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Super Bowl curse
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The Super Bowl curse or Super Bowl hangover is a phrase referring to one of three things that occur in the National Football League (NFL): Super Bowl participants that follow up with lower-than-expected performance the following year; teams that do not repeat as Super Bowl champions; and host teams of the Super Bowl that have never advanced to the title game on their own home fields.
The phrase has been used to explain both why losing teams may post below-average winning percentages in the following year and why Super Bowl champions seldom return to the title game the following year. The term has been used since at least 1992, when The Washington Post commented that "the Super Bowl Curse has thrown everything it's got at the Washington Redskins. The Jinx that has bedeviled defending champs for 15 years has never been in better form".[1] The phenomenon is attributed by football commentator and former NFL general manager Charley Casserly to such elements as "a shorter offseason, contract problems, [and] more demand for your players' time".[2] Casserly also notes that "once the season starts, you become the biggest game on everybody's schedule."[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 "A Losers Curse"
1.1 Teams who lost The Super Bowl that Vindicate The "Super Bowl Curse"
1.1.1 Teams who were an exception to the "Losers Curse"
2 "A Non-Repeat Title Curse"
3 "The Home Field Advantage Curse"(1966-Present day)
4 Further reading
5 References
6 External links
"A Losers Curse"[edit]
The first five Super Bowl Champions of the early-2000's would go on to post above-average game winning percentages the following season of their title. The Teams that failed to win a Super Bowl Championship would go on the season following the heartbreak to produce little or well below average percentages.[3]
Teams who lost The Super Bowl that Vindicate The "Super Bowl Curse"[edit]
Teams who lost the Super Bowl, Only to lack performance the following season(s) are listed as followed:[3]
Cincinnati Bengals (Super Bowl XXIII) – 1988 season: 12–4; 1989 season: 8–8.
Cincinnati started a long streak of losing with their 1991 season mark and it ended with them making the playoffs in the 2005 season.
Denver Broncos (Super Bowl XXIV) – 1989 season: 11–5; 1990 season: 5–11.
The Broncos would rebound to advance to the 1991 AFC Championship Game vs Buffalo.
Buffalo Bills (Super Bowl XXVIII) – 1993 season: 12–4; 1994 season: 7–9.
The Bills are 1–4 in playoff games since the 1993 season, with their last playoff win coming in 1995 and playoff appearance in 2017.
Atlanta Falcons (Super Bowl XXXIII) – 1998 season: 14–2; 1999 season: 5–11.
New York Giants (Super Bowl XXXV) – 2000 season: 12–4; 2001 season: 7–9.
St. Louis Rams (Super Bowl XXXVI) – 2001 season: 14–2; 2002 season: 7–9.
Oakland Raiders (Super Bowl XXXVII) – 2002 season: 11–5; 2003 season: 4–12
The Raiders did not have a winning season from 2002 to 2015; their best record has been 8–8 in both 2010 and 2011 and they had not had a record greater than 5–11 every other season until their 7–9 record in 2015. The streak was broken in 2016.[4]
Carolina Panthers (Super Bowl XXXVIII) – 2003 season: 11–5; 2004 season: 7–9.
Philadelphia Eagles (Super Bowl XXXIX) – 2004 season: 13–3; 2005 season: 6–10.
Chicago Bears (Super Bowl XLI) – 2006 season: 13–3; 2007 season: 7–9.[5]
Carolina Panthers (Super Bowl 50) – 2015 season: 15-1; 2016 season: 6–10.
Teams who were an exception to the "Losers Curse"[edit]
Before 1988, every Super Bowl runner-up posted a winning record the following season, with most winning their division. Only the 1967 Chiefs (9-5) and 1969 Colts (8-5-1) missed the playoffs. In 1988 the Denver Broncos, losers of the previous two Super Bowls, went 8-8 to miss the playoffs with the first non-winning season by a Super Bowl runner-up. The Cincinnati Bengals did the same the next year. In 1990 the Denver Broncos (5-11) posted the first losing season by a runner-up in the Super Bowl era. That season's Buffalo Bills lost Super Bowl XXV and lost the next three Super Bowls before missing the playoffs with a 7-9 record in 1994.
Buffalo Bills (Super Bowl XXV) – 1990 season: 13–3. In the 1991 season, they went 13–3 again, and made it to Super Bowl XXVI, where they lost to the Washington Redskins. In the 1992 season, the Bills slipped to 11–5, but after what came to be known as The Comeback, they won the AFC Championship, and went on to play in Super Bowl XXVII, where they lost to the Dallas Cowboys. The following season – 1993 – they improved their record to 12–4; and after winning the AFC East division, qualified for their fourth straight Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXVIII, where for the second straight year, they lost to the Dallas Cowboys.
San Diego Chargers (Super Bowl XXIX) – 1994 season: 11–5. In the 1995 season, they went 9–7; although they made it to the playoffs, they lost 35–20 to the Indianapolis Colts. They would later go through eight consecutive losing seasons, including a 1-15 season in 2000. They would return to the NFL playoffs in the 2004 season, in which they lost 17–20 to the New York Jets. Ever since, they have struggled in the playoffs, going 4-6, most of which divisional round games, in 13 seasons starting in 2004.
Pittsburgh Steelers (Super Bowl XXX) – 1995 season: 11–5. In the 1996 season, they went 10–6, and won the AFC Central division. However that was only thanks to a weak division & they ended up losing in a blowout against the New England Patriots 3–28 in the divisional playoffs.
New England Patriots (Super Bowl XXXI) – 1996 season: 11–5. In the 1997 season, they went 10–6, and won the AFC East division. The Patriots ironically lost to the Steelers in the divisional playoffs 6–7.
Green Bay Packers (Super Bowl XXXII) - 1997 season: 13-3. In the 1998 season, the Packers went 11-5, but lost the division title to the 15-1 Vikings, forcing them to settle for the fifth seed in the playoffs. They lost in the wild card to Steve Young and the 49ers on a last-second touchdown to Terrell Owens in what has been dubbed as "The Catch II," a reference to The Catch.
