text:
Gustave Eiffel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gustave Eiffel
Eiffel in 1888, photographed by Félix Nadar
Born
Alexandre Gustave Bönickhausen[1][2][3]
(1832-12-15)15 December 1832
Dijon, Côte-d'Or, Burgundy, France
Died
27 December 1923(1923-12-27) (aged 91)
Paris, France
Nationality
French
Alma mater
École Centrale Paris
Spouse(s)
Marguerite Gaudelet (married 1862–1877)
Children
3 daughters, 2 sons
Parent(s)
Alexandre and Catherine Eiffel
Signature
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (born Bönickhausen;[4] /ˈaɪfəl/; French pronunciation: [ɛfɛl]; 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer. A graduate of École Centrale Paris, he made his name with various bridges for the French railway network, most famously the Garabit viaduct. He is best known for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, and his contribution to building the Statue of Liberty in New York. After his retirement from engineering, Eiffel focused on research into meteorology and aerodynamics, making significant contributions in both fields.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
1.1 Early career
1.2 Eiffel et Cie
1.2.1 The Eiffel Tower
1.2.2 The Panama Scandal
1.3 Later career
2 Influence
3 Works
3.1 Buildings and structures
3.2 Bridges and viaducts
3.3 Not proven
3.4 Unrealized projects
4 Protection of Gustave Eiffel's heritage
5 See also
6 Bibliography
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Gustave Eiffel was born in Burgundy, France, in the city of Dijon, Côte-d'Or, the first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bönickhausen (French pronunciation: [bɔnikozɑ̃]).[5] He was a descendant of Jean-René Bönickhausen, who had emigrated from the German town of Marmagen and settled in Paris at the beginning of the 18th century.[6] The family adopted the name Eiffel as a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region from which they had come. Although the family always used the name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bönickhausen,[1] and was not officially changed to Eiffel until 1880.[2][4]
At the time of Gustave's birth his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an administrator for the French Army; but shortly after his birth, his mother expanded a charcoal business, and soon afterwards his father gave up his job to assist her. Due to his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living with his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an influential figure until her death in 1878. His father, however, did not play a big part in young Eiffel's early life. The business was successful enough for Catherine Eiffel to sell it in 1843 and retire on the proceeds.[7] Eiffel was not a studious child, and thought his classes at the Lycée Royal in Dijon boring and a waste of time, although in his last two years, influenced by his teachers for history and literature, he began to study seriously, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.[8] An important part in his education was played by his uncle, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had invented a process for distilling vinegar and had a large chemical works near Dijon, and one of his uncle's friends, the chemist Michel Perret. Both men spent a lot of time with the young Eiffel, teaching him about everything from chemistry and mining to theology and philosophy.
Eiffel went on to attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe in Paris, to prepare for the difficult entrance exams set by engineering colleges in France, and qualified for entry to two of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures – and ultimately entered the latter.[9] During his second year he chose to specialize in chemistry, and graduated ranking at 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855. This is what is thought to be one of the things that led young Eiffel into his career of engineering. This was the year that Paris hosted the second World's Fair, and Eiffel was bought a season ticket by his mother.[10]
Early career[edit]
The Bordeaux bridge, Eiffel's first major work.
After graduation, Eiffel had hoped to find work in his uncle's workshop in Dijon, but a family dispute made this impossible. After a few months working as an unpaid assistant to his brother-in-law, who managed a foundry, Eiffel approached the railway engineer Charles Nepveu, who gave Eiffel his first paid job as his private secretary.[11] However, shortly afterwards Nepveu's company went bankrupt, but Nepveu found Eiffel a job designing a 22 m (72 ft) sheet iron bridge for the Saint Germaine railway. Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired by the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing director of the two factories in Paris, and offered Eiffel a job as head of the research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to build a railway bridge over the river Garonne at Bordeaux, connecting the Paris-Bordeaux line to the lines running to Sète and Bayonne, which involved the construction of a 500 m (1,600 ft) iron girder bridge supported by six pairs of masonry piers on the river bed. These were constructed with the aid of compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques at the time. Eiffel was initially given the responsibility of assembling the metalwork and eventually took over the management of the entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.[12]
Following the completion of the project on schedule Eiffel was appointed as the principal engineer of the Compagnie Belge. His work had also gained the attention of several people who were later to give him work, including Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the design for the metalwork of the Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further promotion within the company followed, but the business began to decline, and in 1865 Eiffel, seeing no future there, resigned and set up as an independent consulting engineer. He was already working independently on the construction of two railway stations, at Toulouse and Agen, and in 1866 he was given a contract to oversee the construction of 33 locomotives for the Egyptian government, a profitable but undemanding job in the course of which he visited Egypt, where he visited the Suez Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. At the same time he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz to assist him in the design of the exhibition hall for the Exposition Universelle which was to be held in 1867. Eiffel's principal job was to draw up the arch girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order to carry out this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers,[13] conducted valuable research on the structural properties of cast iron, definitively establishing the modulus of elasticity applicable to compound castings.
Eiffel et Cie[edit]
The Budapest-Nyugati station.
At the end of 1866 Eiffel managed to borrow enough money to set up his own workshops at 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.[14] His first important commission was for two viaducts for the railway line between Lyon and Bordeaux, and the company also began to undertake work in other countries, including the church of San Marcos in Arica, Chile, which was an all-metal prefabricated building, manufactured in France and shipped to South America in pieces to be assembled on site.
On 6 October 1868 he entered into partnership with Théophile Seyrig, like Eiffel a graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel et Cie ("Eiffel and Company"). In 1875, Eiffel et Cie were given two important contracts, one for a new terminus for the line from Vienna to Budapest and the other for a bridge over the river Douro in Portugal.[15] The station in Budapest was an innovative design. The usual pattern for building a railway terminus was to conceal the metal structure behind an elaborate facade: Eiffel's design for Budapest used the metal structure as the centerpiece of the building, flanked on either side by conventional stone and brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.
The Maria Pia Bridge
The bridge over the Douro came about as the result of a competition held by the Royal Portuguese Railroad Company. The task was a demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, up to 20 m (66 ft) deep, and had a bed formed of a deep layer of gravel which made the construction of piers on the river bed impossible, and so the bridge had to have a central span of 160 m (520 ft). This was greater than the longest arch span which had been built at the time.[16] Eiffel's proposal was for a bridge whose deck was supported by five iron piers, with the abutments of the pair on the river bank also bearing a central supporting arch. The price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below the nearest competitor and so he was given the job, although since his company was less experienced than his rivals the Portuguese authorities appointed a committee to report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability. The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom had known Eiffel for a long time: their report was favorable, and Eiffel got the job. On-site work began in January 1876 and was complete by the end of October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially opened by King Luis I and Queen Maria Pia, after whom the bridge was named, on 4 November.
The Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established his reputation as one of the leading engineers of the time. As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the construction of several of the exhibition buildings.[17] One of these, a pavilion for the Paris Gas Company, was Eiffel's first collaboration with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the head of the company's architectural office.
In 1879 the partnership with Seyrig was dissolved, and the company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.[18] The same year the company was given the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge near Ruynes en Margeride in the Cantal département. Like the Douro bridge, the project involved a lengthy viaduct crossing the river valley as well as the river itself, and Eiffel was given the job without any process of competitive tendering due to his success with the bridge over the Douro.[19] To assist him in the work he took on several people who were to play important roles in the design and construction of the Eiffel Tower, including Maurice Koechlin, a young graduate of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was engaged to undertake calculations and make drawings, and Émile Nouguier, who had previously worked for Eiffel on the construction of the Douro bridge.
Interior structural elements of the Statue of Liberty designed by Gustave Eiffel.
The same year Eiffel started work on a system of standardised prefabricated bridges, an idea that was the result of a conversation with the governor of Cochin-China. These used a small number of standard components, all small enough to be readily transportable in areas with poor or non-existent roads, and were joined together using bolts rather than rivets, reducing the need for skilled labour on site. A number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.[20]
In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in need of an engineer to help him to realise the Statue of Liberty. Some work had already been carried out by Eugène Viollet-Le-Duc, but he had died in 1879. Eiffel was selected because of his experience with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of a four-legged pylon to support the copper sheeting which made up the body of the statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel works in Paris before being dismantled and shipped to the United States.[21]
In 1886 Eiffel also designed the dome for the Astronomical Observatory in Nice. This was the most important building in a complex designed by Charles Garnier, later among the most prominent critics of the Tower. The dome, with a diameter of 22.4 m (73 ft), was the largest in the world when built and used an ingenious bearing device: rather than running on wheels or rollers, it was supported by a ring-shaped hollow girder floating in a circular trough containing a solution of magnesium chloride in water. This had been patented by Eiffel in 1881.
The Eiffel Tower[edit]
Main article: Eiffel Tower
Koechlin's first drawing for the Eiffel Tower. Note the sketched stack of buildings, with Notre Dame at the bottom, indicating the scale of the proposed tower.
