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Berlin Conference
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The conference of Berlin
The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz),[1] regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. The conference was organized by Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history of the Berlin Conference
2 Conference
3 General Act
3.1 Principle of Effective Occupation
4 Agenda
5 Consequences
6 See also
7 References
8 Citations
9 Further reading
10 External links
Early history of the Berlin Conference[edit]
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Before the conference, European diplomacy treated African indigenous people in the same manner as the New World natives, forming trading relationships with the indigenous chiefs. By the mid-19th century, Europeans considered Africa to be disputed territory ripe for exploration, trade, and settlement by their colonists. With the exception of trading posts along the coasts, the continent was essentially ignored.
In 1876, King Leopold II of Belgium, who had previously founded the International African Society in 1876, invited Henry Morton Stanley to join him in researching and 'civilising' the continent. In 1878, the International Congo Society was also formed, with more economic goals, but still closely related to the former society. Léopold secretly bought off the foreign investors in the Congo Society, which was turned to imperialistic goals, with the African Society serving primarily as a philanthropic front.
From 1878 to 1885, Stanley returned to the Congo, not as a reporter but as an envoy from Léopold with the secret mission to organize what would become known as the Congo Free State. French intelligence had discovered Leopold's plans, and France quickly engaged in its own colonial exploration. French naval officer Pierre de Brazza was dispatched to central Africa, traveled into the western Congo basin, and raised the French flag over the newly founded Brazzaville in 1881, in what is currently the Republic of Congo. Finally, Portugal, which already had a long, but essentially abandoned colonial Empire in the area through the mostly defunct proxy state Kongo Empire, also claimed the area. Its claims were based on old treaties with Spain and the Roman Catholic Church. It quickly made a treaty on 26 February 1884 with its former ally, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to block off the Congo Society's access to the Atlantic.
By the early 1880s, due to many factors including diplomatic maneuvers, subsequent colonial exploration, and recognition of Africa's abundance of valuable resources such as gold, timber, land, and markets, European interest in the continent had increased dramatically. Stanley's charting of the Congo River Basin (1874–77) removed the last terra incognita from European maps of the continent, and delineating the areas of British, Portuguese, French, and Belgian control. The powers raced to push these rough boundaries to their furthest limits and eliminate any potential local minor powers which might prove troublesome to European competitive diplomacy.
France moved to take over Tunisia, one of the last of the Barbary Pirate states, under the pretext of another piracy incident. French claims by Pierre de Brazza were quickly solidified with French taking control of today's Republic of the Congo in 1881 and Guinea in 1884. Italy became part of the Triple Alliance, upsetting Bismarck's carefully laid plans with the state and forcing Germany to become involved in Africa. In 1882, realizing the geopolitical extent of Portuguese control on the coasts, but seeing penetration by France eastward across Central Africa toward Ethiopia, the Nile, and the Suez Canal, Britain saw its vital trade route through Egypt and its Indian Empire threatened.
Under the pretext of the collapsed Egyptian financing and a subsequent riot, in which hundreds of Europeans and British subjects were murdered or injured, the United Kingdom intervened in nominally Ottoman Egypt. Through it, the UK also ruled over the Sudan and what would later become British Somaliland.
Conference[edit]
Owing to the European race for colonies, Germany started launching expeditions of its own, which frightened both British and French statesmen. Hoping to quickly soothe this brewing conflict, King Leopold II convinced France and Germany that common trade in Africa was in the best interests of all three countries. Under support from the British and the initiative of Portugal, Otto von Bismarck, German Chancellor, called on representatives of 13 nations in Europe as well as the United States to take part in the Berlin Conference in 1884 to work out joint policy on the African continent.
The conference was opened on November 15, 1884 and continued till its closure on 26 February 1885.[3]Whilst the number of plenipotentiaries varied per nation,[4] the following 14 countries did send representatives to attend the Berlin Conference and sign the subsequent Berlin Act:
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Denmark
France
German Empire
Italy
Netherlands
Ottoman Empire
Portugal
Russian Empire
Spain
Sweden-Norway
United Kingdom
United States - though the United States reserved the right to decline or to accept the conclusions of the Conference.[5]
The conference was convened on Saturday, November 15, 1884, at Bismarck's official residence on Wilhelmstrasse (site of the Congress of Berlin six years earlier).[6] Bismarck accepted the chairmanship. The British representative was Sir Edward Malet (Ambassador to the German Empire). Henry Morton Stanley attended as a U.S. delegate.[6]
General Act[edit]
The General Act fixed the following points:
To gain public acceptance,[7][8] the conference resolved to end slavery by African and Islamic powers. Thus, an international prohibition of the slave trade throughout their respected spheres was signed by the European members. Because of this point the writer Joseph Conrad sarcastically referred to the conference as "the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs" in his novella Heart of Darkness.[9]
The Congo Free State was confirmed as the private property of the Congo Society, which supported Leopold's promises to keep the country open to all European investment. The territory of today's Democratic Republic of the Congo, some two million square kilometers, was confirmed by the European powers as essentially the property of Léopold II (but later it was organized as a Belgian colony under state administration).
The 14 signatory powers would have free trade throughout the Congo Basin as well as Lake Malawi, and east of this in an area south of 5° N.
The Niger and Congo rivers were made free for ship traffic.
A Principle of Effectivity (based on "effective occupation", see below) was introduced to stop powers setting up colonies in name only.
Any fresh act of taking possession of any portion of the African coast would have to be notified by the power taking possession, or assuming a protectorate, to the other signatory powers.
Definition of regions in which each European power had an exclusive right to "pursue" the legal ownership of land (legal in the eyes of the other European powers).[10]:44
The first reference in an international act to the obligations attaching to "spheres of influence" is contained in the Berlin Act.
