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Indian numbering system
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This article is about digit grouping of numbers in India. For the symbols used to write digits in India, see Indian numerals.
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The Indian numbering system is used in India as well as in Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. The terms lakh or lac (100,000 or 1,00,000 in the Indian system) and crore (10,000,000 or 1,00,00,000 in the Indian system)[1] are used in Indian English to express large numbers. For example, in India 150,000 rupees becomes 1.5 lakh rupees, written as ₹1,50,000 or INR 1,50,000, while 30,000,000 (thirty million) rupees becomes 3 crore rupees, written as ₹3,00,00,000 with commas at the thousand, lakh, and crore levels, and 1,000,000,000 (one billion) rupees (one hundred crore rupees or one arab अरब ) is written ₹1,00,00,00,000
Contents
[hide]
1 Use of separators
2 Names of numbers
3 Vedic numbering systems
4 Usage in different languages
5 References
Use of separators[edit]
The Indian numbering system uses separators differently from the international norm; in such numbers of at least one lakh (one hundred thousand), a comma divides every two rather than every three digits to the left of the last three, thus:
Indian system
Western system
5,00,000 500,000
12,12,12,123 121,212,123
7,00,00,00,000 7,000,000,000
This accords with the Indian numbering system, which has units for thousands, hundreds of thousands, tens of millions, etc.
Names of numbers[edit]
The table below follows the short scale usage of one billion being one thousand million. In India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, following former British usage, the long scale was used, with one billion equivalent to one million million.
Hindi / Urdu / Bengali (transliteration)
South Asian English
Indian figure
Power
notation
International figure[2]
Short scale Western
(long scale Western)
एक / ایک (ek) / এক (êk)
one 1 100 1 One
दस / دس (das) / দশ (dôsh)
ten 10 101 10 Ten
Scientific (SI prefix): deca-
सौ / سو (sau) / একশ (êkshô)
one hundred 100 102 100 One hundred
SI prefix: hecto-
सहस्र (sahasra) / हज़ार / ہزار (hazār) / হাজার (hazar)
one thousand 1,000 103 1,000 One thousand
SI prefix: kilo-
दस हज़ार / دس ہزار (das hazār) / দশ হাজার (dôsh hazar)
ten thousand 10,000 104 10,000 Ten thousand
लाख / لاکھ (lākh) / লাখ (lakh)
one lakh (also lac) 1,00,000 105 100,000 One hundred thousand
अदन्त / ادنت (adant) / दस लाख / دس لاکھ (das lākh) / দশ লাখ (dôsh lakh)
ten lakh 10,00,000 106 1,000,000 One million
SI prefix: mega-
करोड़ / کروڑ (karoṛ) / কোটি (koti)
one crore 1,00,00,000 107 10,000,000 Ten million
दस करोड़ / دس کروڑ (das karoṛ) / দশ কোটি (dôsh koti)
ten crore 10,00,00,000 108 100,000,000 One hundred million
अरब / ارب (arab) / सौ करोड़ (sau karoṛ) / একশ কোটি (êkshô koti)
one arab / one hundred crore 1,00,00,00,000 109 1,000,000,000 One billion
(one milliard)
SI prefix: giga-
एक हज़ार करोड़ (ek hazār karoṛ) / دس ارب (das arab) / এক হাজার কোটি (êk hazar koti)
one thousand crore / ten arab 10,00,00,00,000 1010 10,000,000,000 Ten billion
(ten milliard)
खरब / کھرب (kharab) / দশ হাজার কোটি (dôsh hazar koti)
ten thousand crore / one kharab / one hundred arab 1,00,00,00,00,000 1011 100,000,000,000 One hundred billion
(one hundred milliard)
एक लाख करोड़ (ek lākh karoṛ) / دس کھرب (das kharab) / এক লাখ কোটি (êk lakh koti)
one lakh crore / ten kharab / one thousand arab 10,00,00,00,00,000 1012 1,000,000,000,000 One trillion
(one billion)
SI prefix: tera-
नील / نیل (nīl) / দশ লাখ কোটি (dôsh lakh koti)
ten lakh crore / one neel / one hundred kharab / ten thousand arab 1,00,00,00,00,00,000 1013 10,000,000,000,000 Ten trillion
(ten billion)
एक करोड़ करोड़ (ek karoṛ karoṛ) / دس نیل (das nīl) / শত লাখ কোটি (shôtô lakh koti)
one crore crore / ten neel 10,00,00,00,00,00,000 1014 100,000,000,000,000 One hundred trillion
(one hundred billion)
पद्म / پدم (padma) / হাজার লাখ কোটি (hajar lakh koti)
one padma / one hundred neel / ten crore crore 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 1015 1,000,000,000,000,000 One quadrillion
(one billiard)
SI prefix: peta-
दस पद्म / دس پدم (das padm) / দশ হাজার লাখ কোটি (dôsh hajar lakh koti)
ten padma / one hundred crore crore 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 1016 10,000,000,000,000,000 Ten quadrillion
(ten billiard)
शङ्ख / شنکھ (śaṅkh) / শত হাজার লাখ কোটি (shôtô hajar lakh koti)
one shankh / one hundred padma / one thousand crore crore / one lakh lakh crore 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 1017 100,000,000,000,000,000 One hundred quadrillion
