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Armistice of Cassibile
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King Victor Emmanuel III in his uniform as Marshal of Italy.
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The Armistice of Cassibile[1] was an armistice signed on 3 September 1943 by Walter Bedell Smith and Giuseppe Castellano, and made public on 8 September, between the Kingdom of Italy and the Allies of World War II. It was signed at a conference of generals from both sides in an Allied military camp at Cassibile in Sicily, which had recently been occupied by the Allies. The armistice was approved by both King Victor Emmanuel III and Italian Prime Minister Pietro Badoglio. The armistice stipulated the surrender of Italy to the Allies.
After its publication, Germany retaliated against Italy, attacking Italian forces in Italy, South of France and the Balkans. Italian forces were quickly defeated and most of Italy was occupied by German troops, while the King, the government and most of the navy reached territories occupied by the Allies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Towards the signing
2 Treaty
2.1 Conditions
2.2 The way to the signing
3 Aftermath
4 Italian Navy
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
Main article: Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy
Following the surrender of the Axis powers in North Africa on 13 May 1943, the Allies bombed Rome first on 16 May, invaded Sicily on 10 July and were preparing to land on the Italian mainland.
In the spring of 1943, preoccupied by the disastrous situation of the Italian military in the war, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini removed several figures from the government whom he considered to be more loyal to King Victor Emmanuel III than to the Fascist regime. These moves by Mussolini were described[by whom?] as slightly hostile acts to the king, who had been growing increasingly critical of the war.
To help carry out his plan[clarification needed], the King asked for the assistance of Dino Grandi. Grandi was one of the leading members of the Fascist hierarchy and, in his younger years, he had been considered to be the sole credible alternative to Mussolini as leader of the National Fascist Party. The King was also motivated by the suspicion that Grandi's ideas about Fascism might be changed abruptly. Various ambassadors, including Pietro Badoglio himself, proposed to him the vague possibility of succeeding Mussolini as dictator.
The secret frondeur later involved Giuseppe Bottai, another high member of the Fascist directorate and Minister of Culture, and Galeazzo Ciano, probably the second most powerful man in the Fascist party and Mussolini's son-in-law. The conspirators devised an Order of the Day for the next reunion of the Grand Council of Fascism (Gran Consiglio del Fascismo) which contained a proposal to restore direct control of politics to the king. Following the Council, held on 23 July 1943, where the "order of the day" was adopted by majority vote, Mussolini was summoned to meet the King and dismissed as Prime Minister. Upon leaving the meeting, Mussolini was arrested by carabinieri and spirited off to the island of Ponza. Badoglio took the position of Prime Minister. This went against what had been promised to Grandi, who had been told that another general of greater personal and professional qualities (Enrico Caviglia) would have taken the place of Mussolini.
The appointment of Badoglio apparently did not change the position of Italy as Germany's ally in the war. However, many channels were being probed to seek a peace treaty with the Allies. Meanwhile, Hitler sent several divisions south of the Alps, officially to help defend Italy from allied landings but in reality to control the country.
Towards the signing[edit]
General Giuseppe Castellano
Three Italian generals (including Giuseppe Castellano) were separately sent to Lisbon in order to contact Allied diplomats. However, to start out the proceedings the Allies had to solve a problem concerning who was the most authoritative envoy: the three generals had in fact soon started to quarrel about the question of who enjoyed the highest authority. In the end, Castellano was admitted to speak with the Allies in order to set the conditions for the surrender of Italy. Among the representatives of the Allies, there was the British ambassador to Portugal, Sir Ronald Hugh Campbell, and two generals sent by Dwight D. Eisenhower, the American Walter Bedell Smith (Eisenhower's Chief of Staff) and the British Kenneth Strong (Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence).
On 27 August Castellano returned to Italy and, three days later, briefed Badoglio about the Allied request for a meeting to be held in Sicily, which had been suggested by the British ambassador to the Vatican.
To ease communication between the Allies and the Italian Government, a captured British SOE agent, Dick Mallaby, was released from Verona prison and secretly moved to the Quirinale. It was vital that the Germans remained ignorant of any suggestion of Italian surrender and the SOE was seen as the most secure method in the circumstances.[2]
Treaty[edit]
Conditions[edit]
Badoglio still considered it possible to gain favourable conditions in exchange for the surrender. He ordered Castellano to insist that any surrender of Italy was subordinate to a landing of Allied troops on the Italian mainland (the Allies at this point were holding only Sicily and some minor islands).
On 31 August General Castellano reached Termini Imerese, in Sicily, by plane and was subsequently transferred to Cassibile, a small town in the neighbourhood of Syracuse. It soon became obvious that the two sides in the negotiations had adopted rather distant positions. Castellano pressed the request that the Italian territory be defended from the inevitable reaction of the German Wehrmacht against Italy after the signing. In return, he received only vague promises, which included the launching of a Parachute division over Rome. Moreover, these actions were to be conducted contemporaneously with the signing and not preceding it, as the Italians had wanted.
