text:
Cozi TV
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cozi TV
Type
Digital broadcast television network (classic television series, movies)
Country
United States
Availability
Nationwide via OTA digital television (U.S. coverage: 62%)[1]
Slogan
The Easiest Decision You'll Make All Day
Headquarters
New York City, New York
Owner
NBC Owned Television Stations
Parent
NBCUniversal
(Comcast)
Key people
Valari Staab (President, NBC TV Stations)
Meredith McGinn (VP, Local Programming)
Marni Kupfer (VP, Lifestyle Production)[2]
Launch date
March 9, 2009; 8 years ago (2009-03-09) (as NBC Nonstop)
January 1, 2013; 4 years ago (2013-01-01) (as Cozi TV)
Former names
NBC Nonstop (2009–2012)
Picture format
16:9 (HDTV; widescreen)
Affiliates
List of affiliates
Official website
www.cozitv.com
Cozi TV (stylized on-air as COZI TV[3]) is an American digital multicast television network that is owned by the NBCUniversal Owned Television Stations division of NBCUniversal. The network airs classic television series from the 1950s to the 1990s. [2][4][5]
The network originated as a local news and lifestyle programming format that was launched between 2009 and 2011 and was seen on digital subchannels operated by nine owned-and-operated television stations of the NBC television network in the United States under the brand NBC Nonstop.[2] The sitcoms and drama series now appearing on Cozi are primarily from the NBCUniversal Television Distribution program library.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 NBC Nonstop
1.2 Cozi TV
2 Programming
3 Affiliates
3.1 List of affiliates
3.1.1 Alabama
3.1.2 Arizona
3.1.3 Arkansas
3.1.4 California
3.1.5 Colorado
3.1.6 Connecticut
3.1.7 Delaware
3.1.8 District of Columbia
3.1.9 Florida
3.1.10 Georgia
3.1.11 Idaho
3.1.12 Illinois
3.1.13 Indiana
3.1.14 Iowa
3.1.15 Kansas
3.1.16 Kentucky
3.1.17 Louisiana
3.1.18 Massachusetts
3.1.19 Michigan
3.1.20 Minnesota
3.1.21 Mississippi
3.1.22 Missouri
3.1.23 Nebraska
3.1.24 Nevada
3.1.25 New Mexico
3.1.26 New York
3.1.27 North Carolina
3.1.28 North Dakota
3.1.29 Ohio
3.1.30 Oklahoma
3.1.31 Puerto Rico
3.1.32 South Carolina
3.1.33 South Dakota
3.1.34 Tennessee
3.1.35 Texas
3.1.36 U.S. Virgin Islands
3.1.37 Utah
3.1.38 Virginia
3.1.39 Washington
3.1.40 West Virginia
3.1.41 Wisconsin
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
NBC Nonstop[edit]
After NBCUniversal shut down NBC Weather Plus in December 2008 (shortly after the company, along with Blackstone Group and Bain Capital, purchased The Weather Channel), the company's flagship television station WNBC in New York City replaced Weather Plus' successor, automated local weather service, NBC Plus, on digital subchannel 4.2 on March 9, 2009, with NBC New York Nonstop, a channel that featured a mix of locally produced news and lifestyle programming.[6]
In June 2010, NBC Local Media appointed former WNBC general manager Tom O'Brien in the newly created position of executive vice president of Nonstop Network.[7] In October, WNBC sister stations WCAU and WRC-TV respectively launched their own versions of the Nonstop channel in the Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. markets. Chicago's WMAQ-TV launched its own local version in November 2010. NBC's three owned-and-operated stations in California (KNBC in Los Angeles, KNTV in San Jose-San Francisco and KNSD in San Diego) collaborated to launch the only regional Nonstop channel, NBC California Nonstop, in January 2011; Nonstop channels were also launched by KXAS-TV in Dallas-Fort Worth and WTVJ in Miami that same month. Each station's Nonstop subchannel carried eight hours of locally produced programming (usually in the form of additional local newscasts exclusive to the subchannel that were produced by each station for their respective market, and some lifestyle or talk-oriented programs), along with core programming from affiliated production company LXTV (such as Talk Stoop, First Look and Open House – the latter two of which were later picked up by NBC for its Saturday late-night lineup).[8]
Cozi TV[edit]
On November 3, 2011, NBC Owned Television Stations announced that its seven local Nonstop subchannels would become a single national network under the proposed name NBC Nonstop Network (also to have been called NBC Nonstop or Nonstop Network); the format of the national network was originally planned to feature a format similar to the local Nonstop channels, which would have placed the network in direct competition with the Live Well Network.[2][9] An NBC executive indicated that the independently-formatted Nonstop channels were performing well, but needed separate programming. NBC stated that the network would carry reruns of classic television series during daytime hours and lifestyle programming at night, and that local stations would be able to preempt the national Nonstop Network programming to carry their own local content. By July 2012, it was announced that NBC was considering using a different name for the national network, with "Bob TV" among the names being put under consideration.[10]
On October 17, 2012, Time Out Chicago reported that NBCUniversal would launch a new classic television network (similar to MeTV) called Cozi TV; this turned out to actually be the new name of the retooled national version of NBC Nonstop.[4][11][12] NBC soft launched Cozi TV on its owned-and-operated stations as well as some charter affiliates on December 20, 2012; the network officially launched on January 1, 2013.[13]
Programming[edit]
Main article: List of programs broadcast by Cozi TV
Cozi TV permits its local affiliates the option of preempting up to 13 hours of the network's programming each week in order to carry newscasts or other locally produced programming; this is a remnant of the format originated by NBC Nonstop, in which most of NBC's O&Os carried additional newscasts on their Nonstop subchannels.[14]
Affiliates[edit]
