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Knoll Lake
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Knoll Lake
Location
Coconino County, Arizona, United States
Coordinates
34°25′33″N 111°5′15″W / 34.42583°N 111.08750°W / 34.42583; -111.08750Coordinates: 34°25′33″N 111°5′15″W / 34.42583°N 111.08750°W / 34.42583; -111.08750
Basin countries
United States
Surface area
75 acres (30 ha)
Average depth
50 ft (15 m)
Surface elevation
7,340 ft (2,240 m)

Knoll Lake is part of the Blue Ridge Ranger District of the Coconino National Forest. It gets its name from a rocky island located in the middle of the lake. Knoll Lake is located in Leonard Canyon, Arizona, along the Mogollon Rim. This 75-acre (30 ha) lake is located at 7,340 feet (2,240 m) elevation and is closed to visitors in the winter months. Bald eagles may be seen during the winter months if the roads are open late into the season. The facilities are maintained by Coconino National Forest division of the USDA Forest Service.
Fish species[edit]
Rainbow Trout
Brown Trout
Brook Trout
External links[edit]
USDA Forest Service Knoll Lake Official Website
Knoll Lake Photos
Arizona Fishing Locations Map
Arizona Boating Locations Facilities Map
Video of Knoll Lake
References[edit]
Arizona Fishin' Holes, Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Game and Fish Department, 2007 |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)

This Coconino County, Arizona location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Cell growth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The term cell growth is used in the contexts of biological cell development and cell division (reproduction). When used in the context of cell development, the term refers to increase in cytoplasmic and organelle volume (G1 phase), as well as increase in genetic material (G2 phase) following the replication during S phase.[1] This is not to be confused with growth in the context of cell division, referred to as proliferation, where a cell, known as the "mother cell", grows and divides to produce two "daughter cells" (M phase).
Contents
[hide]
1 Cell populations
2 Cell size
2.1 Yeast cell size regulation
2.1.1 Linking Cdr2 to Wee1
2.1.2 Cell polarity factors
2.2 Cell cycle regulation in mammals
2.3 Other experimental systems for the study of cell size regulation
3 Cell division
3.1 Comparison of the three types of cell division
3.2 Sexual reproduction
4 Disorders
5 Measurement methods
6 See also
7 References
8 Books
9 External links
Cell populations[edit]
Cell populations go through a particular type of exponential growth called doubling. Thus, each generation of cells should be twice as numerous as the previous generation. However, the number of generations only gives a maximum figure as not all cells survive in each generation.
Cell size[edit]
Cell size is highly variable among organisms, with some algae such as Caulerpa taxifolia being a single cell several meters in length.[2] Plant cells are much larger than animal cells, and protists such as Paramecium can be 330 μm long, while a typical human cell might be 10 μm. How these cells "decide" how big they should be before dividing is an open question. Chemical gradients are known to be partly responsible, and it is hypothesized that mechanical stress detection by cytoskeletal structures is involved. Work on the topic generally requires an organism whose cell cycle is well-characterized.
Yeast cell size regulation[edit]
The relationship between cell size and cell division has been extensively studied in yeast. For some cells, there is a mechanism by which cell division is not initiated until a cell has reached a certain size. If the nutrient supply is restricted (after time t = 2 in the diagram, below), and the rate of increase in cell size is slowed, the time period between cell divisions is increased.[3] Yeast cell-size mutants were isolated that begin cell division before reaching a normal/regular size (wee mutants).[4]
Figure 1:Cell cycle and growth
Wee1 protein is a tyrosine kinase that normally phosphorylates the Cdc2 cell cycle regulatory protein (the homolog of CDK1 in humans), a cyclin-dependent kinase, on a tyrosine residue. Cdc2 drives entry into mitosis by phosphorylating a wide range of targets. This covalent modification of the molecular structure of Cdc2 inhibits the enzymatic activity of Cdc2 and prevents cell division. Wee1 acts to keep Cdc2 inactive during early G2 when cells are still small. When cells have reached sufficient size during G2, the phosphatase Cdc25 removes the inhibitory phosphorylation, and thus activates Cdc2 to allow mitotic entry. A balance of Wee1 and Cdc25 activity with changes in cell size is coordinated by the mitotic entry control system. It has been shown in Wee1 mutants, cells with weakened Wee1 activity, that Cdc2 becomes active when the cell is smaller. Thus, mitosis occurs before the yeast reach their normal size. This suggests that cell division may be regulated in part by dilution of Wee1 protein in cells as they grow larger.
