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Blue Mountains (New South Wales)
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Not to be confused with Greater Blue Mountains Area, Blue Mountains National Park, City of Blue Mountains, Electoral district of Blue Mountains, or Blue Mountains railway line.
Region in New South Wales, Australia
Blue Mountains
New South Wales
The Three Sisters sandstone rock formation, one of the region's best-known attractions
Coordinates
33°43′05″S 150°18′38″E / 33.71806°S 150.31056°E / -33.71806; 150.31056Coordinates: 33°43′05″S 150°18′38″E / 33.71806°S 150.31056°E / -33.71806; 150.31056[1]
Population
162,000 (2006?)[2]
• Density
14.21/km2 (36.81/sq mi)
Area
11,400 km2 (4,401.6 sq mi)
Location
50 km (31 mi) NW of Sydney CBD
LGA(s)
Blue Mountains, City of Hawkesbury, City of Lithgow, Wollondilly Shire and Oberon Shire
State electorate(s)
Blue Mountains, Penrith, Bathurst, Hawkesbury, Londonderry and Riverstone
Federal Division(s)
Macquarie, Lindsay, and Calare
Localities around Blue Mountains:
Central West Central West Hunter
Central West Blue Mountains Western Sydney
Southern Tablelands Southern Tablelands Macarthur
Blue Mountains Range
Blue Mountains
The characteristic blue haze,
as seen in the Jamison Valley
Highest point
Peak
unnamed peak (north-east of Lithgow)
Elevation
1,189 m (3,901 ft) AHD
Dimensions
Length
96 km (60 mi) NW/SE [3]
Geography
Blue Mountains Range
Location of the Blue Mountains Range in New South Wales
Country
Australia
State
New South Wales
Aboriginal hand stencils in Red Hands Cave, near Glenbrook
Broken china from ruins near Asgard Swamp, where a coal mine was opened in the nineteenth century
The Blue Mountains are a mountainous region and a mountain range located in New South Wales, Australia. The region borders on Sydney's metropolitan area, its foothills starting about 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of the state capital.[4] The public's understanding of the extent of the Blue Mountains is varied, as it forms only part of an extensive mountainous area associated with the Great Dividing Range. Officially the Blue Mountains region is bounded by the Nepean and Hawkesbury rivers in the east, the Coxs River and Lake Burragorang to the west and south, and the Wolgan and Colo rivers to the north.[5] Geologically, it is situated in the central parts of the Sydney Basin.[6]
The Blue Mountains Range comprises a range of mountains, plateau escarpments extending off the Great Dividing Range about 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) northwest of Wolgan Gap in a generally southeasterly direction for about 96 kilometres (60 mi), terminating at Emu Plains. For about two-thirds of its length it is traversed by the Great Western Highway and the Main Western railway line. Several established towns are situated on its heights, including Katoomba, Blackheath, Mount Victoria, and Springwood. The range forms the watershed between Coxs River to the south and the Grose and Wolgan rivers to the north.[3] The range contains the Explorer Range and the Bell Range.[7]
The Blue Mountains area includes the local government areas of the City of Blue Mountains, the City of Hawkesbury, the City of Lithgow, Wollondilly Shire and Oberon Shire.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Aboriginal inhabitants
2.2 European history
3 Climate
4 Geography
4.1 Mountain peaks
4.2 Geology
5 World Heritage listing
6 Fauna
7 Tourist attractions
8 Recreational activity
9 Gallery
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Etymology[edit]
Following European settlement of the Sydney area, the area was named the Carmarthen and Lansdowne Hills by Arthur Phillip in 1788. The Carmarthen Hills were in the north of the region and the Lansdowne Hills were in the south. The name Blue Mountains, however, was preferred[8] and is derived from the blue tinge the range takes on when viewed from a distance. The tinge is believed to be caused by Mie scattering which occurs when incoming light with shorter wavelengths is preferentially scattered by particles within the atmosphere imparting a blue-greyish colour to any distant objects, including mountains and clouds. Volatile terpenoids emitted in large quantities by the abundant eucalyptus trees in the Blue Mountains may cause Mie scattering and thus the blue haze for which the mountains were named.[9]
History[edit]
Aboriginal inhabitants[edit]
When Europeans arrived in Australia, the Blue Mountains had already been inhabited for several millennia by the Gundungurra people, now represented by the Gundungurra Tribal Council Aboriginal Corporation based in Katoomba, and, in the lower Blue Mountains, by the Darug people, now represented by the Darug Tribal Aboriginal Corporation.[10][11]
The Gundungurra creation story of the Blue Mountains tells that Dreamtime creatures Mirigan and Garangatch, half fish and half reptile, fought an epic battle which scarred the landscape into the Jamison Valley.
The Gundungurra Tribal Council is a nonprofit organisation representing the Gundungurra traditional owners, promoting heritage and culture and providing a support for Gundungurra people connecting back to Country.
Gundungurra Tribal Council Aboriginal Corporation has a registered Native Title Claim since 1995 over their traditional lands, which include the Blue Mountains and surrounding areas.
Examples of Aboriginal habitation can be found in many places. In the Red Hands Cave, a rock shelter near Glenbrook, the walls contain hand stencils from adults and children.[12]:170 On the southern side of Queen Elizabeth Drive, at Wentworth Falls, a rocky knoll has a large number of grinding grooves created by rubbing stone implements on the rock to shape and sharpen them. There are also carved images of animal tracks and an occupation cave. The site is known as Kings Tableland Aboriginal Site and dates back 22,000 years.[citation needed]
European history[edit]
Arthur Phillip, the first governor of New South Wales, first glimpsed the extent of the Blue Mountains from a ridge at the site of today's Oakhill College, Castle Hill. He named them the Carmarthen Hills, "some forty to sixty miles distant..." and he reckoned that the ground was "most suitable for government stock". This is the location where Gidley King in 1799 established a prison town for political prisoners from Ireland and Scotland.
The first documented use of the name Blue Mountains appears in Captain John Hunter’s account of Phillip’s 1789 expedition up the Hawkesbury River. Describing the events of about 5 July, Hunter wrote: "We frequently, in some of the reaches which we passed through this day, saw very near us the hills, which we suppose as seen from Port Jackson, and called by the governor the Blue Mountains."[13] During the nineteenth century the name was commonly applied to the portion of the Great Dividing Range from about Goulburn in the south to the Hunter Valley in the north, but in time it came to be associated with a more limited area.[14]
The native Aborigines knew two routes[citation needed] across the mountains: Bilpin Ridge, which is now the location of Bells Line of Road between Richmond and Bell, and the Coxs River, a tributary of the Nepean River. It could be followed upstream to the open plains of the Kanimbla Valley, the type of country that farmers prize.
European settlers initially considered that fertile lands lay beyond the mountains, as was China in the belief of many convicts, but that this didn't matter much, since the mountains were impassable.[15] This idea was, to some extent, convenient for local authorities. An "insurmountable" barrier would deter convicts from trying to escape in that direction.
