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Seine
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For other uses, see Seine (disambiguation).
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Seine (La Seine)
The Seine in Paris
Country
France
Tributaries
- left Yonne, Loing, Eure, Risle
- right Ource, Aube, Marne, Oise, Epte
Mouth
- elevation 0 m (0 ft)
- coordinates 49°26′02″N 0°12′24″E / 49.43389°N 0.20667°E / 49.43389; 0.20667Coordinates: 49°26′02″N 0°12′24″E / 49.43389°N 0.20667°E / 49.43389; 0.20667
Length
777 km (483 mi)
Basin
79,000 km2 (30,502 sq mi)
Discharge
for Le Havre
- average 560 m3/s (19,776 cu ft/s)
Topographic map of the Seine basin
The Seine (/seɪn/ SAYN; French: La Seine, pronounced [la sɛːn]) is a 777-kilometre-long (483 mi) river and an important commercial waterway within the Paris Basin in the north of France. It rises at Source-Seine, 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plateau, flowing through Paris and into the English Channel at Le Havre (and Honfleur on the left bank).[1] It is navigable by ocean-going vessels as far as Rouen, 120 kilometres (75 mi) from the sea. Over 60 percent of its length, as far as Burgundy, is negotiable by commercial riverboats, and nearly its whole length is available for recreational boating; excursion boats offer sightseeing tours of the Rive Droite and Rive Gauche within the city of Paris.
There are 37 bridges within Paris and dozens more spanning the river outside the city. Examples in Paris include the Pont Alexandre III and Pont Neuf, the latter of which dates back to 1607. Outside the city, examples include the Pont de Normandie, one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world, which links Le Havre to Honfleur.
Contents
[hide]
1 Sources
2 Course of the river
3 Navigation
4 Flooding
5 Watershed
6 Water quality
7 History
7.1 Name
7.2 Events
8 In fiction
9 In art
10 See also
11 Notes and references
12 External links
Sources[edit]
The source of the Seine
The Seine rises in the commune of Source-Seine, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Dijon. The source has been owned by the city of Paris since 1864. A number of closely associated small ditches or depressions provide the source waters, with an artificial grotto laid out to highlight and contain a deemed main source. The grotto includes a statue of a nymph, a dog, and a dragon. On the same site are the buried remains of a Gallo-Roman temple. Small statues of the dea Sequana "Seine goddess" and other ex voti found at the same place are now exhibited in the Dijon archeological museum.
Course of the river[edit]
The Seine can artificially be divided into five parts :
the Petite Seine "Small Seine" from the sources to Montereau-Fault-Yonne
the Haute Seine "Upper Seine" from Montereau-Fault-Yonne to Paris
the Traversée de Paris "the Paris waterway"
the Basse Seine "Lower Seine" from Paris to Rouen
the Seine maritime "Maritime Seine" from Rouen to the English channel.
Navigation[edit]
The Pont de Normandie over the Seine, between Le Havre and Honfleur, on the Normandy coast
The Seine is dredged and ocean-going vessels can dock at Rouen, 120 kilometres (75 mi) from the sea. Commercial craft (barges and push-tows) can use the river from Marcilly-sur-Seine, 516 kilometres (321 mi) to its mouth.[2]
At Paris, there are 37 bridges. The river is only 24 metres (79 ft) above sea level 446 kilometres (277 mi) from its mouth, making it slow flowing and thus easily navigable.