NBCUniversal broadcasts Cozi TV in most markets served by a station owned by the NBCUniversal Owned Television Stations group, either on subchannels of NBC or Telemundo stations. The network is also available on the digital subchannels of other television stations, primarily those affiliated with NBC.[4][5] The network is available to stations on a barter basis, in which Cozi TV and its affiliates split the responsibility of selling advertising inventory as well as the commercial time allocated each hour.
The network soft-launched on NBC and Telemundo owned-and-operated stations in most markets (with NBC O&Os carrying the network in most markets where the company owns stations and Telemundo O&Os carrying it in markets where an NBC O&O is not present). The network's initial affiliates outside of the core NBC O&O group included KAIL-TV in Fresno, California, KVOA in Tucson, KSNV-DT in Las Vegas and eight Texas stations owned by London Broadcasting Company (including KCEN-TV in Waco and its semi-repeater KAGS-LD in College Station), with a total initial reach of 26% of U.S. television households.[15] By July 2013, the network's reach had expanded to 42% of the U.S. (or an estimated 47.5 million households with at least one television set), through affiliation deals with WMFP in Boston, KUBE-TV in Houston and the E. W. Scripps Company's KSHB-TV in Kansas City.[16]
On June 2, 2014, Cozi TV's programming was made available on AT&T U-verse channel 578 and Dish Network channel 82 on a part-time basis, through a deal with LeSEA Broadcasting's Family Entertainment Television (FETV) network. LeSEA's relationship with Cozi TV was extended to its stations on June 17, 2014, when it signed an affiliation deal to carry the network on its stations in South Bend, Honolulu, Colorado Springs, Tulsa, St. Croix and New Orleans (WHMB-TV in Indianapolis was exempted from the agreement due to an existing affiliation contract with Dispatch Broadcast Group's WTHR and WALV-CD); the network also announced a deal with OTA Broadcasting, LLC to affiliate with KFFV in Seattle and WEPA-CD in Pittsburgh. Both deals expanded the network's reach to 60% of the U.S.[17][18] The deals expired on June 26, 2017.
As of April 27, 2017, the Baltimore market area was the largest without a Cozi TV affiliate.
List of affiliates[edit]
City
Station[19]
Virtual
channel
Primary affiliation
Owner
Notes
Alabama[edit]
Athens/Huntsville WTZT-CD 11.1 - Jamie Cooper Television
Mobile/Pensacola, FL WALA-TV 10.2 Fox Meredith Corporation
Troy/Montgomery WIYC 48.1 Neal Ardman
Arizona[edit]
Phoenix KPHO-TV 5.2 CBS Meredith Corporation [21]
Tucson KVOA 4.2 NBC Cordillera Communications
Arkansas[edit]
Fort Smith/Fayetteville KFDF-CD 44.2 Estrella TV Pinnacle Media, LLC
California[edit]
Chico KCVU 20.2 Fox Bonten Media Group, Inc
(sale to Sinclair Broadcast Group pending)
Eureka KBVU-TV 28.2
Fresno KAIL 7.2 MyNetworkTV Aperio Communications, LLC
Los Angeles KNBC 4.2 NBC NBC Owned Television Stations Formerly used Nonstop branding.
Sacramento KAHC-LD 43.3 Stadium DTV America Corporation
Salinas/Monterey K15CU-D 15.1 - NBC Owned Television Stations Former translator of KSTS.
San Diego KNSD 39.2 NBC Formerly used Nonstop branding.
San Jose/San Francisco/Oakland KNTV 11.2 Formerly used Nonstop branding.
Santa Maria Cable Only 4 Comcast
Colorado[edit]
Denver KDEN-TV 25.3 Telemundo NBC Owned Television Stations
Grand Junction KGBY-TV 20.1 - Chang Media Group
Connecticut[edit]
New Britain/Hartford/New Haven WVIT 30.2 NBC NBC Owned Television Stations Originally planned to launch a Nonstop network.
Delaware[edit]
Rehoboth Beach/Dover/Salisbury, MD WRDE-LD 31.2 NBC Price Hill Television, LLC Partial schedule; MyNetworkTV is primary affiliation
District of Columbia[edit]
Washington WRC-TV 4.2 NBC NBC Owned Television Stations Formerly used Nonstop branding.
Florida[edit]
Fort Myers/Naples WGPS-LP 22.1 - WGPS of Southwest Florida, LLC Replaced Estrella TV on November 29, 2016.
Jacksonville WRCZ-LD 35.3 The Country Network DTV America Corporation
Miami/Fort Lauderdale WTVJ 6.2 NBC NBC Owned Television Stations Formerly used Nonstop branding.
Orlando WKMG-TV 6.2 CBS Graham Media Group Replaced Live Well Network in November 2014.
Tampa/St. Petersburg WTTA 38.2 MyNetworkTV Nexstar Media Group [22]
Wabasso/West Palm Beach WXOD-LD 33.4 Buzzr DTV America Corporation
Georgia[edit]
Atlanta WGCL-TV 46.2 CBS Meredith Corporation
[21]
Columbus WLGA 66.1 - CNZ Communications, LLC
Idaho[edit]
Boise KKJB 39.2 Telemundo Cocola Broadcasting
Pocatello KPVI-DT 6.3 NBC Frontier Radio Management
Illinois[edit]
Chicago WMAQ-TV 5.2 NBC NBC Owned Television Stations Formerly used Nonstop branding.
Decatur WAND 17.2 Block Communications
Indiana[edit]
Indianapolis WTHR 13.2 NBC The Dispatch Printing Company [23][24]
Iowa[edit]
Davenport KWQC-TV 6.3 NBC Gray Television
Des Moines KCYM-LD 45.6 Newsmax TV DTV America Corporation
Kansas[edit]
Sublette KDGL-LD 23.1 - High Plains Broadcasting, LLC.
Dodge City KDGL-LD
Garden City KDGL-LD
Liberal KDGL-LD
Ulysses KDGL-LD
Wichita KGPT-CD 26.1 Great Plains Television Network, LLC.
Kentucky[edit]
Bowling Green WCZU-LD 39.7 Antenna TV
MyNetworkTV DTV America Corporation
Louisville WMYO 58.2 MyNetworkTV Block Communications
Louisiana[edit]
Crowley (Lafayette) K18JF-D/K36MG-D/K43MS-D/K47NC-D 18/36/43/47 DTV America Corporation DTV America Corporation Station Currently off air/Scheduled Launch Mid-2017 on two of these four stations.
Massachusetts[edit]
Boston WBTS-LD 8.3 NBC NBCUniversal [25]
Merrimack, NH WNEU 60.4 Telemundo [26]
Springfield WSHM-LD 3.6 CBS Meredith Corporation [21]
Michigan[edit]
Detroit WMYD 20.2 MyNetworkTV E. W. Scripps Company Subchannel formerly affiliated with WCSN and later TheCoolTV; was a 16:9 SD simulcast of 20.1 before affiliating with the network. Dropped March-2016 & replaced with Antenna TV; Picked up by WADL on 38.4
Flint WNEM-TV 5.3 CBS Meredith Corporation [21]
Grand Rapids/Kalamazoo/Battle Creek WXSP-CD 15.2 MyNetworkTV Nexstar Media Group [22]
