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All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy
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All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy is a proverb. It means that without time off from work, a person becomes both bored and boring. The exact origins of the phrase remain unclear, though it was recorded as early as 1659.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Uses in popular media
2.1 In film and television
2.2 In literature
2.3 In music
2.4 In television
2.5 In video games
3 References
History[edit]
Though the spirit of the proverb had been expressed previously, the modern saying appeared first in James Howell's Proverbs in English, Italian, French and Spanish (1659),[1] and was included in later collections of proverbs. It also appears in Howell's Paroimiographia (1659), p. 12.
Some writers have added a second part to the proverb, as in Harry and Lucy Concluded (1825) by the Irish novelist Maria Edgeworth:
“ All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy,
All play and no work makes Jack a mere toy. ”
Uses in popular media[edit]
While the proverb is used in several examples of popular media, from James Joyce's short story "Araby" to Jack Kerouac's Big Sur to the 1957 movie The Bridge on the River Kwai, the most famous use appears in the 1980 horror movie The Shining,[2] directed by Stanley Kubrick, in which the main character, Jack (played by Jack Nicholson), is found to have abandoned the play he was writing in favor of typing this sentence over and over onto reams of paper. Kubrick's addition of a psychotic edge to the proverb has had some effect on popular culture, inspiring several other works to include a direct homage to the scene.[3]
The "Sunday" computer virus, a member of the Jerusalem virus family discovered in 1989, contained a reference to the proverb. Infected files will contain the string "Today is Sunday! Why do you work so hard? All work and no play make you a dull boy! Come on! Let's go out and have some fun!" The virus's payload prints the proverb on the screen and then deletes all files running while the virus is a resident in the memory, as the original Jerusalem did every Friday the 13th.[citation needed]
In film and television[edit]
It is used in the film "I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang" (1932).
The phrase is spoken by the comic actor Oliver Hardy in Sons of the Desert (1933).
It is stated by Colonel Saito in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957).
It is stated by Thornhill in Hitchcock's North by Northwest (1959).[4]
In Season 5 Episode 30 "Opie Flunks Arithmetic" of The Andy Griffith Show - Aunt Bee uses the phrase to describe Opie's studying vs playing football. (April 1965)
In Thunderbirds Are Go Tin-Tin says: "All work and no play makes Scott a dull boy" (1966).
It is used in the film "The Shining" (1980).
It has been incorporated into the Hindi film "Mazdoor" (1983).
It is featured during the Simpsons intro when Bart writes at the chalkboard. Episode 90: The Last Temptation of Homer. (1995)
It is mentioned in Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London (2004).
It is said by Poorna Jagannathan in Delhi Belly (2011).
It is used by Peta Sergeant in the science-fiction comedy Iron Sky (2012).
It is used by (Dwight Schrute) in season 5 episode 27 of the hit comedy, "The Office".
It is used by (John Murphy) in season 4 episode 6 of the American drama series, "The 100".
It is used by CollegeHumor in their Halloween mini-series, "the sCHining" in Episode 4, "Workshopping Your Insane Writing". The series as a whole is a play on the film "The Shining".
In literature[edit]
It appears in chapter 10 of Karl Marx's Capital: Critique of Political Economy (Volume one), from 1867
It appears in chapter 36 of George Moore's 1894 novel Esther Waters
It appears in chapter 16 of John Dewey's How We Think, from 1910.
It appears in James Joyce's story "Araby" as the nameless narrator's uncle mentions the old saying.
It appears in Act II Scene I of the 1924 play Marco Millions by Eugene O'Neill.
It appears in chapter eight of Carson McCullers's 1998 novel Clock Without Hands.
It appears in Jack Kerouac's novel Big Sur from 1962.
It appears in Chinua Achebe's 1966 children's novel Chike and the River.
It appears in Tom Sharpe's novel Porterhouse Blue, by Mrs Biggs to Zipser.
It appears in Kurt Vonnegut's novel Jailbird from 1979.
It appears in Stephen King's novel Pet Sematary as a brief mention.
It appears in the 1985 novel Ender's Game, by Orson Scott Card, as Peter Wiggin's mother addresses him.