Linking Cdr2 to Wee1[edit]
The protein kinase Cdr2 (which negatively regulates Wee1) and the Cdr2-related kinase Cdr1 (which directly phosphorylates and inhibits Wee1 in vitro)[5] are localized to a band of cortical nodes in the middle of interphase cells. After entry into mitosis, cytokinesis factors such as myosin II are recruited to similar nodes; these nodes eventually condense to form the cytokinetic ring.[6] A previously uncharacterized protein, Blt1, was found to colocalize with Cdr2 in the medial interphase nodes. Blt1 knockout cells had increased length at division, which is consistent with a delay in mitotic entry. This finding connects a physical location, a band of cortical nodes, with factors that have been shown to directly regulate mitotic entry, namely Cdr1, Cdr2, and Blt1.
Further experimentation with GFP-tagged proteins and mutant proteins indicates that the medial cortical nodes are formed by the ordered, Cdr2-dependent assembly of multiple interacting proteins during interphase. Cdr2 is at the top of this hierarchy and works upstream of Cdr1 and Blt1.[7] Mitosis is promoted by the negative regulation of Wee1 by Cdr2. It has also been shown that Cdr2 recruits Wee1 to the medial cortical node. The mechanism of this recruitment has yet to be discovered. A Cdr2 kinase mutant, which is able to localize properly despite a loss of function in phosphorylation, disrupts the recruitment of Wee1 to the medial cortex and delays entry into mitosis. Thus, Wee1 localizes with its inhibitory network, which demonstrates that mitosis is controlled through Cdr2-dependent negative regulation of Wee1 at the medial cortical nodes.[7]
Cell polarity factors[edit]
Cell polarity factors positioned at the cell tips provide spatial cues to limit Cdr2 distribution to the cell middle. In fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. Pombe), cells divide at a defined, reproducible size during mitosis because of the regulated activity of Cdk1.[8] The cell polarity protein kinase Pom1, a member of the dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinase (DYRK) family of kinases, localizes to cell ends. In Pom1 knockout cells, Cdr2 was no longer restricted to the cell middle, but was seen diffusely through half of the cell. From this data it becomes apparent that Pom1 provides inhibitory signals that confine Cdr2 to the middle of the cell. It has been further shown that Pom1-dependent signals lead to the phosphorylation of Cdr2. Pom1 knockout cells were also shown to divide at a smaller size than wild-type, which indicates a premature entry into mitosis.[7]
Pom1 forms polar gradients that peak at cell ends, which shows a direct link between size control factors and a specific physical location in the cell.[9] As a cell grows in size, a gradient in Pom1 grows. When cells are small, Pom1 is spread diffusely throughout the cell body. As the cell increases in size, Pom1 concentration decreases in the middle and becomes concentrated at cell ends. Small cells in early G2 which contain sufficient levels of Pom1 in the entirety of the cell have inactive Cdr2 and cannot enter mitosis. It is not until the cells grow into late G2, when Pom1 is confined to the cell ends that Cdr2 in the medial cortical nodes is activated and able to start the inhibition of Wee1. This finding shows how cell size plays a direct role in regulating the start of mitosis. In this model, Pom1 acts as a molecular link between cell growth and mitotic entry through a Cdr2-Cdr1-Wee1-Cdk1 pathway.[7] The Pom1 polar gradient successfully relays information about cell size and geometry to the Cdk1 regulatory system. Through this gradient, the cell ensures it has reached a defined, sufficient size to enter mitosis.
Cell cycle regulation in mammals[edit]
Many different types of eukaryotic cells undergo size-dependent transitions during the cell cycle. These transitions are controlled by the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1.[10] Though the proteins that control Cdk1 are well understood, their connection to mechanisms monitoring cell size remains elusive. A postulated model for mammalian size control situates mass as the driving force of the cell cycle. A cell is unable to grow to an abnormally large size because at a certain cell size or cell mass, the S phase is initiated. The S phase starts the sequence of events leading to mitosis and cytokinesis. A cell is unable to get too small because the later cell cycle events, such as S, G2, and M, are delayed until mass increases sufficiently to begin S phase.[11]
Many of the signal molecules that convey information to cells during the control of cellular differentiation or growth are called growth factors. The protein mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates translation and cell division.[12] Nutrient availability influences mTOR so that when cells are not able to grow to normal size they will not undergo cell division. The details of the molecular mechanisms of mammalian cell size control are currently being investigated. The size of post-mitotic neurons depends on the size of the cell body, axon and dendrites. In vertebrates, neuron size is often a reflection of the number of synaptic contacts onto the neuron or from a neuron onto other cells. For example, the size of motoneurons usually reflects the size of the motor unit that is controlled by the motoneuron. Invertebrates often have giant neurons and axons that provide special functions such as rapid action potential propagation. Mammals also use this trick for increasing the speed of signals in the nervous system, but they can also use myelin to accomplish this, so most human neurons are relatively small cells.
Other experimental systems for the study of cell size regulation[edit]
One common means to produce very large cells is by cell fusion to form syncytia. For example, very long (several inches) skeletal muscle cells are formed by fusion of thousands of myocytes. Genetic studies of the fruit fly Drosophila have revealed several genes that are required for the formation of multinucleated muscle cells by fusion of myoblasts.[13] Some of the key proteins are important for cell adhesion between myocytes and some are involved in adhesion-dependent cell-to-cell signal transduction that allows for a cascade of cell fusion events.