Tennessee Titans (Super Bowl XXXIV) – 1999 season: 13–3. In the 2000 season, the Titans went 13–3 again, clinching home–field advantage. They lost in the divisional playoffs, however, to the Baltimore Ravens 10–24. (Interestingly enough, the 2008 Tennessee Titans repeated this as they finished 13-3, clinching home-field advantage, and losing to the Ravens in the divisional round.)
Seattle Seahawks (Super Bowl XL) – 2005 season: 13–3. In the 2006 season, they slipped to 9–7, but won the NFC West division. They lost in the divisional playoffs to the Chicago Bears 24–27 in overtime.
New England Patriots (Super Bowl XLII) – 2007 season: 16–0. After having the first perfect season since the NFL went to a 16–game schedule in 1978, the Patriots went 11–5 in the 2008 season and missed the playoffs barely by losing tiebreakers with Miami in their division and Baltimore for the wild card. The "Super Bowl curse" took a different road, since their starting quarterback, Tom Brady, suffered a season–ending injury in the opening game of the season.
Arizona Cardinals (Super Bowl XLIII) – 2008 season: 9–7. In the 2009 season they improved to 10–6 and won the NFC West for the second consecutive season. They lost in the divisional playoffs to the eventual Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints 14–45.
Indianapolis Colts (Super Bowl XLIV) – 2009 season: 14–2. In the 2010 season they went 10–6 and won the AFC South for the seventh time in eight years; however it was the first time in 9 years that the Colts had finished a season with less than 12 wins. They lost in the wild card playoffs to the New York Jets 16–17. The following season, however, without Peyton Manning, they experienced a significant drop. They started the season 0–13, and finished 2–14, the first time out of the playoffs since 2001.
Pittsburgh Steelers (Super Bowl XLV) – 2010 season: 12–4. In the 2011 season, they went 12–4 again, but did not win the AFC North division, due to being swept by the Baltimore Ravens. They lost in the wild card round, in overtime, 23–29, to the Denver Broncos.
New England Patriots (Super Bowl XLVI) – 2011 season: 13–3. In the 2012 season, their record dropped to 12–4, but they still ended up with the number 2 seed in the AFC playoffs. They made it to the AFC Championship Game against the Ravens, but this time they lost, 13–28.
San Francisco 49ers (Super Bowl XLVII) – 2012 season: 11–4–1. In the 2013 season, they improved to 12–4, but did not win the NFC West division as the divisional rival Seattle Seahawks had a 13–3 record. They made it to the NFC Championship Game, but lost to the Seahawks, 17–23.
Denver Broncos (Super Bowl XLVIII) – 2013 season: 13–3. In the 2014 season, they dropped to 12–4, and were the number 2 seed in the AFC playoffs. They lost in the divisional playoffs to the Indianapolis Colts, 13–24.
Seattle Seahawks: (Super Bowl XLIX) – 2014 season: 12–4. In the 2015 season, they dropped to 10–6 and lost the NFC West title to the Cardinals, but they entered the 2016 playoffs as the NFC's sixth seed. The Seahawks defeated the Vikings 10–9 (only due to a missed field goal), but lost 24–31 to the Panthers in the Divisional Round.
Atlanta Falcons: (Super Bowl LI) – 2016 season: 11-5. In the 2017 season, the Falcons dropped to 10–6 and lost the NFC South title to the Saints, but entered the 2018 playoffs as the NFC's sixth seed. The Falcons defeated the top scoring Rams 26-13 in the wild card playoffs, but lost 10-15 to the Eagles in the Divisional Round.
"A Non-Repeat Title Curse"[edit]
Since 1993, few winning teams have followed up their Super Bowl successes with a second Super Bowl appearance (The 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers, 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers, 1993 Dallas Cowboys, 1998 Denver Broncos, and 2004 New England Patriots won; 1997 Green Bay Packers, 2014 Seattle Seahawks, and 2017 New England Patriots lost), or even advanced to a conference title game in the subsequent season (1994 Dallas Cowboys). In the Super Bowl era two teams have lost the Super Bowl, then won it the following season. The first was the Dallas Cowboys, who lost Super Bowl V to the Baltimore Colts, but came back in 1971 and defeated the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI. The Dolphins repeated the feat in 1972 when they rallied to go a perfect 17-0, capping the season with a win over the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl VII.
Only seven teams have won back-to-back Super Bowl championships, and only one of these seven teams have made more than two consecutive appearances in the Super Bowl, the Miami Dolphins who lost Super Bowl VI and then won Super Bowl VII (as part of a 17-0 perfect season) and defended their title in Super Bowl VIII. The only franchise to reach more than three straight title games was the Buffalo Bills who lost four Super Bowls in a row from 1990–93. This is in contrast to other North American major professional sports leagues (MLB, NBA, NHL) where repeat championships and even "three-peats" (as part of a dynasty) are not uncommon.
Since 2005, no incumbent holder has managed to successfully defend their title. In fact between 2006 and 2013 every defending Super Bowl champion would conclude the following season either losing their opening playoff game or failed to qualify for the playoffs. The 2014 Seattle Seahawks opened the playoffs with a win over the Carolina Panthers in the Divisional round, becoming the first defending champion since the 2005 Patriots to win a playoff game the following season.
As the two-time defending Super Bowl champions, the 1990 San Francisco 49ers were favored to become first NFL team to win three consecutive Super Bowls. Dating back to 1989, the 49ers completed a fifteen-game unbeaten streak in the regular season (5 victories in the last 5 games of 1989 and 10 victories in the first ten games of 1990), en route to compiling the league's best regular season record (14–2) while quarterback Joe Montana was named regular season MVP.[6] Facing the New York Giants in the NFC Championship Game, the 49ers defense was able to hold backup quarterback Jeff Hostetler and the Giants without a touchdown, but the tide of the game changed when Montana was sacked by Leonard Marshall while rolling out of the quarterback pocket; a play which injured Montana and forced him to leave the game. With only a few minutes left, 49ers running back Roger Craig fumbled while the 49ers were attempting to score the game clinching touchdown, and the ball was recovered by the Giants linebacker Lawrence Taylor, setting up the drive to kick their fifth field goal of the game with seconds left to win the game 15–13. The words of Pat Summerall "There will be no three-peat!" haunt the 49ers to this day. The NFC Championship game also turned out to be Montana's next-to-last appearance in a 49er uniform, as elbow injuries cost him the entire 1991 season, and despite his recovery he lost his starting position to Steve Young.