It appears slightly altered in chapter 7 of Brian Jaques's 1986 novel Redwall, by Abbot Mortimer to Matthias.
It appears in Paul Auster's novel Squeeze Play from 1997.
It appears in Lee Child's 2006 novel The Hard Way.
It appears in chapter 24 of Grant Morrison's run in the comic book Doom Patrol.
In music[edit]
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"Let Your Hair Down" is a 1973 single by American vocal group The Temptations which contains the lyrics "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy".
In the chorus of the song "Boy's Chorus (La Sui Monti Dell' Est)" from the 1984 Malcolm McLaren album Fans, but "Jack" is replaced with "Mac" - plus the line used is "all work and no joy", which rhymes with boy.
In the 1986 song "All Work and No Play" by Hüsker Dü from the Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely EP the line "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" is repeated 72 times.
In the 1990 song "He's a Man" by Madonna the name "Jack" is again replaced, this time by "Dick" referring to Dick Tracy, a fictional character portrayed in the film by Warren Beatty, which the song had been written for.
The song "Angry Chair" (1992) by Alice in Chains contains the verse "I'm a dull boy, work all day".
"American Dream" by Casting Crowns begins with the phrase.
In 2008 the metal music band Mudvayne released a song called "Dull Boy" with the quote included in their lyrics.
In 2012 the post-hardcore band Averia quote this in their song "The Overlook".
A song called "Still Sane" by the singer Lorde featured in her 2013 album titled Pure Heroine.
In 2014 South African rap-rave group Die Antwoord released their single "Pitbull Terrier", which features a variation of the expression.
The song "Ali r u ok?" (2016) by "M.I.A. (rapper)" from her album "IAM" contains the phrase "All work and no play".
The lyrics video to "Follow me down" by The Pretty Reckless contains a variation of the phrase as an easter egg. [5]
In television[edit]
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Used in episode of "My Three Sons" by Uncle Charlie: "All work and no play makes Steve a dull boy."
Aunt Bea said it in reference to Opie studying too much in the 1965 episode of "The Andy Griffith Show" called "Opie Flunks Arithmetic".
In the 1974 Columbo Episode "Mind Over Mayhem", Dr. Marshall Cahill (José Ferrer) tells Steve, a whiz kid who is playing chess with his toy robot, that "all work and no play make Jack a dull boy" to hint the boy not to work too much.
In an episode of Porridge, Fletcher tells Godber "all work and no play makes Jack a dull beanstalk"
In The Jeffersons, season 1 episode 4, Lionel Jefferson tells his girlfriend Jenny Willis to enjoy life saying, "All work and no play makes Jenny a dull girl." To this, Jenny responds, "Well, you know what I say? All play and no work makes Lionel a dummy!" It is also used in another episode during an argument between Lionel's parents, George and Louise, in which Louise, concerned by George's constant efforts to make money, tells him "You know, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy", to which George responds, "As usual, you're half right, Weezie. All work and no play makes jack!"
In the third episode of Twin Peaks, "Zen, or the Skill to Catch a Killer" Jerry Horne says to his brother Benjamin Horne: "All work and no play makes Ben and Jerry dull boys"
In Animaniacs, season 1, episode 27, segment "I Got Yer Can", Candie repeatedly types, "All work and no cans make Candie a dull Chipmunk".
In the Aaahh!!! Real Monsters episode "Who'll Stop the Brain?", Ickis tells Oblina, "All work and no play makes Oblina a dull monster".
Referenced by The Joker in an episode of The Animated Series ("Joker's Wild"). "All work and no play..."[6]
The phrase was parodied in an episode of The Critic as "All work no play makes Jay a dull boy."
One 1994 episode of The Simpsons, "Treehouse of Horror V" contained a Shining parody, where Marge finds a piece of paper with just two words – "Feelin' fine" – typed up, before noticing "No TV and no beer make Homer go crazy" written all over the walls. This is also parodied in the 1997 episode "The Springfield Files" as a cascading text, in the manner of The X-Files. The proverb is also referenced in the chalkboard gags of season five episode "The Last Temptation of Homer" and of season twenty-five's "Treehouse of Horror XXIV."
