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The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film)
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This article is about the Swedish-language film. For the English-language film based on the same novel, see The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film).
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
Swedish release poster
Directed by
Niels Arden Oplev
Produced by
Søren Stærmose
Screenplay by
Nikolaj Arcel
Rasmus Heisterberg
Based on
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
by Stieg Larsson
Starring
Michael Nyqvist
Noomi Rapace
Music by
Jacob Groth
Cinematography
Eric Kress
Jens Fischer
Edited by
Anne Østerud
Production
company
Yellow Bird
Distributed by
Nordisk Film
Music Box Films
Alliance Films
Lumiere
GAGA
Release date
27 February 2009 (2009-02-27)
Running time
153 minutes[1]
Country
Sweden[2]
Language
Swedish
Budget
$13 million[3]
Box office
$104,395,170[3]
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (Swedish: Män som hatar kvinnor – literally – Men who hate women) is a 2009 Swedish drama thriller film based on the novel of the same name by Swedish author/journalist Stieg Larsson. It is the first book in the trilogy known as the Millennium series, published in Sweden in 2005. By August 2009, it had been sold to 25 countries outside Scandinavia and had been seen by more than 6 million people in the countries where it was already released. Directed by Niels Arden Oplev, the film stars Michael Nyqvist and Noomi Rapace.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Release
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Box office
3.3 Awards and nominations
4 TV mini-series
5 Sequels
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In December 2002, Mikael Blomkvist, publisher of Millennium magazine, loses a libel case involving allegations he published about billionaire financier Hans-Erik Wennerström. He is sentenced to three months in prison and a hefty fine. Lisbeth Salander, a brilliant but damaged surveillance agent and hacker, is hired by Henrik Vanger, the patriarch of the wealthy Vanger family, to investigate Blomkvist. Vanger then hires Blomkvist to investigate the disappearance of his niece, Harriet, who vanished on Children's Day in 1966. Vanger believes that Harriet was murdered by a family member.
Salander, who was ruled mentally incompetent as a child, is appointed a new legal guardian, Nils Bjurman (Peter Andersson), after her previous guardian suffers a stroke. Bjurman, a sexual sadist, forces Salander to perform fellatio on him in return for the money she needs to buy a new computer; he withholds the full amount she has requested. At her next meeting with Bjurman, he beats and rapes her. Having used a hidden camera to record Bjurman raping her, Salander returns to take her revenge, torturing and threatening to ruin him unless he gives her full control of her life and finances. She then uses a tattoo gun to brand Bjurman's abdomen with the message "I am a sadist pig and a rapist".
Blomkvist moves to a cottage on the Vanger estate and meets the Vanger family, including Harriet's brother Martin and cousin Cecilia. Inside Harriet's diary, he finds a list of five names alongside what might appear to be phone numbers. He visits retired police inspector Morell, who informs him that his investigation team had been unable to decipher them. After viewing photographs taken during the Children's Day parade, Blomkvist sees Harriet's facial expression change suddenly just before she leaves and, after obtaining photographs taken from the same side of the street as her, comes to believe that Harriet may have seen her murderer that day.
Using her access to Blomkvist's computer, Salander learns that the numbers in Harriet's diary are references to verses in the Book of Leviticus and emails Blomkvist anonymously. Blomkvist works out that Salander sent the mail and hires her as a research assistant. Together, Blomkvist and Salander connect all but one of the names on Harriet's list to murdered women. They are all Jewish names, which intrigues Blomkvist, as the Vanger family has a long history of antisemitism. During the investigation, Blomkvist and Salander become lovers.
They suspect Henrik's reclusive brother Harald to be the murderer, as the two other Vanger brothers had already died by the time Harriet disappeared. Salander searches through Vanger's business records to trace Harald to the crime scenes, while Blomkvist breaks into Harald's house, believing it to be unoccupied. When Harald attacks Blomkvist, Martin appears and saves him. He escorts Blomkvist to his home, where Blomkvist reveals what he and Salander have uncovered. Martin drugs him. Salander's search of the company accounts points to Martin and his late father, Gottfried, having been jointly responsible for the murders. She returns to the cottage to find Blomkvist missing.
Blomkvist wakes to find himself bound in Martin's cellar. Martin boasts about raping and murdering women for decades but denies killing Harriet, insisting that she disappeared. As Martin is in the process of hanging Blomkvist, Salander appears and attacks Martin with a golf club. While she frees Blomkvist, Martin flees in his car. Salander gives chase on her motorcycle. When Martin drives off the road, Salander finds him still alive but trapped in the vehicle. As the car goes up in flames, she makes no attempt to save him.
Blomkvist realizes that Cecilia's late sister Anita was the near-double of Harriet and that some of the film taken on the day of Harriet's disappearance show Anita, not Harriet as previously thought. Blomkvist and Salander discover that Harriet has been using Anita's name and is still alive in Australia. Blomkvist flies there to look for her, and he persuades her to return to Sweden, where she is reunited with her uncle. Harriet explains the truth about her disappearance: that her father and her brother had repeatedly raped her; that she killed her father by drowning him, only to find herself being blackmailed by Martin; and that her cousin Anita had smuggled her away from the island.
Salander's mother, living in a nursing home, apologizes for not choosing a "better papa" for her. Salander then visits Blomkvist in prison and gives him new information on the Wennerström case. After his release, Blomkvist publishes a new story on Wennerström in Millennium, which ruins Wennerström and makes the magazine a national sensation. Wennerström is then found dead, a presumed suicide. His offshore bank account in the Cayman Islands is raided; the police suspect a young woman caught on CCTV, whom Blomkvist recognizes as Salander in disguise. The film ends with Salander, dressed in disguise as she exits her car, walking along a sunny beach promenade.
