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Electronic voting in India
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This article is about the voting machines used in India. For general information on EVMs, see Electronic voting.
Balloting Unit(left), control unit (right)
control unit
Electronic Voting Machines ("EVM") are being used in Indian General and State Elections to implement electronic voting in part from 1999 elections and recently in 2017 state elections held in five states across India. EVMs have replaced paper ballots in local, state and general (parliamentary) elections in India. There were earlier claims regarding EVMs' tamparability and security which have not been proved.[1][2][3][4] After rulings of Delhi High Court, Supreme Court[5] and demands from various political parties,[6] Election Commission decided to introduce EVMs with voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) system.[7] The VVPAT system was introduced in 8 of 543 parliamentary constituencies as a pilot project in Indian general election, 2014.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design and technology
3 Procedure to use
4 Benefits
5 Limitations
6 Security issues
7 Voter-verified paper audit trail
8 Exports
9 See also
10 Further reading
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Further information: Booth capturing
In 1980, M. B. Haneefa invented the first Indian voting machine, gazetted "Electronically operated vote counting machine" (Gazette: 191/Mas/80, 15 October 1980). His original design (using Integrated Circuits) was exhibited to the public in Government Exhibitions held in six cities across Tamil Nadu. The EVMs were commissioned in 1989 by Election Commission of India in collaboration with Electronics Corporation of India Limited.[9] The Industrial designers of the EVMs were faculty members at the Industrial Design Centre, IIT Bombay.[10] The EVMs were first used in 1982 in the by-election to North Paravur Assembly Constituency in Kerala for a limited number of polling stations.[11]
Design and technology[edit]
An EVM consists of two units, control unit and balloting unit. The two units are joined by a five-meter cable. Balloting unit facilitates voting by voter via labelled buttons while control unit controls the ballot units, stores voting counts and displays the results on 7 segment LED displays. The controller used in EVMs has its operating program etched permanently in silicon at the time of manufacturing by the manufacturer. No one (including the manufacturer) can change the program once the controller is manufactured.
EVMs are powered by an ordinary 6 volt alkaline battery [12] manufactured by Bharat Electronics Limited, Bangalore and Electronics Corporation of India Limited, Hyderabad. This design enables the use of EVMs throughout the country without interruptions because several parts of India do not have power supply and/or erratic power supply.
An EVM can record a maximum of 3840 votes and can cater to a maximum of 64 candidates. There is provision for 16 candidates in a single balloting unit and up to a maximum of 4 units can be connected in parallel. The conventional ballot paper/box method of polling is used if the number of candidates exceeds 64. It is not possible to vote more than once by pressing the button again and again. As soon as a particular button on the balloting unit is pressed, the vote is recorded for that particular candidate and the machine gets locked. Even if one presses that button further or any other button, no further vote will be recorded. This way the EVMs ensure the principle of "one person, one vote".
Procedure to use[edit]
The control unit is with the presiding officer or a polling officer and the balloting Unit is placed inside the voting compartment. The balloting unit presents the voter with blue buttons (momentary switch) horizontally labelled with corresponding party symbol and candidate names. The Control Unit on the other hand provides the officer in-charge with a "Ballot" marked button to proceed to the next voter, instead of issuing a ballot paper to them. This activates the ballot unit for a single vote from the next voter in queue.The voter has to cast his vote by once pressing the blue button on the balloting unit against the candidate and symbol of his choice.
As soon as the last voter has voted, the Polling Officer in-charge of the Control Unit will press the 'Close' Button. Thereafter, the EVM will not accept any votes. Further, after the close of poll, the Balloting Unit is disconnected from the Control Unit and kept separately. Votes can be recorded only through the Balloting Unit. Again the Presiding officer, at the close of the poll, will hand over to each polling agent present an account of votes recorded. At the time of counting of votes, the total will be tallied with this account and if there is any discrepancy, this will be pointed out by the Counting Agents. During the counting of votes, the results are displayed by pressing the 'Result' button. There are two safeguards to prevent the 'Result' button from being pressed before the counting of votes officially begins. (a) This button cannot be pressed till the 'Close' button is pressed by the Polling Officer in-charge at the end of the voting process in the polling booth. (b) This button is hidden and sealed; this can be broken only at the counting center in the presence of designated office.
Benefits[edit]
The cost per EVM was ₹5,500 (equivalent to ₹41,000 or US$650 in 2016) at the time the machines were purchased in 1989–90. The cost was estimated to be ₹10,500 (equivalent to ₹12,000 or US$190 in 2016) per unit as per an additional order issued in 2014[13]. Even though the initial investment was heavy, it has since been expected to save costs of production and printing of crores of ballot papers, their transportation and storage, substantial reduction in the counting staff and the remuneration paid to them. For each national election, it is estimated that about 10,000 tonnes of ballot paper is saved. EVMs are easier to transport compared to ballot boxes as they are lighter, more portable, and come with polypropylene carrying cases. Vote counting is also faster. In places where illiteracy is a factor, illiterate people find EVMs easier than ballot paper system. Bogus voting is greatly reduced as the vote is recorded only once. The unit can store the result in its memory before it is erased manually. The battery is required only to activate the EVMs at the time of polling and counting and as soon as the polling is over, the battery can be switched off. The shelf life of Indian EVMs is estimated at 15 years[14].
Limitations[edit]
Main article: Totaliser
A candidate can know how many people from a polling station voted for him. This is a significant issue particularly if lop-sided votes for/against a candidate are cast in individual polling stations and the winning candidate might show favoritism or hold grudge on specific areas. The Election Commission of India has stated that the manufacturers of the EVMs have developed a Totaliser unit which can connect several balloting units and would display only the overall results from an Assembly or a Lok Sabha constituency instead of votes from individual polling stations.[15][16]
The control units do not electronically transmit their results back to the Election Commission, even though a simple and unconditionally secure protocol for doing this exists. The Indian EVMs are purposely designed as stand-alone units to prevent any intrusion during electronic transmission of results. Instead, the EVMs are collected in counting booths and tallied on the assigned counting day(s) in the presence of polling agents of the candidates.
