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Charlie Hunnam
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Charlie Hunnam
Hunnam at the Berlinale 2017
Born
Charles Matthew Hunnam
(1980-04-10) 10 April 1980 (age 38)
Newcastle, Tyne and Wear, England
Nationality
English
Education
Heaton Manor School
Queen Elizabeth Grammar School
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1998–present
Spouse(s)
Katharine Towne (m. 1999–2002)
Partner(s)
Morgana McNelis (2005–present)
Charles Matthew Hunnam (born 10 April 1980)[1] is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Jackson "Jax" Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy (2008–14), Pete Dunham in Green Street (2005), Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk (1999–2000), Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared (2001–02), the title role in Nicholas Nickleby (2002), Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim (2013), Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z (2017), and in the title role of Guy Ritchie's King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Early work
2.2 2008–2012
2.3 2013–present
2.4 Screenplays
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Awards and nominations
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Hunnam was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, the son of William "Billy" Hunnam (1952–2013), a scrap metal merchant, and Jane (née Bell) Hunnam, a business owner.[2][3][4][5][6] His maternal grandmother was a portrait artist in Newcastle.[7] Hunnam was the second child, born after brother William "Billy". He has two younger half-brothers, Oliver and Christian, on his mother's side.[8][9] His parents divorced when he was 2 years old, and he moved to the village of Melmerby, Cumbria when he was 12, as his mother remarried. He went to Heaton Manor School in Newcastle. After moving, he went to Ullswater Community College then Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Penrith, Cumbria.[10][11][12] He attended Cumbria College of Art and Design, now faculty of University of Cumbria, where he graduated with a degree in the theory and history of film with a side in performing arts.[13][14]
Career[edit]
Early work[edit]
Hunnam was discovered at the age of 17 in a shoe shop on Christmas Eve while clowning around buying shoes for his brother. A production manager for the Newcastle-based children's show Byker Grove approached Hunnam and he was later cast in his first role as Jason in three episodes of the show. He also had a brief modeling career where he did a photo shoot for Kangols Caps and then decided modeling was not for him.[15][7][14][16] Hunnam‘s first major role came at age 18 when he was cast by Russell T Davies as 15-year-old schoolboy Nathan Maloney in Davies' Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk.[17]
He followed this up with his role as Daz in the film Whatever Happened to Harold Smith? (1999) and then moved to the United States.
His career expanded to include a recurring role as Gregor Ryder in the WB series Young Americans. He then appeared in the short-lived Fox series Undeclared as an English drama student called Lloyd Haythe. Despite critical acclaim, the series was cancelled after one season. Hunnam then appeared on the large screen in Abandon (2002), Nicholas Nickleby (2002), and Cold Mountain (2003).
Hunnam has stated that he does not wish to simply take any role that is offered, saying, “I have 60 years to make the money, but the choices I make in the next five years are really going to define my career."
This decision resulted in his return to the UK to take the lead role of Pete Dunham in the film Green Street Hooligans (2005); however, his attempt at delivering a Cockney accent resulted in his inclusion in many critics' "worst accents in movie history" lists.[18]
Hunnam said his role as Patric, a member of "The Fishes" in Children of Men (2006), was the final part in his "trilogy of mad men".
"I played the psycho in Cold Mountain, my character in Green Street hooligan is fairly psychotic and now I've got this role."[19]
2008–2012[edit]
Hunnam at the San Diego Comic Con, 25 July 2010
From 2008 to 2014, Hunnam starred as Jackson "Jax" Teller in Sons of Anarchy, a show about a prominent motorcycle club in a small fictional California town. Hunnam was cast after Kurt Sutter, the creator of the show, saw him in Green Street.[20] His portrayal as Jax Teller has led Hunnam to receive a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination, three EWwy Award nominations for Best Lead Actor in a Drama series, and a PAAFTJ Award nomination for Best Cast in a Drama Series.[21][22][23][24]
In 2011, Hunnam played the role of Gavin Nichols in the philosophical drama/thriller The Ledge by Matthew Chapman.[25]
