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Connecticut River
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Connecticut River (Kwenitegok[1])
Looking north from the French King Bridge at the Erving-Gill town line in western Massachusetts
Country
United States
States
Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire
Tributaries
- left Chicopee River
- right White River
Cities
Springfield, Massachusetts, Hartford, Connecticut
Source
Fourth Connecticut Lake
- elevation 2,660 ft (811 m)
- coordinates 45°14′53″N 71°12′51″W / 45.24806°N 71.21417°W / 45.24806; -71.21417
Mouth
Long Island Sound
- location Old Saybrook and Old Lyme, Connecticut[2]
- coordinates 41°16′20″N 72°20′03″W / 41.27222°N 72.33417°W / 41.27222; -72.33417Coordinates: 41°16′20″N 72°20′03″W / 41.27222°N 72.33417°W / 41.27222; -72.33417
Length
410 mi (660 km)
Basin
11,250 sq mi (29,137 km2)
Discharge
for Thompsonville, Connecticut
- average 17,070 cu ft/s (483 m3/s)
- max 282,000 cu ft/s (7,985 m3/s)
- min 968 cu ft/s (27 m3/s)
Discharge elsewhere (average)
- West Lebanon, New Hampshire 6,600 cu ft/s (187 m3/s)
River map, with major tributaries and selected dams.
[hide]
Connecticut River
Legend
Fourth Connecticut Lake
Third Connecticut Lake
Moose Falls Dam
US 3
Second Connecticut Lake
First Connecticut Lake
Murphy Dam
NH 145 Pittsburg
Covered bridge
Indian Stream
US 3
becomes VT-NH border
Halls Stream
Stewartstown
Lower Canaan Dam
VT 114 Canaan
NH 26 Colebrook
Columbia
VT 105 North Stratford
St. Lawrence & Atlantic RR
Nulhegan River
Janice Peaslee Bridge
Upper Ammonoosuc River
US 2 Lancaster
Israel River
Mount Orne Covered Bridge
Maine Central RR
Gilman Dam
Gilman
Moore Dam
NH 18 Littleton
I-93 Waterford
Comerford Reservoir
Passumpsic River
Barnet
Monroe
McIndoes Reservoir
Ryegate Dam
Ammonoosuc River
Wells River Bridge
US 302 Woodsville
NH 25 Bradford
VT 25A Fairlee
VT 113 East Thetford
Ompompanoosuc River
NH 10A Hanover
Wilder Dam
US 4 West Lebanon
White River
Boston & Maine
Mascoma River
I‑89 White River Junction
Ottauquechee River
Covered bridge
New England Central RR
NH 12 Claremont
Sugar River
VT 11 Springfield
Bellows Falls
Bellows Falls Dam
New England Central RR
Vermont Railway
NH 123 Walpole
VT 9 Brattleboro
VT 119 Hinsdale
West River
Vernon Dam
Ashuelot River
enters Massachusetts
Amtrak
Route 10 Northfield
Route 2 Gill
Millers River
Turner Falls Dam
Gill–Montague Bridge
Turners Falls Road Bridge
General Pierce Bridge
Deerfield River
Canalside Rail Trail Bridge
Pan Am Railways
Route 116 Sunderland
Norwottuck Rail Trail Bridge
Route 9 Northampton
US 202 Holyoke
Holyoke Dam
Route 116 Holyoke
Pan Am Railways
Route 141 Holyoke
I‑391
I‑90 Chicopee
Chicopee River
I‑91
US 20 Springfield
CSX RR
Route 147 Springfield
Westfield River
US 5 Agawam
enters Connecticut
Route 190 Enfield
Enfield Falls Canal
Amtrak
Route 140 Windsor Locks
I-91 Dexter Coffin Bridge
Farmington River
I-291 Windsor
Connecticut Southern RR
I-84 Hartford
Route 2 Founders Bridge
Park River
US 5 Charter Oak Bridge
Route 3 Wethersfield
Route 66 Middletown
Providence & Worcester RR
Salmon River
Route 82 East Haddam
Eightmile River
I-95 Old Lyme
Amtrak Northeast Corridor
Long Island Sound
The Connecticut River is the longest river in the New England region of the United States, flowing roughly southward for 406 miles (653 km) through four U.S. states. It rises at the U.S. border with Quebec, Canada, and discharges at Long Island Sound.[3] Its watershed encompasses five U.S. states and one Canadian province, 11,260 square miles (29,200 km2) via 148 tributaries, 38 of which are major rivers.[4] It produces 70% of Long Island Sound's fresh water, discharging at 19,600 cubic feet (560 m3) per second.[4][5]
The Connecticut River Valley is home to some of the northeastern United States' most productive farmland, as well as a metropolitan region of approximately two million people surrounding Springfield, Massachusetts and Connecticut's capital in Hartford.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Pre-1614–1637: American Indian populations
2.1.1 Indians of the Lower Valley
2.1.2 Indians of the Middle Valley
2.1.3 Indians of the Upper Valley
2.2 1614–1632: Dutch exploration and settlement
2.3 1632–1636: Puritan settlement
2.4 Border disputes
2.4.1 Springfield allies with the Massachusetts Bay Colony
2.4.2 New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York border disputes
2.5 The Treaty of Paris and the 19th century
2.6 Log drives and the early 20th century
2.7 The flood of 1936
2.8 1936–present: Water supply
3 Course
3.1 The Upper Connecticut River: New Hampshire and Vermont
3.2 The Middle Connecticut River: Massachusetts through central Connecticut
3.3 The Lower Connecticut River: Southern Connecticut to Long Island Sound
3.3.1 Mouth and tidelands
3.4 Dams
3.5 Tributaries
3.6 Fish
4 Economy
4.1 Boating
4.2 Pollution and cleanup
5 Lists
5.1 Populated places
5.2 Tributaries
5.3 Crossings
6 Sites of interest
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Further reading
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word "Connecticut" is a French corruption of the Mohegan word quinetucket, which means "beside the long, tidal river".[7] The word came into English during the early 1600s to name the river, which was also called simply "The Great River".[8]
History[edit]
View of Springfield on the Connecticut River, by Alvan Fisher (Brooklyn Museum)
View of the City of Hartford, Connecticut, by William Havell
Pre-1614–1637: American Indian populations[edit]
Prior to Dutch exploration beginning in 1614, numerous indigenous tribes lived throughout the fertile Connecticut River valley. Information concerning how these tribes lived and interacted stems mostly from English accounts written during the 1630s.[9]
Indians of the Lower Valley[edit]
The Pequots dominated a territory in the southernmost region of the Connecticut River valley, stretching roughly from the river's mouth at Old Saybrook northward to just below the Big Bend at Middletown. They warred with and attempted to subjugate neighboring agricultural tribes such as the Western Niantics, while maintaining an uneasy stand-off with their rivals the Mohegans.[10]
The Mattabesset (Tunxis) tribe takes its name from the place where its sachems ruled at the Connecticut River's Big Bend at Middletown, in a village sandwiched between the territories of the aggressive Pequots to the south and the more peaceable Mohegans to the north.[11]
Indians of the Middle Valley[edit]
The Mohegans dominated the region due north, where Hartford and its suburbs sit, particularly after allying themselves with the Colonists against the Pequots during the Pequot War of 1637.[12] Their culture was similar to that of the Pequots, as they had split off from the Pequots and become their rivals some time prior to the Europeans' explorations of the area.[12]
The peaceful, agricultural Pocomtuc tribe lived in unfortified villages alongside the Connecticut River north of the Enfield Falls, on the fertile stretch of hills and meadows surrounding Springfield, Massachusetts. The Pocomtuc village of Agawam[13] eventually became Springfield, situated on the Bay Path where the Connecticut River meets the western Westfield River and eastern Chicopee River.[14] The Pocomtuc villagers at Agawam helped Puritan explorers settle this site and remained friendly with them for decades, unlike tribes farther north and south along the Connecticut River.[15][16] The region stretching from Springfield north to the New Hampshire and Vermont state borders fostered many agricultural Pocomtuc and Nipmuc settlements, with its soil enhanced by sedimentary deposits. Occasionally, these villages endured invasions from more aggressive confederated tribes living in New York, such as the Mohawk, Mahican, and Iroquois tribes.[15][16]
Indians of the Upper Valley[edit]
