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Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree
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"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
Single by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando
from the album Tuneweaving
B-side
"I Can't Believe How Much I Love You"
Released
19 February 1973
Format
7", 12"
Recorded
1973
Genre
Pop
Length
3:20
Label
Bell
Songwriter(s)
Irwin Levine, L. Russell Brown
Producer(s)
Hank Medress, Dave Appell
Dawn featuring Tony Orlando singles chronology
"You're a Lady"
(1972) "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
(1973) "Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose"
(1973)
"You're a Lady"
(1972) "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
(1973) "Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose"
(1973)
"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" is a song by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando. It was written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown and produced by Hank Medress and Dave Appell, with Motown/Stax backing vocalist Telma Hopkins, Joyce Vincent Wilson and her sister Pamela Vincent on backing vocals.[1] It was a worldwide hit for the group in 1973.
The single reached the top 10 in ten countries, in eight of which it topped the charts. It reached number one on both the US and UK charts for four weeks in April 1973, number one on the Australian charts for seven weeks from May to July 1973 and number one on the New Zealand charts for ten weeks from June to August 1973. It was the top-selling single in 1973 in both the US and UK.
In 2008, Billboard ranked the song as the 37th biggest song of all time in its issue celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Origins of the song
3 Chart and sales performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Cover versions
5 In popular culture
6 Association with the People Power Revolution
7 Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests
8 See also
9 References
Synopsis[edit]
The song is told from the point of view of someone who has "done his time" but is uncertain if he will be welcomed home.
He writes to his love, asking her to tie a yellow ribbon around the "ole oak tree" in front of the house (which the bus will pass by) if she wants him to return to her life; if he does not see such a ribbon, he will remain on the bus (taking that to mean he is unwelcome) and understand her reasons ("put the blame on me"). He asks the bus driver to check, fearful of not seeing anything.
To his amazement, the entire bus cheers the response – there are 100 yellow ribbons around the tree, a sign he is very much welcome.
Origins of the song[edit]
This is NOT the story of a convict who had told his love to tie a ribbon book to a tree outside of town. I know because I wrote the song one morning in 15 minutes with the late lyrical genius Irwin Levine. The genesis of this idea came from the age old folk tale about a Union prisoner of war--who sent a letter to his girl that he was coming home from a confederate POW camp in Georgia.... Anything about a criminal is pure fantasy....
—  L. Russell Brown[2]
The origin of the idea of a yellow ribbon as remembrance may have been the 19th-century practice that some women allegedly had of wearing a yellow ribbon in their hair to signify their devotion to a husband or sweetheart serving in the U.S. Cavalry. The song "'Round Her Neck She Wears a Yeller Ribbon", which later inspired the John Wayne movie She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, is a reference to this. The symbol of a yellow ribbon became widely known in civilian life in the 1970s as a reminder that an absent loved one, either in the military or in jail, would be welcomed home on their return.
In October 1971, newspaper columnist Pete Hamill wrote a piece for the New York Post called "Going Home". In it, he told a variant of the story, in which college students on a bus trip to the beaches of Fort Lauderdale make friends with an ex-convict who is watching for a yellow handkerchief on a roadside oak in Brunswick, Georgia. Hamill claimed to have heard this story in oral tradition. In June 1972, nine months later, Reader's Digest reprinted "Going Home". Also in June 1972, ABC-TV aired a dramatized version of it in which James Earl Jones played the role of the returning ex-con. According to L. Russell Brown, he read Hamill's story in the Reader's Digest, and suggested to his songwriting partner Irwin Levine that they write a song based on it.[3] Levine and Brown then registered for copyright the song which they called "Tie a Yellow Ribbon 'Round the Ole Oak Tree". At the time, the writers said they heard the story while serving in the military. Pete Hamill was not convinced and filed suit for infringement. Hamill dropped his suit after folklorists working for Levine and Brown turned up archival versions of the story that had been collected before "Going Home" had been written.[2]
Levine and Brown first offered the song to Ringo Starr, but Al Steckler of Apple Records told them that they should be ashamed of the song and described it as "ridiculous".[3]
Chart and sales performance[edit]
In April 1973, the recording by Tony Orlando and Dawn reached No. 1 in the Billboard Hot 100 (chart date April 21, 1973) in the US, and stayed at No. 1 for four weeks.[1] "Tie A Yellow Ribbon" sold 3 million records in the US in three weeks. It also reached No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and BMI calculated that radio stations had played it 3 million times from seventeen continuous years of airplay. Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1973.[4] It also reached No. 1 in the UK and Australia, and has sold 1 million copies in the UK.[5] In New Zealand, the song spent 10 weeks at number one.[6]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[7] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[8] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[9] 1
Canada RPM 1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[10] 9
Ireland (IRMA) 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[11] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[12] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[13] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[14] 1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[15] 1
US Cash Box Top 100 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Rank
Australia [7] 1
Canada 1
New Zealand 1
UK [16] 1
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [17] 1
U.S. Cash Box [18] 1
Cover versions[edit]
The song enjoyed duplicate success on country radio, as a cover version by Johnny Carver. Carver's rendition - simply titled "Yellow Ribbon" - was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in June 1973. Carver's version also reached Number One on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.[19] Musically similar, the only difference in the song is the substitution of the minor expletive "damn" (in the lyric, "Now the whole damn bus is cheering") with "darn".
