads her memoir, and travels to the Finch family graveyard to leave flowers at her headstone.
Gameplay[edit]
As Edith Finch, Jr., the youngest child of Dawn Finch and the last remaining member of the Finch family, players explore the Finch house and surrounding wilderness through a linear series of rooms, footpaths and secret crawlspaces. Players are guided through the house by expository voice narration from Edith herself, and encounter a series of memorials and shrines dedicated to deceased relatives. Players make progress by interacting with these shrines and experiencing the death of these family members (or embellished or fictionalized accounts thereof) in various forms, including flip books, cutscenes, and first-person minigames.
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic (PC) 89/100[2]
(PS4) 88/100[3]
(XONE) 92/100[11]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid 9/10[12]
EGM 7/10[13]
Game Informer 8.75/10[14]
Game Revolution [15]
GameSpot 9/10[16]
IGN 8.8/10[17]
PC Gamer (US) 91/100[18]
Polygon 9/10[19]
VideoGamer.com 9/10[20]
What Remains of Edith Finch received "generally positive" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.[2][3][11]
Destructoid's Brett Makedonski scored the game a 9/10 with the consensus "A hallmark of excellence. There may be flaws, but they are negligible and won't cause massive damage."[12]
Marty Sliva's 8.8/10 score on IGN stated that "What Remains of Edith Finch is a gorgeous experience and one of the finest magical-realism stories in all of games."[17]
Andy Chalk's gave a score of 91 out of 100 on PC Gamer and said it was "Touching, sad, and brilliant; a story worth forgiving the limited interactivity to experience."[18]
Josh Harmon of EGMNow awarded it 7/10, stating that "Edith Finch is "a brilliant accomplishment. It’s also a game that repeatedly fails to live up to its potential in serious, heartbreaking ways. Until now, I’d never realized it was possible to be both at the same time."[13]
Griffin Vacheron from Game Revolution gave the game a score of 3.5 stars out of 5, saying that "If you're more like me, though, and deviate from the assessment of tragic events as an inherently higher form, then you may find the Finch’s tale doesn’t activate your almonds as much as it probably should. Still, as a spooky, logical evolution of the Gone Homes and Firewatches of the world, with an impressive short-story style to boot, What Remains of Edith Finch is ultimately worth your time if its premise grabs you."[15]
"In What Remains of Edith Finch, death is a certainty and life is the surprise. Its stories are enchanting, despite their unhappy ends. I was sad I never had the chance to know the Finches while they were alive, but thankful for the opportunity, however brief, to learn a bit about them. The final farewell left me crying, but What Remains of Edith Finch is, without doubt, love," was Susan Arendt's conclusion on Polygon with a score of 9/10.[19]
Colm Ahern's score of 9/10 on VideoGamer.com said that "First-person, narrative-driven games generally follow a pattern. What Remains of Edith Finch plays with those established conventions to create a beautiful story that breaks your heart, while making you smile just as much. A triumph in the genre."[20]
Eurogamer ranked the game second on their list of the "Top 50 Games of 2017",[21] while GamesRadar+ ranked it fifth on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017.[22] In Game Informer's Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards, the game came at fourth place for "Best Adventure Game" with just 10% of the votes, about 4% behind Life Is Strange: Before the Storm.[23] The same website also gave it the award of "Best Adventure Game" in their Best of 2017 Awards, and of "Best Narrative" and "Adventure Game of the Year" in their 2017 Adventure Game of the Year Awards.[24][25] EGMNow ranked the game at #25 in their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017,[26] while Polygon ranked it 13th on their list of the 50 best games of 2017.[27]
The game won the award for "Best Story" in PC Gamer's 2017 Game of the Year Awards,[28] and was nominated for "Game of the Year".[29] It was also nominated for "Best Xbox One Game" in Destructoid's Game of the Year Awards 2017;[30] for "Best Adventure Game" and "Best Story" in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards;[31][32] and for "Best Moment or Sequence" (Cannery Sequence) in Giant Bomb's 2017 Game of the Year Awards.[33]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.