The Seine Maritime, 105.7 kilometres (65.7 mi) from the English Channel at Le Havre to Rouen, is the only portion of the Seine used by ocean-going craft.[3] The tidal section of the Seine Maritime is followed by a canalized section with four large multiple locks until the mouth of the Oise at Conflans-Sainte-Honorine. Multiple locks at Bougival / Chatou and at Suresnes lift the vessels to the level of the river in Paris, where the mouth of the Marne is located. Upstream from Paris seven locks ensure navigation to Saint Mammès, where the Loing mouth is situated. Through an eighth lock the river Yonne is reached at Montereau-Fault-Yonne. From the mouth of the Yonne, larger ships can continue upstream to Nogent-sur-Seine. From there on, the river is navigable only by small craft. All navigation ends abruptly at Marcilly-sur-Seine, where the ancient Canal de la Haute-Seine used to allow vessels to continue all the way to Troyes. This canal has been abandoned for many years.[4]
The average depth of the Seine today at Paris is about 9.5 metres (31 ft). Until locks were installed to raise the level in the 1800s, the river was much shallower within the city most of the time, and consisted of a small channel of continuous flow bordered by sandy banks (depicted in many illustrations of the period). Today the depth is tightly controlled and the entire width of the river between the built-up banks on either side is normally filled with water. The average flow of the river is very low, only a few cubic metres per second, but much higher flows are possible during periods of heavy runoff. Special reservoirs upstream help to maintain a constant level for the river through the city, but during periods of extreme runoff significant increases in river level may occur.
Flooding[edit]
A very severe period of high water in January 1910 resulted in extensive flooding throughout the city. The Seine again rose to threatening levels in 1924, 1955, 1982, 1999–2000 and June 2016.[5] After a first-level flood alert in 2003, about 100,000 works of art were moved out of Paris, the largest relocation of art since World War II. Much of the art in Paris is kept in underground storage rooms that would have been flooded.[6] A 2002 report by the French government stated the worst-case Seine flood scenario would cost 10 billion euros and cut telephone service for a million Parisians, leaving 200,000 without electricity and 100,000 without gas.[7]
Watershed[edit]
The basin area is 78,910 square kilometres (30,470 sq mi),[8] 2 percent of which is forest and 78 percent cultivated land. In addition to Paris, three other cities with a population over 100,000 are in the Seine watershed: Le Havre at the estuary, Rouen in the Seine valley and Reims at the northern limit—with an annual urban growth rate of 0.2 percent.[8] The population density is 201 per square kilometer.
Water quality[edit]
Periodically the sewerage systems of Paris experience a failure known as sanitary sewer overflow, often in periods of high rainfall. Under these conditions untreated sewage is discharged into the Seine.[9] The resulting oxygen deficit is principally caused by allochthonous bacteria larger than one micrometre in size. The specific activity of these sewage bacteria is typically three to four times greater than that of the autochthonous (background) bacterial population. Heavy metal concentrations in the Seine are relatively high.[10] The pH level of the Seine at Pont Neuf has been measured to be 8.46. Despite this, the water quality has improved significantly over what several historians at various times in the past called an "open sewer".[11]
In 2009, it was announced that Atlantic salmon had returned to the Seine.[12]
History[edit]
The Seine and Eiffel Tower
Name[edit]
The name "Seine" comes from the Latin Sequana, the Gallo-Roman goddess of the river.[13]
Events[edit]
In March, 1314, King Philip IV of France had Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, burned on a scaffold on an island in the River Seine in front of Notre Dame de Paris.[14]
After the burning at the stake of Joan of Arc in 1431, her ashes were thrown into the Seine from the medieval stone Mathilde Bridge at Rouen, though unserious counter-claims persist.[15]
According to his will, Napoleon, who died in 1821, wished to be buried on the banks of the Seine. His request was not granted.
At the 1900 Summer Olympics, the river hosted the rowing, swimming, and water polo events.[16] Twenty-four years later, it hosted the rowing events again at Bassin d'Argenteuil, along the Seine north of Paris.[17]
Until the 1930s, a towing system using a chain on the bed of the river existed to facilitate movement of barges upriver.[citation needed] World Canals by Charles Hadfield, David and Charles 1986
The Seine was one of the original objectives of Operation Overlord in 1944. The Allies' intention was to reach the Seine by 90 days after D-Day. That objective was met. An anticipated assault crossing of the river never materialized as German resistance in France crumbled by early September 1944. However, the First Canadian Army did encounter resistance immediately west of the Seine and fighting occurred in the Forêt de la Londe as Allied troops attempted to cut off the escape across the river of parts of the German 7th Army in the closing phases of the Battle of Normandy.
