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List of Atlantic hurricane records
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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Since the reliable record keeping of tropical cyclone data within the North Atlantic Ocean began in 1851,[1] there have been 1,574 systems of at least tropical storm intensity and 912 of at least hurricane intensity. Though a majority of these tropical depressions have fallen within climatological averages, prevailing atmospheric conditions occasionally lead to anomalous tropical systems which at times reach extremes in statistical record-keeping including in duration and intensity.[2] The scope of this list is limited to tropical cyclone records solely within the Atlantic Ocean and is subdivided by their reason for notability.
Contents
1 Tropical cyclogenesis
1.1 Earliest/latest formations for each category
1.2 Earliest formation records by storm number
2 Intensity
2.1 Most intense
2.1.1 By pressure
2.1.2 By highest sustained winds
2.1.3 Most intense by month
2.1.4 Hurricane Severity Index
2.2 Fastest intensification
3 Seasonal records
3.1 Highest number of named storms
3.2 Seasonal activity
3.3 Number of tropical storms and hurricanes per season
4 Effects
4.1 Costliest Atlantic hurricanes
4.2 Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes
4.3 Most tornadoes spawned
5 Miscellaneous records
5.1 Distance traveled
5.2 Highest forward speed
5.3 Largest in diameter
5.4 Longest duration
5.4.1 Longest duration as a Category 5 hurricane
6 Worldwide cyclone records set by Atlantic storms
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
Tropical cyclogenesis[edit]
Earliest/latest formations for each category[edit]
See also: Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricane Alice was both the latest and earliest recorded hurricane to exist in any given calendar year.
Climatologically speaking, approximately 97 percent of tropical cyclones that form in the North Atlantic develop between the dates of June 1 and November 30 – dates which delimit the modern-day Atlantic hurricane season. Though the beginning of the annual hurricane season has historically remained the same, the official end of the hurricane season has shifted from its initial date of October 31. Regardless, on average once every few years a tropical cyclone develops outside the limits of the season;[3] as of June 2018 there have been 89 tropical cyclones in the off-season, with the most recent being Subtropical Storm Alberto in 2018.[1] The first tropical cyclone of the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season, which formed on January 3, became the earliest forming tropical storm and hurricane after reanalysis concluded on the storm in December 2012.[4] Hurricane Able in 1951 was initially thought to be the earliest forming major hurricane – a tropical cyclone with winds exceeding 115 mph (185 km/h)[nb 1] – however following post-storm analysis it was determined that Able only reached Category 1 strength which made Hurricane Alma of 1966 the new record holder; as it became a major hurricane on June 8.[1] Though it developed within the bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season,[3][1] Hurricane Audrey in 1957 was the earliest developing Category 4 hurricane on record after it reached the intensity on June 27.[6] However, reanalysis from 1956 to 1960 by NOAA downgraded Audrey to a Category 3, making Hurricane Dennis of 2005 the earliest Category 4 on record on July 8, 2005.[7] The earliest-forming Category 5 hurricane, Emily, reached the highest intensity on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale on July 17, 2005.[8]
Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30, the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the official end date for the hurricane season.[3] December, the only month of the year after the hurricane season, has featured the cyclogenesis of fourteen tropical cyclones.[1] Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005 was the latest tropical cyclone to attain tropical storm intensity as it did so on December 30. However, the second Hurricane Alice in 1954 was the latest forming tropical cyclone to attain hurricane intensity. Both Alice and Zeta were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years – the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006.[9] No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in December.[1] In 1999, Hurricane Lenny reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unprecedented west to east track across the Caribbean; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane, though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season.[10] Hurricane Hattie (October 27-November 1, 1961) was initially thought to have been the latest forming Category 5 hurricane ever documented,[11] though reanalysis indicated that a devastating hurricane in 1932 reached such an intensity at a later date.[1][4] Consequently, this made the hurricane the latest developing tropical cyclone to reach all four Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale classifications past Category 1 intensity.[1]
Earliest and latest forming Atlantic tropical cyclones by Saffir–Simpson classification
Earliest Formation
Latest Formation
Category
Year
Storm
Date Reached
Notes
Year
Storm
Date Reached
Notes
Tropical storm 1938 Unnamed January 3 [1][nb 2] 2005–06 Tropical Storm Zeta December 30 [1]
Category 1 1938 Unnamed January 4 [1] 1954–55 Hurricane Alice December 30 [1]
Category 2 1908 Unnamed March 7 [1] 2016 Hurricane Otto November 24 [12][nb 3]
Category 3 1966 Hurricane Alma June 8 [1] 2016 Hurricane Otto November 24 [12]
Category 4 2005 Hurricane Dennis July 8 1999 Hurricane Lenny November 17 [1]
Category 5 2005 Hurricane Emily July 17 [8][13] 1932 1932 Cuba hurricane November 5 [1]
Earliest formation records by storm number[edit]
Indicates a tie for the earliest/next earliest formation date
Earliest formation of north Atlantic tropical cyclones by storm number
Storm #
Earliest
Next earliest
Name
Date of formation