2017 35th Annual Golden Joystick Awards Best Storytelling Nominated [34]
Best Indie Game Nominated
Breakthrough Award (Giant Sparrow) Nominated
The Game Awards 2017 Best Narrative Won [5]
Games for Impact Nominated
Best Independent Game Nominated
2018 New York Game Awards 2018 Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year Nominated [35]
Off-Broadway Award for Best Indie Game Nominated
Herman Melville Award for Best Writing Nominated
Statue of Liberty Award for Best World Nominated
Great White Way Award for Best Acting in a Game (Valerie Rose Lohman) Nominated
21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Outstanding Achievement in Story Nominated [36]
Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Nominated
National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Camera Direction in a Game Engine Nominated [37][38]
Game Design, New IP Nominated
Game, Original Adventure Won
Lighting/Texturing Won
Original Light Mix Score, New IP Nominated
SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Narrative Won [39][40]
Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award Nominated
Game Developers Choice Awards Innovation Award Nominated [41][42]
Best Narrative Won
14th British Academy Games Awards Best Game Won [43][44]
Game Design Nominated
Game Innovation Nominated
Music Nominated
Narrative Nominated
Original Property Nominated
Performer (Valerie Rose Lohman) Nominated
2018 Webby Awards Best Art Direction Nominated [45]
Best Game Design Nominated
2018 Games for Change Awards Best Gameplay Won [46]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What Remains of Edith Finch on Steam". Steam. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "What Remains of Edith Finch for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "What Remains of Edith Finch for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Winners List for the British Academy Games Awards in 2018 (Plain Text)". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "ALL THE NEWS, TRAILERS, AND WINNERS FROM THE GAME AWARDS 2017". IGN. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Introducing What Remains of Edith Finch, a New PS4 Exclusive". PlayStation.Blog. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ PlayStation (2015-05-25), What Remains of Edith Finch – House Introduction Trailer | PS4, retrieved 2017-01-19
Jump up ^ PlayStation (2016-12-03), What Remains of Edith Finch – PlayStation Experience 2016: Stories Trailer | PS4, retrieved 2017-01-19
Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (2016-12-01). "Megan Ellison's Annapurna Pictures Launches Video Game Division". Variety. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ "Jeff Russo on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "What Remains of Edith Finch for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Makedonski, Brett (April 24, 2017). "Review: What Remains of Edith Finch". Destructoid. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Harmon, Josh (April 27, 2017). "What Remains of Edith Finch review". EGMNow. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Juba, Joe (April 24, 2017). "Making An Old House Feel New – What Remains of Edith Finch – PlayStation 4". Game Informer. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Vacheron, Griffin (April 25, 2017). "What Remains of Edith Finch Review – Sorrow and Delight". Game Revolution. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clark, Justin (April 24, 2017). "What Remains of Edith Finch Review". GameSpot. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Sliva, Marty (April 26, 2017). "What Remains of Edith Finch Review". IGN. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Chalk, Andy (April 28, 2017). "What Remains of Edith Finch review". PC Gamer. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Arendt, Susan (April 24, 2017). "What Remains of Edith Finch Review". Polygon. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ahern, Colm (May 2, 2017). "What Remains of Edith Finch Review". VideoGamer.com. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Eurogamer staff (December 30, 2017). "Eurogamer's Top 50 Games of 2017: 10-1". Eurogamer. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ GamesRadar staff (December 22, 2017). "The best games of 2017: Page 3". GamesRadar+. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cork, Jeff (January 4, 2018). "Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards". Game Informer. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Game Informer staff (January 4, 2018). "Game Informer's Best of 2017 Awards (Page 2)". Game Informer. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Favis, Elise (January 9, 2018). "The 2017 Adventure Game Of The Year Awards". Game Informer. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ EGM staff (December 27, 2017). "EGM's Best of 2017: Part One: #25 ~ #21". EGMNow. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Polygon staff (December 18, 2017). "The 50 best games of 2017". Polygon. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff (December 22, 2017). "Best Story 2017: What Remains of Edith Finch". PC Gamer. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff (December 8, 2017). "Games of the Year 2017: The nominees". PC Gamer. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makedonski, Brett (December 11, 2017). "Nominees for Destructoid's Best Xbox One Game of 2017". Destructoid. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Best Adventure Game". IGN. December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Best Story". IGN. December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff (December 27, 2017). "Game of the Year 2017 Day Three: World, Wolfenstein, Moments, and PLEASE STOP". Giant Bomb. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gaito, Eri (November 13, 2017). "Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Nominees". Best in Slot. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitney, Kayla (January 25, 2018). "Complete list of winners of the New York Game Awards 2018". AXS. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (January 14, 2018). "Game Of The Year Nominees Announced for DICE Awards". GameSpot. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nominee List for 2017". National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Horizon wins 7; Mario GOTY". National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ McNeill, Andrew (January 31, 2018). "Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists!". SXSW. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ IGN Studios (March 17, 2018). "2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed". IGN. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gamasutra staff (January 5, 2018). "Breath of the Wild & Horizon Zero Dawn lead GDC 2018 Choice Awards nominees!". Gamasutra. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (March 22, 2018). "Legend Of Zelda: Breath Of The Wild Wins Another Game Of The Year Award". GameSpot. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ deAlessandri, Marie (March 15, 2018). "Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations". The Market for Computer & Video Games. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makedonski, Brett (April 12, 2018). "BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017". Destructoid. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018 Winners". The Webby Awards. April 24, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fogel, Stefanie (June 29, 2018). "'Life Is Strange: Before the Storm' Wins Big at Games for Change Awards". Variety. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
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Explained variation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In statistics, explained variation measures the proportion to which a mathematical model accounts for the variation (dispersion) of a given data set. Often, variation is quantified as variance; then, the more specific term explained variance can be used.
