text:
White House Rose Garden
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Catherine crabapple trees in bloom, bordered by tulips, primrose and grape hyacinth. The West Colonnade, designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Thomas Jefferson, can be seen in the background.
The White House Rose Garden is a garden bordering the Oval Office and the West Wing of the White House in Washington, D.C., United States. The garden is approximately 125 feet long and 60 feet wide (38 meters by 18 meters). It balances the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden on the east side of the White House Complex.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design and horticulture
2 Official and informal use
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Design and horticulture[edit]
The White House Rose Garden was established in 1913 by Ellen Loise Axson Wilson, wife of Woodrow Wilson, on the site of a previous colonial garden established by First Lady Edith Roosevelt (wife of Theodore Roosevelt) in 1902.[1] Prior to 1902, the area contained extensive stables, housing various horses and coaches, on the grounds of the present-day Oval Office, Cabinet Room, and Rose Garden. During the 1902 Roosevelt renovation, First Lady Edith Roosevelt insisted on having a proper colonial garden[2] to help replace the conservatory rose house that had formerly stood there. She made it because she thought it was more proper to have a garden on the property.
In 1961, during the John F. Kennedy administration, the garden was largely redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon[2] concurrently with extensive repair work to the East Garden. Mellon created a space with a more defined central lawn, bordered by flower beds that were planted in a French style whilst largely using American botanical specimens. The present-day garden follows the same layout first established by Mellon, where each flower bed is planted with a series of 'Katherine' crabapples and Littleleaf lindens bordered by low diamond-shaped hedges of thyme. Additionally, the outer edges to the flower bed which face the central lawn are edged with boxwood, and each of the four corners to the garden are punctuated by Magnolia × soulangeana; specifically, obtaining specimens that were found growing along the banks of the Tidal Basin by Mellon.[2]
Ever since then, roses have served as the primary flowering plants in the garden, including large numbers of "Queen Elizabeth" grandiflora roses, along with the tea roses "Pascale", "Pat Nixon", and "King's Ransom". A shrub rose, "Nevada Rose", also serves to add a cool note of white coloration to the landscaping. Seasonal flowers are further interspersed to add nearly year-round color and variety to the garden. Some of the Spring blooming bulbs planted in the present-day Rose Garden include jonquil, daffodil, fritillaria, grape hyacinth, tulips, chionodoxa and squill. Summer blooming annuals are changed on a near yearly basis. In the fall, chrysanthemum and flowering kale bring color leading all the way up until the early winter days. In something of a decidedly odd tradition, each and every summer sees garden gnomes taken and placed throughout the Rose Garden on July 1st - the number of which representing the number of living presidents at that particular moment in time.
Official and informal use[edit]
The Rose Garden looking west towards the Oval Office.
Beginning with the establishment of the garden in the early twentieth century the Rose Garden has been used for events. President Wilson met there with the press for informal questions. President Hoover began a tradition of welcoming and being photographed with prominent citizens there. Calvin Coolidge used the garden for making public announcements about policy and staffing decisions. President John F. Kennedy welcomed Project Mercury astronauts in the garden. Many presidential news conferences take place in the garden, as well as occasional White House dinners and ceremonies. The marriage of President Richard Nixon's daughter Tricia to Edward F. Cox took place in the Rose Garden in 1971. In recent years, joint news conferences with the president and a visiting head of state have been held in the Rose Garden. Presidents frequently host American Olympic and major league athletes in the Rose Garden after winning in their respective sport. George W. Bush welcomed the Stanley Cup champion Carolina Hurricanes to the Rose Garden after their victory in 2006.
The phrase "Rose Garden strategy" (such as a re-election strategy) refers to staying inside or on the grounds of the White House as opposed to traveling throughout the country.[3] For example, Jimmy Carter's initial efforts to end the Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) were a Rose Garden strategy because he mostly held discussions with his close advisers in the White House. On July 25, 1994 a declaration of peace between Israel and Jordan was signed in the Rose Garden.
Although the Rose Garden is used frequently to greet distinguished visitors and for special ceremonies and public statements, the contemplative setting is often a very personal and private place for the President. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt commissioned Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. to redesign the gardens, and he installed cast iron furniture pieces.
See also[edit]
Front porch campaign
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Rose Garden". White House Museum. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gordon, Meryl (September 22, 2017). "How Bunny Mellon Re-invented the White House Rose Garden". Vanity Fair. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://politicaldictionary.com/words/rose-garden-campaign/
Further reading[edit]
Abbott James A., and Elaine M. Rice. Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration. Van Nostrand Reinhold: 1998. ISBN 0-442-02532-7.
Clinton, Hillary Rodham. An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History. Simon & Schuster: 2000. ISBN 0-684-85799-5.
Garrett, Wendell. Our Changing White House. Northeastern University Press: 1995. ISBN 1-55553-222-5.
McEwan, Barbara. White House Landscapes. Walker and Company: 1992. ISBN 0-8027-1192-8.