A former convict, John Wilson, may have been the first European to cross the Blue Mountains. It is also believed that Mathew Everingham, 1795,[16] may have also been partly successful based on letters he wrote at the time which came to light in the late 1980s. Wilson arrived with the First Fleet in 1788 and was freed in 1792. He settled in the bush, living with the Aborigines and even functioning as an intermediary between them and the settlers. In 1797 he returned to Sydney, claiming to have explored up to a hundred miles in all directions around Sydney, including across the mountains. His descriptions and observations were generally accurate, and it is possible that he had crossed the mountains via the southern aspect at the Coxs River corridor, guided by the Aborigines.[17]:76–77
Governor Hunter was impressed by Wilson's skills and sent him on an expedition with John Price and others in January 1798. The party crossed the Nepean River and moved southwest towards the present site of Mittagong. There they turned west and found a route along the ridge where today the Wombeyan Caves Road is located. In the process they found a way to go west of the mountains, by going around them instead of across them. In March of the same year, Wilson and Price ventured to the Camden area, and then continued further south until they discovered Thirlmere Lakes, finally almost reaching the present site of Goulburn.
It is possible that the accomplishments of this expedition were suppressed by Hunter, who may not have wanted convicts to know that there was a relatively easy way out of Sydney.[17]:83 Wilson was killed by Aborigines after abducting one of their women for his personal use,[18] but he had accomplished much as an explorer. He was never recognised as the first person to cross the mountains, possibly because his Coxs River journey could not be verified, while his route west of Mittagong may have been the "long way around" for a colony that had its eyes fixed on the sandstone fortress west of the Nepean.
Route of the Blaxland, Lawson, and Wentworth Crossing of 1813
The typical blue haze in the Jamison Valley behind the Three Sisters, New South Wales, Australia.
Between 1798 and 1813, many people explored various parts of the mountains, from the Bilpin Ridge to the southern regions, today the site of the Kanangra-Boyd National Park. Still, they did not find a definite route across the mountains. The 1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains by Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth is officially credited as the first successful European crossing.[19] Blaxland set out with Lawson and Wentworth on 11 May 1813 and succeeded in crossing the mountains by 31 May. They ventured as far as to what is now Mount Blaxland, just west of Coxs River.
In November 1813, Macquarie sent the surveyor George Evans on an expedition to confirm the discoveries made by Blaxland and his party. He was also told to see if there existed enough arable land to justify settlement. The issue had become more urgent because the colony was in the grips of a drought.
Evans and his party reached the Fish and Macquarie rivers, and the site of Bathurst.[20] On 7 July 1814, construction of a road across the mountains was begun by William Cox. The work was at the behest of Governor Macquarie. 30 convict labourers and 8 guards completed the road on 14 January 1815 after 27 weeks of hard work.[17]:145
Since the Blue Mountains are rich in coal and shale, mining for these resources began in Hartley Vale in 1865. J.B. North ran a shale mine in the Jamison Valley in the 19th century,[12]:243 and other operations were set up in several places. Locations for mining activities included the Jamison Valley, the upper Grose Valley, Newnes, Glen Davis and the Asgard Swamp area outside Mount Victoria. Shale mining failed in the long run because it was not financially viable.
Ruins at abandoned silver-mining town of Yerranderie (later reopened to tourism)
Climate[edit]
The climate varies with elevation. At Katoomba, (1,010 m or 3,314 ft) the summer average maximum temperature is around 22 °C with a few days extending into the 30s (80s–90s °F) although it is quite common to see maximum temperatures stay in the teens when east coast troughs persist. Night-time temperatures are usually in the teens but can drop to single figures at times. During winter, the temperature is typically around 10 to 11 °C in the daytime with −1 °C or so on clear nights and 3 to 4 °C on cloudy nights. Very occasionally it will get down to −3 °C or slightly lower but usually the coldest air drains into the valleys during calm, clear nights. The Blue Mountains is not known for particularly cold mornings compared to other areas on the Central Tablelands, such as Oberon, Bathurst and Orange. There are two to three snowfalls per year, although settled snow has become less common in recent decades. In the lower mountains, however, the climate is significantly warmer.
Annual rainfall is about 1,050 millimetres (41 in) in the Upper Blue Mountains[21] with many misty days.
Geography[edit]
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Neates Glen, outside Blackheath
Upper Wentworth Falls as viewed along the National Pass walking track near the town of Wentworth Falls
The Greater Blue Mountains Area is sometimes considered to be part of Greater Western Sydney region.
The predominant natural vegetation of the higher ridges is eucalyptus forest. Heath-like vegetation is present on plateau edges above cliffs. The sheltered gorges often contain temperate rainforests. There are also many hanging swamps with button grass reeds and thick, deep black soil. Wollemia nobilis, the "Wollemi pine", a relict of earlier vegetation of Gondwana, is found in remote and isolated valleys of the Wollemi National Park.
The main natural disasters to afflict the area are bush fires and severe storms. In recent years the lower mountains have been subjected to a series of bush fires which have caused great loss of property but relatively little loss of life. The upper mountains had not had a major fire for some decades until December 2002 (the Blackheath Glen Fire) and November 2006 when an extensive blaze in the Grose Valley threatened several communities including Bell and Blackheath (the Lawsons Long Alley Fire). This latest fire burned for almost a month but was extinguished, mainly due to a change in the weather, without loss of human life or property. A program of winter burning seems to have been successful in reducing fires in the upper mountains.
Mountain peaks[edit]
The Blue Mountains Range contains smaller mountain ranges: the Bell Range near The Bells Line of Road and north of the Grose River; the Explorer Range, south of the Grose River extending west towards Mount Victoria; the Caley Range, Erskine Range, Mount Hay Range, Paterson Range, and the Woodford Range.[22] The major recorded peaks are:[23]
unnamed peak (1,189 m or 3,901 ft)
Mount Piddington (1,094 m or 3,589 ft)
Mount Boyce (1,093 m or 3,586 ft)[24]
Mount York (1,061 m or 3,481 ft)
Mount Banks (1,049 m or 3,442 ft)[25]
Mount Wilson (1,008 m or 3,307 ft)[26]
Kings Tableland (1,000 m or 3,281 ft)
Narrow Neck Plateau (1,000 m or 3,281 ft)
Mount Solitary (950 m or 3,117 ft)
Mount Hay (944 m or 3,097 ft)[27]
Mount Irvine (850 m or 2,789 ft)
Geology[edit]
The Blue Mountains and the town of the town of Katoomba, New South Wales
The Blue Mountains are a dissected plateau carved in sandstone bedrock. They are now a series of ridge lines separated by gorges up to 760 metres (2,490 ft) deep. The highest point in the Blue Mountains, as it is now defined, is an unnamed point with an elevation of 1,189 m (3,901 ft) AHD , located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north-east of Lithgow. However, the highest point in the broader region that was once considered to be the Blue Mountains is Mount Bindo, with an elevation 1,362 m (4,469 ft) AHD .[14] A large part of the Blue Mountains is incorporated into the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site, consisting of seven national park areas and a conservation reserve.[28]
The Blue Mountains area is a distinct physiographic section of the larger Hunter-Hawkesbury Sunkland province. This is in turn a part of the larger East Australian Cordillera physiographic division.