Oocytes can be unusually large cells in species for which embryonic development takes place away from the mother's body. Their large size can be achieved either by pumping in cytosolic components from adjacent cells through cytoplasmic bridges (Drosophila) or by internalization of nutrient storage granules (yolk granules) by endocytosis (frogs).
Increases in the size of plant cells are complicated by the fact that almost all plant cells are inside of a solid cell wall. Under the influence of certain plant hormones the cell wall can be remodeled, allowing for increases in cell size that are important for the growth of some plant tissues.
Most unicellular organisms are microscopic in size, but there are some giant bacteria and protozoa that are visible to the naked eye. See: Table of cell sizes —Dense populations of a giant sulfur bacterium in Namibian shelf sediments[14]— Large protists of the genus Chaos, closely related to the genus Amoeba
In the rod-shaped bacteria E. coli, Caulobacter crescentus and B. subtilis cell size is controlled by a simple mechanisms in which cell division occurs after a constant volume has been added since the previous division.[15][16] By always growing by the same amount, cells born smaller or larger than average naturally converge to an average size equivalent to the amount added during each generation.
Cell division[edit]
Cell reproduction is asexual. For most of the constituents of the cell, growth is a steady, continuous process, interrupted only briefly at M phase when the nucleus and then the cell divide in two.
The process of cell division, called cell cycle, has four major parts called phases. The first part, called G1 phase is marked by synthesis of various enzymes that are required for DNA replication. The second part of the cell cycle is the S phase, where DNA replication produces two identical sets of chromosomes. The third part is the G2 phase in which a significant protein synthesis occurs, mainly involving the production of microtubules that are required during the process of division, called mitosis. The fourth phase, M phase, consists of nuclear division (karyokinesis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis), accompanied by the formation of a new cell membrane. This is the physical division of "mother" and "daughter" cells. The M phase has been broken down into several distinct phases, sequentially known as prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase leading to cytokinesis.
Cell division is more complex in eukaryotes than in other organisms. Prokaryotic cells such as bacterial cells reproduce by binary fission, a process that includes DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. Eukaryotic cell division either involves mitosis or a more complex process called meiosis. Mitosis and meiosis are sometimes called the two "nuclear division" processes. Binary fission is similar to eukaryote cell reproduction that involves mitosis. Both lead to the production of two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parental cell. Meiosis is used for a special cell reproduction process of diploid organisms. It produces four special daughter cells (gametes) which have half the normal cellular amount of DNA. A male and a female gamete can then combine to produce a zygote, a cell which again has the normal amount of chromosomes.
The rest of this article is a comparison of the main features of the three types of cell reproduction that either involve binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis. The diagram below depicts the similarities and differences of these three types of cell reproduction.
Cell growth
Comparison of the three types of cell division[edit]
The DNA content of a cell is duplicated at the start of the cell reproduction process. Prior to DNA replication, the DNA content of a cell can be represented as the amount Z (the cell has Z chromosomes). After the DNA replication process, the amount of DNA in the cell is 2Z (multiplication: 2 x Z = 2Z). During Binary fission and mitosis the duplicated DNA content of the reproducing parental cell is separated into two equal halves that are destined to end up in the two daughter cells. The final part of the cell reproduction process is cell division, when daughter cells physically split apart from a parental cell. During meiosis, there are two cell division steps that together produce the four daughter cells.
After the completion of binary fission or cell reproduction involving mitosis, each daughter cell has the same amount of DNA (Z) as what the parental cell had before it replicated its DNA. These two types of cell reproduction produced two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parental cell. Chromosomes duplicate prior to cell division when forming new skin cells for reproduction. After meiotic cell reproduction the four daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes that the parental cell originally had. This is the haploid amount of DNA, often symbolized as N. Meiosis is used by diploid organisms to produce haploid gametes. In a diploid organism such as the human organism, most cells of the body have the diploid amount of DNA, 2N. Using this notation for counting chromosomes we say that human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes (2N = 46) while human sperm and eggs have 23 chromosomes (N = 23). Humans have 23 distinct types of chromosomes, the 22 autosomes and the special category of sex chromosomes. There are two distinct sex chromosomes, the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. A diploid human cell has 23 chromosomes from that person's father and 23 from the mother. That is, your body has two copies of human chromosome number 2, one from each of your parents.
Chromosomes
Immediately after DNA replication a human cell will have 46 "double chromosomes". In each double chromosome there are two copies of that chromosome's DNA molecule. During mitosis the double chromosomes are split to produce 92 "single chromosomes", half of which go into each daughter cell. During meiosis, there are two chromosome separation steps which assure that each of the four daughter cells gets one copy of each of the 23 types of chromosome.