Principle of Effective Occupation[edit]
The principle of effective occupation stated that powers could acquire rights over colonial lands only if they possessed them or had "effective occupation": in other words, if they had treaties with local leaders, if they flew their flag there, and if they established an administration in the territory to govern it with a police force to keep order. The colonial power could also make use of the colony economically. This principle became important not only as a basis for the European powers to acquire territorial sovereignty in Africa, but also for determining the limits of their respective overseas possessions, as effective occupation served in some instances as a criterion for settling disputes over the boundaries between colonies. But, as the Berlin Act was limited in its scope to the lands that fronted on the African coast, European powers in numerous instances later claimed rights over lands in the interior without demonstrating the requirement of effective occupation, as articulated in Article 35 of the Final Act.
At the Berlin Conference of 1885, the scope of the Principle of Effective Occupation was heavily contested between Germany and France. The Germans, who were new to the continent of Africa, essentially believed that as far as the extension of power in Africa was concerned, no colonial power should have any legal right to a territory, unless the state exercised strong and effective political control, and if so, only for a limited period of time, essentially an occupational force only. However, Britain's view was that Germany was a latecomer to the continent, and was assumptively unlikely to gain any new possessions, apart from already occupied territories, which were swiftly proving to be more valuable than British-occupied territories. Given that logic, it was generally assumed by Britain and France that Germany had an interest in embarrassing the other European powers on the continent and forcing them to give up their possessions if they could not muster a strong political presence. On the other side, the United Kingdom (UK) had large territorial "possessions" on the continent and wanted to keep them while minimising its responsibilities and administrative costs. In the end, the British view prevailed.
The disinclination to rule what the Europeans had "conquered" is apparent throughout the protocols of the Berlin Conference, but especially in "The Principle of Effective Occupation." In line with Germany and Britain's opposing views, the powers finally agreed that this could be established by a European power establishing some kind of base on the coast, from which it was free to expand into the interior. The Europeans did not believe that the rules of occupation demanded European hegemony on the ground. The Belgians originally wanted to include that "effective occupation" required provisions that "cause peace to be administered", but other powers, specifically Britain and France, had that amendment struck out of the final document.
This principle, along with others that were written at the Conference allowed the Europeans to "conquer" Africa while doing as little as possible to administer or control it. The Principle of Effective Occupation did not apply so much to the hinterlands of Africa at the time of the conference. This gave rise to "hinterland theory," which basically gave any colonial power with coastal territory the right to claim political influence over an indefinite amount of inland territory. Since Africa was irregularly shaped, this theory caused problems and was later rejected.[11]
Agenda[edit]
Portugal–Britain: The Portuguese government presented a project, known as the "Pink Map" (also called the "Rose-Colored Map"), in which the colonies of Angola and Mozambique were united by co-option of the intervening territory (land that later became Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Malawi.) All of the countries attending the conference, except for the United Kingdom, endorsed Portugal's ambitions. A little more than five years later, in 1890, the British government, in breach of the Treaty of Windsor (and of the Treaty of Berlin itself), issued an ultimatum demanding that the Portuguese withdraw from the disputed area.[citation needed]
France–Britain: A line running from Say in Niger to Maroua, on the north-east coast of Lake Chad determined what part belonged to whom. France would own territory to the north of this line, and the United Kingdom would own territory to the south of it. The Nile Basin would be British, with the French taking the basin of Lake Chad. Furthermore, between the 11th and 15th degrees latitude, the border would pass between Ouaddaï, which would be French, and Darfur in Sudan, to be British. In reality, a no man's land 200 kilometres wide was put in place between the 21st and 23rd meridians.
France–Germany: The area to the north of a line formed by the intersection of the 14th meridian and Miltou was designated French, that to the south being German.
Britain–Germany: The separation came in the form of a line passing through Yola, on the Benoué, Dikoa, going up to the extremity of Lake Chad.
France–Italy: Italy was to own what lies north of a line from the intersection of the Tropic of Cancer and the 17th meridian to the intersection of the 15th parallel and 21st meridian.
Consequences[edit]
European claims in Africa, 1913. Modern-day boundaries, largely a legacy of the colonial era, are shown.
Belgium Germany Spain France
Britain Italy Portugal Independent
The conference provided an opportunity to channel latent European hostilities towards one another outward, provide new areas for helping the European powers expand in the face of rising American, Russian, and Japanese interests, and form constructive dialogue for limiting future hostilities. For Africans, colonialism was introduced across nearly all the continent. When African independence was regained after World War II, it was in the form of fragmented states.[12]
The Scramble for Africa sped up after the Conference, since even within areas designated as their sphere of influence, the European powers still had to take possession under the Principle of Effectivity. In central Africa in particular, expeditions were dispatched to coerce traditional rulers into signing treaties, using force if necessary, as for example in the case of Msiri, King of Katanga, in 1891. Bedouin and Berber ruled states in the Sahara and Sub-Sahara were overrun by the French in several wars by the beginning of World War I. The British moved up from South Africa and down from Egypt conquering states such as the Mahdist State and the Sultanate of Zanzibar and, having already defeated the Zulu Kingdom in South Africa, in 1879, moving on to subdue and dismantle the independent Boer republics of Transvaal and Orange Free State.
Within a few years, Africa was at least nominally divided up south of the Sahara. By 1895, the only independent states were:
Morocco, involved in colonial conflicts with Spain and France, who conquered the nation in the 20th century.
Liberia, founded with the support of the United States for returned slaves
Ethiopian Empire, the only free native state, which fended off Italian invasion from Eritrea in what is known as the First Italo-Abyssinian War of 1889–1896 but was later defeated in 1936 during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
Majeerteen Sultanate, founded in the early 18th century; it was annexed by Italy in the 20th century
Sultanate of Hobyo, carved out of the former Majeerteen Sultanate, which ruled northern Somalia until the 20th century, when it was conquered by Italy.