Security issues[edit]
An international conference on the Indian EVMs and its tamperability of the said machines was held under the chairmanship of Subramanian Swamy, President of the Janata Party and former Union Cabinet Minister for Law, Commerce and Justice at Chennai on 13 February 2010. The conclusion was that the Election Commission of India was shirking its responsibility on the transparency in the working of the EVMs.[17] In April 2010, an independent security analysis[1] was released by a research team led by Hari Prasad, Rop Gonggrijp, and J. Alex Halderman. The study included video demonstrations[2] of two attacks that the researchers carried out on a real EVM, as well as descriptions of several other potential vulnerabilities[4][18]
In order to mitigate these threats, the researchers suggest moving to a voting system that provides greater transparency, such as paper ballots, precinct count optical scan, or a voter verified paper audit trail, since, in any of these systems, sceptical voters could, in principle, observe the physical counting process to gain confidence that the outcome is fair.[19] But Election Commission of India points out that for such tampering of the EVMs, one needs physical access to EVMs, and pretty high tech skills are required. Given that EVMs are stored under strict security which can be monitored by candidates or their agents all the time, its impossible to gain physical access to the machines. Plus, to impact the results of an election, hundreds to thousands of machines will be needed to tamper with, which is almost impossible given the hi-tech and time consuming nature of the tampering process.[20][21]
On 25 July 2011, responding to a PIL (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 312 of 2011), Supreme Court of India asked EC to consider request to modify EVMs and respond within 3 months. The petitioner Rajendra Satyanarayan Gilda had alleged that EC has failed to take any decision despite his repeated representation. The petitioner suggested that the EVMs should be modified to give a slip printed with the symbol of the party in whose favour the voter cast his ballot.[5][22][23][24]
On 17 January 2012, Delhi High Court in its ruling on Dr. Subramanian Swamy's Writ Petition (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 11879 of 2009) challenging the use of EVMs in the present form said that EVMs are not "tamper-proof". Further, it said that it is "difficult" to issue any directions to the EC in this regard. However, the court added that the EC should itself hold wider consultations with the executive, political parties and other stake holders on the matter.[25][26]
Swamy appealed against Delhi High Court's refusal to order a VVPAT system in Supreme Court. On 27 September 2012, Election Commission's advocate Ashok Desai submitted to a Supreme Court bench of Justice P Sathasivam and Justice Ranjan Gogoi that field trial for VVPAT system is in progress and that a status report will be submitted by early January 2013. Desai said that on pressing of each vote, a paper receipt will be printed, which will be visible to the voters inside a glass but cannot be taken out of the machine. Dr Swamy said that the new system was acceptable to him.
The Supreme Court posted the matter for further hearing to 22 January 2013[27][28] and on 8 October 2013, it delivered a verdict, that the Election Commission of India will use VVPAT[29].
Another similar writ petition filed by the Asom Gana Parishad is still pending before the Gauhati High Court.[30]
Voter-verified paper audit trail[edit]
Further information: Voter-verified paper audit trail
On 8 October 2010 Election Commission appointed an expert technical committee headed by Prof PV Indiresan (former Director of IIT-M) when at an all-party meeting majority of political parties backed the proposal to have a VVPAT in EVMs to counter the charges of tampering. The committee was tasked to examine the possibility of introduction of a paper trail so that voters can get a printout that will show symbol of the party to which the vote was cast.[6] After studying the issue, the committee recommended introduction of VVPAT system.[31]
On 21 June 2011, Election Commission accepted Indiresan committee's recommendations and decided to conduct field trials of the system.[32] On 26 July 2011, field trials of the VVPAT system were conducted at Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir, Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, Cherrapunjee in Meghalaya, East Delhi in Delhi and Jaisalmer in Rajasthan.[33][34]
Just two days after Delhi High Court judgement saying EVMs are not "tamper-proof", Election Commission on 19 January 2012 ordered Electronics Corporation of India Limited and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) to make EVMs that will generate a "paper trail" of the vote cast. BEL CMD Anil Kumar said: "The new EVMs' paper trail should make the poll process safer and tamper-proof. EC has given us its requirement for EVMs and work is on to incorporate new features. The EVM software will be modified and a printer attached to it. When you cast a vote, the serial number and some data will be generated as a printout. It is to ensure that there is no malpractice in the voting system." It appears that, when the voter presses the button for the candidate of his choice in the EVM, a paper ballot with the serial number, name and symbol of the candidate will be printed.[35] The printouts will be used later to cross-check the voting data stored in the EVMs. Talking about other features in new EVMs, he said the machines will be more rugged and smaller in size but with more computing power.[7][36]
The voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) system which enables EVM to record each vote cast by generating the EVM slip,[37] was introduced in 8 of 543 parliamentary constituencies as a pilot project.[8][38][39][40] VVPAT is implemented in Lucknow, Gandhinagar, Bangalore South, Chennai Central, Jadavpur, Raipur, Patna Sahib and Mizoram constituencies.[41][42][43][44][45][46] Voter-verified paper audit trail was first used in an election in India in September 2013 in Noksen (Assembly Constituency) in Nagaland.[47][48]
On 8 October 2013, Supreme Court of India delivered its verdict on Subramanian Swamy's PIL, that Election Commission of India will use VVPAT along with EVMs in a phased manner and the full completion should be achieved by 2019.[49][50][51][52][29]
Exports[edit]
Nepal, Bhutan, Namibia and Kenya have purchased India-manufactured EVMs. Fiji was expected to use Indian EVMs in its elections in 2014. In 2013, the Election Commission of Namibia acquired 1700 control units and 3500 ballot units from India's Bharat Electronics Limited; these units will be used in the regional and presidential elections in 2014.[53] Several other Asian and African countries are reportedly interested in using them as well.[54]
See also[edit]
Voting machine
Electoral fraud
None of the above
Further reading[edit]
Delhi HC judgement saying EVMs are not foolproof dated 17 Jan 2012, accessed 6 July 2012
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Scott Wolchok, Eric Wustrow, J. Alex Halderman, Hari K. Prasad, Arun Kankipati, Sai Krishna Sakhamuri, Vasavya Yagati, and Rop Gonggrijp (October 2010). Security Analysis of India's Electronic Voting Machines (PDF). 17th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b IndiaEVM.org Security Analysis of India's Electronic Voting Machines
Jump up ^ "CPI(M), JD(S) back Advani on EVM manipulation issue". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Electronic Voting Machine: Excellent tool of manipulation". 17 December 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "SC asks EC to consider request to modify EVMs". The Times Of India. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b RAKESH RANJAN (15 December 2011). "Delhi HC to decide on EVMs". The Pioneer. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "New EVMs to have paper trail". The Times of India. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-evm-paper-trail-introduced-in-8-of-543-constituencies-1982463
Jump up ^ Tamil writer Sujatha is dead
Jump up ^ http://www.idc.iitb.ac.in/index.html
Jump up ^ "Electronic Voting Machine, Chapter 39,Reference handbook, Election commission of India". Pib.nic.in. Retrieved 2010-09-01. Used in Hazaribagh District.