Name
Date of formation
1
Unnamed January 3, 1938 Unnamed January 4, 1951
2
Unnamed May 17, 1887 Unnamed May 26, 1908
Beryl 00May 26, 2012
3
Colin June 5, 2016 Unnamed June 12, 1887
4
Danielle June 20, 2016 Debby June 23, 2012
5
Emily July 11, 2005 Danny July 16, 1997
6
Franklin July 21, 2005 Unnamed August 2, 1959
7
Gert July 24, 2005 Unnamed August 7, 1936
8
Harvey August 3, 2005 Unnamed August 15, 1936
9
Irene August 7, 2005 Unnamed August 20, 1936
10
Jose August 22, 2005 Jerry August 23, 1995
Joyce 00August 23, 2012
11
Katrina August 24, 2005 Unnamed August 28, 1936
Karen 00August 28, 1995
12
Luis August 29, 1995 Leslie August 30, 2012
13
Maria September 2, 2005 Michael September 4, 2012
Lee 00September 2, 2011
14
Nate September 5, 2005 Maria September 7, 2011
15
Ophelia September 7, 2005 (06z) Unnamed September 19, 1936
16
Philippe September 17, 2005 Ophelia September 21, 2011
17
Rita September 18, 2005 Philippe September 24, 2011
18
Stan October 2, 2005 Sebastien October 21, 1995
19
Unnamed October 4, 2005 Tony October 24, 2012
20
Tammy October 5, 2005 Unnamed November 15, 1933
21
Vince October 9, 2005 N/A
22
Wilma October 17, 2005 N/A
23
Alpha October 22, 2005 N/A
24
Beta October 27, 2005 N/A
25
Gamma November 18, 2005 N/A
26
Delta November 23, 2005 N/A
27
Epsilon November 29, 2005 N/A
28
Zeta December 30, 2005 N/A
Based on data from: U.S. NOAA Coastal Service Center - Historical Hurricane Tracks Tool
Note: Storms that originally form as a tropical depression will not be posted unless they reach tropical storm status (for example, Hurricane Michael in 2012 formed on September 3 as a tropical depression, but was not named until it reached tropical storm status, on September 4, thus putting Hurricane Michael on the list with the date September 4).
Intensity[edit]
Most intense[edit]
By pressure[edit]
Most intense Atlantic hurricanes
Rank
Hurricane
Season
Pressure
hPa
inHg
1
Wilma 2005 882 26.05
2
Gilbert 1988 888 26.23
3
"Labor Day" 1935 892 26.34
4
Rita 2005 895 26.43
5
Allen 1980 899 26.55
6
Camille 1969 900 26.58
7
Katrina 2005 902 26.64
8
Mitch 1998 905 26.73
Dean 2007
10
Maria 2017 908 26.81
Source: HURDAT[1]
Generally speaking, the intensity of a tropical cyclone is determined by either the storm's maximum sustained winds or lowest barometric pressure. The following table lists the most intense Atlantic hurricanes in terms of their lowest barometric pressure. In terms of wind speed, Allen from 1980 was the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, with maximum sustained winds of 190 mph (310 km/h). For many years, it was thought that Hurricane Camille also attained this intensity, but this conclusion was changed in 2014. The original measurements of Camille are suspect since wind speed instrumentation used at the time would likely be damaged by winds of such intensity.[14] Nonetheless, their central pressures are low enough to rank them among the strongest recorded Atlantic hurricanes.[1]
Owing to their intensity, the strongest Atlantic hurricanes have all attained Category 5 classification. Hurricane Opal, the strongest Category 4 hurricane recorded, intensified to reach a minimum pressure of 916 mbar (hPa; 27.05 inHg),[15] a pressure typical of Category 5 hurricanes.[16] Nonetheless, the pressure remains too high to list Opal as one of the ten strongest Atlantic tropical cyclones.[1] Presently, Hurricane Wilma is the strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded, after reaching an intensity of 882 mbar (hPa; 26.05 inHg) in October 2005;[14] this also made Wilma the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide outside of the West Pacific,[17][18][19][20][21] where seven tropical cyclones have been recorded to intensify to lower pressures.[22] However, this was later superseded by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 in the east Pacific, which had a pressure reading of 872 mbar. Preceding Wilma is Hurricane Gilbert, which had also held the record for most intense Atlantic hurricane for 17 years.[23] The 1935 Labor Day hurricane, with a pressure of 892 mbar (hPa; 26.34 inHg), is the third strongest Atlantic hurricane and the strongest documented tropical cyclone prior to 1950.[1] Since the measurements taken during Wilma and Gilbert were documented using dropsonde, this pressure remains the lowest measured over land.[24]
Hurricane Rita is the fourth strongest Atlantic hurricane in terms of barometric pressure and one of three tropical cyclones from 2005 on the list, with the others being Wilma and Katrina at first and seventh, respectively.[1] However, with a barometric pressure of 895 mbar (hPa; 26.43 inHg), Rita is the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico.[25]
Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure
Rank
Hurricane
Season
Landfall pressure
1
"Labor Day" 1935 892 mbar (hPa)
2
Camille 1969 900 mbar (hPa)
Gilbert 1988
4
Dean 2007 905 mbar (hPa)
5
"Cuba" 1924 910 mbar (hPa)
6
Janet 1955 914 mbar (hPa)
Irma 2017
8
"Cuba" 1932 918 mbar (hPa)
9
Michael 2018 919 mbar (hPa)
10
Katrina 2005 920 mbar (hPa)
Maria 2017
Sources: Atlantic Hurricane Best Track Data
Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
National Hurricane Center
In between Rita and Katrina is Hurricane Allen. Allen's pressure was measured at 899 mbar. Hurricane Camille is the sixth strongest hurricane on record. Camille is the only storm to have been moved down the list due to post-storm analysis. Camille was originally recognized as the fifth strongest hurricane on record, but was dropped to the seventh strongest in 2014, with an estimated pressure at 905 mbars, tying it with Hurricanes Mitch, and Dean. Camille then was recategorized with a new pressure of 900 mbars. Currently, Mitch and Dean share intensities for the eighth strongest Atlantic hurricane at 905 mbar (hPa; 26.73 inHg).[24] Hurricane Maria is in tenth place for most intense Atlantic tropical cyclone, with a pressure as low as 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg).[26] In addition, the most intense Atlantic hurricane outside of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico is Hurricane Irma of 2017, with a pressure of 914 mbar (hPa; 27.0 inHg).[27]