World Heritage listing[edit]
Main article: Greater Blue Mountains Area
The Greater Blue Mountains Area was unanimously listed as a World Heritage Area by UNESCO on 29 November 2000, becoming the fourth area in New South Wales to be listed.[29] The area totals roughly 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi), including the Blue Mountains, Kanangra-Boyd, Wollemi, Gardens of Stone, Yengo, Nattai and Thirlmere Lakes National Parks, plus the Jenolan Caves Karst Conservation Reserve.
This site was chosen to be included on the World Heritage list because:
“ "Criteria (ii) and (iv): Australia’s eucalypt vegetation is worthy of recognition as of outstanding universal value, because of its adaptability and evolution in post-Gondwana isolation. The site contains a wide and balanced representation of eucalypt habitats from wet and dry sclerophyll, mallee heathlands, as well as localised swamps, wetlands, and grassland. 90 eucalypti tax (13% of the global total) and representation of all four groups of eucalypts occur. There is also a high level of endemism with 114 endemic taxa found in the area as well as 120 nationally rare and threatened plant tax. The site hosts several evolutionary relic species (Wollemia, Microstrobos, Acrophyllum) which have persisted in highly restricted micro sites."[30] ”
Fauna[edit]
Platypus in the Blue Mountains
The Greater Blue Mountains Area is inhabited by over 400 different forms of animals. Among them are rare mammal species like spotted-tailed quoll, the koala, the yellow-bellied glider, and long-nosed potoroo. There are also some rare reptiles, like the Blue Mountain water skink.[31] There are also some dingos in the area, which form the top predators and hunt for grey kangaroos.[32]
Tourist attractions[edit]
The Edge Cinema offers visitors a panoramic view of the Blue Mountains.[33]
The Giant Stairway[34] walking track runs down a cliff into the Jamison Valley, near the Three Sisters, providing access to nature walks[35] through the valley.[12]:212–220
Jenolan Caves, a series of limestone caves south west of Katoomba.
The Katoomba Scenic Railway is an incline railway now used for tourism, and originally part of the Katoomba mining tramways constructed between 1878 and 1900. The incline railway descends 415 metres through sandstone cliffs, via a rock tunnel with a maximum gradient of 52 degrees. Also, at this location is the Scenic Skyway, a glass-bottom aerial cable car that traverses an arm of the Jamison Valley, and the Scenic Cableway, the steepest aerial cable car in Australia.
The Norman Lindsay Gallery and Museum at Faulconbridge, operated by The National Trust of Australia and is located inside the former Norman Lindsay homestead, Springwood.
The Toy and Railway Museum at Leura.
Knapsack Viaduct, also a location where the bell miner bird can often be heard.
Lennox Bridge, Glenbrook, on Mitchell's Pass which may be hiked (downhill) from Blaxland to Emu Plains (8 km).
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum.
The Zig Zag Railway: A steam-powered railway near Lithgow.
A popular way to visit the Blue Mountains is by coach.[36]
The last remaining apple orchard on the Shipley Plateau.[37]
The Explorers tree, next to the Great Western Highway, west of Katoomba.
Recreational activity[edit]
The Blue Mountains are a popular destination for rock climbers, mountain bikers and hikers as well as canyoning and other adventure sports. These sports are well catered for by guiding companies and equipment stores located mainly in Katoomba.
Popular climbing destinations include the Centennial Glen cliffs near Blackheath, Mount Victoria, Mount Piddington and Mount Boyce. Climbing is currently banned on The Three Sisters.[38]
Mountain biking takes place mainly on the many fire trails that branch away from the main spine of the Great Western Highway, such as Narrow Neck, Anderson's Fire Trail and others.[39][40]
Likewise many of the fire trails are popular with day hikers, though many dedicated walking trails exist away from the fire roads.[41]
Canyoning in the Blue Mountains is a popular sport and caters for various skill levels. It carries inherent dangers, yet for those with the appropriate skills or those looking to take a guided trip there are many great opportunities to experience a different view of the Blue Mountains.
There are numerous abseiling options available in the Blue Mountains including single and multipitch routes. There are some restrictions though with certain areas being closed for abseiling.[42]
Cricket is a popular sport in the Blue Mountains, with the Blue Mountains Cattle Dogs representing the district in the Western Zone Premier League, Country Plate and Presidents Cup competitions.[43]
Gallery[edit]
View of Jamison Valley from north escarpment, outside Katoomba:Three Sisters far left; Mount Solitary left of centre; Narrowneck Plateau, far right
See also[edit]
New South Wales portal
Mountains portal
Environment portal
2013 New South Wales bushfires
Aboriginal sites of New South Wales
Blue Mountains National Park
Greater Blue Mountains Area
List of mountains in Australia
Geography of Sydney
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mount Piddington". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Result based on totalling of population of the 4 LGAs (via LGA's wikipages) that make up the region.
^ Jump up to: a b "Blue Mountains Range". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Gregory's New South Wales State Road Map, Map 220, 11th Edition, Gregory's Publishing Company
Jump up ^ "Blue Mountains". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales.
Jump up ^ http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0007/96847/20758.gif
Jump up ^ "Map of Bell Range, NSW". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Project Gutenberg Australia". Gutenberg.net.au. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Bohlmann J., Keeling C.I. (2008) Terpenoid biomaterials. Plant. J. 54: 656–669
Jump up ^ "Darug Tribal Aboriginal Corporation". Archived from the original on 9 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "About Gundungurra Tribal Council". Gundungurra.org.au. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Paton, Neil (2004), Sydney and Blue Mountains Bushwalks, Kangaroo Press, ISBN 978-0-7318-1227-1
Jump up ^ Hunter, J. (1793) An Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island. John Stockdale, London.
^ Jump up to: a b Macqueen, Andy, 2012. The Blue Mountains: where are they? Blue Mountains History Journal, Issue 3. Blue Mountains Association of Cultural Heritage Organisations. October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Beyond belonging? The landscape and belonging in colonial and contemporary imaginings of the Blue Mountains" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2008. (88.8 KiB), Luke Heffernan.
Jump up ^ "DECCW | Blue Mountains National Park — History since colonisation". Environment.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cunningham, Chris (1996), The Blue Mountains Rediscovered, Kangaroo Press, ISBN 978-0-86417-768-1
Jump up ^ Collins, David (1804). An account of the English colony in New South Wales (2nd ed.). London: T. Cadell and W. Davies. p. 529. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lawson, William". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Shaping Australia – Explorers, Mitchell Scott (Watts Publishing) 2004, pp.5–6
Jump up ^ "Blue Mountains Weather and Climate". Bluemts.com.au. 1 January 2003. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Map of Explorers Range, NSW". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mountain systems of Australia". Year Book of Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mount Boyce". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Map of Mount Banks". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Map of Mount Wilson, NSW". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Mt Wilson Topographic Map (Map). 8930-1N. Cartography by Land and Property Information. New South Wales: Government of New South Wales.