The following states lost their independence to the British Empire roughly a decade after (see below for more information):
Orange Free State, a Boer republic founded by Dutch settlers
South African Republic (Transvaal), also a Boer republic
By 1902, 90% of all the land that makes up Africa was under European control. The large part of the Sahara was French, while after the quelling of the Mahdi rebellion and the ending of the Fashoda crisis, the Sudan remained firmly under joint British–Egyptian rulership with Egypt being under British occupation before becoming a British protectorate in 1914.
The Boer republics were conquered by the United Kingdom in the Boer war from 1899 to 1902. Morocco was divided between the French and Spanish in 1911, and Libya was conquered by Italy in 1912. The official British annexation of Egypt in 1914 ended the colonial division of Africa.
See also[edit]
Brussels Conference Act of 1890
Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Berlin West Africa Conference", Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Ajala, Adekunle (1983), "The Nature of African Boundaries", Africa Spectrum, Institute of African Affairs at GIGA, Hamburg, 18 (2): 177–189, JSTOR 40174114, Kwame Nkrumah once made the point that the Berlin Conference of 1884/85 was responsible for "the old carve-up of Africa". Other writers have also laid the blame for "the partition of Africa" on the doors of the Berlin Conference. But William Roger Louis holds a contrary view, although he conceded that "the Berlin Act did have a relevance to the course of the partition" of Africa.
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Matt. "The Berlin Conference: Where a Continent Was Colonized". ThoughtCo. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ 140.112.142.79/publish/pdfs/22/22_08.pdf
Jump up ^ http://lril.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/1/31.full
^ Jump up to: a b Louis, Wm. Roger. Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. I.B. Tauris, May, 2007
Jump up ^ David, Saul. "BBC - History - British History in depth: Slavery and the 'Scramble for Africa'". www.bbc.co.uk/history. BBC. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Craven, M. (1 March 2015). "Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the logic of free trade". London Review of International Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 31–59. doi:10.1093/lril/lrv002. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Context: Heart of Darkness." EXPLORING Novels, Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Discovering Collection. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Olusoga, David; Erichsen, Casper W. (2010). The Kaisers's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism. London, UK: Faber and Faber. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-571-23141-6.
Jump up ^ Herbst, Jeffrey. States and Power in Africa. Ch. 3 p71-72
Jump up ^ de Blij, H.J.; Muller, Peter O. (1997). Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 340.
Citations[edit]
Tapiwa Michael Njitimana, Erald Yomisi (2013)The Demise Of Germany
Chamberlain, Muriel E. (1999). The Scramble for Africa. London: Longman, 1974, 2nd ed. ISBN 0-582-36881-2.
Crowe, Sybil E. (1942). The Berlin West African Conference, 1884–1885. New York: Longmans, Green. ISBN 0-8371-3287-8 (1981, New ed. edition).
Förster, Stig, Wolfgang J. Mommsen, and Ronald Edward Robinson (1989). Bismarck, Europe, and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference 1884–1885 and the Onset of Partition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920500-0.
Hochschild, Adam (1999). King Leopold's Ghost. ISBN 0-395-75924-2.
Nuzzo, Luigi. "Colonial Law," in: European History Online (EGO), published by the Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG), Mainz 2012-04-16. URL: http://www.ieg-ego.eu/nuzzol-2011-en URN: urn:nbn:de:0159-2012041215 [2012-04-16].
Petringa, Maria (2006). Brazza, A Life for Africa. ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0.
Further reading[edit]
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (1972)-- Walter Rodney
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin Conference (1884).
Geography.about.com - Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 to Divide Africa.
"The Berlin Conference", BBC In Our Time
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Divergent (film)
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Divergent
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Neil Burger
Produced by
Douglas Wick
Lucy Fisher
Pouya Shahbazian
Screenplay by
Evan Daugherty
Vanessa Taylor
Based on
Divergent
by Veronica Roth
Starring
Shailene Woodley
Theo James
Ashley Judd
Jai Courtney
Ray Stevenson
Zoë Kravitz
Miles Teller
Tony Goldwyn
Maggie Q
Kate Winslet
Music by
Junkie XL
Cinematography
Alwin H. Küchler
Edited by
Richard Francis-Bruce
Nancy Richardson
Production
company
Red Wagon Entertainment
Summit Entertainment
Distributed by
Lionsgate
Release date
March 18, 2014 (2014-03-18) (Los Angeles Premiere)
March 21, 2014 (2014-03-21) (United States)
Running time
140 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$85 million[2][3]
Box office
$289 million[3]
Divergent is a 2014 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Neil Burger, based on the 2011 novel of the same name by Veronica Roth. The film is the first installment in The Divergent Series and was produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian, and Douglas Wick, with a screenplay by Evan Daugherty and Vanessa Taylor.[4] It stars Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Ashley Judd, Jai Courtney, Ray Stevenson, Zoë Kravitz, Miles Teller, Tony Goldwyn, Ansel Elgort, Maggie Q and Kate Winslet.[5][6] The story takes place in a dystopian and post-apocalyptic Chicago[7] where people are divided into distinct factions based on human virtues. Beatrice Prior is warned that she is Divergent and thus will never fit into any one of the factions. She soon learns that a sinister plot is brewing in the seemingly perfect society.
Development of Divergent began in March 2011 when Summit Entertainment picked up the film rights to the novel with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher's production company Red Wagon Entertainment. Principal photography began April 16, 2013, and concluded on July 16, 2013, with reshoots taking place from January 24–26, 2014. Production mostly took place in Chicago.