In "Leverage" "all work and no play makes Monica dull girl" is put on dozens of pages in an evidence folder to embarrass a TV reporter.
In "Men in Black: The Series" Season 2 episode 15, when Jay is working too many hours at MiB he discovers that L is using a quick clone to do her work after he threatens to let it out of the box she agrees to make 4 clones when J is discovered by K talking to L on the phone he says "All work and no play makes J look like K".
In a 1999 episode of Family Guy, "Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater", when Stewie was riding his tri-bike at Lois's big inherited house and met the twins from The Shining at a corridor and they said "Come play with us Stewie for ever, and ever and ever", Stewie replied back to them "All work and no play makes Stewie a dull boy".
In the 1999 episode of Melrose Place "When cheerleaders attack" Lexi Sterling played by Jamie Luner says the line "all work and no play makes Megan a dull girl" to Megan Lewis played by Kelly Rutherford
The episode of the cartoon Ed, Edd n Eddy titled "Stop, Look and Ed" features Eddy telling Rolf that "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy".
In the episode 2 of the first season of Gilmore Girls, Lorelai has an argument with her mother about her attempt to pay for the installation of a DSL line on Lorelai's house. Lorelai alleges that her current, slower connection gives her time to dance and have a snack. With a faster connection "It would be all work and no play, haven't you seen The Shining, mum?"
In the fifteenth episode of the second season (215) of Queer as Folk, Justin and Michael are working on their comic book late into the night, resulting in Brian having to go to Babylon alone. Before leaving for the club, he tells them : "Well just remember, all work and no dick make Mikey and Sunshine dull boys."
Season 3 episode of CSI includes a scene where Greg Sanders is caught flirting with someone in the hallway by his boss, and says "All work and no play makes Greg a dull boy". Gil Grissom responds by saying that all play and no work makes Greg an unemployed boy.
A 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, "Gone", includes a scene where Buffy Summers fills a social worker's report with pages consisting entirely of repetitions of "All work and no play make Doris a dull girl".
In Gilmore Girls, season 4 episode 21, Tana Schrick's boyfriend, Chester Fleet, lost a bet against Tana and therefore he had to go all day only talking in cliches, which Paris thinks is annoying. Paris points out that Rory doesn't go out enough, so Chester says "All work and no play makes Jack.." but then gets interrupted by Paris' mean look.
In the Power Rangers SPD episode "Recognition", the team leader Jack uses the phrase to describe the uptight Sky, who prefers to work as his method of relaxing. "All work and no play make Sky a dull boy."
In Supernatural, Dean Winchester reads an insane doctor's writings about the "treatments" he used on his patients and comments "all work and no play make Doctor Ellicot a very dull boy." The same phrase is used again in Season 2 when Dean investigates a crime scene and finds sheets of paper with the same name printed over and over, in reference to the film "The Shining".
During "Cafe Disco", an episode on the popular NBC series The Office, Dwight makes a remark after Michael states that the office has gotten boring, saying "All work and no play makes Michael a dull boy!"
In a 2009 episode of Wizards of Waverly Place, Max Russo played by Jake T. Austin, says the line to Alex Russo (Selena Gomez) when he is doing an impression of Jack Nicholson.[episode needed]
It was used in Season 1, Episode 5 of the TV series Downton Abbey, when Mary tells Matthew that "You know what all work and no play did for Jack" and Matthew answers that "You think I'm a dull boy anyway, don't you." The saying was used once again when Lord Gillingham's valet flirts with Anna in Season 4, Episode 3 when he says, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy and Jill a dull girl."
In The Blacklist, season 2 episode 2, Raymond Reddington says "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" to a Mossad double agent when she says she looks forward to working with him.
In Mind Your Language, season 2, episode 4, professor Mr. Brown says "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" to Ranjeet, one of his students.
In Halt and Catch Fire season 1, episode 7, Cameron says it to Joe, who's working late, replacing 'Jack' with 'Joe'.
In Criminal Minds season 1, episode 22, Garcia's computer gets hacked and her screen gets full with "All Work No Play".