(one hundred billiard)
गुलशन / گلشن / দশ শত হাজার লাখ কোটি (dôsh shôtô hajar lakh koti)
(ten shankh / ten thousand crore crore) 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 1018 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 One quintillion
(one trillion)
SI prefix: exa-
Maha-sankh 100,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 1019 10,000,000,000,000,000,000
Vedic numbering systems[edit]
There are various systems of numeration found in various ancient Vedic literatures of India. The following table gives one such system used in the Valmiki Ramayana.[3]
Sanskrit (transliteration)
Indian figure
Power
notation
Hindu figure
Short scale Western
एक (eka) 0,00,001 100 1 One
दश (daśa) 0,00,010 101 10 Ten
शत (śata) 0,00,100 102 100 One hundred
सहस्र (sahasra) 0,01,000 103 1,000 One thousand
अयुत (ayuta) 0,10,000 104 10,000 Ten thousand
लक्ष (lakṣa) 1,00,000 105 1,00,000 One hundred thousand
नियुत (niyuta) 1,00,000 daśa 106 10,00,000 One million
कोटि (koṭi)
1,00,000 śata 107 1,00,00,000 Ten million
शङ्कु (śaṅku) 1,00,000 koṭi 1012 10,00,00,00,00,000 One trillion
महाशङ्कु (mahā-śaṅku) 1,00,000 śaṅku 1017 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 One hundred quadrillion
वृन्द (vṛnda) 1,00,000 mahā-śaṅku 1022 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 Ten sextillion (ten trilliard)
महावृन्द (mahā-vṛnda) 1,00,000 vṛnda 1027 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 One octillion
पद्म (padma) 1,00,000 mahā-vṛnda 1032 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 One hundred nonillion
महापद्म (mahā-padma) 1,00,000 padma 1037 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 Ten undecillion
खर्व (kharva) 1,00,000 mahā-padma 1042 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 One tredecillion
महाखर्व (mahā-kharva) 1,00,000 kharva 1047 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 One hundred quattuordecillion
समुद्र (samudra) 1,00,000 mahā-kharva 1052 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 Ten sexdecillion
ओघ (ogha) 1,00,000 samudra 1057 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00.00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 One octodecillion
महौघ (mahaugha) 1,00,000 ogha 1062 10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 One hundred novemdecillion
Usage in different languages[edit]
Main articles: lakh and crore
In Punjabi, a lakh is called lakkh (Shahmukhi: لکھ, Gurmukhi: ਲੱਖ) and a crore is called karoṛ (Shahmukhi: کروڑ, Gurmukhi: ਕਰੋੜ).
In Bengali, a lakh is called লক্ষ lokkho (ardha-tatsama), or laakh (tadbhava) and a crore is called কোটি koti.
In Gujarati, a lakh is called લાખ lākh and a crore is called કરોડ karoḍ. A hundred crore is called અબજ abaj.
In Sylheti, a lakh is called লাখ lakh (lax) and a crore is called কোটি kuti.
In Kannada, a lakh is called ಲಕ್ಷ lakṣha and a crore is called ಕೋಟಿ kōṭi.
In Malayalam, a lakh is called ലക്ഷം laksham and a crore is called കോടി kodi.
In Marathi, a lakh is called लाख lākh and a crore is called कोटी koṭi or करोड karoḍ, and an arab (109) is called अब्ज abja.
In Nepali, a lakh is called लाख lākh and a crore is called करोड karoḍ.
In Odia (Oriya), a lakh is called ଲକ୍ଷ lakhya and a crore is called କୋଟି koti.
In Sinhalese, a lakh is called ලක්ෂ lakṣa and a crore is called කෝටි kōṭi.
In Tamil, a lakh is called நூறாயிரம் nooRaayiram as well as இலட்சம் 'ilatcham and a crore is called கோடி kodi.
In Telugu, a lakh is called లక్ష lakṣa and a crore is called కోటి kōṭi.
In Urdu, a lakh is called لاکھ lākh and a crore is called کروڑ karoṛ. A billion is called "arab"ارب. And hundred billion/ arab (ارب) is called "kharab"( کھرب).
Lakh has entered the Swahili language as "laki" and is in common use.
In Burmese, crore is called ကုဋေ [ɡədè]. Lakh is used in Burmese English.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Knowing our Numbers". Department Of School Education And Literacy. National Repository of Open Educational Resources. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Use of separator in digit grouping is following customs in most English speaking countries. For international standard and details cf. Decimal mark
Jump up ^ Valmiki Ramayana Yuddha Kanda
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text:
List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a listing of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade. A decade for these achievements is defined as ten-year periods from years ending in '0' through years ending in '9'. Since the Hot 100 was first published in Billboard magazine in the issue dated August 4, 1958, the first decade of chart achievements ranges from that first issue through the last issue of 1969.