Many of the strongest recorded tropical cyclones weakened prior to their eventual landfall or demise. However, six of the storms remained intense enough at landfall to be considered some of the strongest landfalling hurricanes – six of the ten hurricanes on the list constitute six of the most intense Atlantic landfalls in recorded history. The 1935 Labor Day hurricane made landfall at peak intensity, the most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall.[28] Hurricane Camille made landfall in Waveland, Mississippi with a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg), making it the second most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall.[29] Though it weakened slightly before its eventual landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula, Hurricane Gilbert maintained a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg) at landfall, making its landfall the second strongest, tied with Camille. Similarly, Hurricane Dean made landfall on the peninsula, though it did so at peak intensity and with a higher barometric pressure; its landfall marked the fourth strongest in Atlantic hurricane history.[24] Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico shortly after its peak intensity, with a pressure of 920 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg). In addition, despite being well past its peak intensity, Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Buras-Triumph, Louisiana with a pressure of 920 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg), thus making it the ninth-strongest landfall, tied with Maria.[30]
By highest sustained winds[edit]
Highest 1-minute sustained winds (175 mph or greater)
Rank
Hurricane
Season
Winds
mph
km/h
1
Allen 1980 190 305
2
"Labor Day" 1935 185 295
Gilbert 1988
Wilma 2005
5
Mitch 1998 180 285
Rita 2005
Irma 2017
8
"Cuba" 1932 175 280
Janet 1955
Carla 1961
Camille 1969
Anita 1977
David 1979
Andrew 1992
Katrina 2005
Dean 2007
Felix
Maria 2017
Most intense by month[edit]
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure.
Most intense Atlantic tropical cyclones by month
Month
Storm
Year
Minimum pressure
Maximum winds
Category
Notes
January
Alice 1955 ~980 mbar (hPa; 28.94 inHg) 90 mph (150 km/h) Category 1 [nb 4]
February
"Groundhog Day" 1952 990 mbar (hPa; 29.23 inHg) 70 mph (110 km/h) Tropical storm [nb 5]
March
Unnamed 1908 <991 mbar (hPa; 29.27 inHg) 100 mph (155 km/h) Category 2 [nb 5]
April
Arlene 2017 990 mbar (hPa; 29.23 inHg) 50 mph (85 km/h) Tropical storm
May
Able 1951 973 mbar (hPa; 28.74 inHg) 90 mph (150 km/h) Category 1
June
Audrey 1957 946 mbar (hPa; 27.94 inHg) 125 mph (205 km/h) Category 3 [nb 6]
Alex 2010 110 mph (175 km/h) Category 2
July
Emily 2005 929 mbar (hPa; 27.44 inHg) 160 mph (260 km/h) Category 5
August
Allen 1980 899 mbar (hPa; 26.55 inHg) 190 mph (305 km/h) Category 5
September
Gilbert 1988 888 mbar (hPa; 26.23 inHg) 185 mph (295 km/h) Category 5
October
Wilma 2005 882 mbar (hPa; 26.05 inHg) 185 mph (295 km/h) Category 5
November
"Cuba" 1932 918 mbar (hPa; 27.11 inHg) 175 mph (290 km/h) Category 5
December
Nicole 1998 979 mbar (hPa; 28.91 inHg) 85 mph (140 km/h) Category 1
Hurricane Severity Index[edit]
Most severe landfalling Atlantic hurricanes in the United States
Based on size and intensity for total points on the Hurricane Severity Index[31]
Rank
Hurricane
Year
Intensity
Size
Total
1
Carla 1961 17 25 42
2
Betsy 1965 15 25 40
Hugo 1989 16 24 40
4
Wilma 2005 12 25 37
5
Camille 1969 22 14 36
Opal 1995 11 25 36
Katrina 2005 13 23 36
8
Miami 1926 15 19 34
9
Audrey 1957 17 16 33
Fran 1996 11 22 33
Fastest intensification[edit]
Fastest intensification from a tropical depression to a hurricane (1-minute sustained surface winds) – 12 hours
Blanche 1969 – 35 mph (55 km/h) to 85 mph (140 km/h) – from 0600 UTC to 1800 UTC August 11[1]
Harvey 1981 – 35 mph (55 km/h) to 80 mph (130 km/h) – from 1200 UTC September 12 to 0000 UTC September 13[1]
Fastest intensification from a tropical depression to a Category 5 hurricane (1-minute sustained surface winds) – 54 hours
Wilma 2005 – 35 mph (55 km/h) to 170 mph (275 km/h) – from 0000 UTC October 17 to 0600 UTC October 19[1]
Maria 2017 – 35 mph (55 km/h) to 160 mph (258 km/h) – from 1800 UTC September 16 to 0000 UTC September 19[32]
Fastest intensification from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane (1-minute sustained surface winds) – 24 hours
Wilma 2005 – 70 mph (110 km/h) to 170 mph (275 km/h) – from 0600 UTC October 18 to 0600 UTC October 19[1]
Maximum pressure drop in 12 hours – 83 mbar
Wilma 2005 – 975 millibars (28.8 inHg) to 892 millibars (26.3 inHg) – from 1800 UTC October 18 to 0600 UTC October 19[1]
Maximum pressure drop in 24 hours – 97 mbar
Wilma 2005 – 979 millibars (28.9 inHg) to 882 millibars (26.0 inHg) – from 1200 UTC October 18 to 1200 UTC October 19[1]
Seasonal records[edit]
Highest number of named storms[edit]
Number of named storm occurrences by month
Month
Storms
Season
January
1 1938, 1951, 1978, 2016
February
1 1952†
March
1 1908†
April
1 1992, 2003, 2017
May
2 1887, 2012
June
3 1886, 1936, 1968
July
5 2005
August
8 2004, 2012
September
8 2002, 2010
October
8 1950
November
3 2005
December
2 1887, 2003
Based on data from: U.S. NOAA Coastal Service Center - Historical Hurricane Tracks Tool
† – Highest number for month by virtue of being only known season to see a storm form
Seasonal activity[edit]
From 1981 to 2010, there were on average 12.1 storms in the Atlantic Basin.[33] Each hurricane season may be impacted by an El Niño or La Niña which contributes to the amount of storms in any given year, and a hurricane with a peak intensity of Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is classified as major. Most Atlantic hurricane seasons between 1851, and 1930 included 7 or fewer recorded tropical storms or hurricanes, as well as many seasons between 1930 and 1965. The usage of satellite data was not available until the mid-1960s, which makes early storm counts less reliable.
