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Seniority in the United States Senate
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Seniority in the United States Senate is valuable as it confers a number of benefits and is based on length of continuous service, with ties broken by a series of factors. Customarily, the terms "senior senator" and "junior senator" are used to distinguish the two senators representing a particular state.
Contents
1 Benefits of seniority
2 Determining the beginning of a term
3 Determining length of seniority
4 Current seniority list
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Benefits of seniority[edit]
The United States Constitution does not mandate differences in rights or power, but Senate rules give more power to senators with more seniority. Generally, senior senators will have more power, especially within their own caucuses. In addition, by custom, senior senators from the president's party control federal patronage appointments in their states.
There are several benefits, including the following:
The president pro tempore of the Senate is traditionally the most senior member of the majority party.
Senators are given preferential treatment in choosing committee assignments based on seniority. Seniority on a committee is based on length of time serving on that committee, which means a senator may rank above another in committee seniority but be more junior in the full Senate. Although the committee chairmanship is an elected position, it is traditionally given to the most senior senator of the majority party serving on the committee, and not already holding a conflicting position such as chairmanship of another committee. The ranking member of a committee (called the vice-chairman in some select committees) is elected in the same way.
Greater seniority enables a senator to choose a desk closer to the front of the Senate Chamber.
Senators with higher seniority may choose to move into better office space as those offices are vacated.
Seniority determines the ranking in the United States order of precedence although other factors, such as being a former president or First Spouse, can place an individual higher in the order of precedence.
Determining the beginning of a term[edit]
The beginning of an appointment does not necessarily coincide with the date the Senate convenes or when the new senator is sworn in.[citation needed] In the case of senators first elected in a general election for the upcoming Congress, their terms begin on the first day of the new Congress. Since 1935, that means January 3 of odd-numbered years. The seniority date for an appointed senator is usually the date of the appointment, although the actual term does not begin until they take the oath of office. An incoming senator who holds another office, including membership in the U.S. House of Representatives, must resign from that office before becoming a senator.
Determining length of seniority[edit]
A senator's seniority is primarily determined by length of continuous service; for example, a senator who has served for 12 years is more senior than one who has served for 10 years. Because several new senators usually join at the beginning of a new Congress, seniority is determined by prior federal or state government service and, if necessary, the amount of time spent in the tiebreaking office. These tiebreakers in order are:[1]
Former senator
Former Vice President
Former House member
Former Cabinet secretary
Former state Governor
Population of state based on the most recent census when the senator took office
Alphabetical by last name (in case two senators came from the same state on the same day and have identical credentials)
When more than one senator has served in the same previous role, length of time in that prior office is used to break the tie. For instance, Ben Cardin, Bernie Sanders, Sherrod Brown, Bob Casey, Bob Corker, Claire McCaskill, Amy Klobuchar, Sheldon Whitehouse and Jon Tester took office on January 3, 2007, and the first three senators mentioned had previously served in the House of Representatives. Cardin, having served 20 years, is more senior than Sanders, who served 16 years, who in turn is more senior than Brown who served 14 years. Casey, Corker, McCaskill, Klobuchar, Whitehouse, and Tester rank in that order because as of the 2000 census, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Missouri, Minnesota, Rhode Island, and Montana had populations that ranked in that order, so Tester was ranked 100th in seniority when the 110th Congress convened.
Current seniority list[edit]
Only relevant factors are listed below. For senators whose seniority is based on their state's respective population, the state population ranking is given as determined by the relevant United States Census current at the time that they first took their seat.[2][3][4]
Republican R (51) Democratic D (47) Independent I (2)
Current
rank
Historical
rank[5][1]
Senator
party-state
Seniority date
First tie-breaker
Second tie-breaker
Committee and leadership positions
1
1692
Patrick Leahy
D – Vermont January 3, 1975 Ranking Member: Appropriations
President pro tempore emeritus
2
1708
Orrin Hatch
R – Utah January 3, 1977 President pro tempore
Chair: Finance
3
1745
Chuck Grassley