After winning Super Bowl XLVIII, the Seattle Seahawks returned to the title game the following year, Super Bowl XLIX, where they faced the New England Patriots. The Seahawks built a ten-point lead to end the third quarter 24-14. Previously, no team in Super Bowl history had ever overcome a fourth-quarter deficit of more than seven points. The Patriots, however, rallied with two touchdowns to take a 28–24 lead with roughly two minutes left in the game. The Seahawks threatened to score in the final moments, driving the ball to the Patriot's 1-yard line. With 26 seconds remaining in the game, they decided to pass the ball in a highly scrutinized play that resulted in Patriots rookie cornerback Malcolm Butler making a game-saving interception from Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson. However, the game was not decided at this point since the Patriots were backed up against its own end zone, so if Patriots quarterback Tom Brady went too far back before kneeling his team would concede a safety and have to kick the ball back to the Seahawks, who would only need a field goal to win. However, Seahawks defensive lineman Michael Bennett was drawn across line of scrimmage and flagged for encroachment which penalized Seattle five yards and moved the ball to the New England six-yard line, ending the Seahawks' hope of a comeback.
The New England Patriots are the most recent team to return to the Super Bowl as defending champions, playing in Super Bowl LII against the Philadelphia Eagles after defeating the Atlanta Falcons the previous year in Super Bowl LI 34-28 in overtime. Despite leading 33-32 late in the fourth quarter, Eagles quarterback and eventual Super Bowl MVP Nick Foles threw the what would turn out to be the game-winning touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz with 2:21 left on the clock, giving the Eagles a 38-33 lead (two-point conversion no good). On the ensuing Patriots possession, Eagles defensive lineman Brandon Graham sacked Patriots quarterback Tom Brady and forced a fumble which was recovered by Eagles rookie defensive lineman Derek Barnett. The Patriots received the ball back with 1:10 with no timeouts after a Jake Elliott field goal increased the Eagles lead to 41-33. The Patriots managed to take the ball down to their own 49-yard line with 0:09 left, setting up a Hail Mary attempt. Brady was able to avoid a sack and sling a ball down field, but the Eagles secondary was able to cause an incomplete pass with no time left on the clock, securing the Eagles their first Super Bowl victory. Despite this loss, the Patriots remained the last team to repeat in the Super Bowl when they ironically defeated the Eagles 24-21 in Super Bowl XXXIX.
"The Home Field Advantage Curse"(1966-Present day)[edit]
The home field curse affects the host team of the Super Bowl. From 1966–2011 (excluding the six Super Bowl games held in a stadium without a professional team), the Super Bowl host team had a record of 249–364–2. In those 40 seasons, the host teams had 11 winning seasons, four split seasons, and 25 losing seasons. Mathematically, the probability of that many losing seasons or more occurring by chance (assuming a 50 percent chance of having a losing season (disregarding .500 seasons)) is 7.69 percent. It should be noted, however, that in contrast to the other major North American professional sports leagues (Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League), whose championship round is co–hosted by the two competing teams that season (which gives a higher probability that both teams will have a winning season, to qualify for the playoffs), the Super Bowl host is selected several years before it is played, without regard to the teams that play it (modern stadium amenities and weather are the two most prominent criteria). The only other major professional sports league in North America using this format is the Canadian Football League, where the Grey Cup host city is selected ahead of time. However, unlike the NFL, there have been multiple teams who have won the Grey Cup at home; plus, the CFL has only nine teams, making the odds of such an occurrence greater.
So far no team has yet managed to reach the Super Bowl in their home stadium. Four teams with Super Bowls in their home venue have qualified for the divisional playoffs: the 1994 Miami Dolphins, the 1998 Miami Dolphins, the 2016 Houston Texans, and the 2017 Minnesota Vikings, the Vikings being the first to qualify for their conference's title game.
Only two NFL teams have reached the Super Bowl hosted in their home market: the San Francisco 49ers, who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium, rather than Candlestick Park, and the Los Angeles Rams, who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl, rather than the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Besides Stanford Stadium and the Rose Bowl, the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston: the Houston Oilers had played there previously, but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII. The Miami Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls, hosting Super Bowl II and III. MetLife Stadium, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII, is the home stadium of two NFL teams: the New York Giants and the New York Jets.
In a way, not having the home team play in the Super Bowl is actually beneficial to the host city as it would receive more out-of-town visitors than if the host team was playing in the Super Bowl. Combined with the increased costs of airfare and hotel during the event, the economy would see a bigger revenue boost as a larger portion of attendees would be local if the host team participated. The host team(s) of a Super Bowl do receive VIP section(s) in the stadium during the game; for instance New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning was in the luxury suite of his team's home MetLife Stadium during Super Bowl XLVIII, which saw the Denver Broncos (quarterbacked by his brother Peyton Manning) lose 43–8 to the Seattle Seahawks.
The Atlanta Falcons came off the 1998 season finishing 14–2 season and being losing finalists in Super Bowl XXXIII. Next year, they were the host team of Super Bowl XXXIV but ending up with a 5–11 record and missed the playoffs, in part due to an injury to running back Jamal Anderson who suffered a season–ending knee injury in second game of the 1999 season.
The Indianapolis Colts were in a rare situation at the end of the 2011 season, becoming the fourth host team of a Super Bowl to have the worst record in the NFL for their particular season. This also happened to the 1973 Houston Oilers (Super Bowl VIII), the 1980 New Orleans Saints (Super Bowl XV), and the 1983 Tampa Bay Buccaneers (Super Bowl XVIII).