In 2012, he starred as the title character in the indie comedy 3,2,1... Frankie Go Boom alongside his Sons of Anarchy co-star Ron Perlman.[26] Hunnam said he considered the day he filmed scenes with Perlman the best and funniest day of filming he's had in his career.[27] He also appeared as Jay, an ex-boxer, in Stefan Ruzowitzky's crime drama Deadfall (2012).[28][29]
2013–present[edit]
Hunnam at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International
Hunnam starred as Raleigh Becket in Guillermo del Toro's sci-fi film Pacific Rim,[30] which opened in July 2013 and grossed $411 million worldwide. It was announced on 2 September 2013 that Hunnam would play the lead role of Christian Grey in the film adaptation of E. L. James' novel Fifty Shades of Grey.[31] However, on 12 October 2013, Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had withdrawn from the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his series Sons of Anarchy.[32]
On 2 June 2014, Hunnam was awarded a Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor, for his role as Raleigh in Pacific Rim due to the film performing well in Asian markets.[33][34] Hunnam reunited with del Toro in the horror film Crimson Peak,[35] alongside Mia Wasikowska, Tom Hiddleston, and Jessica Chastain. The film began shooting in February 2014 and was released on 16 October 2015.[36]
Hunnam starred as geographer Percy Fawcett in James Gray's adventure drama The Lost City of Z, filmed from August-October 2015, premiered at the New York Film Festival in 2016, and was released in April 2017.[37][38][39][40] Hunnam also starred in Guy Ritchie's action-adventure film King Arthur: Legend of the Sword, which was filmed between March and July 2015 and was released in May 2017.[41]
Screenplays[edit]
Immediately prior to getting cast on Sons of Anarchy, Hunnam sold his screenplay Vlad to Summit Entertainment with Brad Pitt's Plan B Studios co-producing.[42] The film is being directed by music video director and photographer Anthony Mandler, and will focus on the real-life story of Vlad the Impaler.[43] Hunnam learned the story from locals in Romania while shooting Cold Mountain. He stated that he had not acted in 18 months and was so broke that if he had not managed to sell the script he would have had to sell his house and move back to England to live with his mother.[44] Hunnam is also developing a screenplay based on a 2011 Rolling Stone article that he optioned about Edgar Valdez Villareal, an American drug lord who ran one of the biggest cartels in Mexico.[45] Another project he has in development is a film about gypsy culture in Britain, which he hopes to direct. He stated that it is "a part of English society that's really seldom been explored, but is one of the most colourful and interesting parts of British society."[46]
Personal life[edit]
Hunnam met actress Katharine Towne in 1999 when they both auditioned for roles on Dawson's Creek.[47][48] After dating for three weeks, they married in Las Vegas and divorced in 2002.[17]
Hunnam has been dating artist Morgana McNelis since 2005.[49][50][51][52]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1999 Whatever Happened to Harold Smith? Daz
2002 Abandon Embry Larkin
Nicholas Nickleby Nicholas Nickleby
2003 Cold Mountain Boise
2005 Green Street Pete Dunham
2006 Children of Men Patric
2011 Ledge, TheThe Ledge Gavin Nichols
2012 3,2,1... Frankie Go Boom Frankie
Deadfall Jay
2013 Pacific Rim Raleigh Becket
2015 Crimson Peak Alan McMichael
2016 The Lost City of Z Percy Fawcett
2017 King Arthur: Legend of the Sword King Arthur
Papillon Henri Charrière
2019 A Million Little Pieces Bob Frey Jr. Post-production
Triple Frontier Filming
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1998 Byker Grove Jason Chuckle 3 episodes
1999 My Wonderful Life Wes Episode: "Moving On"
1999–2000 Queer as Folk Nathan Maloney 10 episodes
1999 Microsoap Brad Episode: "2.6"
2000 Young Americans Gregor Ryder 3 episodes
2001–2002 Undeclared Lloyd Haythe 18 episodes
2008–2014 Sons of Anarchy Jackson "Jax" Teller 92 episodes
Awards and nominations[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
2002 National Board of Review Best Acting by an Ensemble Nicholas Nickleby Won
2013 Huading Awards Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor Pacific Rim Won
2017 CinemaCon Award Male Star of the Year King Arthur: Legend of the Sword Won
Television[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
2011 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Sons of Anarchy Nominated
2012 Critics' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
2013 Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists Best Cast in a Drama Series Nominated
2014 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
2015 People's Choice Awards[53] Favorite Cable TV Actor Nominated
Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
Critics' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Charlie Hunnam: Biography". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Rivkin, Annabell (2 September 2005). "Hollywood Blonde". The Evening Standard.