Jump up ^ "Blue Mountains". VisitNSW.com. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Gardens of Stone National Park Information Sheet, National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South Wales, October 2001
Jump up ^ "whc.unesco.org". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Convention: Greater Blue Mountains Area downloaded on 2 August 2011
Jump up ^ Brad V. Purcell: A novel observation of dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) attacking a swimming eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). Australian Mammalogy 32(2) 201–204, 2010.online Abstract
Jump up ^ "About The Edge Cinema". Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bushwalking on the Echo Point to Scenic World via Giant Stairway". AU-NS: Wildwalks.com. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Blue Mountains (Katoomba)". Wildwalks. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
Jump up ^ [dead link] "Blue Mountains, NSW, Australia from above". bluemountainsnswaustralia.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Logan Brae". Retrieved 3 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sydney Rockclimbing Club Access notes". Retrieved 18 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Blue Mountains". Northern Beaches MTB. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
Jump up ^ TrailFlix Blue Mountains listing Archived 8 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Blue Mountains Bushwalking Tracks
Jump up ^ NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service
Jump up ^ http://www.bmca.nsw.cricket.com.au
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blue Mountains, New South Wales.
Blue Mountains travel guide from Wikivoyage
Official Blue Mountains National Park website
Visitor's Guide to the Blue Mountains – Visit NSW
show
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Blue Mountains topics
Towns, suburbs
and localities
Bell
Berambing
Bilpin
Blaxland
Blackheath
Bullaburra
Clarence
Faulconbridge
Glenbrook
Hartley Vale
Hazelbrook
Katoomba
Kings Tableland
Lapstone
Lawson
Leura
Linden
Little Hartley
Medlow Bath
Megalong
Mount Irvine
Mount Riverview
Mount Tomah
Mount Victoria
Mount Wilson
North Katoomba
Shipley
Springwood
Sun Valley
Valley Heights
Warrimoo
Wentworth Falls
Winmalee
Woodford
Yellow Rock
Yosemite
Mountain peaks
Banks
Bell
Bindo
Boyce
Hay
Irvine
Narrow Neck Plateau
Kings Tableland
Piddington
Solitary
Trickett
Wilson
York
Tourist attractions
Evans Lookout
Hartley
Jenolan Caves
Katoomba Scenic World
Norman Lindsay Gallery and Museum
Perrys Lookdown
Three Sisters
Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum
Zig Zag Railway
Valleys
Grose Valley
Jamison Valley
Kedumba Valley
Megalong Valley
Wolgan Valley
Waterfalls
Kanangra Falls
Katoomba Cascade
Katoomba Falls
Leura Cascades
Leura Falls
Linda Falls
Victoria Falls
Wentworth Falls
History
1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains
Clarence Tunnel
Glenbrook Tunnel
Lapstone Zig Zag
Lithgow Zig Zag
National parks
Blue Mountains
Gardens of Stone
Kanangra-Boyd
Nattai
Thirlmere Lakes
Wollemi
Yengo
Rivers
Bargo
Bedford
Capertee
Colo
Coxs
Du Faur
Erskine
Grose
Hollanders
Jenolan
Jooriland
Kedumba
Kowmung
Little (Oberon)
Little (Wollondilly)
Macdonald
Nattai
Nepean
Tonalli
Wingecarribee
Wolgan
Wollangambe
Wollondilly
Miscellaneous
Fantastic Aussie Tours
Greater Blue Mountains Area (World Heritage Site)
Hydro Majestic Hotel
Blue Mountains Dams
Disasters
1999 Glenbrook rail accident
2001 Black Christmas / Warragamba bushfires
2013 bushfires
show
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Mountains in New South Wales, Australia
Coastal mountain ranges
(not part of the
Great Dividing Range)
Mid North Coast
Middle Brother (554 m or 1,818 ft)
South Brother (487 m or 1,598 ft)
North Brother (476 m or 1,562 ft)
Allyn, Barrington
& Mount Royal
Brumlow Tops (1,586 m or 5,203 ft)
Polblue (1,575 m or 5,167 ft)
Barrington (1,555 m or 5,102 ft)
Careys Peak (1,544 m or 5,066 ft)
Eremeren Point (1,537 m or 5,043 ft)
Royal (1,185 m or 3,888 ft)
Allyn (1,125 m or 3,691 ft)
Cabrebald (1,000 m or 3,281 ft)
Ben Bullen
Gunama
Lumeah
Gibraltar and Sugarloaf
Summit (1,170 m or 3,839 ft)
Sugarloaf (412 m or 1,352 ft)
Bulahdelah
Manning
Blue Mountains
Coricudgy (1,255 m or 4,117 ft)
unnamed peak (1,189 m or 3,901 ft)
Pomany (1,109 m or 3,638 ft)
Piddington (1,094 m or 3,589 ft)
Boyce (1,093 m or 3,586 ft)
York (1,061 m or 3,481 ft)
Victoria (1,059 m or 3,474 ft)
Banks (1,049 m or 3,442 ft)
Tomah (1,016 m or 3,333 ft)
Wilson (1,008 m or 3,307 ft)
Kings Tableland (1,000 m or 3,281 ft)
Narrow Neck Plateau (1,000 m or 3,281 ft)
Castle Cliff (986 m or 3,235 ft)
Solitary (950 m or 3,117 ft)
Hay (944 m or 3,097 ft)
Podgers (890 m or 2,920 ft)
Irvine (850 m or 2,789 ft)
Debert (840 m or 2,756 ft)
Camp Cave (800 m or 2,625 ft)
Warrigal (760 m or 2,493 ft)
Notts (750 m or 2,461 ft)
Harris (736 m or 2,415 ft)
Centre (620 m or 2,034 ft)
Hall (617 m or 2,024 ft)
Gibson (608 m or 1,995 ft)
Scorpion (558 m or 1,831 ft)
Linda Rock (599 m or 1,965 ft)
Cookem (569 m or 1,867 ft)
Gospers
Bedford
Cameron
Coriaday
Erskine
Mistake
Monundilla
Whaite
Wirraba
Pearces
Wedding Cake
Illawarra
Bells (803 m or 2,635 ft)
Knights Hill (709 m or 2,326 ft)
Noorinan (663 m or 2,175 ft)
Saddleback (600 m or 1,969 ft)
Wanyambilli Hill (564 m or 1,850 ft)
Kembla (534 m or 1,752 ft)
Burelli (531 m or 1,742 ft)
Kembla West (512 m or 1,680 ft)
Brisbane (469 m or 1,539 ft)
Keira (464 m or 1,522 ft)
Warra (464 m or 1,522 ft)
Brokers Nose (440 m or 1,444 ft)
Nebo (252 m or 827 ft)
The Budawangs
Budawang (1,129 m or 3,704 ft)
Currockbilly (1,087 m or 3,566 ft)
Wog Wog (893 m or 2,930 ft)
Cole (876 m or 2,874 ft)
Sturgiss (858 m or 2,815 ft)
Fosters (857 m or 2,812 ft)
Barneys Hill (855 m or 2,805 ft)
The Castle (831 m or 2,726 ft)
Shrouded Gods (809 m or 2,654 ft)
Donjon (786 m or 2,579 ft)
Clyde (781 m or 2,562 ft)
Quiltys (775 m or 2,543 ft)
Wirritin (674 m or 2,211 ft)
Pigeon House / Didthul (720 m or 2,362 ft)
Bushwalker (640 m or 2,100 ft)
Byangee (500 m or 1,640 ft)
Coolangatta
Tarn
Great Dividing Range
Tweed
Warning (1,156 m or 3,793 ft)
Bar (1,130 m or 3,707 ft)
Glenugie (316 m or 1,037 ft)