Cast[edit]
Michael Nyqvist as Mikael Blomkvist
Noomi Rapace as Lisbeth Salander
Lena Endre as Erika Berger
Sven-Bertil Taube as Henrik Vanger
Peter Haber as Martin Vanger
Peter Andersson as Nils Bjurman
Marika Lagercrantz as Cecilia Vanger
Ingvar Hirdwall as Dirch Frode
Björn Granath as Gustav Morell
Ewa Fröling as Harriet Vanger
Michalis Koutsogiannakis as Dragan Armansky
Annika Hallin as Annika Giannini
Tomas Köhler as "Plague"
Gunnel Lindblom as Isabella Vanger
Gösta Bredefeldt as Harald Vanger
Stefan Sauk as Hans-Erik Wennerström
Jacob Ericksson as Christer Malm
Julia Sporre as young Harriet Vanger
Tehilla Blad as young Lisbeth Salander
Sofia Ledarp as Malin Eriksson
David Dencik as Janne Dahlman
Reuben Sallmander as Enrico Giannini
Release[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was well received by critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a normalized score of 86% based on 168 reviews, with an average score of 7.2/10 and declares it "Certified Fresh". The critical consensus is: "Its graphic violence and sprawling length will prove too much for some viewers to take, but Noomi Rapace's gripping performance makes The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo an unforgettable viewing experience."[4] Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 76% based on reviews from 36 critics.[5] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars, noting that "[the film] is a compelling thriller to begin with, but it adds the rare quality of having a heroine more fascinating than the story".[6]
Box office[edit]
The film grossed more than $10 million in North America in a limited release of 202 theatres.[3] The total gross worldwide is $104,617,430.[3][7]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Association
Category
Nominee
Result
Amanda Award Best Foreign Feature Film Niels Arden Oplev Nominated
BAFTA Award Best Actress in a Leading Role Noomi Rapace Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay Nikolaj Arcel and Rasmus Heisterberg Nominated
Best Film Not in the English Language Won
Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Best Actress Noomi Rapace Nominated
Best Foreign Language Film Niels Arden Oplev Won
Empire Awards[citation needed] Best Thriller Won
Best Actress Noomi Rapace Won
European Film Awards Audience Award Niels Arden Oplev Nominated
Best Actress Noomi Rapace Nominated
Best Composer Jacob Groth Nominated
Guldbagge Award Audience Award Niels Arden Oplev Won
Best Actress Noomi Rapace Won
Best Film Søren Stærmose Won
Best Cinematography Eric Kress Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Sven-Bertil Taube Nominated
Houston Film Critics Society Award Best Foreign Language Film Won
Best Actress in a Leading Role Noomi Rapace Nominated
London Film Critics Circle Award Actress of the Year Noomi Rapace Nominated
New York Film Critics Online Award Breakthrough Performer Noomi Rapace Won
Palm Springs International Film Festival Audience Award for Best Narrative Feature Niels Arden Oplev Won
Satellite Award Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Noomi Rapace Won
Best Foreign Language Film Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Nikolaj Arcel and Rasmus Heisterberg Nominated
St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award Best Actress Noomi Rapace Nominated
Best Foreign Language Film Nominated
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award Best Foreign Language Film Nominated
TV mini-series[edit]
French premium pay television channel Canal+ aired extended versions of the three movies as a mini-series (6×90 minutes) between March and June 2010, before the theatrical release of the second and third films. The series premiere attracted over 1.1 million viewers. Considering the network is only available in 8 million French households, the series was a substantial success.[8] The series aired on US pay-for-view cable networks in the weeks leading up to the release of David Fincher's 2011 film adaptation of the novel.
In France, the audience of the Canal+ broadcast of the first part on 22 March 2010 was 1.2 million (18% of the channel's subscribers in the country) and the largest audience of a foreign series at Canal+ that year.[citation needed]
A home video set of all six parts of the mini-series was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc by Music Box Home Entertainment on 6 December 2011.
Sequels[edit]
The Girl Who Played with Fire, 2009
The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest, 2009
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "MAN SOM HATAR KVINNOR - THE GIRL WITH THE DRAGON TATTOO (18)". British Board of Film Classification. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Girl with the Dragon Tattoo director queries US remake". BBC News. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2010)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo". Metacritic. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (17 March 2010). "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
Jump up ^ "Män som hatar kvinnor en internationell kassasuccé". The Swedish Film & TV Producers (in Swedish). 4 August 2009. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Millennium trilogy". yellowbird.se. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2011. [not in citation given]
External links[edit]
Official website
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo on IMDb
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo at the Swedish Film Institute Database
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo at Box Office Mojo
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo at Rotten Tomatoes
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo at Metacritic
Charlie Rose: A look at the film 'The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo' with director Niels Arden Oplev
[show]
v
t
e
The Millennium series
Novels
Stieg Larsson
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
The Girl Who Played with Fire
The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest
David Lagercrantz
The Girl in the Spider's Web
The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye
Films
Swedish films
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009)
The Girl Who Played with Fire (2009)
The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (2009)
American films
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011) (soundtrack)
Television
Millennium (2010)
Characters
Mikael Blomkvist
Lisbeth Salander
[show]
v
t
e
BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language
Best Foreign
Language Film
1982–1987
Christ Stopped at Eboli (1982)
Danton (1983)
Carmen (1984)
Colonel Redl (1985)
Ran (1986)
The Sacrifice (1987)
Best Film Not in the
English Language
1988–present
Babette's Feast (1988)
Life and Nothing But (1989)
Cinema Paradiso (1990)
The Nasty Girl (1991)
Raise the Red Lantern (1992)
Farewell My Concubine (1993)
To Live (1994)
Il Postino: The Postman (1995)
Ridicule (1996)
The Apartment (1997)
Central Station (1998)
All About My Mother (1999)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
Amores perros (2001)
Talk to Her (2002)
In This World (2003)
The Motorcycle Diaries (2004)
The Beat That My Heart Skipped (2005)
Pan's Labyrinth (2006)
The Lives of Others (2007)
I've Loved You So Long (2008)
A Prophet (2009)
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2010)
The Skin I Live In (2011)
Amour (2012)
The Great Beauty (2013)
Ida (2014)
Wild Tales (2015)
Son of Saul (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Satellite Award for Best Foreign Language Film
1996–1999
Breaking the Waves (1996)
Shall We Dance? (1997)
Central Station (1998)
All About My Mother / Three Seasons (1999)
2000–2009
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
No Man's Land (2001)
Talk to Her (2002)
City of God (2003)
The Sea Inside (2004)
Mother of Mine (2005)
Volver (2006)
Lust, Caution (2007)
Gomorrah (2008)
Broken Embraces / The Maid (2009)
2010–present
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2010)
Mysteries of Lisbon (2011)
The Intouchables / Pietà (2012)
The Broken Circle Breakdown (2013)
Tangerines (2014)
Son of Saul (2015)
The Salesman (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Il Postino: The Postman (1995)
Ridicule (1996)
Shall We Dance? (1997)
Life Is Beautiful (1998)
All About My Mother (1999)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
Amélie (2001)
Y Tu Mamá También (2002)
The Barbarian Invasions (2003)
The Sea Inside (2004)
Kung Fu Hustle (2005)
Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)
The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)
Waltz with Bashir (2008)
Broken Embraces (2009)
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2010)
A Separation (2011)
Amour (2012)
Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013)
Force Majeure (2014)
Son of Saul (2015)
Elle (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Guldbagge Award for Best Film
1963–1990
The Silence (1963/64)
Swedish Wedding Night (1964/65)
Heja Roland! (1965/66)
Persona (1966/67)
Hugo and Josephine (1967/68)
The White Game (1968/69)
A Swedish Love Story & Mistreatment (1969/70)
The Emigrants (1970/71)
The Apple War (1971/72)
Cries and Whispers (1972/73)
A Handful of Love (1973/74)
The Last Adventure (1974/75)
Release the Prisoners to Spring (1975/76)
The Man on the Roof (1976/77)
The Adventures of Picasso (1977/78)
A Respectable Life (1978/79)
To Be a Millionaire (1979/80)
Children's Island (1980/81)
The Simple-Minded Murderer (1981/82)
Fanny and Alexander (1982/83)
Beyond Sorrow, Beyond Pain (1984)
My Life as a Dog (1985)
The Sacrifice (1986)
Pelle the Conqueror (1987)
Katinka & Back to Ararat (1988)
The Miracle in Valby (1989)
Good Evening, Mr. Wallenberg (1990)
1991–present
Il Capitano: A Swedish Requiem (1991)
House of Angels (1992)
The Slingshot (1993)
A Pizza in Jordbro (1994)
All Things Fair (1995)
Hamsun (1996)
Tic Tac (1997)
Show Me Love (1998)
Tsatsiki, morsan och polisen (1999)
Songs from the Second Floor (2000)
As White as in Snow (2001)
Lilya 4-ever (2002)
Evil (2003)
Dalecarlians (2004)
Nina's Journey (2005)
Kidz in da Hood (2006)
You, the Living (2007)
Everlasting Moments (2008)
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009)
Sebbe (2010)
She Monkeys (2011)
Eat Sleep Die (2012)
The Reunion (2013)
Force Majeure (2014)
The Here After (2015)
The Giant (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Niels Arden Oplev
Portland (1996)
Fukssvansen (2001)
Drømmen (2006)
Worlds Apart (2008)
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009)
Dead Man Down (2013)
Speed Walking (2014)
Flatliners (2017)
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Antifreeze
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"Topping up" the antifreeze solution in a car's cooling system is a routine maintenance item for most modern cars.