Traverse City/Cadillac/Sault Ste. Marie WLLZ-LP 12 (analog) P&P Cable Holdings Cozi TV is aired whenever MNTV programming is not being aired.
Minnesota[edit]
Minneapolis–Saint Paul KMBD-LD 43.4 Bounce DTV America Corporation
Mississippi[edit]
Cleveland WHCQ-LD 8.4 MyNetworkTV Ellington Broadcasting
Meridian WMDN 24.3 CBS Meridian Media
Missouri[edit]
St. Louis WODK-LD 45.1 DTV America Corporation All 7 subchannels of ch 45 first became active in Jan 2017.
Kansas City KSHB-TV 41.2 NBC E. W. Scripps Company
Springfield KYTV 3.3 Gray Television
Nebraska[edit]
Omaha WOWT 6.2 NBC Gray Television
Nevada[edit]
Las Vegas KBLR 39.4 Telemundo NBC Owned Television Stations
New Mexico[edit]
Albuquerque KASY-TV 50.4 MyNetworkTV Nexstar Media Group
New York[edit]
Buffalo WBXZ-LP 56.1 - Steven Ritchie
New York City WNBC 4.2 NBC NBC Owned Television Stations Formerly used Nonstop branding.
Syracuse WSYT 68.2 Fox Northwest Broadcasting
Utica WVVC-LD 40.4 Antenna TV Northeast Gospel Broadcasting, Inc.
North Carolina[edit]
Charlotte WVEB-LD 40.1 DTV America Corporation
Greenville/Kinston WTMH-LD 21.4 Tutt Media Group
Raleigh WRAL-TV 5.2 NBC Capitol Broadcasting Company
Wilmington WTMV-LD 29.1 Tutt Media Group TBA
North Dakota[edit]
Fargo/Grand Forks/Valley City KRDK-TV 4.1 (38) - Major Market Broadcasting Relaunch
Ohio[edit]
Cincinnati WBQC-LD 25.1 - Block Broadcasting
Cleveland WKYC 3.3 NBC Tegna Launched 9/30/2017[27]
Previously carried on WEWS 5.2 (April 8, 2015 - April 15, 2017).
Columbus WCSN-LD 32.2 Biz TV Columbus Television, LLC
Portsmouth (Huntington, West Virginia) WTZP-LD 50.1 - Eagle Broadcasting Group Formerly used Nonstop branding.
Toledo WMNT-CD 48.4 MyNetworkTV Community Broadcast Group, Inc.
(pending a sale to Novia Communications, LLC)
Oklahoma[edit]
Tulsa KWHB-TV 47.3 World Harvest Television LeSEA Broadcasting Corporation
Tulsa KUOC-LD 48.7 DTV America
Puerto Rico[edit]
Aguadilla WSJP-LD 18.1 - LKK Group
South Carolina[edit]
Greenville WHNS 21.2 Fox Meredith Corporation [21]
Sumter WKTC 63.3 The CW
MyNetworkTV WBHQ Columbia, LLC
South Dakota[edit]
Sioux Falls KTTW 17.3 Fox Local shareholders
Tennessee[edit]
Jackson WYJJ-LD 27.7 MyNetworkTV
Antenna TV DTV America Corporation
Kingsport/Johnson City/Bristol WKPT-TV 19.1 - Glenwood Communications Corporation Also serves Bristol, Virginia area. Until January 2017, Cozi TV programming was seen on WKPT-TV's third digital subchannel,[28] itself simulcast on WOPI-CD (channel 9).
Memphis WQEK-LD 36.1 DTV America Corporation
Nashville WSMV-TV 4.3 NBC Meredith Corporation [21]
Texas[edit]
Abilene KXVA 15.3 Fox Tegna [29][30][31]
Beaumont KBMT 12.3 ABC
Amarillo KAUO-LD 15.4 The Country Network DTV America Corporation
Austin KXAN-TV 36.2 NBC Nexstar Media Group [22]
Bryan/College Station KAGS-LD 23.2 Tegna
Corpus Christi KIII 3.4 ABC
Dallas/Fort Worth KXAS-TV 5.2 NBC NBC Owned Television Stations Formerly used Nonstop branding.
Houston KTMD 47.3 Telemundo
Longview/Tyler KCEB 54.3 SonLife London Broadcasting Company
Lubbock KMYL-LD 14.4 MyNetworkTV Ramar Communications
San Angelo KIDY 6.3 Fox Tegna
San Antonio KVDA 60.3 Telemundo NBC Owned Television Stations
Waco KCEN-TV 6.2 NBC Tegna
Harlingen, Texas KMBH 38.1 - MBTV Texas Valley, LLC Primarily-affiliated with PBS until 2016, which since relocated to 38.2
U.S. Virgin Islands[edit]
St. Croix WCVI 23.3 World Harvest Television LeSEA Broadcasting
Utah[edit]
Salt Lake City KSL-TV 5.2 NBC Bonneville International
(Bonneville International Corporation)
Virginia[edit]
Danville/Roanoke/Lynchburg, Virginia WFFP-TV 24.1 - Liberty University
Washington[edit]
Seattle KFFV 44.5 EVINE Live OTA Broadcasting, LLC
West Virginia[edit]
Weirton WJPW-CD 59.1 - OTA Broadcasting, LLC
Wisconsin[edit]
Fond du Lac/Milwaukee WIWN 68.1 - CNZ Communications/Milwaukee Media In the past carried by WTMJ-DT2 and WTSJ-LD3 before WIWN assumed affiliation on June 22, 2017.
Madison WZCK-LD 8.1 - DTV America Corporation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Buckman, Adam (July 26, 2016). "Diginets Keep Growing, Despite Auction Cloud". TVNewsCheck. NewsCheck Media. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "NBC Reinvents Nonstop As National Diginet". TV News Check. November 3, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "FAQ". COZI TV. NBCUniversal Media. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jessell, Harry (October 24, 2012). "It's Official: NBC Stations Getting Cozi". TV News Check. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Knox, Merrill (October 24, 2012). "NBC Owned Stations Launch COZI TV To Replace NonStop Channels". Media Bistro. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Daisy Whitney (March 2009). "NBC Goes 'Nonstop' on Subchannel". TV Week. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Katy Bachman (June 7, 2010). "NBC Local Makes Changes at Top". AdWeek. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Michael Malone (October 21, 2010). "Exclusive: NBC Local Media Sets 'Nonstop' Launch Dates". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Larz (November 3, 2011). "WMAQ-TV's Chicago NonStop To Become Part Of NBC Nonstop Network". Chicagoland Radio and Media. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bob TV? NBCU Rolls Local News Channels Into New National Network". The Wrap News. July 11, 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Malone, Michael (October 17, 2012). "Report: NBC Owned Stations Launching Retro Subchannel". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Feder, Robert (October 17, 2012). "COZI TV: NBC going retro on new digital network". Time Out Chicago. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "NBC Stations Kick Off Cozi TV". TVNewsCheck. December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Diana Marszalek (July 23, 2013). "News Finds A New Home Among Diginets". TVNewsCheck. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kevin Downey (December 20, 2012). "NBC Stations Kick Off Cozi TV". TVNewsCheck. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cozi TV Clearances Hit 42% Of The U.S". TVNewsCheck. June 10, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Malone, Michael (June 17, 2014). "LeSEA, OTA Broadcasting On Board For Cozi TV". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cozi TV Diginet Adds Eight Markets". TVNewsCheck. June 17, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Stations for Network - Cozi TV". Network List. RabbitEars.info. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cozi TV Diginet Adds Eight Stations". TV NewsCheck. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/83934/cozi-tv-diginet-adds-eight-stations