The New Orleans Saints, whose home stadium (the Mercedes-Benz Superdome) hosted Super Bowl XLVII, were eliminated from post–season contention in Week 16 and finished 7–9 for the 2012 season. The team had a 13–3 record in the 2009 season following by winning Super Bowl XLIV, a 11–5 record in the 2010 season, and then a 13–3 record in the 2011 season. Some media outlets such as Fox Sports and Sports Illustrated have claimed that the home field curse was in effect in 2012. However, the Saints were affected heavily by the bounty scandal, which resulted in Commissioner Roger Goodell imposing disciplinary action on the team which included the suspension of several coaches and players for the season, particularly head coach Sean Payton and former Saints defensive coordinator Gregg Williams who were banned for the entire year.
The hosts curse had a wider effect on the Los Angeles Chargers when they played in San Diego. Every time San Diego has hosted the Super Bowl, an AFC West rival has represented the AFC: the Broncos in Super Bowl XXII and XXXII – the Broncos winning the latter – and the Raiders in XXXVII. Besides San Diego, the other instances where a divisional rival of the host has played in the Super Bowl were: Super Bowl III, which the New York Jets won in the Miami Dolphins' Orange Bowl; Super Bowl XXX, which the Dallas Cowboys won in the Arizona Cardinals' Sun Devil Stadium; the St. Louis Rams, who won Super Bowl XXXIV in the Atlanta Falcons' Georgia Dome and lost Super Bowl XXXVI in the New Orleans Saints' Louisiana Superdome; and the Seattle Seahawks, who played in Super Bowl XLIX in the Arizona Cardinals' University of Phoenix Stadium.
Super Bowl XLVIII had the distinction of having two host teams: the New York Jets, and the New York Giants, as both play their home games at MetLife Stadium. Although it was conceivably possible to make NFL history as the first ever Super Bowl with two host teams playing against each other on the same turf, both teams were eliminated from postseason contention in week 15 of the 2013 regular season. That season the Giants got off to an 0–6 start.
Super Bowl 50 was held at Levi's Stadium and during the 2015 offseason, the San Francisco 49ers parted ways with highly successful coach Jim Harbaugh as a result of going 8–8 in the 2014 season and a power struggle with general manager Trent Baalke. Under Harbaugh from 2011–14, the team reached the NFC Championship Game three straight times and narrowly lost Super Bowl XLVII, a dramatic improvement as prior to his hiring the 49ers had not had a winning season nor playoff win since 2002. CEO Jed York replaced Harbaugh by promoting defensive line coach Jim Tomsula, a highly criticized hiring motivated by York's desire to have full control of the franchise rather than hiring the best possible candidate for the job. This move subsequently led to many assistant coaches refusing to serve on Tomsula's coaching staff. Furthermore, the 49ers were also affected by the unexpected retirements of Patrick Willis, Chris Borland, and Anthony Davis, who were all in their prime of their careers, the free agent departures of Frank Gore and Mike Iupati, and the release of Aldon Smith after getting arrested again. With an unprecedented roster turnover, the 49ers would struggle to a 5–11 season with Colin Kaepernick ending the season on injured reserve after being benched. The 49ers would ultimately be eliminated from the postseason in Week 14 of the 2015 regular season and Tomsula would be fired after just one season.
The most recent team to qualify to play in the NFL playoffs in the same season it was scheduled to host the Super Bowl is the 2017 Minnesota Vikings. The Vikings' new home stadium, US Bank Stadium in Minneapolis will host Super Bowl LII. The Minnesota Vikings received a first round bye and played in the divisional round, defeating the Saints, 29-24, but lost 7-38 to the Eagles in the NFC Championship Game. The Vikings' upset loss to the Eagles has been attributed to some as the Super Bowl home field curse, as the Vikings were the three-point favorites and had that season's top-ranked defense in the league entering the NFC Championship, while the Eagles had to field backup quarterback Nick Foles who hadn’t thrown for more than 300 yards in a game since 2014.[7][8] The Vikings franchise overall has had numerous playoff disappointments, including four defeats in the Super Bowl, and the 1998 NFC Championship Game loss.[9][10]
Further reading[edit]
"Credit Belichick for beating Super Bowl curse". The Sacramento Bee. October 25, 2006. pp. C3.
Freeman, Mike (December 12, 1991). "Fans cry: Off with Giants' Head (Coach)!". The Washington Post.
Green Jr., Ron (November 5, 2004). "Lost-the-Super-Bowl blues afflict Panthers, Raiders". The Charlotte Observer. pp. 2C.
"Less and more than rumored Miami and the Super Bowl curse". Sarasota Herald Tribune. January 30, 1999.
Penner, Mike (August 27, 2006). "Curses are reality to fantasy leaguers". Los Angeles Times. pp. D.2.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boswell, Thomas (September 21, 1992). "A Curse but not yet a sin". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Gruber, Jack (February 6, 2007). "Champions, for now — Super Bowl curse could vex Colts, Bears". USA Today. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Simpson, Matt (September 17, 2006). "Seattle out to break Super Bowl curse". East Valley Tribune. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Game Notes: Oakland Raiders 35 Carolina Panthers 32". Oakland Raiders. November 27, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Belson, Ken (February 1, 2010). "Is the Super Bowl curse real? Just ask Brady, Alexander and others". National Football League. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "1990 NFL Standings, Team & Offensive Statistics". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "The 1998 Minnesota Vikings". America's Game: The Missing Rings. 16 October 2008. NFL Network.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Snakebitten Franchises". NFL Top 10. 31 July 2009. NFL Network.
External links[edit]
Maske, Mark (June 15, 2006). "Seahawks hope to buck Super Bowl curse". Washington Post.
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text:
Abdominal wall
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Abdominal wall
Body cavities
Diagram of sheath of Rectus above the arcuate line.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
paries abdominalis
MeSH
D034861
FMA
299989
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
In anatomy, the abdominal wall represents the boundaries of the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall is split into the posterior (back), lateral (sides) and anterior (front) walls.
There is a common set of layers covering and forming all the walls: the deepest being the visceral peritoneum, which covers many of the abdominal organs (most of the large and small intestines, for example), and the parietal peritoneum- which covers the visceral peritoneum below it, the extraperitoneal fat, the transversalis fascia, the internal and external oblique and transversus abdominis aponeurosis, and a layer of fascia, which has different names according to what it covers (e.g., transversalis, psoas fascia).