An antifreeze is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid and increases its boiling point. An antifreeze mixture is used to achieve freezing-point depression for cold environments and also achieves boiling-point elevation ("anti-boil") to allow higher coolant temperature. Freezing and boiling points are colligative properties of a solution, which depend on the concentration of the dissolved substance.
Because water has good properties as a coolant, water plus antifreeze is used in internal combustion engines and other heat transfer applications, such as HVAC chillers and solar water heaters. The purpose of antifreeze is to prevent a rigid enclosure from bursting due to expansion when water freezes. Commercially, both the additive (pure concentrate) and the mixture (diluted solution) are called antifreeze, depending on the context. Careful selection of an antifreeze can enable a wide temperature range in which the mixture remains in the liquid phase, which is critical to efficient heat transfer and the proper functioning of heat exchangers.
Salts are frequently used for de-icing, but salt solutions are not used for cooling systems because they can cause severe corrosion to metals. Instead, non-corrosive antifreezes are commonly used for critical de-icing, such as for aircraft wings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Automotive and internal combustion engine use
2 Other uses
3 Primary agents
3.1 Methanol
3.2 Ethylene glycol
3.2.1 Poisoning
3.3 Propylene glycol
3.4 Glycerol
4 Measuring the freeze point
5 Corrosion inhibitors
5.1 Maintenance
5.2 Traditional inhibitors
5.3 Organic acid technology
5.4 Hybrid organic acid technology
6 Additives
7 See also
8 References
Automotive and internal combustion engine use[edit]
Fluorescent green-dyed antifreeze is visible in the radiator header tank when car radiator cap is removed
Most automotive engines are "water"-cooled to remove waste heat, although the "water" is actually antifreeze/water mixture and not plain water. The term engine coolant is widely used in the automotive industry, which covers its primary function of convective heat transfer for internal combustion engines. When used in an automotive context, corrosion inhibitors are added to help protect vehicles' radiators, which often contain a range of electrochemically incompatible metals (aluminum, cast iron, copper, brass, solder, et cetera). Water pump seal lubricant is also added.
Antifreeze was developed to overcome the shortcomings of water as a heat transfer fluid. In some engines freeze plugs (engine block expansion plugs) are placed in areas of the engine block where coolant flows in order to protect the engine from freeze damage[citation needed] if the ambient temperature drops below the freezing point of the antifreeze/water mixture. These should not be confused with core plugs, whose purpose is to allow removal of sand used in the casting process of engine blocks (core plugs will be pushed out if the coolant freezes, though, assuming that they adjoin the coolant passages, which is not always the case).
On the other hand, if the engine coolant gets too hot, it might boil while inside the engine, causing voids (pockets of steam), leading to localized hot spots and the catastrophic failure of the engine. If plain water were to be used as an engine coolant, it would promote galvanic corrosion. Proper engine coolant and a pressurized coolant system can help obviate the problems which make plain water incompatible with automotive engines. With proper antifreeze, a wide temperature range can be tolerated by the engine coolant, such as −34 °F (−37 °C) to +265 °F (129 °C) for 50% (by volume) propylene glycol diluted with water and a 15 psi pressurized coolant system.[1][2]
Early engine coolant antifreeze was methanol (methyl alcohol). Methanol was widely used in windshield fluids, however, in Europe, due to new REACH legislation, the use of methanol in windshield fluids is limited to 5% and in the near future will be further reduced to 3%.[3] As radiator caps were vented, not sealed, the methanol was lost to evaporation, requiring frequent replenishment to avoid freezing of the coolant. Methanol also accelerates corrosion of the metals, especially aluminum, used in the engine and cooling systems. Ethylene glycol was developed, and soon[when?] replaced methanol as an engine cooling system antifreeze. It has a very low volatility compared to methanol and to water. Before the 1950s, coolant systems were unpressurized and the engine was often cooler than modern automotive engines. By pressurizing the coolant system with a radiator cap, the boiling point of the fluid is increased, permitting higher engine temperatures and better fuel efficiency. Pressurized systems do not appreciably change the freezing point. Later propylene glycol was introduced due to its environmental credentials.
Other uses[edit]
The most common water-based antifreeze solutions used in electronics cooling are mixtures of water and either ethylene glycol (EGW) or propylene glycol (PGW). The use of ethylene glycol has a longer history, especially in the automotive industry. However, EGW solutions formulated for the automotive industry often have silicate based rust inhibitors that can coat and/or clog heat exchanger surfaces. Ethylene glycol is listed as a toxic chemical requiring care in handling and disposal.
Ethylene glycol has desirable thermal properties, including a high boiling point, low freezing point, stability over a wide range of temperatures, and high specific heat and thermal conductivity. It also has a low viscosity and, therefore, reduced pumping requirements. Although EGW has more desirable physical properties than PGW, the latter coolant is used in applications where toxicity might be a concern. PGW is generally recognized as safe for use in food or food processing applications, and can also be used in enclosed spaces.
Similar mixtures are commonly used in HVAC and industrial heating or cooling systems as a high-capacity heat transfer medium. Many formulations have corrosion inhibitors, and it is expected that these chemicals will be replenished (manually or under automatic control) to keep expensive piping and equipment from corroding.
Primary agents[edit]
Most antifreeze is made by mixing distilled water with additives and a base product - MEG (Mono ethylene glycol) or MPG (Mono propylene glycol).
Methanol[edit]
Main article: Methanol
Methanol (also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits) is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid with a distinctive odor that is somewhat milder and sweeter than ethanol (ethyl alcohol). At room temperature, it is a polar solvent and is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel, and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol. It is not popular for machinery, but may be found in automotive windshield washer fluid, de-icers, and gasoline additives.
Ethylene glycol[edit]
Main article: Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol solutions became available in 1926 and were marketed as "permanent antifreeze" since the higher boiling points provided advantages for summertime use as well as during cold weather. They are used today for a variety of applications, including automobiles, but gradually being replaced by propylene glycol due to its lower toxicity.
When ethylene glycol is used in a system, it may become oxidized to five organic acids (formic, oxalic, glycolic, glyoxalic and acetic acid). Inhibited ethylene glycol antifreeze mixes are available, with additives that buffer the pH and reserve alkalinity of the solution to prevent oxidation of ethylene glycol and formation of these acids. Nitrites, silicates, theodin, borates and azoles may also be used to prevent corrosive attack on metal.