Contents
[hide]
1 2010s
1.1 Artists by total number-one singles
1.2 Artists by total weeks at number one
1.3 Albums by total number one singles
1.4 Songs by total weeks at number one
2 2000s
2.1 Artists by total number-one singles
2.2 Artists by total weeks at number one
2.3 Top 10 songs
2.4 Songs by total weeks at number one
3 1990s
3.1 Artists by total number-one singles
3.2 Artists by total weeks at number one
3.3 Top 10 songs
3.4 Songs by total weeks at number one
4 1980s
4.1 Artists by total number-one singles
4.2 Artists by total weeks at number one
4.3 Top 10 songs
4.4 Songs by total weeks at number one
5 1970s
5.1 Artists by total number-one singles
5.2 Artists by total weeks at number one
5.3 Top 10 songs
5.4 Songs by total weeks at number one
6 1958-1969
6.1 Artists by total number-one singles
6.2 Artists by total weeks at number one
6.3 Top 10 songs
6.4 Songs by total weeks at number one
7 See also
8 References
2010s[edit]
Rihanna so far has the most songs atop the Hot 100, with nine, during the 2010s.
Artists by total number-one singles[edit]
The following artists achieved three or more number-one singles during the 2010s to date. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.
Note: Artists with an equal number of number-one singles are ordered chronologically.
Artist
Number-one
singles
Rihanna 9
Katy Perry 8
Bruno Mars 7
Justin Bieber 5
Taylor Swift
Adele 4
Eminem 3
Kesha
Drake
The Weeknd
Note: Rapper will.i.am has had two number-one singles during the 2010s as part of The Black Eyed Peas and as a featured solo artist on Usher's "OMG", but both instances are counted separately.
Note: Singer Nate Ruess has had two number-one singles during the 2010s as part of the band Fun and as a featured solo artist on Pink's "Just Give Me a Reason", but both instances are counted separately.
Note: Rapper Quavo has had two number-one singles during the 2010s as part of Migos and as a featured solo artist on DJ Khaled's "I'm The One", but both instances are counted separately.
Artists by total weeks at number one[edit]
The following artists topped the Hot 100 for the highest cumulative number of weeks during the 2010s, so far. Some totals include, in part or whole, weeks spent at number one as part of a collaboration.
Note: Artists with an equal number of weeks are ordered chronologically.
Artist
Weeks at
number one
Rihanna 41
Bruno Mars 32
Katy Perry 26
Adele 24
Justin Bieber 23
Pharrell Williams 22
Drake 20
Taylor Swift 18
Luis Fonsi 16
Daddy Yankee
Albums by total number one singles[edit]
Album
Artist
Number-one
singles
Teenage Dream Katy Perry 5
Loud Rihanna 3
21 Adele
1989 Taylor Swift
Purpose Justin Bieber
Recovery Eminem 2
Doo-Wops & Hooligans Bruno Mars
Sorry for Party Rocking LMFAO
Unorthodox Jukebox Bruno Mars
The Heist Macklemore & Ryan Lewis
Prism Katy Perry
Beauty Behind the Madness The Weeknd
Source:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
Songs by total weeks at number one[edit]
The following songs topped the Hot 100 for the highest number of weeks during the 2010s, so far.
Note: Songs with an equal number of weeks are ordered chronologically.
Song
Artist
Weeks at
number one
"Despacito" Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber 16
"Uptown Funk" Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 14
"Blurred Lines" Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell 12
"See You Again" Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth
"Closer" The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey
"Shape of You" Ed Sheeran
"We Found Love" Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris 10
"Happy" Pharrell Williams
"Hello" Adele
"One Dance" Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla
2000s[edit]
The singer Usher had the largest number of singles on top of the Hot 100 during the 2000s (7 songs).
Artists by total number-one singles[edit]
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 2000s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.
Artist
Number-one
singles
Usher 7
Rihanna 5
Beyoncé
Nelly 4
Ludacris
Justin Timberlake
Mariah Carey
50 Cent
Alicia Keys
Note: Singer Fergie had five number-one singles during the 2000s as a part of The Black Eyed Peas and as a solo artist, but both instances are counted separately.
Note: Singer Beyoncé had eight number-one singles during the 2000s as a part of Destiny's Child and as a solo artist, but both instances are counted separately.
Note: Singer Justin Timberlake had five number-one singles during the 2000s as a part of 'N Sync and as a solo artist, but both instances are counted separately.
Artists by total weeks at number one[edit]
The following artists topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s.
Artist
Weeks at
number one
Usher 41
Beyoncé 36
The Black Eyed Peas 26
Nelly 23
50 Cent 22
Alicia Keys
Jay-Z 20
Mariah Carey 19
Rihanna
Ludacris 17
Note: Singer Beyoncé spent 52 weeks at number one during the 2000s as a part of Destiny's Child and as a solo artist, but both instances are counted separately.
Note: Singer Kelly Rowland spent 26 weeks at number one during the 2000s as a part of Destiny's Child and as a solo artist, but both instances are counted separately.