Some of the Algerian victims of the Paris massacre of 1961 drowned in the Seine after being thrown by French policemen from the Pont Saint-Michel and other locations in Paris.
Dredging in the 1960s mostly eliminated tidal bores on the lower river, known in French as "le mascaret."
In 1991 UNESCO added the banks of the Seine in Paris—the Rive Gauche and Rive Droite—to its list of World Heritage Sites in Europe.[18]
Since 2002 Paris-Plages has been held every summer on the Paris banks of the Seine: a transformation of the paved banks into a beach with sand and facilities for sunbathing and entertainment.
The river is a popular site for both suicides and the disposal of bodies of murder victims.[19] In 2007, 55 bodies were retrieved from its waters; in February 2008, the body of supermodel-turned-activist Katoucha Niane was found there.[19]
In fiction[edit]
The Seine was the river that Javert, the primary antagonist of Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables drowned himself in.
In art[edit]
During the 19th and the 20th centuries in particular the Seine inspired many artists, including:
Frédéric Bazille
Maurice Boitel
Richard Parkes Bonington
Eugène Boudin
Camille Corot
Charles-François Daubigny
Guy Debord
Raoul Dufy
Othon Friesz
Carl Fredrik Hill
Eugène Isabey
Johan Barthold Jongkind
Raimond Lecourt
Albert Marquet
Henri Matisse
Claude Monet
Luis F. Pinzón
Camille Pissarro
Emilio Grau Sala
Gaston Sébire
Georges-Pierre Seurat
Alfred Sisley
Constant Troyon
J. M. W. Turner
Félix Vallotton
Édouard Vuillard
A song 'La Seine' by Flavien Monod and Guy Lafarge was written in 1948.
Josephine Baker recorded a song 'La Seine' [20]
A song 'La seine' by Vanessa Paradis feat. Matthieu Chedid was originally written as a soundtrack for the movie 'A Monster in Paris'
Georges Seurat's Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884–1886) is set on an island in the Seine.
Carl Fredrik Hill, Seine-Landschaft bei Bois-Le-Roi (Seine Landscape in Bois-Le-Roi) (1877).
Alfred Sisley, The Terrace at Saint-Germain, Spring (1875) in the Walters Art Museum gives a panoramic view of the Seine river valley.
"Washhouses on Seine" (1937) by Andrus Johani
See also[edit]
The department of Seine, abolished in 1968
Seine River Steamers
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ A hand book up the Seine. G.F. Cruchley, 81, Fleet Street, 1840. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Edwards-May, David (2010). Inland Waterways of France. St Ives, Cambs., UK: Imray. pp. 90–94. ISBN 978-1-846230-14-1.
Jump up ^ Vois Navigables France Itinéraires Fluviaux. Editions De L'Ecluse. 2009. ISBN 978-2-916919-21-8.
Jump up ^ "NoorderSoft Waterways Database".
Jump up ^ Seine river Basin, United Nations Environment Programme Department of Early Warning and Assessment (accessed 5 June 2007
Jump up ^ "Fearing a Big Flood, Paris Moves Art" by Alan Riding, The New York Times, 19 February 2003
Jump up ^ "Paris flood warning" by Rory Mulholland, BBC News, 25 January 2002
^ Jump up to: a b "World Resources Institute". Earthtrends.wri.org. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Martin Seidl, The fate of organic matter in river Seine after a combined sewer overflow, ENPC – University Paris Val de Marne Paris XII (France), 1997, 181 pp.
Jump up ^ J.F.Chiffoleau. 2007. Metal contamination. the Seine-Aval scientific programme. Quae. 40 pages
Jump up ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2006). Water quality of fresh water bodies in France. Aberdeen: Lumina Press.