The Pennacook tribe mediated many early disagreements between colonists and other Indian tribes, with a territory stretching roughly from the Massachusetts border with Vermont and New Hampshire, northward to the rise of the White Mountains in New Hampshire.[17] The Western Abenaki (Sokoki) tribe lived in the Green Mountains region of Vermont but wintered as far south as the Northfield, Massachusetts area. They later merged with members of other Algonquin tribes displaced by wars and famines.[18]
1614–1632: Dutch exploration and settlement[edit]
In 1614, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block became the first European explorer to chart the Connecticut River, sailing as far north as Enfield Rapids.[19] He called it the "Fresh River" and claimed it for the Netherlands as the northeastern border of the New Netherland colony. In 1623, Dutch traders constructed a fortified trading post at the site of Hartford, Connecticut called the Fort Huys de Hoop ("Fort House of Hope").[20]
1632–1636: Puritan settlement[edit]
Four separate Puritan-led groups settled the fertile Connecticut River Valley, and they founded the two large cities that continue to dominate the Valley today: Hartford (est. 1635) and Springfield (est. 1636). The first group of pioneers left the Plymouth Colony in 1632, and ultimately founded the village of Matianuck several miles north of the Dutch fort at modern Hartford which became Windsor, Connecticut. In 1633, a group left the Massachusetts Bay Colony from Watertown, seeking a site where they could practice their religion more freely. With this in mind, they founded Wethersfield, Connecticut in 1633, several miles south of the Dutch fort at Hartford.
View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm—The Oxbow, 1836, by Thomas Cole
In 1635, Reverend Thomas Hooker led settlers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony settlement at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he had feuded with Reverend John Cotton, to the site in Connecticut of the Dutch Fort House of Hope, where he founded Newtowne (Hartford).[20] Shortly after Hooker's arrival, Newtowne annexed Matianuck based on laws articulated in Connecticut's settlement charter, the Warwick Patent of 1631. The patent, however, had been physically lost, and the annexation was almost certainly illegal.[21]
The fourth English settlement along the Connecticut River came out of a 1635 scouting party commissioned by William Pynchon to find the most advantageous site on the Connecticut River for conducting commerce and agriculture, hoping to found a city there. His scouts located the Pocumtuc village of Agawam, where the Bay Path trade route crossed the Connecticut River at two of its major tributaries, the Chicopee River to the east and Westfield River to the west, and located just north of Enfield Falls, the river's first unnavigable waterfall. Pynchon correctly surmised that traders utilizing any of these major roads or waterways would have to dock and change ships at his site, thereby granting the settlement a commercial advantage.[22] The settlement was initially named Agawam Plantation and was allied with the southern settlements that became the state of Connecticut. They switched allegiances in 1641 and renamed it Springfield in honor of Pynchon's native town in England.[22]
Of these settlements, Hartford and Springfield quickly emerged as powers. In 1641, Springfield splintered off from the Hartford-based Connecticut Colony, instead allying itself with the Boston-based Massachusetts Bay Colony. For decades, Springfield remained the Massachusetts Bay Colony's westernmost settlement, on the northern border of the Connecticut Colony. By 1654 however, the success of these English settlements rendered the Dutch position on the Connecticut untenable. A treaty relocated the boundary between the Connecticut Colony and New Netherland Colony westward, near present-day Greenwich. The treaty allowed the Dutch to maintain their trading post at Foot Huys de Hoop, which they did until the 1664 British takeover of New Netherland.
Border disputes[edit]
The Connecticut River Valley's central location, fertile soil, and abundant natural resources made it the target of centuries of border disputes, beginning with Springfield's defection from the Connecticut Colony in 1641, which brought the Massachusetts Bay Colony to the river. Conflicting royal treaties of 1764 sparked the river's east-siders to unite with Ethan Allen and the west-siders against New York and the British. The 1783 Treaty of Paris created a disputed border with Canada from the Connecticut's "northernmost headwaters". A 1933 U.S. Supreme Court decision settled a contentious boundary dispute[23] between Vermont and New Hampshire. The Connecticut River's history is characterized by both political intrigue and technological innovation.[24]
Springfield allies with the Massachusetts Bay Colony[edit]
During 1640 and 1641, two controversies took place that altered the political boundaries of the Lower Connecticut River region, preventing it from administration by a single political body. The Connecticut Colony administered Springfield during the 1630s, in addition to Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor; however, by 1640, Springfield's advantageous geography enabled it to become the Connecticut Colony's most commercially prosperous settlement. The Colony endured a crippling grain shortage during the spring of 1640 which caused many cattle to die of starvation. The grain shortage became a matter of survival for the Colony but not for Springfield, due to its prosperity.[22]
The Memorial Bridge across the Connecticut River at Springfield, Massachusetts, the river's largest city
In response to the shortage, leading citizens of Wethersfield and Hartford gave power to Pynchon, Springfield's founder, to purchase corn for all of the Connecticut Colony's settlements from the Pocumtuc. Colony leaders authorized him to offer large sums of money to the Indians, far above market prices; however, the Indians refused to sell at even "reasonable" prices, and thus he refused to buy the corn altogether. Pynchon argued that it was best not to broadcast the Connecticut Colonists' weaknesses to the Indians, who he believed might capitalize on it; likewise, he aimed to keep market values and trade with the Indians steady in the future.[22]
Hartford's leading citizens were furious with Pynchon's willingness to further imperil the starving settlements. With Windsor's and Wethersfield's consent, they commissioned Captain John Mason who had fought in the Pequot War to travel to Springfield with "money in one hand and a sword in the other" to make a deal with the Indians, and also to rebuke Pynchon.[22] On reaching Springfield, Mason threatened the Indians with war if they did not sell their corn at reasonable prices. The Indians capitulated and ultimately sold the corn to the Colonists. However, Mason's violent approach aroused distrust among the Pocumtuc tribe. Mason also upbraided Pynchon in public.[22] This incident arose partly from differences of opinion regarding how to interact with the Indian tribes. Pynchon had achieved mutual benefits by trading with the Pocumtucs, whereas Mason had used force. Nevertheless, it caused Springfield's settlers to rally around the humiliated Pynchon, and led to the settlement severing ties with the Connecticut Colony.[22]
As this controversy was heating up, the Massachusetts Bay Colony saw an opportunity to gain a foothold along the fertile Connecticut River Valley. In 1640, Boston asserted a claim to jurisdiction over lands surrounding the river; however, Springfield remained politically independent until tensions with the Connecticut Colony were exacerbated by a final confrontation later that year.[22]