Divergent was released on March 21, 2014, in the United States. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise going towards its concepts and action, and criticism focused on its execution. Reviewers found the film to be generic and unoriginal, comparing it unfavorably to other young adult fiction adaptations. Despite this, the film was a financial success as it reached the #1 spot at the box office during its opening weekend. After its release, the film earned over US$288 million worldwide against its budget of US$85 million.[8][9] It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 5, 2014.[10]
A sequel, Insurgent, was released on March 20, 2015, in the United States and other countries.[11]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Pre-production
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Post-production
4 Music
5 Distribution
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Release
5.3 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 Expanded franchise
7.1 The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015)
7.2 The Divergent Series: Allegiant (2016)
7.3 The Divergent Series: Ascendant (TBA)
8 References
9 Readings
10 External links
Plot[edit]
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In a futuristic dystopian Chicago, society is divided into five factions: Abnegation (the selfless), Amity (the peaceful), Candor (the honest), Dauntless (the brave) and Erudite (the intelligent). The remaining population are the Factionless. At the age of 16, they undergo a human serum albumin-induced psychological aptitude test which indicates their best-suited faction, though they are allowed to choose any faction as their permanent group at the subsequent Choosing Ceremony.
Beatrice "Tris" Prior (Shailene Woodley) was born into Abnegation, which runs the government. Her father, Andrew Prior (Tony Goldwyn), serves on the ruling council along with the head of Abnegation, Marcus Eaton (Ray Stevenson). Beatrice takes her test with a Dauntless woman named Tori Wu (Maggie Q) as her proctor. Her results show the rare quality of equal attributes of multiple factions, meaning she is a Divergent. Her divergence includes Abnegation, Erudite, and Dauntless. Tori records her results as Abnegation and warns her to keep the true result a secret, saying that because Divergent can think independently the government cannot control them and they are considered threats to the existing social order.
The next day at the Choosing Ceremony, Beatrice's brother Caleb Prior (Ansel Elgort) chooses Erudite. After some indecision, Beatrice defects to Dauntless. These choices draw attention to Caleb and Beatrice as most Abnegation choose to stay in their faction. After the ceremony, Beatrice meets Christina (Zoë Kravitz), Al (Christian Madsen), and Will (Ben Lloyd-Hughes), three other initiates from other factions who also chose Dauntless. Christina and Al are from Candor, and Will is from Erudite. The initiates' commitment and fearlessness are immediately tested, and Eric Coulter (Jai Courtney), a brutal Dauntless leader, makes it clear that anyone not meeting Dauntless' high expectations will be expelled from the faction to become Factionless. Beatrice is the first to volunteer for a leap of faith from a tall building into a dark hole, landing in a net. When Four (Theo James), a transfer initiates' instructor, asks her name, she shortens it to "Tris" leaving her Abnegation childhood behind.
Tris initially struggles in Dauntless training, ranking far below the cutoff after the first evaluation, but with Four's help slowly improves. Eric matches her against her nemesis;— Peter (Miles Teller) in a fight. Tris is soundly defeated and wakes up in the infirmary. Informed that she will miss the most important test, Capture The Flag, Tris leaves the infirmary and joins the other initiates, secures her team's victory, and makes the final cut.
In the next phase of training, the initiates face their worst fears in psychological simulations. Divergent are resistant to serums and simulations, so Tris excels at these tests, solving them in peculiar ways, but Four warns her to solve the challenges as a normal Dauntless would in order to hide her abilities.
Tris visits Caleb. She tells him that Erudite is planning to overthrow Abnegation and become the ruling faction. He doesn't believe her. On her return to Dauntless quarters, Tris is attacked by Al, Peter, and Drew before being rescued by Four. The next day Al pleads for Tris' forgiveness but she refuses, calling him a coward. He later kills himself by jumping into "The Chasm" rather than live with the shame.
To prepare her for the final test, Four takes Tris into his own fear simulations, where she learns that he was Tobias Eaton, the son of Marcus Eaton (her father's colleague). After the simulation, they kiss. Tris then passes her test and is officially initiated into Dauntless. The Dauntless, including Tris and Four, are injected by Dauntless leadership with a serum supplied by Erudite which is supposedly for tracking, but is actually for mind control.
The next morning, the Dauntless prepare to execute Abnegations by the orders of the Erudite and the Dauntless leadership working with them. Divergents are unaffected by the mind control serum. When the mind controlled Dauntless army are preparing for Abnegation execution, a confused Divergent reveals himself by asking everyone what is happening and is shot immediately by Eric. Witnessing this Tris blends in with the army to avoid suspicion. On the train, she carefully makes her way next to Four. She stands next to him and after a few seconds he reveals himself as a Divergent to Tris for the first time by holding her hand and she is relieved.
While the Dauntless move to raid Abnegation, Tris and Four separate from the group and attempt to locate Tris' parents. Eric is suspicious of Four and tests him by pointing his gun at Four. Tris breaks their cover and points her gun at Eric. Their identities as Divergents are revealed to the Dauntless leaders and they both get captured. Four is taken into custody while Tris is ordered to be executed. Her mother Natalie (Ashley Judd) appears and liberates her. Tris now knows that her mother is also Divergent. She tells Tris her father's whereabouts and that they have to get back to them immediately. Tris kills one of her friends, Will, and is really affected by the fact that she had to kill her friend to survive. Unfortunately, her mother is soon shot dead as they flee. Tris has to leave her mother's dead body to save herself from being killed.
Tris finds her father in hiding with several Abnegations, including Caleb and Marcus. The group sneaks into Dauntless headquarters, where Tris encounters Peter and forces him to lead them to the Erudite's control center. Her father sacrifices himself in a shootout, and Tris goes in alone to find Four, who is now under stronger mind control designed for Divergents and attacks her. Using her knowledge of his fears, she manages to wake him from the mind control and the two enter the central control room, where Erudite leader Jeanine (Kate Winslet) is about to have the Dauntless army execute the entire Abnegation faction. Tris uses a sample of the mind control serum on her to force her to cancel the program. The group escapes the compound and boards a train out of the complex.
