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Cerebral circulation
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Cerebral circulation
Areas of the brain are supplied by different arteries. The major systems are divided into an anterior circulation (the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery) and a posterior circulation
Schematic of veins and venous spaces that drain deoxygenated blood from the brain
Identifiers
Anatomical terminology
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Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through the network of cerebral arteries and veins supplying the brain. The rate of the cerebral blood flow in the adult is typically 750 milliliters per minute, representing 15% of the cardiac output. The arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain, and the veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, removing carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic products. Since the brain is very vulnerable to compromises in its blood supply, the cerebral circulatory system has many safeguards including autoregulation of the blood vessels and the failure of these safeguards can result in a stroke. The amount of blood that the cerebral circulation carries is known as cerebral blood flow. The presence of gravitational fields or accelerations also determine variations in the movement and distribution of blood in the brain, such as when suspended upside-down.[citation needed]
The following description is based on idealized human cerebral circulation. The pattern of circulation and its nomenclature vary between organisms.
Contents
1 Anatomy
1.1 Blood supply
1.1.1 Anterior cerebral circulation
1.1.2 Posterior cerebral circulation
1.2 Venous drainage
2 Physiology
2.1 Role of intracranial pressure
2.2 Cerebral perfusion pressure
2.3 Imaging
3 References
4 External links
Anatomy[edit]
Cerebrovascular System
Blood supply[edit]
Cortical areas and their arterial blood supply
Blood supply to the brain is normally divided into anterior and posterior segments, relating to the different arteries that supply the brain. The two main pairs of arteries are the Internal carotid arteries (supply the anterior brain) and vertebral arteries (supplying the brainstem and posterior brain).
The anterior and posterior cerebral circulations are interconnected via bilateral posterior communicating arteries. They are part of the Circle of Willis, which provides backup circulation to the brain. In case one of the supply arteries is occluded, the Circle of Willis provides interconnections between the anterior and the posterior cerebral circulation along the floor of the cerebral vault, providing blood to tissues that would otherwise become ischemic.[citation needed]
Anterior cerebral circulation[edit]
The anterior cerebral circulation is the blood supply to the anterior portion of the brain. It is supplied by the following arteries:
Internal carotid arteries: These large arteries are the medial branches of the common carotid arteries in the neck which enter the skull, as opposed to the external carotid branches which supply the facial tissues. The internal carotid artery branches into the anterior cerebral artery and continues to form the middle cerebral artery
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
Anterior communicating artery: Connects both anterior cerebral arteries, within and along the floor of the cerebral vault.
Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
Posterior cerebral circulation[edit]
The anterior and posterior circulations meet at the Circle of Willis, pictured here, which rests at the top of the brainstem
.
The posterior cerebral circulation is the blood supply to the posterior portion of the brain, including the occipital lobes, cerebellum and brainstem. It is supplied by the following arteries:
Vertebral arteries: These smaller arteries branch from the subclavian arteries which primarily supply the shoulders, lateral chest and arms. Within the cranium the two vertebral arteries fuse into the basilar artery.
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Basilar artery: Supplies the midbrain, cerebellum, and usually branches into the posterior cerebral artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Pontine branches
Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
Posterior communicating artery
Venous drainage[edit]
The venous drainage of the cerebrum can be separated into two subdivisions: superficial and deep.
The superficial system is composed of dural venous sinuses, which have wall composed of dura mater as opposed to a traditional vein. The dural sinuses are therefore located on the surface of the cerebrum. The most prominent of these sinuses is the superior sagittal sinus which flows in the sagittal plane under the midline of the cerebral vault, posteriorly and inferiorly to the confluence of sinuses, where the superficial drainage joins with the sinus that primarily drains the deep venous system. From here, two transverse sinuses bifurcate and travel laterally and inferiorly in an S-shaped curve that form the sigmoid sinuses which go on to form the two jugular veins. In the neck, the jugular veins parallel the upward course of the carotid arteries and drain blood into the superior vena cava.
The deep venous drainage is primarily composed of traditional veins inside the deep structures of the brain, which join behind the midbrain to form the vein of Galen. This vein merges with the inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus which then joins the superficial venous system mentioned above at the confluence of sinuses.
Physiology[edit]
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is the blood supply to the brain in a given period of time.[1] In an adult, CBF is typically 750 millilitres per minute or 15% of the cardiac output. This equates to an average perfusion of 50 to 54 millilitres of blood per 100 grams of brain tissue per minute.[2][3][4] CBF is tightly regulated to meet the brain's metabolic demands.[2][5] Too much blood (a condition known as hyperemia) can raise intracranial pressure (ICP), which can compress and damage delicate brain tissue. Too little blood flow (ischemia) results if blood flow to the brain is below 18 to 20 ml per 100 g per minute, and tissue death occurs if flow dips below 8 to 10 ml per 100 g per minute. In brain tissue, a biochemical cascade known as the ischemic cascade is triggered when the tissue becomes ischemic, potentially resulting in damage to and the death of brain cells. Medical professionals must take steps to maintain proper CBF in patients who have conditions like shock, stroke, cerebral edema, and traumatic brain injury.
Cerebral blood flow is determined by a number of factors, such as viscosity of blood, how dilated blood vessels are, and the net pressure of the flow of blood into the brain, known as cerebral perfusion pressure, which is determined by the body's blood pressure. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is defined as the mean arterial pressure (MAP)minus the intracranial pressure (ICP). In normal individuals it should be above 50 mm Hg. Intracranial pressure should not be above 15 mm Hg ( ICP of 20 mm Hg is considered as Intracranial Hypertension.) [6]) Cerebral blood vessels are able to change the flow of blood through them by altering their diameters in a process called autoregulation; they constrict when systemic blood pressure is raised and dilate when it is lowered.[7] Arterioles also constrict and dilate in response to different chemical concentrations. For example, they dilate in response to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the blood and constrict to lower levels of carbon dioxide.[7]
For example, assuming a person with an arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of 40 mmHg (normal range of 38 - 42 mmHg)[8] and a CBF of 50 ml per 100g per min. If the PaCO2 dips to 30 mmHg, this represents a 10 mmHg decrease from the initial value of PaCO2. Consequently, the CBF decreases by 1ml per 100g per min for each 1mmHg decrease in PaCO2, resulting in a new CBF of 40ml per 100g of brain tissue per minute. In fact, for each 1 mmHg increase or decrease in PaCO2, between the range of 20–60 mmHg, there is a corresponding CBF change in the same direction of approximately 1–2 ml/100g/min, or 2–5% of the CBF value.[9] This is why small alterations in respiration pattern can cause significant changes in global CBF, specially through PaCO2 variations.[9]
CBF is equal to the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) divided by the cerebrovascular resistance (CVR):[10]
CBF = CPP / CVR
Control of CBF is considered in terms of the factors affecting CPP and the factors affecting CVR. CVR is controlled by four major mechanisms:
Metabolic control (or 'metabolic autoregulation')
Pressure autoregulation
Chemical control (by arterial pCO2 and pO2)
Neural control
Role of intracranial pressure[edit]
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) causes decreased blood perfusion of brain cells by mainly two mechanisms:
Increased ICP constitutes an increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure that, in turn, causes a decreased driving force for capillary filtration from intracerebral blood vessels.
Increased ICP compresses cerebral arteries, causing increased cerebrovascular resistance (CVR).
Cerebral perfusion pressure[edit]
Main article: Cerebral perfusion pressure
Cerebral perfusion pressure, or CPP, is the net pressure gradient causing cerebral blood flow to the brain (brain perfusion). It must be maintained within narrow limits because too little pressure could cause brain tissue to become ischemic (having inadequate blood flow), and too much could raise intracranial pressure (ICP).