Top 10 songs[edit]
The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 2000s.[14]
#
Song
Artist
1
"We Belong Together" Mariah Carey
2
"Yeah!" Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris
3
"Low" Flo Rida featuring T-Pain
4
"I Gotta Feeling" The Black Eyed Peas
5
"How You Remind Me" Nickelback
6
"No One" Alicia Keys
7
"Boom Boom Pow" The Black Eyed Peas
8
"Let Me Love You" Mario
9
"Gold Digger" Kanye West featuring Jamie Foxx
10
"Apologize" Timbaland featuring OneRepublic
Songs by total weeks at number one[edit]
The following songs topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s.[15]
Song
Artist
Weeks at
number one
"We Belong Together" Mariah Carey 14
"I Gotta Feeling" The Black Eyed Peas
"Lose Yourself" Eminem 12
"Yeah!" Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris
"Boom Boom Pow" The Black Eyed Peas
"Independent Women" Destiny's Child 11
"Maria Maria" Santana featuring The Product G&B 10
"Foolish" Ashanti
"Dilemma" Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland
"Gold Digger" Kanye West featuring Jamie Foxx
"Irreplaceable" Beyoncé
"Low" Flo Rida featuring T-Pain
1990s[edit]
The song "One Sweet Day", performed by Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men, had the longest stay at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 during the 1990s (16 weeks). Carey also had the most number-one hits on the Hot 100 during the 1990s (14 songs). She spent a total of 60 weeks at the top of the Hot 100 in the 1990s, the most for any artist.
Artists by total number-one singles[edit]
The following artists achieved three or more number-one hits during the 1990s.[16] A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.
Artist
Number-one
singles
Mariah Carey 14
Janet Jackson 6
Boyz II Men 5
Madonna 4
Whitney Houston
Celine Dion
TLC
Wilson Phillips 3
Paula Abdul
Bryan Adams
Puff Daddy
Monica
Artists by total weeks at number one[edit]
The following artists topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s.
Artist
Weeks at
number one
Mariah Carey 60
Boyz II Men 50
Monica 22
Puff Daddy 19
Whitney Houston 18
Céline Dion
TLC
Janet Jackson 17
Bryan Adams 15
Elton John
Brandy
Top 10 songs[edit]
The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 1990s.[17]
#
Song
Artist
1
"How Do I Live" LeAnn Rimes
2
"Macarena (Bayside Boys Mix)" Los Del Rio
3
"Un-Break My Heart" Toni Braxton
4
"Foolish Games"/"You Were Meant For Me" Jewel
5
"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" Bryan Adams
6
"I'll Make Love to You" Boyz II Men
7
"Too Close" Next
8
"One Sweet Day" Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men
9
"Truly Madly Deeply" Savage Garden
10
"Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" Elton John
Songs by total weeks at number one[edit]
The following songs topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s.[15]
Song
Artist
Weeks at
number one
"One Sweet Day" Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men 16
"I Will Always Love You" Whitney Houston 14
"I'll Make Love to You" Boyz II Men
"Macarena (Bayside Boys Mix)" Los Del Rio
"Candle in the Wind '97"/
"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" Elton John
"End of the Road" Boyz II Men 13
"The Boy Is Mine" Brandy and Monica
"Smooth" Santana featuring Rob Thomas 12
"I Swear" All-4-One 11
"Un-Break My Heart" Toni Braxton
"I'll Be Missing You" Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112
Note: "Smooth" by Santana featuring Rob Thomas topped the chart for 10 weeks in the 1990s, October 23 – December 25, 1999, with its final 2 weeks on January 1 and 8, 2000.
1980s[edit]
Michael Jackson had the most number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 during the 1980s with 9 songs. Jackson was also the artist with the most weeks spent at the top of the Hot 100 during the 1980s (27 weeks).
Artists by total number-one singles[edit]
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1980s.[18]
Artist
Number-one
singles
Michael Jackson 9
Whitney Houston 7
Madonna
Phil Collins
Daryl Hall & John Oates 5
Lionel Richie
George Michael
Stevie Wonder 4
Bon Jovi
Prince
Artists by total weeks at number one[edit]
The following artists topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 1980s.
Artist
Weeks at
number one
Michael Jackson 27
Lionel Richie 21
Paul McCartney 16
George Michael
Stevie Wonder 15
Madonna
Phil Collins
Olivia Newton-John 14
Diana Ross 13
Whitney Houston
Top 10 songs[edit]
The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 1980s.[19]
#
Song
Artist
1
"Physical" Olivia Newton-John
2
"Bette Davis Eyes" Kim Carnes
3
"Endless Love" Lionel Richie and Diana Ross
4
"Eye of the Tiger" Survivor
5
"Every Breath You Take" The Police
6
"Flashdance... What a Feeling" Irene Cara
7
"Another One Bites the Dust" Queen
8
"Say Say Say" Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson
9
"Call Me" Blondie
10
"Lady" Kenny Rogers
Songs by total weeks at number one[edit]
The following songs topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 1980s.[15]
Song
Artist
Weeks at
number one
"Physical" Olivia Newton-John 10
"Bette Davis Eyes" Kim Carnes 9
"Endless Love" Diana Ross and Lionel Richie
"Every Breath You Take" The Police 8
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" Joan Jett and the Blackhearts 7
"Ebony and Ivory" Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder
"Billie Jean" Michael Jackson
"Call Me" Blondie 6
"Lady" Kenny Rogers
"Centerfold" The J. Geils Band
"Eye of the Tiger" Survivor
"Flashdance... What a Feeling" Irene Cara
"Say, Say, Say" Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson
"Like a Virgin" Madonna
1970s[edit]
The Bee Gees had the most number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 during the 1970s (9 songs). The Bee Gees were the artist with the most weeks logged at the top of the Hot 100 during the 1970s (27 weeks).