Cast[edit]
Shailene Woodley portrays Beatrice Prior.
See also: List of Divergent characters
Shailene Woodley as Beatrice "Tris" Prior
Elyse Cole as 10 year old Tris
Theo James as Tobias "Four" Eaton
Ashley Judd as Natalie Prior
Jai Courtney as Eric Coulter
Ray Stevenson as Marcus Eaton
Zoë Kravitz as Christina
Miles Teller as Peter Hayes
Tony Goldwyn as Andrew Prior
Ansel Elgort as Caleb Prior
Maggie Q as Tori Wu
Mekhi Phifer as Max
Kate Winslet as Jeanine Matthews
Ben Lloyd-Hughes as Will
Christian Madsen as Al
Amy Newbold as Molly Atwood
Production[edit]
Pre-production[edit]
In March 2011, Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for Divergent with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher's production company Red Wagon Entertainment.[12] Neil Burger was announced as the director on August 23, 2012.[13] Evan Daugherty, who co-wrote the screenplay with Vanessa Taylor, said, "I get hung up on the toughness of the movie but of equal importance is the love story between Tris and Four. It's inherently and inextricably linked to Tris's character journey. There will be plenty of sexual tension and chemistry, but it's important that all of that stuff doesn't just feel like it's thrown in, but that it all helps Tris grow as a character."[14]
Daugherty further added, "It's tricky because the book is a very packed read with a lot of big ideas. So, distilling that into a cool, faithful two-hour movie is challenging. Not only do you have to establish five factions, but you have to acknowledge that there's a sixth entity, which is the divergent, and you also have the factionless. So there's a world that really has to be built out for the big screen... the movie is going to do it a little more efficiently."[15] Author Veronica Roth said about the script of the film: "Reading a script is a really interesting experience. I'd never read a script before. I was really impressed by how closely it stuck to the general plot line of the book."[16]
Initially, the budget of the film was $40 million but Lionsgate later increased it to $80 million (which finally changed to $85 million) due to the success of The Hunger Games. Analyst Ben Mogil said, "Divergent is more similar to Hunger Games in that the company owns the underlying economics (i.e. production) and the budget (at $80[million]) is more manageable."[17]
Casting[edit]
Theo James was cast as Tobias "Four" Eaton, winning the role over several other considered actors.
On October 22, 2012, it was announced that Shailene Woodley had landed the lead role of Beatrice "Tris" Prior.[18] Lucas Till, Jack Reynor, Jeremy Irvine, Alex Pettyfer, Brenton Thwaites, Alexander Ludwig and Luke Bracey were all considered for the role of Tobias "Four" Eaton.[19][20] On March 15, 2013, it was announced that Theo James had been cast as Four.[21]
Though James was 10 years older than the character when cast, Roth praised his casting: "I was sure within seconds: this was 'Four', no question. Theo is able to capture 'Four's' authority and strength, as well as his depth and sensitivity." She also mentions the chemistry between him and Shailene: "He is a perfect match for Shailene's incredibly strong presence as Tris. I'm thrilled!"[22] The producers said about his casting: "We took our time to find the right actor to fill the role of Four, and Theo is definitely the perfect fit. Veronica have crafted a truly iconic character in Four and we cannot wait to begin production and bring him and this story to life for millions of fans around the world."[21]
On March 11, 2013, it was announced that the roles of Tori, Christina, and Caleb had gone to Maggie Q, Zoë Kravitz, and Ansel Elgort respectively.[23] Ray Stevenson, Jai Courtney and Aaron Eckhart were announced to be in talks to join the cast on March 15, 2013.[24] Stevenson and Courtney joined the cast as Marcus Eaton and Eric.[25] That same day, Miles Teller was cast as Peter.[26] Kate Winslet was announced to be in talks on January 24, 2013.[27] Later, it was confirmed that she would portray Jeanine Matthews.[28]
Talking about playing the negative character for the first time, Winslet said, "I'm no idiot. The idea went through my head that I have never played a baddie before, I was almost kind of surprised." Since Winslet joined filming late, she used that distance from her co-stars to appear aloof on the first day of her shoot. "I wanted to break it and say, 'It's OK, I'm really fun. I promise.' But I thought, just for today, I'd let them think that I am a complete bitch."[29]
Winslet was five months pregnant during the shooting of the film and her pregnancy was concealed using various props. According to Burger, "We had to be very strategic in the way that we shot her. She always had some sort of file or case in her hand that was sort of protecting, you know, her bump."[30] On March 25, 2013, Ben Lamb was cast as Edward, Ben Lloyd-Hughes as Will, and Christian Madsen as Al.[31] In April 2013, Ashley Judd and Tony Goldwyn joined the cast as Natalie and Andrew Prior, Beatrice's parents.[32][33]
Filming[edit]
The Ferris wheel scene in Divergent was filmed at Navy Pier.