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.adweek.com/tvspy/media-general-adds-cozi-tv-in-four-markets/148577
Jump up ^ "Cozi-TV, Home to classic television, set to debut in Central Indiana - 13 WTHR Indianapolis". WTHR.com. WorldNow and WTHR. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "TV Listings Guide and TV Schedule, Where to Watch TV Shows - Zap2it - Indianapolis IN 46201". Zap2it.com. Tribune Media Services, Inc. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
Jump up ^ RabbitEars TV Query for WBTS-LD
Jump up ^ RabbitEars TV Query for WNEU
Jump up ^ WKYC to begin airing Cozi TV in September - WKYC Director's Cut
Jump up ^ Hayes, Hank (January 30, 2017). "Holston Valley Broadcasting goes all-in on nostalgic TV". Kingsport Times-News. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "COZI TV - 12 News KBMT and K-JAC". 12NewsNow.com. WorldNow and KBMT. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Broadcast schedules - 12 News KBMT and K-JAC". 12NewsNow.com. WorldNow and KBMT; Titan TV. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Netwworks of 12 News" (PDF). 12NewsNow.com. WorldNow and KBMT. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
External links[edit]
Official website
[show]
v
t
e
NBCUniversal
A subsidiary of Comcast
Corporate
officials
Board of Directors
Steve Burke (CEO)
Brian L. Roberts
Jeffrey R. Immelt
Keith Sherin
Executives
Steve Capus
Dick Ebersol
Robert Greenblatt
Bonnie Hammer
Ted Harbert
Ronald Meyer
Universal Studios
Amblin Partners[nu 1]
Back Lot Music
Carnival Films
Chiller Films
DreamWorks Animation
DreamWorks Classics
Big Idea Entertainment
Bullwinkle StudiosJV
Harvey Entertainment
DreamWorks Channel
Oriental DreamWorks[nu 2]
DreamWorks New Media
AwesomenessTV[nu 3]
Big Frame
Fandango (70%)
Focus Features
Gramercy Pictures
Illumination Entertainment
Illumination Mac Guff
NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan
United International Pictures[nu 4]
Universal Animation Studios
Universal Playback
Universal Pictures Home Entertainment
Working Title Films
Universal Parks
& Resorts
United States
Universal Studios Hollywood
CityWalk
Universal Orlando Resort
Universal Studios Florida
Islands of Adventure
CityWalk
International
Universal Studios Japan
Universal Studios Singapore
Universal Studios Beijing
NBCU Cable
Entertainment
Universal Cable Productions
Craftsy (major stake)
Networks
Chiller
Syfy
USA Network
Lifestyle Group
Bravo
E!
Oxygen
Universal Kids
NBCU Digital
Hulu[nu 5]
Movieclips
Seeso
NBCU Telemundo
Enterprises
NBC Universo
Telemundo
Puerto Rico Studios
Telemundo TV Studios
Telemundo Deportesw/NBC Sports Group
NBC Sports Group
NBC Sports Ventures
Alli
Golf Channel
NBC Sports Digital
GolfNow
NBC Sports
NBCSN
Olympic Channel
part owner
MLB Network
NHL Network
NBC Sports
Regional Networks
Bay Area (45%)
Boston
California
Chicago (20%)
Northwest
Philadelphia
Washington
SNY (8%)
NBCUniversal
News Group
NBC News
NBCNews.com
The Weather Channel[nu 6]
MSNBC
Peacock Productions
CNBC global channels
CNBC
CNBC Africa (licensee)
CNBC Asia
CNBC Europe
CNBC Latin America
CNBC World
CNBC Europe branches
Class CNBC (20%)
CNBC Africa (licensee)
CNBC Arabiya
CNBC-e
CNBC Nordic
CNBC Asia branches
CNBC-TV18
CNBC Australia
CNBC Awaaz
CNBC Hong Kong
CNBC Pakistan
CNBC Singapore
Nikkei CNBC
SBS-CNBC
NBCUniversal
International
Networks
13th Street Universal
Australia
Benelux
France
Germany
Spain
Bravo New Zealand
Euronews[nu 7]
Syfy Universal
Asia
Australia
Benelux
France
Germany
Italy[nu 8]
Latin America
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovenia
Spain
United Kingdom
Diva Universal
Asia
Italy
Romania
Movies 24
Studio Universal
Latin America
Universal Channel
Asia
Australia
Germany
Greece
Japan
Poland
Turkey
United Kingdom
Style Network
Australia
E!
Asia
Australia
Europe
NBC Entertainment
NBC
DreamWorks Animation Television
Stamford Media Center
Universal Television
NBC Broadcasting
Affiliate Relations
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
NBCU Owned
TV Stations
O&Os
NBC Owned
TV Stations
KNBC
KNSD
KNTV
KXAS-TV
WBTS-LD
WCAU
WMAQ-TV
WNBC
WRC-TV
WTVJ
WVIT Other properties:
Cozi TV
K15CU-D
LXTV
New England Cable News
Telemundo
Station Group
KBLR
KDEN-TV
KEJT-LP
KHRR
KNSD-DT20
KNSO[nu 9]
KSTS
KTAZ
KTLM
KTMD
KVDA
KVEA
KXTX-TV
WKAQ-TV
WNEU
WNJU
WSCV
WSNS-TV
WWSI Other properties:
TeleXitos
Other assets:
EMKA, Ltd.
International Media Distribution
PictureBox Films
Former/Defunct
properties
and predecessors:
Castle Films
Chapman Entertainment
CIC Video
Cloo
Comcast Network
Esquire Network
FilmDistrict
Filmation
G4
Good Machine
Gramercy Pictures
Harvey Films/Harvey Comics
ITC Entertainment
Interscope Communications
Miss Universe[nu 10]
Multimedia Entertainment
MCA Inc.
October Films
Kitty Films
Pacific Data Images
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
Propaganda Films
Seagram Company Ltd.
Shift
Total Television
Universal HD
Jump up ^ Co-owned with The Amblin Group, Participant Media, Reliance Entertainment, Entertainment One and Alibaba Pictures.
Jump up ^ Co-owned with China Media Capital, Shanghai Media Group and Shanghai Alliance Investment.
Jump up ^ Co-owned with Hearst Communications and Verizon Communications.