R – Iowa January 3, 1981 Chair: Judiciary
4
1766
Mitch McConnell
R – Kentucky January 3, 1985 Majority Leader
5
1775
Richard Shelby
R[n 1] – Alabama January 3, 1987 Chair: Appropriations
6
1801
Dianne Feinstein
D – California November 4, 1992 Ranking Member: Judiciary
7
1810
Patty Murray
D – Washington January 3, 1993 Ranking Member: HELP
Assistant Minority Leader
8
1816
Jim Inhofe
R – Oklahoma November 16, 1994 Chair: Armed Services
9
1827
Ron Wyden
D – Oregon February 6, 1996 Ranking Member: Finance
10
1830
Pat Roberts
R – Kansas January 3, 1997 Former representative (16 years) Chair: Agriculture
11
1831
Dick Durbin
D – Illinois Former representative (14 years) Minority Whip
12
1835
Jack Reed
D – Rhode Island Former representative (6 years) Ranking Member: Armed Services
13
1842
Susan Collins
R – Maine Maine 38th in population (1990) Chair: Aging
14
1843
Mike Enzi
R – Wyoming Wyoming 50th in population (1990) Chair: Budget
15
1844
Chuck Schumer
D – New York January 3, 1999 Former representative (18 years) Minority Leader
16
1846
Mike Crapo
R – Idaho Former representative (6 years) Chair: Banking
17
1854
Bill Nelson
D – Florida January 3, 2001 Former representative (12 years) Ranking Member: Commerce
18
1855
Tom Carper
D – Delaware Former representative (10 years) Ranking Member: Environment
19
1856
Debbie Stabenow
D – Michigan Former representative (4 years) Ranking Member: Agriculture
Democratic Policy Committee Chair
20
1859
Maria Cantwell[n 2]
D – Washington Former representative (2 years) Ranking Member: Energy
21
1867
Lisa Murkowski
R – Alaska December 20, 2002[n 3] Chair: Energy
22
1869
Lindsey Graham
R – South Carolina January 3, 2003 Former representative
23
1871
Lamar Alexander
R – Tennessee Former Cabinet member Chair: HELP
24
1873
John Cornyn[n 4]
R – Texas Majority Whip
25
1876
Richard Burr
R – North Carolina January 3, 2005 Former representative (10 years) Chair: Intelligence
26
1879
John Thune
R – South Dakota Former representative (6 years) Chair: Commerce
Republican Conference Chair
27
1880
Johnny Isakson
R – Georgia Former representative (5 yrs., 10 mos.) Chair: Veterans' Affairs
Chair: Ethics
28
1885
Bob Menendez
D – New Jersey January 17, 2006[n 3] Ranking Member: Foreign Relations
29
1886
Ben Cardin
D – Maryland January 3, 2007 Former representative (20 years) Ranking Member: Small Business
30
1887
Bernie Sanders
I – Vermont Former representative (16 years) Ranking Member: Budget
31
1888
Sherrod Brown
D – Ohio Former representative (14 years) Ranking Member: Banking
32
1890
Bob Casey Jr.
D – Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 6th in population (2000) Ranking Member: Aging
33
1891
Bob Corker
R – Tennessee Tennessee 16th in population (2000) Chair: Foreign Relations
34
1892
Claire McCaskill
D – Missouri Missouri 17th in population (2000) Ranking Member: Homeland Security
35
1893
Amy Klobuchar
D – Minnesota Minnesota 21st in population (2000) Ranking Member: Rules
36
1894
Sheldon Whitehouse
D – Rhode Island Rhode Island 43rd in population (2000)
37
1895
Jon Tester
D – Montana Montana 44th in population (2000) Ranking Member: Veterans' Affairs
38
1896
John Barrasso
R – Wyoming June 22, 2007[n 3] Chair: Environment
Republican Policy Committee Chair
39
1897
Roger Wicker
R – Mississippi December 31, 2007[n 3]
40
1899
Tom Udall
D – New Mexico January 3, 2009 Former representative Vice Chair: Indian Affairs
41
1901
Jeanne Shaheen
D – New Hampshire Former governor (6 years)
42
1902
Mark Warner
D – Virginia Former governor (4 years) Vice Chair: Intelligence
Democratic Caucus Vice Chair
43
1903
Jim Risch
R – Idaho Former governor (7 months) Chair: Small Business
44
1905
Jeff Merkley
D – Oregon
45
1909
Michael Bennet
D – Colorado January 21, 2009[n 3]
46
1910
Kirsten Gillibrand
D – New York January 26, 2009[n 3]
47
1916
Joe Manchin
D – West Virginia November 15, 2010 Former governor
48
1917
Chris Coons
D – Delaware Vice Chair: Ethics
49
1919
Roy Blunt
R – Missouri January 3, 2011 Former representative (14 years) Missouri 17th in population (2000) Chair: Rules
Republican Conference Vice Chair
50
1920
Jerry Moran
R – Kansas Kansas 33rd in population (2000)
51
1921
Rob Portman
R – Ohio Former representative (12 years)
52
1922
John Boozman
R – Arkansas Former representative (10 years)
53
1923
Pat Toomey
R – Pennsylvania Former representative (6 years)
54
1924
John Hoeven
R – North Dakota Former governor Chair: Indian Affairs
55
1925
Marco Rubio
R – Florida Florida 4th in population (2000)
56
1926
Ron Johnson
R – Wisconsin Wisconsin 20th in population (2000) Chair: Homeland Security
57
1927
Rand Paul
R – Kentucky Kentucky 25th in population (2000)
58
1928
Richard Blumenthal
D – Connecticut Connecticut 29th in population (2000)
59
1929
Mike Lee
R – Utah Utah 34th in population (2000)
60
1931
Dean Heller
R – Nevada May 9, 2011[n 3]
61
1932
Brian Schatz
D – Hawaii December 26, 2012[n 3]
62
1933
Tim Scott
R – South Carolina January 2, 2013[n 3]
63
1934
Tammy Baldwin
D – Wisconsin January 3, 2013 Former representative (14 years) Democratic Caucus Secretary
64
1935
Jeff Flake
R – Arizona Former representative (12 years)
65
1936
Joe Donnelly
D – Indiana Former representative (6 years) Indiana 15th in population (2010)
66
1937
Chris Murphy
D – Connecticut Connecticut 29th in population (2010)
67
1938