Imaging[edit]
Functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography are neuroimaging techniques that can be used to measure CBF. These techniques are also used to measure regional CBF (rCBF) within a specific brain region. rCBF at one location can be measured over time by thermal diffusion[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tolias C and Sgouros S. 2006. "Initial Evaluation and Management of CNS Injury."[full citation needed] Archived March 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Emedicine.com. Accessed January 4, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004. "Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries." Archived February 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2008-01-16.
Jump up ^ Shepherd S. 2004. "Head Trauma." Emedicine.com. Shepherd S. 2004. "Head Trauma." Emedicine.com. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ Walters, FJM. 1998. "Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Blood Flow." Archived May 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Physiology. Issue 8, Article 4. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ Singh J and Stock A. 2006. "Head Trauma." Emedicine.com. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ Heinrich Mattle & Marco Mumenthaler with Ethan Taub. Fundamentals of Neurology. Thieme. p. 129. ISBN 978-3-13-136452-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Kandel E.R., Schwartz, J.H., Jessell, T.M. 2000. Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. p.1305
Jump up ^ Hadjiliadis D, Zieve D, Ogilvie I. Blood Gases. Medline Plus. 06/06/2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Giardino ND, Friedman SD, Dager SR. Anxiety, respiration, and cerebral blood flow: implications for functional brain imaging. Compr Psychiatry 2007;48:103–112. Accessed 6/6/2015.
Jump up ^ AnaesthesiaUK. 2007. Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) Archived September 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed 2007-10-16.
Jump up ^ P. Vajkoczy, H. Roth, P. Horn, T. Lucke, C. Thome, U. Hubner, G. T. Martin, C. Zappletal, E. Klar, L. Schilling, and P. Schmiedek, “Continuous monitoring of regional cerebral blood flow: experimental and clinical validation of a novel thermal diffusion microprobe,” J. Neurosurg., vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 265–274, Aug. 2000. [1]
External links[edit]
Computer Model of the Cerebral Circulation for Training and Education
show
v
t
e
Arteries of the head and neck
CC
EC
sup. thyroid
superior laryngeal
sternocleidomastoid branch
infrahyoid branch
cricothyroid branch
glandular branches
asc. pharyngeal
posterior meningeal
pharyngeal branches
inferior tympanic
lingual
suprahyoid
dorsal lingual
deep lingual
sublingual
facial
cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular)
facial branches (inferior labial
superior labial / nasal septum
lateral nasal
angular)
occipital
sternocleidomastoid
meningeal
occipital
auricular
descending
post. auricular
stylomastoid
stapedial
auricular
occipital
Parotid
sup. temporal
transverse facial
middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital)
anterior auricular
frontal
parietal
maxillary
1st part / mandibular
anterior tympanic
deep auricular
middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal)
accessory meningeal
inferior alveolar
2nd part / pterygoid
to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric)
buccal
3rd part / pterygopalatine
posterior superior alveolar
infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar)
descending palatine (greater palatine, lesser palatine)
artery of the pterygoid canal
sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal)
pharyngeal
IC
cervical
carotid sinus
petrous
Vidian
caroticotympanic
cavernous/
ophthalmic
orbital group:anterior ethmoidal
posterior ethmoidal
lacrimal (lateral palpebral)
medial palpebral
terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal)
ocular group: central retinal
ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior)
Circulus arteriosus major
hypophysial (superior, inferior)
brain
Circle of Willis
ACA (anterior communicating, Recurrent artery of Heubner, Orbitofrontal artery)
MCA (anterolateral central, Prefrontal artery, Superior terminal branch, Inferior terminal branch, Anterior temporal branch)
posterior communicating
anterior choroidal
SC
vertebral artery
meningeal
spinal (posterior, anterior)
basilar: pontine
labyrinthine
cerebellar (AICA, SCA, PICA)
cerebral (PCA)
thyrocervical trunk
inferior thyroid
inferior laryngeal
tracheal
esophageal
ascending cervical
pharyngeal
glandular branches
transverse cervical
superficial branch
deep branch / dorsal scapular
scapular anastomosis
suprascapular
acromial branch
scapular anastomosis
costocervical trunk
deep cervical
Supreme Intercostal artery
show
v
t
e
Veins of the head and neck
External jugular
Retromandibular
maxillary
pterygoid plexus
superficial temporal
anterior auricular
Direct
posterior auricular
transverse cervical
suprascapular
anterior jugular
jugular venous arch
Internal jugular
Diploic/brain
Cerebral
Superficial:
superior
superficial middle
inferior
inferior anastomotic (Labbé)
superior anastomotic (Trolard)
Deep:
great
internal
basal
deep middle
superior thalamostriate
Cerebellar
superior
inferior
Sinuses
To COS
superior sagittal
straight
inferior sagittal
occipital
To CS
sphenoparietal
intercavernous
superior ophthalmic
ethmoidal
central retinal
nasofrontal
vorticose veins
inferior ophthalmic
To IJV
sigmoid: transverse
petrosquamous
superior petrosal
inferior petrosal
basilar plexus
internal auditory veins
condylar
Facial/common facial
frontal
supraorbital
angular
superior labial
inferior labial
deep facial
Direct
lingual
dorsal lingual
deep lingual
sublingual
pharyngeal
superior thyroid
superior laryngeal
middle thyroid
Brachiocephalic
Vertebral
occipital
occipital emissary
suboccipital venous plexus
deep cervical
Direct
inferior thyroid
inferior laryngeal
thymic
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Capital punishment in Ohio
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Ohio.
Contents
1 Legal process
2 Capital crimes
3 Locations and method
4 Earlier history
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Legal process[edit]
When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous.
In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial).[1]
The power of clemency belongs to the governor of Ohio, after receiving a non-binding recommendation from the Ohio Parole Board.[2]
Capital crimes[edit]
A charge of aggravated murder with death penalty specifications may occur with at least one of the following special circumstances:[3]
The murder was the assassination of the president of the United States or person in line of succession to the presidency, or of the governor or lieutenant governor of Ohio, or of the president-elect or vice president-elect of the United States, or of the governor-elect of Ohio, or of a candidate for any of the foregoing offices.
The murder was committed for hire.
The murder was committed for the purpose of escaping detection, apprehension, trial, or punishment for another offense committed by the offender.
The murder was committed while the offender was under detention or while the offender was at large after having broken detention.
Prior to the murder, the offender was convicted of a previous offense having as an essential element the purposeful killing of or attempt to kill another, or the current offense was part of a course of conduct involving the offender's purposeful killing of or attempt to kill two or more persons.
The victim was a law enforcement officer, and the offender knew or reasonably should have known that fact, and the officer was either performing duties or the offender acted with the specific purpose of killing such officer.
The murder was committed while the offender was committing, attempting to commit, or fleeing immediately after committing or attempting to commit kidnapping, rape, aggravated arson, aggravated robbery, or aggravated burglary, and either the offender was the principal offender in the commission of the aggravated murder or, if not the principal offender, committed the aggravated murder with prior planning.
The victim was a witness who was purposely killed by the offender either to prevent the victim from testifying, or in retaliation for prior testimony.
The offender, in the commission of the murder, purposefully caused the death of another who was under 13 years of age at the time of the commission of the offense, and either the offender was the principal offender in the commission of the offense or, if not the principal offender, committed the offense with prior planning.
The offense was committed while the offender was committing, attempting to commit, or fleeing immediately after committing or attempting to commit terrorism.