Bing Crosby recorded the song on June 8, 1973 with an orchestra conducted by Billy Byers for Daybreak Records.[20]
Also in 1973, Jim Nabors covered the song on his album The Twelfth of Never (Columbia KC 32377).[21]
Also in 1973, Italian singer Domenico Modugno had a minor hit in Italy with a cover in his language: "Appendi un nastro giallo". The lyrics are a very faithful translation of the original, the only difference is that instead of watching the tree from a bus, the Italian singer watches it from a tram.
Perry Como - included in his album And I Love You So (1973).
Dean Martin - included in his album You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me (1973).
In Chile, Roberto Inglez achieved great success with his version, which was number one on the national radio for the September 11, 1973.
Lou Sino covered the song which appeared on his Now album (1973).[22] It was also the B side of his single, "She's Got to Be a Saint" released on Bengal 112873.
Kay Starr did a version of this song on the country pop charts in 1974 hitting number 12.
Frank Sinatra included the song in his album Some Nice Things I've Missed (1974)
Around 1974 the song was also covered by Hong Kong singing artist Agnes Chan.
The song is included on the album "With love from" of Taiwanese superstar Teresa Teng.
In 1974 Venezuelan group 'Los Tres Tristes Tigres' (Three Sad Tigers) launched locally a huge hit version of the song in Spanish, entitled "Amarra Una Cinta". The colour of the ribbon was changed from yellow (amarillo) to dark red (carmesí), due to the rhyme of the song in Spanish.
Max Bygraves included in his album Singalong with Max (1975).[23]
The song was covered by Lawrence Welk, whose orchestra performed it many times on his television program during the late 1970s; a studio version was released in 1975 on his album Lawrence Welk's Most Requested TV Favorites (Champagne Style).[24]
The song was covered by Bobby Goldsboro on a multi-artist compilation album entitled Storytellers released in 1976.
Harry Connick Jr. - for his album 30 (2001).
In 2003 Dolly Parton recorded a cover on her patriotic album For God and Country.
The song was covered by Eric D. Johnson and appears on the soundtrack for the 2011 film Our Idiot Brother starring Paul Rudd. The song is used over the opening credits as Rudd is released from prison after serving time for selling marijuana to a uniform police officer.
In 2014, a cover version was sung by Cuban stars Silvio Rodríguez, Amaury Pérez, Los Cinco, Kiki Corona, Luna Manzanares, Gretell Barreiro and the famous classical pianist Frank Fernández. This version, sung in English, was a protest asking Barack Obama to free three Cuban activists kept in a Miami prison.
In popular culture[edit]
The song had renewed popularity in 1981, in the wake of the Iranian hostage crisis.[2]
Later in 1973, Connie Francis had a minor hit in Australia with an answer song, "The Answer (Should I Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree?)". Her version remained in the top 40 for three weeks, peaking at number 31.
In 1977, the song was sung by Andy Kaufman playing his character Tony Clifton on HBO.
The song was performed by David Alan Grier over the closing credits of Amazon Women on the Moon (1987).
In 1993, Aardman Animations' stop-motion animated short film The Wrong Trousers featuring Wallace and Gromit, included the song when Gromit realises his bedroom has been taken over by the evil mute penguin disguised as a chicken, Feathers McGraw. The Hammond organ arrangement of the song is menacingly played from Feathers McGraw's radio at a very loud volume.
In 1999 S Club 7 performed the song for their hit TV series Miami 7. It was featured in the second episode.
The song was also covered by SHINee during their 1st Japan Arena Tour Shinee World 2012 starting with SHINee Fukuoka arena tour on April 25, 2012 and ending with SHINee Hiroshima arena tour on July 1, 2012. They also performed the same song throughout their 2nd Asia Tour Shinee World II in various countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, China and Singapore.
In The Simpsons' "Treehouse of Horror XXVI" (2015) segment 'Homerzilla', Disco Stu sings the song at a karaoke box as all the power is cut off due to Homerzilla cutting off the wires in a wire tower.
In 2016 the song appeared in Stranger Things (Season 1, Episode 2).
Association with the People Power Revolution[edit]
In the Philippines, the song was best known for its use in the return of exiled politician Benigno Aquino, Jr. to the country in 1983, during which Aquino supporters tied yellow ribbons on trees in anticipation of his arrival. However, Aquino was assassinated upon arrival, sparking the rise of People Power three years later that led to the demise of Ferdinand Marcos' presidency and subsequent inauguration of Aquino's widow Corazon Aquino as president. Yellow was also the campaign symbol of Aquino's son who eventually became President Benigno Aquino III in 2010.[25]
Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests[edit]
During the 2014 Hong Kong Protests the song was routinely performed by pro-democracy protestors and sympathetic street musicians as a reference to the yellow ribbons that had become a popular symbol of the movement on site (tied to street railings) and on social media.[26] Journalists covering the event described use of the tune as a protest song.[27]
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles of 1973 (Ireland)
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1973 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1973 (U.S.)
List of number-one singles from the 1970s (UK)
Preceded by
"The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia" by Vicki Lawrence Billboard Hot 100 number-one single (Tony Orlando and Dawn version)
April 21, 1973 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"You Are the Sunshine of My Life" by Stevie Wonder
Preceded by
"Dirty Old Man" by George Hamilton IV[28] RPM Country Tracks number one single (Johnny Carver version)
June 16, 1973 (one week)[19] Succeeded by
"You Always Come Back (To Hurting Me)" by Johnny Rodriguez[29]
Preceded by
"Get Down" by Gilbert O'Sullivan UK Singles Chart number one single
April 21, 1973 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"See My Baby Jive" by Wizzard
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gerald E. Parson, "How the Yellow Ribbon Became a National Folk Symbol", available at Library of Congress, originally printed in the Folklife Center News (Volume XIII, #3, 1991, pp. 9-11).