Hartford kept a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut River at Old Saybrook for protection against the Pequots, Wampanoags, Mohegans, and the New Netherland Colony. After Springfield broke ties with the Colony, the remaining Connecticut settlements demanded that Springfield's ships pay tolls when passing the mouth of the river. The ships refused to pay this tax without representation at Connecticut's fort, but Hartford refused to grant it. In response, the Massachusetts Bay Colony solidified its friendship with Springfield by levying a toll on Connecticut Colony ships entering Boston Harbor. Connecticut was largely dependent on sea trade with Boston and therefore permanently dropped its tax on Springfield, but Springfield allied with Boston nonetheless, drawing the first state border across the Connecticut River.[22]
New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York border disputes[edit]
The Fort at Number 4 in Charlestown, New Hampshire was the northernmost English settlement on the Connecticut River until the end of the French and Indian War in 1763. Abenaki Indians resisted British attempts at colonization, but Colonists began settling north of Brattleboro, Vermont following the war.[25] Settlement of the Upper Connecticut River Valley increased quickly, with population assessments of 36,000 by 1790.[25]
The area that is now Vermont was claimed by both New Hampshire and New York, and was settled primarily through the issuance of land grants by New Hampshire Governor Benning Wentworth beginning in the 1740s.[26] New York protested these grants, and King George III decided in 1764 that the border between the provinces should be the western bank of the Connecticut River.[27] Ethan Allen, the Green Mountain Boys, and other residents of the disputed area resisted attempts by New York to exercise authority over the area, which resulted in the establishment of the independent Vermont Republic in 1777[28] and its eventual accession to the United States in 1791 as the fourteenth state.[29] Boundary disputes between Vermont and New Hampshire lasted for nearly 150 years and were finally settled in 1933, when the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed King George's boundary as the ordinary low-water mark on the Vermont shore. In some places, the state line is now inundated by the impoundments of dams built after this time.[30]
The Treaty of Paris and the 19th century[edit]
The Treaty of Paris (1783) that ended the American Revolutionary War created a new international border between New Hampshire and the Province of Canada at "northwesternmost headwaters of the Connecticut". Several streams fit this description, and thus a boundary dispute led to the short-lived Indian Stream Republic, which existed from 1832 to 1835.
The Windsor Locks Canal Company at Enfield Falls, the Connecticut River's first major barrier to navigation
The broad, fertile Connecticut River Valley attracted agricultural settlers and colonial traders to Hartford, Springfield, and the surrounding region. The high volume and numerous falls of the river led to the rise of industry along its banks during the Industrial Revolution. The cities of Springfield and Hartford in particular became centers of innovation and "intense and concentrated prosperity."[31]
The Enfield Falls Canal was opened in 1829 to circumvent shallows around Enfield Falls, and the locks built for this canal gave their name to the town of Windsor Locks, Connecticut.[32] The Connecticut River Valley functioned as America's hub of technical innovation into the 20th century, particularly the cities of Springfield and Hartford, and thus attracted numerous railroad lines. The proliferation of the railroads in Springfield and Hartford greatly decreased the economic importance of the Connecticut River. From the late 1800s until today, it has functioned largely as a center of wildlife and recreation.[33]
Log drives and the early 20th century[edit]
The Oxbow, Connecticut River, circa 1910
Starting about 1865,[34] the river was used for massive logging drives from Third Connecticut Lake to initially water powered sawmills near Enfield Falls. Trees cut adjacent to tributary streams including Perry Stream and Indian Stream in Pittsburg, New Hampshire, Halls Stream on the Quebec–New Hampshire border, Simms Stream, the Mohawk River, and the Nulhegan River basin in Essex County, Vermont, would be flushed into the main river by the release of water impounded behind splash dams. Several log drivers died trying to move logs through Perry Falls in Pittsburg. Teams of men would wait at Canaan, Vermont, to protect the bridges from log jams. Men guided logs through a 400-foot (120 m) drop along the length of Fifteen-Mile Falls[34] (now submerged under Moore and Comerford reservoirs), and through Logan's Rips at Fitzdale, Mulligan's Lower Pitch, and Seven Islands. The White River from Vermont and Ammonoosuc River from New Hampshire brought more logs into the Connecticut. A log boom was built between Wells River, Vermont, and Woodsville, New Hampshire, to hold the logs briefly and release them gradually to avoid jams in the Ox Bow. Men detailed to this work utilized Woodsville's saloons and red-light district.[35] Some of the logs were destined for mills in Wilder and Bellows Falls, Vermont, while others were sluiced over the Bellows Falls dam. North Walpole, New Hampshire, contained twelve to eighteen saloons, patronized by the log drivers.[36] Mount Tom was the landmark the log drivers used to gauge the distance to the final mills near Holyoke, Massachusetts.[37] These spring drives were stopped after 1915, when pleasure boat owners complained about the hazards to navigation.[38] The final drive included 500 workers controlling 65 million feet of logs.[34] A final pulp drive consisted of 100,000 cords of four-foot logs in 1918. This was to take advantage of the wartime demand.[34]
The flood of 1936[edit]
In March 1936, due to a winter with heavy snowfall, an early spring thaw and torrential rains, the Connecticut River flooded, overflowing its banks, destroying numerous bridges and isolating hundreds of people who had to be rescued by boat.
The dam at Vernon, Vermont, was topped by 19 feet (5.8 m). Sandbagging by the National Guard and local volunteers helped prevent the dam's powerhouse from being overwhelmed, despite blocks of ice breaking through the upstream walls.[39]
In Northampton, Massachusetts, looting during the flood became a problem, causing the mayor of the city to deputize citizen patrols to protect flooded areas. Over 3,000 refugees from the area were housed in Amherst College and the Massachusetts State Agricultural College (now UMass Amherst).
Unprecedented accumulated ice jams compounded the problems created by the flood, diverting water into unusual channels and damming the river, raising water levels even further. When the jam at Hadley, Massachusetts, gave way, the water crest overflowed the dam at Holyoke, overwhelming the sandbagging there. The village of South Hadley Falls was essentially destroyed, and the southern parts of Holyoke were severely damaged, with 500 refugees.
Downtown Hartford, Connecticut, during the 1936 flood
In Springfield, Massachusetts, 5 sq mi (13 km2), and 18 miles (29 km) of streets, were flooded, and 20,000 people lost their homes. The city lost power, and nighttime looting caused the police to issue a "shoot on sight" edict; 800 National Guard troops were brought in to help maintain order. Rescue efforts using a flotilla of boats saved people trapped in upper stories of buildings, bringing them to local fraternal lodges, schools, churches and monasteries for lodging, medical care, and food. The American Red Cross and local, state and Federal agencies, including the WPA and the CCC, contributed aid and manpower to the effort. Flooding of roads isolated the city for a time. When the water receded, it left behind silt-caused mud which in places was 3 feet (1 m) thick; the recovery effort in Springfield, at the height of the American Great Depression, took approximately a decade.