Filming began in Chicago on April 16, 2013, and concluded on July 16, 2013.[34][35][36] Virtually all production photography took place in Chicago; many of the interior locations were filmed at Cinespace Chicago Film Studios.[37] Scenes for the "choosing ceremony" were shot at Seventeenth Church of Christ, Scientist on East Wacker in downtown Chicago,[38] with outdoor shots taken at Pioneer Court.[39] Filming also took place at the Navy Pier Ferris Wheel; the entire area was treated with dirt and rust to appear more dystopian.[40] Additional scenes were shot at 57th Street and Ellis Avenue near the University of Chicago,[41] at Federal Street where fake L tracks were constructed[42] and at Michigan Avenue.[43] Scenes were also filmed in the University of Chicago's Joe and Rika Mansueto Library.[44]
For the Abnegation sector, the production team constructed the set on Wells Street in downtown Chicago.[45] In late June, filming took place at 1500 S Western Avenue and 600 S. Wells Street, Chicago.[46] In the last schedule, filming moved to the Chicago River and continued at Lake Street Bridge, Wacker Drive and LaSalle Street Bridge.[47] Filming wrapped on July 16, 2013.[48] On January 24, 2014, additional filming began in Los Angeles, finishing two days later, which officially became the last day of shooting.[48]
Post-production[edit]
Post-production work began after filming wrapped.[49] On July 18, Summit and Lionsgate issued a joint statement announcing the film would be released in IMAX format: "We're delighted to continue our successful collaboration with IMAX, with whom we have already partnered on the global blockbuster Hunger Games and Twilight Saga franchises, and we're especially pleased that we can introduce our newest young adult franchise, Divergent, to the movie going public in the premium IMAX format that celebrates its status as a special and memorable event."[50]
Music[edit]
Main article: Divergent: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
The score for Divergent was composed by Junkie XL and executive produced by his longtime mentor Hans Zimmer. Ellie Goulding's "Beating Heart" was included in the film as original soundtrack and later the assisting video was also released from Goulding's YouTube channel. Goulding's "Dead In The Water" was also included on the soundtrack. Randall Poster served as the film's music supervisor.[51][52] The original soundtrack was released on March 11, 2014, while the Original Score of the film was released on March 18, 2014, by Interscope Records.[53][54]
Distribution[edit]
Marketing[edit]
The first image of Shailene Woodley as Beatrice "Tris" Prior was revealed by Entertainment Weekly on April 24, 2013.[55] A few seconds sneak preview footage of the film was shown at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.[56] On June 7, Entertainment Weekly released a still of Theo James (Four) showing the Dauntless initiates around their new headquarters.[57] The magazine released several more stills on July 19.[58] On July 16, USA Today released the first image of Kate Winslet as Jeanine Matthews.[29]
On July 18, 2013, Summit held a sold-out San Diego Comic-Con panel in Hall H. Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Maggie Q, Zoe Kravitz, Ansel Elgort, Ben Lloyd-Hughes, Amy Newbold, Miles Teller, Christian Madsen, director Neil Burger, and author Veronica Roth attended the panel and answered fan questions, along with the showing of exclusive film clips.[59]
On August 22, 2013, a sneak peek of the first teaser trailer was released by MTV.[60][61][62] The full teaser was released on August 25, 2013, during the pre-show of the MTV Video Music Awards.[63][64][65] Two official posters featuring Woodley and James as Tris and Four and highlighting their tattoos were released on September 23, 2013.[66][67] Neil Burger released the full official trailer on November 13, 2013.[68][69] On February 4, 2014, Shailene Woodley and Theo James released the final trailer for the film during their appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.[70]
The marketing campaign for the film cost at least $50 million.[71]
Release[edit]
On its first day of advance ticket sales, the film sold half of its tickets.[72]
Home media[edit]
Divergent was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 5, 2014.[10] Prior to its DVD release, a deleted scene from the film featuring Miles Teller as Peter Hayes and Ben Lamb as Edward was released 0, 2014.[73]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Divergent earned $150,947,895 in North America, and $137,800,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $288,747,895.[3] Calculating in all expenses, Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of $71.87 million.[74]
On its opening weekend, the film attained the No. 1 spot in domestic and worldwide box office rankings by Rentrak.[75][76] The film grossed $4.9 million in late night screenings, on Thursday March 20, 2014.[11] On its opening day, the film grossed $22.8 million in the United States (including the Thursday night gross).[77][78][79] Divergent accumulated $54,607,747 from 3,936 theaters at an average of $13,873 per theater, on its opening weekend in the United States and Canada[80][81][82] and grossed $1.7 million internationally from four territories, with a worldwide total of $56,307,747.[83][84][85]
Critical response[edit]
Divergent received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 41% based on 214 reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With an adherence to YA formula that undercuts its individualistic message, Divergent opens its planned trilogy in disappointingly predictable fashion."[86] Metacritic gives the film a score of 48 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[87] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore were more receptive to the film, giving it a CinemaScore grade of "A". The survey group was 69% female and half of the audience was over 25.[88][89]
The main criticisms of the film were its generic execution and predictable plot.[90][91] Bruce Diones of The New Yorker called it, "barely diverting",[92] and Jordan Adler of We Got This Covered said it was a "plodding and generic dystopian drama".[93] Several critics have compared the film unfavorably with other young adult fiction adaptations such as Harry Potter and, predominantly, The Hunger Games. Andrew Barker of Variety said, "Unlike the Harry Potter series' tangible, fully dimensional Hogwarts or The Hunger Games' colorfully variegated districts, Divergent's vision of new Chicago doesn't have much to distinguish it from a standard-issue post-apocalyptic pic."[94] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that, "At least The Hunger Games spawned two terrific movies and a breakthrough star in Jennifer Lawrence. Onscreen, Divergent ignites only indifference."[95]