Mazie Hirono
D – Hawaii Hawaii 40th in population (2010)
68
1939
Martin Heinrich
D – New Mexico Former representative (4 years)
69
1940
Angus King
I – Maine Former governor (8 years)
70
1941
Tim Kaine
D – Virginia Former governor (4 years)
71
1942
Ted Cruz
R – Texas Texas 2nd in population (2010)
72
1943
Elizabeth Warren
D – Massachusetts Massachusetts 14th in population (2010) Democratic Caucus Vice Chair
73
1944
Deb Fischer
R – Nebraska Nebraska 38th in population (2010)
74
1945
Heidi Heitkamp
D – North Dakota North Dakota 48th in population (2010)
75
1948
Ed Markey
D – Massachusetts July 16, 2013
76
1949
Cory Booker
D – New Jersey October 31, 2013
77
1951
Shelley Moore Capito
R – West Virginia January 3, 2015 Former representative (14 years)
78
1952
Gary Peters
D – Michigan Former representative (6 years) Michigan 8th in population (2010)
79
1953
Bill Cassidy[n 5]
R – Louisiana Louisiana 25th in population (2010)
80
1954
Cory Gardner
R – Colorado Former representative (4 years) Colorado 22nd in population (2010) NRSC Chair
81
1955
James Lankford
R – Oklahoma Oklahoma 28th in population (2010)
82
1956
Tom Cotton
R – Arkansas Former representative (2 years) Arkansas 32nd in population (2010)
83
1957
Steve Daines
R – Montana Montana 44th in population (2010)
84
1958
Mike Rounds
R – South Dakota Former governor
85
1959
David Perdue
R – Georgia Georgia 9th in population (2010)
86
1960
Thom Tillis
R – North Carolina North Carolina 10th in population (2010)
87
1961
Joni Ernst
R – Iowa Iowa 30th in population (2010)
88
1962
Ben Sasse
R – Nebraska Nebraska 38th in population (2010)
89
1963
Dan Sullivan
R – Alaska Alaska 47th in population (2010)
90
1964
Chris Van Hollen
D – Maryland January 3, 2017 Former representative (14 years) DSCC Chair
91
1965
Todd Young
R – Indiana Former representative (6 years)
92
1966
Tammy Duckworth
D – Illinois Former representative (4 years)
93
1967
Maggie Hassan
D – New Hampshire Former governor
94
1968
Kamala Harris
D – California California 1st in population (2010)
95
1969
John Neely Kennedy
R – Louisiana Louisiana 25th in population (2010)
96
1970
Catherine Cortez Masto
D – Nevada Nevada 35th in population (2010)
97
1972
Tina Smith
D – Minnesota January 3, 2018 Minnesota 21st in population (2010)
98
1973
Doug Jones
D – Alabama Alabama 23rd in population (2010)
99
1974
Cindy Hyde-Smith
R – Mississippi April 2, 2018[n 3]
100
1819[n 6]
Jon Kyl
R – Arizona September 4, 2018[n 3]
Rank
Historical
rank
Senator
party-state
Seniority date
First tie-breaker
Second tie-breaker
Committee and leadership positions
See also[edit]
Current members of the United States Senate
Seniority in the United States House of Representatives
List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service
List of longest-living United States Senators
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Richard Shelby's 1994 party change did not break his service or seniority.
Jump up ^ Maria Cantwell (#20) is the Senate's most senior junior senator.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k The seniority date for an appointed senator is the date of the appointment, not necessarily the date of taking the oath of office. See Determining the beginning of a term, above.
Jump up ^ John Cornyn's predecessor, Phil Gramm, resigned early, effective November 30, 2002, so that Senator-elect Cornyn could take office early, and move into Gramm's office suite in order to begin organizing his staff. Cornyn did not, however, gain seniority, owing to a 1980 Rules Committee policy that no longer gave seniority to senators who entered Congress early for the purpose of gaining advantageous office space.
Jump up ^ Bill Cassidy (#79) is the Senate's most junior senior senator.
Jump up ^ Jon Kyl previously served in the U.S. Senate from 1995 to 2013.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Senators of the United States 1789–present, A chronological list of senators since the First Congress in 1789" (PDF). Senate Historical Office. April 17, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "1991 U.S Census Report" (PDF).
Jump up ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "2000 Census State Population Rankings". Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Resident Population Data (Text Version) – 2010 Census, by state and census region".
Jump up ^ "Historical rank" refers to the Senator's seniority over the entire history of the Senate since 1789. This is an absolute number that does not change from one Congress to the next.
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Lists of United States Senators in Congress by seniority
1 (1789)
2 (1791)
3 (1793)
4 (1795)
5 (1797)
6 (1799)
7 (1801)
8 (1803)
9 (1805)
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42 (1871)
43 (1873)
44 (1875)
45 (1877)
46 (1879)
47 (1881)
48 (1883)
49 (1885)
50 (1887)
51 (1889)
52 (1891)
53 (1893)
54 (1895)
55 (1897)
56 (1899)
57 (1901)
58 (1903)
59 (1905)
60 (1907)
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64 (1915)
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98 (1983)
99 (1985)
100 (1987)
101 (1989)
102 (1991)
103 (1993)
104 (1995)
105 (1997)
106 (1999)
107 (2001)
108 (2003)
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values: Current members of the United States Senate