Jump up ^ http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/evm.aspx
Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/electronics-corp-bharat-electronics-get-evm-contracts/
Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/shelf-life-of-50-evms-ending-have-to-buy-14-lakh-for-2019-ec/
Jump up ^ "New counting method for Assembly polls".
Jump up ^ "Know Your Electronic Voting Machine" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Swamy for expert panel on secure EVMs". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Swamy for expert panel on secure EVMs". Retrieved 8 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "It takes a heck of a lot to hack an EVM".
Jump up ^ "EVMs cannot be tampered: K J Rao". Indian Express. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 2012-09-17.
Jump up ^ Lakshman, Narayan (10 August 2010). "Hot debate over Electronic Voting Machines". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
Jump up ^ "SC order on EVM". Supreme Court of India. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "SC seeks EC reply on EVM modification". 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Do EVMs need modification? SC asks EC to decide in 3 weeks". 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "EVMs not tamper-proof, but no paper trail: Delhi HC". The Times of India. 17 Jan 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "EVMs not tamper-proof: Delhi HC". 18 January 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Field trial of new EVMs with paper trail under way: ECI informs SC". Law et al. 27 September 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court hearing in Special Leave to Appeal (Civil) No(s).13735/2012". New Delhi: Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/supreme-court-asks-election-commission-to-introduce-paper-trail-in-evms/1/313629.html
Jump up ^ "EC buys time on paper trail". telegraphindia.com. Calcutta, India. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "EVM with paper trail to be tested in 200 places". The Times of India. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Election Commission to introduce EVM and VVPAT system for more transparent electronic voting". The Economic Times. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "New voting machines found perfect: Election Commission". Kolkata News. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "New Voting Machines Found Perfect: EC". daijiworld.com. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Election Commission tests a paper trail for electronic voting". livemint.com. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "New EVMs to have paper trail: BEL". FirstPost.com. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
Jump up ^ India devises flawless ballot mechanism Archived 3 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://www.business-standard.com/article/elections-2014/ls-polls-voters-to-get-automated-receipts-at-gandhinagar-114042901134_1.html
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/vvpat-machine-to-be-on-demonstration-for-10-days/article5868161.ece
Jump up ^ http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/vvpat-to-be-introduced-in-jadavpur-constituency-35049.html
Jump up ^ 8 seats having VVPAT facility
Jump up ^ "VVPAT, a revolutionary step in voting transparency". DNA. 2014-04-27. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Patna-Sahib-electorate-can-see-who-they-voted-for/articleshow/33351551.cms
Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/EVM-slip-will-help-verify-your-vote/articleshow/34304320.cms
Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/400-EVMs-on-standby-for-Patna-Sahib-Pataliputra/articleshow/33836327.cms
Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/VVPAT-to-Debut-in-B%E2%80%99lore-South/2014/04/04/article2148837.ece
Jump up ^ "Nagaland first to use VVPAT device for voting".
Jump up ^ "India devises flawless ballot mechanism". Archived from the original on 3 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Oct 2013 VVPAT verdict
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elections-2014-sc-directive-to-ec-for-paper-trail-in-evms/article5213604.ece
Jump up ^ http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-04/news/42718349_1_vvpat-evms-election-commission
Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ec-to-seek-about-rs-2-000-crore-for-vvpat-system/article1-1148899.aspx
Jump up ^ "ECN unveils 'tamper-free' voting machines". Nambian Sun. 2013-07-05.
Jump up ^ Tiwari, Rajnish; Herstatt, Cornelius (January 2012). "India – A Lead Market for Frugal Innovations? Extending the Lead Market Theory to Emerging Economies" (pdf). Hamburg University of Technology. p. 18. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian voting machines.
EVM page on Election Commission of India website
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Intolerable Acts
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The Intolerable Acts was the term invented by 19th century historians to refer to a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. The laws were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the Boston Tea Party protest in reaction to changes in taxation by the British to the detriment of colonial goods. In Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts.
The acts took away self-governance and historic rights of Massachusetts, triggering outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies. They were key developments in the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775.
Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773. The British Parliament hoped these punitive measures would, by making an example of Massachusetts, reverse the trend of colonial resistance to parliamentary authority that had begun with the 1764 Sugar Act. A fifth act, the Quebec Act, enlarged the boundaries of what was then the Province of Quebec and instituted reforms generally favorable to the French Catholic inhabitants of the region; although unrelated to the other four Acts, it was passed in the same legislative session and seen by the colonists as one of the Intolerable Acts. The Patriots viewed the acts as an arbitrary violation of the rights of Massachusetts, and in September 1774 they organized the First Continental Congress to coordinate a protest. As tensions escalated, the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775, leading in July 1776 to the declaration of an independent United States of America.
Contents
1 Background
2 Passage
3 The Acts
4 Effects
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
This Patriot cartoon depicting the Coercive Acts as the forcing of tea on a Native American woman (a symbol of the American colonies) was copied and distributed in the Thirteen Colonies.
Relations between the Thirteen Colonies and the British Parliament slowly but steadily worsened after the end of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) in 1763. The war had plunged the British government deep into debt, and so the British Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase tax revenue from the colonies. Parliament believed that these acts, such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767, were legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs of maintaining the British Empire. Although protests led to the repeal of the Stamp and Townshend Acts, Parliament adhered to the position that it had the right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" in the Declaratory Act of 1766.
A further tension especially with the Southern colonies was the Somerset v Stewart ruling of 1772 in which chattel slavery of humans was found totally unsupported in common law and as England had no statute for it, unenforceable. As the "slave owner" concerned (Stewart) was from another British colony (Jamaica) this evolution ending slavery at common law was very disturbing to colonists travelling with servants.[1][better source needed]
Many colonists, either sincerely or with motives to avoid English imposed law as above, developed a different conception of the British Empire. Under the British Constitution, they argued, a British subject's property could not be taken from him (in the form of taxes) without his consent (in the form of representation in government). Therefore, because the colonies were not directly represented in Parliament, some colonists insisted that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them, a view expressed by the slogan "No taxation without representation". After the Townshend Acts, some colonial essayists took this line of thinking even further, and began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all.[2] This question of the extent of Parliament's sovereignty in the colonies was the issue underlying what became the American Revolution.