Jump up ^ "Radio France Internationale – Atlantic salmon return to river Seine". Rfi.fr. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Wiktionary:Sequana
Jump up ^ A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages Vol. III by Henry Charles Lea, NY: Hamper & Bros, Franklin Sq. 1888, p. 325. Not in copyright.
Jump up ^ In February 2006 a team of forensic scientists announced the beginning of a six-month study to assess relics from a museum at Chinon reputed to be the remains of Jeanne d'Arc. In 2007, the investigators reported their conclusion that the relics from Chinon came from an Egyptian mummy and a cat, see Butler, Declan (2007). "Joan of Arc's relics exposed as forgery". Nature. 446 (7136): 593. doi:10.1038/446593a. PMID 17410145.
Jump up ^ 1900 Summer Olympics official report. pp. 17–18. (in French)
Jump up ^ 1924 Olympics official report. pp. 165–6.
Jump up ^ Paris, Banks of the Seine, the World Heritage Site entry from the UNESCO website
^ Jump up to: a b Supermodel Katoucha Niane found dead from The Daily Telegraph
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mjlf18fq2do
External links[edit]
Website on the Great Flood of 1910
Lower Seine (Seine aval) with maps and information on places, ports and moorings on the river from Honfleur to Paris, by the author of Inland Waterways of France, Imray
Upper Seine (Haute Seine and Petite Seine) with maps and information on places, ports and moorings on the river from Paris to Marcilly-sur-Seine, by the author of Inland Waterways of France, Imray
Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals (French waterways website section)
[show]
v
t
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Venues of the 1900 Summer Olympics
7th arrondissement of Paris
Bois de Boulogne
Bois de Vincennes
Boulogne-Billancourt
Compiègne
Croix-Catelan Stadium
Le Havre
Meulan-en-Yvelines
Neuilly-sur-Seine
Puteaux
Satory
Seine
Tuileries Garden
Vélodrome de Vincennes
[show]
v
t
e
Venues of the 1924 Summer Olympics
Bagatelle
Bassin d'Argentuil
Camp de Châlons
Fontainebleau
Hippodrome d'Auteuil
Issy-les-Moulineaux
Le Havre
Le Stade Olympique Reims
Le Stand de Tir de Versailles
Meulan-en-Yvelines
Piscine des Tourelles
Saint-Cloud
Stade Bergeyre
Stade de Colombes
Stade de Paris
Stade Pershing
Vélodrome d'hiver
Vélodrome de Vincennes
[show]
v
t
e
Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics
Grand Paris Zone
Stade de France
Seine-Saint-Denis
Water Polo Arena (Piscine de Marville)
Le Bourget
Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Colombes
U Arena, Nanterre
Le Zénith
Paris Centre Zone
Champ de Mars
Eiffel Tower and river Seine
Champs Elysees
Grand Palais
Les Invalides
Jardins des Tuileries
Paris expo Porte de Versailles
Halle Georges Carpentier
Stade Charlety
Stade Jean-Bouin
Stade Roland Garros
Court Philippe Chatrier
Court Suzanne Lenglen
Court des Serres
Parc des Princes
Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)
Palais des sports Marcel-Cerdan
Bercy Arena
Versailles Zone
Le Golf National
Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Château de Versailles
Élancourt Hill
Football stadia
Stade Vélodrome
Parc des Princes
Parc Olympique Lyonnais
Stade Pierre-Mauroy
Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux
Stade de la Beaujoire, Nantes (renovated)
[show]
v
t
e
Olympic venues in rowing
1900: Seine
1904: Creve Coeur Lake
1908: Henley Royal Regatta
1912: Djurgårdsbrunnsviken
1920: Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal
1924: Bassin d'Argentuil
1928: Sloten
1932: Long Beach Marine Stadium
1936: Berlin-Grünau Regatta Course
1948: Henley Royal Regatta
1952: Meilahti
1956: Lake Wendouree
1960: Lake Albano
1964: Toda Rowing Course
1968: Virgilio Uribe Rowing and Canoeing Course