Mellon, Rachel Lambert. The White House Gardens Concepts and Design of the Rose Garden. Great American Editions Ltd.: 1973.
Seale, William. The President's House. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 1986. ISBN 0-912308-28-1.
Seale, William. The White House Garden. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 1996. ISBN 0-912308-69-9.
The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. ISBN 0-912308-79-6.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to White House Rose Garden.
History of the White House Gardens and Grounds
Additional pictures of the Rose Garden at the White House Museum
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I'm in Your Mind Fuzz
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I'm in Your Mind Fuzz
Studio album by King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard
Released
October 31, 2014 (2014-10-31)
Studio
Daptone, Brooklyn (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6, 7)
A Secret Location, Melbourne (tracks 2, 5, 8-10)
Hunter Mountain, New York (add.)
Genre
Psychedelic rock
garage rock
Length
42:05
Label
Heavenly
Flightless
Producer
Stu Mackenzie
King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard chronology
Oddments
(2014) I'm in Your Mind Fuzz
(2014) Quarters!
(2015)
Singles from I'm in Your Mind Fuzz
"Cellophane"
Released: 17 November 2014
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic 75/100[1]
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [2]
Pitchfork 7/10[3]
I'm In Your Mind Fuzz is the fifth studio album by Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard. It was released on 31 October 2014 on Heavenly Records.
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
2 Personnel
3 References
4 External links
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Stu Mackenzie, except "Hot Water" by Joey Walker and Mackenzie.
No.
Title
Length
1. "I'm in Your Mind" 3:34
2. "I'm Not in Your Mind" 2:58
3. "Cellophane" 3:11
4. "I'm in Your Mind Fuzz" 2:52
5. "Empty" 4:11
6. "Hot Water" 3:24
7. "Am I in Heaven?" 7:06
8. "Slow Jam 1" 2:55
9. "Satan Speeds Up" 3:39
10. "Her and I (Slow Jam 2)" 8:15
Total length: 42:05
Personnel[edit]
Credits for I'm in Your Mind Fuzz adapted from liner notes.[4]
King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard
Michael Cavanagh – drums
Cook Craig – guitars
Ambrose Kenny-Smith – blues harp
Stu Mackenzie – vocals, guitars, keys, flute
Eric Moore – drums
Lucas Skinner – bass
Joey Walker – guitars, vocals
Production
Stu Mackenzie – production, additional recording, mixing (tracks 2, 5, 6, 8-10), additional mixing (tracks 1, 3, 4, 7)
Wayne Gordon – recording (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6, 7)
Paul Maybury – recording (tracks 2, 5, 8-10), mixing (tracks 2, 8, 10)
Michael Badger – mixing (tracks 1, 3, 4, 7)
Joe Carra – mastering
Jason Galea – art
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Reviews for I'm in Your Mind Fuzz by King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard". Metacritic. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Christopher Monger, James. [1]. AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Minsker, Evan (5 December 2016). "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard: I'm in Your Mind Fuzz Album Review". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Track listing and credits as per liner notes for I'm in Your Mind Fuzz album
External links[edit]
I'm in Your Mind Fuzz at Discogs (list of releases)
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Chauri Chaura incident
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Chauri Chaura Shahid Samarak
The Chauri Chaura incident occurred at Chauri Chaura in the Gorakhpur district of the United Province, (modern Uttar Pradesh) in British India on 5 February 1922, when a large group of protesters, participating in the Non-cooperation movement, clashed with police, who opened fire. In retaliation the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants. The incident led to the deaths of three civilians and 22 or 23 policemen. Mahatma Gandhi, who was strictly against violence, halted the Non-cooperation Movement on the national level on 12 February 1922, as a direct result of this incident.[1]
Contents
1 Background
2 The incident
3 Aftermath
4 Trial and conviction
5 Memorial
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
In the early 1920, Indians, led by Mahatma Gandhi, were engaged in a nationwide non-cooperation movement. Using non-violent methods of civil disobedience known as Satyagraha protests were organised by the Indian National Congress to challenge oppressive government regulatory measures such as the Rowlatt Act,with the ultimate goal of swaraj or independence.
The incident[edit]
Two days before the incident, on 2 February 1922, volunteers participating in the Non-cooperation Movement protested against high meat prices in the marketplace. The demonstrators were beaten back by local police. Several of their leaders were arrested and put in the lockup at the Chauri Chaura police station. In response, a protest against the police was called for 4 February, to be held in the local marketplace.[2]
On 5 February, approximately 2,000 to 2,500 protesters assembled and began marching towards the market at Chauri Chaura. They had gathered to picket a liquor shop in the market place. One of their leaders was arrested. Part of the crowd gathered in front of the local police station shouting slogans demanding the release of their leader. Armed police were dispatched to control the situation while the crowd marched towards the market and started shouting anti-government slogans. In an attempt to frighten and disperse the crowd, the police fired warning shots into the air. This only agitated the crowd who began to throw stones at the police.[3][4][5]
With the situation getting out of control, the Indian sub-inspector in charge ordered the police to open fire on the advancing crowd, killing three and wounding several others. Reports vary on the reason for the police retreat, with some claiming that the constables ran out of ammunition while others claimed that the crowd's unexpectedly assertive reaction to the gunfire was the cause. In the ensuing chaos, the heavily outnumbered police fell back to the shelter of the police chowki while the angry mob advanced. Infuriated by the gunfire into their ranks, the crowd set the chowki ablaze, killing all of the Indian policemen and chaprassis (official messengers) trapped inside.[3][4][5] Most were burned to death though several appear to have been killed by the crowd at the entrance to the chowki and their bodies thrown back into the fire. The death count is reported variously in the literature as 22 or 23 policemen killed, possibly due to the subsequent death of an additional burn victim.[3][4][5]
Aftermath[edit]
In response to the killing of the police, the British authorities declared martial law in and around Chauri Chaura. Several raids were conducted and hundreds of people were arrested.