Overall, the flood caused 171 deaths and US$500 million (US$8,600,000,000 with inflation[40]) in damages. Across the northeast, over 430,000 people were made homeless or destitute by flooding that year.[41]
The Connecticut River Flood Control Compact between the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont was established in 1953 to help prevent serious flooding.[42]
1936–present: Water supply[edit]
The creation of the Quabbin Reservoir in the 1930s diverted the Swift River, which feeds the Chicopee River, a tributary of the Connecticut. This resulted in an unsuccessful lawsuit by the state of Connecticut against the diversion of its riparian waters.[43]
Demand for drinking water in eastern Massachusetts passed the sustainable supply from the existing system in 1969. Diverting water from the Connecticut River was considered several times,[44] but in 1986 the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority instead undertook a campaign of water conservation. Demand was reduced to sustainable levels by 1989, reaching approximately a 25% margin of safety by 2009.[45]
Course[edit]
By far the largest river ecosystem in New England, the Connecticut River watershed spans five of the six New England states – New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, as well as small portions of Maine and the Canadian province of Quebec.[4][30][46]
The Upper Connecticut River: New Hampshire and Vermont[edit]
The Connecticut Lakes, the source of the Connecticut River, near the border of New Hampshire and Quebec
Great Falls (Bellows Falls) at high flow under the Vilas Bridge, taken from the end of Bridge St on the Vermont side, looking upriver.
The Connecticut River rises from the Fourth Connecticut Lake, a small pond that sits 300 yards (270 m) south of the U.S. national border with Chartierville, Quebec, Canada, in the town of Pittsburg, New Hampshire, United States. Beginning at an elevation of 2,670 feet (810 m) above sea level, the Connecticut River flows through the remaining Connecticut Lakes and Lake Francis – for 14-mile (23 km), all within the town of Pittsburg – and then widens as it delineates 255-mile (410 km) of the border between New Hampshire and Vermont.[46] The Connecticut drops more than 2,480 feet (760 m) in elevation as it winds south to the border of Massachusetts, at which point it sits 190 feet (58 m) above sea level.[30][47]
The region along the river upstream and downstream from Lebanon, New Hampshire and White River Junction, Vermont, is known locally as the "Upper Valley". The exact definition of the region varies, but it generally is considered to extend south to Windsor, Vermont, and Cornish, New Hampshire, and north to Bradford, Vermont, and Piermont, New Hampshire.[48]
The Middle Connecticut River: Massachusetts through central Connecticut[edit]
Following the most recent ice age, the Middle Connecticut River Valley sat at the bottom of Lake Hitchcock. Its lush greenery and rich, almost rockless soil comes from the ancient lake's sedimentary deposits.[49] In the Middle Connecticut region, the river reaches its maximum depth – 130 feet (40 m) – at Gill, Massachusetts, around the French King Bridge, and its maximum width – 2,100 feet (640 m) – at Longmeadow, directly across from the Six Flags New England amusement park.[30][50] The Connecticut's largest falls – South Hadley Falls – features a vertical drop of 58 feet (18 m).[4] Lush green forests and agricultural hamlets dot this middle portion of the Connecticut River; however, the region is best known for its numerous college towns, such as Northampton, South Hadley, and Amherst, as well as the river's most populous city, Springfield. The city sits atop bluffs beside the Connecticut's confluence with two major tributaries, the Chicopee River to the east and Westfield River to the west.[51]
The Connecticut River is influenced by the tides as far north as Enfield Rapids in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, approximately 58 miles (93 km) north of the river's mouth. Two million residents live in the densely populated Hartford-Springfield region, which stretches roughly between the college towns of Amherst, Massachusetts, and Middletown, Connecticut. Hartford, the Connecticut River's second largest city and only state capital, is located at the southern end of this region on an ancient floodplain that stretches to Middletown.
The Lower Connecticut River: Southern Connecticut to Long Island Sound[edit]
15 miles (24 km) south of Hartford, at Middletown, the Lower Connecticut River section begins with a narrowing of the river, and then a sharp turn southeast. Throughout southern Connecticut, the Connecticut passes through a thinly populated, hilly, wooded region before again widening and discharging into Long Island Sound between Old Saybrook and Old Lyme. Due to the presence of large, shifting sandbars at its mouth, the Connecticut is the only major river in the Northeastern United States without a port at its mouth.[52]
Mouth and tidelands[edit]
The Connecticut River carries a heavy amount of silt, especially during the spring snow melt, from as far north as Quebec. This heavy silt concentration manifests in a large sandbar near the Connecticut's mouth, which has, historically, provided a formidable obstacle to navigation. Due to the difficulty it presents to ships, the Connecticut is one of the few major rivers in the United States without a major city at its mouth. The Connecticut's major cities – Hartford and Springfield – lie 45 and 69 miles (70 and 110 km) upriver, respectively.
Satellite image of the Connecticut River depositing silt into Long Island Sound
The Nature Conservancy named the Connecticut River's tidelands one of the Western Hemisphere's "40 Last Great Places", while the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands listed its estuary and tidal wetlands complex as one of 1,759 wetlands of international importance.[53]
In 1997, the Connecticut River was designated one of only 14 American Heritage Rivers, which recognized its "distinctive natural, economic, agricultural, scenic, historic, cultural and recreational qualities." In May 2012, the Connecticut River was designated America's first National Blueway, in recognition of the restoration and preservation efforts on the river.[6]
Dams[edit]
The Connecticut River's flow is slowed by main stem dams, which create a series of slow-flowing basins from Lake Francis Dam in Pittsburg, New Hampshire, to the Holyoke Dam at South Hadley Falls in Massachusetts.[4] Among the most extensively dammed rivers in the United States, the Connecticut may soon flow at a more natural pace, according to scientists at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, who have devised a computer that – "in an effort to balance human and natural needs" – coordinates the holding and releasing of water between the river's 54 largest dams.[54]
Tributaries[edit]
The Connecticut River watershed encompasses 11,260 square miles (29,200 km2), connecting 148 tributaries, including 38 major rivers and numerous lakes and ponds.[6] Major tributaries include (from north to south) the Passumpsic, Ammonoosuc, White, Black, West, Ashuelot, Millers, Deerfield, Chicopee, Westfield, and Farmington rivers. The Swift River, a tributary of the Chicopee, has been dammed and largely replaced by the Quabbin Reservoir which provides water to the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority district in eastern Massachusetts, including Boston and its metropolitan area.