Poisoning[edit]
Main article: Ethylene glycol poisoning
Ethylene glycol is poisonous to humans and other animals,[4][5] and should be handled carefully and disposed of properly. Its sweet taste can lead to accidental ingestion or allow its deliberate use as a murder weapon.[6][7][8] Ethylene glycol is difficult to detect in the body, and causes symptoms—including intoxication, severe diarrhea, and vomiting—that can be confused with other illnesses or diseases.[4][8] Its metabolism produces calcium oxalate, which crystallizes in the brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys, damaging them; depending on the level of exposure, accumulation of the poison in the body can last weeks or months before causing death, but death by acute kidney failure can result within 72 hours if the individual does not receive appropriate medical treatment for the poisoning.[4] Some ethylene glycol antifreeze mixtures contain an embittering agent, such as denatonium, to discourage accidental or deliberate consumption.
Propylene glycol[edit]
Propylene glycol
Propylene glycol is considerably less toxic than ethylene glycol and may be labeled as "non-toxic antifreeze". It is used as antifreeze where ethylene glycol would be inappropriate, such as in food-processing systems or in water pipes in homes where incidental ingestion may be possible. For example, the FDA allows propylene glycol to be added to a large number of processed foods, including ice cream, frozen custard, salad dressings, and baked goods, and it is commonly used as the main ingredient in the "e-liquid" used in electronic cigarettes.
Propylene glycol oxidizes when exposed to air and heat, forming lactic acid.[9][10] If not properly inhibited, this fluid can be very corrosive,[citation needed] so pH buffering agents such as dipotassium phosphate and potassium bicarbonate are often added to propylene glycol, to prevent acidic corrosion of metal components. Pre-inhibited propylene glycol solutions can also be used instead of pure propylene glycol to prevent corrosion.
Besides cooling system corrosion, biological fouling also occurs. Once bacterial slime starts to grow, the corrosion rate of the system increases. Maintenance of systems using glycol solution includes regular monitoring of freeze protection, pH, specific gravity, inhibitor level, color, and biological contamination.
Propylene glycol should be replaced when it turns a reddish color. When an aqueous solution of propylene glycol in a cooling or heating system develops a reddish or black color, this indicates that iron in the system is corroding significantly. In the absence of inhibitors, propylene glycol can react with oxygen and metal ions, generating various compounds including organic acids (e.g., formic, oxalic, acetic). These acids accelerate the corrosion of metals in the system.[11][12][13][14]
Glycerol[edit]
Once used for automotive antifreeze, glycerol has the advantage of being non-toxic, withstands relatively high temperatures, and is noncorrosive.
Like ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, glycerol is a non-ionic kosmotrope that forms strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules, competing with water-water hydrogen bonds. This disrupts the crystal lattice formation of ice unless the temperature is significantly lowered. The minimum freezing point temperature is at about −36 °F / −37.8 °C corresponding to 60–70% glycerol in water.[15]
Glycerol was historically used as an antifreeze for automotive applications before being replaced by ethylene glycol, which has a lower freezing point. While the minimum freezing point of a glycerol-water mixture is higher than an ethylene glycol-water mixture, glycerol is not toxic and is being re-examined for use in automotive applications.[16][17] Glycerol is mandated for use as an antifreeze in many sprinkler systems.
In the laboratory, glycerol is a common component of solvents for enzymatic reagents stored at temperatures below 0 °C due to the depression of the freezing temperature of solutions with high concentrations of glycerol. It is also used as a cryoprotectant where the glycerol is dissolved in water to reduce damage by ice crystals to laboratory organisms that are stored in frozen solutions, such as bacteria, nematodes, and mammalian embryos.
Measuring the freeze point[edit]
Once antifreeze has been mixed with water and put into use, it periodically needs to be maintained. If engine coolant leaks, boils, or if the cooling system needs to be drained and refilled, the antifreeze's freeze protection will need to be considered. In other cases a vehicle may need to be operated in a colder environment, requiring more antifreeze and less water. Three methods are commonly employed to determine the freeze point of the solution:[18]
Specific gravity—(using a hydrometer test strip or some sort of floating indicator),
Refractometer—which measures the refractive index of the antifreeze solution and translates it into freeze point, and
Test strips—specialized, disposable indicators made for this purpose.
Although ethylene glycol hydrometers are widely available and mass-marketed for antifreeze testing, they give false readings at high temperatures because specific gravity changes with temperature.[18] Propylene glycol solutions cannot be tested using specific gravity because of ambiguous results (40% and 100% solutions have the same specific gravity).[18]
Corrosion inhibitors[edit]
Most commercial antifreeze formulations include corrosion inhibiting compounds, and a colored dye (commonly a fluorescent green, red, orange, yellow, or blue) to aid in identification.[19] A 1:1 dilution with water is usually used, resulting in a freezing point of about −34 °F (−37 °C), depending on the formulation. In warmer or colder areas, weaker or stronger dilutions are used, respectively, but a range of 40%/60% to 60%/40% is frequently specified to ensure corrosion protection, and 70%/30% for maximum freeze prevention down to −84 °F (−64 °C).[2]
Maintenance[edit]
In the absence of leaks, antifreeze chemicals such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol may retain their basic properties indefinitely. By contrast, corrosion inhibitors are gradually used up, and must be replenished from time to time. Larger systems (such as HVAC systems) are often monitored by specialist firms which take responsibility for adding corrosion inhibitors and regulating coolant composition. For simplicity, most automotive manufacturers recommend periodic complete replacement of engine coolant, to simultaneously renew corrosion inhibitors and remove accumulated contaminants.
Traditional inhibitors[edit]
Traditionally, there were two major corrosion inhibitors used in vehicles: silicates and phosphates. American made vehicles traditionally used both silicates and phosphates.[20] European makes contain silicates and other inhibitors, but no phosphates.[20] Japanese makes traditionally use phosphates and other inhibitors, but no silicates.[20][21]
Organic acid technology[edit]
Certain cars are built with organic acid technology (OAT) antifreeze (e.g., DEX-COOL[22]), or with a hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT) formulation (e.g., Zerex G-05),[23] both of which are claimed to have an extended service life of five years or 240,000 km (150,000 mi).
DEX-COOL specifically has caused controversy. Litigation has linked it with intake manifold gasket failures in General Motors' (GM's) 3.1L and 3.4L engines, and with other failures in 3.8L and 4.3L engines. One of the anti-corrosion components presented as sodium or Potassium 2-ethylhexanoate and ethylhexanoic acid is incompatible with nylon 6,6 and silicone rubber, and is a known plasticizer. Class action lawsuits were registered in several states, and in Canada,[24] to address some of these claims. The first of these to reach a decision was in Missouri, where a settlement was announced early in December 2007.[25] Late in March 2008, GM agreed to compensate complainants in the remaining 49 states.[26] GM (Motors Liquidation Company) filed for bankruptcy in 2009, which tied up the outstanding claims until a court determines who gets paid.[27]
According to the DEX-COOL manufacturer, "mixing a 'green' [non-OAT] coolant with DEX-COOL reduces the batch's change interval to 2 years or 30,000 miles, but will otherwise cause no damage to the engine".[28] DEX-COOL antifreeze uses two inhibitors: sebacate and 2-EHA (2-ethylhexanoic acid), the latter which works well with the hard water found in the United States, but is a plasticizer that can cause gaskets to leak.[20]
According to internal GM documents,[citation needed] the ultimate culprit appears to be operating vehicles for long periods of time with low coolant levels. The low coolant is caused by pressure caps that fail in the open position. (The new caps and recovery bottles were introduced at the same time as DEX-COOL). This exposes hot engine components to air and vapors, causing corrosion and contamination of the coolant with iron oxide particles, which in turn can aggravate the pressure cap problem as contamination holds the caps open permanently.[29]
Honda and Toyota's new extended life coolant use OAT with sebacate, but without the 2-EHA. Some added phosphates provide protection while the OAT builds up.[20] Honda specifically excludes 2-EHA from their formulas.