The design of the Eiffel Tower was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who had discussed ideas for a centrepiece for the 1889 Exposition Universelle. In May 1884 Koechlin, working at his home, made an outline drawing of their scheme, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals".[22] Initially Eiffel showed little enthusiasm, although he did sanction further study of the project, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre to add architectural embellishments. Sauvestre added the decorative arches to the base, a glass pavilion to the first level and the cupola at the top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support for the project, and he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier, and Sauvestre had taken out. The design was exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884, and on 30 March 1885 Eiffel read a paper on the project to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils. After discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying that the tower would symbolise[23]
"not only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude."
Little happened until the beginning of 1886, but with the re-election of Jules Grévy as President and his appointment of Edouard Lockroy as Minister for Trade decisions began to be made. A budget for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition which was being held for a centerpiece for the exposition, which effectively made the choice of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion: all entries had to include a study for a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars. On 12 May a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June it presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal met their requirements. After some debate about the exact site for the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, and granted him one and a half million francs toward the construction costs. This was less than a quarter of the estimated cost of six and a half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation during the exhibition and for the following twenty years.[24] Eiffel later established a separate company to manage the tower.
The tower had been a subject of some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did not believe it feasible and from those who objected on artistic grounds. Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each metre of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet: a petition was sent to Jean-Charles Alphand, the Minister of Works, and was published by Le Temps.[25]
"To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour de Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream. And for twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal"
18 July 1887
7 December 1887
20 March 1888
15 May 1888
21 August 1888
26 December 1888
March 1889
Caricature of Eiffel, published in 1887 at the time of "The Artist's Protest"
Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887. Those for the east and south legs were straightforward, each leg resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg but the other two, being closer to the river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)[26] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. Each of these slabs supported a limestone block, each with an inclined top to bear the supporting shoe for the ironwork. These shoes were anchored by bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June and the erection of the iron work was started. Although no more than 250 men were employed on the site, a prodigious amount of exacting preparatory work was entailed: the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed.[27] The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required: the positions of rivet holes were specified to within 0.1 mm (0.04 in) and angles worked out to one second of arc. The components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, the bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit it was sent back to the factory for alteration. The four legs, each at an angle of 54° to the ground, were initially constructed as cantilevers, relying on the anchoring bolts in the masonry foundation blocks. Eiffel had calculated that this would be satisfactory until they approached halfway to the first level: accordingly work was stopped for the purpose of erecting a wooden supporting scaffold. This gave ammunition to his critics, and lurid headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined in an Asylum" appeared in the popular press.[28] At this stage a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, designed to move up the tower as construction progressed and making use of the guides for the elevators which were to be fitted in each leg. After this brief pause erection of the metalwork continued, and the critical operation of linking the four legs was successfully completed by March 1888. In order to precisely align the legs so that the connecting girders could be put into place, a provision had been made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks in the footings for each of the girders making up the legs.
The main structural work was completed at the end of March, and on the 31st Eiffel celebrated this by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower. Since the lifts were not yet in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, Eiffel frequently stopping to make explanations of various features. Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels, but a few, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the President of the City Council and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré completed the climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to the accompaniment of a 25-gun salute fired from the lower level.[29]
By June construction had reached the second level platform, and on Bastille Day this was used for a fireworks display, and Eiffel held a celebratory banquet for the press on the first level platform.
The Panama Scandal[edit]
Illustration of Eiffel's lock design from a contemporary magazine
In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French effort to construct a canal across the Panama Isthmus. The French Panama Canal Company, headed by Ferdinand de Lesseps, had been attempting to build a sea-level canal, but came to the realization that this was impractical. The plan was changed to one using locks, which Eiffel was contracted to design and build. The locks were on a large scale, most having a change of level of 11 m (36 ft).[30] Eiffel had been working on the project for little more than a year when the company suspended payments of interest on 14 December 1888,[31] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation. Eiffel's reputation was badly damaged when he was implicated in the financial and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply a contractor, he was charged along with the directors of the project with raising money under false pretenses and misappropriation of funds. On 9 February 1893 Eiffel was found guilty on the charge of misuse of funds, and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to two years in prison,[32] although he was acquitted on appeal.[33] The later American-built canal used new lock designs (see History of the Panama Canal).
Shortly after the trial Eiffel had announced his intention to resign from the Board of Directors of the Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel, and did so at a General Meeting held on 14 February, saying "I have absolutely decided to abstain from any participation in any manufacturing business from now on, and so that no one can be misled and to make it most evident that I intend to remain absolutely uninvolved with the management of the establishments which bear my name, I insist that my name should disappear from the name of the company."[34] The company changed its name to La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, with Maurice Koechlin as managing director. The name was changed to the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel in 1937.[35]
Later career[edit]
Eiffel in 1910
About six months after his retirement from the Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel, Eiffel was approached by Felix-Max Richard, owner of the Comptoir General de Photographie. Felix-Max Richard had just lost a lawsuit against him by his brother to enforce a noncompetition agreement. Felix-Max Richard appealed the decision but felt he needed a back-up plan if his appeal was denied. On May 28, 1895, the court denied the appeal and Gustave Eiffel bought the Comptoir with three other men: Joseph Vallot, Alfred Besnier, and Leon Gaumont, who was thirty years his junior.[36] The company was renamed L. Gaumont et Cie after its youngest partner because Eiffel did not want his name on the company. Leon Gaumont was manager and Eiffel was president from 1895 through 1906. The company went public in January 1907 and is one of the oldest motion picture companies in the world.
During those years, Eiffel guided the company, contributed to its capital investments and inventions, and was absorbed by the new technologies and decisions the company made in its first eleven years. In 1897, he collaborated with Louis-Paul Cailletet and Leon Gaumont on a motion picture camera that was installed in a hot-air balloon. According to the correspondence between Gaumont and Eiffel, Eiffel had dark rooms at his Beauleau-Sur-Mer and Vevey vacation homes where he experimented with chemical developers. He patented a photographic heliograph in 1907.[37][38]
He went on to do important work in meteorology and aerodynamics.[39] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence of the problems he had encountered with the effects of wind forces on the structures he had built.
His first aerodynamic experiments, an investigation of the air resistance of surfaces, was carried out by dropping the surface to be investigated together with a measuring apparatus down a vertical cable stretched between the second level of the Eiffel Tower and the ground. Using this Eiffel definitely established that the air resistance of a body was very closely related to the square of the airspeed. He then built a laboratory on the Champ de Mars at the foot of the tower in 1905, building his first wind tunnel there in 1909. The wind tunnel was used to investigate the characteristics of the airfoil sections used by the early pioneers of aviation such as the Wright Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Louis Blériot. Eiffel established that the lift produced by an airfoil was the result of a reduction of air pressure above the wing rather than an increase of pressure acting on the under surface. Following complaints about noise from people living nearby, he moved his experiments to a new establishment at Auteuil in 1912. Here it was possible to build a larger wind tunnel, and Eiffel began to make tests using scale models of aircraft designs.[40]
In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P. Langley Medal for Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. In his speech at the presentation of the medal, Alexander Graham Bell said:[41]
...his writings upon the resistance of the air have already become classical. His researches, published in 1907 and 1911, on the resistance of the air in connection with aviation, are especially valuable. They have given engineers the data for designing and constructing flying machines upon sound, scientific principles
Eiffel had meteorological measuring equipment placed on the tower in 1889, and also built a weather station at his house in Sèvres. Between 1891 and 1892 he compiled a complete set of meteorological readings, and later extended his record-taking to include measurements from 25 different locations across France.
Eiffel died on 27 December 1923, while listening to Beethoven's 5th Symphony, Second movement Andante, in his mansion on Rue Rabelais in Paris, France. He was buried in the family tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.
Influence[edit]
Edward Moran's 1886 painting, The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World, depicts the unveiling of the Statue of Liberty.
Gustave Eiffel's career was facilitated by the Industrial Revolution. For a variety of economic and political reasons, this had been slow to make an impact in France,[42] and Eiffel had the good fortune to be working at a time of rapid industrial development in France. Eiffel's importance as an engineer was twofold. Firstly he was ready to adopt innovative techniques first used by others, such as his use of compressed-air caissons and hollow cast-iron piers, and secondly he was a pioneer in his insistence on basing all engineering decisions on thorough calculation of the forces involved, combining this analytical approach with an insistence on a high standard of accuracy in drawing and manufacture.