Fish[edit]
Drift boat fishing guide working the river near Colebrook, New Hampshire
There are several species of anadromous and catadromous fish, including brook trout, winter flounder, blueback herring, alewife, rainbow trout, large brown trout, American shad (Alosa sapidissima), hickory shad, smallmouth bass, Atlantic sturgeon, striped bass (Morone saxatilis), carp, catfish, American eel, sea lamprey, and endangered shortnose sturgeon and dwarf wedgemussels.[55] Additionally, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service has repopulated the river with another species of migratory fish, the Atlantic salmon, which for more than 200 years had been extinct from the river due to damming.[55] Several fish ladders and fish elevators have been built to allow fish to resume their natural migration upriver each spring.
Much of the beginning of the river's course in the town of Pittsburg is occupied by the Connecticut Lakes, which contain lake trout and landlocked salmon. Landlocked salmon make their way into the river during spring spawning runs of bait fish and during their fall spawn. The river has fly-fishing-only regulations on 5 miles (8 km) of river. Most of the river from Lake Francis south is open to lure and bait as well. Two tail-water dams provide cold river water for miles downstream, making for bountiful summer fishing on the Connecticut.
After the first major dam was built near Turners Falls, Massachusetts, thirteen additional dams have ended the Connecticut River's great anadromous fish runs. Fish ladders constructed since the first fish passage in 1980 at Turners Falls, have enabled migrating fish to return to some of their former spawning grounds. In addition to dams, warm water discharges between 1978 and 1992 from Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant in Vernon,Vermont released water up to 105 °F (41 °C) degrees and the thermal plume reached 55 miles (89 km) downstream to Holyoke. This thermal pollution appears to be associated with an 80% decline in American shad fish numbers from 1992 to 2005 at Holyoke dam. This decline may have been exacerbated by over-fishing in the mid-Atlantic and predation from resurging striped bass populations. The nuclear plant was closed at the end of 2014 but the 2015 shad run at Vernon numbered only 42,000 shad.[1]
There are 12 species of freshwater mussels.[56] Of those, 11 occur in the mainstem of the Connecticut, all but the brook floater, which is found only in small streams and rivers. Species diversity is higher in the southern part of the watershed (Connecticut and Massachusetts) than in the northern part (Vermont and New Hampshire), largely due to differences in stream gradient and substrate. Eight of the 12 species in the watershed are listed as endangered, threatened, or of Special Concern in one or more of the states in the watershed.[56]
Economy[edit]
Boating[edit]
The mouth of the river up to Essex is thought to be one of the busiest stretches of waterway in Connecticut. Some local police departments and the state Environmental Conservation Police patrol the area a few times a week. Some towns keep boats available if needed.[57] In Massachusetts, the most active stretch of the Connecticut River is centered on the Oxbow, 14 miles (23 km) north of Springfield in the college town of Northampton.[58]
Primitive camping is available along much of the river, for non-motorized boats, via the Connecticut River Paddlers' Trail. The Paddlers' Trail currently includes campsites on over 300 miles (480 km) of the river.[59]
Pollution and cleanup[edit]
Riverbank restoration project in Fairlee, Vermont
The Water Quality Act of 1965 had a major impact on controlling water pollution in the Connecticut River and its tributaries.
Since then, the river has been restored from Class D to Class B (fishable and swimmable).[citation needed] Many towns along the Lower Connecticut River have enacted a cap on further development along the banks, so that no buildings may be constructed except on existing foundations. Currently, a website provides water quality reports twice a week, indicating whether various portions of the river are safe for swimming, boating and fishing.[60][61]
Lists[edit]
Populated places[edit]
Main article: List of populated places on the Connecticut River
Tributaries[edit]
Near First Connecticut Lake
Near Colebrook, New Hampshire
The river near its mouth
Founders Bridge in Hartford, with a view of the Bulkeley Bridge upstream
Mist upstream of the Bissell Bridge between Windsor and South Windsor, CT
Listed from south to north by location of mouth:
Black Hall River (Old Lyme, CT)
Falls River (Essex, CT)
Eightmile River (Hamburg, CT)
Deep River (Deep River, CT)
Salmon River (Moodus, CT)
Mattabesset River (Middletown, CT)
Hockanum River (East Hartford and Hartford, CT)
Park River (Hartford, CT)
Farmington River (Windsor, CT)
Scantic River (South Windsor, CT)
Westfield River (West Springfield and Springfield, MA)
Mill River (Springfield, MA)
Chicopee River (Chicopee and Springfield, MA)
Manhan River (The Oxbow of Northampton, MA)
Mill River (Northampton, MA)
Fort River (Hadley, MA)
Mill River (Hatfield, MA)
Mill River (Amherst, MA)
Sawmill River (Montague, MA)
Deerfield River (Deerfield and Greenfield, MA)
Fall River (Greenfield and Gill, MA)
Millers River (Millers Falls, MA)
Ashuelot River (Hinsdale, NH)
Whetstone Brook (Brattleboro, VT)
West River (Brattleboro, VT)
Partridge Brook (Westmoreland, NH)
Cold River (Walpole, NH)
Saxtons River (Westminster, VT)
Williams River (Rockingham, VT)
Black River (Springfield, VT)
Little Sugar River (Charlestown, NH)
Sugar River (Claremont, NH)
Blow-me-down Brook (Cornish, NH)
Ottauquechee River (Hartland, VT)
Mascoma River (West Lebanon, NH)
White River (White River Junction, VT)
Mink Brook (Hanover, NH)
Ompompanoosuc River (Norwich, VT)
Waits River (Bradford, VT)
Oliverian Brook (Haverhill, NH)
Wells River (Wells River, VT)
Ammonoosuc River (Woodsville, NH)
Stevens River (Barnet, VT)
Passumpsic River (Barnet, VT)
Johns River (Dalton, NH)
Israel River (Lancaster, NH)
Upper Ammonoosuc River (Northumberland, NH)
Paul Stream (Brunswick, VT)
Nulhegan River (Bloomfield, VT)
Simms Stream (Columbia, NH)
Mohawk River (Colebrook, NH)
Halls Stream (Beecher Falls, VT)
Indian Stream (Pittsburg, NH)
Perry Stream (Pittsburg, NH)
Crossings[edit]
Main article: List of crossings of the Connecticut River
The Connecticut River is a barrier to travel between western and eastern New England. Several major transportation corridors cross the river including Amtrak's Northeast Corridor, Interstate 95 (Connecticut Turnpike), Interstate 90 (Massachusetts Turnpike), Interstate 89, Interstate 93, and Interstate 84. In addition, Interstate 91, whose route largely follows the river north-south, crosses it twice – once in Connecticut and once in Massachusetts.