Typically, OAT antifreeze contains an orange dye to differentiate it from the conventional glycol-based coolants (green or yellow). Some of the newer OAT coolants claim to be compatible with all types of OAT and glycol-based coolants; these are typically green or yellow in color (for a table of colors, see[19]).
Hybrid organic acid technology[edit]
HOAT coolants typically mix an OAT with a traditional inhibitor, such as silicates or phosphates.
G05 is a low-silicate, phosphate free formula that includes the benzoate inhibitor.[20]
Additives[edit]
All automotive antifreeze formulations, including the newer organic acid (OAT antifreeze) formulations, are environmentally hazardous because of the blend of additives (around 5%), including lubricants, buffers and corrosion inhibitors.[30] Because the additives in antifreeze are proprietary, the safety data sheets (SDS) provided by the manufacturer list only those compounds which are considered to be significant safety hazards when used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Common additives include sodium silicate, disodium phosphate, sodium molybdate, sodium borate, denatonium benzoate and dextrin (hydroxyethyl starch). Disodium fluorescein dyes are added to antifreeze to help trace the source of leaks, and as an identifier since some different formulations are incompatible.[19]
Automotive antifreeze has a characteristic odor due to the additive tolytriazole, a corrosion inhibitor. The unpleasant odor in industrial use tolytriazole comes from impurities in the product that are formed from the toluidine isomers (ortho-, meta- and para-toluidine) and meta-diamino toluene which are side-products in the manufacture of tolytriazole.[31] These side-products are highly reactive and produce volatile aromatic amines which are responsible for the unpleasant odor.[32]
See also[edit]
Antifreeze protein
Air cooling
Cryoprotectant
Heater core
Ice melt
Internal combustion engine cooling
Radiator
Water cooling
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Prestone Press Release[permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Peak Antifreeze chart Archived October 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c Brent J (2001). "Current management of ethylene glycol poisoning". Drugs. 61 (7): 979–88. doi:10.2165/00003495-200161070-00006. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 11434452.
Jump up ^ "Antifreeze Warning". The Cat Fanciers' Association, Inc. Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved 2007-05-15. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Nash, Alanna. "The Black Widow Killer: Two men. Two murders. Too many questions". Reader's Digest. Archived from the original on 2008-11-23. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
Jump up ^ Munro, Ian (2007-10-13). "Death by anti-freeze 'perfect murder'". The Age. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Angela Chambers and Jon Meyersohn (2009-04-23). "Exhumed Body Reveals Stacey Castor's First Husband 'Didn't Just Die': Exclusive Look Inside Anti-Freeze Murder Mystery; What Brought Two Men to Rest in Neighboring Graves". ABC. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
Jump up ^ Charles Loudon Bloxam (1873). Chemistry, inorganic and organic: with experiments (2 ed.). H.C. Lea. p. 587.
Jump up ^ Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants (Technical Report Series). World Health Organization. p. 105. ISBN 92-4-120909-7.
Jump up ^ Hartwick, D. ; Hutchinson, D. ; Langevin, M., "A multi-discipline approach to closed system treatment," Corrosion 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana; March 28 - April 1, 2004; NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) paper 04-322. See: Document preview.
Jump up ^ Kenneth Soeder, Daniel Benson, and Dennis Tomsheck, "An on-line cleaning procedure used to remove iron and microbiological fouling from a critical glycol-contaminated closed-loop cooling water system,"[permanent dead link] 2007 Annual Convention and Exposition of the Association of Water Technologies; Colorado Springs, Colorado; November 7–10, 2007
Jump up ^ Allan Browning and David Berry (September / October 2010) "Selecting and maintaining glycol based heat transfer fluids," Facilities Engineering Journal, pages 16-18.
Jump up ^ Walter J. Rossiter, Jr., McClure Godette, Paul W. Brown and Kevin G. Galuk (1985) "An investigation of the degradation of aqueous ethylene glycol and propylene glycol solutions using ion chromatography," Solar Energy Materials, vol. 11, pages 455-467.
Jump up ^ Glycerol Freezing Point Archived February 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hudgens, R. Douglas; Hercamp, Richard D.; Francis, Jaime; Nyman, Dan A.; Bartoli, Yolanda (2007). "An Evaluation of Glycerin (Glycerol) as a Heavy Duty Engine Antifreeze/Coolant Base". doi:10.4271/2007-01-4000. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
Jump up ^ "Proposed ASTM Engine Coolant Standards Focus on Glycerin". Retrieved 2013-06-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c Engine Cooling Testing: Why use a refractometer? Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. posted 2/7/2001 by Michael Reimer
^ Jump up to: a b c Coolants Matrix 2003_5.xls. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Coolant Confusion: It's Not Easy Being Green ... or Yellow or Orange or .." motor.com. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
Jump up ^ "Coolant Confusion". Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
Jump up ^ Products: North America: Anti Freeze/Coolants. Havoline.com (2003-01-31). Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Zerex G-05® Antifreeze / Coolant". Retrieved 2013-06-07.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Nationwide Class Action Settlement Agreement" (pdf). Retrieved 2013-06-07.
Jump up ^ Tentative Settlement of GM DEX-COOL Class Action Suit
Jump up ^ DEX-COOL Litigation Website
Jump up ^ "GM wants to dump liability for damaged engines in Dex-Cool cases". Retrieved 2013-06-07.
Jump up ^ MACS 2001: GM and Texaco "Bare All" about DEX-COOL. Imcool.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
Jump up ^ Draft—DEX 2007, Part 3: Now It’s All Up To The Judges and Juries. Imcool.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
Jump up ^ A safe and effective propylene glycol based capture liquid for fruit fly traps baited with synthetic lures – page 2|Florida Entomologist. Findarticles.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
Jump up ^ VOGT, P. F. 2005. Tolytriazole-myth and misconceptions. The Analyst 12: 1–3.
Jump up ^ A safe and effective propylene glycol based capture liquid for fruit fly traps baited with synthetic lures; Florida Entomologist, June, 2008 by Donald B. Thomas
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Spencer (surname)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For a list of persons with the surname Spencer, see List of people with surname Spencer.
Spencer
Pronunciation
spènser, /ˈspɛnsər/
spEnser
Origin
Region of origin
England
Word/Name
Medieval Latin dispensa and dispensator Old French – despensier Anglo-French – espenser Middle English – spens, spenser
Meaning
derived from the Old French despensier, a steward
Other names
Variant(s)
Spenser, Spender, Espencer, Spence, Spens
Footnotes: [1]
Spencer (also Spence, Spender, Spens, and Spenser) is a surname, representing the court title dispenser, or steward. An early example is Robert d'Abbetot,[2][3][4] who is listed as Robert le Dispenser ('the steward'), a tenant-in-chief of several counties, in the Domesday Book of 1086. In early times the surname was usually written as le Despenser, Dispenser or Despencer—notably in works such as the Domesday Book and the Scottish Ragman Rolls of 1291 and 1296, but gradually lost both the "le" article and the unstressed first syllable of the longer surname to become Spencer.