In medical vernacular, the term 'abdominal wall' most commonly refers to the layers composing the anterior abdominal wall which, in addition to the layers mentioned above, includes the three layers of muscle: the transversus abdominis (transverse abdominal muscle), the internal (obliquus internus) and the external oblique (obliquus externus).
Contents
[hide]
1 Layers of anterior abdominal wall
2 Inner surface
3 See also
4 External links
Layers of anterior abdominal wall[edit]
In human anatomy, the layers of the abdominal wall are (from superficial to deep):
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Fascia
Camper's fascia - fatty superficial layer.
Scarpa's fascia - deep fibrous layer.
Muscle
External oblique abdominal muscle
Internal oblique abdominal muscle
Rectus abdominis
Transverse abdominal muscle
Pyramidalis muscle
Fascia transversalis
Peritoneum
Inner surface[edit]
The surface contains several ligaments separated by fossae:
Ligament/fold Remnant of Lateral fossa Hernia
median umbilical ligament urachus supravesical fossa supravesical hernia (rare)
medial umbilical ligament umbilical artery medial inguinal fossa direct inguinal hernia
lateral umbilical fold inferior epigastric vessels lateral inguinal fossa indirect inguinal hernia
See also[edit]
Abdominal exercise
Human abdomen
Peritoneum
Terms for anatomical location
External links[edit]
skel&wallsabd at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) - "Skeleton of the Abdomen", Wesley Norman, PhD, DSc
Abdominal Wall at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Anterolateral Abdominal Wall - University of Edinburgh Faculty of Medicine
Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall - University of Arkansas
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the peritoneum and mesentery
General
Peritoneum
cavity
Mesentery
Abdominal
From
ventral mesentery
Lesser omentum
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Liver
Coronary ligament
(Left triangular ligament
Right triangular ligament
Hepatorenal ligament)
Falciform ligament
Round ligament of liver
Ligamentum venosum
From
dorsal mesentery
Greater omentum
Gastrophrenic ligament
Gastrocolic ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Mesentery
Splenorenal ligament
Phrenicocolic ligament
Folds
Umbilical folds
Supravesical fossa
Medial inguinal fossa
Lateral umbilical fold
Lateral inguinal fossa
Ileocecal fold
Abdominal cavity
Greater sac
Lesser sac
Omental foramen
General
Cystohepatic triangle
Hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space
Abdominal wall
Inguinal triangle
Peritoneal recesses
Paracolic gutters
Paramesenteric gutters
Pelvic
Uterus/ovaries
Broad ligament of the uterus
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Mesometrium)
Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Recesses
Male
Recto-vesical pouch
Pararectal fossa
Female
Recto-uterine pouch
Recto-uterine fold (Uterosacral ligament)
Vesico-uterine pouch
Ovarian fossa
Paravesical fossa
Retroperitonium
Spaces
Extraperitoneal space
Retroperitoneal space
Retropubic space
[show]
v
t
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Muscles and ligaments of abdomen and pelvis
Abdominal wall
Anterior/
lateral
Muscle
Abdominal external oblique
Transverse abdominal
Conjoint tendon
Rectus sheath
rectus abdominis
pyramidalis
Arcuate line
Tendinous intersection
Cremaster
Abdominal internal oblique
Fascia
Abdominal fascia
panniculus adiposus
Fascia of Camper
Membranous layer
Fascia of Scarpa
Transverse fascia
Interfoveolar ligament
Linea alba
Linea semilunaris
Inguinal
Inguinal triangle
Inguinal canal
Deep inguinal ring
Superficial inguinal ring
Intercrural fibers
Crura of superficial inguinal ring
Inguinal ligament
Pectineal ligament
Lacunar ligament
Reflected ligament
Posterior
Muscle
quadratus lumborum
Iliopsoas
psoas major
psoas minor
iliacus
Fascia
Iliac fascia
Iliopectineal arch
Pelvis
Muscle
levator ani
iliococcygeus
pubococcygeus
puborectalis
coccygeus
rectococcygeus
Fascia
pelvic fascia
Visceral
Rectovaginal fascia
Rectoprostatic fascia
Parietal
Obturator fascia
Tendinous arch
Piriformis fascia
floor
superior fascia
Pubovesical ligament
Puboprostatic ligament
inferior fascia
Anococcygeal body
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Abdomen
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Visceral peritoneum

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text:
Queen for Seven Days
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Queen for Seven Days
Promotional poster
Original title
7일의 왕비
Genre
Historical
Romance
Political
Melodrama
Created by
KBS Drama Production
Written by
Choi Jin-young
Directed by
Lee Jung-sub
Song Ji-won
Creative director(s)
Yoo Ho-joon
Kim Min-joon
Im Seung-hyun
Starring
Park Min-young
Yeon Woo-jin
Lee Dong-gun
Composer(s)
Lee Pil-ho
Country of origin
South Korea
Original language(s)
Korean
No. of episodes
20
Production
Executive producer(s)
Sung Joon-hye
Park Sung-hye
Moon Bo-hyun
Kim Joo-suk
Producer(s)
Kim Hye-jung
Jung Yeon-soo
Cinematography
Jung Hae-geun
Yoon Tae-gi
Editor(s)