The following day Castellano was received by Badoglio and his entourage. The Minister of Foreign Affairs Baron Raffaele Guariglia declared that the Allied conditions were to be accepted. Other generals like Giacomo Carboni maintained however that the Army Corps deployed around Rome was insufficient to protect the city, due to lack of fuel and ammunition, and that the armistice had to be postponed. Badoglio did not pronounce himself in the meeting. In the afternoon he appeared before the King, who decided to accept the armistice conditions.
The way to the signing[edit]
A confirmation telegram was sent to the Allies. The message, however, was intercepted by the German armed forces, which had long since begun to suspect that Italy was seeking a separate armistice. The Germans contacted Badoglio, who repeatedly confirmed the unwavering loyalty of Italy to its German ally. His reassurances were doubted by the Germans, and the Wehrmacht started to devise an effective plan (Operation Achse) to take control of Italy as soon as the Italian government had switched allegiance to the Allies.
On 2 September Castellano set off again to Cassibile with an order to confirm the acceptance of the Allied conditions. He had no written authorisation from the head of the Italian Government, Badoglio, who wanted to dissociate himself as much as possible from the forthcoming defeat of his country.
The signing ceremony began at 14:00 on 3 September. Castellano and Bedell Smith signed the accepted text on behalf of respectively Badoglio and Eisenhower. A bombing mission on Rome by five hundred airplanes was stopped at the last moment: it had been Eisenhower's deterrent to accelerate the procedure of the armistice. Harold Macmillan, the British government's representative minister at the Allied Staff, informed Winston Churchill that the armistice had been signed "without amendments of any kind".
Aftermath[edit]
Only after the signing had taken place was Castellano informed of the additional clauses that had been presented by General Campbell to another Italian general, Zanussi, who had also been in Cassibile since 31 August. Zanussi, for unclear reasons, had not informed Castellano about them. Bedell Smith, nevertheless, explained to Castellano that the further conditions were to have taken effect only if Italy had not taken on a fighting role in the war alongside the Allies.
On the afternoon of the same day, Badoglio had a briefing with the Italian Ministers of Navy, Air Forces and War, and with the King's representatives as well. However, he omitted any mention of the signing of the armistice, referring only to ongoing negotiations.
The day of entry into force of the armistice was linked to a planned landing in Central Italy and was left to Allied discretion. Castellano still understood the date intended to be 12 September and Badoglio started to move troops to Rome.
On 7 September, a small Allied delegation reached Rome to inform Badoglio that the next day would have been the day of the armistice. He was also informed about the pending arrival of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division into airports around the city. Badoglio told this delegation that his army was not ready to support this landing and that most airports in the area were under German control; he asked for a deferral of the armistice of a few days. When General Eisenhower learned of this, the landing in Rome of American troops was cancelled, but the day of the armistice was confirmed since other troops were already en route by sea to land on southern Italy.
When the armistice was announced by Allied radio, on the afternoon of 8 September, German forces immediately attacked Italian forces by executing Operation Achse; the majority of the Italian Army had not been informed about the armistice and no clear orders had been issued about the line of conduct to be taken in the face of the German armed forces. Some of the Italian divisions that should have defended Rome were still in transit from the south of France. The King, along with the royal family and Badoglio, fled Rome on the early morning of the 9th, taking shelter in Brindisi, in the south of the country. The initial intention had been to move army headquarters out of Rome together with the King and the prime minister, but few staff officers reached Brindisi. In the meanwhile the Italian troops, without instructions, collapsed and were soon overwhelmed, and some small units decided to stay loyal to the German ally. Between 8 and 12 September, German forces therefore occupied all of the Italian territory still not under Allied control except Sardinia and part of Apulia, without meeting great organized resistance. In Rome, an Italian governor, with the support of an Italian infantry division, nominally ruled the city until 23 September but in practice, the city was under German control from 11 September.
On 3 September, British and Canadian troops had crossed the Strait of Messina and begun landing in the southernmost tip of Calabria in Operation Baytown. The day after the armistice was made public, 9 September, the Allies made landings at Salerno and at Taranto.
The Allies failed to take full advantage of the Italian armistice and they were quickly checked by German troops. In terrain that favoured defence, it took 20 months for the Allied forces to reach the northern borders of Italy.
Some of the Italian troops based outside of Italy, in the occupied Balkans and Greek islands, were able to stand some weeks after the armistice but without any determined support by the Allies, they were all overwhelmed by the Germans by the end of September 1943. On the island of Cephalonia, the Italian Acqui Division was massacred after resisting German forces. Only on the islands of Leros and Samos, with British reinforcements, did the resistance last until November 1943, and in Corsica Italian troops forced German troops to leave the island.
In other cases individual Italian units of various size stayed on the Axis side. Many of these units formed the nucleus of the armed forces of the Italian Social Republic[citation needed].