The growth of the railway network had an immense effect on people's lives, but although the enormous number of bridges and other work undertaken by Eiffel were an important part of this, the two works that did most to make him famous are the Statue of Liberty and the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense symbolic importance and today internationally recognized landmarks. The Tower is also important because of its role in establishing the aesthetic potential of structures whose appearance is largely dictated by practical considerations.
His contribution to the science of aerodynamics is probably of equal importance to his work as an engineer.[39]
Works[edit]
Buildings and structures[edit]
Cathedral of San Pedro de Tacna, Peru.
The "Grand Hotel Traian" from Iaşi, is Gustave Eiffel's link to Romania
Konak Pier in İzmir, Turkey, designed by Gustave Eiffel
Railway station at Toulouse, France (1862)
Railway station at Agen, France.
Church of Notre Dame des Champs, Paris (1867)
Performing Artes Center Lía Bermúdez, Maracaibo, Venezuela (1886)
Synagogue in Rue de Pasarelles, Paris (1867)
Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chile (1875)
Cathedral of San Pedro de Tacna, Peru (1875)
Lycée Carnot, Paris (1876)
Budapest-Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western railway station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
Ornamental Fountain of the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
Grand Hotel Traian, Iași, Romania (1882)
Nice Observatory, Nice, France (1886)
Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, New York City, United States (1886)
Colbert Bridge, Dieppe, France (1888)
Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889)
Paradis Latin theatre, Paris, France (1889)
Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892)
Estación Central (railway station), Santiago, Chile, (1897)
Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897)
lighthouse on Dzharylhach island, Kherson region, Ukraine (1902)
Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), France (1911)
The Market, Olhão, Portugal
Palacio de Hierro, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
Condominio Acero, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France
La Paz Bus Station
La Paz Train Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station)
Church in Coquimbo, Chile
Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
San Camilo Market, Arequipa, Peru
Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Brazil
Pabellon de la Rosa Piriápolis, Uruguay
Mercado Municipal, Manaus, Brazil
La Cristalera, old portuary storage, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic
Bridges and viaducts[edit]
Eiffel bridge in Caminha
Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni
Eiffel Bridge in Sarajevo 1893, also known as Skenderija Bridge, spans the Miljacka.
Railway bridge over the river Garonne, Bordeaux (1861)
Viaduct over the river Sioule (1867)
Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
Swing bridge at Dieppe (1870)
Pont de Ferro or Pont Eiffel in Girona, Spain. (1876)
Maria Pia Bridge (Douro Viaduct) (1877)
Cubzac bridge over the Dordogne River, France (1880)
Borjomi bridge over the Tsemistskali River, Georgia (1902)
Road bridge over the river Tisza near Szeged, Hungary (1881)
Garabit Viaduct, France (1884)
Imbaba Bridge over the Nile river, Cairo, Egypt (1892)
The Eiffel Bridge in Zrenjanin (1904) (dismantled in the 1960s and currently being rebuilt.)
The road (D50) bridge over the River Lay at Lavaud in the Vendée, France
Birsbrücke, Münchenstein, Switzerland which collapsed on 14 June 1891 killing over 70 people. See Munchenstein rail disaster.
Bridge over the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
Souleuvre Viaduct (1893) (bridge spans removed but piers survive)
The Eiffel Bridge in Viana do Castelo's Marina (1878)
The Railway Bridge over the Coura river in Caminha, Portugal.
Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, between Moldova and Romania (1877)
Great bridge over the Begej in Zrenjanin, Serbia, built in 1904, dismantled and replaced by concrete bridge in 1969
Ajfel Bridge on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ghenh Bridge and Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam.
Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế city, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam.
Bolívar Bridge, at Arequipa, Peru
Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Bridge near Constitución, Chile
Puente Libertador, San Cristóbal, Venezuela.
The Railway Bridge in Przemyśl, Poland
Not proven[edit]
Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
Bridge over the Cuyuni River, southern Venezuela
Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Lisbon, Portugal (1901)
Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Vojvodina, Serbia (1900)
Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
The Chateau de Villersexel, France (c. 1871)
"Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
Watermill, Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain (1912)
Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
Mercado 2 de Abril, Mexico City
Unrealized projects[edit]
Trinity Bridge, Saint Petersburg – Eiffel entered a project into the contest, but his project was not realized.
He is not credited with designing Mt. Wellington's transmission tower however it is widely believed it was constructed under his supervision. Residing over Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
Protection of Gustave Eiffel's heritage[edit]
A number of works of Gustave Eiffel are in danger today. Some have already been destroyed, as in Vietnam. A proposal to demolish the railway bridge of Bordeaux (also known as the "passerelle St Jean"), the first major work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a large response from the public. Actions to protect the bridge were taken as early as 2002 by the "Association of the Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",[43] joined from 2005 onwards by the Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" ("Save the Eiffel Bridge"). They led, in 2010, to the decision to list Eiffel's Bordeaux bridge as a French Historical Monument.[44]
See also[edit]
Architecture portal
Biography portal
France portal
Paris portal
Bibliography[edit]
Harvie, David I. (2006). Eiffel, the Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-3309-7.
Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-0631-6.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b État-civil de la Côte-d'Or, Dijon, Registres d'état civil 1832, p. 249
^ Jump up to: a b Harvie 2006 p. 1
Jump up ^ Charles Braibant, Histoire de la Tour Eiffel, Paris 1964, p. 35
^ Jump up to: a b "Follow the Leader". Google Books. 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
Jump up ^ Harriss, J. (2004). The Tallest Tower. Unlimited Pub. p. 25. ISBN 9781588321046. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 21
Jump up ^ Harvie 2006, p. 3
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 25
Jump up ^ Harvie 2006, p. 7
Jump up ^ Harvie 2006, p. 9
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 30
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 33
Jump up ^ Harvie 2006, p. 37
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 37
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 57
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 60
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 71
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 42
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 77
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, pp. 42–47
Jump up ^ Harvie 2006, p. 70
Jump up ^ Harvie 2006, p. 78
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 116
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 121
Jump up ^ Harvie 2006, p. 95
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985 p. 123
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 148
Jump up ^ Harvie 206, p. 110
Jump up ^ Harvie 2006 pp. 122–23
Jump up ^ Loyrette 1985, p. 193
Jump up ^ "The Panama Canal Company". The Times (32570): 7. 15 December 1888. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Heavy Sentences On The Panama Defendants". The Times (33871): 5. 10 February 1893. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Gustave Eiffel. The official site of the Eiffel Tower. tour-eiffel.fr
Jump up ^ "Historique des Etablissements Eiffel" (in French). Association des Descendants de Gustave Eiffel – gustaveeiffel. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2012. Je suis absolument décidé de m'abstenir désormais d'une participation quelconque dans une affaire industrielle, et afin que personne ne puisse s'y tromper et pour marquer de la façon la plus manifeste que j'entends rester désormais absolument étranger à la gestion des établissements qui portent mon nom, je tiens expressément à ce que mon nom disparaisse de la désignation de la société.
Jump up ^ Harvie 2006, p. 40
Jump up ^ Corcy, Malthete, Mannoni, & Meusy, Les Premieres annees de la societe L. Gaumont et Cie, Correspondance commercial de Leon Gaumont 1895-1899.
Jump up ^ Couperie-Eiffel, Philippe, Eiffel by Eiffel, 2013
Jump up ^ Dietrick, Janelle, Alice & Eiffel, A New History of Early Cinema and the Love Story Kept Secret for a Century, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b "The Death of a Great Pioneer: Gustav Eiffel Passes Away". Flight International. 3 January 1924
Jump up ^ Granet, André. 1912 : Laboratoire Aerodynamique Eiffel. Laboratories Eiffel.
Jump up ^ Harvie 2006, p. 207
Jump up ^ Rolt, L.T.C. (1974). Victorian Engineering. London: Pelican. p. 169.
Jump up ^ "Page d'accueil". Association des descendants de Gustave Eiffel. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Retour à la liste des extraits des bulletins de l'ADGE. ADGE news bulletin (in French)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gustave Eiffel.
Official website of the Association of the Descendants of Gustave Eiffel (in English)[permanent dead link]
Gustave Eiffel: The Man Behind the Masterpiece
Gustave Alexandre Eiffel information at Structurae
Einsturz der Birsbrücke bei Münchenstein (Basel)
[show]
v
t
e
Statue of Liberty
Liberty Enlightening the World
Creators
Édouard René de Laboulaye, originator
Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, sculptor
Gustave Eiffel, builder
Eiffel company
Eugène Secrétan, donated copper
Location
Statue of Liberty National Monument
Liberty Island
Musée des Arts et Métiers, original statue
Former
locations
Right arm and torch
Centennial Exposition, 1876
Madison Square Park, 1876-1882
Head
Paris World's Fair, 1878
Replicas
Île aux Cygnes
Flame of Liberty
Boy Scout replicas
Strengthen the Arm of Liberty
Fayetteville, Arkansas
Pine Bluff, Arkansas
Overview Park, Kansas
Legacy
In popular culture
"The New Colossus" (1883 sonnet)
Working on the Statue of Liberty (1946 painting)
Miss Liberty (1949 musical)
The Statue of Liberty (1985 documentary)
Statue of Liberty play (American football)
Liberty Weekend, 1986
Liberty Fanfare
Medal of Liberty
Statue of Liberty Forever stamp
American Platinum Eagle coin
Presidential $1 Coin Program
Related
Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia
Libertas
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX1257156
BNF: cb12522897m (data)
GND: 118688340
ISNI: 0000 0001 1059 9000
LCCN: n83210418
Léonore: LH/892/60
NDL: 00620617
NKC: xx0013198
NLA: 48864430
RKD: 271612
SELIBR: 331384
SNAC: w6x360vq
SUDOC: 027348520
ULAN: 500000800
VIAF: 44407671
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Eiffel&oldid=840821175"
Categories:
1832 births
1923 deaths
People from Dijon
École Centrale Paris alumni
French bridge engineers
19th-century French architects
20th-century French architects
French civil engineers
French people of German descent
Structural engineers
Statue of Liberty
Eiffel Tower
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
French Freemasons
Burials at Levallois-Perret Cemetery
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Use dmy dates from April 2017
Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from October 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
AC with 15 elements
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Bikol Central
Български
Bosanski
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Estremeñu
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
मैथिली
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
მარგალური
مصرى
Монгол
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Нохчийн
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
West-Vlams
Winaray
粵語
中文
डोटेली
75 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 May 2018, at 11:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Nadar
mw-redirect
Félix Nadar