Kim Yoo-mi
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
Monster Union
Distributor
KBS
Release
Original network
KBS2
Picture format
1080i (HDTV)
Audio format
Dolby Digital
Original release
May 31 (2017-05-31) – August 3, 2017 (2017-08-03)
External links
Website
Queen for Seven Days (Hangul: 7일의 왕비; RR: 7 Ileui Wangbi; lit. 7 Day Queen) is a South Korean television series starring Park Min-young as the titular Queen Dangyeong of Joseon, with Yeon Woo-jin and Lee Dong-gun. It airs on KBS2 every Wednesday and Thursday at 22:00 (KST) from May 31, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Supporting
2.2.1 Royal family
2.2.2 Ministers
2.2.3 Extended
3 Production
4 Original soundtrack
4.1 OST Part 1
4.2 OST Part 2
4.3 OST Part 3
4.4 OST Part 4
4.5 OST Part 5
5 Ratings
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Synopsis[edit]
About the tragic love story between real life King Jungjong (Yeon Woo-jin) and his wife Queen Dangyeong (Park Min-young), who was crowned and deposed from the throne within seven days.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Park Min-young as Shin Chae-kyung, later Queen Dan-kyung
Park Si-eun as young Shin Chae-kyung
Yeon Woo-jin as Lee Yeok, also known as Prince Jinseong-daegun and "Nak-chun"; later King Jungjong
Baek Seung-hwan as young Lee Yeok
Lee Dong-gun as Lee Yoong, also known as King Yeonsangun
Ahn Do-gyu as then-Crown Prince Lee Yoong
Supporting[edit]
Royal family[edit]
Do Ji-won as Dowager Queen Jasun, Lee Yeok's mother
Song Ji-in as Queen Shin, later Deposed Queen Shin; Lee Yoong's primary wife
Son Eun-seo as Lady Suk-won Jang Nok-soo, Lee Yoong's most favored concubine as well as confidante
Ministers[edit]
Jang Hyun-sung as Shin Soo-geun, Queen Shin's older brother & Chae-kyung's father
Kang Shin-il as Im Sa-hong, Lee Yoong's close confidant
Park Won-sang as Park Won-jong
Yoo Hyung-kwan as Yoo Soon-jung
Yoo Seung-bong as Yoo Ja-kwang
Lee Hwa-ryong as Sung Hee-an
Extended[edit]
Kang Ki-young as Jo Kwang-oh, Lee Yeok's friend
Jung Yoo-ahn as young Jo Kwang-oh
Kim Min-ho as Baek Suk-hee, Lee Yeok's friend
Jo Byung-gyu as young Baek Suk-hee
Hwang Chan-sung as Seo Noh, Lee Yeok's personal bodyguard
Choi Min-young as young Seo Noh
Kim Ki-chun as Mak Gae, Seo No's father; former clerk-on-duty during Seongjong's dying moments
Yoo Min-kyu as Ki Ryong, Lee Yoong's personal bodyguard
Go Bo-gyeol as Yoon Myung-hye, Park Won-jong's niece
Park Seo-yeon as young Yoon Myung-hye
Kim Jung-yeong as Lady Kwon, Shin Soo-geun's wife and Chae-kyung's mother
Uhm Hye-ran as Chae-kyung's personal nursemaid
Choi Seung-kyung as Eunuch Kim
Yoon In-jo as Lady Choi, the Dowager Queen's lady-in-waiting
Kim Jung-hak as King Seongjong, the previous king (flashbacks)
Woo Hee-jin as Queen Jeheon (Deposed Queen Yoon), Yeonsangun's biological mother (flashback)
Production[edit]
In March 2017, it was announced that Park Min-young will be re-teaming with director Lee Jung-sub on Queen for Seven Days. They previously worked together on Glory Jane (2011) and Healer (2014-15).[1][2][3] It is the first production of Monster Union, the independent content company set up by KBS in July 2016.[4]
The drama's first script reading took place on April 7, 2017 in Yeouido, Seoul.[5]
Prior to broadcast, lead actress Park stated that the audience could think of the drama "as Love in the Moonlight five years later," pertaining to KBS2's popular series starring Park Bo-gum and Kim Yoo-jung.[6]
Original soundtrack[edit]
Queen for Seven Days
OST Album
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
2017
Genre
K-pop, soundtrack
Language
Korean, English
Label
Music&NEW, Hello EMC
OST Part 1[edit]
No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Artist
Length
1. "You're Brilliant" (눈부신 그대) Lee Na-young
Lovelyee
The President
Yeonjung (Cosmic Girls) 03:10
2. "You're Brilliant" (Inst.)
Lovelyee
The President
03:10
Total length: 06:20
OST Part 2[edit]
No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Artist
Length
1. "No Matter How Hard I Try" Yael Meyer Yael Meyer Yael Meyer 03:57
2. "No Matter How Hard I Try" (Inst.) Yael Meyer 03:57
Total length: 07:54
OST Part 3[edit]
No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Artist
Length
1. "Love Again" (또한번 사랑해) Lee Na-young
Dear Cloud
Kim Moon-chul

Park Soo-seok
Dear Cloud 03:57
2. "Love Again" (Inst.)
Dear Cloud
Kim Moon-chul

Park Soo-seok
03:57
Total length: 07:54
OST Part 4[edit]
No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Artist
Length
1. "Miss You In My Heart" (그리고 그려도) Lee Na-young
Realmeee
Kim Jin-hoon
Junggigo 03:37
2. "Miss You In My Heart" (Inst.)
Realmeee
Kim Jin-hoon
03:37
Total length: 07:14
OST Part 5[edit]
No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Artist
Length
1. "When the Moonlight Shines on You" (달빛이 내릴 때)
Super Sound
Park So-ha
Super Sound Fromm 03:25
2. "When the Moonlight Shines on You" (Inst.) Super Sound 03:25
Total length: 06:50
Ratings[edit]
In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.
NR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date.