Sites of interest[edit]
Connecticut River Museum in Essex, Connecticut
Lyman and Merrie Wood Museum of Springfield History in Springfield, Massachusetts
See also[edit]
Equivalent Lands
The Great Attack, the burning of American ships on the Connecticut River at Essex in 1814
History of Connecticut
Lake Connecticut, post-glacial predecessor to Lake Hitchcock
Lake Hitchcock, post-glacial predecessor to the Connecticut River
List of rivers of Connecticut
List of rivers of Massachusetts
List of rivers of New Hampshire
List of rivers of Vermont
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Michael J. Caduto (November 30, 2015). "With Cooler Water, Better Prospects for Shad Migration?". Northern Woodlands Magazine. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Connecticut River
Jump up ^ Linda Brughelli (October 28, 2014). "Essex - Connecticut". BBC Local: Essex. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Watershed Facts". Connecticut River Watershed Council. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Event: Source To Sea Cleanup To Benefit 410 Miles of Connecticut River — Courant.com – CT Environmental Headlines". Environmentalheadlines.com. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "About the River". Connecticutriver.us. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Connecticut State Name Origin". Statesymbolsusa.org. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Alberta Eiseman (August 30, 1998). "THEATER; The Industrialization of the Great River, New England's Longest". The New York Times. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pequot History". Dickshovel.com. July 15, 1997. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "1637 – The Pequot War". The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mattabesic History". Dickshovel.com. November 15, 1997. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mohegan History". Dickshovel.com. July 14, 1997. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Meaning "landing place" or "place for unloading canoes."
Jump up ^ "Full text of "Indian place names of New England"". Archive.org. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "We Have A New Lodge!!!!!". Pocumtuc Lodge – Western Massachusetts Council, Boy Scouts of America. October 9, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pocumtuc History". Dickshovel.com. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pennacook History". Dickshovel.com. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Abenaki". Dickshovel.com. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Al Braden (March 1, 2010). The Connecticut River: A Photographic Journey Into the Heart of New England. Wesleyan University Press. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "House of Hope". A Tour of New England: Connecticut. New Netherland Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Warwick Patent". Colonial Records & Topics. CT State Library. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Barrows, Charles Henry (1911). The history of Springfield in Massachusetts for the young: being also in some part the history of other towns and cities in the county of Hampden. The Connecticut Valley Historical Society. pp. 46–48. US 13459.5.7.
Jump up ^ State of Vermont v. State of New Hampshire https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/289/593
Jump up ^ "No border dispute here: Vt., NH reaffirm boundary". The Big Story. March 14, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Why did settlers come to New Hampshire and Vermont, and where did they come from?". Teaching Early Settlement. Flowofhistory.org (Southeast Vermont Community Learning Collaborative). Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wardner, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Wardner, p. 41
Jump up ^ Wardner, p. 443
Jump up ^ Van de Water, Frederic. The Reluctant Republic, New York: John Day, 1941. p. 337
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Fast Facts". Connecticut River Joint Commissions. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived December 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived September 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Environment & Geography: Written in the Rocks and Sand". Connecticut River Byway Council. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Pike, Helen (April 2013). "Spring Log Drives Through Fifteen-Mile Falls". Vermont's Northland Journal. 12 (1): 20–21.
Jump up ^ Holbrook p.68
Jump up ^ Holbrook p.70
Jump up ^ Holbrook, Stewart H. (1961). Yankee Loggers. International Paper Company. pp. 63–70.
Jump up ^ Wheeler, Scott (September 2002). The History of Logging in Vermont's Northeast Kingdom. The Kingdom Historical.
Jump up ^ Klekowski, Ed; ilda, Elizabeth; Klekowski, Libby (2003). The Great Flood of 1936: The Connecticut River Story (DVD). Springfield, Massachusetts: WGBY. Event occurs at 02:10. OCLC 58055715. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Klelowski, Ed. The Great Flood of 1936: The Connecticut River Valley Story WGBY (2003)
Jump up ^ "Connecticut River Flood Control Compact" (PDF). US Government Printing Office. June 6, 1953. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court, Connecticut v. Massachusetts, 282 U.S. 660 (1931)
Jump up ^ "CRWC History". Connecticut River Watershed Council. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "MWRA Water System Demand, 1985–2009". Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Designated Rivers: The Connecticut River". New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "State officials to perambulate the border between N.H. and Vermont (symbolically, that is)". The Telegraph. May 10, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Upper Valley Bi-State Regional Chamber of Commerce". Upper Valley Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Richard D. Little. "Geological History of the Connecticut River Valley". Earth View LLC. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Klekowski, Ed (June 2–4, 2000). "Stop 1-7B: Abyssal Depths in Turner's Falls Area, French King Bridge" (PDF). North Eastern Friends of the Pleistocene Field Conference. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Susan McGowan. "The Landscape in the Colonial Period". Americancenturies.mass.edu. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Type 6 Conservation Site – Connecticut River Estuary" (PDF). Oldsaybrookct.org. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Connecticut River Tidelands". Yankee Magazine. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Sam Wotipka (October 10, 2013). "Connecticut River May Soon Flow Freely Again". Scope. MIT Graduate Program in Science Writing. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Northeast Region Web Development Group. "Fisheries Program - Northeast Region – U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service". Fws.gov. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Nedeau, Ethan Jay (2008). "Freshwater Mussels and the Connecticut River Watershed" (PDF). Connecticut River Watershed Council, Greenfield, MA. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Thomas (August 30, 2007). "River Watchers, Tackling Speeders and Thin Budgets.". The New York Times. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welcome". Oxbow Marina. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Connecticut River Paddlers' Trail". connecticutriverpaddlerstrail.org. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "News and Information from Northampton, MA by the Daily Hampshire Gazette – GazetteNet.com". Gazettenet.com. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Water Quality Monitoring". Tri-State Connecticut River Targeted Watershed Initiative. Center for Educational Software Development – University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Bacon, Edwin M. (1906). The Connecticut River and the Valley of the Connecticut: Three Hundred and Fifty Miles from Mountain to Sea. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. LCC F12.C7 B2.
Braden, Al (2009). The Connecticut River: A Photographic Journey into the Heart of New England. Middletown CT: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6895-3.
Delany, Edmund Thomas (1983). The Connecticut River: New England's Historic Waterway. The Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-0-87106-980-1.
Hard, Walter R. (1947). The Connecticut (Rivers of America). New York, Toronto: Rinehart & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-932691-27-7. LCC F12.C7 H3.
Roth, Randolph A. (2003). The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791–1850. Cambridge Mass.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31773-3.
Wardner, Henry Steele (1927). The Birthplace of Vermont: A history of Windsor to 1781. New York: Scribner's. ASIN B00086X8BY. LCCN 27014536.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Connecticut River.
"Connecticut River". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). 1911.