1972: Oberschleißheim Regatta Course
1976: Notre Dame Island
1980: Krylatskoye Rowing Canal
1984: Lake Casitas
1988: Han River Regatta Course/Canoeing Site
1992: Lake of Banyoles
1996: Lake Lanier
2000: Sydney International Regatta Centre
2004: Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre
2008: Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park
2012: Dorney Lake
2016: Lagoa Stadium
2020: Sea Forest Waterway
2024: Vaires-sur-Marne
2028: Lake Perris
[show]
v
t
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Olympic venues in swimming
1896: Bay of Zea
1900: Seine
1904: Forest Park
1908: White City Stadium
1912: Djurgårdsbrunnsviken
1920: Stade Nautique d'Antwerp
1924: Piscine des Tourelles
1928: Olympic Sports Park Swim Stadium
1932: Swimming Stadium
1936: Olympic Swimming Stadium
1948: Empire Pool
1952: Swimming Stadium
1956: Swimming/Diving Stadium
1960: Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto
1964: National Gymnasium
1968: Francisco Márquez Olympic Pool
1972: Schwimmhalle, Dantebad
1976: Olympic Pool
1980: Swimming Pool - Olimpisky
1984: Olympic Swim Stadium
1988: Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool
1992: Piscines Bernat Picornell
1996: Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
2000: Sydney International Aquatic Centre
2004: Athens Olympic Aquatic Centre
2008: Beijing National Aquatic Center, Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park
2012: Aquatics Centre, Hyde Park
2016: Olympic Aquatics Stadium, Fort Copacabana
2020: Odaiba Marine Park, Olympic Aquatics Centre
2024: Seine-Saint-Denis
2028: Dedeaux Field, Downtown Long Beach
[show]
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Olympic venues in water polo
1900: Seine
1904: Forest Park
1908: White City Stadium
1912: Djurgårdsbrunnsviken
1920: Stade Nautique d'Antwerp
1924: Piscine des Tourelles
1928: Olympic Sports Park Swim Stadium
1932: Swimming Stadium
1936: Olympic Swimming Stadium
1948: Empire Pool (final), Finchley Lido
1952: Swimming Stadium
1956: Swimming/Diving Stadium
1960: Piscina delle Rose, Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto (final)
1964: Tokyo Metropolitan Indoor Swimming Pool
1968: Francisco Márquez Olympic Pool (final), University City Swimming Pool
1972: Dantebad, Schwimmhalle (final)
1976: Complexe sportif Claude-Robillard, Olympic Pool (final)
1980: Swimming Pool - Moscow, Swimming Pool - Olimpiysky (final)
1984: Raleigh Runnels Memorial Pool
1988: Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool
1992: Piscina Municipal de Montjuïc, Piscines Bernat Picornell (final)
1996: Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
2000: Ryde Aquatic Leisure Centre (women's final), Sydney International Aquatic Centre (men's final)
2004: Athens Olympic Aquatic Centre
2008: Ying Tung Natatorium
2012: Water Polo Arena
2016: Maria Lenk Aquatics Center, Olympic Aquatics Stadium
2020: Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center
2024: Water Polo Arena (Piscine de Marville)
2028: Downtown Long Beach
[show]
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Olympic venues in triathlon
2000: Sydney Opera House
2004: Vouliagmeni Olympic Centre
2008: Triathlon Venue
2012: Hyde Park
2016: Fort Copacabana
2020: Odaiba Marine Park
2024: Seine
2028: Downtown Long Beach
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 151241234
LCCN: sh85119617
ISNI: 0000 0001 2296 479X
GND: 4054330-4
SUDOC: 135656168
BNF: cb119582905 (data)
NDL: 00970894
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seine&oldid=807885949"
Categories:
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River Seine
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values: LA84 Foundation/John C. Argue Swim Stadium

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