Episode #
Original broadcast date
Average audience share
TNmS Ratings[7]
AGB Nielsen[8]
Nationwide
Seoul National Capital Area
Nationwide
Seoul National Capital Area
1
May 31, 2017 5.4% (NR) 5.6% (NR) 6.9% (18th) 6.7% (20th)
2
June 1, 2017 5.1% (NR) 5.2% (NR) 5.7% (NR) 5.6% (NR)
3
June 7, 2017 5.3% (NR) 5.5% (NR) 6.5% (NR) 6.3% (NR)
4
June 8, 2017 5.3% (NR) 5.6% (NR) 6.5% (NR) 6.8% (15th)
5
June 14, 2017 6.6% (NR) 7.0% (NR) 6.9% (17th) 6.5% (NR)
6
June 15, 2017 5.4% (NR) 5.5% (NR) 6.1% (NR) 6.2% (NR)
7
June 21, 2017 5.5% (NR) 5.6% (NR) 5.2% (NR) 5.3% (NR)
8
June 22, 2017 5.4% (NR) 5.7% (NR) 5.4% (NR) 5.8% (NR)
9
June 28, 2017 5.3% (NR) 5.5% (NR) 4.7% (NR) 5.1% (NR)
10
June 29, 2017 4.3% (NR) 4.9% (NR) 4.4% (NR) 5.0% (NR)
11
July 5, 2017 4.5% (NR) 5.3% (NR) 4.4% (NR) 5.4% (NR)
12
July 6, 2017 4.6% (NR) 4.8% (NR) 4.6% (NR) 4.9% (NR)
13
July 12, 2017 4.3% (NR) 4.4% (NR) 4.3% (NR) 4.5% (NR)
14
July 13, 2017 4.5% (NR) 5.2% (NR) 4.7% (NR) 5.4% (NR)
15
July 19, 2017 6.7% (NR) 7.0% (NR) 6.7% (20th) 6.4% (NR)
16
July 20, 2017 6.3% (NR) 6.5% (NR) 6.3% (19th) 6.1% (NR)
17
July 26, 2017 5.9% (NR) 6.1% (NR) 6.5% (19th) 6.2% (20th)
18
July 27, 2017 7.6% (18th) 7.3% (19th) 7.7% (15th) 7.2% (16th)
19
August 2, 2017 6.6% (16th) 6.0% (19th) 7.1% (16th) 6.2% (20th)
20
August 3, 2017 7.6% (14th) 6.8% (20th) 7.6% (16th) 7.0% (19th)
Average
5.6%
5.8%
5.9%
5.9%
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
2017 2nd Asia Artist Awards Best Celebrity Award Park Min-young Won
31st KBS Drama Awards Excellence Award, Actor in a Mid-length Drama Lee Dong-gun Won
Excellence Award, Actress in a Mid-length Drama Park Min-young Nominated
Best Young Actor Baek Seung-hwan Nominated
Best Young Actress Park Si-eun Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "[공식입장] 연우진·박민영 양측 "'7일의 왕비' 출연 결정"". OSEN. 25 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "연우진·박민영 양측 "'7일의 왕비' 출연 예정"". My Daily. 25 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "'7일의 왕비' 박민영·연우진·이동건, 주연 라인업 완성". My Daily. 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ KBS 콘텐츠 제작사 '몬스터 유니온', 6월 웰메이드 화제작 드라마 두 편 동시 출격 (KBS content producer 'Monster Union', two well-made drama series in June). 11 April 2017. Seoul Economic Daily.
Jump up ^ "'7일의왕비' 박민영X연우진X이동건 대본리딩 '최강호흡'" [Queen for Seven Days team puts in their first four hours at script read]. Sports Chosun. 20 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "'연예가중계' 박민영 "7일의 왕비', '구르미그린달빛' 5년 뒤 버전"". Hei.
Jump up ^ "TNMS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". TNMS Ratings (in Korean). Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). Retrieved March 24, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website (in Korean)
Queen for Seven Days at KBS World
Queen for Seven Days at HanCinema
Queen for Seven Days at MyDramaList
KBS: Wednesday-Thursday dramas
Previous program
Queen for Seven Days
(May 31 – August 3, 2017)
Next program
Queen of Mystery
(April 5 – May 25, 2017) Manhole
(August 9 – September 28, 2017)
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Cardiac marker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cardiac marker
Medical diagnostics
LOINC
58260-1
[edit on Wikidata]
Cardiac markers are biomarkers measured to evaluate heart function. They are often discussed in the context of myocardial infarction, but other conditions can lead to an elevation in cardiac marker level.
Most of the early markers identified were enzymes, and as a result, the term "cardiac enzymes" is sometimes used. However, not all of the markers currently used are enzymes. For example, in formal usage, troponin would not be listed as a cardiac enzyme.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Applications of measurement
2 Types
2.1 suPAR
3 Limitations
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Applications of measurement[edit]
Measuring cardiac biomarkers can be a step toward making a diagnosis for a condition. Whereas cardiac imaging often confirms a diagnosis, simpler and less expensive cardiac biomarker measurements can advise a physician whether more complicated or invasive procedures are warranted. In many cases medical societies advise doctors to make biomarker measurements an initial testing strategy especially for patients at low risk of cardiac death.[2][3]
Many acute cardiac marker IVD products are targeted at nontraditional markets, e.g., the hospital ER instead of traditional hospital or clinical laboratory environments. Competition in the development of cardiac marker diagnostic products and their expansion into new markets is intense.[4]
Recently, the intentional destruction of myocardium by alcohol septal ablation has led to the identification of additional potential markers.[5]
Types[edit]
Types of cardiac markers include the following:
Test
Sensitivity and specificity
Approximate peak
Description
Troponin test The most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage. Because it has increased specificity compared with CK-MB, troponin is a superior marker for myocardial injury. 12 hours Troponin is released during MI from the cytosolic pool of the myocytes. Its subsequent release is prolonged with degradation of actin and myosin filaments. Isoforms of the protein, T and I, are specific to myocardium. Differential diagnosis of troponin elevation includes acute infarction, severe pulmonary embolism causing acute right heart overload, heart failure, myocarditis. Troponins can also calculate infarct size but the peak must be measured in the 3rd day. After myocyte injury, troponin is released in 2–4 hours and persists for up to 7 days.
Creatine Kinase (CK-MB) test It is relatively specific when skeletal muscle damage is not present. 10–24 hours The CK-MB isoform of creatine kinase is expressed in heart muscle. It resides in the cytosol and facilitates movement of high energy phosphates into and out of mitochondria. Since it has a short duration, it cannot be used for late diagnosis of acute MI but can be used to suggest infarct extension if levels rise again. This is usually back to normal within 2–3 days.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) LDH is not as specific as troponin. 72 hours Lactate dehydrogenase catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. LDH-1 isozyme is normally found in the heart muscle and LDH-2 is found predominantly in blood serum. A high LDH-1 level to LDH-2 suggest MI. LDH levels are also high in tissue breakdown or hemolysis. It can mean cancer, meningitis, encephalitis, or HIV. This is usually back to normal 10–14 days.