Locations and method[edit]
Executions in Ohio are currently performed at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville. Since January 2012, death row for the majority of male inmates is located at the Chillicothe Correctional Institution (CCI) in Chillicothe. A few high security male death row inmates are held at the Ohio State Penitentiary (OSP) in Youngstown. Condemned female inmates are housed at the Ohio Reformatory for Women in Marysville and death row inmates with serious medical conditions are held at the Franklin Medical Center in Columbus.[4] Prior to this, most male death row inmates were held at OSP with a few being held at the Mansfield Correctional Institution in Mansfield. The move to CCI allows the units at OSP and Mansfield to be used to separate violent inmates from the general population and will provide increased security and reduce transportation costs to both the execution chamber at SOCF and to the Franklin Medical Center for inmate medical treatment.[4][5]
As of August 4, 2018, Ohio has 137 inmates on death row.[6] One notable case is that of Anthony Sowell, also known as the "Cleveland Strangler", who was condemned for the murder of eleven women whose bodies were discovered by police investigators at his Cleveland, Ohio, duplex at 12205 Imperial Avenue in Mount Pleasant neighborhood.[7]
The Los Angeles Times noted in October 2009 that Ohio had three botched executions by lethal injection since 2006: Joseph Lewis Clark, Christopher Newton and Romell Broom.[8] In November 2009, Ohio announced that it would only use a single drug for lethal injections, consisting of a single dose of Sodium thiopental, the first state to do so. The first single drug execution was that of Kenneth Biros, 51, on Tuesday, December 8, 2009. Biros was convicted of murdering 22-year-old Tami Engstrom near Masury, Ohio in 1991. Biros' counsel indicated to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit that Biros' execution, given that it is the first of its kind, may amount to "human experimentation." Various appeals for clemency were ultimately denied. Ohio announced in January 2011 that it will change the drug used from sodium thiopental to pentobarbital, as the availability of sodium thiopental has become quite scarce. The first execution using pentobarbital, was that of Johnnie Baston, on March 10, 2011.[9]
On July 1, 2011, Lundbeck, the Danish pharmaceutical company that holds the sole license to manufacture pentobarbital in the United States, announced that its distributors would deny distribution of pentobarbital to U.S. prisons that carry out the death penalty by lethal injection. Ohio used up its supply of pentobarbital on September 25, 2013, with the execution of Harry Mitts Jr.[10] On January 16, 2014, Ohio executed Dennis McGuire who was convicted of raping and then murdering 22-year-old Joy Stewart who was 30 weeks pregnant, became the first U.S. inmate to be executed with a combination of the drugs midazolam and hydromorphone.[10][11] The effects of this combination of drugs on the body are controversial and not well understood.[10][12] McGuire took 25 minutes to die, an unusually long time for an execution,[12] being among the longest since Ohio resumed capital punishment in 1999.[13]
In January 2015, the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction announced that all executions scheduled for the remainder of that year would be postponed due to the lack of availability of required drugs. In October 2015, the department further announced that Governor John Kasich had granted additional reprieves to all inmates due to be executed in 2016 for the same reason.[14] Executions resumed in Ohio on July 26, 2017 when the state executed murderer Ronald Phillips.[15]
Ohio has failed twice in its efforts to execute an inmate by lethal injection. Both due to the execution teams not being able to find a usable vein, which resulted in both of the executions being aborted. The inmates Romell Broom and Alva Campbell are two of the three people that have survived an execution in the United States in the past 70 years.[16]
Earlier history[edit]
Prior to 1885, executions were carried out by hanging in the county where the crime was committed. The Northwest Territory's first criminal statutes,[17] also known as Marietta Code,[18] date from 1788, 15 years before Ohio's statehood in 1803. These statutes did not ensure yet any uniform means of execution, nor did they designate where the executions were to take place. The statutory change from 1815 had executions as to be carried out locally and required the local sheriff to be also the local executioner, and in his absence or in any case of him being impeded, the local coroner would have to substitute him.[19] That ordeal appears to be the first statewide attempt to ensure uniform means of execution and to designate where such executions were to take place, but it also appears to just turn into protocol and procedure by law a practice which had institutionalized even before Ohio's statehood in 1803.
In 1885, the legislature enacted a law that required executions to be carried out at the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus by hanging,[20] and law handed the executioner's job to the penitentiary's warden.[21] This practice of naming the State Prison's warden executioner seems to have penetrated deeply into the 20th Century, as we can learn from the 1938 death sentence against Anna Marie Hahn.[22] In 1897 the gallows were replaced by the electrocution, which was considered to be a more technologically advanced and humane method of execution. Ohio also became the second state to use the electric chair. 28 hangings, and 315 electrocutions were carried out at the now defunct Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus from 1885 to 1963.
See also[edit]
List of individuals executed in Ohio
List of death row inmates in Ohio
Crime in Ohio
Law of Ohio
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2929.03 Imposition of sentence for aggravated murder". codes.ohio.gov. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction Executive Clemency". drc.ohio.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ohio Revised Code section 2929.04
^ Jump up to: a b "Local News - The Chillicothe Gazette - chillicothegazette.com". The Chillicothe Gazette. Archived from the original on 2015-07-14.
Jump up ^ Alan Johnson. "Death Row move to Chillicothe frees up cells". The Columbus Dispatch.
Jump up ^ "Ohio Death Row Inmates". Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Six bodies at US rapist's house". BBC News. October 31, 2009. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ohio's botched executions". Los Angeles Times. 2009-10-14. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Killer executed for 1994 Toledo murder". The Columbus Dispatch.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ehrenfreund, Max (January 16, 2014). "Dennis McGuire executed in Ohio with new combination of lethal drugs". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Higgs, Robert (January 16, 2014). "State executes murderer Dennis McGuire, marking first use of new blend of drugs for lethal injection". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Ford, Dana (January 16, 2014). "Controversial execution in Ohio uses new drug combination". CNN. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Welsh-Huggins, Andrew (January 16, 2014). "Executed Killer Dennis McGuire, who was convicted of raping and then murdering 22 year old Joy Stewart who was 30 weeks pregnant, Gasped And Snorted For 15 Minutes Under New Lethal Drug Combo". Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Upcoming Executions". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Connor, Tracy (July 26, 2017). "Ronald Phillips Executed in Ohio, Ending Three-Year Break". NBC News.
Jump up ^ "Convicted murderer Alva Campbell Jr's execution halted after officials fail to find vein". Reuters. ABC. 16 November 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Laws Passed in the Territory of the United States North-West of the River Ohio. Philadelphia, PA: Printed by F. Childs and J. Swaine, 1788.; microfiche Buffalo, NY: Hein, 1986.
Jump up ^ These statutes are also known as the Marietta Code, as quoted in: Welsh-Huggins, Andrew: No Winners Here Tonight: Race, Politics, and Geography in One of the Country's Busiest Death Penalty States. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2009, p. 12.
Jump up ^ "That the mode of inflicting the punishment of death in all cases under this act, shall be by hanging by the neck, until the person so to be punished shall be dead; & the sheriff, or the coroner in the case of the death, inability or absence of the sheriff of the proper county, in which the sentence of death shall be pronounced by force of this act, shall be the executioner". (quoted from: Streib, Victor L.: The Fairer Death: Executing Women in Ohio. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2006, p. 23.)
Jump up ^ "... and when any person shall be sentenced, by any cort of the state having competent jurisdiction, to be hanged by the neck until dead, such punishment shall only be inflicted within the walls of the Ohio penitentiary, at Columbus, Ohio, within an enclosure to be prepared for that purpose under the direction of the warden of the penitentiary and the board of managers thereof, which enclosure shall be higher than the gallows, and so constructed as to exclude public view". (quoted from: Streib, Victor L.: The Fairer Death: Executing Women in Ohio. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2006, p. 23, 24.)