The most active Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history took place in 2005, when a total of 28 storms were counted. The storm count includes 15 hurricanes, of which 7 strengthened to major hurricane status.
Most storms
Total
storms
Year
Tropical
storms
Hurricanes
Notes
Hurricanes
Major
28
2005 28 15 7 4 Category 5s, 1 subtropical storm
20
1933 20 11 6 2 Category 5s
19
1887 19 11 2
1995 19 11 5
2010 19 12 5
2011 19 7 4 1 unnamed storm
2012 19 10 2
18
1969 18 12 5 1 subtropical storm, 1 Category 5
17
1936 17 7 1
2017 17 10 6 2 Category 5s
16
1949 16 7 2
1950 16 11 6
1954 16 7 3
2003 16 7 3 1 Category 5
2008 16 8 5
Fewest storms[nb 7]
Total
storms
Year
Tropical
storms
Hurricanes
Notes
Hurricanes
Major
1
1914 1 0 0 before accurate satellite data in mid-1960's
3
1930 3 2 2 before accurate satellite data in mid-1960's
4
1983 4 3 1
6
1965 6 4 1
1977 6 5 1 1 Category 5
1982 6 2 1 1 subtropical storm
1986 6 4 0
7
1972 7 3 0 3 subtropical storms
1987 7 3 1
1992 7 4 1 1 subtropical storm, 1 Category 5
1994 7 3 0
Number of tropical storms and hurricanes per season[edit]
This bar chart shows the number of named storms and hurricanes per year from 1851-2017. Data is incomplete prior to the advent of satellite tracking in the mid-1960s.[34]
Effects[edit]
Costliest Atlantic hurricanes[edit]
Hurricanes Katrina (left) and Harvey (right) both caused $125 billion in damage, more than any other tropical cyclone worldwide.
Main article: List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes
Costliest Atlantic hurricanes
Rank
Hurricane
Season
Damage[nb 8]
1
Katrina 2005 $125 billion
Harvey 2017
3
Maria 2017 $91.6 billion
4
Sandy 2012 $68.7 billion
5
Irma 2017 $64.8 billion
6
Ike 2008 $38 billion
7
Wilma 2005 $27.4 billion
8
Andrew 1992 $27.3 billion
9
Ivan 2004 $26.1 billion
10
Rita 2005 $18.5 billion
Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes[edit]
Hurricane Mitch killed at least 11,374 people in Central America in October 1998.
Main article: List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes
Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes
Rank
Hurricane
Season
Fatalities
1
"Great Hurricane" 1780 22,000–27,501
2
Mitch 1998 11,374+
3
Fifi 1974 8,210–10,000
4
"Galveston" 1900 8,000–12,000
5
Flora 1963 7,193
6
"Pointe-à-Pitre" 1776 6,000+
7
"Okeechobee" 1928 4,112+
8
"Newfoundland" 1775 4,000–4,163
9
"Monterrey" 1909 4,000
10
"Dominican Republic" 1930 2,000–8,000
See also: List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes
Most tornadoes spawned[edit]
Hurricane Ivan spawned 120 tornadoes, more tornadoes than any other tropical cyclone on record.
See also: List of tropical cyclone-spawned tornadoes
Number of tornadoes spawned[35]
Rank
Count
Name
Year
1
120 Hurricane Ivan 2004
2
115 Hurricane Beulah 1967
3
103[36] Hurricane Frances 2004
4
101 Hurricane Rita 2005
5
57 Hurricane Katrina 2005
6
54 Hurricane Harvey 2017
7
50 Tropical Storm Fay 2008
8
49 Hurricane Gustav 2008
9
47 Hurricane Georges 1998
10
44 Hurricane Cindy 2005
Miscellaneous records[edit]
Distance traveled[edit]
Greatest Travels
Sources: NOAA[37][38]
Rank
Distance
(Miles)
Name
Date
1
6,850 Hurricane Faith 1966
2
6,000 Hurricane Carrie 1957
3
5,760 Hurricane Alberto 2000
4
5,210 Hurricane Cleo 1964
Hurricane Chloe 1967
6
4,990 Hurricane Flora 1963
Highest forward speed[edit]
Highest forward speed
Rank
Speed
Name
Year
Day
Time
ref(s)
1
69 mph (111 km/h) Tropical Storm Six 1961 September 15 1200 UTC [1][39]
2
68 mph (109 km/h) Hurricane Emily 1987 September 26 1200 UTC [1][39]
3
67 mph (108 km/h) Tropical Storm Eight 1970 August 18 1200 UTC [1]
4
66 mph (106 km/h) Hurricane Luis 1995 September 11 0600 UTC [1]
5
63 mph (101 km/h) Hurricane Lisa 1998 October 9 1800 UTC [1]
Hurricane Irene 1999 October 19 0000 UTC [1]
Tropical Storm Helene 2000 September 25 1200 UTC [1]
Notes
‡ These are the highest estimated forward speeds of any tropical system (including tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes) between 1851 and 2017. This list does not include extratropical systems, which routinely reach very high forward speeds.