Peter Debruge of Variety considered it a much better adaptation writing that, "[although] it shares a fair amount of DNA in common with The Hunger Games, it ranks as far superior".[96] According to Todd Gilchrist of The Playlist, "Woodley makes for more than uncertain enough of a hero to add detail and meaning to the implosion of this world", adding that "there's little artifice to her performance, and the mundane honesty of her reactions create a believability that the world would otherwise lack." Speaking of James's performance, Gilchrist adds that he "manages the considerable accomplishment of seeming like a real grown-up man" and that he "makes the character's transformation from hardass to collaborator seem natural, if inevitable".[97] Drew McWeeny at HitFix said, "it helps that [they] got Woodley and James in the leads. [Woodley's] like a walking empathy battery, wide-open emotionally, easy to read and enormously appealing", also adding that James is "incredibly natural onscreen".[98]
Andrew Osmond of SFX magazine was more receptive to the film, calling it "an often entertaining, and sometimes very interesting, piece of teen SF".[99] Andy Lea of Daily Star wrote that "the satire is not as sharp as that of The Hunger Games and the training scenes borrow heavily from the much smarter Ender's Game. But it's also stylish, tense and surprisingly pacy."[100] Orlando Weekly's Sam Allard gave the film a 3/5 rating, praising Shailene Woodley's performance by saying she "rescues and then raises up a film that could have been an utter disaster".[101] Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com agreed with this sentiment, writing, "the performances—namely from stars Shailene Woodley and Theo James and Kate Winslet in a juicy supporting role—always make the movie watchable and often quite engaging".[102]
Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post felt that the film surpassed its source material, feeling that "it's rare that a movie is as good as the book on which it's based. It's even more unusual when it's better."[103] Leigh Paatsch of the Herald Sun dubbed the film a "solid first-up effort for the Divergent franchise",[104] and Margaret Pomeranz of At the Movies gave praise to director Neil Burger, stating that he "handles the action with aplomb".[105]
The Playlist's Todd Gilchrist gave it a mixed review saying that it has "great ideas ... and some terrific character work, but it's given such uneven attention, alternately languished upon and glossed over".[97] IGN's Matt Patches gave it 5.8 out of 10, citing its similarities to other young adult films and contrived Dauntless plot line. He praised lead actors Theo James and Shailene Woodley's performances, judging that they "add personality and physicality to the limp script they're acting out".[106] Scott Mendelson of Forbes magazine echoed these sentiments, arguing that despite Woodley's excellent performance, "the generic story reduced a large portion of the mythology to irrelevancy". Mendelson believed that the film would please the novel's fanbase.[107]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
MTV Movie Awards Favorite Character Beatrice "Tris" Prior Won
Teen Choice Awards[108] Choice Movie: Action Divergent Won
Choice Movie Actor: Action Theo James Won
Choice Movie Actress: Action Shailene Woodley Won
Choice Movie: Villain Kate Winslet Nominated
Choice Movie: Breakout Star Theo James Nominated
Visual Effects Society Awards[109] Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal/Live Action Feature Motion Picture Jim Berney, Greg Baxter, Matt Dessero Nominated
Young Hollywood Awards Fan Favorite Actor – Male Theo James Nominated
Fan Favorite Actor – Female Shailene Woodley Nominated
Best On-Screen Couple Shailene Woodley and Theo James Nominated
Best Cast Chemistry – Film Divergent Nominated
Favorite Flick Divergent Nominated
Broadcast Film Critics Association Award[110] Best Actress in an Action Movie Shailene Woodley Nominated
People's Choice Awards[111] Favorite Action Movie Divergent Won
Favorite Action Movie Actress Shailene Woodley Nominated
Favorite Movie Duo Shailene Woodley and Theo James Won
Expanded franchise[edit]
The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015)[edit]
Main article: The Divergent Series: Insurgent
On May 7, 2013, Summit Entertainment revealed that a sequel based on Insurgent was in the works. Brian Duffield, writer of Jane Got a Gun, was hired to write the script.[112] The sequel was released on March 20, 2015. The third film, based on the novel Allegiant, was initially announced as a single film scheduled for release on March 18, 2016.[113][114] In December 2013, it was announced that Neil Burger will not return to direct the sequel, due to him still working on the first film.[115] On February 11, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke would take Burger's place for the next installment.[11][116][117] Principal photography for The Divergent Series: Insurgent began in Atlanta on May 27, 2014,[118] and concluded on September 6, 2014.[119]
The Divergent Series: Allegiant (2016)[edit]
Main article: The Divergent Series: Allegiant
On April 11, 2014, Summit Entertainment announced that the third film would split into two films titled The Divergent Series: Allegiant – Part 1 and The Divergent Series: Allegiant – Part 2, with Part 1 scheduled to be released on March 18, 2016, and Part 2 scheduled to be released on June 9, 2017.[120][121] On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke would return to direct Part 1.[122] On September 10, 2015, it was announced that the two films would be re-titled, with Part 1 being renamed as Allegiant and Part 2 as Ascendant.[123]
The Divergent Series: Ascendant (TBA)[edit]
On February 8, 2016, it was reported that Robert Schwentke, who directed both Insurgent and Allegiant, would not return to direct for the final film.[124] Lee Toland Krieger will replace Schwentke as the director of the film.[125] The film is currently on hold due to Lionsgate's decision to release the final film as a TV movie, mainly because of Allegiant underperforming.