Chincogan (260 m or 853 ft)
Gladstone
Goobergooberyam
Moombil
McPherson and Nightcap
Barney (1,359 m or 4,459 ft)
Burrell 933 m or 3,061 ft)
Neville (919 m or 3,015 ft)
Nardi (812 m or 2,664 ft)
Matheson (804 m or 2,638 ft)
Peates (604 m or 1,982 ft)
Mid North Coast
Banda Banda (1,258 m or 4,127 ft)
Nandewar
Kaputar (1,489 m or 4,885 ft)
Dowe (1,457 m or 4,780 ft)
Mount Coryah (1,409 m or 4,623 ft)
Lindesay (1,373 m or 4,505 ft)
Grattai (1,301 m or 4,268 ft)
Bushy (1,260 m or 4,134 ft)
Round (1,250 m or 4,101 ft)
Yulludunida (1,225 m or 4,019 ft)
Castle Top (1,120 m or 3,675 ft)
Gins (1,120 m or 3,675 ft)
Ningadhun (1,013 m or 3,323 ft)
Liverpool and Watagan
unnamed (1,300 m or 4,265 ft)
Pandoras Pass (788 m or 2,585 ft)
Warrawolong (641 m or 2,103 ft)
New England and Moonbi
Round (1,585 m or 5,200 ft)
Point Lookout (1,564 m or 5,131 ft)
Ben Lomond (1,512 m or 4,961 ft)
Grundy (1,463 m or 4,800 ft)
Barren (1,437 m or 4,715 ft)
Hyland (1,434 m or 4,705 ft)
Duval (1,393 m or 4,570 ft)
Black Jack (1,300 m or 4,265 ft)
Gulligal (1,230 m or 4,035 ft)
Oaky (1,070 m or 3,510 ft)
Cooee (1,020 m or 3,346 ft)
Flaggy (984 m or 3,228 ft)
Big Billy (884 m or 2,900 ft)
Dorrigo (762 m or 2,500 ft)
Burning (520 m or 1,706 ft)
Yarrowyck
Central Tablelands
Canobolas (1,395 m or 4,577 ft)
Shooters Hill (1,394 m or 4,573 ft)
Bindo (1,363 m or 4,472 ft)
Trickett (1,362 m or 4,469 ft)
Blaxland
Hopeless
The Brindabellas and Scabby
Bimberi (1,913 m or 6,276 ft)
Gingera (1,857 m or 6,093 ft)
Kelly (1,829 m or 6,001 ft)
Ginini (1,762 m or 5,781 ft)
Franklin (1,646 m or 5,400 ft)
Aggie (1,421 m or 4,662 ft)
Coree (1,421 m or 4,662 ft)
Bramina (1,392 m or 4,567 ft)
Bulls Head (1,375 m or 4,511 ft)
Black Bottle (1,356 m or 4,449 ft)
Lickhole (1,188 m or 3,898 ft)
Brindabella (972 m or 3,189 ft)
Monaro
Big Badja (1,363 m or 4,472 ft)
Brown (1,243 m or 4,078 ft)
Gibraltar (Bungendore) (887 m or 2,910 ft)
Gibraltar Hill
Snowies
Main
Kosciuszko (2,228 m or 7,310 ft)
Townsend (2,209 m or 7,247 ft)
unnamed peak on Etheridge Ridge (2,180 m or 7,152 ft)
Alice Rawson Peak (2,160 m or 7,087 ft)
Byatts Camp (2,159 m or 7,083 ft)
Carruthers (2,145 m or 7,037 ft)
Abbott Peak (2,145 m or 7,037 ft)
Mount Northcote (2,131 m or 6,991 ft)
Muellers Peak (2,120 m or 6,955 ft)
Clark (2,100 m or 6,890 ft)
Lee (2,100 m or 6,890 ft)
Gungartan (2,068 m or 6,785 ft)
Tate (2,068 m or 6,785 ft)
Jagungal (2,061 m or 6,762 ft)
Perisher (2,054 m or 6,739 ft)
Stilwell (2,040 m or 6,693 ft)
Watsons Crags (2,020 m or 6,627 ft)
Back Perisher (2,014 m or 6,608 ft)
Anton (2,000 m or 6,562 ft)
Anderson (1,997 m or 6,552 ft)
Blue Cow (1,994 m or 6,542 ft)
The Granite Peaks (1,980 m or 6,496 ft)
Dicky Cooper Bogong (1,980 m or 6,496 ft)
Gills Knobs (1,940 m or 6,365 ft)
Guthega Peak (1,924 m or 6,312 ft)
Blue Calf (1,905 m or 6,250 ft)
Sentinel (1,900 m or 6,234 ft)
Mount Piper (1,830 m or 6,004 ft)
Round (1,756 m or 5,761 ft)
Ramshead
Rams Head (2,190 m or 7,185 ft)
Twynam (2,178 m or 7,146 ft)
Rams Head North (2,177 m or 7,142 ft)
Little Twynam (2,120 m or 6,955 ft)
Other mountains in the GDR
Yengo (668 m or 2,192 ft)
Inland mountain ranges
Barrier
Lewis Peak (297 m or 974 ft)
Warrumbungles
Exmouth (1,206 m or 3,957 ft)
Woorut (1,165 m or 3,822 ft)
Needle
Other inland mountains
Grenfell
Gibralter Hill
Island mountain ranges
Lord Howe
Gower (875 m or 2,871 ft)
Lidgbird (777 m or 2,549 ft)
Mountains not within a specific range
Gibraltar (863 m or 2,831 ft)
Gulaga (806 m or 2,644 ft)
Ulandra (761 m or 2,497 ft)
Tilga (329 m or 1,079 ft)
Oxley (307 m or 1,007 ft)
Authority control
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Robert Ressler
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Robert Kenneth Ressler[1] (February 21, 1937 – May 5, 2013) was an FBI agent and author. He played a significant role in the psychological profiling of violent offenders in the 1970s and is often credited with coining the term "serial killer."[2] After retiring from the FBI, he authored a number of books on serial murders, and often gave lectures on criminology.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Military career
3 FBI career
4 Life after retirement and death
5 Books
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Robert Ressler grew up on North Marmora Avenue in Chicago, Illinois and graduated from Schurz High School,[3] Class of 1955. He was the son of Joseph, who worked in security and maintenance at the Chicago Tribune, and Gertrude Ressler.[4] At an early age Robert became interested in killers, as he followed the Tribune's articles on "The Lipstick Killer".[4] Ressler claims that he was more fascinated than afraid of this notorious killer, as other killers fascinated him in his later years with the FBI.[4] Ressler attended two years at a community college before joining the U.S. Army and was stationed in Okinawa.[4] After two years in the army Ressler decided to enroll in the School of criminology and police administration at Michigan State University. He graduated with a bachelor's degree and started graduate work but only finished one semester before going back into the army as an officer, having also completed an ROTC program at Michigan State.[4]
Military career[edit]
Ressler served in the U.S. Army as a provost marshal of a platoon of MPs in Aschaffenburg, as he states in his autobiography "Whoever Fights Monsters." He was in charge of solving such cases as homicides, robberies, and arson.[4] After four years in Germany Ressler decided to leave the position and was reassigned as the Commander of a Criminal Investigation Division (CID) at Fort Sheridan.[4] He then went back to Michigan State to finish his master's in police administration, paid for by the army, in exchange for two more years of service after graduation. After he got his degree, he served a year in Thailand and a year in Fort Sheridan, where he finished out his career with the army as a major, and moved on to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).[4]
FBI career[edit]
Ressler joined the FBI in 1970 and was recruited into the Behavioral Science Unit that deals with drawing up psychological profiles of violent offenders, such as rapists and serial killers, who typically select victims at random.