^ Jump up to: a b "The L. Russell Brown Interview". Classicbands.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1973
Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi (4 November 2012). "UK's million-selling singles: the full list". Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – DAWN FEAT. TONY ORLANDO – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – DAWN FEAT. TONY ORLANDO – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – DAWN FEAT. TONY ORLANDO – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Dawn – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – DAWN FEAT. TONY ORLANDO – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Dawn Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Dawn Chart History (Adult Contemporary)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 1973 - UK Music Charts". Uk-charts.top-source.info. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1973/Top 100 Songs of 1973". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1973". Tropicalglen.com. 1973-12-29. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "RPM Country Tracks for June 16, 1973". RPM. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jim Nabors - The Twelfth Of Never (Vinyl, LP)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Discogs Lou Sino – Now
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lawrence Welk - Lawrence Welk's Most Requested TV Favorites (Champagne Style)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Iconic yellow ribbon–why it keeps waving". Asian Journal. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Jasmine (October 3, 2014). "Hong Kong Protests: The Symbols and Songs Explained". BBC News. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Dearden, Lizie (October 5, 2015). "Hong Kong Protests: A Guide to Yellow Ribbons, Blue Ribbons and All the Other Colours". The Independent. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "RPM Country Tracks for June 9, 1973". RPM. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "RPM Country Tracks for June 23, 1973". RPM. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
[show]
v
t
e
Tony Orlando and Dawn
Tony Orlando
Telma Hopkins
Joyce Vincent Wilson
Albums
Candida
Dawn's New Ragtime Follies
Singles
"Candida"
"Knock Three Times"
"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
"Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose"
"He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)"
Book:Tony Orlando and Dawn
[show]
v
t
e
Billboard Year-End number one singles (1960–1979)
1960: "Theme from A Summer Place" – Percy Faith
1961: "Tossin' and Turnin'" – Bobby Lewis
1962: "Stranger on the Shore" – Mr. Acker Bilk
1963: "Sugar Shack" – Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs
1964: "I Want to Hold Your Hand" – The Beatles
1965: "Wooly Bully" – Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs
1966: "Ballad of the Green Berets" – S/Sgt. Barry Sadler
1967: "To Sir, with Love" – Lulu
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970: "Bridge over Troubled Water" – Simon & Garfunkel
1971: "Joy to the World" – Three Dog Night
1972: "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Roberta Flack
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
1974: "The Way We Were" – Barbra Streisand
1975: "Love Will Keep Us Together" – Captain & Tennille
1976: "Silly Love Songs" – Wings
1977: "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)" – Rod Stewart
1978: "Shadow Dancing" – Andy Gibb
1979: "My Sharona" – The Knack
Complete list
(1946–1959)
(1960–1979)
(1980–1999)
(2000–2019)
[show]
v
t
e
Best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom
1952–1969
1952: "Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart" – Vera Lynn (UK)
1953: "I Believe" – Frankie Laine
1954: "Secret Love" – Doris Day
1955: "Rose Marie" – Slim Whitman
1956: "I'll Be Home" – Pat Boone
1957: "Diana" – Paul Anka
1958: "Jailhouse Rock" – Elvis Presley
1959: "Living Doll" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1960: "It's Now or Never" – Elvis Presley
1961: "Wooden Heart" – Elvis Presley
1962: "I Remember You" – Frank Ifield (UK)
1963: "She Loves You" – The Beatles (UK)
1964: "Can't Buy Me Love" – The Beatles (UK)
1965: "Tears" – Ken Dodd (UK)
1966: "Green, Green Grass of Home" – Tom Jones (UK)
1967: "Release Me" – Engelbert Humperdinck (UK)
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles (UK)
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970–1989
1970: "The Wonder of You" – Elvis Presley
1971: "My Sweet Lord" – George Harrison (UK)
1972: "Amazing Grace" – The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band (UK)
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
1974: "Tiger Feet" – Mud (UK)
1975: "Bye Bye Baby" – Bay City Rollers (UK)
1976: "Save Your Kisses for Me" – Brotherhood of Man (UK)
1977: "Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School" – Wings (UK)
1978: "Rivers of Babylon" / "Brown Girl in the Ring" – Boney M.