value: td

value: sup

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique
mw-redirect
École polytechnique

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Hydraulic_rams
mw-redirect
Hydraulic rams

values:
/wiki/Galerie_des_Machines
mw-redirect
Galerie des Machines

values:
/wiki/Conservatoire_des_Arts_et_Metiers
mw-redirect
Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers

values:
/wiki/Modulus_of_elasticity
mw-redirect
Modulus of elasticity

values:
/wiki/Railway_station#Terminus
mw-redirect
Railway station

values: Ruynes en Margeride (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Auguste_Bartholdi
mw-redirect
Auguste Bartholdi

values:
/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-Le-Duc
mw-redirect
Eugène Viollet-Le-Duc

values:
/wiki/Observatoire_de_Nice
mw-redirect
Observatoire de Nice

values:
/wiki/Edouard_Lockroy
mw-redirect
Edouard Lockroy

values:
/wiki/Adolphe_Bouguereau
mw-redirect
Adolphe Bouguereau

values:
/wiki/Jean-Charles_Alphand
mw-redirect
Jean-Charles Alphand

values:
/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris
mw-redirect
Notre Dame de Paris

values: Tour de Saint-Jacques (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Le_Monde_Illustr%C3%A9
mw-redirect
Le Monde Illustré

values:
/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)
mw-redirect
Lock (water transport)

values:
/wiki/Wright_Brothers
mw-redirect
Wright Brothers

values:
/wiki/Beethoven%27s_5th_Symphony
mw-redirect
Beethoven's 5th Symphony

values:
/wiki/San_Pedro_de_Tacna
mw-redirect
San Pedro de Tacna

values: Théâtre les Folies (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Arica,_Chile
mw-redirect
Arica, Chile

values: Budapest-Nyugati railway station (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Santiago,_Chile
mw-redirect
Santiago, Chile

values: Iglesia de Santa Bárbara (Santa Rosalía)

values: Estacion de Trenes de La Paz (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Coquimbo,_Chile
mw-redirect
Coquimbo, Chile

values:
/wiki/River_Miljacka
mw-redirect
River Miljacka

values:
/wiki/Dieppe,_Seine-Maritime
mw-redirect
Dieppe, Seine-Maritime

values:
/wiki/Dordogne_River
mw-redirect
Dordogne River

values: Tsemistskali River (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Garabit_Viaduct
mw-redirect
Garabit Viaduct

values:
/wiki/Munchenstein_rail_disaster
mw-redirect
Munchenstein rail disaster

values:
/wiki/Viana_do_Castelo,_Portugal
mw-redirect
Viana do Castelo, Portugal

values:
/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Sebastian,_Manila
mw-redirect
Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila

values: Mercado 2 de Abril (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Trinity_Bridge_(Saint_Petersburg)
mw-redirect
Trinity Bridge (Saint Petersburg)

values: Edit section: Protection of Gustave Eiffel's heritage

values:
/wiki/L.T.C._Rolt
mw-redirect
L.T.C. Rolt

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gustaveeiffel.com

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:Statue of Liberty (page does not exist)

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Madison_Square_Park
mw-redirect
Madison Square Park

values: Replicas of the Statue of Liberty by the Boy Scouts of America

values: Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Monument (Fayetteville, Arkansas)

values: Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Monument (Pine Bluff, Arkansas)

values: Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Monument (Overland Park, Kansas)

values: Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/118688340

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000110599000

values:
nofollow
external text
https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an48864430

values:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/331384

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/027348520

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/44407671

values: Category:French people of German descent

values: Category:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur

values: Category:Burials at Levallois-Perret Cemetery

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: غوستاف إيفل – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: গুস্তাভ এফেল – Bangla

values: Аляксандр Гюстаў Эйфель – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Аляксандар Эйфэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values: Густав Айфел – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Эйфель Густав Александр – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Γουστάβος Άιφελ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ext
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: گوستاو ایفل – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 귀스타브 에펠 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Գուստավ Էյֆել – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values: Александр Гюстав Эйфель – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: גוסטב אייפל – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಗುಸ್ತಾವ್ ಐಫೆಲ್ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: გიუსტავ ეიფელი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: गुस्ताभ आइफिल – Maithili