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Jump up ^ Douglass, Dianna (March 14, 2014). "Students learn about feature filmmaking with 'Divergent' internships". UChicagoNews. The University of Chicago. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Divergent Movie Set Update: More Images from The Abnegation Set". Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Video of 'Divergent' filming at 600 S. Wells St in Chicago". Retrieved July 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Divergent' is filming additional scenes in Los Angeles this month". Retrieved July 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Divergent' hits Comic-Con!". USA Today. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Divergent' Hits Comic-Con!". Yahoo! News. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Neil Burger's DIVERGENT Starring Shailene Woodley, Theo James, and Kate Winslet to Be Released in IMAX". Collider.com. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hans Zimmer to produce Junkie XL's 'Divergent' score". Retrieved March 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Junkie XL to Score 'Divergent'". Retrieved March 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Interscope Records to Release Soundtrack and Score to Summit Entertainment's Highly Anticipated Feature Film Divergent". Retrieved March 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Interscope Records To Release Original Motion Picture Soundtrack And Score To Summit Entertainment's Highly Anticipated Feature Film Divergent On March 11". The Wall Street Journal. February 25, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Ethan (April 24, 2013). "First Look: Shailene Woodley Faces Knives in 'Divergent' Adaptation". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Divergent film footage was shown at Cannes Film Festival". Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "New 'Divergent' photo! Here is the first picture of (drumroll) Theo James as Four -- Exclusive". Retrieved June 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Divergent': Tris and Four Pics!". Entertainment Weekly. June 19, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "First Footage From YA Adaptation 'Divergent' Shown to Fans". Retrieved July 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Divergent' Teaser Image and Trailer Preview Promise Something Big". Retrieved August 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Divergent' movie trailer to debut at this Sunday's MTV VMAs?". Retrieved August 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Divergent Movie Teaser Image Promises Something Big Coming To The MTV VMAs". Retrieved August 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Divergent official trailer". Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Schillaci, Sophie (August 25, 2013). "'Divergent': First Trailer Debuts During MTV VMAs Pre-Show (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Watch: First 'Divergent' Trailer and 9 New Pictures". Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Divergent' Movie News Update: Summit Entertainment Unveils First Two Posters". Retrieved September 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Divergent' releases two gorgeous posters highlighting Tris, Four, and their tattoos". Retrieved September 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Divergent - Action packed full trailer". Retrieved November 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Full Divergent Trailer Is Everything We Hoped For". Retrieved November 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Shailene Woodley and Theo James Premiere Final Divergent Trailer on Jimmy Kimmel Live". Retrieved February 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Brooks (March 23, 2014). "'Divergent' Ticket Sales Justify a Franchise". The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (March 5, 2014). "'Divergent' Tracking To Huge $50M–$60M Weekend Three Weeks Out; Pre-Sales Outstanding; '300' And 'Mr. Peabody' Also Strong For Weekend Bows". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Movies Here's a deleted scene that was too gross for 'Divergent'". Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr (March 10, 2015). "No. 17 'Divergent' – 2014 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Teen Sci-Fi Franchise 'Divergent' Debuts With $56M". Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Divergent,' based on young adult book series, is No. 1". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Box Office: 'Divergent' Dominates With $22.8 Million Friday, 'God's Not Dead' Surprises at No. 3". Variety. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Box office update: 'Divergent' earns $22.8 million on Friday". Retrieved March 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Friday Report: 'Divergent' Scores $22.8 Million, 'God's Not Dead' Surprises". Retrieved March 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Divergent (2014) Box Office Results". Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Box office report: 'Divergent' heads straight for $56 million win; 'God's Not Dead' inspires $8.6 million". Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Divergent Topped the Weekend Box Office". Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rentrak Announces Worldwide Box Office Results for Weekend of March 23, 2014". Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Worldwide Box Office". Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rentrak Announces Worldwide Box Office Results for Weekend of March 23, 2014". Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Divergent (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Divergent Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (March 23, 2014). "Box Office: 'Divergent' Breaks YA Curse With $56 Million Debut; 'Muppets 2' Bombs". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "'Divergent' Scores $56 Million Box-Office Opening, 'A' CinemaScore – And a Franchise Is Born (Video)". Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Film Review: 'Divergent' off to slow, predictable start". Retrieved September 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Movie Review: 'Divergent' doesn't veer from predictable path". Retrieved September 11, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "'Divergent' Movie Review". Retrieved March 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Why 'Divergent' Is a Better Movie Than 'The Hunger Games'". Retrieved March 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Review: 'Divergent' Starring Shailene Woodley, Kate Winslet, Miles Teller & More". Retrieved May 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Review: 'Divergent' succeeds largely due to Shailene Woodley and Theo James". Retrieved August 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Divergent REVIEW". Retrieved May 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Review and trailer: Divergent (12A) delivers teenage kicks". Retrieved May 14, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "'Divergent' movie review: Better than the book? Believe it". Retrieved May 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Divergent, which is similar to The Hunger Games, is the movie everyone's talking about". Retrieved August 3, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "All Too Familiar". IGN Entertainment. News Corp. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "13th Annual VES Awards". visual effects society. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2015 Critics' Choice Movie Awards nominations announced". Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2015: Full List Of Nominees". peopleschoice.com.
Jump up ^ Trumbore, Dave (May 7, 2013). "Summit Sets Brian Duffield to Pen DIVERGENT Sequel, INSURGENT". Collider.com. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Trumbore, Dave (December 16, 2013). "Summit Sets Release Dates for Divergent Threequel Allegiant, Plus Gods of Egypt and Step Up All In". Collider.com. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sims, Andrew (December 16, 2013). "Summit sets March 2016 date for 'Allegiant,' avoids a split (for now)". hypable.com. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Divergent' Director Neil Burger Won't Do Sequel but he will be co producer of insurgent and helping out (Exclusive)". Variety. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Divergent' sequel 'Insurgent' finds director in Robert Schwentke". herocomplex.latimes.com. February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (February 11, 2014). "Robert Schwentke To Direct 'Divergent' Sequel 'Insurgent'". Deadline Hollywood.
Jump up ^ "'Divergent' Sequel 'Insurgent' Starts Filming in Atlanta May 27th!". Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Insurgent' Movie News: Cast Wraps Up Production In Atlanta, Could See A Little More Filming With Trailer Coming In November [VIDEO]". Retrieved September 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lionsgate Splitting Third 'Divergent' Book 'Allegiant' into Two Films". Variety.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (December 17, 2015). "'Power Rangers,' Final 'Divergent' Movie's Release Dates Moved Back". Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Insurgent' Director Robert Schwentke Returning for 'Allegiant Part 1′ (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.
Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo (September 10, 2015). "Final Two 'Divergent' Films Get New Titles, Logos". The Hollywood Reporter. (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved September 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Flemming, Mike (8 February 2016). "Robert Schwentke Exits 'Divergent' Finale 'Ascendant'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ascendant Lands Age of Adaline's Lee Toland Krieger to Direct Divergent Finale". Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Readings[edit]
Divergent: production notes, tour // Summit Entertainment (copy of pdf)
External links[edit]
Official website
Divergent on IMDb
Divergent at AllMovie
Divergent at Box Office Mojo
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