Jump up ^ "High Street card shop one of the best in UK". Kent and Sussex Courier. 24 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Dawkins, Walter (24 November 2011). "Charlie Hunnam's biker is riding a tightrope in 'Sons of Anarchy'". LA Times. Retrieved 27 November 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Nerdist Podcast: Charlie Hunnam". Nerdist. 8 July 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Person Details for Charles Matthew Hunnam, "England and Wales Birth Registration Index, 1837-2008" — FamilySearch.org". familysearch.org. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Charlie Hunnam on Sons of Anarchy, Pacific Rim, and Henry David Thoreau". Showbizjunkies.com. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Hunnam Facebook fansite". Retrieved 27 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Charlie Hunnam Talks 3,2,1... Frankie Go Boom, Internet Piracy, More". Retrieved 27 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Who is Charlie Hunnam?". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "CHARLIE HUNNAM, WHO GREW UP IN NORTH CUMBRIA, LANDS LEAD ROLE IN FIFTY SHADES OF GREY MOVIE". News & Star. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Hunnam coming home for new movie role". ChronicleLive. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Alumni". University of Cumbria (UK). Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Appearance". The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. NBC. 17 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Roth, Jon (21 February 2016). "Charlie Hunnam on His Calvin Klein Campaign, Leaving Sons of Anarchy, and His Next Not-So-Big Role". GQ.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Hunnam Q&A". Female First. 11 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Holmes, Barry J (25 April 2010). "Charlie Hunnam: The Queer as Folk star has grown into a burly biker with a top-rated cable show". The Independent. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Worst Cockney Accent Film Set". Telegraph. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Homesick in Hollywood". IC Newcastle. 25 June 2006. Retrieved 30 May 2012. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Gerard (8 May 2009). "Sons of Anarchy – Wheels on fire". The Independent. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "June - 2013 - Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists". wordpress.com. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Weekly's EW.com". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Weekly's EW.com". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Weekly's EW.com". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew (8 April 2011). ""The Ledge," Featuring Charlie Hunnam, Liv Tyler, Patrick Wilson, Terrence Howard, Due in July". Playbill. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Zakarin, Jordan (3 May 2012). "'Frankie Go Boom' Poster Features a Transgender Ron Perlman (Photo)". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Lesnick, Silas (11 October 2012). "Interviews: 3, 2, 1... Frankie Go Boom". Comingsoon.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Andrew (5 December 2012). "'Deadfall' preems at Arclight". Variety.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Rob (25 April 2012). "Review: 'Deadfall'". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Casting Call: Charlie Hunnam to Star in Guillermo del Toro's PACIFIC RIM; Amber Heard and Shiloh Fernandez Like SYRUP". Collider. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Schillaci, Sophie (2 September 2013). "Charlie Hunnam to Play Christian Grey in 'Fifty Shades of Grey'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (12 October 2013). "Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of 'Fifty Shades of Grey'". Variety. PMC. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Hunnam gets special honor at China's Huading Film Awards - Daily Mail Online". Mail Online. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Charlie Hunnam Talks Sons of Anarchy Final Season & Starring In New Movie: Crimson Peak!. YouTube. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (18 January 2013). "Charlie Hunnam in Early Talks to Join Guillermo Del Toro's 'Crimson Peak'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (30 January 2014). "Legendary, Universal Date Guillermo del Toro's 'Crimson Peak' for October 2015". Variety.
Jump up ^ Carpenter, Perry (29 July 2015). "Robert Pattinson Spotted with Brad Pitt, while FKA Twigs tries on Wedding Dresses". Inquisitr. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Hunnam on 'Sons,' 'Fifty Shades' fallout, and what's next". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr. "'Sons Of Anarchy's Charlie Hunnam Is Guy Ritchie's Choice For King Arthur - Deadline". Deadline. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford. "Charlie Hunnam, Margot Robbie Eyed for 'The Mountain Between Us'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (December 21, 2015). "Guy Ritchie's King Arthur Film Gallops To 2017, 'Lights Out' On July 22, 2016: WB Release Date Changes". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sons of Anarchy Star Talks About His Vlad Script". DreadCentral. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Story of 'Vlad' the Impaler Won't Touch on Vampirism". BloodyDisgusting. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (2 September 2013). "Charlie Hunnam confirmed as Christian Grey in '50 Shades of Grey' movie". Digital Spy. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "GQ&A: Charlie Hunnam". British GQ. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hunnam ready for battle in Pacific Rim". St Albert Leader. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Hunnam Recalls 'Terrible, Painful, Expensive' Three-Year Marriage To Actress Katharine Towne". Us Weekly. 17 April 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hunnam Credits Failed Marriage For Helping Him Find Fame". Contact Music. 7 November 2003. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Kimble, Lindsay (10 March 2016). "Who Is Morgana McNelis? Five Things to Know About Charlie Hunnam's Girlfriend". People. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Hunnam Has A Message For Fangirls Bullying Longtime Girlfriend". The Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Hunnam asks fans to stop attacking his girlfriend". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Hunnam Asks Fans to Stop Attacking His Girlfriend: 'She Is an Intelligent, Beautiful, Kind Person'". PEOPLE.com.