Largest in diameter[edit]
Below are the largest hurricanes (by gale diameter) ever observed in the Atlantic basin.
Largest Atlantic hurricanes
By diameter of gale-force winds
Rank
System
Season
Diameter
mi
km
1
Olga 2001 990 1,595
2
Sandy 2012 855 1,380
3
Lili 1996 830 1,335
Igor 2010
5
Nicole 2016 800 1,285
6
Karl 2004 735 1,185
Sources: [1] [2]
Longest duration[edit]
Longest duration Atlantic tropical cyclones
Rank
Hurricane
Season
Duration
1
"San Ciriaco"¶ 1899 28 days
2
Ginger 1971 27.25 days
3
Inga 1969 24.75 days
4 Leslie 2018 23 days
5
Nadine¶ 2012 22.25 days
6
Kyle 2002 22 days
7
Four 1926 21 days
8
Carrie 1957 20.75 days
9
Inez 1966 20.25 days
10
Alberto 2000 19.75 days
Sources: HURDAT,[1] HRD,[40] NHC[41]
¶ Fluctuated between tropical and post-tropical
during its existence, so the number of days
are non-consecutive.
Longest duration as a Category 5 hurricane[edit]
Greatest duration as a Category 5
Sources: HURDAT2[42]
Rank
Duration
(days, hours)
Name
Date
1
3d, 6h "Cuba" November 1932
2
3d Hurricane Allen¶ August 1980
Hurricane Irma¶ September 2017
4
2d, 12h Hurricane Ivan¶ September 2004
5
1d, 18h Hurricane David August 1979
Hurricane Mitch October 1998
Hurricane Isabel¶ September 2003
8
1d, 6h Hurricane Camille¶ August 1969
Hurricane Maria¶ September 2017
10
1d "Bahamas" September 1932
Hurricane Gilbert September 1988
Hurricane Rita September 2005
Hurricane Dean¶ August 2007
Hurricane Felix¶ September 2007
Notes
¶ Was a Category 5 hurricane on more than one occasion, fluctuating between Category 5 strength and an inferior category, therefore the time period at Category 5 intensity is discontinuous.
Worldwide cyclone records set by Atlantic storms[edit]
Costliest tropical cyclone: Hurricane Katrina – 2005 and Hurricane Harvey – 2017 – US$125 billion in damages
Fastest seafloor current produced by a tropical cyclone: Hurricane Ivan – 2004 – 2.25 m/s (5 mph)[43][44]
Highest confirmed wave produced by a tropical cyclone: Hurricane Luis – 1995 – 98 feet (30 m)[45]
Highest forward speed of a tropical cyclone: Tropical Storm Six – 1961 – 69 mph (111 km/h)
Most tornadoes spawned by a tropical cyclone: Hurricane Ivan – 2004 – 120 confirmed tornadoes[46]
Smallest tropical cyclone on record: Tropical Storm Marco – 2008 – gale-force winds extended 11.5 mi (18.5 km) from storm center (previous record: Cyclone Tracy 1974 – 30 mi (48 km))
Smallest tropical cyclone eye on record: Hurricane Wilma – 2005 – diameter 2.3 miles (3.7 km)
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
List of tropical cyclone records
List of tropical cyclones
List of Pacific hurricanes
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[5]
Jump up ^ The first storm of 1938 was the earliest instance of a tropical cyclone reaching tropical storm intensity during the year. However, an unnamed tropical storm in 1951 was the earliest instance of a tropical cyclone to have peaked at tropical storm intensity; it did so on January 4.[1]
Jump up ^ Hurricane Otto of 2016 was the latest instance of a tropical cyclone reaching Category 2 intensity during the year. However, a hurricane in 1879 was the latest instance of a tropical cyclone to have peaked at Category 2 intensity; it did so on November 20.[1]
Jump up ^ Alice formed in December 1954 but persisted into January 1955.
^ Jump up to: a b These are the strongest systems in their respective months by virtue of being the only known systems.
Jump up ^ Hurricanes Audrey (1957) and Alex (2010) had the same minimum pressure, though Audrey was a Category 3 hurricane at peak strength while Alex peaked as a high-end Category 2.
Jump up ^ Most Atlantic hurricane seasons between 1851, the first year of the Atlantic tropical cyclone record, and 1930, as well as many seasons between 1930 and 1965, included 7 or less recorded tropical storms or hurricanes, but are not included on this chart since they were before the inauguration of satellite data in the mid-1960s.