Jump up ^ "The mode of inflicting the punishment of death shall be by hanging by the neck until the person is dead; and the warden of the Ohio penitentiary, or in case of his death, inability or absence, a deputy warden, shall be the executioner;...". (quoted from: Streib, Victor L.: The Fairer Death: Executing Women in Ohio. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2006, p. 24.)
Jump up ^ The death sentence against Anna Marie Hahn reads as follows: "[O]n the 10th day of March, 1938, the said Warden shall cause a current of electricity of sufficient intensity to cause death to pass through the body of the said defendant, the application of such current to be continued until the said defendant is dead, and may God have mercy on your soul". (quoted from: Streib, Victor L.: The Fairer Death: Executing Women in Ohio. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2006, p. 44.)
Bibliography[edit]
Laws Passed in the Territory of the United States North-West of the River Ohio. Philadelphia, PA: Printed by F. Childs and J. Swaine, 1788.; microfiche Buffalo, NY: Hein, 1986.
Davis, Harry: Death by Law. Columbus, OH: Federal Printing, 1922. (Reprinted from Outlook Magazine).
DeBeck, William: Murder Will Out: The Murders and Executions of Cincinnati. Cincinnati, OH: 1867.
DiSalle, Michael: The Power of Life or Death. New York, NY: Random House, 1965.
Wanger, Eugene G.: "Capital Punishment in Ohio: A Brief History", Ohio Lawyer, November–December 2002, 8, 11, 30.
Fogle, H. M.: The Palace of Death, or, The Ohio Penitentiary Annex. Columbus, OH: 1908.
Fornshell, Marvin E.: The Historical and Illustrated Ohio Penitentiary Annex. Columbus, OH: Arthur, W. McGraw, 1997 (reprint of the 1903 original)
Hixon, Mary, and Frances Hixon: The Last Hangings: Jackson, Ohio 1883-1884. Mary Hixon and Frances Hixon, 1989
Maynard, Rosina: Ohio's Other Lottery System: The Death Penalty. Columbus, OH: Rosina Maynard, 1980.
Morgan, Dan: Historical Lights and Shadows of the Ohio State Penitentiary. Columbus, OH: Ohio Penitentiary Printing, 1893.
Welsh-Huggins, Andrew: No Winners Here Tonight: Race, Politics, and Geography in One of the Country's Busiest Death Penalty States. Columbus, OH: Ohio University Press, 2008
Streib, Victor L.: The Fairer Death: Executing Women in Ohio. Columbus, OH: Ohio University Press, 2006
External links[edit]
These links are to official State of Ohio records regarding executions in the state and Ohio administrative rules and statutes pertaining to capital punishment in Ohio
Ohio Executions 1999 to Present from the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction
Capital Crimes Annual Reports 2007-2013 from the Ohio Attorney General's Office
Ohio Administrative Code 5120-9-12 Department of Rehabilitation and Correction -- Inmates sentenced to death (contains institutional rules for death row)
Ohio Revised Code § 2903.01 Aggravated murder
Ohio Revised Code §§ 2949.21-2949.31 Execution of sentence
Ohio Revised Code § 2929.02 Murder penalties
All Ohio death row inmates
Southern Ohio Correctional Facility (Location of execution chamber).
Ohio State Penitentiary (Location of death row for male inmates)
Ohio Reformatory for Women (Location of death row for female inmates)
Laws of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio : including the laws of the governor and judges, the Maxwell Code, and the laws of the three sessions of the Territorial Legislature, 1791-1802 : with a sketch of the State of Ohio, the Ordinance of 1787, etc. (The Marietta Code up to one year before Ohio's statehood)
The statutes of Ohio and of the Northwestern territory, adopted or enacted from 1788 to 1833 inclusive: together with the Ordinance of 1787; the constitutions of Ohio and of the United States, and various public instruments and acts of Congress: illustrated by a preliminary sketch of the history of Ohio; numerous references and notes and copious indexes ... (The Marietta Code updated until 1833)
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Carter family (EastEnders)
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Carter family
The Carters in 2014. L-R: Stan Carter (Timothy West), Dean Wicks (Matt Di Angelo), Tina Carter (Luisa Bradshaw-White), Shirley Carter (Linda Henry), Mick Carter (Danny Dyer), Linda Carter (Kellie Bright), Johnny Carter (Sam Strike), Nancy Carter (Maddy Hill), Lee Carter (Danny-Boy Hatchard), Babe Smith (Annette Badland)
EastEnders family
Introduced by
Kate Harwood
Dominic Treadwell-Collins
Duration
2006–
First appearance
Episode 3075
2 January 2006
The Carter family is a fictional family in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. The family is headed by Stan Carter (Timothy West), but the first member of the family introduced was Stan's grandson, Dean Wicks (Matt Di Angelo) (then known as Deano), brought in by Kate Harwood on 2 January 2006. He arrived in the show's setting of Walford to stay with his great-aunt Pat Evans (Pam St. Clement). He was soon joined by his sister, Carly Wicks (Kellie Shirley) and their step-father Kevin Wicks (Phil Daniels) the nephew of Brian Wicks (Leslie Schofield). Carly's husband Nico Pappas (Gerard Monaco) appeared for a short stint. Shirley Carter (Linda Henry), daughter of Stan, ex-wife of Kevin and mother of Deano and Carly, appeared in December 2006. Carly made a return on 6 September 2012 for two episodes.
In January 2010, Zsa Zsa Carter (Emer Kenny), the niece of Shirley was introduced as a character in the spin-off EastEnders: E20. Her stepfather, Andy (Steve North), was also seen in E20.
An expansion of the Carter family by new producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins introduced Shirley's sister and Zsa Zsa's mother, Tina Carter (Luisa Bradshaw-White), and Shirley's eldest son, Mick Carter (Danny Dyer), though he was believed to be her brother. Mick's partner Linda (Kellie Bright), and their children, Lee (Danny-Boy Hatchard), Nancy (Maddy Hill) and Johnny (Sam Strike/Ted Reilly) also arrived, followed by Stan, Stan's sister-in-law, Babe Smith (Annette Badland), her sister and mother to Shirley and Tina, Sylvie Carter (Linda Marlowe), Linda's mother Elaine Peacock (Maria Friedman), Shirley's childhood lover Buster Briggs (Karl Howman) and Tina's abusive girlfriend Tosh Mackintosh (Rebecca Scroggs). In 2015, Mick and Linda's baby Ollie Carter was born, and Dean's secret daughter Jade Green (Amaya Edward) also made her first appearance.