Sexual reproduction[edit]
Main article: Evolution of sex
Though cell reproduction that uses mitosis can reproduce eukaryotic cells, eukaryotes bother with the more complicated process of meiosis because sexual reproduction such as meiosis confers a selective advantage. Notice that when meiosis starts, the two copies of sister chromatids number 2 are adjacent to each other. During this time, there can be genetic recombination events. Parts of the chromosome 2 DNA gained from one parent (red) will swap over to the chromosome 2 DNA molecule that received from the other parent (green). Notice that in mitosis the two copies of chromosome number 2 do not interact. It is these new combinations of parts of chromosomes that provide the major advantage for sexually reproducing organisms by allowing for new combinations of genes and more efficient evolution. However, in organisms with more than one set of chromosomes at the main life cycle stage, sex may also provide an advantage because, under random mating, it produces homozygotes and heterozygotes according to the Hardy-Weinberg ratio.
Disorders[edit]
A series of growth disorders can occur at the cellular level and these consequently underpin much of the subsequent course in cancer, in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth and division beyond the normal limits, invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood).
Measurement methods[edit]
The cell growth can be detected by a variety of methods. The cell size growth can be visualized by microscopy, using suitable stains. But the increase of cells number is usually more significant. It can be measured by manual counting of cells under microscopy observation, using the dye exclusion method (i.e. trypan blue) to count only viable cells. Less fastidious, scalable, methods include the use of cytometers, while flow cytometry allows combining cell counts ('events') with other specific parameters: fluorescent probes for membranes, cytoplasm or nuclei allow distinguishing dead/viable cells, cell types, cell differentiation, expression of a biomarker such as Ki67.
Beside the increasing number of cells, one can be assessed regarding the metabolic activity growth, that is, the CFDA and calcein-AM measure (fluorimetrically) not only the membrane functionality (dye retention), but also the functionality of cytoplasmic enzymes (esterases). The MTT assays (colorimetric) and the resazurin assay (fluorimetric) dose the mitochondrial redox potential.
All these assays may correlate well, or not, depending on cell growth conditions and desired aspects (activity, proliferation). The task is even more complicated with populations of different cells, furthermore when combining cell growth interferences or toxicity.
See also[edit]
Bacterial growth
Binary fission
Cell cycle
Clone (genetics)
Developmental biology
Meiosis
Mitosis
Stem cell
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cell growth". Biology Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
Jump up ^ Peplow, Mark (23 March 2005). "Algae create glue to repair cell damage". Nature.com. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Slavov N.; Botstein D. (June 2011). "Coupling among Growth Rate Response, Metabolic Cycle and Cell Division Cycle in Yeast". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 22 (12): 1997–2009. doi:10.1091/mbc.E11-02-0132. PMC 3113766  . PMID 21525243.
Jump up ^ Wee1 mutants of S. pombe have small cell size and the homologous proteins in humans also regulate cell entry into mitosis; in Lodish HF, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, et al., eds. (2000). Molecular cell biology (4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3136-8.
Jump up ^ Wu L, Russell P (June 1993). "Nim1 kinase promotes mitosis by inactivating Wee1 tyrosine kinase". Nature. 363 (6431): 738–41. Bibcode:1993Natur.363..738W. doi:10.1038/363738a0. PMID 8515818.
Jump up ^ Wu JQ, Kuhn JR, Kovar DR, Pollard TD (November 2003). "Spatial and temporal pathway for assembly and constriction of the contractile ring in fission yeast cytokinesis". Dev. Cell. 5 (5): 723–34. doi:10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00324-1. PMID 14602073.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Moseley JB, Mayeux A, Paoletti A, Nurse P (June 2009). "A spatial gradient coordinates cell size and mitotic entry in fission yeast". Nature. 459 (7248): 857–60. Bibcode:2009Natur.459..857M. doi:10.1038/nature08074. PMID 19474789.
Jump up ^ Rupes I (September 2002). "Checking cell size in yeast". Trends Genet. 18 (9): 479–85. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02745-2. PMID 12175809.
Jump up ^ Padte NN, Martin SG, Howard M, Chang F (December 2006). "The cell-end factor pom1p inhibits mid1p in specification of the cell division plane in fission yeast". Curr. Biol. 16 (24): 2480–7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.024. PMID 17140794.
Jump up ^ Mitchison JM (2003). "Growth during the cell cycle". Int. Rev. Cytol. International Review of Cytology. 226: 165–258. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(03)01004-0. ISBN 978-0-12-364630-9. PMID 12921238.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Stephen (2004). "Control and maintenance of mammalian cell size". BMC Cell Biology. 5 (1): 35. doi:10.1186/1471-2121-5-35. PMC 524481  . PMID 15456512.