The complementary part of the total variation is called unexplained or residual variation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition in terms of information gain
1.1 Information gain by better modelling
1.2 Information gain by a conditional model
2 Special cases and generalized usage
2.1 Linear regression
2.2 Correlation coefficient as measure of explained variance
2.3 In principal component analysis
3 Criticism
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Definition in terms of information gain[edit]
Information gain by better modelling[edit]
Following Kent (1983),[1] we use the Fraser information (Fraser 1965)[2]
F ( θ ) = ∫ d r g ( r ) ln  f ( r ; θ ) {\displaystyle F(\theta )=\int {\textrm {d}}r\,g(r)\,\ln f(r;\theta )}
where g ( r ) {\displaystyle g(r)} is the probability density of a random variable R {\displaystyle R\,} , and f ( r ; θ ) {\displaystyle f(r;\theta )\,} with θ ∈ Θ i {\displaystyle \theta \in \Theta _{i}} ( i = 0 , 1 {\displaystyle i=0,1\,} ) are two families of parametric models. Model family 0 is the simpler one, with a restricted parameter space Θ 0 ⊂ Θ 1 {\displaystyle \Theta _{0}\subset \Theta _{1}} .
Parameters are determined by maximum likelihood estimation,
θ i = argmax θ ∈ Θ i  F ( θ ) . {\displaystyle \theta _{i}=\operatorname {argmax} _{\theta \in \Theta _{i}}F(\theta ).}
The information gain of model 1 over model 0 is written as
Γ ( θ 1 : θ 0 ) = 2 [ F ( θ 1 ) − F ( θ 0 ) ] {\displaystyle \Gamma (\theta _{1}:\theta _{0})=2[F(\theta _{1})-F(\theta _{0})]\,}
where a factor of 2 is included for convenience. Γ is always nonnegative; it measures the extent to which the best model of family 1 is better than the best model of family 0 in explaining g(r).
Information gain by a conditional model[edit]
Assume a two-dimensional random variable R = ( X , Y ) {\displaystyle R=(X,Y)} where X shall be considered as an explanatory variable, and Y as a dependent variable. Models of family 1 "explain" Y in terms of X,
f ( y ∣ x ; θ ) {\displaystyle f(y\mid x;\theta )} ,
whereas in family 0, X and Y are assumed to be independent. We define the randomness of Y by D ( Y ) = exp  [ − 2 F ( θ 0 ) ] {\displaystyle D(Y)=\exp[-2F(\theta _{0})]} , and the randomness of Y, given X, by D ( Y ∣ X ) = exp  [ − 2 F ( θ 1 ) ] {\displaystyle D(Y\mid X)=\exp[-2F(\theta _{1})]} . Then,
ρ C 2 = 1 − D ( Y ∣ X ) / D ( Y ) {\displaystyle \rho _{C}^{2}=1-D(Y\mid X)/D(Y)}
can be interpreted as proportion of the data dispersion which is "explained" by X.
Special cases and generalized usage[edit]
Linear regression[edit]
Main article: Fraction of variance unexplained
The fraction of variance unexplained is an established concept in the context of linear regression. The usual definition of the coefficient of determination is based on the fundamental concept of explained variance.
Correlation coefficient as measure of explained variance[edit]
Let X be a random vector, and Y a random variable that is modeled by a normal distribution with centre μ + Ψ T X {\displaystyle \mu +\Psi ^{\textrm {T}}X} . In this case, the above-derived proportion of explained variation ρ C 2 {\displaystyle \rho _{C}^{2}} equals the squared correlation coefficient R 2 {\displaystyle R^{2}} .
Note the strong model assumptions: the centre of the Y distribution must be a linear function of X, and for any given x, the Y distribution must be normal. In other situations, it is generally not justified to interpret R 2 {\displaystyle R^{2}} as proportion of explained variance.