Jump up ^ 50%, with Viacom's Paramount Pictures.
Jump up ^ Co-owned with 21st Century Fox, The Walt Disney Company and Time Warner. NBCUniversal has no involvement with Hulu operations.
Jump up ^ Co-owned with The Blackstone Group and Bain Capital.
Jump up ^ Co-owned with Media Globe Networks and European public broadcasters.
Jump up ^ Co-owned with Mediaset.
Jump up ^ The station is owned by NBCUniversal, but is controlled by Serestar Communications.
Jump up ^ Co-owned with The Trump Organization before September 2015 sale to WMG/IMG.
[show]
v
t
e
Broadcast television networks in the United States
[show]
v
t
e
English-language broadcast television networks in the United States
Major
ABC
CBS
The CW
Fox
NBC
Minor
AMGTV
Ion Television
MyNetworkTV
Youtoo America
Public TV
PBS
Kids
American Public Television
Create
World
CAS
MHz Worldview
NASA TV
Specialty
News/lifestyle
AccuWeather
Cheddar
DrTV
France 24
Ion Life
Justice
LWN
WeatherNation
Sports
Frost Great Outdoors
Pursuit
Rev'n
Stadium
Untamed
Other
Qubo
TBD
Gender
Escape
Grit
Tuff TV
Music
TCN
Heartland
Minority/
International
Arirang
Asia Vision
Bounce
CV
DW
KBS World
KEMS
MBC America
NHK
SBS International
Soul of the South
Classic
Antenna
Cozi TV
Decades
Family Channel
GetTV
Light TV
MeTV
Retro TV
Movies
Movies!
This
Genre
Buzzr
Charge!
Comet
Heroes & Icons
Laff
Shopping
Evine
Gun TV
HSN
Jewelry TV
LifehacksDRTV
OnTV4U
QVC
Shop LC
Defunct
Major
DuMont
NET
UPN
The WB
Minor
A1
AIN
Ch.America
FamilyNetc
Hughes
Mizlou
N1
NATVi
NTA Film
Omni
ON/UN
PTN
Plum
PTEN
SFM Holiday
Star
Theater
TVS
UATV
Variety
Works
Specialty
News
ABC News Now
All News
DoD News
NBC Wx+/NBC+
TouchVision
Dot2
PBJ
Research
Sportsmanc
Sports
American Sports Network
Universal
WSTV
Shopping
America's Store
Gems TV
Shop at Home
Music
Bohemia Visual Musici
The Box
MTV2c
Tr3sc
Retro Jams
TheCoolTVi
The Tube
c - Now cable-only, i - Now internet-only
[show]
v
t
e
Spanish-language broadcast television networks in the United States
Major networks
Azteca América
Estrella TV
Telemundo
UniMás
Univision
Specialty networks
LATV (bilingual English/Spanish)
Mega TV
Cine Mexicano
Tele N
MiCasa Network
Mira TV
Multimedios
TeleXitos
TeLe-Romántica
Tr3́s
Defunct networks
América CV
Hispanic Television Network
Inmigrante TV
LAT TV
MundoMax
Soi TV
TuVisión
VasalloVision
[show]
v
t
e
Religious broadcast television networks in the United States
English networks
3ABN
Al Karma TV
Amazing Facts TV
BYUtv
CatholicTV
CBN
CTN
Cornerstone Television
Daystar
EWTN
Family Channel
GCN
GEB
God's Learning Channel
God TV
Hillsong Channel
Hope Channel
Hope Church Channel
IQRA TV
LLBN
Sonlife
Telecare
TBN
TBN Salsa
Smart Lifestyle TV
TCT
TLN
UBN
Walk
Word
WHT
Music
JUCE TV
The Worship Network
Children's and Teen
3ABN Kids
The Family Channel
Smile
Entertainment
INSP
Spanish networks
3ABN Latino
Aliento Vision
Almavisión
Aviva TV
CTNi
Enlace
Esperanza TV
Familia TV
Fe-TV
HCCN
Iglesia JEMIR
Red AdVenir
Tele Vida Abundante
Tvida Vision
[show]
v
t
e
Additional resources on North American television
North America
List of local television stations in North America
DTV transition
North American TV mini-template
Canada
Canadian networks
List of Canadian television networks
List of Canadian television channels
List of Canadian specialty channels
Local Canadian TV stations
List of United States stations available in Canada
2001 Vancouver TV realignment
2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment
Mexico
Mexican networks
Local Mexican TV stations
United States
American networks
List of American cable and satellite networks
List of American over-the-air networks
Local American TV stations (W)
Local American TV stations (K)
Spanish-language TV networks
1994 United States broadcast TV realignment
2006 United States broadcast TV realignment
List of Canadian television stations available in the United States
Insular Areas TV
[show]
v
t
e
Digital television in North America
Terrestrial
Digital broadcasting
ATSC tuners
Digital subchannels
Virtual channels
Distributed transmission system
Datacasting
Guide Plus
National Datacast
UpdateLogic
Metropolitan Television Alliance
Grand Alliance
Digital switchover
All-Channel Receiver Act
SAFER Act
Digital channel election
Set-top boxes
Digital television adapter
U.S. Converter Box Coupon Program
legislation
Analog passthrough
DVD recorders
Digital video recorders
Digital standards
ATSC Standards
ATSC
ATSC-M/H
8VSB
A-VSB
E-VSB
PSIP
PMCP
full list
Standard-definition TV
480i
576i
Enhanced-definition TV
480p
576p
High-definition TV
720p
1080i
1080p
Serial digital interface
Smart antennas
CEA-909
Digital networks
see Template:American broadcast television
Template:Canadian television networks
National deployment
List by country
Canada
Mexico
United States
HDTV
transition
wireless spectrum auction
Cable
Digital cable
Digital-cable-ready TV
QAM tuners
Interactive-digital-cable-ready TV
OpenCable Application Platform
Advanced Common Application Platform
Encryption
Must-carry
Subscription TV
AllVid
CableCARD
Downloadable Conditional Access System
Tru2way
Satellite TV
DVB-S
Dish Network
GlobeCast World TV
Free-to-air receiver
Bell TV/Telus Satellite TV
Dish México
DigiCipher 2
4DTV
Shaw Direct
Digital Satellite Service/DVB-S2
DirecTV
IPTV
AT&T U-verse
Bell Fibe TV
FibreOP
Telus Optik TV
Technical issues
14:9
Active Format Description
Broadcast flag
Channel protection ratios
HDTV blur
Hierarchical modulation
Pirate decryption
Standards conversion
Video on demand
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cozi_TV&oldid=804917627"
Categories:
American television networks
Classic television networks
Companies based in New York City
NBC owned-and-operated television stations
NBCUniversal networks
NBCUniversal
Television channels and stations established in 2009
Hidden categories:
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 October 2017, at 22:33.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: 2 logo text-align:center