The Carter family have appeared heavily in the show from 2014, in high-profile storylines including Johnny's homosexuality, the revelation that Shirley is in fact Mick's mother, Linda's rape at the hands of Dean and suffering from bulimia nervosa, Stan's terminal prostate cancer, the domestic violence Tina receives from her partner Tosh, Nancy's epilepsy, Sylvie's Alzheimer's disease, Lee's depression, the revelation that Dean has a daughter, Jade with cystic fibrosis, born after a one-night stand with Shabnam Masood (Rakhee Thakrar), and baby Ollie Carter's accident and potential brain damage.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
1.1 Backstory
1.2 2006–2012
1.3 2013–
2 Family members
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Storylines[edit]
Backstory[edit]
Stan Carter (Timothy West) worked as a fishmongster at the Billingsgate Fish Market. With his wife Sylvie Carter (Linda Marlowe) he had two daughters: Shirley Carter (Linda Henry) and Tina Carter (Luisa Bradshaw-White). Stan neglected his family, whereas Sylvie abused Shirley when she was young. Shirley fell pregnant at 14 by Buster Briggs (Karl Howman) and Sylvie pushed Shirley down the stairs to try to kill the unborn baby; however, she was unsuccessful. Deciding to keep the news from Stan, Sylvie took Shirley to a caravan site with her sister, Babe Smith (Annette Badland), where Shirley gave birth to Mick (Danny Dyer). Seeing an opportunity to revive her failing marriage, Sylvie pretended that Mick was her and Stan's son, and he was raised as Shirley and Tina's brother. Sylvie left the family soon afterwards, and Shirley struggled with bringing up her son and her younger sister alone, so she tried to drown Mick in the bathroom. Stan saved him, but after they took Mick to the hospital, social services took Mick and Tina into care. Shirley grew distant from her father and married Kevin Wicks (Phil Daniels). They had one child, Jimbo Wicks, while Shirley had two further children, Carly Wicks (Kellie Shirley) and Dean Wicks (Matt Di Angelo). Carly was the result of a one-night stand named Daniel, but she and Buster reconnected and he also fathered Dean. Kevin raised both children as his own. Shirley disowned Stan after an argument and did not speak to him for 25 years. Shirley walked out on her children when she divorced Kevin. She did not attend Jimbo's funeral, who died of cystic fibrosis at the age of 21.
Tina gave birth to Zsa Zsa Carter (Emer Kenny) at the age of 19 with a man named Mark Reynolds, who was six years her senior, but could not cope with bringing up a child at a young age. She often indulged in alcohol and drugs, leaving Zsa Zsa to bring herself up. Zsa Zsa's father later died. Tina also married a man named Andy, but left him for a man named Miguel and went to Spain. She later began a lesbian relationship with firefighter Fiona "Tosh" Mackintosh (Rebecca Scroggs). They shared a volatile relationship; Tosh was violent towards Tina.
Tina remained close to Mick (without knowing that he is really her nephew, rather than her brother). Mick met a local girl called Linda Peacock (Kellie Bright) when he was six years old and they went to school together. When they were 15, Linda fell pregnant by Mick, which upset her father and three months after his death, she gave birth to their son Lee Carter (Danny-Boy Hatchard). Two years later, they had a daughter, Nancy Carter (Maddy Hill), followed by the premature birth of their youngest son, Johnny Carter (Sam Strike/Ted Reilly). Shirley burnt down their first pub, which led to Mick being estranged from Shirley and they lived with Linda's mother, Elaine Peacock (Maria Friedman).
2006–2012[edit]
Shirley is the first Carter to be introduced, in 2006, as the ex-wife of pre-established character Kevin Wicks and mother of his two children, Carly and Deano. Shirley fails to reunite with her family due to her abandonment of them and Jimbo especially. She clashes with many Walford residents, including Denise Fox (Diane Parish) and Pat Butcher (Pam St. Clement), but has support in her best friend Heather Trott (Cheryl Fergison). She continues to try to win over Carly and Deano, but both leave Walford on bad terms with their mother. Shirley eventually begins a relationship with Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden), over their mutual tendency to drink too much.
The second Carter introduced is Shirley's niece Zsa Zsa, Tina's daughter. Zsa Zsa flees her mother and step-father to Walford, and moves in with Shirley and Phil. After Phil becomes addicted to cocaine when his relationship with Shirley ends, Zsa Zsa supports her, but later moves to France, remaining on good terms with her aunt. Shirley continues to try to help Phil escape his addiction, and they reunite when he manages to do so. She provides a false alibi for him when his uncle and step-father, Archie Mitchell (Larry Lamb) is murdered, strengthening their relationship. Shirley shows her maternal skills for the first time since she abandoned Deano and Carly in mothering Phil's son Ben Mitchell (Joshua Pascoe), as he is neglected by Phil due to being gay. She is devastated when Heather is murdered, and, just as she begins to recover, the discovery that it was Ben that killed her and Phil hid this drives Shirley back to being a mess. She ends things with Phil, and sees Ben sent to prison for what he has done. To help her mother recover from Phil's betrayal, Carly returns to Walford and reunites with her. She introduces Shirley to her grandson, Jimmy, named for Jimbo, and Shirley departs Walford with her.
2013–[edit]
Shirley returns but disappears after discovering that Carl White (Daniel Coonan) caused a car crash that put Phil in hospital. However, it is revealed that she is staying with Tina. Tina has recently broken up with Tosh as she had been abusing her. They return to Walford. Tina convinces Shirley to visit their estranged brother, Mick, at his pub in Watford, where they clash with Mick's wife Linda. Eventually Shirley reunites with Mick and Mick buys The Queen Victoria, moving to Albert Square with Linda, their son Johnny and family dog Lady Di (Hot Lips). Shirley and Tina move in with them as well, to Linda's chagrin. Mick stops Nancy's wedding to Wayne Ladlow (Malachi Kirby) and Nancy reveals that Johnny is gay; Linda struggles to accept his sexuality. Mick and Tina as Stan for money but Shirley blames Stan for giving them up as children. However, Shirley is forced to ask for the money herself, and Stan agrees. Tina reunites with Tosh when she returns to Walford, to Shirley's fury, and eventually moves out of The Vic to live with Tosh. When Stan is ill, he comes to stay at The Vic, to everyone's displeasure. He accidentally starts a fire, but is saved by Lee, who has fled the army after. He has casual flings with Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater) and Whitney Dean (Shona McGarty). Mick convinces him to return to the army; on the day before he is due to leave, Lucy is murdered by an unknown assailant (see Who Killed Lucy Beale?). Lee makes a statement before leaving.
Deano (now known as Dean) returns, as Stan wants to reunite him with Shirley. He still angry at Shirley and clashes with Mick. Stan pays for him to open up his own salon in Walford, unaware that Dean is planning to scam him and flee. Stan discovers the plan and stops him, convincing Dean to stay. Dean develops feelings for Linda and overhears a conversation between Mick and Linda, revealing they are not really married. Lee returns from the army. Shirley confesses to Phil that she still harbours intense guilt about her bad relationship with her son. Phil tries to talk Dean around, only to realise that Shirley means Mick; she is secretly Mick's mother. She discloses to him how her mother, Sylvie, hid her pregnancy and then posed the baby as her own. Tina and Tosh decide to use IVF to have a baby, and to help pay for it, Tina turns to Babe and starts dealing drugs but Carol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson) reveals Tina's drug dealing to Tosh and the rest of the Carter family. Tosh ends the relationship, while the Carters demand that Babe dispose of her cannabis. Babe enlist Dean's help with storing it at the salon, but Shirley discovers their plan and burns the drugs to keep Dean out of trouble. As revenge, Babe threatens to reveal Shirley as Mick's mother, but Shirley pleads with her. Babe lies to her family that she has not seen Sylvie for years, but actually Sylvie is living with her.
Dean makes a move on Linda, but she firmly rejects him. When Shirley shoots Phil and quickly leaves, Dean is comforted by Linda and he rapes her. Linda keeps her rape a secret from Mick. Babe discovers Stan has terminal prostate cancer and reveals this to the family. Mick and Dean find Shirley to tell her but she refuses to return home. Mick and Dean tow the caravan in which Shirley was staying to Walford, to find Buster Briggs inside. Shirley arrives on Buster's motorbike, revealing her long-standing relationship with Buster. Dean realises that Buster is his father and they begin to bond. Buster is on day release from prison but intends going away with Shirley and Dean. Mick alerts the authorities and police arrive at the pub. Buster is arrested for not reporting back after his day release. Buster then realises that he is the father of Mick as well. Linda later discovers that she is pregnant, but does not know whether the father is Mick or Dean.