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U.S. House of Representatives

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110th Congress

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values: List of United States Senators from Vermont

values: United States Senate Committee on Appropriations

values: List of United States Senators from Utah

values: United States Senate Committee on Finance

values: List of United States Senators from Iowa

values: United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary

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Jack Reed (politician)

values: List of United States Senators from Rhode Island

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values: List of United States Senators from Idaho

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values: List of United States Senators from Michigan

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values: List of United States Senators from South Carolina

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Dan Sullivan (American senator)

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John Neely Kennedy

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values: Template:United States Senators by seniority

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values: List of United States Senators in the 1st Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 2nd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 3rd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 4th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 5th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 6th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 7th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 8th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 9th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 10th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 11th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 12th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 13th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 14th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 15th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 16th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 17th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 18th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 19th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 20th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 21st Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 22nd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 23rd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 24th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 25th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 26th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 27th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 28th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 29th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 30th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 31st Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 32nd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 33rd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 34th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 35th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 36th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 37th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 38th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 39th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 40th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 41st Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 42nd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 43rd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 44th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 45th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 46th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 47th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 48th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 49th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 50th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 51st Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 52nd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 53rd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 54th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 55th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 56th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 57th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 58th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 59th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 60th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 61st Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 62nd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 63rd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 64th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 65th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 66th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 67th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 68th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 69th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 70th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 71st Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 72nd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 73rd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 74th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 75th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 76th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 77th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 78th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 79th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 80th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 81st Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 82nd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 83rd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 84th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 85th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 86th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 87th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 88th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 89th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 90th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 91st Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 92nd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 93rd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 94th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 95th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 96th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 97th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 98th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 99th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 100th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 101st Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 102nd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 103rd Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 104th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 105th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 106th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 107th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 108th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 109th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 110th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 111th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 112th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 113th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 114th Congress by seniority

values: List of United States Senators in the 115th Congress by seniority

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values: List of freshman class members of the 115th United States Congress

values: List of youngest members of the United States Congress

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Delegate (United States Congress)

values: List of living former United States Senators

values: List of United States Senators expelled or censured

values: List of United States Senators born outside the United States

values: Current members of the United States House of Representatives

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values: List of living former members of the United States House of Representatives

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LGBT Equality Caucus

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Engrossed bill

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Lame duck session (United States)

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Veto override

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Nuclear option (U.S. politics)

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United States Senate Page

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values: Dienstalter der Senatoren der Vereinigten Staaten – German

values: Antigüedad de los senadores de los Estados Unidos – Spanish

values: ارشدیت در سنای ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian

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values: Lista obecnych senatorów Stanów Zjednoczonych wedle starszeństwa – Polish

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values: Antiguidade dos senadores dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese

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