Artists by total number-one singles[edit]
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1970s.[20]
Artist
Number-one
singles
Bee Gees 9
Elton John 6
Paul McCartney and Wings
Stevie Wonder 5
Eagles
The Jackson 5 4
John Denver
KC & The Sunshine Band
Diana Ross
Barbra Streisand
Donna Summer
Artists by total weeks at number one[edit]
The following artists topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 1970s.
Artist
Weeks at
number one
Bee Gees 27
Rod Stewart 17
Elton John 15
Paul McCartney and Wings 13
Andy Gibb
Donna Summer
Roberta Flack 12
The Jackson 5 10
Tony Orlando and Dawn
Debby Boone
Barbra Streisand
Top 10 songs[edit]
The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 1970s.[21]
#
Song
Artist
1
"You Light Up My Life" Debby Boone
2
"Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)" Rod Stewart
3
"Le Freak" Chic
4
"How Deep Is Your Love" Bee Gees
5
"I Just Want to Be Your Everything" Andy Gibb
6
"Silly Love Songs" Wings
7
"Let's Get It On" Marvin Gaye
8
"Night Fever" Bee Gees
9
"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" Dawn featuring Tony Orlando
10
"Shadow Dancing" Andy Gibb
Songs by total weeks at number one[edit]
The following songs topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during the 1970s.[15]
Song
Artist
Weeks at
number one
"You Light Up My Life" Debby Boone 10
"Night Fever" Bee Gees 8
"Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)" Rod Stewart
"Shadow Dancing" Andy Gibb 7
"Bridge over Troubled Water" Simon & Garfunkel 6
"Joy to the World" Three Dog Night
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" Roberta Flack
"Alone Again (Naturally)" Gilbert O'Sullivan
"Le Freak" Chic
"My Sharona" The Knack
1958-1969[edit]
The Beatles had the highest number of top hits on the Billboard Hot 100 during 1958–1969 (18 songs). In addition, The Beatles remained on top of the Hot 100 the longest during 1958–1969 (55 weeks).
Artists by total number-one singles[edit]
The following artists achieved three or more number-one hits during 1958–1969.[22] A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.
Artist
Number-one
singles
The Beatles 18
The Supremes 12
Elvis Presley 7
The Rolling Stones 5
Bobby Vinton 4
The Four Seasons
Connie Francis 3
Ray Charles
The Monkees
Artists by total weeks at number one[edit]
The following artists topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during 1958–1969.
Artist
Weeks at
number one
The Beatles 55
Elvis Presley 22
The Supremes
The Four Seasons 15
The Rolling Stones 13
Bobby Vinton 12
The Monkees
The Young Rascals 10
Bobby Darin 9
Percy Faith
The 5th Dimension
Top 10 songs[edit]
The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 1958-1969.[23][24]
#
Song
Artist
1
"The Twist" Chubby Checker
2
"Mack the Knife" Bobby Darin
3
"Hey Jude" The Beatles
4
"Theme from A Summer Place" Percy Faith and His Orchestra
5
"Tossin' and Turnin'" Bobby Lewis
6
"The Battle of New Orleans" Johnny Horton
7
"It's All in the Game" Tommy Edwards
8
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" The Beatles
9
"I'm a Believer" The Monkees
10
"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" The 5th Dimension
Songs by total weeks at number one[edit]
The following songs topped the Hot 100 for the highest total number of weeks during 1958–1969.[15]
Song
Artist
Weeks at
number one
"Mack the Knife" Bobby Darin 9
"Theme from A Summer Place" Percy Faith
"Hey Jude" The Beatles
"Tossin' and Turnin'" Bobby Lewis 7
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" The Beatles
"I'm a Believer" The Monkees
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine" Marvin Gaye
"It's All in the Game" Tommy Edwards 6
"The Battle of New Orleans" Johnny Horton
"Are You Lonesome Tonight?" Elvis Presley
"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" The 5th Dimension
"In the Year 2525" Zager and Evans
See also[edit]
List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Adele's 'Fire' Burns Path to Hot 100 Summit". Billboard.com. January 25, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ask Billboard: Is Taylor Swift's '1989' the Next 'Teenage Dream'?". Billboard.com. May 31, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rihanna's 'Only Girl' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard.com. November 24, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rihanna's 'S&M' Reigns on Hot 100, Lady Gaga's 'Judas' Debuts". Billboard.com. April 20, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eminem and Rihanna Replace Katy Perry Atop Hot 100". Billboard.com. July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars' 'Grenade' Maneuvers to Top of Hot 100". Billboard.com. December 29, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "LMFAO Brings 'Sexy' To Hot 100 Summit". Billboard.com. December 28, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars: Billboard Artist of the Year Cover Story". Billboard.com. December 13, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis' 'The Heist' Passes 1 Million Sold". Billboard.com. August 28, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Why Katy Perry's 'Prism' Era Is More Impressive Than You Think". Billboard.com. January 20, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (September 21, 2015). "The Weeknd Replaces Himself Atop Hot 100 as 'The Hills' Hits No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (January 11, 2016). "Justin Bieber's 'Sorry' Dethrones Adele's 'Hello' Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (February 1, 2016). "Justin Bieber Replaces Himself at No. 1 on Hot 100 With 'Love Yourself". Billboard. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 2000s". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Whitburn, Joel. Top Pop Singles - 12th Edition. Record Research Inc. pp. 1318–1320. ISBN 0-89820-180-2.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary: Most No. 1s By Artist (1990-1999)". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 1990s". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary: Most No. 1s By Artist (1980-1989)". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 1980s". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary: Most No. 1s By Artist (1970-1979)". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 1970s". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary: Most No. 1s By Artist (1958-1969)". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 1960s". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