Jump up ^ WSJ Staff. "Who Was Nominated for the 2015 People's Choice Awards (Full List)". WSJ. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charlie Hunnam.
Charlie Hunnam on IMDb
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VIAF: 19368443
LCCN: no2003057702
ISNI: 0000 0001 1468 5619
GND: 1019452625
SUDOC: 161680224
BNF: cb150244846 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Hunnam&oldid=836400213"
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text:
Chlordiazepoxide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Chlordiazepoxide
Clinical data
Pronunciation
/ˌklɔərdaɪ.əzɪˈpɒksaɪd/
Trade names
Librium
AHFS/Drugs.com
Monograph
MedlinePlus
a682078
Pregnancy
category
US: D (Evidence of risk)
Routes of
administration
oral
intramuscular
ATC code
N05BA02 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
CA: Schedule IV
DE: Prescription only (Anlage III for higher doses)
UK: Class C
US: Schedule IV
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism
Hepatic
Biological half-life
5–30 hours (Active metabolite desmethyldiazepam 36–200 hours: other active metabolites include oxazepam)
Excretion
Renal
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
7-chloro-2-methylamino-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine-4-oxide
CAS Number
58-25-3 Y
PubChem CID
2712
IUPHAR/BPS
3370
DrugBank
DB00475 Y
ChemSpider
10248513 Y
UNII
6RZ6XEZ3CR
KEGG
D00267 Y
ChEBI
CHEBI:3611 Y
ChEMBL
CHEMBL451 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.000.337
Chemical and physical data
Formula
C16H14ClN3O
Molar mass
299.75 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
SMILES[show]
ClC1=CC2=C(N=C(NC)C[N+]([O-])=C2C3=CC=CC=C3)C=C1
InChI[show]
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Chlordiazepoxide, trade name Librium, is a sedative and hypnotic medication of the benzodiazepine class; it is used to treat anxiety, insomnia and withdrawal symptoms from alcohol and/or drug abuse.
Chlordiazepoxide has a medium to long half-life but its active metabolite has a very long half-life. The drug has amnestic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.[1]
Chlordiazepoxide was discovered in 1959.[2] It was the first benzodiazepine to be synthesized and the discovery of chlordiazepoxide was by pure chance.[3] Chlordiazepoxide and other benzodiazepines were initially accepted with widespread public approval but were followed with widespread public disapproval and recommendations for more restrictive medical guidelines for its use.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Medical uses
2 Contraindications
2.1 Pregnancy
3 Side-effects
3.1 Tolerance and dependence
3.1.1 Tolerance
3.1.2 Dependence
3.2 Overdose
4 Interactions
5 Pharmacology
6 Pharmacokinetics
7 History
8 Recreational use
8.1 Legal status
9 Toxicity
9.1 Animal
10 Availability
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Medical uses[edit]
Chlordiazepoxide is indicated for the short-term (2–4 weeks) treatment of anxiety that is severe and disabling or subjecting the person to unacceptable distress. It is also indicated as a treatment for the management of acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome.[5]
It is also used to treat irritable bowel syndrome.[6]
Contraindications[edit]
Use of chlordiazepoxide should be avoided in individuals with the following conditions:
Myasthenia gravis
Acute intoxication with alcohol, narcotics, or other psychoactive substances
Ataxia
Severe hypoventilation
Acute narrow-angle glaucoma
Severe liver deficiencies (hepatitis and liver cirrhosis decrease elimination by a factor of 2)
Severe sleep apnea
Hypersensitivity or allergy to any drug in the benzodiazepine class
Chlordiazepoxide is generally considered an inappropriate benzodiazepine for the elderly due to its long elimination half-life and the risks of accumulation.[7] Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, pregnancy, children, alcohol- or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.[8]
Pregnancy[edit]
The research into the safety of benzodiazepines during pregnancy is limited and it is recommended that use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy should be based on whether the benefits outweigh the risks. If chlordiazepoxide is used during pregnancy the risks can be reduced via using the lowest effective dose and for the shortest time possible. Benzodiazepines should generally be avoided during the first trimester of pregnancy. Chlordiazepoxide and diazepam are considered to be among the safer benzodiazepines to use during pregnancy in comparison to other benzodiazepines. Possible adverse effects from benzodiazepine use during pregnancy include, abortion, malformation, intrauterine growth retardation, functional deficits, carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. Caution is also advised during breast feeding as chlordiazepoxide passes into breast milk.[9][10]