As an occupational surname, Despenser/Spencer families would have originated in a range of different jusrisdictions, and the possession of the shared surname is not an indication of genealogical relationship. The surname Spencer has gained in frequency over time. In the 19th century it also become popular as a given name—especially in the more anglicised areas of the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Variations
1.1 English
1.2 Other countries and cultures
2 Etymology
3 Noteworthy Despenser and Spencer families
3.1 Robert Despenser
3.2 King's Dispensers
3.3 Lords Despencer
3.4 Spencer aristocracy
3.5 Heraldry
4 Notable Spencers
4.1 13th Century
4.2 14th Century
4.3 16th Century
4.4 17th Century
4.5 18th Century
4.6 19th Century
4.7 20th century
5 Distribution and spread
6 See also
7 Footnotes
8 References
8.1 Bibliography
9 External links
Variations[edit]
Main article: Orthography
English[edit]
In its transition from the French dispencier to its current form, the name Spencer has been presented and spelled in many ways—especially through the period of its early evolution in the medieval period from c.1100 to 1350 AD. The following (in alphabetical order) is a selection of the many orthographic variants:
Despencer,[5] de Expansa (derived from expence),[6] De Spencer,[7] de Spendure,[8] de Spens, de la Despense,[8][9] De la Spence,[10] de la Spense,[8] del Spens,[8] Despenser,[5][11] DeSpenser, Dispencer,[12] Dispenser,[11] Despensator,[11] Dispensator,[12] la Spens, le Despencer,[12] le Despendur,[8] le Despencer,[13] le Despenser,[13][14] le dispencer,[7] le Espencer,[15] le Espenser,[15] le Spencer,[16] le Spendur,[8] Spendure,[8] le Spenser,[16] le Spensier,[15] Spence,[8][12][17] Spences, Spen, Spender,[8] Spens,[8][12] Spensar,[18] Spense,[8] Spenser,[12][18] Spensers, Spensor, Spincer,[18] also the rare patronymic Spencers,[8] and the aphetic (derived) Spender.[8]
Within a few generations the le ("the") usually placed before Despenser was omitted. The name variant Spens first appears as Simon del Spens, dated 1300, in the "Charters of Gisburn Priory", Yorkshire, England, during the reign of Edward I.[19] Spence, another form of Spens, means both "the place where provisions are kept" and the "clerk of the kitchen".[12] This form of the name was popular in both the north of England and in Scotland. In Fife the word referred to "a spare room beside the kitchen", and in England to a "yard, enclosure or buttery"—simply an abbreviation of despencer referring to the household store.[10] The principal Scottish family of Clan Spens descend from one of the ancient Earls of Fife. John "Dispensator or Le Dispenser" appeared in a list of the tenants and vassals of Walter fitz Alan High Steward of Scotland in the period 1161–1171. Roger 'Dispensator' witnessed a charter by Bricius de Douglas, the bishop of Moray granting the church of Deveth to Spynie between 1202 and 1222. The family de Spens in Fife trace their ancestry back to 1170 and the "Baron de Spens d'Estignols", who settled in France in 1450,[20] and "the Count de Spens, who ranked among the first of the Swedish nobility and was generalissimo of the Swedish forces".[21] As a north country word for 'pantry', spence was used by Poet Laureate Alfred Lord Tennyson in the sense of a refectory: "Bluff Harry broke into the spence and turn'd the cowls adrift" (The Talking Oak, l.47.).[22]
The surnames Stewart and Stuart denote essentially the same occupation but have a completely different word derivation. They originate from the pre-7th-century English words stigweard—a compound of stig meaning household—and weard, a guardian.[23]
Other countries and cultures[edit]
Foreign Equivalents:
German: Speiser – a steward. This is a derivative of the Middle High German spise, meaning food or supplies via the Old High German—in turn derived from Late Latin expe(n)sa (pecunia), or "(money) expended".
Jewish (Ashkenazic): Speiser – occupational name for a grocer, from a later semantic development of "Speiser".[24]
Greek: Economos – the anglicised surname derived from the Greek oikonomou ("oi" in Greek pronounced as a long E.) Oikon (English = ēcon) means house in classical Greek. This surname has the same occupational derivation as Spencer but, like the surnames Stewart and Stuart, has a different etymology. The original meaning of oikonomou was a home owner but it evolved to mean estate manager, somebody who was responsible for all resources on the estate, a steward. Oikonomou was a medieval Eastern Roman title for somebody who was in charge of a project or institution; it is still used by the Greek Orthodox church. Over time the meaning of Oikonomou has evolved from "manager of resources" to "manager of money, a treasurer".[25]
Etymology[edit]
Main articles: Etymology and Philology
Philologists have been able to track changes in the name Spencer over time—in different dialects and languages—as well as trace its derivation from a common ancestry. The name Spencer can be traced through its Latin and French roots to its Middle English and modern form.[26]
Medieval Latin – dispensa, dispensator and dispensarius – steward.
Old French –
a. despense – larder
b. espenser, -ier – dispenser of money, provisions etc.; someone working at, or in charge of, the buttery; a household steward
c. despendour – steward.
Anglo-French – despenser, -ier.
Middle English – spens(e) and spence – larder; dispensour – steward. With the agent suffix –er this becomes spenser – butler or steward.
Noteworthy Despenser and Spencer families[edit]
Robert Despenser[edit]
Main article: Robert Despenser
Robert d'Abbetot [nb 1] was granted titles, lands and a high position in William's court. In addition to his position as steward he also was given land grants in county Bedford. He held his office for the period c.1088–1098.[27]
In England, Robert was best known by his occupation, and hence became known as Robert le Despenser (many spelling variants of this name exist including Robert the Dispensor, Robert Despensator,[11] Robert Dispenser[28]), which reflected his new official position,[29] of using a patronymic, as Robert fitzThurstin.[27] He seems to have maintained his favor with William because in the Domesday Book of 1086, Robert Despenser was listed as a land tenant-in-chief in Gloucestershire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Oxfordshire, and Warwickshire, as well as holding lands in Worcestershire obtained from the Bishop of Worcester.[27]
Robert is assumed to have died shortly after restoring some estates to Westminster Abbey[27] but he appears to have had no legitimate male children, as his heir was his brother Urse d'Abetot.[30] He may have had a daughter, as some of his lands were inherited by the Marmion family, but it is also possible that a daughter of Urse married into the Marmion family.[29][31] Robert's office as the king's steward may also have gone to Urse, as it was later held by Urse's heirs. A later steward, Thurstin, might have been an illegitimate son of Robert.[32] Subsequent bearers of the Despenser or Spencer surname would not descend from Robert.