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text:
I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)
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"I Can Only Imagine"
Single by MercyMe
from the album The Worship Project and Almost There
A-side
"Word of God Speak"
Released
2001
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
1999 and 2001 in the United States
Ivy Park
The Indigo Room
Paradise Sound
IBC Studios
Genre
Christian alternative rock
pop rock
contemporary Christian
Length
4:08
Label
INO
Curb
Songwriter(s)
Bart Millard
Producer(s)
Pete Kipley
MercyMe singles chronology
"Bless Me Indeed (Jabez's Song)"
(2001) "I Can Only Imagine"
(2001) "Spoken For"
(2002)
"Bless Me Indeed (Jabez's Song)"
(2001) "I Can Only Imagine"
(2001) "Spoken For"
(2002)
"I Can Only Imagine" (sometimes shortened to "Imagine") is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard, the song, based around a main piano track, was inspired by the death of Millard's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God. The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe's 1999 album The Worship Project, which was released on an independent record label. The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major-label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album.
"I Can Only Imagine" was released in 2001 as the album's lead single. It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004; to aid in promotion to these markets, a double A-side physical single (combined with "Word of God Speak") was released in 2003. It charted on several formats, including the Billboard Adult Contemporary (where it peaked at No. 5) and the Hot 100 (where it peaked at No. 71). In 2002, "I Can Only Imagine" earned the Dove Awards for 'Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year' and 'Song of the Year'; Millard earned the Dove Award 'Songwriter of the Year' at the same ceremony. With 2.5 million copies sold, it is the best-selling Christian single of all time, having been certified 2x platinum by the RIAA. As of 2018, it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Release and promotion
4 Impact
5 Music video
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Chart performance
6.3 Awards and accolades
7 Other versions
8 Track listing
9 Release history
10 Charts and certifications
11 Film adaptation
12 References
Background[edit]
"I Can Only Imagine" was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe. Bart Millard, the band's vocalist, lost his father, Arthur Wesley Millard Jr.[1], in 1991. Millard was 18 at the time.[2][3] Millard began writing the words "I can only imagine" on items when he was thinking about his father.[4] During the recording of the band's 1999 independent album The Worship Project, MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album.[5] Millard, alone on a bus in the middle of the night, finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven. Millard attests that "['I Can Only Imagine'] is one of the only songs I have ever written where there wasn't any mistakes, it was just written the way it is and left at that",[5] and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics.[4]
In writing the music for the song, however, the band faced more difficulty; Millard noted that "at first it was a fast song... it was all these random ideas".[5] Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that, "we were literally tearing down the stuff... [Millard] and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version, so we just tried out a piano intro... it was literally the first thing I played. It wasn't anything to do with me, I think it was just a God thing. [Millard] said 'here it is, this is what's going to happen', and we laid the song down in about five minutes."[5] At that time, the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion, Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar. This line-up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project.[3][6] In 2006, it was included in the 'Platinum Edition' of Almost There.[7]
Composition[edit]
I Can Only Imagine
A sample of "I Can Only Imagine". MercyMe's debut single, "I Can Only Imagine" is "a passionate piano-driven ballad. The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God. Delivered with conviction, the song is emotionally compelling".[8]
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"I Can Only Imagine" is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds.[8] The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B3–G♯5.[9] The song opens up with only a piano, and builds up to include guitar and drums.[10] Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song.[11] The song was produced by Pete Kipley, who had worked with MercyMe previously[2] as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James, Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster.[12]
The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God.[8] Regarding this theme, Millard explained to Fox News that "I was always told that if he could choose, he would rather be in Heaven than here with me. As a Christian I believed that, but as an 18-year-old it was a little hard to swallow. So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there."[2]
Release and promotion[edit]
MercyMe's lead singer-songwriter, Bart Millard (left) and drummer, Robby Shaffer, performing in February 2008.