Jump up ^ Sulić S, Panić L, Dikić I, Volarević S (August 2005). "Deregulation of cell growth and malignant transformation" (PDF). Croatian Medical Journal. 46 (4): 622–38. PMID 16100767. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
Jump up ^ Menon SD, Osman Z, Chenchill K, Chia W (June 2005). "A positive feedback loop between Dumbfounded and Rolling pebbles leads to myotube enlargement in Drosophila". J. Cell Biol. 169 (6): 909–20. doi:10.1083/jcb.200501126. PMC 2171639  . PMID 15955848.
Jump up ^ Schulz HN, Brinkhoff T, Ferdelman TG, Mariné MH, Teske A, Jorgensen BB (April 1999). "Dense populations of a giant sulfur bacterium in Namibian shelf sediments". Science. 284 (5413): 493–5. Bibcode:1999Sci...284..493S. doi:10.1126/science.284.5413.493. PMID 10205058.
Jump up ^ Taheri-Araghi, S; Bradde, S; Sauls, J. T.; Hill, N. S.; Levin, P. A.; Paulsson, J; Vergassola, M; Jun, S (February 2015). "Cell-size control and homeostasis in bacteria". Current Biology. 25 (3): 385–391. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.009. PMC 4323405  . PMID 25544609.
Jump up ^ Campos, M; Surovtsev, I. V.; Kato, S; Paintdakhi, A; Beltran, B; Ebmeier, S. E.; Jacobs-Wagner, C (December 2014). "A constant size extension drives bacterial cell size homeostasis". Cell. 159 (6): 1433–1446. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.022. PMC 4258233  . PMID 25480302.
Books[edit]
Morgan, David O. (2007). The cell cycle: principles of control. London: Sunderland, Mass. ISBN 978-0-9539181-2-6.
External links[edit]
A comparison of generational and exponential models of cell population growth
Local Growth in an Array of Disks Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
Image result for cell growth
Cell growth (or interphase) is shorthand for the idea of "growth in cell populations" by means of cell reproduction. It is the stage which cells are preparing for the next division, biochemical activities and reactions are taking place, however no obvious changes can be seen at this stage.
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Millennium Falcon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the space vehicle used in Star Wars. For the 2008 novel, see Millennium Falcon (novel).
Millennium Falcon
The Millennium Falcon in Star Wars
First appearance
Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker (novel, 1976)
Affiliation
Lando Calrissian
Han Solo
Chewbacca
Unkar Plutt
Rey
References
Star Wars Databank[1]
General characteristics
Class
YT-1300 light freighter
Armaments
Laser cannons, concussion missiles
Length
34.75 metres (114.0 ft)
The Millennium Falcon is a modified YT-1300F Corellian Light Freighter starship in the Star Wars universe commanded at one time by Corellian smuggler Han Solo (Harrison Ford) and his Wookiee first mate, Chewbacca (Peter Mayhew). Designed by the Corellian Engineering Corporation (CEC), the highly modified freighter is stated as being the second fastest vessel in the Star Wars canon.
Millennium Falcon first appears in Star Wars (1977), and subsequently in The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Return of the Jedi (1983), The Force Awakens (2015), and The Last Jedi (2017). The ship also makes a brief cameo appearance in Revenge of the Sith (2005). Additionally, the Falcon appears in a variety of Star Wars expanded universe materials, including books, comics, and games; James Luceno's novel Millennium Falcon focuses on the titular ship.[2] It also appears in the 2014 animated film The Lego Movie in Lego form, with Billy Dee Williams and Anthony Daniels reprising their roles of Lando Calrissian and C-3PO, with Keith Ferguson voicing Han Solo.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin and design
1.1 Models and sets
2 Depiction
2.1 Kessel Run
2.2 Ownership
3 Cultural influence
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Origin and design[edit]
The ship originally had a more elongated appearance, but this design's similarity to the Eagle Transporters in Space: 1999 prompted Lucas to change the Falcon's design.[1] The original model was modified, re-scaled, and used as Princess Leia's ship, Tantive IV.[3] Modelmaker Joe Johnston had about four weeks to redesign the Falcon, and Lucas's only suggestion to Johnston was to "think of a flying saucer".[4] Johnston did not want to produce a "basic flying saucer", so he created the offset cockpit, forward cargo mandibles, and rear slot for the engines.[4] The design was simple enough to create in the four-week window. Johnston called production of the new Falcon design one of his most intense projects.[4]
The sound of the ship traveling through hyperspace comes from two tracks of the engine noise of a McDonnell Douglas DC-9, with one track slightly out of synchronization with the other to introduce a phasing effect.[5] To this, sound designer Ben Burtt added the hum of the cooling fans on the motion-control rig at Industrial Light & Magic (ILM).[5]
Models and sets[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Harrison Ford and Peter Mayhew in the cockpit of the Millennium Falcon during the making of a scene from the Star Wars Holiday Special.