1979: "Bright Eyes" – Art Garfunkel
1980: "Don't Stand So Close to Me" – The Police (UK)
1981: "Don't You Want Me" – The Human League (UK)
1982: "Come On Eileen" – Dexys Midnight Runners (UK)
1983: "Karma Chameleon" – Culture Club (UK)
1984: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid (UK)
1985: "The Power of Love" – Jennifer Rush
1986: "Don't Leave Me This Way" – The Communards (UK)
1987: "Never Gonna Give You Up" – Rick Astley (UK)
1988: "Mistletoe and Wine" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1989: "Ride on Time" – Black Box
1990–2009
1990: "Unchained Melody" – The Righteous Brothers
1991: "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams
1992: "I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston
1993: "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" – Meat Loaf
1994: "Love Is All Around" – Wet Wet Wet (UK)
1995: "Unchained Melody" – Robson & Jerome (UK)
1996: "Killing Me Softly" – Fugees
1997: "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997" – Elton John (UK)
1998: "Believe" – Cher
1999: "...Baby One More Time" – Britney Spears
2000: "Can We Fix It?" – Bob the Builder (UK)
2001: "It Wasn't Me" – Shaggy featuring Rikrok (UK)
2002: "Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen" – Will Young (UK)
2003: "Where Is the Love?" – The Black Eyed Peas
2004: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid 20 (UK)
2005: "Is This the Way to Amarillo" – Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay (UK)
2006: "Crazy" – Gnarls Barkley
2007: "Bleeding Love" – Leona Lewis (UK)
2008: "Hallelujah" – Alexandra Burke (UK)
2009: "Poker Face" – Lady Gaga
2010–present
2010: "Love the Way You Lie" – Eminem featuring Rihanna
2011: "Someone Like You" – Adele (UK)
2012: "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra
2013: "Blurred Lines" – Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams
2014: "Happy" – Pharrell Williams
2015: "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson (UK) featuring Bruno Mars
2016: "One Dance" – Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (UK)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tie_a_Yellow_Ribbon_Round_the_Ole_Oak_Tree&oldid=809107931"
Categories:
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Hidden categories:
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Singlechart usages for Austrian
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Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Lady Margaret Beaufort
Countess of Richmond and Derby
Lady Margaret Beaufort at prayer
Born
31 May 1441/1443
Bletsoe Castle, Bedfordshire, England
Died
29 June 1509 (aged 68 or 66)
London, England
Buried
Henry VII Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey
Spouse(s)
John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk
Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond
Sir Henry Stafford
Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby
Issue
Henry VII, King of England
Father
John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset
Mother
Margaret Beauchamp of Bletsoe
Lady Margaret Beaufort (usually pronounced: /ˈboʊfərt/, BOH-fərt; or /ˈbjuːfərt/, BEW-fərt), later Countess of Richmond and Derby (31 May 1441/1443 – 29 June 1509), was the mother of King Henry VII and paternal grandmother of King Henry VIII of England.
She was a key figure in the Wars of the Roses and an influential matriarch of the House of Tudor. She is credited with the establishment of two prominent Cambridge colleges, founding Christ's College in 1505 and beginning the development of St John's College, which was completed posthumously by her executors in 1511.[1][2] Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, the first Oxford college to admit women, is named after her and has a statue of her in the college chapel.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Wardship
3 Marriages
3.1 First marriage
3.2 Second marriage
3.3 Third marriage
3.4 Fourth marriage
4 The King's Mother
5 Death
6 Legacy
7 Portraits
8 Titles, styles, honours and arms
8.1 Titles and styles
9 Ancestors
10 Depictions in the media
10.1 In historical fiction
10.2 On screen
11 Notes and references
12 Bibliography
13 Further reading
14 External links
Origins[edit]
She was the daughter and sole heiress of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (1403–1444), KG (a greatgrandson of King Edward III through his third surviving son, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster by Katherine Swynford, later his wife). Margaret was born at Bletsoe Castle, Bedfordshire, on 31 May 1441 or 1443. The day and month are not disputed, as she required Westminster Abbey to celebrate her birthday on 31 May. The year of her birth is more uncertain. William Dugdale, the 17th-century antiquary, suggested that she may have been born in 1441, based on evidence of inquisitions post mortem taken after the death of her father. Dugdale has been followed by a number of Margaret's biographers; however, it is more likely that she was born in 1443, as in May 1443 her father had negotiated with the king concerning the wardship of his unborn child should he die on campaign.[4]
Wardship[edit]
At the moment of her birth, Margaret's father was preparing to go to France and lead an important military expedition for King Henry VI. Somerset negotiated with the king to ensure that in case of his death the rights to Margaret's wardship and marriage would be granted only to his wife.[citation needed]
As a tenant-in-chief of the crown the wardship of his heir fell to the crown under the feudal system. Somerset fell out with the king after coming back from France and was banished from the royal court pending a charge of treason against him. He died shortly afterwards. According to Thomas Basin, Somerset died of illness, but the Crowland Chronicle reported that his death was suicide. Margaret, as his only child, was heiress to his fortune.[5]
Upon her first birthday, the king broke the arrangement with Margaret's father and granted the wardship of her extensive lands to William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, although Margaret herself remained in the custody of her mother. Margaret's mother was pregnant at the time of Somerset's death, but the child did not survive and Margaret remained the sole heir. Although she was her father's only legitimate child, Margaret had two maternal half-brothers and three maternal half-sisters from her mother's first marriage whom she supported after her son's accession to the throne.[6]
Marriages[edit]
First marriage[edit]
Margaret was married to Suffolk's son, John de la Pole. The wedding may have been held between 28 January and 7 February 1444, when she was perhaps a year old but certainly no more than three. However, there is more evidence to suggest they were married in January 1450, after Suffolk had been arrested and was looking to secure his son's future. Papal dispensation was granted on 18 August 1450, necessary because the spouses were too closely related, and this concurs with the later date of marriage.[7]
Margaret never recognised this marriage. Three years later, the marriage was dissolved and King Henry VI granted Margaret's wardship to his own half-brothers, Jasper and Edmund Tudor.[8][9][10] In her will, made in 1472, Margaret refers to Edmund Tudor as her first husband. Under canon law, Margaret was not bound by the marriage contract as she was entered into the marriage before reaching the age of twelve.[8]
Second marriage[edit]
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Monumental brass of Edmund Tudor, St David's Cathedral, Pembrokeshire
Pembroke Castle, the Norman castle where 13-year-old Margaret gave birth to Henry Tudor in 1457
Even before the annulment of her first marriage, Henry VI chose Margaret as a bride for his half-brother, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. Edmund was the eldest son of the king's mother, Catherine of Valois, by Owen Tudor.[8]
Margaret was 12 when she married the 24-year-old Edmund Tudor on 1 November 1455. The Wars of the Roses had just broken out; Edmund, a Lancastrian, was taken prisoner by Yorkist forces less than a year later. He died of the plague in captivity at Carmarthen on 3 November 1456, leaving a 13-year-old widow who was seven months pregnant with their child.