Side-effects[edit]
Common side-effects of chlordiazepoxide include:[11]
Confusion
Constipation
Drowsiness
Fainting
Altered sex drive
Liver problems
Lack of muscle coordination
Minor menstrual irregularities
Nausea
Skin rash or eruptions
Swelling due to fluid retention
Yellow eyes and skin
Chlordiazepoxide in laboratory mice studies impairs latent learning. Benzodiazepines impair learning and memory via their action on benzodiazepine receptors, which causes a dysfunction in the cholinergic neuronal system in mice.[12] It was later found that scopolamine impairment in learning was caused by an increase in benzodiazapine/GABA activity (and that benzodiazepines were not associated with the cholinergic system).[13] In tests of various benzodiazepine compounds, chlordiazepoxide was found to cause the most profound reduction in the turnover of 5HT (serotonin) in rats. Serotonin is closely involved in regulating mood and may be one of the causes of feelings of depression in rats using chlordiazepoxide or other benzodiazepines.[14]
Tolerance and dependence[edit]
Tolerance[edit]
Chronic use of benzodiazepines, such as chlordiazepoxide, leads to the development of tolerance, with a decrease in number of benzodiazepine binding sites in mouse forebrain.[15] The Committee of Review of Medicines, who carried out an extensive review of benzodiazepines including chlordiazepoxide, found - and were in agreement with the Institute of Medicine (USA) and the conclusions of a study carried out by the White House Office of Drug Policy and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (USA) - that there was little evidence that long-term use of benzodiazepines were beneficial in the treatment of insomnia due to the development of tolerance. Benzodiazepines tended to lose their sleep-promoting properties within 3–14 days of continuous use, and in the treatment of anxiety the committee found that there was little convincing evidence that benzodiazepines retained efficacy in the treatment of anxiety after 4 months' continuous use due to the development of tolerance.[16]
Dependence[edit]
Chlordiazepoxide can cause physical dependence and what is known as the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Withdrawal from chlordiazepoxide or other benzodiazepines often leads to withdrawal symptoms that are similar to those seen with alcohol and barbiturates. The higher the dose and the longer the drug is taken, the greater the risk of experiencing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms can, however, occur at standard dosages and also after short-term use. Benzodiazepine treatment should be discontinued as soon as possible through a slow and gradual dose-reduction regime.[17]
Chlordiazepoxide taken during pregnancy can cause a postnatal benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome.[18]
Overdose[edit]
See also: Benzodiazepine overdose
An individual who has consumed excess chlordiazepoxide may display some of the following symptoms:
Somnolence (difficulty staying awake)
Mental confusion
Hypotension
Hypoventilation
Impaired motor functions
Impaired reflexes
Impaired coordination
Impaired balance
Dizziness
Muscle weakness
Coma
In animal models, the oral median lethal dose of chlordiazepoxide is 537 mg/kg.
Chlordiazepoxide is a drug that is very frequently involved in drug intoxication, including overdose.[19] Chlordiazepoxide overdose is considered a medical emergency and, in general, requires the immediate attention of medical personnel. The antidote for an overdose of chlordiazepoxide (or any other benzodiazepine) is flumazenil. Flumazenil should be given with caution as it may precipitate severe withdrawal symptoms in benzodiazepine-dependent individuals.
Interactions[edit]
Some of the major interactions involving Chlordiazepoxide are listed below.[20]
ACE inhibitors, Adrenergic neurone blockers, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Beta blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Clonidine, Diazoxide, Diuretics, Hydralazine, Methyldopa, Minoxidil, Nitrates, Sodium Nitroprusside - enhanced hypotensive effect
Alcohol, barbiturates, opiates, antihistamines, antipsychotics - increased sedative effect in combination with benzodiazapines.