In video games[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the game Command & Conquer: Renegade during the last mission. "All work and no play, may make Jack a dull boy." can occasionally be heard from the loudspeakers in the Temple of Nod.
In the game Kingdom of Loathing in one of the quests, the player finds a tape with this sentence repeated and Jack replaced by the player's name.
In the Safehouse Nightmare mission in PAYDAY 2 (with Jack substituted for the character Wolf).
In the game Jazzpunk. In the first mission, when the player enters the world of pizza.
In chapter 2 of the game Hyperdimension Neptunia Re;Birth 1, Neptune says "All work and no play makes Nep a dull girl".
In the game Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate there's a message that reads: "All play and no rest makes a hunter dull nya"
In the game Tropico 3 El Presidente can be heard saying: "All work and no play for El Presidente!".
In the game RuneScape, during the quest What Lies Below, the player says "All work and no play makes [player name] a dull adventurer."
In the game Bot Colony, when talking to the maintenance bot 'Charlie', He says "All work and no play makes Charlie a dull boy."
In the game Rust, the quote can be found on a typewriter inside of the Rocket Factory.
In the game Final Fantasy XV, the quote is referenced by Noctis in Chapter 9. “All work and no play makes Ignis a dull boy.”
In the game Strong Bad's Cool Game for Attractive People, Episode 5: 8-bit is Enough the quote appears 30 times on the endscreen of the minigame "Gel-Arshie" after a glitch as follows "All work and no fruit makes Gel-Arshie a dull boy"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "JamHowell Quotes and Quotations". Famous Quotes and Authors.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Film Script, The Shining". p. 107.
Jump up ^ "Movie connections for The Shining (1980)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
Jump up ^ Hitchcock/Lehman. "Shooting Script, North by Northwest (1958)" (PDF). p. 107.
Jump up ^ The Pretty Reckless. "The Pretty Reckless - Follow Me Down (Official Lyric Video)". YouTube. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "": The Animated Series" Joker's Wild (TV Episode 1992)". IMDb.
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Panchayati raj (India)
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For other uses, see Panchayat (disambiguation)
See also: Local self-government in India
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Muhamma Panchayat office, Kerala
In India, the Panchayati Raj generally refers to the system of local self-government in India introduced by a constitutional amendment in 1992, although it is based upon the traditional panchayat system of South Asia. This Panchayati Raj system was formalized in 1992, following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its Gram Panchayats are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional Khap Panchayats (or Caste Panchayats) found in northern India.[1]
In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of local administration. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti (block level), and Zila Parishad (district level).[2] It was formalized in 1992 by the 73rd amendment to the Indian Constitution.[3] Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram, and in all Union Territories except Delhi.[4]
The Panchayats receive funds from three sources:[5]
Local body grants, as recommended by the Central Finance Commission
Funds for implementation of centrally sponsored schemes
Funds released by the state governments on the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions
Contents
1 History
2 Various committees on Panchayati Raj
3 Balwant Rai Mehta Committee
4 Block level panchayat
5 Constituency
6 Departments
7 Functions
8 District level panchayat
9 Composition
10 Functions
11 Sources of income
12 Village level panchayat
13 Reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions in India
14 See also
15 Notes and references
16 Further reading
17 External links
History[edit]
Open Panchayat near Narsingarh, Madhya Pradesh
Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj as the foundation of India's political system, as a decentralized form of government in which each village would be responsible for its own affairs.[6][7] The term for such a vision was Gram Swaraj ("village self-governance"). Instead, India developed a highly centralized form of government.[8] However, this has been moderated by the delegation of several administrative functions to the local level, empowering elected gram panchayats. There are significant differences between the traditional Panchayati Raj system, that was envisioned by Gandhi, and the system formalized in India in 1992.[9]
The Panchayat Raj system was first adopted by the state of Rajasthan in Nagaur district on 2 Oct 1959. During the 1950s and 60s, other state governments adopted this system as laws were passed to establish panchayats in various states. The second state was Andhra Pradesh, while Maharashtra was the ninth state. It also founded backing in the Indian Constitution, with the 73rd amendment in 1992 to accommodate the idea.