Taken into the care of her brother-in-law Jasper, at Pembroke Castle, the Countess gave birth on 28 January 1457 to her only child, Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII of England. The birth was particularly difficult; at one point, both the Countess and her child were close to death, due to her young age and small size. She never gave birth again.[11]
Margaret and her son remained in Pembroke until the York triumphs of 1461 saw the castle pass to Lord Herbert of Raglan.[12] From the age of two, Henry lived with his father's family in Wales, and from the age of fourteen, he lived in exile in France. During this period, the relationship between mother and son was sustained by letters and a few visits.[13]
The Countess always respected the name and memory of Edmund as the father of her only child. In 1472, sixteen years after his death, Margaret specified in her will that she wanted to be buried alongside Edmund, even though she had enjoyed a long, stable and close relationship with her third husband, who had died in 1471.[citation needed]
Third marriage[edit]
On 3 January 1458, the teenaged Margaret married Sir Henry Stafford (c. 1425–1471), son of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham. A dispensation for the marriage, necessary because Margaret and Stafford were second cousins, was granted on 6 April 1457. The Countess enjoyed a fairly long and harmonious marital relationship during her marriage to Stafford. Margaret and her husband were given 400 marks' worth of land by Buckingham, but Margaret's own estates were still the main source of income. They had no children.[14]
In 1471, Stafford died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Barnet, fighting for the Yorkists. At 28 years old, Margaret became a widow again.[15]
Fourth marriage[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Presentation miniature of Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, one of the first books in the English language, printed by William Caxton. The miniature depicts Anthony Woodville presenting the book to Edward IV, accompanied by his wife Elizabeth Woodville, his son Edward, Prince of Wales and his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester
In June 1472, Margaret married Thomas Stanley, the Lord High Constable and King of Mann. Their marriage [16] was at first a marriage of convenience. Jones & Underwood (1993) have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family.[17] Her marriage to Stanley enabled her to return to the court of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville. She was chosen by Queen Elizabeth to be godmother to one of her daughters.
Following Edward's death and the seizure of the throne by Richard, Margaret was soon back at court serving the new queen, Anne Neville. Margaret carried Anne's train at the coronation.[18] Nevertheless, Richard III passed an act of Parliament stripping Margaret of all her titles and estates, although he stopped short of a full attainder by transferring her property to her husband.[19]
While serving the new king and queen, Margaret was secretly plotting with the dowager queen, Elizabeth Woodville, and was almost certainly involved in Buckingham's rebellion.[20]
As Queen Elizabeth's sons, the Princes in the Tower, were presumed murdered, it was agreed that Margaret's son, Henry, would be betrothed to Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Elizabeth and Edward IV, thus creating a marriage alliance with potential to attract both Yorkist and Lancastrian support.[citation needed]
Margaret's husband Stanley, despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion, did not respond when summoned to fight at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, remaining aloof from the battle, even though his eldest son, George Stanley (styled Lord Strange), was held hostage by Richard. After the battle, it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson (Henry VII), who later made him Earl of Derby. Margaret was then styled "Countess of Richmond and Derby".[21] She was invested as a Lady Companion, Order of the Garter (LG) in 1488.
During this period Margaret and the Stanley family endowed the building of chapels in Wales. Like Edward IV and his court, she was also involved with the advances in printing of William Caxton and his successor Wynkyn de Worde, not only as a patroness but for her own acquisition. The first book she commissioned from Caxton in 1483 was the 13th-century French romance Blanchardin et Englantine, which mirrored fairly closely the match she was forging in secret between her son Henry and Elizabeth of York, with the aid of Elizabeth Woodville, then in sanctuary from Richard III in Westminster Abbey. Six years later, after Richard's defeat to Henry at Bosworth, she commissioned an English translation of the romance from Caxton: it heralded the beginning of a period of Tudor patronage. Apart from encouraging book production and building her own library, Margaret also involved herself as a translator, mostly of French religious texts.[22]
Later in her marriage, the Countess preferred living alone. In 1499, with her husband's permission, she took a vow of chastity in the presence of Richard FitzJames, Bishop of London. Taking a vow of chastity while being married was unusual but not unprecedented; around 1413, Margery Kempe also negotiated a vow of chastity with her husband. The Countess moved away from her husband and lived alone at Collyweston, Northamptonshire (near Stamford). She was regularly visited by her husband, who had rooms reserved for him. Margaret renewed her vows in 1504.[22]
The King's Mother[edit]
Henry VII of England, Margaret's only child
After her son won the crown at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the Countess was referred to in court as "My Lady the King's Mother". As such, she enjoyed legal and social independence which other married women could not (see Coverture). Her son's first parliament recognised her right to hold property independently from her husband, as if she were unmarried.[23] Towards the end of her son's reign she was given a special commission to administer justice in the north of England.[24]
As arranged by their mothers, Henry married Elizabeth of York. The Countess was reluctant to accept a lower status than the dowager queen Elizabeth or even her daughter-in-law, the queen consort. She wore robes of the same quality as the queen consort and walked only half a pace behind her. Elizabeth's biographer, Amy Licence, states that this "would have been the correct courtly protocol", adding that "Only one person knew how Elizabeth really felt about Margaret and she did not commit it to paper."[25]
Margaret had written her signature as M. Richmond for years, since the 1460s. In 1499, she changed her signature to Margaret R., perhaps to signify her royal authority (R standing either for regina – queen in Latin as customarily employed by female monarchs – or for Richmond). Furthermore, she included the Tudor crown and the caption et mater Henrici septimi regis Angliæ et Hiberniæ ("and mother of Henry VII, king of England and Ireland").[26][27]