Connecticut River Watershed Council
Connecticut River Valley Flood Control Commission
Connecticut River Museum
Connecticut Riverfest
Upper Valley Trails Alliance
Connecticut River Joint Commissions
Tri-state Connecticut River Watershed Initiative
"Connecticut, a river of the United States". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
[show]
v
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American Heritage Rivers
Rivers
Blackstone & Woonasquatucket
Connecticut
Cuyahoga
Detroit
Hanalei
Hudson
Lower Mississippi
Potomac
New
Rio Grande
St. Johns
Upper Mississippi
Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna
Willamette
[show]
v
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Ramsar sites in the United States
Ramsar Sites
Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge
Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Bolinas Lagoon
Cache River National Wildlife Refuge
Caddo Lake
Cape May National Wildlife Refuge
Catahoula Lake
Chesapeake Bay
Cheyenne Bottoms
Congaree National Park
Connecticut River
Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary
Delaware Bay
Dixon Waterfowl Refuge
Emiquon National Wildlife Refuge
Everglades National Park
Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge
Francis Beidler Forest
Grasslands Wildlife Management Area
Heron Pond – Little Black Slough Nature Preserve
Horicon Marsh
Humbug Marsh
Izembek National Wildlife Refuge
Kakagon Sloughs
Kawai Nui Marsh
Laguna de Santa Rosa
Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge
Olentangy River Wetland Research Park
Palmyra Atoll
Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge
Quivira National Wildlife Refuge
San Francisco Bay
Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve
Tomales Bay
Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge
White River National Wildlife Refuge
[show]
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Rivers of Connecticut
Connecticut River Watershed
Blackledge River
Coginchaug River
Connecticut River
Duck River
Eightmile River
Falls River
Farmington River
Hockanum River
Hubbard River
Jeremy River
Lieutenant River
Mattabesset River
Nepaug River
Pameacha Creek
Park River
Pequabuck River
Salmon River
Scantic River
Housatonic River Watershed
East Aspetuck River
Housatonic River
Konkapot River
Naugatuck River
Pomperaug River
Rocky River
Schenob Brook
Shepaug River
Still River
Ten Mile River
Hudson River Watershed
Titicus River
Long Island Sound
Ash Creek
Aspetuck River
Black Hall River
Byram River
Farm River
Hammonasset River
Mad River
Mianus River
Mill River
Mill River (Fairfield)
Mystic River
Niantic River
Noroton River
Norwalk River
Oyster River
Pequonnock River
Quinnipiac River
Rippowam River
Rooster River
Saugatuck River
Silvermine River
West River
Pawcatuck River Watershed
Ashaway River
Green Fall River
Pawcatuck River
Shunock River
Wood River
Thames River Watershed
Basset Brook
Beaver Brook
Bigelow Brook
Fenton River
Fishers Brook
Five Mile River
French River
Hop River
Little River
Merrick Brook
Moosup River
Mount Hope River
Natchaug River
Oxoboxo River
Pachaug River
Quinebaug River
Shetucket River
Thames River
Willimantic River
Yantic River
[show]
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Rivers of Massachusetts
Atlantic Ocean
Tiasquam River
Buzzards Bay
Acushnet River
Agawam River
Back River
Copicut River
Crooked River
Mattapoisett River
Nasketucket River
Paskamanset River
Pocasset River
Sippican River
Slocums River
Wankinco River
Westport River
Weweantic River
Cape Cod Bay
Eel River
Herring River
Jones River
Little Pamet River
Pamet River
Town Brook
Connecticut River Watershed
Burnshirt River
Chapel Brook
Chicopee River
Connecticut River
Cranberry River
Deerfield River
East Brookfield River
Farmington River
Fall River
Five Mile River
Green River
Hubbard River
Manhan River
Mill River (Northampton)
Mill River (Springfield)
Millers River
Mirey Brook
North Branch Millers River
North Branch Westfield River
North River
Otter River
Quaboag River
Scantic River
Seven Mile River
Tarbell Brook
Ware River
Westfield River
Gulf of Maine
Annisquam River
Blackwater River
Eagle Hill River
Egypt River
Ipswich River
Roger Island River
Rowley River
Skug River
Housatonic River Watershed
Housatonic River
Konkapot River
Schenob Brook
Umpachene River
Hudson River Watershed
Hoosic River
Kinderhook Creek
Massachusetts Bay
Aberjona River
Alewife Brook
Canton River
Charles River
Chelsea Creek
Cochato River
Fore River
Fresh River
Indian Head River
Malden River
Millers River
Monatiquot River
Mother Brook
Muddy River
Mystic River
Neponset River
North River
Saugus River
Stony Brook (Boston)
Stony Brook (Waltham)
Stop River
Weir River
Weymouth Back River
Merrimack River Watershed
Artichoke River
Assabet River
Back River
Beaver Brook
Cochichewick River
Concord River
Little River
Merrimack River
Nashua River
Nissitissit River
North Nashua River
Phillips Brook
Powwow River
Quinapoxet River
Salmon Brook
Shawsheen River
South Branch Souhegan River
South Nashua River
Spicket River
Squannacook River
Stillwater River
Sudbury River
Trout Brook
Vine Brook
Whitman River
Nantucket Sound
Bass River
Bumps River
Childs River
Coonamesset River
Mashpee River
Mitchell River
Oyster Pond River
Popponesset Creek
Quashnet River
Santuit River
Narragansett Bay
Barrington River
Cole River
Coles Brook
Kickamuit River
Lees River
Palmer River
Runnins River
Providence River Watershed
Abbott Run
Blackstone River
Bungay River
Chockalog River
Mill River
Mumford River
Peters River
Quinsigamond River
Sevenmile River
Tannery River
Ten Mile River
Thacher River
West River
Wilde River
Taunton River Watershed
Assonet River
Canoe River
Cedar Swamp River
Cocasset River
Cotley River
Forge River
Hockomock River
Matfield River
Mill River
Nemasket River
Poor Meadow Brook
Quequechan River
Rumford River
Salisbury Plain River
Satucket River
Segreganset River
Shumatuscacant River
Snake River
Taunton River
Three Mile River
Town River
Wading River
Winnetuxet River
Thames River Watershed
French River
Quinebaug River
[show]
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Rivers of New Hampshire
Androscoggin River Watershed
Androscoggin River
Chickwolnepy Stream
Clear Stream
Dead Diamond River
Dead River
East Branch Dead Diamond River
Little Dead Diamond River
Little Magalloway River
Magalloway River
Middle Branch Dead Diamond River
Middle Branch Little Magalloway River
Mollidgewock Brook
Moose Brook
Moose River
Peabody River
Rattle River
South Branch Little Dead Diamond River
Swift Diamond River
West Branch Dead Diamond River
West Branch Little Dead Diamond River
West Branch Little Magalloway River
West Branch Magalloway River
West Branch Peabody River
Wild River
Connecticut River Watershed
Ammonoosuc River
Ashuelot River
Blow-me-down Brook
The Branch
Cold River
Connecticut River
East Branch Mohawk River
Gale River
Great Brook
Halls Stream
Ham Branch
Indian River
Indian Stream
Israel River
Johns River
Knox River
Little River
Little Sugar River