attrs: href class title

values: /wiki/Movie mw-redirect Movie

values:
/wiki/High-definition_Television
mw-redirect
High-definition Television

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cozitv.com

values:
/wiki/Blackstone_Group
mw-redirect
Blackstone Group

values:
/wiki/Executive_vice_president
mw-redirect
Executive vice president

values:
/wiki/Stadium_(TV_Network)
mw-redirect
Stadium (TV Network)

values:
/wiki/DTV_America_Corporation
mw-redirect
DTV America Corporation

values:
/wiki/Comcast_Cable
mw-redirect
Comcast Cable

values:
/wiki/West_Palm_Beach
mw-redirect
West Palm Beach

values:
/wiki/St._Louis_Missouri
mw-redirect
St. Louis Missouri

values: Major Market Broadcasting (page does not exist)

attrs: class border cellpadding cellspacing style

values: vertical-align: center; text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
http://www.cozitv.com/faq/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://cozitv.com

values: background: #4814A1; color: white;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values:
col
navbox-title
2
background: #4814A1; color: white;

values: background: #4814A1; color: white;;width:1%

values: width:1%;background: #4814A1; color: white;

values:
/wiki/Jeffrey_R._Immelt
mw-redirect
Jeffrey R. Immelt

values:
/wiki/Back_Lot_Music
mw-redirect
Back Lot Music

values:
/wiki/NBC_Universo
mw-redirect
NBC Universo

values:
/wiki/Syfy_Universal_(Spain)
mw-redirect
Syfy Universal (Spain)

values: List of NBC television affiliates (table)

values: background: #4814A1; color: white;;font-size: 90%; text-align: left; color: black; background-color: white;

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox NBCUniversal padding:3px

values: Template talk:American broadcast television

values: Template:American broadcast television (English)

values: Template talk:American broadcast television (English)

values: List of United States over-the-air television networks

values:
/wiki/AccuWeather_Channel
mw-redirect
AccuWeather Channel

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: Template:American broadcast television (Spanish)

values: Template talk:American broadcast television (Spanish)

values: List of Spanish-language television networks in the United States

values: Template:American broadcast television (Religious)

values: Template talk:American broadcast television (Religious)

values:
/wiki/Sonlife_Broadcasting_Network
mw-redirect
Sonlife Broadcasting Network

values:
/wiki/INSP_(TV_network)
mw-redirect
INSP (TV network)

values:
/wiki/TBN_Enlace_USA
mw-redirect
TBN Enlace USA

values: Template:Television stations in North America

values: List of United States cable and satellite television networks

values: List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter W)

values: List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter K)

values: 1994 United States broadcast TV realignment

values: 2006 United States broadcast TV realignment

values: Short-term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act

values: Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005

values: Advanced Television Systems Committee standards

values: Programming Metadata Communication Protocol

values: List of digital television deployments by country

values:
/wiki/Digital_television_in_Canada
mw-redirect
Digital television in Canada

values: High-definition television in the United States

values: Digital television transition in the United States

values: United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Companies based in New York City