After Tosh badly beats Tina, Shirley attacks her and orders Tosh to leave Tina forever. Shirley and Mick discover that it was Babe let Tosh think Tina was having an affair, so they confront her but they find Sylvie, who is suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Mick is upset when Sylvie tells him that she never had a son. Babe and Shirley convince Mick not to pursue a relationship with Sylvie.
Linda admits her rape to Dean's girlfriend Stacey Branning (Lacey Turner), who ends the relationship. Johnny leaves Walford to travel the world with his new boyfriend. Dean reveals to Lee and Nancy that Mick and Linda are not really married. Linda is adamant that Dean stays away from The Queen Vic on Christmas Day, upsetting the entire family. Dean confronts Linda and threatens to tell Mick that her baby could be his if she does not persuade Stacey to reunite with him. She agrees, however Stacey is not interested. Mick proposes to Linda but she declines and reveals that Dean raped her. Mick reveals the truth to Shirley, who refuses to believe it and confronts Dean, who states that Linda wanted to have sex. Mick violently attacks Dean, but stops when Shirley screams that they are brothers. Mick then throws Shirley out. Linda is devastated to hear Mick telling Stan and Tina that Dean raped her, so she leaves, without her engagement ring. Mick then completely wrecks the pub and throws all of the customers out, before breaking down.
Linda returns the following day with Elaine, and she and Mick rebuild their relationship. They leave for Watford, leaving Lee and Nancy suspicious. Linda decides to report her rape to the police, while Dean continues to tell Shirley lies about how Linda had been leading him on for months. Mick and Linda tell Lee and Nancy the truth. When Lee attacks Dean in the street, they are interrupted when Babe reveals that Stan has collapsed outside the pub while attempting to whisk Sylvie off on holiday. Shirley reveals to Mick all of the wicked things Stan, Babe and Sylvie did while she was pregnant with him, leading to Mick exiling Shirley and Dean from the family and sending Babe and Sylvie home. Tina attempts to persuade Mick to forgive Shirley as she has always looked after the pair of them, however when Mick tries to talk to Shirley, she ignores him to concentrate on Dean.
Mick so abducts Dean from his salon and threatens to kill him if he does not tell the truth. Mick then returns to the pub and reveals that Dean is gone. Dean breaks into the pub cellar and pours petrol everywhere. When Nancy enters, he takes her hostage, but Mick hears her screams and also enters. Dean reveals that just wants revenge by burning the pub down. Mick attacks Dean and pushes his foot on Dean's throat, leaving him unconscious. Linda proposes to Mick and he accepts. Nancy asks Mick if killed Dean and disposed of his body but Mick ignores Nancyher. Nancy reveals Mick and Dean's showdown to Linda, who confronts Mick. He swears that he did not kill Dean, and to calm Nancy's nerves, Linda lies that she telephoned Dean and spoke to him.
Stan's cancer spreads to his spinal cord, and Shirley becomes more involved with the family, and eventually Nancy reveals that Mick may have killed Dean. Shirley confronts Mick, Nancy and Linda, but Dean and Buster then enter, and tell Shirley that they are her new family and that they do not need the others. The three plan to leave Walford for Greece, but first Dean is determined to visit Stan before he dies. When Mick throws Dean out for giving Stan alcohol, Dean assaults a police officer, after Shirley called them on him. When Buster finds out, he leaves Shirley, but returns to her later that day when he realises how much he loves her. Stan is later placed in a hospice when he begins to experience more pain, and eventually peacefully dies in Shirley's arms as they reminisce and their lives. When Shirley reveals the news to the family, they are devastated, and shun Shirley when she continues to protect Dean. She and Buster then tell Dean that Stan has died in prison, leading to him crying and the other prisoners laughing at him. Mick puts pressure on himself by stating he is determined to match Shirley and Buster's contribution to the funeral, however Linda manages to knock down the price after negotiating with Pam Coker (Lin Blakley). On the day of Stan's funeral, Linda is stunned to learn that Dean has been released, and so confronts him at his home. As he is about to confess to raping Linda, Mick storms in and collects Linda, banning Shirley, Dean and Buster from the funeral in the process. After the funeral, Mick, Linda, Nancy, Lee, Tina and Babe are furious to see Shirley, Dean and Buster at the bar of The Queen Vic, stating that they are not going to miss the wake. Babe later leaves and visits Sylvie in her care home. She slaps Sylvie when she makes a remark about her appearance, so Sylvie bites Babe's neck when she tries to comfort her. Sylvie then reveals that Babe broke the law in Ramsgate, but Babe threatens Sylvie to keep quiet.
Babe begins to socialise with Shirley, Dean and Buster as well as the rest of the family. She even attends an event at Dean's salon, however a brick is thrown through the window with the word "rapist" on it. It is later revealed that Babe paid somebody to throw the brick through the window, and is intending on sabotaging Dean's business for what he did to Linda. When Shirley and Buster discover Babe's meddling, Buster throws a trifle over her head, leading to Mick and Linda learning the truth. They exile Babe from the family, so she leaves Walford. Shortly after this, Mick confides in Linda that he feels heavily depressed over her rape, and as she tries to comfort him, he storms off in a rage. As Linda follows him, she trips on her dressing gown rope and falls down the stairs. When she awakens from unconsciousness, she realises she has fallen on her stomach and that her waters have broken. Sonia and Kat get Linda to hospital, while Carol finds Mick and tells him that Linda has gone into labour. She gives birth to a baby boy, later named Ollie. Dean tried to visit Ollie and Linda in hospital and tries to rename him "Kevin", convinced that Ollie is his son after raping Linda. Mick has a blood test to see if he matches Ollie's; he does. He asks Dean and he is revealed not to be a match, meaning that Mick is Ollie's biological father. Dean is secretly heartbroken, and when confiding in Shabnam Masood (Rakhee Thakrar), she reveals that she had a daughter with Dean seven years ago. Dean attempts to pursue Shabnam into telling him where their daughter is, however Shabnam - not wanting to reconnect with her child - lies that she died shortly after birth. Shirley later learns that truth and tells Dean, who ruins Shabnam's engagement party to Kush Kazemi (Davood Ghadami) in revenge. Shirley and Shabnam's father Masood Ahmed (Nitin Ganatra) decide to find the child, who is revealed to be named Jade Green (Amaya Edward), and it is revealed that she is suffering from cystic fibrosis in a foster home. When Shirley and Buster tell Dean, he breaks down as this is the disease which killed his older brother Jimbo. Shirley and Buster decide they want to adopt Jade, however Shabnam will not give her consent to allow them to do so. They later convince her to and begin building a strong custody case. Meanwhile, Lee has developed depression as he struggles to cope with Linda's rape and Ollie's birth, only confiding in Nancy and his girlfriend, Whitney.
Mick, Shirley and Tina later realise that Babe stole Stan's ashes when she left Walford following their argument, so travel to Ramsgate to find her and scatter his ashes. They find her, and Shirley is confused when she finds a photo album filled with young girls and dates on the back of them. She later realises that Babe and Queenie used to go searching for young pregnant girls and sell their babies to parents who could not have children. Shirley is disgusted to learn that they were going to do the same to her with Mick, however Babe changed her mind after seeing Mick. Babe later sets her caravan on fire, and Shirley, Mick and Tina allow her to move to Walford with the rest of the family. The following month, Linda's mother Elaine and her new toyboy lover Jason Adams (Scott Neal) arrive and announce their engagement. However, the next night, Mick and Linda catch Jason in a state of undress with Babe. Linda orders Babe to get Jason to leave, so she records Jason trying to persuade her to help him con the Carters, and plays it to the entire pub. Elaine, hurt and humiliated, slaps Babe. When explaining herself to Elaine and Linda, Babe reveals that she is a virgin and just wanted to know what it felt like to have sex, leading to Elaine pitying her and Linda throwing Jason out. Linda then informs Mick that she has booked their wedding day for New Year's Day 2016.