In the history of Panchayati Raj, in India, on 24 April 1993, the Constitutional (73rd amendment) Act 1992 came into force to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Rajasthan beginning on 24 December 1996. This amendment contains provision for devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.[5]. The Act aims to provide a three-tier systems of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and women; to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute a District Planning Committee, to prepare a development plan draft for the district.

Various committees on Panchayati Raj[edit]
Committee
Date
Balwant Rai Mehta 1957
V.T. Krishnammachari 1960
Takhatmal Jain Study Group 1966
Ashok Mehta Committee 1978
G.V.K. Rao Committee 1985
Dr. L.M. Singhvi Committee 1986
P. K. Thoongan committee 1988
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee[edit]
The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, headed by MP Balwantrai Mehta, was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the work of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953), to suggest measures to improve their work. The committee's recommendation of the committee by NDC in January 1958, and this set the stage for the launching of Panchayati Raj Institutions throughout the country. The committee recommended the establishment of the scheme of ‘democratic decentralization’, which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj.
This led to the establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system: Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level.
Block level panchayat[edit]
Main article: Panchayat Samiti (Block)
Newly elected panchayat in Punjab, India
A Panchayat Samiti (block panchayat) is a local government body at the tehsil level. This body works for the villages of the tehsil that together are called a "development block". The Panchayat Samiti is the link between the Gram Panchayat and the district administration. Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably mandal and taluka, there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as Mandal Praja Parishad in Andhra Pradesh, Taluka Panchayat in Gujarat and Karnataka, and Panchayat Samiti in Maharashtra. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.
Constituency[edit]
Membership in the block panchayat is mostly ex-official; it is composed of: all of the Sarpanchas (gram panchayat chairmen) in the Panchayat Samiti area, the MPs and MLAs of the area, the sub-district officer (SDO) of the subdivision, co-opt members (representatives of the SC/ST and women), associate members (a farmer from the area, a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services), and some elected members.
The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman.
Departments[edit]
The common departments in the Samiti are as follows:
General Administration
Finance
Public Works
Agriculture
Health
Education
Social Welfare
Information Technology
Water Supply Department
Animal Husbandry and others
There is an officer for every department. A government-appointed Block Development Officer (BDO) is the executive officer to the Samiti and the chief of its administration, and is responsible for his work to the CEO of ZP.
Functions[edit]
Implementation of schemes for the development of agriculture and infrastructure
Establishment of primary health centres and primary schools
Supply of drinking water, drainage and construction/repair of roads
Development of a cottage and small-scale industries, and the opening of cooperative societies
Establishment of youth organisations
District level panchayat[edit]
Main article: District Councils of India
The governing of the advance system at the district level in Panchayat Raj is also popularly known as Zila Parishad. The chief of administration is an officer of the IAS cadre. and chief officer of the Panchayat raj for the district level
Composition[edit]
The membership varies from 40 to 60 and usually comprises:
Deputy Commissioner of the District
Presidents of all Panchayat Samitis in the district
heads of all Government Departments in the district
members of Parliament and Members of Legislative Assemblies in the district
a representative of each cooperative society
some women and Scheduled Caste members, if not adequately represented
co-opted members having extraordinary experience and achievements in public service.
Functions[edit]
Provide essential services and facilities to the rural population
Supply improved seeds to farmers and inform them of new farming techniques
Set up and run schools and libraries in rural areas
Start primary health centers and hospitals in villages; start vaccination drives against epidemics
Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes; run ashram shalas for Adivasi children; set up free hostels for them.
Encourage entrepreneurs to start small-scale industries and implement rural employment schemes.
Construct bridges, roads and other public facilities and their maintenance
Provide employment.