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values: Густав Ајфел – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: ഗുസ്താവ് ഈഫൽ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: გუსტავ ეიფელი – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values: Александр Густав Эйфель – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: गुस्ताभ आइफिल – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: ギュスターヴ・エッフェル – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Эйфель, Гюстав Александр – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: Эйфель, Гюстав – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Гистав Ајфел – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: அலெக்சாந்தர் கஸ்டவ் ஈபல் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: กุสตาฟ ไอเฟล – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Гюстав Ейфель – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: 居斯塔夫·埃菲尔 – Chinese

values: गुस्ताभ आइफिल – Doteli

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dty
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Gustave_Eiffel rootpage-Gustave_Eiffel skin-vector action-view


text:
Tree of life
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For use in biology (phylogeny), see Tree of life (biology).
For other uses, see Tree of life (disambiguation).
An 1847 depiction of the Norse Yggdrasil as described in the Icelandic Prose Edda by Oluf Olufsen Bagge
17th-century depiction of the Tree of Life in Palace of Shaki Khans, Azerbaijan
Confronted animals, here ibexes, flank a Tree of Life, a very common motif in the art of the ancient Near East and Mediterranean
The tree of life is a widespread myth (mytheme) or archetype in the world's mythologies, related to the concept of sacred tree more generally,[1] and hence in religious and philosophical tradition.
The expression Tree of Life was used as a metaphor for the phylogenetic tree of common descent in the evolutionary sense in a famous passage by Charles Darwin (1872).[2]
The tree of knowledge, connecting to heaven and the underworld, and the tree of life, connecting all forms of creation, are both forms of the world tree or cosmic tree, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica,[3] and are portrayed in various religions and philosophies as the same tree.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Religion and mythology
1.1 Hinduism
1.2 Ancient Iran
1.3 Ancient Egypt
1.4 Ancient Mesopotamia and Urartu
1.5 Jewish sources
1.6 Buddhism
1.7 China
1.8 Christianity
1.9 Islam
1.10 Baha'i Faith
1.11 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1.12 Europe
1.13 Georgia
1.14 Germanic paganism and Norse mythology
1.15 Kabbalah
1.16 Mesoamerica
1.17 North America
1.18 Serer religion
1.19 Turkic
2 Popular culture
3 Physical "trees of life"
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Religion and mythology[edit]
Main article: Trees in mythology
This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (January 2016)
Various trees of life are recounted in folklore, culture and fiction, often relating to immortality or fertility. They had their origin in religious symbolism.
Hinduism[edit]
The Eternal Banyan Tree (Akshaya Vata) is located on the bank of the Yamuna inside the courtyard of Allahabad Fort near the confluence of the Yamuna and Ganga Rivers in Allahabad. The eternal and divine nature of this tree has been documented at length in the scriptures.[citation needed]
During the cyclic destruction of creation when the whole earth was enveloped by waters, akshaya vata remained unaffected. It is on the leaves of this tree that Lord Krishna rested in the form of a baby when land was no longer visible. And it is here that the immortal sage, Markandeya, received the cosmic vision of the Lord. It is under this tree that Buddha meditates eternally. Legend also has it that the Bodi tree at Gaya is a manifestation of this tree.[citation needed]
Ancient Iran[edit]
In Persian mythology, the Gaokerena world tree is a large, sacred Haoma tree which bears all seeds. Ahriman (Ahreman, Angremainyu) created a frog to invade the tree and destroy it, aiming to prevent all trees from growing on the earth. As a reaction, God (Ahura Mazda) created two kar fish staring at the frog to guard the tree. The two fish are always staring at the frog and stay ready to react to it. Because Ahriman is responsible for all evil including death, while Ahura Mazda is responsible for all good (including life) the concept of world tree in Persian mythology is very closely related to the concept of Tree of Life.
The sacred plant haoma and the drink made from it. The preparation of the drink from the plant by pounding and the drinking of it are central features of Zoroastrian ritual. Haoma is also personified as a divinity. It bestows essential vital qualities—health, fertility, husbands for maidens, even immortality. The source of the earthly haoma plant is a shining white tree that grows on a paradisiacal mountain. Sprigs of this white haoma were brought to earth by divine birds.
Haoma is the Avestan form of the Sanskrit soma. The near identity of the two in ritual significance is considered by scholars to point to a salient feature of an Indo-Iranian religion antedating Zoroastrianism.[5][6]
Another related issue in ancient mythology of Iran is the myth of Mashyа and Mashyane, two trees who were the ancestors of all living beings. This myth can be considered as a prototype for the creation myth where living beings are created by Gods (who have a human form).
Ancient Egypt[edit]
Worshipping Osiris, Isis, and Horus
To the Ancient Egyptians, the Tree of Life represented the hierarchical chain of events that brought everything into existence. The spheres of the Tree of Life demonstrate the order, process, and method of creation.
In Egyptian mythology, in the Ennead system of Heliopolis, the first couple, apart from Shu and Tefnut (moisture and dryness) and Geb and Nut (earth and sky), are Isis and Osiris. They were said to have emerged from the acacia tree of Iusaaset, which the Egyptians considered the tree of life, referring to it as the "tree in which life and death are enclosed".
A much later myth relates how Set and 72 conspirators killed Osiris, putting him in a coffin, and throwing it into the Nile, the coffin becoming embedded in the base of a tamarisk tree.[7]
The Egyptians' Holy Sycamore also stood on the threshold of life and death, connecting the two worlds.
Ancient Mesopotamia and Urartu[edit]
Assyrian tree of life, from Nimrud panels.
The Assyrian Tree of Life was represented by a series of nodes and criss-crossing lines. It was apparently an important religious symbol, often attended to in Assyrian palace reliefs by human or eagle-headed winged genies, or the King, and blessed or fertilized with bucket and cone. Assyriologists have not reached consensus as to the meaning of this symbol. The name "Tree of Life" has been attributed to it by modern scholarship; it is not used in the Assyrian sources. In fact, no textual evidence pertaining to the symbol is known to exist.
The Epic of Gilgamesh is a similar quest for immortality. In Mesopotamian mythology, Etana searches for a 'plant of birth' to provide him with a son. This has a solid provenance of antiquity, being found in cylinder seals from Akkad (2390–2249 BCE).
The Urartian Tree of Life
In ancient Urartu, the Tree of Life was a religious symbol and was drawn on walls of fortresses and carved on the armor of warriors. The branches of the tree were equally divided on the right and left sides of the stem, with each branch having one leaf, and one leaf on the apex of the tree. Servants stood on each side of the tree with one of their hands up as if they are taking care of the tree.
Jewish sources[edit]
Main articles: Etz Chaim and Biblical tree of life
Etz Chaim, Hebrew for "tree of life," is a common term used in Judaism. The expression, found in the Book of Proverbs, is figuratively applied to the Torah itself. Etz Chaim is also a common name for yeshivas and synagogues as well as for works of Rabbinic literature. It is also used to describe each of the wooden poles to which the parchment of a Sefer Torah is attached.
The tree of life is mentioned in the Book of Genesis; it is distinct from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. After Adam and Eve disobeyed God by eating fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, they were driven out of the Garden of Eden. Remaining in the garden, however, was the tree of life. To prevent their access to this tree in the future, Cherubim with a flaming sword were placed at the east of the garden. (Genesis 3:22-24)
In the Book of Proverbs, the tree of life is associated with wisdom: "[Wisdom] is a tree of life to them that lay hold upon her, and happy [is every one] that retaineth her." (Proverbs 3:13-18) In 15:4 the tree of life is associated with calmness: "A soothing tongue is a tree of life; but perverseness therein is a wound to the spirit."[8]
The Book of Enoch, generally considered non-canonical, states that in the time of the great judgment God will give all those whose names are in the Book of Life fruit to eat from the Tree of Life.
Buddhism[edit]
The Bo tree, also called Bodhi tree, according to Buddhist tradition, is the pipal (Ficus religiosa) under which the Buddha sat when he attained Enlightenment (Bodhi) at Bodh Gaya (near Gaya, west-central Bihar state, India). A living pipal at Anuradhapura, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), is said to have grown from a cutting from the Bo tree sent to that city by King Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE.[9]
According to Tibetan tradition when Buddha went to the holy Lake Manasorovar along with 500 monks, he took with him the energy of Prayaga Raj. Upon his arrival, he installed the energy of Prayaga Raj near Lake Manasorovar, at a place now known as Prayang. Then he planted the seed of this eternal banyan tree next to Mt. Kailash on a mountain known as the "Palace of Medicine Buddha".[10]
China[edit]
Bronze Tree with birds, flowers, and ornaments from Sanxingdui
See also: Fusang
In Chinese mythology, a carving of a Tree of Life depicts a phoenix and a dragon; the dragon often represents immortality. A Taoist story tells of a tree that produces a peach of immortality every three thousand years, and anyone who eats the fruit receives immortality.
An archaeological discovery in the 1990s was of a sacrificial pit at Sanxingdui in Sichuan, China. Dating from about 1200 BCE, it contained three bronze trees, one of them 4 meters high. At the base was a dragon, and fruit hanging from the lower branches. At the top is a bird-like (phoenix) creature with claws. Also found in Sichuan, from the late Han dynasty (c 25 – 220 CE), is another tree of life. The ceramic base is guarded by a horned beast with wings. The leaves of the tree represent coins and people. At the apex is a bird with coins and the Sun.
Christianity[edit]
See also: Biblical tree of life and Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil in Christianity