Cimetidine - metabolism of benzodiazepines inhibited by cimetidine (increased plasma concentration)
Disulfiram - metabolism of benzodiazepines inhibited by disulfiram (increased sedative effects)
Fluvoxamine - plasma concentration of some benzodiazepines increased by fluvoxamine
Levodopa - benzodiazepines possibly antagonise effects of levodopa
Moxonidine - sedative effects possibly increased when benzodiazepines given with moxonidine
Olanzapine - increased risk of hypotension, bradycardia and respiratory depression when parenteral benzodiazepines given with intramuscular olanzapine
Phenytoin - benzodiazepines possibly increase or decrease plasma concentration of phenytoin
Rifampicin - metabolism of benzodiazepines possibly accelerated by rifampicin (reduced plasma concentration)
Sodium oxybate - benzodiazepines enhance effects of sodium oxybate (avoid concomitant use)
Pharmacology[edit]
Chlordiazepoxide acts on benzodiazepine allosteric sites that are part of the GABAA receptor/ion-channel complex and this results in an increased binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA to the GABAA receptor thereby producing inhibitory effects on the central nervous system and body similar to the effects of other benzodiazepines.[21] Chlordiazepoxide is anticonvulsant.[22] There is preferential storage of chlordiazepoxide in some organs including the heart of the neonate. Absorption by any administered route and the risk of accumulation is significantly increased in the neonate. The withdrawal of chlordiazepoxide during pregnancy and breast feeding is recommended, as chlordiazepoxide rapidly crosses the placenta and also is excreted in breast milk.[23] Chlordiazepoxide also decreases prolactin release in rats.[24] Benzodiazepines act via micromolar benzodiazepine binding sites as Ca2+ channel blockers and significantly inhibit depolarization-sensitive Calcium uptake in animal nerve terminal preparations.[25] Chlordiazepoxide inhibits acetylcholine release in mouse hippocampal synaptosomes in vivo. This has been found by measuring sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake in vitro after pretreatment of the mice in vivo with chlordiazepoxide. This may play a role in chlordiazepoxide's anticonvulsant properties.[26]
Pharmacokinetics[edit]
Chlordiazepoxide is a long-acting benzodiazepine drug. The half-life of Chlordiazepoxide is 5 – 30 hours but has an active benzodiazepine metabolite (desmethyldiazepam), which has a half-life of 36 – 200 hours.[27] The half-life of chlordiazepoxide increases significantly in the elderly, which may result in prolonged action as well as accumulation of the drug during repeated administration. Delayed body clearance of the long half-life active metabolite also occurs in those over 60 years of age, which further prolongs the effects of the drugs with additional accumulation after repeated dosing.[28]
History[edit]
Chlordiazepoxide (initially called methaminodiazepoxide) was the first benzodiazepine to be synthesised in the mid-1950s. Chlordiazepoxide was synthesised from work on a chemical dye, quinazolone-3-oxides. It was discovered by accident when in 1957 tests revealed that the compound had hypnotic, anxiolytic and muscle relaxant effects. Three years later chlordiazepoxide was marketed as a therapeutic benzodiazepine medication under the brand name Librium. Following chlordiazepoxide, in 1963 diazepam hit the market under the brand name Valium - and was followed by many further benzodiazepine compounds over the subsequent years and decades.[29]
In 1959 it was used by over 2,000 physicians and more than 20,000 patients. It was described as "chemically and clinically different from any of the tranquilizers, psychic energizers or other psychotherapeutic drugs now available." During studies, chlordiazepoxide induced muscle relaxation and a quieting effect on laboratory animals like mice, rats, cats, and dogs. Fear and aggression were eliminated in much smaller doses than those necessary to produce hypnosis. Chlordiazepoxide is similar to phenobarbital in its anticonvulsant properties. However, it lacks the hypnotic effects of barbiturates. Animal tests were conducted in the Boston Zoo and the San Diego Zoo. Forty-two hospital patients admitted for acute and chronic alcoholism, and various psychoses and neuroses were treated with chlordiazepoxide. In a majority of the patients, anxiety, tension, and motor excitement were "effectively reduced." The most positive results were observed among alcoholic patients. It was reported that ulcers and dermatologic problems, both of which involving emotional factors, were reduced by chlordiazepoxide.[30]
Chlordiazepoxide enabled the treatment of emotional disturbances without a loss of mental acuity or alertness. It assisted persons burdened by compulsive behavior who, amongst other behaviors, felt compelled to count the slats on venetian blinds upon entering a room.[31] In 1963, approval for use was given to diazepam (Valium), a "simplified" version of chlordiazepoxide, primarily to counteract anxiety symptoms. Sleep-related problems were treated with nitrazepam (Mogadon), which was introduced in 1965, temazepam (Restoril), which was introduced in 1969, and flurazepam (Dalmane), which was introduced in 1973.[32]
Recreational use[edit]
See also: Benzodiazepine drug misuse
In 1963, Carl F. Essig of the Addiction Research Center of the National Institute of Mental Health stated that meprobamate, glutethimide, ethinamate, ethchlorvynol, methyprylon and chlordiazepoxide as drugs whose usefulness can hardly be questioned. However, Essig labeled these newer products as drugs of addiction, like barbiturates, whose habit-forming qualities were more widely known. He mentioned a 90-day study of chlordiazepoxide, which concluded that the automobile accident rate among 68 users was 10 times higher than normal. Participants' daily dosage ranged from 5 to 100 milligrams.[33]
Chlordiazepoxide is a drug of potential misuse and is frequently detected in urine samples of drug users who have not been prescribed the drug.[34]
Legal status[edit]
Internationally, chlordiazepoxide is a Schedule IV controlled drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[35]
Toxicity[edit]
Animal[edit]
Laboratory tests assessing the toxicity of chlordiazepoxide, nitrazepam and diazepam on mice spermatozoa found that chlordiazepoxide produced toxicities in sperm including abnormalities involving both the shape and size of the sperm head. Nitrazepam, however, caused more profound abnormalities than chlordiazepoxide.[36]
Availability[edit]
Chlordiazepoxide is available in various dosage forms, alone or in combination with other drugs, worldwide.[37]
See also[edit]
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Effects of long-term benzodiazepine use
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Benzodiazepine dependence
Benzodiazepine
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Rx-List.com - Chlordiazepoxide
Inchem.org - Chlordiazepoxide
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Chlordiazepoxide
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See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABA receptor modulators • GABA metabolism/transport modulators
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlordiazepoxide&oldid=806863475"
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text:
English-speaking world
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Nations in which English is an official language (de facto or de jure). Anglosphere countries are a subset of those where English is the main native language.