Visually, the Millennium Falcon was represented by several models and external and internal sets. For Star Wars, a partial exterior set was constructed and the set dressed as Docking Bay 94 and the Death Star hangar. Besides the functional landing gear, an additional support held up the structure and was disguised as a fuel line. The interior set included the starboard ring corridor, the boarding ramp, cockpit access tunnel, gun turret ladder, secret compartments, and the forward hold. The cockpit was constructed as a separate set that could be rocked when the ship was supposed to shake. Several inconsistencies exist between the internal set and the external set, the cockpit access tunnel angle being the most noticeable.
The effects models for Star Wars matched the design of the exterior set. The primary model was 5 feet long and detailed with various kit parts. The ship was represented by a matte painting when Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher) sees it for the first time, showing the full upper surface. For the 1997 "Special Edition", a digital model replaces the effects model in several shots, and is used in a new shot of the Falcon lifting off from Docking Bay 94.
For The Empire Strikes Back, a new external set was constructed. In spring 1979, Marcon Fabrications, a heavy engineering firm that served the UK's petrochemical and oil industries,[6] was hired to build a movable full-scale external model capable of "moving as if it were about to take off."[6] Built in secrecy under the project code name Magic Roundabout,[6][7] the company leased the 1930s Western Sunderland Flying Boat hangar in Pembroke Dock, West Wales.[7][8] The model, which took three months to construct, weighed over 25 long tons (25 t), measured 65 feet (20 m) in diameter and 20 feet (6.1 m) high, and used compressed air hover pads for up to 1.5 inches (38 mm) of hover-height movement around the set.[7][9][10] It was then disassembled and shipped to Elstree Studios, Hertfordshire, for filming.[6] Today, the Pembroke Dock museum has an exhibit about the project.[6][7]
Along with the full-size mock-up of the Falcon, a new miniature model was created for Star Wars, Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back to allow ILM to film more intricate in-flight rolls and pitches that weren't possible with the five-foot model. This model was able to be mounted on a gimbal that allowed ILM to simulate very difficult maneuvers as the ship attempted to outrun Imperial Tie-Fighters during the asteroid field escape scene from the film. The new model, which measured at approximately 32 inches in length, had several surface features that differed from the five-foot model including updated landing gear and different surface "greeblies" (small kit-bashed parts added to simulate random mechanical surface detail). The 32" model was the version of the Millennium Falcon most depicted in toys, model kits, and promotional materials for the Star Wars universe prior to the release of The Force Awakens. The model was reused for Star Wars, Episode VI: Return of the Jedi.
As in Star Wars, the location set was changed around the ship set. The only major design change was to add landing gear where the disguised fuel line had been in Star Wars. As this set included the port side, that gave the set seven landing gears. The internal set was slightly refitted from A New Hope and featured a larger cargo hold, an additional corridor to port, and an equipment room. Two new interior sets were created that are not shown to connect to the rest of the set: a top hatch that Lando Calrissian (Billy Dee Williams) uses to rescue Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill), and the compartment where Luke rests on a bunk.
The 5-foot-long (1.5 m) effects model from Star Wars was modified to reflect the additional landing gear, and several new models were built, including one roughly the size of a U.S. Quarter Dollar. For the 1997 Special Edition, a CGI model replaced the effects model during the approach and landing on Cloud City.
No new models or sets were created for Return of the Jedi. A portion of the full-scale ship was used for a scene cut from the film in which several characters board the Falcon in a sandstorm on Tatooine. In the scene when Han exacts a promise from Lando not to damage the Falcon, the Falcon is represented by a backdrop painting. It is also in a matte painting of the entire hangar bay.
The internal and external sets were scrapped after filming on Return of the Jedi ended.[9] The effects models were kept by Lucasfilm and some have been on display from time to time.
A digital version of the Falcon appears briefly on Coruscant in Revenge of the Sith. Lucas has said that the ship is the Falcon and not another ship of similar design.[11] A CGI version of the vessel also appears in the Disney attraction Star Tours: The Adventures Continue.
On June 3, 2014, TMZ confirmed that the Falcon would return for Star Wars: The Force Awakens when it leaked a photo from the set of the film, showing a full-scale version of the Falcon being built.[12] An effects shot of the Falcon appears in the teaser trailer for The Force Awakens, released on November 28, 2014. This version of the ship is a digital recreation[13] of the original 1977 5 foot model, with additional detailing reflecting the passage of time. The most noticeable change is the rectangular sensor array above the top hull, which replaces the circular dish from the first three films.[14]
Depiction[edit]
Han Solo won the Millennium Falcon from Lando Calrissian in the card game 'sabacc' several years before the events of the film A New Hope.[15] In Star Wars, Obi-Wan Kenobi (Alec Guinness) and Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) charter the ship to deliver them, C-3PO (Anthony Daniels), R2-D2 (Kenny Baker), and the stolen Death Star plans to Alderaan. When the Falcon is captured by the Death Star, the group conceal themselves in smuggling compartments built into the floor to avoid detection during a search of the ship. Solo later collects his fee for delivering them to the hidden Rebel base and departs under bitter circumstances, but returns to assist Luke in destroying the Death Star.