In Catholic Christianity, the Tree of Life represents the immaculate state of humanity free from corruption and Original Sin before the Fall. Pope Benedict XVI has said that "the Cross is the true tree of life." [11] Saint Bonaventure taught that the medicinal fruit of the Tree of Life is Christ himself.[12] Saint Albert the Great taught that the Eucharist, the Body and Blood of Christ, is the Fruit of the Tree of Life.[13] Augustine of Hippo said that the tree of life is Christ: "All these things stood for something other than what they were, but all the same they were themselves bodily realities. And when the narrator mentioned them he was not employing figurative language, but giving an explicit account of things which had a forward reference that was figurative. So then the tree of life also was Christ... and indeed God did not wish the man to live in Paradise without the mysteries of spiritual things being presented to him in bodily form. So then in the other trees he was provided with nourishment, in this one with a sacrament... He is rightly called whatever came before him in order to signify him."[14]
The tree first appeared in Genesis 2:9 and 3:22-24 as the source of eternal life in the Garden of Eden, from which access is revoked when man is driven from the garden. It then reappears in the last book of the Bible, the Book of Revelation, and most predominantly in the last chapter of that book (Chapter 22) as a part of the new garden of paradise. Access is then no longer forbidden, for those who "wash their robes" (or as the textual variant in the King James Version has it, "they that do his commandments") "have right to the tree of life" (v.14). A similar statement appears in Rev 2:7, where the tree of life is promised as a reward to those who overcome. Revelation 22 begins with a reference to the "pure river of water of life" which proceeds "out of the throne of God". The river seems to feed two trees of life, one "on either side of the river" which "bear twelve manner of fruits" "and the leaves of the tree were for healing of the nations" (v.1-2).[15] Or this may indicate that the tree of life is a vine that grows on both sides of the river, as John 15:1 would hint at.
In Eastern Christianity the tree of life is the love of God.[16]
Islam[edit]
Carpet Tree of Life
Main article: Quranic tree of life
See also: Sidrat al-Muntaha
The "Tree of Immortality" (Arabic: شجرة الخلود) is the tree of life motif as it appears in the Quran. It is also alluded to in hadiths and tafsir. Unlike the biblical account, the Quran mentions only one tree in Eden, also called the tree of immortality, which Allah specifically forbade to Adam and Eve.[17][18] Satan, disguised as a serpent, repeatedly told Adam to eat from the tree, and eventually both Adam and Eve did so, thus disobeying Allah.[19] The hadiths also speak about other trees in heaven.[20]
According to the Indian Ahmadiyya movement founded in 1889, Quranic reference to the tree is symbolic; eating of the forbidden tree signifies that Adam disobeyed God.[21][22]
Baha'i Faith[edit]
See also: Sadratu'l-Muntahá
The concept of the tree of life appears in the writings of the Baha'i Faith, where it can refer to the Manifestation of God, a great teacher who appears to humanity from age to age. An example of this can be found in the Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh:[23][24]
"Have ye forgotten that true and radiant morn, when in those hallowed and blessed surroundings ye were all gathered in My presence beneath the shade of the tree of life, which is planted in the all-glorious paradise? Awestruck ye listened as I gave utterance to these three most holy words: O friends! Prefer not your will to Mine, never desire that which I have not desired for you, and approach Me not with lifeless hearts, defiled with worldly desires and cravings. Would ye but sanctify your souls, ye would at this present hour recall that place and those surroundings, and the truth of My utterance should be made evident unto all of you."
Also, in the Tablet of Ahmad [1], of Bahá'u'lláh:
"Verily He is the Tree of Life, that bringeth forth the fruits of God, the Exalted, the Powerful, the Great".
Bahá'u'lláh refers to his male descendents as branches (Aghsán) [25] and calls women leaves.[26]
A distinction has been made between the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The latter represents the physical world with its opposites, such as good and evil and light and dark. In a different context from the one above, the tree of life represents the spiritual realm, where this duality does not exist.[27]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]
Main article: Tree of life vision
The tree of life appears in the Book of Mormon in a revelation to Lehi (see 1 Nephi 8:10). It is symbolic of the love of God (see 1 Nephi 11:21-23). Its fruit is described as "most precious and most desirable above all other fruits," which "is the greatest of all the gifts of God" (see 1 Nephi 15:36). In another scriptural book, salvation is called "the greatest of all the gifts of God" (see Doctrine and Covenants 6:13). In the same book eternal life is also called the "greatest of all the gifts of God" (see Doctrine and Covenants 14:7). Because of these references, the tree of life and its fruit is sometimes understood to be symbolic of salvation and post-mortal existence in the presence of God and his love.
Europe[edit]
11th century Tree of Life sculpture at an ancient Swedish church
In Dictionnaire Mytho-Hermetique (Paris, 1737), Antoine-Joseph Pernety, a famous alchemist, identified the Tree of Life with the Elixir of Life and the Philosopher's Stone.
In Eden in the East (1998), Stephen Oppenheimer suggests that a tree-worshipping culture arose in Indonesia and was diffused by the so-called "Younger Dryas" event of c. 8000 BCE, when the sea level rose. This culture reached China (Szechuan), then India and the Middle East. Finally the Finno-Ugaritic strand of this diffusion spread through Russia to Finland where the Norse myth of Yggdrasil took root.
Georgia[edit]
The Borjgali (Georgian: ბორჯღალი) is an ancient Georgian Tree of Life symbol.
Germanic paganism and Norse mythology[edit]
In Germanic paganism, trees played (and, in the form of reconstructive Heathenry and Germanic Neopaganism, continue to play) a prominent role, appearing in various aspects of surviving texts and possibly in the name of gods.
The tree of life appears in Norse religion as Yggdrasil, the world tree, a massive tree (sometimes considered a yew or ash tree) with extensive lore surrounding it. Perhaps related to Yggdrasil, accounts have survived of Germanic Tribes' honouring sacred trees within their societies. Examples include Thor's Oak, sacred groves, the Sacred tree at Uppsala, and the wooden Irminsul pillar. In Norse Mythology, the apples from Iðunn's ash box provide immortality for the gods.
Kabbalah[edit]
Main articles: Tree of life in Kabbalah and Sephirot
Judaic Kabbalah Tree of Life 10 Sephirot, through which the Ein Sof unknowable Divine manifests Creation. The configuration relates to man
Jewish mysticism depicts the Tree of Life in the form of ten interconnected nodes, as the central symbol of the Kabbalah. It comprises the ten Sephirot powers in the Divine realm. The panentheistic and anthropomorphic emphasis of this emanationist theology interpreted the Torah, Jewish observance, and the purpose of Creation as the symbolic esoteric drama of unification in the Sephirot, restoring harmony to Creation. From the time of the Renaissance onwards, Jewish Kabbalah became incorporated as an important tradition in non-Jewish Western culture, first through its adoption by Christian Cabala, and continuing in Western esotericism occult Hermetic Qabalah. These adapted the Judaic Kabbalah Tree of Life syncretically by associating it with other religious traditions, esoteric theologies, and magical practices.
Mesoamerica[edit]
Main article: Mesoamerican world tree
The concept of world trees is a prevalent motif in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cosmologies and iconography. World trees embodied the four cardinal directions, which represented also the fourfold nature of a central world tree, a symbolic axis mundi connecting the planes of the Underworld and the sky with that of the terrestrial world.[28]
Depictions of world trees, both in their directional and central aspects, are found in the art and mythological traditions of cultures such as the Maya, Aztec, Izapan, Mixtec, Olmec, and others, dating to at least the Mid/Late Formative periods of Mesoamerican chronology. Among the Maya, the central world tree was conceived as or represented by a ceiba tree, and is known variously as a wacah chan or yax imix che, depending on the Mayan language.[29] The trunk of the tree could also be represented by an upright caiman, whose skin evokes the tree's spiny trunk.[28]
Directional world trees are also associated with the four Yearbearers in Mesoamerican calendars, and the directional colors and deities. Mesoamerican codices which have this association outlined include the Dresden, Borgia and Fejérváry-Mayer codices.[28] It is supposed that Mesoamerican sites and ceremonial centers frequently had actual trees planted at each of the four cardinal directions, representing the quadripartite concept.
World trees are frequently depicted with birds in their branches, and their roots extending into earth or water (sometimes atop a "water-monster," symbolic of the underworld). The central world tree has also been interpreted as a representation of the band of the Milky Way.[30]
North America[edit]
In a myth passed down among the Iroquois, The World on the Turtle's Back, explains the origin of the land in which a tree of life is described. According to the myth, it is found in the heavens, where the first humans lived, until a pregnant woman fell and landed in an endless sea. Saved by a giant turtle from drowning, she formed the world on its back by planting bark taken from the tree.
The tree of life motif is present in the traditional Ojibway cosmology and traditions. It is sometimes described as Grandmother Cedar, or Nookomis Giizhig in Anishinaabemowin.
In the book Black Elk Speaks, Black Elk, an Oglala Lakota (Sioux) wičháša wakȟáŋ (medicine man and holy man), describes his vision in which after dancing around a dying tree that has never bloomed he is transported to the other world (spirit world) where he meets wise elders, 12 men and 12 women. The elders tell Black Elk that they will bring him to meet "Our Father, the two-legged chief" and bring him to the center of a hoop where he sees the tree in full leaf and bloom and the "chief" standing against the tree. Coming out of his trance he hopes to see that the earthly tree has bloomed, but it is dead.[31]
Serer religion[edit]
In Serer religion, the tree of life as a religious concept forms the basis of Serer cosmogony. Trees were the first things created on Earth by the supreme being Roog (or Koox among the Cangin). In the competing versions of the Serer creation myth, the Somb (Prosopis africana) and the Saas tree (acacia albida) are both viewed as trees of life.[32] However, the prevailing view is that, the Somb was the first tree on Earth and the progenitor of plant life.[32][33] The Somb was also used in the Serer tumuli and burial chambers, many of which had survived for more than a thousand years.[32] Thus, Somb is not only the Tree of Life in Serer society, but the symbol of immortality.[32]