In the early 1980s, Ressler helped to organize the interviews of thirty-six incarcerated serial killers in order to find parallels between such criminals' backgrounds and motives. He was also instrumental in setting up Vi-CAP (Violent Criminal Apprehension Program). This consists of a centralized computer database of information on unsolved homicides. Information is gathered from local police forces and cross-referenced with other unsolved killings across the United States. Working on the basis that most serial killers claim similar victims with a standard method (modus operandi) it hopes to spot early on when a killer is carrying out crimes in different jurisdictions. This was primarily a response to the appearance of nomadic killers who committed crimes in different areas. So long as the killer kept on the move, the police forces in each state would be unaware that there were multiple victims and would just be investigating a single homicide each, unaware that other police forces had similar crimes. Vi-CAP would help individual police forces determine if they were hunting for the same perpetrator so that they could share and correlate information with one another, increasing their chances of identifying a suspect.
He worked on many cases of serial homicide such as Jeffrey Dahmer, Ted Bundy, Richard Chase and John Joubert.
Life after retirement and death[edit]
Ressler retired from the FBI in 1990 and authored a number of books about serial murder. He actively gave lectures to students and police forces on the subject of criminology and in 1993, was brought in to London to assist in the investigation into the murders committed by Colin Ireland. In 1995, Ressler met South African profiler Micki Pistorius at a conference in Scotland and she invited him to review her investigation of the "ABC Murders", so-called because of their location in the Johannesburg suburbs of Atteridgeville, Boksburg, and Cleveland. A man named David Selepe had died in police custody while being investigated as a suspect for the Cleveland murders, prior to the discovery of the Atteridgeville and Boksburg crimes, and the authorities feared that they had killed an innocent man while the real culprit was still at large. Ressler believed that Selepe was indeed responsible for the Cleveland murders, either alone or with an accomplice, and that the Atteridgeville and Boksburg murders had been committed by the same offender, but that this killer was not involved in the Cleveland murders. He also pointed out that the Atteridgeville-Boksburg murderer was gaining confidence with each killing and would contact the media. As predicted, serial killer Moses Sithole called the South African newspaper The Star to claim responsibility for the Atteridgeville and Boksburg murders, some time after Ressler left the case.[5][6]
Ressler's visit to Ciudad Juárez in Mexico to investigate the still-active femicides occurring there served as inspiration for the character Albert Kessler in Roberto Bolaño's novel 2666.[7]
Ressler died at his home in Spotsylvania County, Virginia on Sunday May 5, 2013, from Parkinson's Disease. He was 76 years old. He is survived by his wife Helen Graszer Ressler, his son Lt. Col. Aaron R. Ressler, daughters Allison R. Tsiumus and Betsy S. Hamlin, 3 grandchildren and 3 step grandchildren.[8]
Books[edit]
Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives (with John E. Douglas, Ann Wolbert Burgess) (1988)
Whoever Fights Monsters: My Twenty Years Tracking Serial Killers for the FBI (with Tom Shachtman) (1992)
Justice Is Served (with Tom Shachtman) (1994)
I Have Lived in the Monster (with Tom Shachtman) (1998)
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Crime Classification Manual
FBI method of profiling
Forensic psychology
Investigative psychology
Offender profiling
John E. Douglas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Illinois, Cook County, Birth Certificate of Robert Kenneth Ressler".
Jump up ^ https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/shadow-boxing/201410/who-coined-serial-killer
Jump up ^ "Sleuth Took A Serial Interest In Gacy". Retrieved 2016-08-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Ressler, Robert (1993). Whoever Fights Monsters. New York: St Martin's Press. pp. 23–30. ISBN 0312950446.
Jump up ^ Pistorius, Micki (2012) Catch me a killer. Penguin UK, 209 pages.
Jump up ^ Murray, William (2009) Serial Killers. Canary Press, 192 pages.
Jump up ^ Marcela Valdes, "Alone Among the Ghosts: Roberto Bolano's '2666'", The Nation, 19 November, 2008
Jump up ^ Author of article Free Lance-Star reporter Pamela Gould, http://www.covenantfuneralservice.com/obituaries/robert-kenneth-ressler/
External links[edit]
Robert Ressler's official site
Robert K Ressler interview at www.sci-fi-online.com
Robert Ressler obituary at Forensic Behavorial Science International
Obituary
Authority control
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Abraj Al Bait
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
building complex in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Abraj Al-Bait
ابراج البيت
Abraj Al-Bait Towers as seen from Masjid al-Haram in June 2012
Abraj Al Bait
Location within Saudi Arabia
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
General information
Status
Complete
Type
Mixed use:
Hotel, Residential
Architectural style
Postmodern
Location
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates
21°25′08″N 39°49′35″E / 21.41889°N 39.82639°E / 21.41889; 39.82639Coordinates: 21°25′08″N 39°49′35″E / 21.41889°N 39.82639°E / 21.41889; 39.82639
Construction started
2004
Completed
2011
Opening
2011
Cost
US$15 billion[1]
Height
Architectural
601 m (1,972 ft)[2]
Tip
601 m (1,972 ft)[2]
Antenna spire
601 metres (1,972 feet)
Roof
530 m (1,740 ft)
Top floor
494 m (1,621 ft)[3]
Observatory
484.4 m (1,589 ft)[3]
Technical details
Material
main structural system: reinforced concrete (lower part), steel/concrete composite construction, steel construction (upper part);
cladding: glass, marble, natural stone, carbon-/glass-fibre-reinforced plastic
Floor count
120[4] (Clock Tower)
Floor area
Tower: 310,638 m2 (3,343,680 sq ft)
Development: 1,575,815 m2 (16,961,930 sq ft)[3]
Lifts/elevators
96 (Clock Tower)
Design and construction
Architect
SL Rasch GmbH and Dar Al-Handasah Architects
Structural engineer
SL Rasch GmbH and Dar Al-Handasah
Main contractor
Saudi Binladin Group
The Abraj Al-Bait (Translated as "The Towers of the House") is a government-owned megatall complex of seven skyscraper hotels in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. These towers are a part of the King Abdulaziz Endowment Project that strives to modernize the city in catering to its pilgrims. The central hotel tower, the Makkah Royal Clock Tower, A Fairmont Hotel, has the world's largest clock face and is the third-tallest building and fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the world.