Anglosphere
Official as majority language
Official as minority language
Co-official as majority language
Co-official as minority language
Unofficial
Not official as majority language
Not official as minority language
Approximately 330 to 360 million people speak English as their first language.[1] The United States has the most native speakers at 258 million. Additionally, there are 60 million native English speakers in the United Kingdom, 19 million in Canada, 16.5 million in Australia, 4.5 million in Ireland, and 3.8 million in New Zealand. Other countries also use English as their primary and official languages.
English is the third largest language by number of native speakers, after Mandarin and Spanish.[2]
Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly, from 470 million to more than 1 billion. David Crystal calculates that, as of 2003, non-native speakers outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1.[3] When combining native and non-native speakers, English is the most widely spoken language worldwide.
Besides the major varieties of English, such as American English, British English, Canadian English, Australian English, Irish English, New Zealand English and their sub-varieties, countries such as South Africa, India, the Philippines, Jamaica and Nigeria also have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from English-based creole languages to Standard English.
Contents
[hide]
1 Majority English-speaking countries
2 Countries where English is an official language
3 English as a global language
4 References
5 Bibliography
Majority English-speaking countries[edit]
Countries where English is spoken natively by the majority of the population.
Main articles: List of countries by English-speaking population and Anglosphere
There are six large countries with a majority of native English speakers that are sometimes grouped under the term Anglosphere. In numbers of English speakers they are: the United States (at least 231 million),[4] the United Kingdom (60 million),[5][6][7] Canada (at least 20 million),[8] Australia (at least 17 million),[9], Ireland (4.2 million) and New Zealand (3.8 million). [10]
Pie chart showing the percentage of native English speakers living in "inner circle" English-speaking countries. Native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second-language speakers of English (not counted in this chart[11]).
United States (64.3%)
United Kingdom (16.7%)
Canada (5.3%)
Australia (4.7%)
South Africa (1.3%)
Ireland (1.1%)
New Zealand (1.1%)
Other (5.5%)
English is also the primary natively spoken language in the countries and territories of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Guyana, the Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jersey, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
Other substantial communities of native speakers are found in South Africa (4.8 million)[12] and Nigeria (4 million, 5%).
Countries where English is an official language[edit]
Main article: List of territorial entities where English is an official language
In some countries where English is not the most spoken language, it is an official language; these countries include Botswana, Cameroon (co-official with French), the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Sudan, South Africa, South Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. There also are countries where in a part of the territory English became a co-official language, e.g. Colombia's San Andrés y Providencia and Nicaragua's Mosquito Coast. This was a result of the influence of British colonization in the area.
India has the largest number of second-language speakers of English (see Indian English); Crystal (2004) claims that, combining native and non-native speakers, India has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world.[13]
English is one of the eleven official languages that are given equal status in South Africa (South African English). It is also the official language in current dependent territories of Australia (Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Cocos Island) and of the United States (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico (in Puerto Rico, English is co-official with Spanish) and the US Virgin Islands),[14] and the former British colony of Hong Kong. (See List of countries where English is an official language for more details.)
Although the United States federal government has no official languages, English has been given official status by 32 of the 50 US state governments.[15][16] Although falling short of official status, English is also an important language in several former colonies and protectorates of the United Kingdom, such as Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cyprus and the United Arab Emirates.
English as a global language[edit]
See also: English in computing, International English, World Englishes, World language, and English as a second or foreign language
States and territories in which English is the first language of the majority of the population.