Jump up ^ All damage figures are in United States dollars, and are not adjusted for inflation.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". Hurricane Research Division (Database). National Hurricane Center. May 1, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center. "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dorst, Neal (January 21, 2010). "G1) When is hurricane season?". Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 4.6. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Landsea, Chris; et al. (June 2013). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT" (TXT). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Goldenburg, Stan (June 1, 2012). "A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane? What is an intense hurricane?". Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 4.5. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Hurricanes: Science and Society. "1957 – Hurricane Audrey". Storms in the 1950s. University of Rhode Island. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/20160720_pa_1956to1960Reanalysis.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b Franklin, James L.; Brown, Daniel P. (March 10, 2006). Hurricane Emily (PDF). National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report (Report). Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Hurricane.com. "Atlantic Hurricane and Tropical Storm Records". Hurricane.com. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Chambers, Gillan (December 1999). "Late Hurricanes: a Message for the Regio". Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands. Coast and Beach Stability in the Lesser Antilles. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Paolino, JJ; Myrie, Donovan (2011). "Category Five Notables". Stormfacts.net. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL162016_Otto.pdf
Jump up ^ Beven, John L.; Avila, Lixion A.; Blake, Eric S.; Brown, Daniel P.; Franklin, James L.; Knabb, Richard D.; Pasch, Richard J.; Rhome, Jamie R.; Stewart, Stacy R. (March 2008). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. Monthly Weather Review Atlantic Hurricane Season Summary. Miami, Florida: American Meteorological Society. 136 (3): 1109–1173. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.1109B. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2074.1. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Landsea, Chris (April 21, 2010). "E1) Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record?". Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 4.6. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Mayfield, Max (November 29, 1995). Hurricane Opal Preliminary Report (Preliminary Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Louisiana Geographic Information Center. "The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale". Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center. "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2017". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Cyclone Best Track Information for the North Indian Ocean 1990-2008". India Meteorological Department. 2009. Archived from the original (XLS) on 16 November 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Royer, Stephane (7 February 2003). "Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Gafilo". Météo France. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Cyclone Information for the Australian Region". Bureau of Meteorology. 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ MetService (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
Jump up ^ "Western North Pacific Typhoon best track file 1951-2018". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Willoughby, H.E.; Masters, J. M.; Landsea, C. W. (December 1, 1989). "A Record Minimum Sea Level Pressure Observed in Hurricane Gilbert". Monthly Weather Review. Miami, Florida: American Meteorological Society. 117 (12): 2824–2828. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.2824W. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2824:ARMSLP>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Franklin, James L. (January 31, 2008). "Hurricane Dean" (PDF). National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Reports. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
Jump up ^ National Weather Service (November 14, 2005). "Post Storm Data Acquisition – Hurricane Rita Peak Gust Analysis and Storm Surge Data" (PDF). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Brown, Daniel. "Hurricane Maria Intermediate Advisory Number 15A". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Alessandra Potenza. "Irma is now one of the strongest hurricanes ever recorded in the Atlantic". The Verge. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bob Henson (September 6, 2017). "Category 5 Irma Hits Leeward Islands at Peak Strength". Weather Underground. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ R.H. Simpson; Arnold L. Sugg (April 1970). "The Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 98 (4): 293. Bibcode:1970MWRv...98..293S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493-98.4.293. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Knabb, Richard D.; Rhome, Jamie R. "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina." National Hurricane Center. December 20, 2005.
Jump up ^ Hurricane Severity Index
Jump up ^ "Hurricane Maria track". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season". Climate Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 9, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Global Warming and Hurricanes". August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). "11". Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991, A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. pp. 124–127. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
Jump up ^ John L. Beven II. Hurricane Frances. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
Jump up ^ Neal Dorst; Sandy Delgado (May 20, 2011). "Subject: E7) What is the farthest a tropical cyclone has traveled ?". Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Moore, Paul L. (December 1, 1957). "The Hurricane Season of 1957" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. Miami, Florida: American Meteorological Society. 85 (12): 401–408. Bibcode:1957MWRv...85..401M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1957)085<0401:THSO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "What is the average forward speed of a hurricane?". Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Neal Dorst (January 26, 2010). "Subject: E6) Which tropical cyclone lasted the longest?". Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lixion Avila & Robbie Berg (October 4, 2012). "Remnants of Nadine Discussion Eighty-Eight (Final)". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Daniel Brown; Chris Landsea (September 5, 2017). Hurricane Irma Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hurricane Ivan Uncovered a 60,000 year old Cypress Forest in the Gulf of Mexico". WordPress.com. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hurricane and Storm Shutters in Gulf Shores Alabama". Hurricane Shutters Florida. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Staff Writer (2004). "Extremes of Weather: Horrifying hurricanes". The Canadian Atlas. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "What is the largest known outbreak of tropical cyclone tornadoes?". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Atlantic_hurricane_records&oldid=865150182"
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text:
Governor-General of Belize
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For viceroys in Belize before independence, see List of Governors of British Honduras.
Governor-General of Belize
Coat of Arms of Belize
Flag of the Governor-General
Incumbent
Sir Colville Young
GCMG, MBE
since 17 November 1993
Viceroy
Style
His Excellency
Residence
Government House, Belize (former)
Belize House, Belmopan (since 1984)
Appointer
Monarch of Belize
Term length
At Her Majesty's pleasure
Formation
21 September 1981
First holder
Dame Elmira Gordon
Website
www.belize.gov.bz
Belize
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Belize
Constitution[show]
Human rights
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Monarch
Elizabeth II
Governor-General (list)
Colville Young
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The Governor-General of Belize is the representative of the monarch of Belize, currently Queen Elizabeth II, in all matters pertaining to the country.