When Lee is sacked from his job in the army for punching his former boss, his depression worsens, leading to Mick and Babe finding out. Mick takes him to the doctors' surgery, where he is formally diagnosed with clinical depression and prescribed medication, which he refuses to take, but he changes his mind after conversations with Linda and Babe. At Stacey's Halloween party, Lee attempts to fix her plug socket, but does it incorrectly, leading to a heavily pregnant Stacey being electrocuted and her boyfriend, Martin Fowler (James Bye) punching Lee. This sends Lee on a downward spiral, but he feels better when he is informed that Stacey and the baby are fine. Meanwhile, Dean begins a relationship with Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons), angering her sister Ronnie Mitchell (Samantha Womack) and she does everything in her power to split them up. Firstly, she attempts to persuade Mick to help her murder Dean, but after Mick decides against helping Ronnie in her plans, she tries to poison Dean. Shirley and Buster arrive just in time, however are furious to learn that Mick knew what Ronnie was planning, resulting in Buster punching Mick. Shirley, Buster and Jade spend Christmas dinner with the Carters, infuriating Dean, which results in his throwing a jug at Roxy, which cuts her face. Roxy attempts to leave Dean, but he is extremely apologetic and she forgives him. The next day, after Jack Branning (Scott Maslen) points out that Roxy's feisty personality has gone since she began dating Dean, she tries to leave him and end their relationship. Dean attempts to rape Roxy, but is stopped when Shirley enters, hearing Roxy's cries. Roxy flees, while Shirley finally sees Dean as a rapist. Roxy then bumps into Linda and Elaine, who encourage her to report the matter to the police, which she does. While Dean is having a bath, Shirley attempts to drown him, but she is unsuccessful and Dean strikes her as Linda enters. During an argument over Roxy, Dean admits that he raped Linda in Shirley's presence, and then goes into hiding from the police.
On New Year's Day 2016, Mick and Linda prepare for their wedding at a hotel, but Shirley feels too ashamed to attend after believing Dean over Linda. After being instructed by Linda to attend, Shirley goes, but is furious to see that Tina has brought Sylvie to the ceremony. Dean then arrives and attempts to gatecrash the nuptials, however Shirley takes him outside, leading to an explosive argument by a nearby lake over Linda, Roxy and Shirley's murder attempt on him. When Mick becomes curious of Shirley's whereabouts, Jade informs him that she is arguing with Dean outside. As Mick leaves the hotel, he witnesses Dean throw himself into the lake, taking Shirley with him. Mick dives in to save Shirley, as Dean is trying to drown her, which leads to a fight in the water and Dean floating face down in the water. As Shirley is taken to safety, Linda, Buster and Tina watch in horror as Mick goes back under the water to save Dean; he is successful and Dean survives after being resuscitated by Mick. Dean is then arrested for the attempted rape of Roxy, and Mick and Linda then marry with their friends and family around them.
While Mick and Linda are on their honeymoon, Lee and Nancy are shocked when Whitney asks them whether her fugitive half-brother, Ryan Malloy (Neil McDermott), can stay the night. The pair reluctantly agree, however after Whitney and Ryan argue after Whitney suggests that Ryan hands himself into the police, Ryan steals a large amount of money from the pub and flees. This results in a catfight between Whitney and Nancy as Nancy attempts to call the police on Ryan, however Mick and Linda enter and demand to know what is going on. Whitney fears that she will be kicked out, while Nancy and Babe are confused as to why Mick and Linda have not called the police. The following morning, Ryan contacts Whitney, asking to meet her in the park. She does so, but takes Mick with her, and they manage to retrieve the money and persuade Ryan to give himself up. Later, an emotional Whitney kisses Mick, leaving him stunned. Mick later informs Linda, who is intent on throwing Whitney out, but decides against it when she sees how much she means to Lee. Linda later warns Whitney off Mick, and encourages her to be patient with Lee when he feels depressed. Nancy and her boyfriend of seven months, Tamwar Masood (Himesh Patel) later begin a new business venture into Indian cuisine. Tamwar manages to hire the launderette to hold their first event, however Tamwar leaves due to Shabnam's failing marriage to Kush. Nancy, rushing due to stress, trips over and drops a pan of curry. This results in her suffering an absence and wetting herself, humiliating her. The following day, Nancy is devastated, and refuses to speak to Tamwar for leaving her on her own. Shabnam later visits Nancy to encourage her to forgive Tamwar, however Tamwar ends the relationship, shattering Nancy. Shirley later visits Dean in prison, pleading with him to admit that he attempted to rape Roxy at his upcoming trial. However, Dean pleads not guilty, and he is remanded in custody.
Nancy is offered a job in another pub, but Lee also applies and gets the job. Babe notices Whitney's attraction to Mick, and pushes her to tell Lee, leading to him attacking Mick. Feeling neglected, Lee has sex with Abi Branning (Lorna Fitzgerald) in an alleyway. Whitney decides to leave Walford, but Lee stops her and proposes marriage. Lee admits that he got the job by telling the landlady of the other pub that Nancy has epilepsy, so Nancy moves out. Lee quits his job at the other pub and Mick and Linda give him Nancy's old job, so she accuses him of stealing two jobs from her and being treated unfairly by her parents. Nancy and Lee later fight on Mother's Day, and she pushes him, which causes Ollie to fall from his highchair. Linda refuses to take him to hospital after Mick requests, but later she finds him not breathing in his cot then he suffers a seizure. They are told that Ollie has a bleed on the brain from a severe head injury and he could have brain damage. Mick blames Nancy, while Linda is in denial about Ollie's condition. Mick later pays Nancy to leave Walford so that the family can come to terms with Ollie's condition on their own, which she refuses to do. However, after Johnny returns as a surprise for Linda, he states that he is not returning to Italy, so Nancy asks him to give her the tickets. Tamwar and Nancy then leave the country to travel the world, with Mick finally forgiving Nancy before they depart. The Carters are frustrated by the lack of information the doctors can give them regarding Ollie's condition. Things in Tina and Sonia's relationship begin to turn sour, and things get even worse when Tina gets drunk at the Pride of Walford Awards, makes a fool of Sonia and then has sex with Sophie Dodd (Poppy Rush). She confides in Mick of her betrayal, and decides to tell Sonia, but is stopped when Sonia reveals that she has found a lump on her breast. Tina decides not to tell Sonia as she needs her, but is later shocked when Sophie arrives at the house an reveals their one-night stand to Sonia. She manages to forgive Tina, however she finds it difficult to trust her again. The family is later stunned when Sylvie arrives at the pub with the police, and it is revealed that she ran away from her care home after she was told off for making sexual advances to other patients. The Carters decide to allow Sylvie to love with them, but after she threatens to harm baby Ollie, Linda arranges for a Sylvie to move in with Tina and Sonia, much to Sonia's discomfort.