King's Dispensers[edit]
The steward of William II of England was Thurstan, Dispensator Regis (royal steward). His son Hugh was Dispensator Regis in 1105 under Henry I, and was followed by his son or brother, Simon, Dispensator Regis for Henry and Stephen. Simon was father of a second Thurstan, who was active in the 1250s under Henry II, to be followed by his son Walter as Dispensator Regus. Walter was succeeded by his brother Aymer, Dispensator Regis under king John, and Aymer's son Thurstan le Despenser, who served under Henry III, dying in 1249. He was followed by a son, Adam le Despenser, who was summoned by Edward I of England to perform military service and in 1283 to attend on the king in what was a precursor to the first royally-convened Parliament. His heir was a son, Aymer le Despenser, but he alienated his lands and titles during the reign of Edward II.[33][34][35]
Lords Despencer[edit]
Arms of the Lords Despencer
Main article: Baron le Despencer
In the early 13th century, a family that had been stewards to the Earls of Chester,[36] rose to prominence. Hugh le Despenser (died 1238) became High Sheriff of Berkshire, and his son, Hugh became Justiciar of England and was summoned in 1264 to the Parliament of Simon de Montfort as Lord Despencer. His son also named Hugh would be named Earl of Winchester, while a descendant was made Earl of Gloucester. The family experienced a number of attainders, restorations, and creations of new lordships over the 13th and 14th centuries, with a claim to the last creation passing by marriage to the Wentworth family in the 15th century. The initial establishment was brought out of abeyance in favor of a female-line descendant in 1604, from which time the title of Baron le Despencer has descended to the current Viscount Falmouth.
Spencer aristocracy[edit]
Arms of Sir John Spencer of Wormleighton and Althorp, adopted c. 1595
Further information: Spencer family; Earl of Sunderland; Duke of Marlborough (title); Earl Spencer (peerage); and Diana, Princess of Wales
The English aristocratic Spencer family has resided at their ancestral home at Althorp, Northamptonshire, since the early 16th century. The Estate now covers 14,000 acres (57 km2) in Northamptonshire, Warwickshire and Norfolk. From pre-Tudor times the Spencers had been farmers, coming to prominence in Warwickshire in the 15th century when John Spencer became feoffee of Wormleighton in 1469, and a tenant at Althorp in 1486. His nephew, another John, used the gains from trade in livestock and commodities to buy both properties. He was knighted in 1504 and died in 1522. John's descendants expanded the family holdings through business dealings and marriage into the peerage. The family is related through marriage to the Churchills of Blenheim Palace, a line that included the Dukes of Marlborough and Winston Churchill. From the Althorp line came the Earls of Sunderland, the later Dukes of Marlborough, and the Earls Spencer. The family captured international attention when Lady Diana Frances Spencer married Prince Charles on 29 July 1981, and her death in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997.[37]
Heraldry[edit]
The varied origins of people with the Spencer and Despenser surnames means that they are not all members of the same family, and each individual family would have distinct coats of arms, while most Spencers are not entitled to bear any arms. The family of the King's Dispensers bore an ermine shield with chief of unknown tincture.[33] The Lords Despencer bore arms from the early days of heraldry, which are one of a family of quarterly arms seen among the vassals of the Earls of Chester. Scholars have suggested a possible derivation from those of the Dutton family,[38] or from the family of their one-time feudal overlords, Beauchamp of Bedford, whose own arms belonged to a shared group of similar bearings among Mandeville and Vere family vassals and descendants.[39] They are described in the language of heraldry as quarterly: 1st & 4th, Argent; 2nd & 3rd, Gules a fret or, over all a bend sable. In 1504, John Spencer of Althorp was granted for himself and his brother the arms: azure, a fess ermine between six sea-mews' heads erased argent, and in 1564 a descendant of his uncle was granted: sable, on a fess or, between 3 bezants, as many lions heads of the first. As the end of the century approached, however, the family's growing social status would lead them to adopt a forged pedigree that gave them an ancient derivation, and they began using new arms that represented a claimed kinship with the (actually entirely unrelated) Lords Despencer, modifying the earlier family's quarterly arms by the addition of three escallops (scallop shells).[40] Numerous variations of this differenced coat, along with various Spencer arms bearing no resemblance to those of the Lords le Despenser, have been catalogued.[41]
Notable Spencers[edit]
Main article: List of people with surname Spencer
The following is a small selection of notable Spencers.
13th Century[edit]
Hugh le Despenser (sheriff) (died 1238) was a wealthy land owner in the East Midlands of England, as well as High Sheriff of Berkshire.
Sir Hugh le Despencer (justiciar), Baron le Despencer (1223–1265) son of sheriff Hugh was an important ally of Simon de Montfort during the reign of Henry III. He served briefly as Justiciar of England (Chief Justice) in 1260 and as Constable of the Tower of London and the castles of Shrewsbury, Bruges, and Balsover.
Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester (1262–1326) the elder Despenser, was for a time the chief adviser to King Edward II of England.
Hugh Despenser the Younger (1286–1326) became Royal Chamberlain in 1318 and the favourite of Edward II of England but developed a reputation for greed and, after falling out with the Barons, was accused of treason. He was forced into exile in 1321 with his father, who later fled to Bordeaux. Hugh was captured and sentenced to public execution by hanging (for thievery), and drawing and quartering (for treason).
14th Century[edit]
Secretum of Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich
Edward le Despenser (1310–1342) was the third eldest son of Hugh le Despenser the Younger by his wife Eleanor de Clare.
Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer, KG (also called Despenser) (c. 24 March 1335 or 1336 – 11 November 1375) was the son of Edward le Despenser (1310–1342) and Anne, the sister of Henry, Lord Ferrers of Groby. He succeeded as Lord of Glamorgan in 1349.
Henry le Despenser (c. 1341–1406), Bishop of Norwich
Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (22 September 1373 – 13 January 1400, Bristol) was the son of Edward le Despenser, 1st Baron le Despencer, whom he succeeded in 1375.
Richard le Despenser, 4th Baron Burghersh (1396–1414) was the son and heir of Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (1373–1400)
16th Century[edit]
John Spencer (1524–1586), owner of Althorp and MP
Edmund Spenser (c. 1552 – 13 January 1599) was an English poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem celebrating—through fantastical allegory—the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is recognized as one of the premier craftsmen of Modern English verse in its infancy.
17th Century[edit]
Col. Nicholas Spencer (1633–1689) was an English merchant born at Cople, Bedfordshire, who emigrated to the Colony of Virginia, where he served as land agent for his cousin Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper. A planter with extensive landholdings, Spencer later served in the Virginia House of Burgesses, as Secretary and President of the Council of the Virginia Colony, and as Acting Governor. With his friend John Washington, Col. Spencer patented the Mount Vernon estate land grant.
18th Century[edit]
John Spencer (1734–1783)
by Thomas Gainsborough
John Spencer (1734–1783), 1st Viscount Spencer and 1st Earl Spencer
19th Century[edit]
Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer KCMG (23 June 1860 – 14 July 1929) was a British-Australian biologist and anthropologist.
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, prominent classical liberal political theorist, and sociological theorist of the Victorian era.
20th century[edit]
Elizabeth Spencer (soprano) , recording artist for Thomas Alva Edison
Percy Spencer (1894-1970), American inventor of the microwave oven
Unity Spencer (1930-2017), British artist
Diana, Princess of Wales, (Diana Frances; née Spencer; 1961-1997), first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales.