Contents
[hide]
1 Governors-General of Belize (1981–present)
2 Constitutional powers, functions and duties
3 Residences
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Governors-General of Belize (1981–present)[edit]
From
To
Name
(Birth–Death)
Comments
21 September 1981 17 November 1993 Dame Elmira Minita Gordon GCMG GCVO
(1930–)
17 November 1993 Incumbent Sir Colville Young GCMG MBE
(1932–)
Constitutional powers, functions and duties[edit]
The office of Governor-General is provided for by Part IV, Sections 30 to 35 of the Constitution. These state:
30.- There shall be a Governor-General of Belize who shall be a citizen of Belize appointed by Her Majesty and shall hold office during Her Majesty's pleasure and who shall be Her Majesty's representative in Belize.
31.-
1. During any period when the office of Governor-General is vacant or the holder of the office of Governor-General is absent from Belize or is for any other reason unable to perform the functions of his office those functions shall be performed by such person as Her Majesty may appoint.
2. Any such person as aforesaid shall not continue to perform the functions of the office of Governor-General if the holder of the office of Governor-General or some other person having a prior right to perform the functions of that office has notified him that he is about to assume or resume those functions.
3. The holder of the office of Governor-General shall not, for the purposes of this section, be regarded as absent from Belize or as unable to perform the functions of his office-
a. by reason that he is in passage from one part of Belize to another; or
b. at any time when there is a subsisting appointment of a deputy under section 33 of this Constitution.
32.- A person appointed to hold the office of Governor-General shall, before entering upon the duties of that office, take and subscribe the oath of allegiance and office.
33.-
1. Whenever the Governor-General-,
a. has occasion to be absent from the seat of government but not from Belize;
b. has occasion to be absent from Belize for a period which he considers, acting in his own deliberate judgment. will be of short duration; or
c. is suffering from an illness which he considers, acting in his own deliberate judgment, will be of short duration.
he may, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister. appoint any person in Belize to be his deputy during such absence or illness and in that capacity to perform on his behalf such of the functions of the office of Governor-General as may be specified in the instrument by which he is appointed.
2. The power and authority of the Governor-General shall not be abridged, altered or in any way affected by the appointment of a deputy under this section, and, subject to the provisions of this Constitution. a deputy shall conform to and observe all instructions that the Governor-General, acting in his own deliberate judgment, may from time to time address to him:
Provided that the question whether or not a deputy has conformed to and observed any such instructions shall not be enquired into by any court of law
3. A person appointed as deputy under this section shall hold that appointment for such period as may be specified in the instrument by which he is appointed, and his appointment may be revoked at any time by the Governor-General, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister.
34. -
1. In the exercise of his functions the Governor-General shall act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or a Minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet except in cases where he is required by this Constitution or any other law to act in accordance with the advice of, or after consultation with, any person or authority other than the Cabinet or in his own deliberate judgment.
2. Any reference in this Constitution to the functions of the Governor-General shall be construed as a reference to his powers and duties in the exercise of the executive authority of Belize and to any other powers and duties conferred or imposed on him as Governor-General by or under this Constitution or any other law.
3. Where by this Constitution the Governor-General is required to perform any function after consultation with any person or authority he shall not be obliged to exercise that function in accordance with the advice of that person or authority.
4. Where by this Constitution the Governor-General is required to perform any function in accordance with the advice of, or after consultation with, any person or authority, the question whether the Governor-General has so exercised that function shall not be enquired into by any court of law.
35. The Prime Minister shall keep the Governor-General fully informed concerning the general conduct of the government of Belize and shall furnish the Governor-General with such information as he may request with respect to any particular matter relating to the government of Belize.
Residences[edit]
The Governor General resided at Government House, Belize until 1984, even after the capital had moved to Belmopan in 1970. In 1984, the Governor General moved to Belize House in Belmopan, formerly the residence of the British High Commission on North Ring Road and Melhado Parade.[1]
See also[edit]
List of Prime Ministers of Belize
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-high-commission-belmopan
External links[edit]
Belize Constitution
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor-General_of_Belize&oldid=806060607"
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Rise of nationalism in Europe
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Nationalism refers to the devotion for one's own nation's interest over those of all other nations. It signifies a particular love for the nation. It was an important factor in the development of Europe. In the 19th century, a wave of romantic nationalism swept the European continent, transforming its countries. Some newly formed countries, such as Germany and Italy were formed by uniting various regional states with a common "national identity". Others, such as Greece, Serbia, Poland, Romania and Bulgaria, were formed by uprisings against the Ottoman Empire and Russia. More concisely, nationalism better defined these countries.[1]
Storming of the Bastille, July 14th 1789.
The French Revolution paved the way for the modern nation-state and also played a key role in the birth of nationalism across Europe where radical intellectuals were influenced by Napoleon and the Napoleonic Code, an instrument for the political transformation of Europe. Revolutionary armies carried the slogan of "liberty, equality and brotherhood" and ideas of liberalism and national self-determinism. National awakening also grew out of an intellectual reaction to the Enlightenment that emphasized national identity and developed a romantic view of cultural self-expression through nationhood. The key exponent of the modern idea of the nation-state was the German G. W. Friedrich Hegel. He argued that a sense of nationality was the cement that held modern societies together in the age when dynastic and religious allegiance was in decline. In 1815, at the end of the Napoleonic wars, the major powers of Europe tried to restore the old dynastic system as far as possible, ignoring the principle of nationality in favour of "legitimism", the assertion of traditional claims to royal authority. With most of Europe's peoples still loyal to their local province or city, nationalism was confined to small groups of intellectuals and political radicals. Furthermore, political repression, symbolized by the Carlsbad Decrees published in Austria in 1819, pushed nationalist agitation underground.