States and territories in which English is an official, but not the majority language.
Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a "world language", the lingua franca of the modern era,[17] and while it is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language.[18] It is, by international treaty, the official language for aeronautical[19] and maritime[20] communications. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations and many other international organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. It is also one of two co-official languages for astronauts (besides the Russian language) serving on board the International Space Station.[citation needed]
English is studied most often in the European Union, and the perception of the usefulness of foreign languages among Europeans is 67 percent in favour of English ahead of 17 percent for German and 16 percent for French (as of 2012). Among some of the non-English-speaking EU countries, the following percentages of the adult population claimed to be able to converse in English in 2012: 90 percent in the Netherlands, 89 percent in Malta, 86 percent in Sweden and Denmark, 73 percent in Cyprus and Austria, 70 percent in Finland, and over 50 percent in Greece, Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia, and Germany. In 2012, excluding native speakers, 38 percent of Europeans consider that they can speak English.[21]
Books, magazines, and newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world, and English is the most commonly used language in the sciences[17] with Science Citation Index reporting as early as 1997 that 95% of its articles were written in English, even though only half of them came from authors in English-speaking countries.
In publishing, English literature predominates considerably with 28 percent of all books published in the world [leclerc 2011] and 30 percent of web content in 2011 (down from 50 percent in 2000).[22]
This increasing use of the English language globally has had a large impact on many other languages, leading to language shift and even language death,[23] and to claims of linguistic imperialism. English itself has become more open to language shift as multiple regional varieties feed back into the language as a whole.[24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Crystal 2006, pp. 424–426.
Jump up ^ "Summary by language size". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Crystal, David (2003). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3.
Jump up ^ Ryan 2013, Table 1.
Jump up ^ Office for National Statistics 2013, Key Points.
Jump up ^ National Records of Scotland 2013.
Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 2012, Table KS207NI: Main Language.
Jump up ^ Statistics Canada 2014.
Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013.
Jump up ^ Statistics New Zealand 2014.
Jump up ^ Data are from national censuses conducted in 2010 or 2011 in the reported countries.
Jump up ^ Statistics South Africa 2012, Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number).
Jump up ^ Crystal 2004b.
Jump up ^ Nancy Morris (1995). Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 62. ISBN 0-275-95228-2.
Jump up ^ "U.S. English, Inc". U.S. English. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "U.S. English Chairman Applauds West Virginia Bill to Declare English the States Official Language". U.S. English. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b David Graddol (1997). "The Future of English?" (PDF). The British Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
Jump up ^ Crystal, David (2003a). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Lay summary (PDF) – Library of Congress (sample) (4 February 2015). Northrup, David (20 March 2013). How English Became the Global Language. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-30306-6. Retrieved 25 March 2015. Lay summary (25 March 2015).
Jump up ^ "ICAO Promotes Aviation Safety by Endorsing English Language Testing". International Civil Aviation Organization. 13 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases". International Maritime Organization. Archived from the original on 27 December 2003.
Jump up ^ European Commission (June 2012). Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages (PDF) (Report). Eurobarometer Special Surveys. Retrieved 12 February 2015. Lay summary (PDF) (27 March 2015).
Jump up ^ Northrup 2013.
Jump up ^ David Crystal (2000) Language Death, Preface; viii, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Jump up ^ Jambor, Paul Z. (April 2007). "English Language Imperialism: Points of View". Journal of English as an International Language. 2: 103–123.
Bibliography[edit]
Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 March 2013). "2011 Census QuickStats: Australia". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Bao, Z. (2006). "Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English". In Brown, Keith. Encyclopedia of language & linguistics. Elsevier. pp. 377–380. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04257-7. ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Lay summary (6 February 2015). – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
Crystal, David (19 November 2004b). "Subcontinent Raises Its Voice". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
Crystal, David (2006). "Chapter 9: English worldwide". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. A History of the English language. Cambridge University Press. pp. 420–439. ISBN 978-0-511-16893-2.
National Records of Scotland (26 September 2013). "Census 2011: Release 2A". Scotland's Census 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (11 December 2012). "Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012" (PDF). Statistics Bulletin. Table KS207NI: Main Language. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Office for National Statistics (4 March 2013). "Language in England and Wales, 2011". 2011 Census Analysis. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Ryan, Camille (August 2013). "Language Use in the United States: 2011" (PDF). American Community Survey Reports. p. 1. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Statistics Canada (22 August 2014). "Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Statistics New Zealand (April 2014). "2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity" (PDF). p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number). ISBN 9780621413885. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.
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