values: Category:NBC owned-and-operated television stations

values: Category:Television channels and stations established in 2009

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cozi_TV
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Cozi_TV&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozi_TV
Cozi TV – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozi_TV
Cozi TV – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cozi_TV rootpage-Cozi_TV vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Light-independent reactions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Light-dependent reactions
This article needs attention from an expert in Biology or Molecular and Cell Biology. The specific problem is: The title and scope of this article have issues. See the talk page for details. WikiProject Biology or WikiProject Molecular and Cell Biology may be able to help recruit an expert. (April 2017)
The internal structure of a chloroplast
The light-independent reactions, or dark reactions,[1] of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.
This process occurs only when light is available. Plants do not carry out the Calvin cycle during nighttime. They instead release sucrose into the phloem from their starch reserves. This process happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis (C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation, and Crassulacean acid metabolism); CAM plants store malic acid in their vacuoles every night and release it by day to make this process work. They are also known as dark reactions.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Coupling to other metabolic pathways
1.1 Steps
1.2 Products
2 Light-dependent regulation
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
Coupling to other metabolic pathways [edit]
These reactions are closely coupled to the thylakoid electron transport chain as reducing power provided by NADPH produced in the photosystem I is actively needed. The process of photorespiration, also known as C2 cycle, is also coupled to the dark reactions, as it results from an alternative reaction of the RuBisCO enzyme, and its final byproduct is also another glyceraldehyde-3-P.
Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation
The Calvin cycle, Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms.
The cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin, James Bassham, and Andrew Benson at the University of California, Berkeley[3] by using the radioactive isotope carbon-14.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage and transport molecules ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short-lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds[4] that can be used by the organism (and by animals that feed on it). This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation. The key enzyme of the cycle is called RuBisCO. In the following biochemical equations, the chemical species (phosphates and carboxylic acids) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the pH.
The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, but they are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell cytosol, separating the reactions. They are activated in the light (which is why the name "dark reaction" is misleading), and also by products of the light-dependent reaction. These regulatory functions prevent the Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide. Energy (in the form of ATP) would be wasted in carrying out these reactions that have no net productivity.
The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following:
3 CO
2 + 6 NADPH + 6 H+ + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 3 H
2O + 8 Pi (Pi = inorganic phosphate)
Hexose (six-carbon) sugars are not a product of the Calvin cycle. Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as C
6H
12O
6, this is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of respiration, where six-carbon sugars are oxidized in mitochondria. The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three-carbon sugar phosphate molecules, or "triose phosphates", namely, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
Steps[edit]
In the first stage of the Calvin cycle, a CO2 molecule is incorporated into one of two three-carbon molecules (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or G3P), where it uses up two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH, which had been produced in the light-dependent stage. The three steps involved are:
Calvin cycle step 1 (black circles represent carbon atoms)
Calvin cycle steps 2 and 3 combined
The enzyme RuBisCO catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, RuBP, a 5-carbon compound, by carbon dioxide (a total of 6 carbons) in a two-step reaction.[5] The product of the first step is enediol-enzyme complex that can capture CO
2 or O
2. Thus, enediol-enzyme complex is the real carboxylase/oxygenase. The CO
2 that is captured by enediol in second step produces an unstable six-carbon compound called 2-carboxy 3-keto 1,5-biphosphoribotol (or 3-keto-2-carboxyarabinitol 1,5-bisphosphate) that immediately splits into 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, or 3-PGA, a 3-carbon compound[6] (also: 3-phosphoglyceric acid, PGA, 3PGA).
The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase catalyses the phosphorylation of 3-PGA by ATP (which was produced in the light-dependent stage). 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPGA, glycerate-1,3-bisphosphate) and ADP are the products. (However, note that two 3-PGAs are produced for every CO
2 that enters the cycle, so this step utilizes two ATP per CO
2 fixed.)
The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses the reduction of 1,3BPGA by NADPH (which is another product of the light-dependent stage). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (also called G3P, GP, TP, PGAL, GAP) is produced, and the NADPH itself is oxidized and becomes NADP+. Again, two NADPH are utilized per CO
2 fixed.
Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle
The next stage in the Calvin cycle is to regenerate RuBP. Five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules, using up three molecules of ATP. Since each CO2 molecule produces two G3P molecules, three CO2 molecules produce six G3P molecules, of which five are used to regenerate RuBP, leaving a net gain of one G3P molecule per three CO2 molecules (as would be expected from the number of carbon atoms involved).
Simplified C3 cycle with structural formulas
The regeneration stage can be broken down into steps.
Triose phosphate isomerase converts all of the G3P reversibly into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), also a 3-carbon molecule.
Aldolase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase convert a G3P and a DHAP into fructose 6-phosphate (6C). A phosphate ion is lost into solution.
Then fixation of another CO
2 generates two more G3P.
F6P has two carbons removed by transketolase, giving erythrose-4-phosphate. The two carbons on transketolase are added to a G3P, giving the ketose xylulose-5-phosphate (Xu5P).
E4P and a DHAP (formed from one of the G3P from the second CO
2 fixation) are converted into sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate (7C) by aldolase enzyme.
Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (one of only three enzymes of the Calvin cycle that are unique to plants) cleaves sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate into sedoheptulose-7-phosphate, releasing an inorganic phosphate ion into solution.
Fixation of a third CO
2 generates two more G3P. The ketose S7P has two carbons removed by transketolase, giving ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), and the two carbons remaining on transketolase are transferred to one of the G3P, giving another Xu5P. This leaves one G3P as the product of fixation of 3 CO
2, with generation of three pentoses that can be converted to Ru5P.
R5P is converted into ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P, RuP) by phosphopentose isomerase. Xu5P is converted into RuP by phosphopentose epimerase.
Finally, phosphoribulokinase (another plant-unique enzyme of the pathway) phosphorylates RuP into RuBP, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, completing the Calvin cycle. This requires the input of one ATP.
Thus, of six G3P produced, five are used to make three RuBP (5C) molecules (totaling 15 carbons), with only one G3P available for subsequent conversion to hexose. This requires nine ATP molecules and six NADPH molecules per three CO
2 molecules. The equation of the overall Calvin cycle is shown diagrammatically below.
The overall equation of the Calvin cycle (black circles represent carbon atoms)
RuBisCO also reacts competitively with O
2 instead of CO
2 in photorespiration. The rate of photorespiration is higher at high temperatures. Photorespiration turns RuBP into 3-PGA and 2-phosphoglycolate, a 2-carbon molecule that can be converted via glycolate and glyoxalate to glycine. Via the glycine cleavage system and tetrahydrofolate, two glycines are converted into serine +CO
2. Serine can be converted back to 3-phosphoglycerate. Thus, only 3 of 4 carbons from two phosphoglycolates can be converted back to 3-PGA. It can be seen that photorespiration has very negative consequences for the plant, because, rather than fixing CO
2, this process leads to loss of CO
2. C4 carbon fixation evolved to circumvent photorespiration, but can occur only in certain plants native to very warm or tropical climates—corn, for example.
Products[edit]
The immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle are 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) molecules, 3 ADP, and 2 NADP+. (ADP and NADP+ are not really "products." They are regenerated and later used again in the Light-dependent reactions). Each G3P molecule is composed of 3 carbons. For the Calvin cycle to continue, RuBP (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate) must be regenerated. So, 5 out of 6 carbons from the 2 G3P molecules are used for this purpose. Therefore, there is only 1 net carbon produced to play with for each turn. To create 1 surplus G3P requires 3 carbons, and therefore 3 turns of the Calvin cycle. To make one glucose molecule (which can be created from 2 G3P molecules) would require 6 turns of the Calvin cycle. Surplus G3P can also be used to form other carbohydrates such as starch, sucrose, and cellulose, depending on what the plant needs.[7]
Light-dependent regulation[edit]
Main article: Light-dependent reactions
These reactions do not occur in the dark or at night. There is a light-dependent regulation of the cycle enzymes, as the third step requires reduced NADP.
There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off: the thioredoxin/ferredoxin activation system, which activates some of the cycle enzymes; and the RuBisCo enzyme activation, active in the Calvin cycle, which involves its own activase.
The thioredoxin/ferredoxin system activates the enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-P phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, and ribulose-5-phosphatase kinase, which are key points of the process. This happens when light is available, as the ferredoxin protein is reduced in the photosystem I complex of the thylakoid electron chain when electrons are circulating through it.[8] Ferredoxin then binds to and reduces the thioredoxin protein, which activates the cycle enzymes by severing a cystine bond found in all these enzymes. This is a dynamic process as the same bond is formed again by other proteins that deactivate the enzymes. The implications of this process are that the enzymes remain mostly activated by day and are deactivated in the dark when there is no more reduced ferredoxin available.
The enzyme RuBisCo has its own, more complex activation process. It requires that a specific lysine amino acid be carbamylated to activate the enzyme. This lysine binds to RuBP and leads to a non-functional state if left uncarbamylated. A specific activase enzyme, called RuBisCo activase, helps this carbamylation process by removing one proton from the lysine and making the binding of the carbon dioxide molecule possible. Even then the RuBisCo enzyme is not yet functional, as it needs a magnesium ion bound to the lysine to function. This magnesium ion is released from the thylakoid lumen when the inner pH drops due to the active pumping of protons from the electron flow. RuBisCo activase itself is activated by increased concentrations of ATP in the stroma caused by its phosphorylation.
References[edit]
Citations
Jump up ^ Silverstein, Alvin (2008). Photosynthesis. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 21. ISBN 9780822567981.
Jump up ^ John C. Cushman (2001). "A Plastic Photosynthetic Adaptation to Arid Environments". Plant Physiology. 127 (4): 1439–1448. doi:10.1104/pp.010818. PMC 1540176  . PMID 11743087.
Jump up ^ Bassham J, Benson A, Calvin M (1950). "The path of carbon in photosynthesis" (PDF). J Biol Chem. 185 (2): 781–7. doi:10.2172/910351. PMID 14774424.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-250882-6.
Jump up ^ Farazdaghi H (2009). "Modeling the Kinetics of Activation and Reaction of RuBisCO from Gas Exchange". Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 29 (IV): 275–294. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9237-4_12.
Jump up ^ Campbell, and Reece Biology: 8th Edition, page 198. Benjamin Cummings, December 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ Russell, Wolfe et al.Biology: Exploring the Diversity of Life'.Toronto:Nelson College Indigenous,1st ed, Vol. 1, 2010, pg 151
Jump up ^ Besse, I; Buchanan, B (1997). "Thioredoxin-linked animal and plant processes: the new generation". Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 38: 1–11.
Bibliography
Bassham JA (2003). "Mapping the carbon reduction cycle: a personal retrospective". Photosyn. Res. 76 (1-3): 35–52. doi:10.1023/A:1024929725022. PMID 16228564.
Diwan, Joyce J. (2005). "Photosynthetic Dark Reaction". Biochemistry and Biophysics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Portis, Archie; Parry, Martin (2007). "Discoveries in Rubisco (Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase): a historical perspective" (PDF). Photosynthesis Research. 94 (1): 121–143. doi:10.1007/s11120-007-9225-6. PMID 17665149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-12
Further reading[edit]
Rubisco Activase, from the Plant Physiology Online website
Thioredoxins, from the Plant Physiology Online website
External links[edit]
The Biochemistry of the Calvin Cycle at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway from Biochemistry, Fifth Edition by Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer. Published by W. H. Freeman and Company (2002).
[show]
v
t
e
Branches of life science and biology
Anatomy
Astrobiology
Biochemistry
Biogeography
Biohistory
Biomechanics
Biophysics
Bioinformatics
Biostatistics
Botany
Cell biology
Cellular microbiology
Chemical biology
Chronobiology
Computational biology
Conservation biology
Cytogenetics
Developmental biology
Ecology
Embryology
Epidemiology
Epigenetics
Evolutionary biology
Freshwater biology
Geobiology
Genetics
Genomics
Histology
Human biology
Immunology
Marine biology
Mathematical biology
Microbiology
Molecular biology
Mycology
Neontology
Neuroscience
Nutrition
Origin of life
Paleontology
Parasitology
Pathology
Pharmacology
Phylogenetics
Physiology
Quantum biology
Sociobiology
Structural biology
Systematics
Systems biology
Taxonomy
Teratology
Toxicology
Virology
Virophysics
Zoology
[show]
v
t
e
Branches of chemistry
Dictionary of chemical formulas
List of biomolecules
List of inorganic compounds
Periodic table
Physical
Chemical kinetics
Chemical physics
Nuclear chemistry
Electrochemistry
Femtochemistry
Geochemistry
Photochemistry
Quantum chemistry
Solid-state chemistry
Spectroscopy
Surface science
Thermochemistry
Organic
Biochemistry
Bioorganic chemistry
Biophysical chemistry
Chemical biology
Clinical chemistry
Fullerene chemistry
Medicinal chemistry
Neurochemistry
Pharmacy
Physical organic chemistry
Polymer chemistry
Inorganic
Bioinorganic chemistry
Cluster chemistry
Coordination chemistry
Materials science
Organometallic chemistry
Others
Actinide chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Astrochemistry
Atmospheric chemistry
Chemistry education
Clay chemistry
Click chemistry
Computational chemistry
Cosmochemistry
Environmental chemistry
Food chemistry
Forensic chemistry
Green chemistry
Ocean chemistry
Post-mortem chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Wet chemistry
Category
Commons
WikiProject
Metabolism portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light-independent_reactions&oldid=833363610"
Categories:
Photosynthesis
Metabolism
Hidden categories:
Articles needing expert attention from April 2017
All articles needing expert attention
Biology articles needing expert attention
Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention
Articles with inconsistent citation formats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Galego
한국어
Bahasa Melayu
Simple English
Türkçe
Edit links
This page was last edited on 31 March 2018, at 03:08.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