Many historians believe the departure from court of dowager queen Elizabeth Woodville in 1487 was partly at the behest of Henry's influential mother, though this is uncertain.[28] The Countess was known for her education and her piety, and her son is said to have been devoted to her. He died on 21 April 1509, having designated his mother chief executor of his will. She arranged her son's funeral and her grandson's coronation. At her son's funeral she was given precedence over all the other women of the royal family.[29]
Death[edit]
Tomb of Margaret Beaufort in Westminster Abbey
The Countess died in the Deanery of Westminster Abbey on 29 June 1509. This was the day after her grandson's 18th birthday, and just over two months after the death of her son. She is buried in the Henry VII Chapel of the Abbey. Her tomb is now situated between the later graves of William III and Mary II and the tomb of Mary, Queen of Scots.[30]
Her tomb was created by Pietro Torrigiano, who probably arrived in England in 1509 and received the commission in the following year.[31] The gilded bronze sculpture on the tomb depicts Margaret with her head resting on pillows and her hands raised in prayer, wearing garments characteristic of widowhood; the face was probably sculpted from a death mask. The black marble tomb is embellished with heraldic bronze insignia, including a yale, her heraldic badge, at her feet.[32]
Erasmus wrote the Latin inscription on her tomb. In English it reads: "Margaret, Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII, grandmother of Henry VIII, who donated funds for three monks of this abbey, a grammar school in Wimborne, a preacher in the whole of England, two lecturers in Scripture, one at Oxford, the other at Cambridge, where she also founded two colleges, one dedicated to Christ, and the other to St John, the Evangelist."[32]
In 1539 iron railings, elaborately painted with coats of arms and other ornaments, were erected around the tomb. The ironwork was sold off by the Abbey in 1823 but recovered and restored a century later.[32]
Legacy[edit]
John Fisher, Margaret's chaplain and confessor from 1497 until her death, Hans Holbein the Younger, Royal Collection
“ She was bounteous and lyberal to every Person of her Knowledge or acquaintance. Avarice and Covetyse she most hated, and sorowed it full moche in all persons, but specially in ony that belong'd unto her. She was of syngular Easyness to be spoken unto, and full curtayse answere she would make to all that came unto her. Of marvayllous gentyleness she was unto all folks, but specially unto her owne, whom she trustede, and loved ryghte tenderly. Unkynde she woulde not be unto no creature, ne forgetful of ony kyndeness or servyce done to her before, which is no lytel part of veray nobleness. She was not vengeable ne cruell, but redy anone to forgete and to forgyve injuryes done unto her, at the least desyre or mocyon made unto her for the same. Mercyfull also and pyteous she was unto such as was greyved and wrongfully troubled, and to them that were in Poverty and sekeness, or any other mysery. ”
— John Fisher, 1509, extract from funeral sermon[33]
In 1497 she announced her intention to build a free school for the general public of Wimborne, Dorset. With her death in 1509, Wimborne Grammar School (now Queen Elizabeth's School) came into existence.[34]
In 1502 she established the Lady Margaret's Professorship of Divinity at the University of Cambridge.[35][36] In 1505 she refounded and enlarged God's House, Cambridge as Christ's College, Cambridge with a royal charter from the king. She has been honoured ever since as the Foundress of the College. A copy of her signature can be found carved on one of the buildings (4 staircase, 1994) within the College. In 1511, St. John's College, Cambridge was founded by her estate, either at her direct behest or at the suggestion of her chaplain, John Fisher. Land that she owned around Great Bradley in Suffolk was bequeathed to St. John's upon its foundation. Her portraits hang in the Great Halls and other college rooms of both Christ's and St. John's, accompanied by portraits of John Fisher. Both Colleges also have her crest and motto as the College arms. Furthermore, various societies, including the Lady Margaret Society as well as the Beaufort Club at Christ's, and the Lady Margaret Boat Club at John's, were named after her.[37]
Lady Margaret Beaufort at prayer, by Rowland Lockey, St John's College, Cambridge
In 1502 she endowed a lectureship in divinity at the University of Oxford, first held by John Roper; it became the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity, held concurrently with a canonship at Christ Church, Oxford.[38][35][39] Lady Margaret Hall, the first women's college at the University of Oxford (founded in 1878), was named in her honour.[40]
A practical woman, when faced with problems of flooding in parts of the Fens that threatened some of her properties, she was able to initiate an ambitious drainage scheme, involving foreign engineers, that saw the construction of a large sluice at Boston.[41] She funded the restoration of Church of All Saints, Martock in Somerset, and the construction of the church tower.[42]
Margaret Beaufort Middle School (formerly Margaret Beaufort County Secondary Modern School) in Riseley, Bedfordshire, near her birthplace at Bletsoe Castle, is named after her.[43]
Portraits[edit]
There is no surviving portrait of Margaret Beaufort dating from her lifetime. All known portraits, however, are in essentially the same format, depicting her in her later years, wearing a long, peaked, white headdress and in a pose of religious contemplation. Most of these were made in the reign of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as symbols of loyalty to the Tudor regime. They may be based on a lost original, or be derived from the sculpture on her tomb in Westminster Abbey, in which she wears the same headdress.[44]
One variant by Rowland Lockey shows her at prayer in her richly furnished private closet behind her chamber. The plain desk at which she kneels is draped with a richly patterned textile that is so densely encrusted with embroidery that its corners stand away stiffly. Her lavishly illuminated Book of Hours is open before her, with its protective cloth wrapper (called a "chemise" binding), spread out around it. The walls are patterned with oak leaf designs, perhaps in lozenges, perhaps of stamped and part-gilded leather. Against the wall hangs the dosser of her canopy of estate, with the tester above her head (the Tudor rose at its centre) supported on cords from the ceiling. The coats-of-arms woven into the tapestry are of England (parted as usual with France) and the portcullis badge of the Beauforts, which the early Tudor kings later used in their arms. Small stained glass roundels in the leaded glass of her lancet windows also display elements of the arms of both England (cropped away here) and Beaufort.[45]
Titles, styles, honours and arms[edit]
Coat of arms, Christ's College, Cambridge
Titles and styles[edit]
1443 – 1455: The Lady Margaret Beaufort
1455 – 1456: The Countess of Richmond
1456 – 1458: The Dowager Countess of Richmond
1458 – 1471: Lady Stafford
1472 – 1485: Lady Stanley
1485 – 1509: The Countess of Richmond and Derby
Ancestors[edit]
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Through her father, Lady Margaret Beaufort was a granddaughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and his mistress and third wife Katherine Swynford, and a great-great-granddaughter of King Edward III of England.