Contents
[hide]
1 Revolutions
2 The struggle for independence
3 Nationalism's growth and export
4 Revolutionary organizations
5 References
6 See also
Revolutions[edit]
1789, French Revolution
1804–15, Serbian Revolution against the Ottoman Empire
1814, Norwegian independence attempt against Denmark-Norway and future Sweden & Norway, aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars (including War on independence)
1815, Congress of Vienna
1821-29, Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire
1830, Croatian national revival
1830-31, Belgian Revolution
1830-31, Revolution in Poland and Lithuania
1846, Uprising in Greater Poland
1848, Nationalist revolts in Hungary, Italy and Germany (including Polish revolt in Greater Poland)
1859, Romania unified
1859-61, Italy unified
1863, Polish national revolt
1866-71, Otto Von Bismarck unifies Germany
1867, Hungary granted autonomy
1867, Irish Fenian uprising
1878, Congress of Berlin: Serbia, Romania and Montenegro granted independence, after they won the war against the Ottoman Empire
1905, Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empire
1905, Norway becomes fully independent from United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
1908, Bulgaria becomes independent
1912, Albanian national awakening Albania becomes independent.[2]
The struggle for independence[edit]
Giuseppe Mazzini, campaigner for Italian unification.
A strong resentment of what came to be regarded as foreign rule began to develop. In Ireland, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Poland, Hungary and Norway local hostility to alien dynastic authority started to take the form of nationalist agitation.[when?] The first revolt in the Ottoman Empire to acquire a national character was the Serbian Revolution (1804–17),[3] which was the culmination of the Serbian renaissance[4] which had begun in Habsburg territory, in Sremski Karlovci.[3] The eight-year Greek War of Independence (1821–29) against Ottoman rule led to an independent Greek state, although with major political influence of the great powers.[5] The Belgian Revolution (1830–31) led to the recognition of independence from the Netherlands in 1839.[6] Over the next two decades nationalism developed a more powerful voice, spurred by nationalist writers championing the cause of self-determination. The Poles attempted twice to overthrow Russian rule in 1831 and 1846. In 1848, revolutions broke out across Europe, sparked by severe famine and economic crisis and mounting popular demand for political change. In Italy, Giuseppe Mazzini used the opportunity to encourage a war mission: "A people destined to achieve great things for the welfare of humanity must one day or other be constituted a nation".
Congress of Berlin 1878.
In Hungary, Lajos Kossuth led a national revolt against Austrian rule; in Transylvania, Avram Iancu led successful revolts in 1848. The 1848 crisis had given nationalism its first full public airing, and in the thirty years that followed no fewer than seven new national states were created in Europe. This was partly the result of the recognition by conservative forces that the old order could not continue in its existing form. Conservative reformers such as Cavour and Bismarck made common cause with liberal political modernizers to create a consensus for the creation of conservative nation-states in Italy and Germany. In the Habsburg Monarchy a compromise was reached with Hungarian nationalists in 1867 granting them virtual independence. Native history and culture were rediscovered and appropriated for the national struggle. Following a conflict between Russia and Turkey, the Great Powers met at Berlin in 1878 and granted independence to Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and a limited autonomy to Bulgaria.
Nationalism's growth and export[edit]
Theodor Herzl.
The invention of a symbolic national identity became the concern of racial, ethnic or linguistic groups throughout Europe as they struggled to come to terms with the rise of mass politics, the decline of the traditional social elites, popular discrimination and xenophobia. Within the Habsburg empire the different peoples developed a more mass-based, violent and exclusive form of nationalism. This developed even among the Germans and Magyars, who actually benefited from the power-structure of the empire. On the European periphery, especially in Ireland and Norway, campaigns for national independence became more strident. In 1905, Norway won independence from Sweden, but attempts to grant Ireland the kind of autonomy enjoyed by Hungary foundered on the national divisions on the island between the Catholic and Protestant populations. The Polish attempts to win independence from Russia had previously proved to be unsuccessful, with Poland being the only country in Europe whose autonomy was gradually limited rather than expanded throughout the 19th century, as a punishment for the failed uprisings; in 1831 Poland lost its status as a formally independent state and was merged into Russia as a real union country and in 1867 she became nothing more than just another Russian province. Faced with internal and external resistance to assimilation, as well as increased xenophobic anti-Semitism, radical demands began to develop among the stateless Jewish population of eastern and central Europe for their own national home and refuge. In 1897, inspired by the Hungarian-born Jewish nationalist Theodor Herzl, the First Zionist Congress was held in Basle, and declared their national 'home' should be in Palestine. By the end of the period, the ideals of European nationalism had been exported worldwide and were now beginning to develop, and both compete and threaten the empires ruled by colonial European nation-states.
Revolutionary organizations[edit]
Serb revolutionary organizations
Greek revolutionary organizations
Albanian revolutionary organizations
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
References[edit]
Jump up ^ slideshare[clarification needed]
Jump up ^ http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1912_1.html
^ Jump up to: a b M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (8 March 2010). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press. pp. 51–. ISBN 1-4008-2968-2.
Jump up ^ Fred Singleton (21 March 1985). A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-521-27485-2.
Jump up ^ Barbara Jelavich (29 July 1983). History of the Balkans:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 229–234. ISBN 978-0-521-27458-6.
Jump up ^ Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848 (1994) pp. 716-18
See also[edit]
History portal
Europe portal
Communitarianism
Cultural identity
Expansionism
Identity politics
Intercultural competence
Irish nationalism
National flag
National liberation movements
National personification
National romanticism
Society of the United Irishmen
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