Turkic[edit]
The Tree of Life, as seen as in flag of Chuvashia, a Turkic state in the Russian Federation
The World Tree or Tree of Life is a central symbol in Turkic mythology.[citation needed] It is a common motif in carpets.
In 2009 it was introduced as the main design of the common Turkish lira sub-unit 5 kuruş.
Popular culture[edit]
Austrian symbolist artist Gustav Klimt portrayed his version of the tree of life in his painting, The Tree of Life, Stoclet Frieze. This iconic painting later inspired the external facade of the "New Residence Hall" (also called the "Tree House"), a colorful 21-story student residence hall at Massachusetts College of Art and Design in Boston, Massachusetts.[34]
In George Herbert's poem The Sacrifice (part of The Temple, 1633), the Tree of Life is the rood on which Jesus Christ was crucified. In C. S. Lewis' Chronicles of Narnia, the Tree of Life plays a role, especially in the sixth published book (the first in the in-world chronology) The Magician's Nephew.
Alex Proyas' 2009 film Knowing ends with the two young protagonists directed towards the Tree of Life.[35]
The Tree of Life is a Terrence Malick film released in May 2011, starring Brad Pitt, Sean Penn and Jessica Chastain.
The Marvel Cinematic Universe film franchise features a Tree of Life, in a more science-based version of the mythical tree. In the 2011 Marvel Studios superhero film Thor, the Asgardian warrior Thor explains that the Nine Realms of the Asgardian cosmos are linked by Yggdrasil, the Norse mythological Tree of Life, which is here interpreted as a nebula in space connecting the planets in an orbit.
In Fortnite Battle Royale there is a large tree on the map located somewhere between Flush Factory & Greasy Grove, commonly dubbed between players as ‘the Tree of Life’.
Physical "trees of life"[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Arborvitae gets its name from the Latin for "tree of life."
The Tule tree of Aztec mythology is also associated with a real tree. This Tule tree can be found in Oaxaca, Mexico.
There is a Tree of Life in Bahrain.
Metaphor: The Tree of Utah is an 87-foot (27 m) high sculpture in the Utah Bonneville Salt Flats that is also known as the "Tree of Life".
In some parts of the Caribbean and in the Philippines, the coconut is considered the "tree of life" as its parts can easily be used for short/medium term survival such as for food, shelter, and various implements.
Disney's Animal Kingdom theme park features an artificial tree dubbed "The Tree of Life", which has about 325 carvings of different species of animals. Inside the tree is the It's Tough to Be a Bug! attraction.
The West African Moringa oleifera tree is regarded as a "tree of life" or "miracle tree" by some because it is arguably the most nutritious source of plant-derived food discovered on the planet.[36] Modern scientists and some missionary groups have considered the plant as a possible solution for the treatment of severe malnutrition[37] and aid for those with HIV/AIDS.[38]
See also[edit]
Christmas tree
Five Trees
Fleur-de-lis
Holism
Maypole
New Year tree
Palmette
Sidrat al-Muntaha
Thelemic mysticism: Learning the Tree of Life
Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil
Tree of Life (craft)
Ṭūbā tree
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Giovino, Mariana (2007). The Assyrian Sacred Tree: A History of Interpretations, page 129. Saint-Paul. ISBN 9783727816024
Jump up ^ "As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these, if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever-branching and beautiful ramifications." Darwin, The Origin of Species (1872), 104f.
Jump up ^ World tree in the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Tryggve N. D. Mettinger (2007). The Eden Narrative: A Literary and Religio-historical Study of Genesis 2–3. Eisenbrauns. p. 5. ISBN 978-1575061412. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "haoma (Zoroastrianism) - Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
Jump up ^ "HAOMA i. BOTANY – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Internet Archive". The gods of the Egyptians; or, Studies in Egyptian mythology. 2011.
Jump up ^ For other direct references to the tree of life in the Jewish biblical canon, see also Proverbs 11:30, 13:12.
Jump up ^ "Bo tree (tree) - Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
Jump up ^ "The Kumbha Mela Times". Kmt.himalayaninstitute.org. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
Jump up ^ Gheddo, Piero (March 20, 2005). "Pope tells WYD youth: the Cross of Jesus is the real tree of life". AsiaNews.it. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
Jump up ^ "The Tree of Life". Yale University. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
Jump up ^ "The Eucharist as the Fruit of the Tree of Life | Saint Albert the Great". CrossroadsInitiative.com. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
Jump up ^ Augustine, The Literal Meaning of Genesis, VIII, 4, 8 (On Genesis, New City Press, p. 351-353)
Jump up ^ The Bible (King James version), The Revelation of St. John, chapter & verses as noted.
Jump up ^ Saint Isaac the Syrian says that "Paradise is the love of God, in which the bliss of all the beatitudes is contained," and that "the tree of life is the love of God" (Homily 72).
Jump up ^ Wheeler, Brannon (2002). Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis (annotated ed.). Continuum. p. 24. ISBN 978-0826449566. Abu Hurayrah: The Prophet Muhammad said: "In Paradise is a tree in the shade of which the stars course 100 years without cutting it: the Tree of Immortality.
Jump up ^ Oliver Leaman, ed. (2006). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 11. ISBN 9780415326391. Unlike the biblical account of Eden, the Qur'an mentions only one special tree in Eden, the Tree of Immortality, from which Adam and Eve were prohibited.
Jump up ^ Three Translations of the Koran (Al-Qur'an) Side by Side Quran 20:120, "Shall I show thee the tree of immortality and power that wasteth not away? S: But the Shaitan made an evil suggestion to him; he said: O Adam! Shall I guide you to the tree of immortality and a kingdom which decays not? "
Jump up ^ Maulana Muhammad Ali (2011) Introduction to the Study of the Holy Qur'an "This in itself gives an indication that it is the well-known tree of evil, for both good and evil are compared to two trees in 14:24–25 and elsewhere. This is further corroborated by the devil's description of it as “the tree of immortality” (20:120), ..."
Jump up ^ Bilal Khalid. "Quran, Adam and Original Sin". Al Islam. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Holy Quran with English Translation and Commentary Volume 1. Islam International Publications. p. 86. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ * Taherzadeh, Adib (1976). The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853-63. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 80. ISBN 0-85398-270-8.
Jump up ^ Kazemi, Farshid (2009). Mysteries of Alast: The Realm of Subtle Entities and the Primordial Covenant in the Babi-Bahá'í Writings. Bahá'í Studies Review 15.
Jump up ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "Aghsán". A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 30. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
Jump up ^ Liya, Sally (2004). The Use of Trees as Symbols in the World Religions in: Solas, 4. Donegal, Ireland. Association for Baha'i Studies English-Speaking Europe. P. 55.
Jump up ^ Abdu'l-Baha, Some Answered Questions, p. 122.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, Mary; Karl Taube (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05068-2.
Jump up ^ Finley, Michael (2003). "Raising the sky: The Maya creation myth and the Milky Way". The Real Maya Prophecies: Astronomy in the Inscriptions and Codices. Maya Astronomy. Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Freidel, David A.; Linda Schele; Joy Parker (1993). Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path. William Morrow & Co. ISBN 978-0-688-10081-0.
Jump up ^ "Black Elk Speaks". Visions of the Other World. First People of America and Canada - Turtle Island. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d (in French) Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - Pangool", vol. 2., Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), pp 125–6, 199–200, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1
Jump up ^ (in French) & (in English) Niangoran-Bouah, Georges, "L'univers Akan des poids à peser l'or : les poids dans la société", Les nouvelles éditions africaines - MLB, (1987), p 25, ISBN 2723614034
Jump up ^ "MassArt Residence Story: This is the house that collaboration built". MASCO: Medical Academic and Scientific Community Organization. MASCO, Inc. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
Jump up ^ Albertson, Cammila (2009). "Knowing: Review". TV Guide. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Moringa". Leafforlife.org. 2002-06-03. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
Jump up ^ Weekend Edition Saturday (2000-08-12). "Moringa Oleifera : Malnutrition Fighter". NPR. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
Jump up ^ Burger DJ; Fuglie L; Herzig JW (12 July 2002). "The possible role of Moringa oleifera in HIV/AIDS supportive treatment". Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Marsella, Elena Maria (1966). The Quest for Eden. New York: Philosophical Library. ISBN 0802210635.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tree of life.
tolweb.org – Tree of Life Web Project at tolweb.org
OneZoom Tree of Life Explorer at onezoom.org
Trees For Life at treesforlife.org
Moringa at demoringa.com - Encyclopedia illustrated in Spanish on the Moringa
[2] The Ilanot Project. Haifa Uni.
[hide]
v
t
e
Origin of life
Concepts
Abiogenesis
Common descent
Earliest known life forms
Last universal ancestor
Protocell
Quasispecies model
Research
Astrobiology
Evolutionary biology
Miller–Urey experiment
Paleobiology
Hypotheses
Clay hypothesis
Iron–sulfur world
PAH world
Panspermia
Cosmic ancestry
Peptide-RNA world
Primordial soup
RNA world
Authority control
LCCN: sh85137229
GND: 4351512-5
BNF: cb11947935h (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_of_life&oldid=825542369"
Categories:
Trees in mythology
Iconography
Hidden categories:
Articles with French-language external links
Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2016
All articles needing rewrite
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017
Pages with numeric Bible version references
Articles containing Georgian-language text
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016
Articles needing additional references from October 2015
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Català
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Italiano
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Nedersaksies
日本語
Română
Русский
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2018, at 00:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Tree_of_life_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Tree of life (disambiguation)