Passage[edit]
On December 16, 1773, a group of Patriot colonists associated with the Sons of Liberty destroyed 342 chests of tea in Boston, Massachusetts, an act that came to be known as the Boston Tea Party. The colonists partook in this action because Parliament had passed the Tea Act, which granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies, thereby saving the company from bankruptcy. This made British tea less expensive, which Parliament thought would be a welcome change in the colonies. In addition, there was added a small tax on which the colonists were not allowed to give their consent, but the tea still remained less expensive even with the tax. Again, Parliament taxed the colonists without their representation. This angered the colonists. News of the Boston Tea Party reached England in January 1774. Parliament responded by passing four laws. Three of the laws were intended to directly punish Massachusetts. This was for the destruction of private property, to restore British authority in Massachusetts, and to otherwise reform colonial government in America.
On April 22, 1774, Prime Minister Lord North defended the programme in the House of Commons, saying:
The Americans have tarred and feathered your subjects, plundered your merchants, burnt your ships, denied all obedience to your laws and authority; yet so clement and so long forbearing has our conduct been that it is incumbent on us now to take a different course. Whatever may be the consequences, we must risk something; if we do not, all is over.[3]
The Acts[edit]
The Boston Port Act was the first of the laws passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party. It closed the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the destroyed tea and until the king was satisfied that order had been restored. Colonists objected that the Port Act punished all of Boston rather than just the individuals who had destroyed the tea, and that they were being punished without having been given an opportunity to testify in their own defense.[4]
The Massachusetts Government Act provoked even more outrage than the Port Act because it unilaterally took away Massachusetts' charter and brought it under control of the British government. Under the terms of the Government Act, almost all positions in the colonial government were to be appointed by the governor, Parliament, or king. The act also severely limited town meetings in Massachusetts to one per year, unless the Governor called for one. Colonists outside Massachusetts feared that their governments could now also be changed by the legislative fiat of Parliament.
The Administration of Justice Act allowed the Royal governor to order that trials of accused royal officials take place in Great Britain or elsewhere within the Empire if he decided that the defendant could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts. Although the act stipulated for witnesses to be reimbursed after having traveled at their own expense across the Atlantic, it was not stipulated that this would include reimbursement for lost earnings during the period for which they would be unable to work, leaving few with the ability to testify. George Washington called this the "Murder Act" because he believed that it allowed British officials to harass Americans and then escape justice.[5] Many colonists believed the act was unnecessary because British soldiers had been given a fair trial following the Boston Massacre in 1770.[citation needed]
The Quartering Act applied to all of the colonies, and sought to create a more effective method of housing British troops in America. In a previous act, the colonies had been required to provide housing for soldiers, but colonial legislatures had been uncooperative in doing so. The new Quartering Act allowed a governor to house soldiers in other buildings if suitable quarters were not provided. While many sources claim that the Quartering Act allowed troops to be billeted in occupied private homes, historian David Ammerman's 1974 study claimed that this is a myth, and that the act only permitted troops to be quartered in unoccupied buildings.[6]
Effects[edit]
Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) as a violation of their constitutional rights, their natural rights, and their colonial charters. They, therefore, viewed the acts as a threat to the liberties of all of British America, not just Massachusetts. Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, for example, described the acts as "a most wicked System for destroying the liberty of America."[7]
The citizens of Boston not only viewed this as an act of unnecessary and cruel punishment, but the Coercive Acts drew hatred toward Britain even further. As a result of the Coercive Acts, even more colonists turned against British rule.[8]
Great Britain hoped that the Coercive Acts would isolate radicals in Massachusetts and cause American colonists to concede the authority of Parliament over their elected assemblies. It was a calculated risk that backfired, however, because the harshness of some of the acts made it difficult for moderates in the colonies to speak in favor of Parliament.[9] The acts promoted sympathy for Massachusetts and encouraged colonists from the otherwise diverse colonies to form committees of correspondence which sent delegates to the First Continental Congress. The Continental Congress created the Continental Association, an agreement to boycott British goods. Additionally, it was decided that if the Coercive Acts were not reversed after a year, goods were to stop being exported to Great Britain as well. The Congress also pledged to support Massachusetts in case of attack, which meant that all of the colonies would become involved when the American Revolutionary War began at Lexington and Concord.[10]
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart#cite_note-j1599128-2
Jump up ^ Middlekauff, Glorious Cause, 241.
Jump up ^ Reid, Constitutional History, 13. For the complete quote in context, see William Cobbett et al., eds., The Parliamentary History of England: From the Earliest Period to the Year 1803 (London, 1813) 17:1280–1281.
Jump up ^ "1774: Parliament passes the Boston Port Act". History Channel. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Ammerman, In the Common Cause, 9.
Jump up ^ Ammerman, In the Common Cause, 10.
Jump up ^ Ammerman, In the Common Cause, 15.
Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash; Carter Smith (2007). Atlas Of American History. Infobase Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 9781438130132.
Jump up ^ Peter Knight (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 184–85. ISBN 9781576078129.
Jump up ^ Harlow G. Unger (2011). American Tempest: How the Boston Tea Party Sparked a Revolution. Da Capo Press. pp. 188–93. ISBN 0306819767.
Bibliography
Ammerman, David (1974). In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774. New York: Norton.
Middlekauff, Robert (2005). The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789 (Revised and expanded ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516247-1.
Reid, John Phillip (2003). Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority of Law. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-11290-X.
Unger, Harlow G. (2011). American Tempest: How the Boston Tea Party Sparked a Revolution. Da Capo Press. pp. 188–93. ISBN 0306819767.
Further reading
Donoughue, Bernard (1964). British Politics and the American Revolution: The Path to War, 1773–1775. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Breen, T. H. (2010). American Insurgents, American Patriots: The Revolution of the People. New York: Hill and Wang.
External links[edit]
Primary documents[dead link] (British and American) relating to the Intolerable Acts, originally published in the American Archives and presented online by the Northern Illinois University Libraries, also Camden.