The building complex is metres away from the world's largest mosque and Islam's most sacred site, the Great Mosque of Mecca. The developer and contractor of the complex is the Saudi Binladin Group, the Kingdom's largest construction company.[3] It is the world's most expensive building with the total cost of construction equaling US$15 billion.[5] The complex was built after the demolition[6] of the Ajyad Fortress, the 18th-century Ottoman citadel which stood atop a hill overlooking the Grand Mosque. The destruction of the fort in 2002 by the Saudi government sparked Turkish and international outcry.[7]
Contents
1 Description
1.1 List of component towers
2 Features
2.1 Spire
2.2 Floor plans (clock tower)
3 Incidents
3.1 Construction fires
3.2 Controversy
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Description[edit]
The tallest tower in the complex is the tallest building in Saudi Arabia, with a height of 581.1 metres (1,906 feet). Currently it is the fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the world, surpassing the Ping An Finance Centre in Shenzhen, China but shorter than the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, UAE, the Tokyo Skytree in Tokyo, Japan, the Shanghai Tower in Shanghai, China, and the Canton Tower in Guangzhou, China.
The site of the complex is located across the piazza to the south from the main entrance (King Abdul-Aziz Gate) to the Masjid al Haram mosque, which houses the Kaaba. To accommodate worshippers visiting the Kaaba, the Abraj Al-Bait Towers has two large prayer rooms (one for men, one for women) capable of holding more than 10,000 people. The tallest tower in the complex also contains a five-star hotel, operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts, to help provide lodging for the millions of pilgrims that travel to Mecca annually to participate in the Hajj.
Abraj Al-Bait compared with other tallest buildings in Asia.
In addition, the Abraj Al-Bait Towers has a five-story shopping mall (the Abraj Al Bait Mall) and a parking garage capable of holding over a thousand vehicles. The project uses clock faces for each side of the main hotel tower. The highest residential (penthouse) floor stands at 370 m (1,210 ft), just below the media displays under the clock faces. These are with 43 m × 43 m (141 ft × 141 ft) the largest in the world. The roof of the clocks is 450 m (1,480 ft) above the ground, making them the world's most elevated architectural clocks. A 151-metre-tall (495 ft) spire has been added on top of the clock giving it a total height of 601 m (1,972 ft). Behind the clock faces there is an Astronomy Exhibition situated. In the spire base and the glass covered floors (The Jewel) there is a scientific center which is used to sight the moon in the beginnings of the Islamic Months and to operate an atomic clock which is steering the tower clocks.[8]
The building was planned to be 734 m (2,408 ft) tall in 2006. In 2009, it was published that the final height would be 601 m (1,972 ft). The complex was built by the Saudi Binladin Group, Saudi Arabia's largest construction company. The tallest building in the complex (from a height of 450 m (1,480 ft) up until the tip) was designed by the German architect Mahmoud Bodo Rasch and his firm SL Rasch GmbH.[9] The façade was constructed by Premiere Composite Technologies, the clock by German tower clock manufacturer PERROT GmbH & Co. KG Turmuhren und Läuteanlagen.[10] According to the Saudi Ministry of Religious Endowments, the project cost US$15 billion.[11]
List of component towers[edit]
Tower
Height
Floors
Completion
Tenants
Makkah Royal Clock Tower
601 m (1,972 ft)[12] 120[13] 2012[3] Fairmont Makkah Clock Royal Tower Hotel
Hajar
279 m (915 ft) 58 2012 Mövenpick Hotel & Residences Hajar Tower Makkah
ZamZam
279 m (915 ft) 58 2012 Pullman ZamZam Makkah
Safa
220 m (720 ft) 46 2007 Raffles Makkah Palace
Marwah
220 m (720 ft) 46 2008[14] Al Marwa Rayhaan by Rotana - Makkah
Al Maqam
232 m (761 ft) 61[15] 2012 Swissôtel al Maqam Makkah
Qibla
232 m (761 ft) 61[16] 2012 Swissôtel Makkah
Features[edit]
Comparison of some notable four-face clocks at the same scale.
Top-left: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower
Bottom-left: Allen-Bradley Clock Tower (previous record holder)
Middle: Abraj Al Bait
Top-right: Palace of Westminster clock tower
Bottom-right: Kremlin Clock
The building is topped by a four-faced clock, visible from 25 kilometres (16 miles) away. The clock is the highest in the world at over 400 m (1,300 ft) above the ground. The clock faces are the largest in the world, surpassing the Cevahir Mall clock in Istanbul.
Each of the clock's four faces measures 43 m (141 ft) in diameter and are illuminated by 2 million LED lights, with four oriented edges, just above the clock alongside huge Arabic script reading: "God is [the] greatest" on the north and south faces and on the west and east "There is no god but God. Muhammad is the messenger of God.". Four golden domes on pillars on all the corners are also present. Another 21,000 white and green coloured lights, the same as the Saudi Flag, fitted at the top of the clock, flash to signal Islam's five-time daily prayers, and are visible as far as 30 km (19 mi) away. On special occasions such as new year, 16 bands of vertical lights shoot 10 km (6.2 mi) up into the sky. The clock's four faces are covered with 98 million pieces of glass mosaics. The Saudi coat of arms is displayed at the centre of each clock behind the dials. The minute hand is 23 m (75 ft) long, while the hour hand is 17 m (56 ft) long.
A (non public) viewing deck is located 558 m (1,831 ft) above the ground, right under the crescent. There is also a public viewing deck at the base of the clocks at 393 metres' height.
There were rumours[17][18] that the clock would be set to local Mecca Time, in an attempt to replace the IERS reference meridian (successor of the former Greenwich meridian) as the prime meridian for global time keeping, but the clock is set to Arabia Standard Time (UTC+03:00).
Spire[edit]
The clocks are topped by a 128-metre (420 ft) spire with a 23-metre-high (75 ft) golden crescent at the top. The spire has an eight-story glass-covered base (The Jewel) which belongs to a scientific center having its own small exhibition, another observation deck at 475 m (1,558 ft) and a prayer floor in 480 m (1,570 ft). The highest floor in The Jewel is the Control Tower Floor, which was planned to be used for controlling air traffic in the sky above Makkah (mainly helicopters for air planes are not allowed near Makkah). But this was skipped for technical reasons and the future usage is not clear yet. Above from The Jewel the spire has only technical installations for sound, light and other infrastructure and eventually the last viewing deck and the crescent above it. The crescent has two regular floors with living areas and a few service floors and rooms.