values: Oluf Olufsen Bagge (page does not exist)

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Sacred_tree
mw-redirect
Sacred tree

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)

values:
/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)
mw-redirect
Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)

values:
/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_deity)
mw-redirect
Shu (Egyptian deity)

values:
/wiki/Tamarisk_tree
mw-redirect
Tamarisk tree

values:
/wiki/Sycamore_fig
mw-redirect
Sycamore fig

values: Edit section: Ancient Mesopotamia and Urartu

values:
/wiki/Assyrian_palace_reliefs
mw-redirect
Assyrian palace reliefs

values:
/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology
mw-redirect
Mesopotamian mythology

values:
/wiki/Peaches_of_immortality
mw-redirect
Peaches of immortality

values:
/wiki/Original_Sin
mw-redirect
Original Sin

values:
/wiki/St._Augustine
mw-redirect
St. Augustine

values:
/wiki/Baha%27i_Faith
mw-redirect
Baha'i Faith

values:
/wiki/Tablet_of_Ahmad
mw-redirect
Tablet of Ahmad

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.bahaiprayers.org/ahmad.htm

values: Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

values:
/wiki/Lehi_(Book_of_Mormon)
mw-redirect
Lehi (Book of Mormon)

values:
/wiki/Philosopher%27s_Stone
mw-redirect
Philosopher's Stone

values: Edit section: Germanic paganism and Norse mythology

values:
/wiki/Germanic_paganism
mw-redirect
Germanic paganism

values:
/wiki/Germanic_Neopaganism
mw-redirect
Germanic Neopaganism

values:
/wiki/European_yew
mw-redirect
European yew

values:
/wiki/Germanic_people
mw-redirect
Germanic people

values:
/wiki/Thor%27s_Oak
mw-redirect
Thor's Oak

values:
/wiki/Norse_Mythology
mw-redirect
Norse Mythology

values:
/wiki/Christian_Cabala
mw-redirect
Christian Cabala

values:
/wiki/Cardinal_directions
mw-redirect
Cardinal directions

values:
/wiki/Mayan_language
mw-redirect
Mayan language

values:
/wiki/Mesoamerican_codices
mw-redirect
Mesoamerican codices

values:
/wiki/Roog_(Serer_deity)
mw-redirect
Roog (Serer deity)

values:
/wiki/Faidherbia_albida
mw-redirect
Faidherbia albida

values:
/wiki/Plant_species
mw-redirect
Plant species

values:
/wiki/Serer_ancient_history
mw-redirect
Serer ancient history

values:
/wiki/Russian_Federation
mw-redirect
Russian Federation

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)

values:
/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Boston, Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Chronicles_of_Narnia
mw-redirect
Chronicles of Narnia

values:
/wiki/Fortnite_Battle_Royale
mw-redirect
Fortnite Battle Royale

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;

values: The Assyrian Sacred Tree: A History of Interpretations (page does not exist)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.tolweb.org/tree/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.onezoom.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.demoringa.com

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://ilanot.haifa.ac.il

values:
/wiki/Last_universal_ancestor
mw-redirect
Last universal ancestor

values:
/wiki/Clay_hypothesis
mw-redirect
Clay hypothesis

values:
/wiki/Peptide-RNA_world
mw-redirect
Peptide-RNA world

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4351512-5

values: Category:Articles with French-language external links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2016

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017

values: Category:Pages with numeric Bible version references

values: Category:Articles containing Georgian-language text

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tree_of_life
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: شجرة الحياة (مفهوم) – Arabic

values: درخت زندگی – Persian

values: Կենաց ծառ – Armenian

values: "Жашоо дарагы" – Kyrgyz

values: Дерево жизни (мифология) – Russian

values: வாழ்வளிக்கும் மரம் – Tamil

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tree_of_life rootpage-Tree_of_life skin-vector action-view