Text of the Boston Port Act
Text of the Massachusetts Government Act
Text of the Administration of Justice Act
Text of the Quartering Act
Text of the Quebec Act

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Dynasty (season 2)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dynasty (season 2)
Promotional poster
Starring
Elizabeth Gillies
Nicollette Sheridan
Ana Brenda Contreras
James Mackay
Rafael de la Fuente
Robert Christopher Riley
Sam Adegoke
Maddison Brown
Alan Dale
Grant Show
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
3
Release
Original network
The CW
Original release
October 12, 2018 (2018-10-12) – present (present)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
List of Dynasty (2017 TV series) episodes
The second season of Dynasty, an American television series based on the 1980s prime time soap opera of the same name, premiered in the United States on The CW on October 12, 2018. The season is produced by CBS Television Studios, with Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage serving as showrunners. Debuting on October 11, 2017, the series was renewed for a second season on April 2, 2018.
Season two stars Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington, Grant Show as her father Blake Carrington, and James Mackay as his son Steven, with Robert Christopher Riley as former chauffeur Michael Culhane, Sam Adegoke as tech billionaire Jeff Colby, Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Jones, Blake's wife Cristal's nephew and Steven's husband, Alan Dale as Joseph Anders, the Carrington majordomo, and Nicollette Sheridan as Alexis Carrington, Blake's ex-wife and the estranged mother of Steven and Fallon. Series regulars added for the second season include Ana Brenda Contreras as Cristal Jennings, and Maddison Brown as Anders' daughter Kirby.
Contents
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Guests
2 Episodes
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
4 Broadcast
5 Reception
5.1 Ratings
6 References
7 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
See also: List of Dynasty (2017 TV series) characters
Main[edit]
Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington, energy executive and heiress to an Atlanta energy fortune
Nicollette Sheridan as Alexis Carrington, Blake's ex-wife, and the estranged mother of Steven and Fallon[1]
Ana Brenda Contreras as Cristal Jennings, a friend of Blake's late wife, Cristal Flores[2]
James Mackay as Steven Carrington, Fallon's gay environmentalist brother, who is the older and more levelheaded of the two
Rafael de la Fuente as Samuel Josiah "Sammy Jo" Jones, wayward nephew of Blake's second wife Cristal, and Steven's husband
Robert Christopher Riley as Michael Culhane, Fallon's fiancé, formerly the Carrington chauffeur
Sam Adegoke as Jeff Colby, a young business rival to Blake recently revealed to be his nephew
Maddison Brown as Kirby Anders, Joseph's daughter[3]
Alan Dale as Joseph Anders, the Carrington majordomo
Grant Show as Blake Carrington, billionaire CEO of Carrington Atlantic, recently widowed, and the father of Steven and Fallon by his first wife, Alexis.
Recurring[edit]
Kelly Rutherford as Melissa Daniels, wife of Senator Paul Daniels, and Steven's former lover
Adam Huber as Jack Lowden, a writer who marries Fallon using the name Liam Ridley
Brent Antonello as Hank Sullivan, Alexis' former lover and co-conspirator in a plot to fleece Carrington Atlantic
C. Thomas Howell as Max Van Kirk, Liam's uncle
Wakeema Hollis as Monica Colby, Jeff's sister
Guests[edit]
Pawel Szajda as Nikolai Dimitrov, a Russian oligarch interested in buying Carrington Atlantic
Shannon Lucio as Mora Van Kirk, Max's wife
Sharon Lawrence as Laura Van Kirk, Liam's mother[4]
Katherine LaNasa as Ada Stone, an antiquities dealer who blackmails Culhane
Brian Krause as George, Liam’s stepfather
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
23
1 "Twenty-Three Skidoo" Matt Earl Beesley Sallie Patrick & Christopher Fife October 12, 2018 (2018-10-12) 0.64[5]
A month after the fire, Fallon and Culhane have resumed their relationship, but she and Liam pretend to still be married to assure that Liam's uncle Max buys Carrington Atlantic. Cristal has died in the fire, and Blake returns after a month’s absence mourning her. Steven has not told Sam about Melissa's pregnancy. Anders keeps his newly-arrived daughter Kirby hidden from the Carringtons. Hank, who is the prime suspect in Cristal's murder, blackmails Alexis, threatening to expose their plan and revealing he started the fire. Blake exposes the truth about Melissa to Sam, who comes to accept the news of the pregnancy. Culhane proposes to Fallon, who accepts before flying to New York with Liam to meet the Van Kirks. Blake berates Alexis for her shameless gold digging, and they fall into bed together. In Sedona, Arizona, Cristal Jennings watches online coverage of the Carringtons, and feels like she knows them.
24
2 "Ship of Vipers" Kenny Leon Josh Reims & Jenna Richman October 19, 2018 (2018-10-19) 0.61[6]
Fallon and Liam are in New York to close the deal with Max, who makes a pass at Fallon. Sam and Alexis suspect that Melissa is not really pregnant, but they are proven wrong. Monica reluctantly hires Kirby to help her open the Colbys' new club. When a rival venue schedules a concert to sabotage Club Colby, Kirby sneaks in and releases some rats to shut them down. Fallon tussles with Kirby, who vows to take everything from Fallon. Cristal Jennings arrives at the mansion and shows Blake a photo of her with his deceased wife Cristal Flores. Fallon has Kirby arrested for assault. With the deal contingent on Fallon sleeping with Max, she hires an escort to impersonate her, but Max dies of a heart attack during the encounter.
25
3 "The Butler Did It" Pascal Verschooris David M. Israel & Paula Sabbaga October 26, 2018 (2018-10-26) 0.56[7]
Cristal realizes that Blake sees her as a substitute for his deceased wife. Culhane is blackmailed with the escort's testimony against Fallon. Fallon meets Liam's imperious mother Laura, hoping to win her over, but eventually eviscerates her over her abusive treatment of Liam. Kirby attends court-ordered counseling sessions with Dr. Nick Toscanni, who is secretly working with Alexis to find out what Kirby remembers regarding her banishment from Carrington Manor. Kirby realizes that Alexis started the fire in Fallon's room to get rid of her after she overheard a conversation between Alexis and Anders. Kirby secretly records Anders and Alexis admitting to a one-night affair that let to Alexis' pregnancy. At Melissa and Steven's baby shower, Kirby reveals the affair—and that Fallon is her sister. Anders corrects her and announces that Steven is his biological child, devastating the Carringtons. Now that her baby is no longer a Carrington heir, Melissa admits that Steven is not the father.