Distribution and spread[edit]
The greatest density of Spencers in present-day England is in Nottinghamshire, followed by Derbyshire. Derby and Notts were closely connected at the time of Domesday, and up until the time of Elizabeth I had the same Sheriff.[42]
In North America early settlement of Spencers date to Thomas Spencer in Virginia in 1623; William Spencer, Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1630; Thomas Spencer, Maine 1630. Col. Nicholas Spencer arrived in Virginia in the 1650s and subsequently served as Acting Governor.
Spencers arriving in Australia with the convicts of the First Fleet in 1788 were Daniel Spencer from Dorchester, John Spencer, and Mary Spence from Wigan.[43] With the Third Fleet in 1791 came John Spencer from Lancaster and Thomas Spencer from London.[44]
See also[edit]
Spencer (disambiguation)
Spencer's (disambiguation)
Spence (surname)
Spenser
Spens (disambiguation)
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Robert's toponymic, d'Abbetot, indicates his place of origin, the present-day Normandy village of St-Jean-d'Abbetot. In the historical literature his name, and that of the village, are spelled and presented in many ways including d'Abitot, d'Abetot, Dabitote, d'Abbetot, d'Arbitot and d'Albeto: the "d" is sometimes capitalised or anglicised to "of".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 1990 Census Name Files
Jump up ^ See Round, 2004.
Jump up ^ Barlow, 1983, pp. 141–142.
Jump up ^ Arthur, 1857, p. 238.
^ Jump up to: a b Reaney and Wilson, p. 132.
Jump up ^ Weekley, 1917 p. 106.
^ Jump up to: a b accuracy
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Reaney and Wilson, p. 420.
Jump up ^ Ragnam rolls
^ Jump up to: a b Bardsley, 1875 p. 209.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Keats-Rohan, p. 383.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Lower, 1860. p. 325.
^ Jump up to: a b Bardsley, 1875 p. 542.
Jump up ^ Thuresson, p. 117.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thuresson, p.118.
^ Jump up to: a b Bardsley, 1875 pp. 209, 598.
Jump up ^ Bardsley, 1875 p. 598.
^ Jump up to: a b c Familytreena reference
Jump up ^ See
Jump up ^ French National Library:Nouveau d'Hozier vol 308.
Jump up ^ Anderson, pp. 494–495.
Jump up ^ cited in Weekley, 1914 p. 186.
Jump up ^ Reaney and Wilson, p. 427.
Jump up ^ Ancestry.com
Jump up ^ Stanford University
Jump up ^ Lewis, p.420.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Barlow 1983, pp. 141–142.
Jump up ^ Mason, p. 75.
^ Jump up to: a b Round, Abetot, Urse d' (c.1040–1108).
Jump up ^ See Barlow
Jump up ^ George Edward Cokayne (1893), Complete Peerage (hardback)|format= requires |url= (help), London: George Bell & Sons.
Jump up ^ Mason, p. 141.
^ Jump up to: a b George Edward Cokayne (1916), New Complete Peerage, 4, London: The St Catherine Press, pp. 287–8
Jump up ^ William Farrer (1923), Honors and Knights' Fees, 1, London: Spottiswoode, Ballantyne & Co., pp. 258–9
Jump up ^ J. Horace Round (1911), The King's Serjeants & Officers of State, London: James Nisbet & Co., pp. 186–197
Jump up ^ George Edward Cokayne (1916), New Complete Peerage, 4, London: The St Catherine Press, p. 259
Jump up ^ Althorp Estate visitor information
Jump up ^ John Gouch Nichols (1853), "Genealogical Declaration Respecting the Family of Norres, Written by Sir William Norres, of Speke, co. Lancaster, in the Year 1563: Accompanied by an Abstract of Ancient Charters", The Topographer and Genealogist, 2: 370
Jump up ^ Round, J. Horace (1901), Peerage and Family History, Winchester: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 329
Jump up ^ Round, Peerage and Family History, 1901, pp. 279—329
Jump up ^ Bernard Burke (1884), The Armory General of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, London: Harrison, pp. 953–4
Jump up ^ Barlow, M. p. 8.
Jump up ^ Convicts of First Fleet. Transcript from London Gazette", October 1788.
Jump up ^ Convicts of the Third Fleet
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Bannerman, Bruce (ed) 2001. Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica. London: Elibron Classics. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
Barber, Henry 1894. British Family Names : Their Origin and Meaning, With Lists of Scandinavian, Frisian, Anglo-Saxon and Norman names. London: E. Stock.
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Bardsley, Charles W. 1991. Our English Surnames: Their Sources and Significations. London: Chadwyck-Healey Ltd.
Barlow, Montague 1935. Barlow Family Records. London: Bemrose. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
Barlow, Frank 1983. William Rufus. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04936-5.
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Boutelle, Charles 1867. English Heraldry. London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
Brooke-Little, John 1973. An Heraldic Alphabet. London: Macdonald.
Burke, John 1838. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IV. London: Henry Colburn. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
Connolly, Matthew F. 1866. Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Men of Fife ... Edinburgh: Inglis & Jack. [1] Retrieved 2009-08-23.
Fox-Davies, Arthur C. 1909. The Complete Guide to Heraldry. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack.
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Jobling, Mark A. 2001. "In the Name of the Father: Surnames and Genetics" Trends in Genetics 17(6): 353–357. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
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Lower, Mark A. 1859. English Surnames. An Essay on Family Nomenclature, Historical, Etymological and Humorous. 3rd edn. Vol. 1. London: John Russell Smith. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
Lower, Mark A. 1860. Patronymica Britannica: A Dictionary of Family Names of the United Kingdom. London: John Russell Smith. Retrieved 2009-8-22.
Mason, Emma 2005. William II: Rufus, the Red King. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-3528-0.
Newman, Charlotte A. 1988. The Anglo-Norman Nobility in the Reign of Henry I: The Second Generation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-8138-1.
Nicolas, Nicholas H. 1827. A Chronicle of London, From 1089 to 1483; Written in the Fifteenth Century, and for the First Time Printed from MSS. in the British museum. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
Reaney, Percy H. and Wilson, Richard M. 2005. Oxford Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280663-5.
Round, John Horace 2004. Abetot, Urse d' (c.1040–1108). rev. Emma Mason. In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (fee required). Retrieved 2009-08-26.
Thuresson, Bertil 1950. Limited view Middle English Occupational Terms Lund: Gleerup. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
Weekley, Ernest 1914. The Romance of Names. London: John Murray. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
Weekley, Ernest 1917. Surnames. London: John Murray.
Woodward, John. 1896. A Treatise on Heraldry, British and Foreign: with English and French glossaries. Volumes I & II. California: W. and A. K. Johnston, University of California. Revised version Woodward, John and Burnett, George. 1969. Virginia: C.E. Tuttle, University of Virginia. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
Wright, Thomas 1864. The Roll of Arms, of the Princes, Barons, and Knights who Attended King Edward I to the Siege of Caerlaverock, in 1300. London: John Camden Hotten. Contains account of Hugh le Despencer, the younger and the older and their coat of arms. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
External links[edit]
Look up Spencer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Genealogy
Spencer Historical & Genealogical Society web site. (Society based in America.)
Spencer Genealogy Forum
DNA lineages
The Spencer DNA project; begun in January 2001
History
The tomb of Sir Hugh Despenser d.1349, and his widow, the Lady Elizabeth d.1359 at Tewkesbury Cathedral[dead link]
Peerage
List and description of Spencers in the Peerage
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