Following Gaunt's marriage to Katherine, their children (the Beauforts) were legitimised by King Richard II but the legitimation carried a condition: their descendants were barred from inheriting the throne. Lady Margaret's own son Henry VII (and all English, British, and UK sovereigns who followed) are descended from Gaunt and Swynford, Henry VII having come to the throne not through inheritance but by force of arms.
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[show]Ancestors of Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby
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16. Edward III of England
8. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
17. Philippa of Hainault
4. John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset
18. Sir Payne de Roet
9. Katherine Swynford
2. John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset
20. Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent
10. Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent
21. Joan of Kent
5. Margaret Holland
22. Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel
11. Alice FitzAlan
23. Eleanor of Lancaster
1. Lady Margaret Beaufort
24. Sir Roger Beauchamp
12. Roger Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp of Bletsoe
25. Joan de Clopton
6. John Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp of Bletsoe
13. Mary ...
3. Margaret Beauchamp
14. Sir John Stourton
7. Edith Stourton
30. Henry Beaumont, 3rd Baron Beaumont
15. Catherine Beaumont
31. Lady Margaret de Vere
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Depictions in the media[edit]
In historical fiction[edit]
Betty King, The Lady Margaret (1965), a story about the marriage of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, parents of King Henry VII
Betty King, The King's Mother (1969), sequel to the above, the story of the widowed Margaret Beaufort. mother of the future King Henry VII
Iris Gower, Destiny's Child (1999). This novel was originally published in 1974 as Bride of the Thirteenth Summer, under the name Iris Davies.
Philippa Gregory:
The Constant Princess (2005), a story about the young Catherine of Aragon and her early life in England
The White Queen (2009), Book 1 in the Cousins' War series, about Elizabeth Woodville
The Red Queen, (2010), Book 2 in the Cousins' War series, about Margaret Beaufort herself
The Lady of the Rivers (2011), Book 3 in the Cousins' War series, about Jacquetta of Luxembourg
The Kingmaker's Daughter (2012), Book 4 in the Cousins' War series, about Anne Neville
The White Princess (2013), Book 5 in the Cousins' War series, about Elizabeth of York
Rebecca Gablé, Das Spiel der Könige (translated: The Game of Kings) (2007) - the third instalment (1455–1485) of the Waringham series by the German author; Margaret ("Megan") Beaufort is one of the characters
Livi Michael, Succession (2014) - about Margaret of Anjou and Margaret Beaufort
Judith Arnopp, The Beaufort Bride: Book one of The Beaufort Chronicles (2015) covers Margaret's early life, her marriage to Edmund Tudor and her life in Wales
Judith Arnopp, The Beaufort Woman: Book two of The Beaufort Chronicles (2016) covers Margaret's marriage to Henry Stafford and her journey through the Wars of the Roses
Judith Arnopp, A Song of Sixpence: the story of Elizabeth of York and Perkin Warbeck (2014). Margaret appears as mother to Henry Tudor and mother-in-law to Elizabeth of York
On screen[edit]
The character of Lady Margaret, portrayed by Marigold Sharman,[46] appears in eight episodes of the 1972 BBC miniseries Shadow of the Tower, opposite James Maxwell as her son Henry VII. She is portrayed as a woman of extreme ambition and piety, with a hint of ruthlessness for those who stand in the way of the Tudor Dynasty.
Channel 4 and RDF Media produced a drama about Perkin Warbeck for British television in 2005, Princes in the Tower. It was directed by Justin Hardy and starred Sally Edwards as Lady Margaret, opposite Paul Hilton as Henry VII, Mark Umbers as Warbeck, and Nadia Cameron Blakey as Elizabeth of York. In this drama, Margaret is depicted as the power behind the throne, a hardened woman of fanatical devotion to both God and herself. She is referenced as a victim of abuse and power, who, used by men all her life, became as ruthless and callous as those around her.[citation needed]
In 2013, Amanda Hale portrayed Lady Margaret Beaufort in the television drama series, The White Queen, an adaptation of Gregory's novels, which was shown on BBC One, Starz, and VRT.
In the 2017 series The White Princess (a followup to The White Queen), Margaret is portrayed by Michelle Fairley.
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ The History of Christ's College; accessed 22 June 2015
Jump up ^ St. John's College History; accessed 22 June 2015
Jump up ^ http://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/about-lmh/history-and-archives/college-timeline
Jump up ^ Jones & Underwood, 34.
Jump up ^ Jones & Underwood, 35.