"I Can Only Imagine" was re-recorded for their major-label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001.[13] The album was recorded in various locations: Ivy Park, The Indigo Room, Paradise Sound and IBC Studios.[11] The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats; by November, it peaked at number-one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart.[14][15]
In 2003, a Dallas mainstream radio station, 100.3 Wild-FM, first played the song on its morning show, The Fitz Radio Program.[3][16][17] They had responded to a caller's repeated requests and the urgings of the program's producer, Todd Sheppard.[2][4] The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station.[17][18] After hearing the song played on the station, Millard called-in and spoke with the crew; MercyMe then came in and played the song live.[17]
As other stations around the country caught on, MercyMe's label, INO Records, partnered with Curb Records.[17][19][20] They marketed the single to wider audiences, such as Top 40 radio.[19][20][21] In September, INO and Curb also released a double A-side physical single, "I Can Only Imagine/Word of God Speak".[13] The latter track was co-written by Millard with the band's producer, Kipley.[22] Eventually, the song cracked into secular charts, including the Billboard Hot 100[23] and the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts.[24]
Impact[edit]
MercyMe did not expect "I Can Only Imagine" to gain mainstream success, in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven.[16][17] Millard noted that the band joked around about "the top five songs never to cross over,[16] and they had included "I Can Only Imagine" on that list.[16][17] Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio.[17] The song had a significant effect on the band's musical image; in an interview, Millard commented that "We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago. But we kind of became the 'adult contemporary poster child' when 'I Can Only Imagine' took off".[25]
Music video[edit]
Millard holding his father's photograph in the music video.
A music video was released for "I Can Only Imagine".[26][27] Millard recalled the video's inspiration: "I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames [at MercyMe concerts] that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way. I've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they've lost. These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that".[27] The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait, Tammy Trent, Bob Herdman, and Jesse Katina, each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one; as the video progresses, they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father's photograph.[27]
The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair, shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs. The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy, now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames. The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people, each holding an empty picture frame. As the other instruments join in, the camera comes back to the band, focusing on them before returning to shots of the people, whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives. At the end of the video, the camera returns to the boy, now running down a street with an empty frame, climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame.[26][27]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Critical reception for "I Can Only Imagine" was positive. Steve Losey of Allmusic commented that "[the song] is a passionate piano-driven ballad. The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God. Delivered with conviction, the song is emotionally compelling".[8] Jesus Freak Hideout's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt "The lyrics for the song are amazing. If you haven't listened to the lyrics, because you're afraid of hearing pop music, get over it and listen to it."[28] Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that "The definite highlight on [Almost There] is the worship/ballad 'I Can Only Imagine'... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar. But what makes the song are the lyrics, penned by Bart Millard himself. The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus... It's a song that can't be listened to with eyes open".[10]
Chart performance[edit]
"I Can Only Imagine" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the chart week of 11 October 2003 at No. 76.[23] The song peaked at No. 71 for two weeks and spent 16 non-consecutive weeks on the Hot 100.[14][23] On the Adult Contemporary chart, "I Can Only Imagine" debuted at No. 29 for the chart week of 23 May 2003, with an eventual peak of No. 5 for the chart week of 8 September 2003; in all, "I Can Only Imagine" spent 30 weeks on the chart.[14][24]
On the Adult Top 40 chart, "I Can Only Imagine" debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of 9 August 2003 and reached a peak position of No. 27, holding that spot for three consecutive weeks; in all, the song spent 26 weeks on the chart.[14][29] On the Mainstream Top 40 chart, the song debuted at No. 37 for the chart week of 12 July 2003, reaching an eventual peak of No. 33.[14][30] On the Country Songs chart, the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003, reaching an eventual peak of No. 52, which it held for two weeks.[31] According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website, "I Can Only Imagine" also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks, No. 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart for two weeks,[14][15] and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart.[14]
In April 2010, "I Can Only Imagine" was certified platinum by the RIAA, signifying sales of over 1,000,000 digital downloads.[32] It is the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to go platinum.[33] The song was certified 2x platinum in 2014.[32] As of March 2018, it has sold 2.5 million copies, making it the best-selling Christian single of all time.[34]
Awards and accolades[edit]
"I Can Only Imagine" earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002; 'Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year' and 'Song of the Year'.[35][36] Millard also won 'Songwriter of the Year' at the same ceremony.[35][36] In November 2009, the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake-up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS-129.[37]
Other versions[edit]
The original version of "I Can Only Imagine" was a track on MercyMe's 1999 independent release The Worship Project.[6] In August 2006, both an acoustic and live form (as well as the original 1999 version) were included in the 'Platinum edition' of Almost There.[7] MercyMe recorded a version of the song for their iTunes Originals album.[38][39] In 2009, two further variants were included on their compilation album 10; a 'symphony version' featuring the London Symphony Orchestra, and a live version.[40]
"I Can Only Imagine" has also been covered by several artists.[41] In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song (titled "Imagine" and paired with "Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus") on her album, Legacy... Hymns and Faith.[42] In 2003, Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song;[42][43] Carson's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart.[44] In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song;[42] while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs.[45] The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann.
The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins, a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man's syndrome, in which the body's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone, causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place.[46] Dobbins, who died in 2004, sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening, accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips, Craig and Dean. Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary "Suffer the Children."[47] There is also a German version "Ich kann nur davon träumen".