Mascoma River
Millers River
Mink Brook
Mirey Brook
Mohawk River
Nash Stream
North Branch Gale River
North Branch Millers River
North Branch Sugar River
North Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River
Oliverian Brook
Otter Brook
Partridge Brook
Perry Stream
Phillips Brook
Simms Stream
South Branch Ashuelot River
South Branch Gale River
South Branch Israel River
South Branch Sugar River
Stocker Brook
Sugar River
Tarbell Brook
Upper Ammonoosuc River
West Branch Mohawk River
West Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River
Wild Ammonoosuc River
Zealand River
Merrimack River Watershed
Baboosic Brook
Back River
Baker River
Bear Brook
Beards Brook
Beaver Brook
Beebe River
Big River
Black Brook
Blackwater River
Cockermouth River
Cohas Brook
Contoocook River
East Branch Baker River
East Branch Pemigewasset River
Fowler River
Frazier Brook
Gridley River
Gunstock River
Lane River
Little Massabesic Brook-Sucker Brook
Little River (Big River)
Little River (Merrimack River)
Little Suncook River
Lost River
Mad River
Melvin River
Merrimack River
Merrymeeting River
Middle Branch Piscataquog River
Nashua River
Newfound River
Nissitissit River
North Branch Contoocook River
North Fork East Branch Pemigewasset River
Nubanusit Brook
Pemigewasset River
Pennichuck Brook
Piscataquog River
Powwow River
Purgatory Brook
Red Hill River
Salmon Brook
Shedd Brook
Smith River
Soucook River
Souhegan River
South Branch Baker River
South Branch Piscataquog River
South Branch Souhegan River
Spicket River
Squam River
Stony Brook
Suncook River
Tioga River
Turkey River
Warner River
West Branch Mad River
West Branch Souhegan River
West Branch Warner River
Winnipesaukee River
Piscataqua River/NH Atlantic Coast Watershed
Bean River
Bellamy River
Berrys River
Blackwater River
Branch River
Browns River
Bunker Creek
Cochecho River
Drakes River
Ela River
Exeter River
Fresh River
Hampton Falls River
Hampton River
Isinglass River
Jones Brook
Lamprey River
Little River (New Hampshire Atlantic coast)
Little River (Brentwood)
Little River (Exeter)
Little River (Lamprey River)
Mad River
North Branch River
North River
Old River
Oyster River
Pawtuckaway River
Piscassic River
Piscataqua River
Rattlesnake River
Salmon Falls River
Squamscott River
Taylor River
Winnicut River
Saco River Watershed
Bearcamp River
Beech River
Chocorua River
Cold River (Bearcamp River)
Cold River
Cutler River
Dan Hole River
Deer River
Dry River
East Branch Saco River
East Branch Whiteface River
East Fork East Branch Saco River
Ellis River
Little Cold River
Lovell River
Mad River
Middle Branch Mad River
Mill Brook
New River
Ossipee River
Pequawket Brook
Pine River
Rocky Branch
Saco River
Sawyer River
Shepards River
South Branch Mad River
South River
Swift River (Bearcamp River)
Swift River (Saco River)
West Branch
Whiteface River
Wildcat Brook
Wonalancet River
[show]
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Waterbodies of Connecticut
Canals, Coves, Estuaries,
Harbors, and Rivers
Ash Creek
Connecticut River
Enfield Falls Canal
Farm River
Farmington Canal
Hammonasset River
Housatonic River
Kidd Harbor
Little Narragansett Bay
Long Island Sound
Mystic River
New Haven Harbor
Niantic River
Oxoboxo River
Oyster River
Pawcatuck River
Quinnipiac River
Smith Cove
Thames River
Wequetequock Cove
Wethersfield Cove
Ziegler's Cove
more
Lakes and Ponds
Ashford Lake
Bantam Lake
Burr Pond
Converse Lake
Crystal Lake
Deer Lake
Great Hollow Lake
Highland Lake
Lake Chaffee
Lake Hayward
Lake Pocotopaug
Lake Quassapaug
Lake Saltonstall
Lake Waramaug
Lake Whitney
Mashapaug Lake
Millers Pond
Pinewood Lake
Round Pond
Squantz Pond
Tuxis Pond
Twin Lakes
Wetherell Pond
Reservoirs
Aspetuck Reservoir
Candlewood Lake
Hop Brook Lake
Kohanza Reservoir
Lake Beseck
Lake Gaillard
Lake Lillinonah
Lake Zoar
Mansfield Hollow Lake
Quaddick Reservoir
Saugatuck Reservoir
Shenipsit Lake
Success Lake
West Hartford Reservoir
West Thompson Lake
[show]
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Connecticut River watershed
Tributaries
Ammonoosuc River
Ashuelot River
Black River
Black Hall River
Blow-me-down Brook
Burnshirt River
Chapel Brook
Chicopee River
Cold River
Cranberry River
Deerfield River
East Brookfield River
Eightmile River
Fall River
Farmington River
Five Mile River
Green River
Halls Stream
Hockanum River
Hubbard River
Indian Stream
Israel River
Johns River
Little Sugar River
Manhan River
Mascoma River
Mattabesset River
Mill River (Northampton)
Mill River (Springfield)
Millers River
Mink Brook
Mirey Brook
Mohawk River
North Branch Millers River
North Branch Westfield River
North River
Nulhegan River
Oliverian Brook
Ompompanoosuc River
Ottauquechee River
Otter River
Park River
Partridge Brook
Passumpsic River
Perry Stream
Quaboag River
Salmon River
Saxtons River
Scantic River
Seven Mile River
Simms Stream
Sugar River
Tarbell Brook
Upper Ammonoosuc River
Waits River
Ware River
Wells River
West River
Westfield River
Whetstone Brook
White River
Williams River
Lakes
Ashuelot Pond
Back Lake
Ball Mountain Lake
Barkhamsted Reservoir
Lake Beseck
Brooks Pond
Canaan Street Lake
Cedar Pond
Christine Lake
Comerford Reservoir
Connecticut Lakes
Crystal Lake
Dublin Pond
Eastman Pond
Echo Lake
Lake Francis (Murphy Dam)
Goose Pond
Grafton Pond
Granite Lake
Harriman Reservoir
Harvey Lake
Lake Hayward
Lakes of the Clouds
Little Sunapee Lake
Mascoma Lake
McIndoes Reservoir
Lake Monomonac
Moore Reservoir
North Hartland Lake
Pearly Lake
Pocotopaug Lake
Quabbin Reservoir
Lake Rescue
Silver Lake
Spofford Lake
Lake Sunapee
Surry Mountain Lake
Lake Tarleton
Townshend Lake
Lake Wyola
Major cities
(>100k)
Hartford, Connecticut
Springfield, Massachusetts
Smaller cities and towns
(<100k)
Agawam
Ascutney
Barnet
Bath
Beecher Falls
Bellows Falls
Bloomfield
Bradford
Brattleboro
Brunswick
Canaan
Charlestown
Chester
Chesterfield
Chicopee
Claremont
Clarksville
Colebrook
Columbia
Concord
Cornish
Cromwell
Dalton
Deep River
Deerfield
Dummerston
East Haddam
East Hampton
East Hartford
East Hereford
East Windsor
Easthampton
Enfield
Essex
Fairlee
Gill
Gilman
Glastonbury
Greenfield
Groveton
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connecticut_River&oldid=801575992"
Categories:
Rivers of Connecticut
United States river navigational boxes
Connecticut River
American Heritage Rivers
Rivers of Massachusetts
Rivers of New Hampshire
Rivers of Vermont
Geography of New England
Long Island Sound
Borders of New Hampshire
Borders of Vermont
Estuaries of Connecticut
Ramsar sites in the United States
Rivers of Windsor County, Vermont
Rivers of Orange County, Vermont
Rivers of Grafton County, New Hampshire
Rivers of Coos County, New Hampshire
Rivers of Franklin County, Massachusetts
Rivers of Hampden County, Massachusetts
Rivers of Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Rivers of Hartford County, Connecticut
Rivers of Middlesex County, Connecticut
Rivers of New London County, Connecticut
Northern Forest Canoe Trail
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