Jump up ^ Jones & Underwood, 33–36.
Jump up ^ Gristwood, Sarah (2012). Blood Sisters. p. 36.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jones & Underwood, 37.
Jump up ^ Richardson, Henry Gerald, Sayles, George Osborne (1993). The English Parliament in the Middle Ages. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-9506882-1-5. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Wood, Diana (2003). Women and religion in medieval England. Oxbow. ISBN 1-84217-098-8. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Jones & Underwood, 40.
Jump up ^ David Lourdes(2012) The Tudors:History of a Dynasty, p 3
Jump up ^ Krug, 84.
Jump up ^ Jones & Underwood, 41.
Jump up ^ Jones & Underwood, 58.
Jump up ^ Thomas Stanley, Earl of Richmond; Margaret, Countess of Richmond, his wife: Common Pleas Records; CP 40/890; 1484; last entry on http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT3/R3/CP40no890/aCP40no890fronts/IMG_0776.htm
Jump up ^ Jones & Underwood 1993, p. 144
Jump up ^ Westminster Abbey: Coronation of Richard III, westminster-abbey.org; accessed 17 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1483 1 Richard III:An act for the Attaynder of Margaret Countesse of Richmond".
Jump up ^ Ronald H. Fritze; William Baxter Robison (2002). Historical dictionary of late medieval England, 1272–1485. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-313-29124-1. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Norton (1 June 2012). Margaret Beaufort: Mother of the Tudor Dynasty. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-1-4456-0734-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones & Underhill 1993, pp. 181–84
Jump up ^ Jones & Underwood, 187.
Jump up ^ Barbara J. Harris, "Women and Politics in Early Tudor England", The Historical Journal, 33:2, 1990, p. 259.
Jump up ^ his story, her story: Interview with Amy Licence, 1 February 2013; accessed 19 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Jones & Underwood, 292.
Jump up ^ Krug, 85.
Jump up ^ Arlene Okerlund, Elizabeth: England's Slandered Queen, Stroud: Tempus, 2006, p. 245.
Jump up ^ Rosemary O'Day (26 July 2012). The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-136-96253-0.
Jump up ^ "Margaret Beaufort". Westminster Abbey Official site. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Wyatt, Michael, The Italian Encounter with Tudor England: A Cultural Politics of Translation, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 47.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Lady Margaret Beaufort". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ John Hymers, ed. (1840), The Funeral Sermon of Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, Mother to Henry VII, and Foundress of Christ's and St John's College in Cambridge, Preached by Bishop Fisher in 1509, Cambridge University Press
Jump up ^ Jo Ann Hoeppner Moran (14 July 2014). The Growth of English Schooling, 1340–1548: Learning, Literacy, and Laicization in Pre-Reformation York Diocese. Princeton University Press. pp. 162–. ISBN 978-1-4008-5616-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones & Underhill 1993, pp. 218–219
Jump up ^ Collinson, Rex & Stanton 2003
Jump up ^ Charles Henry Cooper (1861). Memorials of Cambridge: St. Peter's College. W. Metcalfe. pp. 9–.
Jump up ^ Collinson, Rex & Stanton 1993, p. 21
Jump up ^ "Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity, Christ Church, Oxford" (PDF). University of Oxford. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Michael K. Jones; Malcolm G. Underwood (22 April 1993). The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-0-521-44794-2.
Jump up ^ Profile, historytoday.com; accessed 24 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Robinson, W.J. (1915). West Country Churches. Bristol: Bristol Times and Mirror Ltd. pp. 6–10.
Jump up ^ National Archives. SD Margaret Beaufort Middle School, Riseley. Accessed 11 September 2013
Jump up ^ Strong, Roy, Tudor & Jacobean Portraits, The National Portrait Gallery, London 1969, p.20
Jump up ^ The Burlington Magazine. Burlington Magazine Publications Limited. 1908. p. 206.
Jump up ^ See IMDb page.
Bibliography[edit]
Collinson, Patrick; Rex, Richard; Stanton, Graham (2003), Lady Margaret Beaufort and Her Professors of Divinity at Cambridge: 1502 to 1649, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521533104
Jones, Michael K.; Underwood, Malcolm G. (1993), The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521447941
de Lisle, Leanda Tudor: The Family Story (1437–1603) published by Chatto & by Public Affairs 2013
Krug, Rebecca. Reading families: women's literate practice in late medieval England Cornell University Press, 2002 ISBN 0-8014-3924-8
Norton, Elizabeth; Margaret Beaufort: Mother of the Tudor Dynasty, Amberley Publishing, 2010 ISBN 978-1-4456-0142-7
Further reading[edit]
Philippa Gregory; David Baldwin; Michael Jones (2011). The Women of the Cousins' War. London: Simon & Schuster.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lady Margaret Beaufort.
A short profile of Margaret alongside other influential women of her time
E. M. G. Routh, Lady Margaret: A Memoir of Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond & Derby, Mother of Henry VII, 1924: e-text
Catholic Encyclopedia article
Margaret Beaufort's patronage of theatre and/or music
The school that was established in honour of Lady Margaret Beaufort's will
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Richmond and Derby, Margaret, Countess of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
margaretbeaufort.com
Project Continua: Biography of Margaret Beaufort
"Lady Margaret Beaufort and the Art of the Book". Cambridge University Library. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
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VIAF: 46834598
LCCN: n81070586
ISNI: 0000 0001 2131 1084
GND: 119277085
SUDOC: 083739270
BNF: cb12345281c (data)
ULAN: 500314056
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Richmond_and_Derby&oldid=832646972"
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