In principal component analysis[edit]
Explained variance is routinely used in principal component analysis. The relation to the Fraser–Kent information gain remains to be clarified.
Criticism[edit]
As the fraction of "explained variance" equals the squared correlation coefficient R 2 {\displaystyle R^{2}} , it shares all the disadvantages of the latter: it reflects not only the quality of the regression, but also the distribution of the independent (conditioning) variables.
In the words of one critic: "Thus R 2 {\displaystyle R^{2}} gives the 'percentage of variance explained' by the regression, an expression that, for most social scientists, is of doubtful meaning but great rhetorical value. If this number is large, the regression gives a good fit, and there is little point in searching for additional variables. Other regression equations on different data sets are said to be less satisfactory or less powerful if their R 2 {\displaystyle R^{2}} is lower. Nothing about R 2 {\displaystyle R^{2}} supports these claims".[3]:58 And, after constructing an example where R 2 {\displaystyle R^{2}} is enhanced just by jointly considering data from two different populations: "'Explained variance' explains nothing."[3][page needed][4]:183
See also[edit]
Analysis of variance
Variance reduction
Variance-based sensitivity analysis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kent, J. T. (1983). "Information gain and a general measure of correlation". Biometrika. 70 (1): 163–173. doi:10.1093/biomet/70.1.163. JSTOR 2335954.
Jump up ^ Fraser, D. A. S. (1965). "On Information in Statistics". Ann. Math. Statist. 36 (3): 890–896. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177700061.
^ Jump up to: a b Achen, C. H. (1982). Interpreting and Using Regression. Beverly Hills: Sage. ISBN 0-8039-1915-8.
Jump up ^ Achen, C. H. (1990). "'What Does "Explained Variance" Explain?: Reply". Political Analysis. 2 (1): 173–184. doi:10.1093/pan/2.1.173.
External links[edit]
Variance, explained and unexplained
Explained variance
Explained and Unexplained Variance on a graph
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Korea and the United Nations
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Republic of Korea
United Nations membership
Membership
Full member
Since
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UNSC seat
Non-permanent (elected twice)
Permanent Representative
Joon Oh
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
United Nations membership
Membership
Full member
Since
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UNSC seat
Non-permanent (never elected)
Permanent Representative
Ja Song Nam
Part of a series on
North Korea and
the United Nations
North Korea and the United Nations[hide]
Korea and the United Nations
UNSC Resolution 702 (membership admission in 1991)
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COI Report on Human Rights in the DPRK (2014)
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The Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (commonly known as North Korea) were simultaneously admitted to the United Nations (UN) in 1991. On 8 August 1991, the UN Security Council passed United Nations Security Council Resolution 702, recommending both states to the UN General Assembly for membership. On 17 September 1991, the General Assembly admitted both countries under Resolution 46/1.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
In December 12, 1948, South Korea was officially recognized by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) under Resolution 195[1].[a] Since then, South Korea participated in the GA as an observer. In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, and the Korean War commenced. The UN Security Council took an action in Korea.[citation needed]
Coming with change of recognition in 1971 of the Chinese seat, North Korea gained observer status. North Korea has never held a seat on the UN Security Council.[2]
South Korea has twice been elected to a non-permanent seat of the UN Security Council, first in the 1995 election for 1996–97 and again in the 2012 election for 2013–2014.[citation needed]
In 2001, Han Seung-soo of South Korea held the presidency of the UNGA. In 2006, Ban Ki-moon from South Korea was elected as the Secretary-General of the United Nations. He was re-elected in 2011.[citation needed]
Since 2005, the UNGA has adopted a resolution every year to condemn the human rights situation in North Korea.[3]
See also[edit]
List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The recognition was refused by Soviet Union and other communist states at the first time.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/043/66/IMG/NR004366.pdf?OpenElement
Jump up ^ "Countries Never Elected Members of the Security Council". United Nations. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Resolution on N. Korea's human rights violations presented to U.N. committee". Yonhap. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Chi Young Pak (2000). Korea and the United Nations. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-411-1382-7.
Jonsson, Gabriel (2017). South Korea in the United Nations: Global Governance, Inter-Korean Relations and Peace Building. World Scientific. ISBN 978-1-78634-193-8.
Kŭktong Munje Yŏnʾguso (1973). North Korea's Policy Toward the United Nations. Institute for East Asian Studies.
External links[edit]
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea.
Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations.
UN General Assembly Resolution 195.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korea_and_the_United_Nations&oldid=823614768"
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