The crescent was constructed in Dubai by Premier Composite Technologies in April 2011. The crescent is made of fibreglass-backed mosaic gold, and it weighs up to 35 tonnes. Peugeot Joseph, the company official, said a team of five engineers and a hundred workers carried out the project, which cost 90 million United Arab Emirates dirhams and took three months to build.
The company has also constructed the Mecca Clock. The crescent was divided into 10 parts to move it to Mecca.[19] The crescent was partly assembled on the base of the clock face to reduce it to 5 parts. Those five parts were then lifted and installed above the spire from 20 June to 6 July 2011.
The minaret and its base have massive loudspeakers which emit prayer calls to a distance of 7 km while nearly 21,000 lamps illuminate the surrounding area to a distance of 30 km (19 mi). During occasions like Muslim Eids and new Hijri years, a 16-beam light illuminates an area of a diameter of around 10 km (6 mi) while 21,000 lamps beam white and green lights to a distance of 30 km (19 mi). The light beams are intended to allow deaf persons or Muslims in far areas to know prayer timings in the western parts of Mecca and nearby cities.[20] Yet, despite the claimed need for illumination and awareness of prayer timings in discrete areas and portions around and in Mecca, there are well over 200 existing old mosques in the city; most are frequently attended and therefore well equipped with Muadhins to call the prayer.[21][22]
Floor plans (clock tower)[edit]
The following is a breakdown of floors in the clock tower.[12]
Floors
Use
VD[23] Viewing Deck
CTP Control Tower Platform
CT Control Tower
S8 Service Area
P Prayer Room and mezzanine
LG Lunar Gallery
LC Lunar Committee
LR Lunar Research Offices
LE Lunar Exhibition
LLM Lunar Library
LL Lunar Lobby and Makkah Time Centre
S7 Service Area
A2–A4[24] Makkah Astronomy Exhibition
A1[25] Makkah Astronomy Exhibition, Observation Deck
S6 Service Area
PH Penthouse
R1–R5 Royal Floors
S5–S5M Service Area
31–53 Emaar Residences
30–30M Emaar Residences (Duplex)
S3 Service Area
29 Restaurants
28–28G Fairmont Gold Lounge
1–27 Hotel Guest Rooms
S2M Service Area
S2 Prayer Room
M4 Emaar Residences Lobby
M3 Restaurants
M2 Hotel Lobby
M1 Health Club
PLM Meeting Rooms
PL Ballrooms
L11–L12 Retail Shops, Hospital
L5–L10 Studios, Prayer Rooms
S1 Service Area
L1–L4 Mall
GL Haram Level, Mall
B1 Retail Shops
B2 Bus Station, Tunnel
Incidents[edit]
Construction fires[edit]
The Abraj-Al-Bait complex had two fire incidents during construction. The first fire accident was at Hajar Tower on 28 October 2008. It took 400 firefighters to put out the fire, which burned for 10 hours, consuming nine floors of the tower.[26] According to eyewitness reports, the blaze erupted shortly after midnight, and spread rapidly because of wood used for construction stored in the premises. Soon, the entire building was engulfed in smoke. Hospitals were put on high alert, but no injuries were reported. A civil defence spokesman said the fire started on the 32nd floor of the Hajar Tower.[27]
The second fire struck the Safa Tower on 1 May 2009. No deaths or injuries were reported in the blaze which was quickly contained by Civil Defence. Eyewitnesses said the fire broke out soon after Asr prayer while some workers in the building were welding iron rods on wooden scaffoldings. The fire damaged a large part of the under-construction tower. According to Major General Adel Zamzami, director general of Civil Defence in the Mecca province, the fire broke out at the 14th floor and reached up to the 20th.[26]
Controversy[edit]
See also: Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia
The construction engendered some controversy as the location chosen for the towers was the historic 18th-century Ottoman Ajyad Fortress, which was demolished to make way for them.[28] The development has also been criticised for having "transformed a type of architecture that evolved from a dense urban grain of low-rise courtyards and narrow streets into ... an endlessly repeatable pattern for the decoration of standardised [concrete] slab(s)".[29]
See also[edit]
Saudi Arabia portal
List of buildings with 100 floors or more
List of tallest buildings in Saudi Arabia
List of tallest buildings
List of largest buildings
List of tallest hotels
List of largest clock faces
References[edit]
Jump up ^ - Abraj Al Bait Abraj Al Bait Towers, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
^ Jump up to: a b "Makkah Royal Clock Tower - The Skyscraper Center". skyscrapercenter.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Makkah Clock Royal Tower, A Fairmont Hotel - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Makkah Royal Clock Tower - The Skyscraper Center".
Jump up ^ "Revealed: The world's 20 most expensive buildings". Daily Telegraph. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historic Fortress Destroyed". New York Times. 9 January 2002. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Historic Makkah fortress demolished". Arab News. 9 January 2002. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Syed Faisal Ali: "Makkah Time a new alternative for GMT" Arab News, 10 August 2010
Jump up ^ "Serving the Lord, through the lens". Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Made in Germany geht immer weitere Wege". Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Abdullah Al-Shiri: "9 modern architectural wonders of the Mideast" CNN, 22 January 2013
^ Jump up to: a b http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2787/4414834139_391b4508b4_o.jpg
Jump up ^ "Best Luxury Hotel Makkah - Fairmont Makkah Clock Royal Tower".
Jump up ^ "Abraj Al Bait Marwah Tower - The Skyscraper Center".
Jump up ^ "Abraj Al Bait Maqam Tower - The Skyscraper Center".
Jump up ^ "Abraj Al Bait Qibla Tower - The Skyscraper Center".
Jump up ^ "Giant Mecca clock seeks to call time on Greenwich" The Daily Telegraph, 10 August 2010
Jump up ^ "Saudis Want 'Mecca Time' to Replace GMT" Archived 25 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. AOL News, 10 August 2010
Jump up ^ الإسم: (25 August 2011). "تصنيع هلال برج ساعة مكة في دبي - البيان". Albayan.ae. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "World's largest gold minaret set up in Saudi". Emirates 24/7. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mecca mosques 'wrongly aligned'". BBC News. 5 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions On Moon-Sighting". Moonsighting.com. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Located underneath the crescent
Jump up ^ Located within the clock face
Jump up ^ Located underneath the clock face
^ Jump up to: a b Ibtisam Sheqdar: "Fire damages Makkah tower" Archived 16 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Arab News, 1 May 2009
Jump up ^ Mariam Al Hakeem: "Makkah hotel fire under investigation" Gulf News, 21 October 2008
Jump up ^ ‘Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca’, The Independent, 19 April 2006
Jump up ^ Mecca's mega architecture casts shadow over hajj. The Guardian. 23 October 2012. Accessed 3 April 2017 from https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/oct/23/mecca-architecture-hajj1
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abraj Al Bait Towers.
Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel on CTBUH Skyscraper Center
Abraj Al Bait Towers on Emporis
Hotel Tower entry on Emporis
SkyscraperPage.com: Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel
Reshaping Mecca—slide show, The New York Times
Specific data and project
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraj_Al_Bait&oldid=856660055"
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