Solo pilots the Falcon, with Chewbacca, Leia, and C-3PO aboard, to elude the Imperial Starfleet in The Empire Strikes Back, wherein they take refuge at Cloud City, where Darth Vader (David Prowse/James Earl Jones) captures Solo. Lando Calrissian helps the others escape and, at the film's end, he departs in the Falcon to track down Solo and his captor, Jabba the Hutt. Calrissian again flies the Falcon during the climax of Return of the Jedi, with Nien Nunb as co-pilot, to destroy the second Death Star. Before the second Death Star is destroyed. Lando accidentally damages the ship by hitting the circular radar dish on a random pipe or circuit in the second Death Star. Lando and the others still have success in destroying the Galactic Empire.
In Star Wars: The Force Awakens, set some 30 years after Return of the Jedi, the Falcon is in the possession of a scrap dealer named Unkar Plutt on the desert planet Jakku, having been stolen from Solo and Chewbacca some years prior. Scavenger Rey and former stormtrooper Finn steal the Falcon in order to escape from an attack by the First Order, having been targeted for having the droid BB-8 in their possession. They are captured by a smuggling freighter, which turns out to be piloted by Solo and Chewbacca, who reclaim the Falcon for their own. Forced to escape in the Falcon from an ambush by parties to whom Solo is heavily in debt, Solo reluctantly agrees to help Rey and Finn return BB-8 to the Resistance.
The Falcon appears again in The Last Jedi, still on the planet Ahch-To with Rey and Chewbacca. Later on in the film, Chewbacca and Rey take the Falcon to the planet Crait, where the Resistance is under attack by the First Order. On Crait, Chewbacca pilots the ship while Rey is in the gunner postition, shooting down enemy TIE Fighters.
Kessel Run[edit]
In the initial film, Solo brags that the Falcon made the Kessel Run in "less than twelve parsecs". As the parsec is a unit of distance, not time, different explanations have been provided. In the fourth draft of the script, Kenobi "reacts to Solo’s stupid attempt to impress them with obvious misinformation".[16] In the Expanded Universe, the Kessel Run is a pathway from Kessel past the Maw Black Hole Cluster: used by smugglers to transport precious Glitterstim spice; and Solo's bragging refers to his ability to move the ship closer to the Maw's black holes and therefore shorten the distance traveled.[17] On the Star Wars DVD audio commentary, Lucas comments that, in the Star Wars universe, traveling through hyperspace requires careful navigation to avoid stars, planets, asteroids, and other obstacles,[18] and that because no long-distance journey can be made in a straight line, the "fastest" ship is the one that can plot the "most direct course", thereby traveling the least distance.[18]
The novelization changes the line to "twelve Standard Time Units".
Ownership[edit]
Throughout the franchise, the Falcon has been depicted a number of times, and the ship's ownership often comes up during explanations of its history.
Prior to Star Wars, it is said to be in the possession of Lando Calrissian and was lost to Han Solo in payment of a gambling debt.
Following the events of The Empire Strikes Back, Leia and Chewbacca take possession of the Falcon after Solo's incarceration in carbonite and capture by the Empire and Boba Fett.
During Return of the Jedi, Solo leaves Tattooine aboard the Millennium Falcon, on arrival at the rendezvous for the Rebel fleet he lends the Falcon to Lando, who uses it to assist in the Battle of Endor and destruction of the second Death Star.
Following the events of Return of the Jedi, the Falcon is stolen from Solo, ending up on the planet Jakku under the ownership of a scrap dealer 30 years after the Battle of Endor. In The Force Awakens, Rey and Finn commandeer the ship to escape the planet, only to be found by Solo and Chewbacca, who immediately reclaim the ship.
Following the death of Solo, Rey is seen piloting the Falcon. The novelization of The Force Awakens writes that Chewbacca willingly abdicates captaincy of the Falcon to Rey.