Sources of income[edit]
Taxes collected locally such as on water, place of pilgrimage, local mandirs (temples), and markets
A fixed grant from the State Government in proportion to the land revenue and money for works and schemes assigned to the Parishes
Village level panchayat[edit]
Sarpanch as its elected head. The members of the gram panchayat are elected for a period of five years by the members of Gram Sabha.[10]
Reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions in India[edit]
On August 27, 2009, the Union Cabinet of the Government of India approved 50% reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI). The Indian states Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal and Uttarakhand[11] have implemented 50% reservation for women in PRIs.[12][13] The majority of candidates in these Panchayats are women. Currently 100% of elected members in Kodassery Panchayat in Kerala are women.[14]
See also[edit]
National Panchayati Raj Day
Local self-government in India
Patwari
Lambardar
Zaildar
Notes and references[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Mullick, Rohit & Raaj, Neelam (9 September 2007). "Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Nath, Akshaya (24 April 2015). "National Panchayat Raj Day: Here are few things that you need to know about Panchayat Raj". SaddaHaq. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992". Government of India. Archived from the original on 5 May 2003.
Jump up ^ panchayat.nic.in
^ Jump up to: a b India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
Jump up ^ Sisodia, R. S. (1971). "Gandhiji's Vision of Panchayati Raj". Panchayat Aur Insan. 3 (2): 9–10.
Jump up ^ Sharma, Manohar Lal (1987). Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India. New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications. OCLC 17678104. Hathi Trust copy, search only
Jump up ^ Hardgrave, Robert L. & Kochanek, Stanley A. (2008). India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation (seventh ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Thomson/Wadsworth. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-495-00749-4.
Jump up ^ Singh, Vijandra (2003). "Chapter 5: Panchayate Raj and Gandhi". Panchayati Raj and Village Development: Volume 3, Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration. Studies in public administration. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 84–90. ISBN 978-81-7625-392-5.
Jump up ^ Sapra, Ipsita (February 2013). "Living in the villages". Rural Democracy. D+C Development and Cooperation. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
Jump up ^ 50% reservation for women in panchayats - Oneindia News. News.oneindia.in (2009-08-27). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
Jump up ^ 50% reservation for women in AP, Bihar Panchayats. Sify.com (2011-11-25). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
Jump up ^ http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/features/mayor-malayalam-news-1.696624
Jump up ^ http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/news/lsgd-womans-malayalam-news-1.694513
Sources
Nepal glossary, United States Library of Congress
Article 333357, zeenews.com
Article India994-07, hrw.org
Panchayati raj Recruitment, Exambuzzer.com
Further reading[edit]
Mitra, Subrata K.; Singh, V.B. (1999). Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate. New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-81-7036-809-0 (India HB) ISBN 978-0-7619-9344-5 (U.S. HB).
Mitra, Subrata K.. (2001). "Making Local Government Work: Local elites, Panchayati raj and governance in India", in Kohli, Atul (ed.). The Success of India's Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80144-7
Mitra, Subrata K.. (2003). "Chapter 17: Politics in India", in Almond, Gabriel A. et al. (eds.), Comparative Politics Today. 8th edition. New York: Addison-Wesley-Longman, pp. 634–684. ISBN 978-0-321-15896-3 (also reprinted in the 9th (2007), 10th (2012) and 11th (2015) editions)
Palanithurai, Ganapathi (ed.) (2002–2010) Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. in seven volumes, volume 1 (2002) "Select States" ISBN 978-81-7022-911-7; volume 2 (2002) "Select States" ISBN 978-81-7022-912-4; volume 3 (2004) "Select States" ISBN 978-81-8069-129-4; volume 4 (2004) "Empowering Women" ISBN 978-81-8069-130-0; volume 5 (2005) "Panchayati Raj and Multi-Level Planning" ISBN 978-81-8069-244-4; volume 6 (2008) "Capacity Building" ISBN 978-81-8069-506-3; volume 7 (2010) "Financial Status of Panchayats" ISBN 978-81-8069-672-5.
Shourie, Arun (1990). Individuals, Institutions, Processes: How one may strengthen the other in India today. New Delhi, India: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-83787-8.
Sivaramakrishnan, Kallidaikurichi Chidambarakrishnan (2000) Power to the People: The politics and progress of decentralisation. Delhi: Konark Publishers. ISBN 978-81-220-0584-4
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panchayati Raj.
Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India
"Home page". Department of Rural Development, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India.
"Panchayat (article 440944)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. about the caste panchayats
The Hunger Project. "Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government". International Museum of Women. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015.
National Agriculture Education Institution Image Panchayat Raj Symbol
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