Elsewhere, Babe has caused trouble for many residents of Albert Square. Firstly, she strikes up a friendship with Abi after she begins working with her in The Queen Vic kitchen, and becomes her confidant as she worries that her boyfriend, Ben, is in love with Paul Coker (Jonny Labey). So, Babe forces Abi to tell Ben, Paul and a busy pub that she is pregnant by him, but later transpires that this is a lie. Abi desperately tries to get pregnant by Ben, but her attempts fail and her plan goes awry when Ben tells her that he has contracted chlamydia and may have given it to her. Babe then advises Abi to sleep with other men to become pregnant, so she has sex with Lee in an alleyway. When Abi tells Babe she wants to end the lie, Babe sees the perfect opportunity when Ben and his father, Phil, scuffle in The Vic. She pushes Abi into the fight, causing her to fall over, and hints to Abi to fake a miscarriage. Babe and Abi continue to scheme even after the faked miscarriage, but after an argument between the pair, Babe posts a letter through Ben's letterbox revealing Abi's pregnancy lie. They are relieved to learn that Ben has not read it, but Abi is shaken when she realises that Ben's troublesome half-sister, Louise Mitchell (Tilly Keeper), has read it and begins blackmailing Abi. Babe then threatens Louise with Abi to leave them alone, which she agrees to. However, Abi later inadvertently reveals to Ben about the pregnancy lie after hearing him arguing with Louise, and he publicly humiliates her half-naked in front of everybody at The Queen Vic. This results in Abi quitting her job with Babe. Babe later attempts to flirt with happily married Les Coker (Roger Sloman), but he harshly declines her in favour of his wife, Pam. Babe later follows Les and Pam to the allotments, where she witnesses them setting fire to women's clothes and accessories. When they leave, Babe investigates and finds a photograph of Les dressed as a woman, and realises that he is a transvestite. Disgusted, Babe begins blackmailing the Cokers for money, in order for Les' "perversion" to be kept secret. When they finally realise that it is Babe blackmailing them, Pam pleads with her to stop it, however Babe has other ideas and increases the weekly payment. Les later threatens to report Babe to the police, but this backfires when she allows Pam to believe that she is going to reveal the photograph to a busy pub and lets her make a fool of herself when it is actually a present for Linda's birthday. Babe does not even stop blackmailing the tortured Cokers when their grandson, Paul, is killed in a homophobic attack. Eventually, Pam confides in her equally ruthless friend, Claudette Hubbard (Ellen Thomas), who threatens Babe to leave Pam and Les alone, which she refuses to do.
After Abi is given her job back at the pub, it is revealed that she had sex with Lee and gave him and Whitney chlamydia, which devastates a now pregnant Whitney. She contemplates leaving Walford, but after a conversation with Linda, she decides to give Lee a second chance. Babe, however, burns Abi's hand on a hot stove in revenge for damaging Lee and Whitney's relationship. Abi then reveals to the Carters all about how Babe forced her to fake a pregnancy, and Whitney in turn reveals how Babe blackmailed her to tell Lee that she kissed Mick. Therefore, the family throw Babe out, and she moves in with Tina and Sonia. This reignites Babe's feud with Sylvie, and she later storms over to Abi's house and threatens to make her life hell for exposing her to her family. Later, Babe decides to leave Walford after a showdown with Sylvie, but Claudette sees her and taunts her, so she decides to stay and warns Claudette that her blackmailing of Les and Pam will not stop. She later visits Les, and orders a payment by the end of the day, or she will expose his secret. Later, when Abi arrives at work, Babe plants some of Abi's hair in the meals, getting Abi fired when she becomes argumentative, pleasing Babe. She later visits Sylvie, and nastily informs her that she is not leaving Walford and threatens her. That night, while Babe is tidying up the kitchen, an unknown assailant enters the pub and locks Babe in the walk-in freezer. Whitney and Linda later find her, and she is rushed to hospital. Claudette then exposes Babe's blackmail of Pam and Les to Mick and Linda, who are yet again disgusted in her. After Sylvie pays the family a visit, Babe tells Mick and Linda that it was Sylvie who locked her in the freezer, and manages to convince the family that she should be put back in a care home. However, after Abi is given her job back, it is revealed that Abi was the real culprit who locked Babe in the freezer, and that Babe lied to have Sylvie exiled from the family. Amidst Babe's dramas, Dean's trial for the attempted rape of Roxy is upcoming, which puts an immense strain on Linda, and focuses on finding Babe's attacker to take her mind off it. She is later devastated by Dean's acquittal, but tells Mick that she is a survivor and will get through it.
Attentions in the Carter family soon turn to Lee and Whitney's upcoming wedding, with Mick and Linda ecstatic about becoming grandparents. After initially having doubts, Lee eventually comes round to the idea of becoming a father, and begins applying for several jobs in order to support his impending family. However, while looking through wedding magazines with Linda and Lauren, Whitney begins bleeding and Mick and Linda insist on taking her to hospital. They contact Lee, and while Whitney has an ultrasound scan performed, the couple are distraught to learn that Whitney has miscarried their baby. The following day, Lee feels immensely guilty as he believes that contracting chlamydia from his one-night stand with Abi contributed to Whitney's miscarriage, but she reassures him that it is impossible. However, Whitney confides in Lauren that it is possible that Lee's chlamydia could have caused her miscarriage. Whitney then decides to visit her adoptive mother, Bianca, in Milton Keynes for a while, devastating Lee and the other Carters. To everybody's surprise, Whitney returns to following day, expressing how much she missed Lee and she throws herself into planning their wedding, which worries Linda. Elsewhere, Mick and Linda threaten to inform the police of Babe's blackmail of the Cokers if she does not return it to them. Babe struggles to find the money, and when Linda believes that she is just making excuses, she throws Babe out. After realizing that Pam and Les have been given their money back, Linda finds Babe and she confesses that she had used the Cokers' money for a savings account for Ollie for when he was older, and also explains that behaving so bitterly makes her feel better. Linda explains that being nice to people can also make her feel good too, before allowing her to move back into The Queen Vic.
Family members[edit]
The Carter family tree includes all characters who are descended from Stan Carter. His grandfather, Reginald William Carter, has also been mentioned. Linda Carter also took the surname "Carter", before actually marrying her partner Mick Carter in 2016.
Reginald William Carter
Unknown
Stan Carter; married to Sylvie Carter
Shirley Carter; married to Kevin Wicks
Mick Carter; son of Shirley Carter and Buster Briggs; married to Linda Carter
Lee Carter; son of Mick and Linda; married to Whitney Dean
Nancy Carter; daughter of Mick and Linda
Johnny Carter; son of Mick and Linda
Ollie Carter; son of Mick and Linda
Jimbo Wicks; son of Shirley and Kevin
Carly Wicks; daughter of Shirley and Daniel; married to Nico Pappas
Jimmy; son of Carly and an unknown man
Dean Wicks; son of Shirley and Buster
Jade Green, daughter of Dean and Shabnam Masood
Tina Carter; divorced from Andy
Zsa Zsa Carter; daughter of Tina and Mark Reynolds
Sylvie's sister Babe Smith is also considered to be a part of the family unit, though not related by blood to Stan; Babe and Sylvie's mother Edna has also been mentioned. Linda's mother, Elaine Peacock, is also heavily involved with all aspects of the family.
Reception[edit]
The Carters were named Best Family at the 2014 Inside Soap Awards.[1]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cregan, Michael (1 October 2014). "The winners of the Inside Soap Awards 2014, sponsored by Iceland!". Inside Soap. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
External links[edit]
Stan Carter at BBC Online
Babe Smith at BBC Online
Shirley Carter at BBC Online
Tina Carter at BBC Online
Mick Carter at BBC Online
Linda Carter at BBC Online
Lee Carter at BBC Online
Nancy Carter at BBC Online
Johnny Carter at BBC Online
Dean Wicks at BBC Online
Carly Wicks at BBC Online
Zsa Zsa Carter at BBC Online
Buster Briggs at BBC Online
Fiona "Tosh" Mackintosh at BBC Online
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