value: b

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Molecular and Cell Biology

value: span

value: i

value: small

value: tr

value: tbody

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values:
/wiki/File:Chloroplast_structure.svg
image
The internal structure of a chloroplast

values: float: left; margin-top: 0.25em; width: 11px; height: 9.5px; position: relative; width: 0px; height: 0px; border-style: solid inset; border-width: 0 5.5px 9.5px 5.5px; border-color: transparent transparent #1abc31 transparent;

values:
/wiki/Thylakoid_membranes
mw-redirect
Thylakoid membranes

values: Edit section: Coupling to other metabolic pathways

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Calvin_cycle
mw-redirect
Calvin cycle

values: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

values: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (phosphorylating)

values:
/wiki/Triose_phosphate_isomerase
mw-redirect
Triose phosphate isomerase

values:
/wiki/Phosphopentose_isomerase
mw-redirect
Phosphopentose isomerase

values: Edit section: Light-dependent regulation

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.010818

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743087

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2172%2F910351

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14774424

values: Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin (page does not exist)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1024929725022

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16228564

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17665149

values:
/wiki/Life_science
mw-redirect
Life science

values:
/wiki/Biological_classification
mw-redirect
Biological classification

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Dictionary_of_chemical_formulas
mw-redirect
Dictionary of chemical formulas

values:
/wiki/Coordination_chemistry
mw-redirect
Coordination chemistry

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Articles needing expert attention from April 2017

values: Category:All articles needing expert attention

values: Category:Biology articles needing expert attention

values: Category:Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention

values: Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Light-independent_reactions
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: تفاعل غير معتمد على الضوء – Arabic

values: Light-independent reaction – Simple English

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Light-independent_reactions rootpage-Light-independent_reactions skin-vector action-view