Appalled at the outrage, Gandhi went on a five-day fast as penance for what he perceived as his culpability in the bloodshed.[4] In reflection, Gandhi felt that he had acted too hastily in encouraging people to revolt against the British Raj without sufficiently emphasising the importance of ahimsa (non-violence) and without adequately training the people to exercise restraint in the face of attack. He decided that the Indian people were ill-prepared and not yet ready to do what was needed to achieve independence. Gandhi was also arrested and sentenced to six years of imprisonment but was later released in February 1924, on grounds of his ill health.[5]
On 12 February 1922, the Indian National Congress halted the Non-cooperation Movement on the national level as a direct result of the Chauri Chaura tragedy.[6]
Trial and conviction[edit]
A total of 228 people were brought to trial on charges of "rioting and arson" in conjunction with the Chauri Chaura affair.[7] Of these 6 died while in police custody, while 172 were sentenced to death by hanging following conviction in a trial which lasted eight months.[7]
A storm of protest erupted over the verdicts, which were characterised as "legalised murder" by Indian Communist leader M.N. Roy,[7] who called for a general strike of Indian workers.[8]
On 20 April 1923, the Allahabad High Court reviewed the death verdicts; 19 death sentences were confirmed and 110 were sentenced to prison for life, with the rest sentenced to long terms of imprisonment.[9]
Memorial[edit]
A memorial to the dead policemen was dedicated by the British authorities in 1923.[10] Following Independence the words Jai Hind[1] were added to it, as well as a verse by poet Jagdamba Prasad Miraj kamal& made famous by the great revolutionary poet Bismil. The verse reads Shaheedon ki chitaaon par lagenge har baras mele (On the pyres of martyrs, there will be fairs every year).[11]
The people of the district did not forget the 19 persons tried and executed after the Chauri Chaura incident . In 1971, they formed an association called - Chauri Chaura Shaheed Smarak Samiti. In 1973, this Samiti constructed near the lake at Chauri Chaura a 12.2 meters high triangular minaret on each side of which a figure is depicted hanging with a noose round his neck. The minaret was built at a cost of Rs 13,500 contributed by popular subscription.[10][1][11]
Later another Shaheed Smarak (now the main one) was built by the Government of India to honour those hanged after the incident. This tall memorial has names of those executed engraved upon it.[12] A library & museum related to the independence struggle has been set up near the memorial.
Indian Railways have named a train to honour those executed after the Chauri Chaura incident. The train is named Chauri Chaura Express, which runs from Gorakhpur to Kanpur
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Haunted by memories". India Today newspaper. 20 October 2003. Retrieved 5 Jan 2017.
Jump up ^ Event, Metaphor, Memory - Chauri Chaura 1922-92 by Shahid Amin
^ Jump up to: a b c Longman History & Civics Icse 10 By Singh Vipul. 2009. p. 91.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gandhi: A Political and Spiritual Life By Kathryn Tidrick. 2006. pp. 176–180.
^ Jump up to: a b c d History of Modern India: 1707 A.D. to 2000 A.D. By Radhey Shyam Chaurasia. 2002. p. 355.
Jump up ^ Batsha, "Gandhi and Chauri Chaura,"
^ Jump up to: a b c M.N. Roy, "Legal Murder in India," International Press Correspondence, vol. 3, no. 9 (24 January 1923). Reprinted in G. Adhikari (ed.), Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume 2, 1923–1925. New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1974; pp. 62–64.
Jump up ^ M.N. Roy, "An Appeal to the Labour Unions of India," Vanguard, vol. 2, no. 2 (1 March 1923). Reprinted in G. Adhikari (ed.), Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume 2, 1923–1925. New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1974; pp. 64–65.
Jump up ^ "The Chauri Chaura Case," Vanguard, vol. 2, no. 8 (1 June 1923). Reprinted in G. Adhikari (ed.), Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume 2, 1923–1925. New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1974; pp. 68–69.
^ Jump up to: a b "No tears for these martyrs". Times of India. 22 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Your memory versus mine". Hindustan Times. 14 August 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dilapidated freedom fighters' memorial angers Gorakhpur residents". DNA. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
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