Track listing[edit]
CD release[13][48][49][50]
"I Can Only Imagine" – 4:08 (Bart Millard)[9][41]
"Word of God Speak" – 3:07 (Peter Kipley, Millard)[22][51]
Release history[edit]
Date
Territory
Label
Format
2001[13] United States INO Airplay
23 September 2003[13]
INO
Curb
CD
4 January 2005[32]
INO
Epic
Digital
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts
Chart (2001–2002)
Peak
Position
Radio and Records Christian AC[14][15] 1
Radio and Records Christian CHR[14] 15
Chart (2003–2004)
Peak
Position
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[52] 5
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[53] 27
US Billboard Hot 100[54] 71
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[55] 33
Chart (2012)
Peak
Position
France (SNEP)[56] 65
Chart (2017)
Peak
Position
US Christian Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[57] 1
Chart (2018)
Peak
Position
US Christian Songs (Billboard)[58] 1
US Digital Songs (Billboard)[59] 10
Year-end charts
Chart (2003)
Position
Billboard Adult Contemporary[60][61] 20
Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales[62][63] 24
Chart (2010)
Position
Billboard Christian/Gospel Digital Songs[64] 9
Chart (2011)
Position
Billboard Christian/Gospel Digital Songs[65] 7
Certifications
Country
Certifications
(sales thresholds)
United States 2x Platinum[32]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: I Can Only Imagine (film)
The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and Dennis Quaid. The film was released on March 16, 2018.
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c Curb, Mike. "Number One Records" (PDF). Mikecurb.com. Curb Records. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Farris, Christa (September 2003). ""I Can Only Imagine" Is Still The Little Song That Could" (PDF). CCM Magazine. Salem Publishing (Salem Communications). 26 (3): 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Gillespie, Natalie Nichols (2 June 2003). ""I Can Only Imagine" Impacts Mainstream Radio". Crosswalk.com. Salem Web Network (Salem Communications). p. 1. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b Cusic, Don (2010). "Curb, Mike". In Cusic, Don. Encyclopedia of contemporary Christian music: pop, rock, and worship. ABC-CLIO. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-313-34425-1. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Price, Deborah Evans (25 October 2003). "A Yearning for More Meaning". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media: 3, 76. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b "ACE Title Search "Word of God Speak"". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP). Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b ""I Can Only Imagine" – MercyMe (VEVO)". Vevo (Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, Abu Dhabi Media Company, E1 Entertainment). Retrieved 15 September 2011. Note: video may not be available in your region, e.g. Australia.
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[show]
v
t
e
MercyMe singles
Discography
Almost There
"Bless Me Indeed (Jabez's Song)"
"I Can Only Imagine"
Spoken For
"Spoken For"
"Word of God Speak"
"The Change Inside Of Me"
Undone
"Here with Me"
"Homesick"
"In the Blink of an Eye"
Coming Up to Breathe
"So Long Self"
"Hold Fast"
"Bring the Rain"
All That Is Within Me
"God with Us"
"You Reign"
"Finally Home"
The Generous Mr. Lovewell
"All of Creation"
"Beautiful"
"Move"
The Hurt & The Healer
"The Hurt & The Healer"
Welcome to the New
"Shake"
Lifer
"Even If"
Other charted songs
"O Holy Night"
"Silent Night"
"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree"
"God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen"
"The Little Drummer Boy"
"It Came Upon a Midnight Clear"
"Go Tell it on the Mountain"
"Sleigh Ride"
[show]
v
t
e
Jeff Carson
Studio albums
Jeff Carson
Butterfly Kisses
Real Life
Singles
"Not on Your Love"
"The Car"
"Holdin' Onto Somethin'"
"Butterfly Kisses"
"Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)"
"I Can Only Imagine"
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Cell-mediated immunity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
Historically, the immune system was separated into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells. CD4 cells or helper T cells provide protection against different pathogens. Naive T cells, mature T cells that have yet to encounter an antigen, are converted into activated effector T cells after encountering antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These APCs, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells in some circumstances, load antigenic peptides onto the MHC of the cell, in turn presenting the peptide to receptors on T cells. The most important of these APCs are highly specialized dendritic cells; conceivably operating solely to ingest and present antigens. [1]
Activated Effector T cells can be placed into three functioning classes, detecting peptide antigens originating from various types of pathogen: The first class being Cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected target cells by apoptosis without using cytokines, the second class being TH1 cells, which primarily function to activate macrophages, and the third class being TH2 cells, which primarily function to stimulate B cells into producing antibodies.[2]
The innate immune system and the adaptive immune system each comprise both humoral and cell-mediated components.
Cellular immunity protects the body by:
T-cell mediated immunity or T-cell immunity : activating antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells that are able to induce apoptosis in body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigen on their surface, such as virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells displaying tumor antigens;
activating macrophages and natural killer cells, enabling them to destroy pathogens; and
stimulating cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses.[citation needed]
Cell-mediated immunity is directed primarily at microbes that survive in phagocytes and microbes that infect non-phagocytic cells. It is most effective in removing virus-infected cells, but also participates in defending against fungi, protozoans, cancers, and intracellular bacteria. It also plays a major role in transplant rejection.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Janeway, Charles; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark (2001). Immunobiology (5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3642-X. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Janeway, Charles; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark (2001). Immunobiology (5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3642-X. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
Cell-mediated immunity (Encyclopædia Britannica)
Chapter 8:T Cell-Mediated Immunity Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition.
Further reading[edit]
Cell-Mediated Immunity. Murphy
Cell-mediated immunity: How T cells recognize and respond to foreign antigens
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Main cell types in blood
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common allergies include: Milk
Egg
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