26
4 "Snowflakes in Hell"[8] Mary Lou Belli Francisca X. Hu & Audrey Villalobos Karr November 2, 2018 (2018-11-02) TBD
27
5 "Queen of Cups"[9] Jeffrey W. Byrd Kevin A. Garnett & Jay Gibson November 9, 2018 (2018-11-09) TBD
28
6 "That Witch"[10] Tessa Blake Josh Reims & Libby Wells November 16, 2018 (2018-11-16) TBD
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Dynasty was ordered for a 22-episode second season on April 2, 2018.[11][12] A May 2018 press release teased that the show would introduce Blake's half-sister Dominique Deveraux, Jeff and Monica's mother, in season two.[13][14]
Casting[edit]
In June 2018, original cast member Nathalie Kelley, who portrayed Celia Machado a.k.a. Cristal Flores Carrington, told E! News that she would not be returning for season two.[15][16][17] The CW announced in August 2018 that Ana Brenda Contreras had been cast as "the real Cristal Flores" for the second season.[2][18][19] Maddison Brown was also cast as Anders' daughter, Kirby,[3] and Sharon Lawrence portrayed the guest role of Liam's mother, Laura Van Kirk.[4]
Broadcast[edit]
Season two of Dynasty premiered on October 12, 2018.[20]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Twenty-Three Skidoo" October 12, 2018 0.2/1 0.64[5] 0.1 0.32 0.3 0.97[21]
2 "Ship of Vipers" October 19, 2018 0.2/1 0.61[6] TBD TBD TBD TBD
3 "The Butler Did It" October 26, 2018 0.2/1 0.56[7] TBD TBD TBD TBD
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (May 15, 2018). "Dynasty Promotes Nicollette Sheridan to Series Regular for Season 2". TVLine. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Ausiello, Michael (August 6, 2018). "Dynasty Boss Confirms Cristal Is Getting Killed Off and 'Resurrected'". TVLine. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Highfill, Samantha (August 14, 2018). "Dynasty casts Maddison Brown as Kirby Anders". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Highfill, Samantha (August 19, 2018). "Dynasty casts Sharon Lawrence as Liam's mother". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (October 15, 2018). "Speechless and Dateline adjust down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (October 22, 2018). "Last Man Standing adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (October 29, 2018). "Midnight, Texas, Dynasty, everything else unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(#204) "Snowflakes in Hell"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(#205) "Queen of Cups"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(#206) "That Witch"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Leslie (April 2, 2018). "Riverdale, Flash, Supernatural Among 10 CW Renewals". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "shows A-Z : Dynasty on The CW". The Futon Critic. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News: The CW Network Announces New Six-Night Primetime Schedule for 2018–19". The Futon Critic. May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Byrne, Craig (May 17, 2018). "Dynasty Season 2 Spoilers In New Description". KSiteTV. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Spencer, Ashley (June 21, 2018). "This Dynasty Character Is Not Returning For Season 2". E! Online. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 22, 2018). "Dynasty: Lead Cast Member Not Returning For Season 2 of the CW Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Romano, Nick (June 23, 2018). "Dynasty star says she 'won't be returning for season 2'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 6, 2018). "Dynasty Adds Ana Brenda Contreras as "Real" Cristal for Season 2". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 6, 2018). "Dynasty Surprise: Ana Brenda Contreras Joins the CW Series As 'Real Cristal'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ O'Connell, Michael (June 20, 2018). "CW Fall Premiere Dates: New Sunday Schedule Set for October". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (October 23, 2018). "Live+7 Ratings for Week of Oct. 8: 'Manifest' Doubles In Week 3". Variety. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Dynasty on IMDb
List of Dynasty season 2 episodes at TV.com
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Dynasty
Original series (1981–1989)
Reboot series (2017–present)
Characters
Blake Carrington
Krystle Carrington
Fallon Carrington Colby
Steven Carrington
Jeff Colby
Claudia Blaisdel Carrington
Alexis Colby
Sammy Jo Carrington
Adam Carrington
Kirby Anders
Dex Dexter
Dominique Deveraux
Amanda Carrington
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Original series characters
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Episodes
Original series
Dynasty: The Reunion (1991)
Reboot series
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Related topics
The Colbys
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Dynasty: The Making of a Guilty Pleasure (2005)
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Chris Isaak
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Chris Isaak
Isaak at the Pompano Beach Amphitheater, 2006
Background information
Birth name
Christopher Joseph Isaak
Born
(1956-06-26) June 26, 1956 (age 61)
Stockton, California, U.S.
Genres
Rock and roll, rockabilly, roots rock, surf rock
Occupation(s)
Singer-songwriter, musician, actor, talk show host
Instruments
Vocals, guitar, bass guitar
Years active
1984–present
Labels
Warner Bros. Records
Website
www.chrisisaak.com
Christopher Joseph Isaak (born June 26, 1956)[1][2] is an American rock musician and occasional actor. He is best known for his hit "Wicked Game," as well as the popular hit songs "Baby Did A Bad Bad Thing" and "Somebody's Crying." He is renowned for his signature 1950s rock & roll style and crooner sound, as well as his soaring falsetto and reverb-laden music. He is closely associated with film director David Lynch, who has used his music in numerous films and gave him a large role in the film Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me. His songs generally focus on the themes of love, loss and heartbreak. With a career spanning four decades, he has amassed a total of twelve studio albums, and has accumulated numerous award nominations and tours. He has been called the Roy Orbison of the 1990s, and is often also compared to Elvis Presley, Ricky Nelson and Duane Eddy.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
1.1 Family
1.2 Education
2 Career
2.1 Music career
2.1.1 Guitars
2.2 Acting and other work
3 Discography
4 Filmography
5 Television
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Family[edit]
Isaak was born in Stockton, California,[2] at St. Joseph's Medical Center,[4] the son of Dorothy (née Vignolo), a potato chip factory worker, and Joe Isaak (1929–2012), a forklift driver. His father's family is Catholic Black Sea German from North Dakota. Isaak's mother is Italian American, from Genoa.[5]
Education[edit]
Isaak attended Amos Alonzo Stagg High School in north Stockton, graduating in 1974. He was class president all three years, culminating with his election as Student Body President in his senior year, along with being the 1974 graduating class valedictorian and head of the all-male cheer squad. He subsequently attended a local college, San Joaquin Delta Community College, before transferring to the University of the Pacific, graduating with a bachelor's degree in English and Communications Arts in 1981.[6] He also was in an exchange program which allowed him to study in Japan.[7] After graduating from college, Isaak put together his first band, Silvertone. This rockabilly outfit consisted of James Calvin Wilsey (guitar), Rowland Salley (bass) and Kenney Dale Johnson (drums), who remained with Isaak as his permanent backing band.[7]