Aspartate transaminase (AST) This was the first used.[6] It is not specific for heart damage, and it is also one of the liver function tests.
Myoglobin (Mb) low specificity for myocardial infarction 2 hours Myoglobin is used less than the other markers. Myoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissue. It is high when muscle tissue is damaged but it lacks specificity. It has the advantage of responding very rapidly,[7] rising and falling earlier than CK-MB or troponin. It also has been used in assessing reperfusion after thrombolysis.[8]
Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) low specificity IMA can be detected via the albumin cobalt binding (ACB) test, a limited available FDA approved assay. Myocardial ischemia alters the N-terminus of albumin reducing the ability of cobalt to bind to albumin. IMA measures ischemia in the blood vessels and thus returns results in minutes rather than traditional markers of necrosis that take hours. ACB test has low specificity therefore generating high number of false positives and must be used in conjunction with typical acute approaches such as ECG and physical exam. Additional studies are required.
Pro-brain natriuretic peptide This is increased in patients with heart failure. It has been approved as a marker for acute congestive heart failure. Pt with < 80 have a much higher rate of symptom-free survival within a year. Generally, pt with CHF will have > 100.
Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB 0.854 and 0.767[9] 7 hours
Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (abbreviation: GPBB) is one of the three isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase. This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac (heart) and brain tissue. Because of the blood–brain barrier, GP-BB can be seen as being specific to heart muscle. GP-BB is one of the "new cardiac markers" which are considered to improve early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome. During the process of ischemia, GP-BB is converted into a soluble form and is released into the blood. A rapid rise in blood levels can be seen in myocardial infarction and unstable angina. GP-BB is elevated 1–3 hours after process of ischemia.
suPAR[edit]
suPAR, soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, (NCBI Accession no. AAK31795) is the soluble form of uPAR. uPAR is a membrane bound receptor for uPA, otherwise known as urokinase. suPAR results from the cleavage and release of membrane-bound uPAR. suPAR concentration positively correlates to the activation level of the immune system and is present in plasma, urine, blood, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid. suPAR is a biomarker for activation of the inflammatory and immune systems. suPAR levels are positively correlated with pro-inflammatory biomarkers, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, leukocyte counts, and C-reactive protein. Elevated levels of suPAR are associated with increased risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), cancer, Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, infectious diseases, HIV, and mortality. suPARnostic is a prognostic test used to detect suPAR levels in blood plasma.
Limitations[edit]
Reference ranges for blood tests, measured in units, including several cardiac markers.
Depending on the marker, it can take between 2 and 24 hours for the level to increase in the blood. Additionally, determining the levels of cardiac markers in the laboratory - like many other lab measurements - takes substantial time. Cardiac markers are therefore not useful in diagnosing a myocardial infarction in the acute phase. The clinical presentation and results from an ECG are more appropriate in the acute situation.
However, in 2010, research at the Baylor College of Medicine revealed that, using diagnostic nanochips and a swab of the cheek, cardiac biomarker readings from saliva can, with the ECG readings, determine within minutes whether someone is likely to have had a heart attack[citation needed].
Comparison of cardiac markers over time
Comparison of cardiac marker in the first hours after chestpain onset and the relative concentration.
Comparison of cardiac marker in the first hours after chestpain onset and the multiples of the cutoff.
Kinetics of cardiac markers in myocardial infarction with or without reperfusion treatment.
See also[edit]
Myocardial markers in myocardial infarction
Reference ranges for blood tests#Cardiac tests
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rao SP, Miller S, Rosenbaum R, Lakier JB (August 1999). "Cardiac troponin I and cardiac enzymes after electrophysiologic studies, ablations, and defibrillator implantations". Am. J. Cardiol. 84 (4): 470, A9. PMID 10468091. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00337-9.
Jump up ^ American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" (PDF), Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, retrieved August 17, 2012
Jump up ^ Hendel, R. C.; Berman, D. S.; Di Carli, M. F.; Heidenreich, P. A.; Henkin, R. E.; Pellikka, P. A.; Pohost, G. M.; Williams, K. A.; American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; American College Of, R.; American Heart, A.; American Society of Echocardiology; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance; Society Of Nuclear, M. (2009). "ACCF/ASNC/ACR/AHA/ASE/SCCT/SCMR/SNM 2009 Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 53 (23): 2201–2229. PMID 19497454. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.013.
Jump up ^ "Cardiac Marker Diagnostic Testing Markets". TriMark Publications, LLC. November 2011.
Jump up ^ Lewis GD; Wei R; Liu E; et al. (October 2008). "Metabolite profiling of blood from individuals undergoing planned myocardial infarction reveals early markers of myocardial injury". J. Clin. Invest. 118 (10): 3503–12. PMC 2525696  . PMID 18769631. doi:10.1172/JCI35111.
Jump up ^ NISSEN NI, RANLOV P, WEIS-FOGH J (July 1965). "EVALUATION OF FOUR DIFFERENT SERUM ENZYMES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION". Br Heart J. 27 (4): 520–6. PMC 503341  . PMID 14324110. doi:10.1136/hrt.27.4.520.
Jump up ^ "Use of Cardiac Markers in the Emergency Department: - eMedicine". Retrieved 2009-01-06.
Jump up ^ Christenson RH; Ohman EM; Topol EJ; et al. (September 1997). "Assessment of coronary reperfusion after thrombolysis with a model combining myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB, and clinical variables. TAMI-7 Study Group. Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction-7". Circulation. 96 (6): 1776–82. PMID 9323061. doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.6.1776.
Jump up ^ Lippi, G.; Mattiuzzi, C.; Comelli, I.; Cervellin, G. (2013). "Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis.". Biochem Med (Zagreb). 23 (1): 78–82. PMC 3900091  . PMID 23457768. doi:10.11613/bm.2013.010.
Further reading[edit]
Ross G, Bever F, Uddin Z, Devireddy L, Gardin J (2004). "Common scenarios to clarify the interpretation of cardiac markers". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 104 (4): 165–76. PMID 15127984. Full text
on GPBB
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