Cultural influence[edit]
Joss Whedon credits the Millennium Falcon as one of his two primary inspirations for his Firefly television show.[19] The Falcon and the Falcon's distinct shape appear in Star Trek: First Contact,[20] Blade Runner,[21] Spaceballs, and Starship Troopers.[22] The manga series Berserk includes a Millennium Falcon arc.[23] In another manga and anime series, Hellsing, the Millennium Falcon is referenced briefly for comedic effect. The adult animation sketch-comedy series Robot Chicken aired a sketch entitled "The Emperor's Phone Call," in which Palpatine receives the news of the destruction of the Death Star with incredulity, at one point angrily asking "What the hell is an aluminum falcon?"[24]
Kenner,[25] Hasbro,[26][27] Steel Tec,[28] Master Replicas,[29] Code 3 Collectibles and Micro Machines have all released Millennium Falcon toys and puzzles, including a Transformers version of the ship. Lego has released multiple versions of the Millennium Falcon in varying sizes. The 5,195-piece Lego model (part of the Star Wars "Ultimate Collectors Series") was physically the largest Lego set sold by the company, until it was topped in 2008 by the Lego Taj Mahal.[30][31] In September 2017, Lego have released the newly updated Millennium Falcon under of the Star Wars "Ultimate Collectors Series". With the new interior and more details compare the 2007 model, this model consist of 7,541-piece become the single largest Lego set ever sold (by a considerable margin), and with an $800 price tag, it’s also the single most expensive Lego set the company has ever sold.[32]
In 2010, Adidas also released a pair of Stan Smith trainers inspired by the Millennium Falcon, as part of the Adidas Originals Star Wars campaign.[33]
SpaceX states that its Falcon family of rockets is named after the Millennium Falcon.[34]
In 2015, scale model manufacturer DeAgostini and Model-Space introduced a monthly installment piece-build model of the Millennium Falcon. The model is a 1:1 replica of the 32" inch The Empire Strikes Back filming miniature.
See also[edit]
List of Star Wars spacecraft
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Star Wars: Databank: Millennium Falcon (Behind the Scenes)". starwars.com. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Millennium Falcon Week Begins!". Lucasfilm. October 20, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ Peterson, Lorne (November 14, 2006). Sculpting A Galaxy - Inside the Star Wars Model Shop. San Rafael, CA: Insight Editions. pp. 2–3. ISBN 1-933784-03-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bouzereau, Laurent (1997). Star Wars: The Annotated Screenplays. Ballantine Books. p. 53. ISBN 0345409817.
^ Jump up to: a b Rinzler, J. W. (September 1, 2010). The Sounds of Star Wars. Chronicle Books. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8118-7546-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jones, Carwyn (February 26, 2015). "A long time ago... when Pembroke Dock made the Millennium Falcon". Retrieved December 22, 2016 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Welsh Memories of 'Millennium Falcon' - Pembroke Dock Heritage Centre". sunderlandtrust.com. September 11, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Towns secret Star Wars history". BBC. May 18, 2005. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Last Corellian Shipyard". Lucasfilm. October 20, 2008. p. 5. Archived from the original on October 27, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Last Corellian Shipyard". Lucasfilm. October 20, 2008. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 27, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Episode III Easter Egg Hunt". Lucasfilm. May 26, 2005. Archived from the original on April 1, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Millennium Falcon First Look In 'Star Wars: Episode VII' Is Worth Getting Excited About". MTV. June 3, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.wired.com/2015/11/wired-star-wars-cover-millennium-falcon/
Jump up ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (November 28, 2014). "Watch the first trailer for 'Star Wars: The Force Awakens'". Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Databank: Millennium Falcon (Expanded Universe)". starwars.com. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars (Public Version of Fourth Draft) on the Jedi Bendu Script Site". Retrieved December 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Databank: Kessel (Expanded Universe)". Lucasfilm. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Commentary track on Star Wars DVD
Jump up ^ Joss Whedon (2005). What's in a Firefly.
Jump up ^ Patrizio, Andy. "Star Trek: First Contact - Special Collector's Edition". IGN. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ Sammon, Paul M. (June 1, 1996). Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner. HarperCollins. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-06-105314-6. Bill George had been making a replica of the Millennium Falcon [ . . . ] we were so frantic to get more buildings into the cityscape that we grabbed Bill's ship, bristled it with etched brass, and plopped it into different shots. Instant building.
Jump up ^ Aden, Jay. "Starship Troopers: A Studio Modeler Portfolio". Starship Modeler. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Berserk Millennium Falcon Arc ~Seimasenki no Sho~". MobyGames. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Emperor's Phone Call - Robot Chicken on Adult Swim".
Jump up ^ "Millennium Falcon". Lucasfilm. October 22, 2008. p. 9. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Collecting: Till All Are One Millennium Falcon". starwars.com. March 2, 2006. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Falcon is Back and Better Than Ever". Lucasfilm. July 9, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Millennium Falcon". Lucasfilm. October 22, 2008. p. 3. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Millennium Falcon". Lucasfilm. October 22, 2008. p. 4. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ Lipkowitz, Daniel (2009). The LEGO Book. DK. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-7566-5623-2.
Jump up ^ "Peeron Lego Database".
Jump up ^ "The new 7,541-piece Lego Millennium Falcon is the biggest and most expensive set ever".
Jump up ^ "Star Wars x adidas Stan Smith – Millennium Falcon – Available". Sneaker News. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "SpaceX Selected For Responsive space Launch Demonstration Under DARPA Falcon Program". October 20, 2004. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
External links[edit]
Millennium Falcon in the StarWars.com Databank
Millennium Falcon on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
Millennium Falcon Notes: information for model builders
How Fast is the Millennium Falcon?: a thought experiment
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