Career[edit]
Music career[edit]
In 1985, Isaak signed a contract with Warner Bros. Records, and released his first album, Silvertone,[2] to critical acclaim, including from John Fogerty.[8] The name was taken from the band he formed after graduating college. The album's sound was raw and diverse, mingling country blues with conventional folk ballads.[7] Although the album was a critical success, it failed to sell respectably.[9] Two tracks from the album, "Gone Ridin'" and "Livin' for Your Lover," featured in David Lynch's cult classic Blue Velvet. Isaak's self-titled follow-up album was released in 1986, and managed to scrape into the Billboard Top 200.[9] The album saw Isaak hone his style to sophisticated R&B.[7] The artwork for Chris Isaak, was photographed by fashion photographer Bruce Weber. Isaak's contract was renewed in 1988 when Warner Bros. moved him to their Reprise Records label. "Suspicion of Love" appears in the 1988 hit movie Married to the Mob starring Matthew Modine, Michelle Pfeiffer and Dean Stockwell.[citation needed]
Chris Isaak onstage in Berkeley, California – 1986
Isaak's best known song is "Wicked Game."[2] First released on the 1989 album Heart Shaped World, an instrumental version of the song was subsequently featured in the 1990 David Lynch film Wild at Heart.[2] Lee Chesnut, an Atlanta radio station music director who was obsessed with Lynch films, played the vocal version and it became the station's most-requested song. Chesnut spread the word to other radio stations and the single became a national Top 10 hit in February 1991. It also reached No. 10 in the UK Singles Chart.[10] The music video for the song was directed by Herb Ritts and was a MTV and VH1 hit; shot in black and white, it featured Isaak and supermodel Helena Christensen in a sensual encounter on the beach, caressing each other and whispering erotically in each other's ears. Another less-seen version of "Wicked Game" is directed by David Lynch and comprises scenes from the film Wild at Heart. "Wicked Game" featured as the backing music in the 2001 TV advertisement for the Jaguar X-Type in the UK. In 1995, Isaak split with longtime guitarist James Calvin Wilsey. That year's Forever Blue album and the accompanying tour featured Hershel Yatovitz on guitar.
In an interview with Mark Needham, an engineer who worked with Isaak on "Wicked Game," Needham claimed that it took several years to put the track together.[11]
In 1999, Isaak's "Baby Did a Bad, Bad Thing" was featured in Stanley Kubrick's final film, Eyes Wide Shut. The song is on his 1995 Forever Blue album. The music video for the song is directed by Herb Ritts, it was shot in color and featured Isaak and French supermodel Laetitia Casta in a motel room. This was Isaak's second collaboration with Ritts.
Isaak composed a theme song for U.S. late-night television variety/talk show, The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn. In 2001, Isaak starred in his own television show, The Chris Isaak Show. It aired from March 2001 to March 2004 in the United States on the cable television network Showtime. This adult comedy show featured Isaak and his band playing themselves and the episode plots were based on fictional accounts of the backstage world of Isaak—the rock star next door. In 2004, his track "Life Will Go On" was featured on Chasing Liberty's soundtrack, which starred Mandy Moore and Matthew Goode. His track "Two Hearts" was featured in the closing credits of the 1993 film True Romance, directed by Tony Scott, written by Quentin Tarantino, and starring Christian Slater and Patricia Arquette.
Isaak's producer, Erik Jacobsen, was instrumental in his sound for 15 years. Jacobsen is known for his production work with The Lovin' Spoonful, and solo albums from Spoonful's John Sebastian and Jerry Yester. Isaak ceased working with Jacobsen on his 2002 album, Always Got Tonight. In 2007 Isaak opened for Stevie Nicks on her Crystal Visions Tour during the first leg of the tour.[citation needed]
In 2006, he was guested by Johnny Hallyday to cover Fats Domino's hit Blueberry Hill. The duet was recorded and issued on Johnny Hallyday's live album La Cigale (2007, Warner Music). At the end of this record you can hear Isaak thanking the French Rock'n'Roll star as "The King."
Isaak collaborated with John Shanks for his 2009 album Mr. Lucky. He contributed a cover of Buddy Holly's "Crying, Waiting, Hoping" for a tribute album, Listen to Me: Buddy Holly, released in September 2011.[citation needed]
Isaak released an album called Beyond the Sun, which was recorded in Memphis, Tennessee at the Sun Records studio.On 7 September 2015, it was announced that Isaak would be performing at the 2015 AFL Grand Final, along with English singer Ellie Goulding and Canadian musician Bryan Adams.[12]
In 2016, he did the "First Comes the Night Tour."[13]
Guitars[edit]
Isaak revealed in a 2002 interview with Acoustic Guitar that he uses a one-of-a-kind Gibson:
For my electric, I've got a one-off Gibson version of a Gretsch 6120, a sort of Chet Atkins thing. They made one of these things and gave it to me to see if I liked it, and I liked it so much I've been playing it ever since. People told me they thought it was a White Falcon, but it's not. It's just a white Gibson. I don't think they ever manufactured any of the things. They strung up this one prototype, scratched their heads, and said, 'Huh. Give it to Isaak.'[14]
Isaak also plays a Gibson J-200 acoustic guitar, which he uses for songwriting.[15]
Acting and other work[edit]
Isaak at a USO show in Washington, D.C.
Isaak has appeared in numerous films, mostly playing cameo roles. He starred, however, with Keanu Reeves and Bridget Fonda in the 1993 Bernardo Bertolucci-directed Little Buddha, and played a major role in David Lynch's Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992). Other motion pictures include Married to the Mob (1988), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), That Thing You Do! (1996), A Dirty Shame (2004), and The Informers (2008).[citation needed]
Isaak starred in The Chris Isaak Show (2001–2004) playing himself and featuring actual members of his band along with actors and celebrity guests.
He guest-starred on "The One After the Superbowl, Part One," the Super Bowl XXX edition of the television sitcom Friends; and on the HBO miniseries, From the Earth to the Moon, as astronaut Ed White, the first American astronaut to leave the confines of his spacecraft, who later died in the 1967 Apollo 1 fire.
The Biography Channel aired The Chris Isaak Hour, a one-hour music interview and performance show in 2009.[16] The series premiere featured Trisha Yearwood, and included the first ever performance of "Breaking Apart," a duet from Isaak's new album, Mr. Lucky. Additional guests included Stevie Nicks, Smashing Pumpkins, Chicago, Glen Campbell, Michael Bublé, Yusuf Islam (formerly Cat Stevens), and Jewel.[citation needed]
In April 2010, Isaak was the special guest during Conan O'Brien's The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour performance at the Nob Hill Masonic Center in San Francisco, California.
On September 29, 2011, Isaak received the Stockton Arts Commission STAR Award in his hometown of Stockton, California.[17]
In 2014, he voiced the character of "Enoch," the apparent ruler of the town of Pottsfield, in the second episode of Over the Garden Wall, "Hard Times at the Huskin' Bee."
On 3 May 2015, Isaak was confirmed to be replacing Redfoo on the seventh season of The X Factor Australia.[18] He joins James Blunt and returning judges Guy Sebastian and Dannii Minogue.[19]
Discography[edit]
Main article: Chris Isaak discography
Silvertone (1985)
Chris Isaak (1986)
Heart Shaped World (1989)
San Francisco Days (1993)
Forever Blue (1995)
Baja Sessions (1996)
Speak of the Devil (1998)
Always Got Tonight (2002)
Christmas (2004)
Mr. Lucky (2009)
Beyond the Sun (2011)
First Comes the Night (2015)
Filmography[edit]
Married to the Mob - The Clown (1988)
The Silence of the Lambs - SWAT Commander (1991)
Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me - Special Agent Chester Desmond (1992)
Little Buddha - Dean Conrad (1993)
Grace of My Heart - Matthew Lewis (1996)
That Thing You Do! - Uncle Bob (1996)
Blue Ridge Fall - Emerson Cotswold (1999)
A Dirty Shame - Vaughn Stickles (2004)
The Informers - Les Price (2009)
Television[edit]
Wiseguy...Berated lounge singer (Season ?, Episode ?, 1987)
Friends...Rob Donnen (Season 2, Episode 12, 1996) – "The One After the Superbowl"
From the Earth to the Moon...Astronaut Edward White II (1998)
Melrose Place...Himself/Musical Guest (Season 7: Ep. 28 Ryan's Choice 1998)
The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn...Himself (Season 3, Episode 40, June 29, 2001)
The Greatest...Himself (50 Sexiest Video Moments, 2003)
Ed...Jamie Decker (Season 3, Episode 20, 2003) – "Second Chances"
The Greatest...Himself/Host (100 Greatest Videos, 2003)
The Chris Isaak Show...Himself (2001–2004)
American Dreams...Roy Orbison (Season 2, Episode 14, 2004) – "Old Enough to Fight"
The Footy Show...Himself (Grand Final, 2004)
The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson...Michael Caine in Space (Season 2, Episode 177, 2006)
Great Performances Jerry Lee Lewis: Last Man Standing Live...Himself (2007)
The Bill Engvall Show...Himself (Season 1, Episode 6, 2007)
Australian Idol...Himself (Season 6, November 9–10, 2008)
The Chris Isaak Hour...Himself/Host (2009–Present)
George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight ...Himself (Season 2, Episode 23 | October 21, 2011)
Conan ...Himself (Episode 192, January 4, 2012)
Loose Women ...Himself (September 28, 2012)
The Tonight Show...Himself (January 13, 2014)
Hot in Cleveland...Chase Jackson (one episode, 2014)
Over the Garden Wall...Enoch (one episode, 2014)
Adventure Time...7718 (one episode, 2015)
The X Factor Australia ...Himself -Judge/Mentor (2015-)
Sheriff Callie's Wild West ...Johnny Strum (voice) (Season 2, 2016)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Biography : Chris Isaak". Biography.com. Retrieved 2015-05-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Strong, Martin C. (2000). The Great Rock Discography (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mojo Books. pp. 480–481. ISBN 1-84195-017-3.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Michael (1991-04-18). "Interview: Chris Isaak". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Isaak to receive Stockton award". Recordnet. September 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mild At Heart". Webcitiation.org. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved 2015-05-04. [better source needed]
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Michael (1991-04-18). "Interview: Chris Isaak". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Chris Isaak Biography". oldies.com. 1956-06-26. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Chris Isaak bio". Biography.com. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Stephen Thomas Erlewine (1956-06-26). "Chris Isaak | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 271. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Droney, Maureen (May 2002). "Classic Tracks: Chris Isaak's "Wicked Game"". ProQuest. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Twomey, Callum. "Adams, Goulding, Isaak headline GF show". afl.com.au. Australian Football League. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chris Isaak on First Comes the Night Tour". Retrieved July 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Acoustic Guitar Central". What They Play: Chris Isaak. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Chris Isaak and His Gibson Guitars". Fretbase. August 6, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Biography Channel's ''The Chris Isaak Hour'' website". Biography.com. February 18, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Isaak to receive Stockton award". Recordnet. September 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chris Isaak on 'First Comes the Night' & How Stevie Nicks Convinced Him to Record in Nashville". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
Jump up ^ Moran, Jonathon (3 May 2015). "Chris Isaak and James Blunt: Meet the new X Factor guys". The Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
External links[edit]
Chris Isaak.com, official site of Chris Isaak
Chris Isaak on IMDb
Chris Isaak at Recordnet.com: Page with stories, multimedia and more about Chris Isaak from The Record in Stockon, CA, Isaak's hometown.
Chris Isaak discography at Discogs
Chris Isaak Concert History
Chris Isaak Radio Interview
[hide]
v
t
e
Chris Isaak
Studio albums
Silvertone
Chris Isaak
Heart Shaped World
San Francisco Days
Forever Blue
Baja Sessions
Speak of the Devil
Always Got Tonight
Christmas
Mr. Lucky
Beyond the Sun
First Comes the Night
Singles
"Heart Full of Soul"
"Wicked Game"
"Solitary Man"
"Somebody's Crying"
"Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing"
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (with Stevie Nicks)
"I Want You to Want Me"
Compilation/Live albums
Wicked Game
3 for One
Best of Chris Isaak
Live in Australia
Live at the Fillmore
Filmography
Married to the Mob
The Silence of the Lambs
Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me
Little Buddha
Grace of My Heart
That Thing You Do!
A Dirty Shame
The Informers
Television
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The Chris Isaak Hour
Discography
Chris Isaak discography
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 56796549
LCCN: n92019897
ISNI: 0000 0000 7823 6727
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SUDOC: 121008193
BNF: cb13895492m (data)
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BNE: XX1265854
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Isaak&oldid=804514737"
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