Italian Navy[edit]
While Italy's army and air force virtually disintegrated with the announcement of the armistice on 8 September, the Allies coveted the country's navy with 206 ships in total, including such formidable battleships as the Roma, Vittorio Veneto and the Italia (known as the Littorio until July 1943).[3] There was a danger that some of the Italian Navy might fight on, be scuttled or, of more concern for the Allies, end up in German hands.[3] As such, the truce called for Italian warships on Italy's west coast, mostly located at La Spezia and Genoa, to sail for North Africa (passing Corsica and Sardinia); and for those at Taranto, in the heel of Italy, to sail for Malta.[3]
At 02:30, on 9 September, the three battleships Roma, Vittorio Veneto and Italia, "shoved off from La Spezia escorted by three light cruisers and eight destroyers".[3] When German troops who had stormed into the town to prevent the defection became enraged by these ships' escape, "they rounded up and summarily shot several Italian captains who, unable to get their vessels under way, had scuttled them".[3] That afternoon German bombers attacked the ships, sailing without air cover, off Sardinia, launching guided bombs; several ships suffered damage and Roma sank with the loss of nearly 1,400 men.[3] Most of the remaining ships made it safely to North Africa, "while three destroyers and a cruiser which had stopped to rescue survivors, docked in Menorca."[3] The Italian navy's turnover proceeded more smoothly in other areas of Italy. When an Allied naval force headed for the big naval base of Taranto, they watched a flotilla of Italian ships sailing out of Taranto harbour towards surrender at Malta.[3]
An agreement between the Allies and the Italians in late September provided for some of the Italian Navy to be kept in commission, but the battleships were to be reduced to care and maintenance, effectively disarmed. Italian mercantile marine vessels were to operate under the same general conditions as those of the Allies. In all cases, the Italian vessels would retain their Italian crews and fly Italian flags.[4]
See also[edit]
Military history of Italy during World War II
Allied invasion of Italy
European Theatre of World War II
Italian Co-Belligerent Army
Operation Panzerfaust
King Michael's Coup
Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944
Moscow Armistice
Italian Army in Russia
Badoglio Proclamation
Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Howard McGaw Smyth, "The Armistice of Cassibile", Military Affairs 12:1 (1948), 12–35.
Jump up ^ Marks, Leo (1998). Between Silk and Cyanide. London: HarperCollins. chapter 47. ISBN 0-00-255944-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Robert Wallace & the editors of Time-Life Books, The Italian Campaign, Time-Life Books Inc, 1978. p.57
Jump up ^ Armistice with Italy: Employment and Disposition of Italian Fleet and Merchant Marine (Cunningham-de Courten Agreement) 23 September 1943
References[edit]
Aga Rossi, Elena (1993). Una nazione allo sbando (in Italian). Bologna.
Bianchi, Gianfranco (1963). 25 luglio, crollo di un regime (in Italian). Milan.
Marchesi, Luigi (1969). Come siamo arrivati a Brindisi (in Italian). Milan.
External links[edit]
(in Italian) Il diario del generale Giuseppe Castellano, La Sicilia, 8 settembre 2003
(in Italian) 8 Settembre 1943, l'armistizio Centro Studi della Resistenza dell'Anpi di Roma
The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Terms of the Armistice with Italy; September 3, 1943
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Castillo (surname)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Castillo is a Spanish surname meaning "castle".
Contents
1 Geographical distribution
2 People
3 See also
4 References
Geographical distribution[edit]
As of 2014, 24.8% of all known bearers of the surname Castillo were residents of Mexico (frequency 1:191), 9.4% Venezuela (1:122), 8.1% of the Philippines (1:479), 7.6% of the United States (1:1,813), 7.3% of Colombia (1:249), 6.6% of Peru (1:184), 4.1% of Chile (1:164), 4.1% of the Dominican Republic (1:98), 4.0% of Argentina (1:413), 3.6% of Guatemala (1:172), 3.4% of Spain (1:530), 2.8% of Cuba (1:158), 2.5% of Panama (1:61), 2.3% of Ecuador (1:267), 2.2% of Honduras (1:152), 2.1% of Nicaragua (1:109), 1.3% of El Salvador (1:180) and 1.2% of Costa Rica (1:152).
In Spain, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:530) in the following autonomous communities:
1. Ceuta (1:289)
2. Cantabria (1:302)
3. Andalusia (1:313)
4. Melilla (1:323)
5. Castilla-La Mancha (1:392)
6. La Rioja (1:418)
7. Region of Murcia (1:460)
8. Aragon (1:473)
In Panama, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:61) in the following provinces:
1. Chiriquí Province (1:37)
2. Bocas del Toro Province (1:38)
3. Coclé Province (1:41)
4. Veraguas Province (1:44)
In the United States, the frequency of Castillo was higher than national average (1:1,813) in the following states:[1]
1. Texas (1:509)
2. New Mexico (1:596)
3. California (1:857)
4. Arizona (1:1,138)
5. Nevada (1:1,165)
6. Hawaii (1:1,168)
7. Florida (1:1,472)
8. New York (1:1,805)
People[edit]
Notable people with the surname include:
Abelardo Castillo (1935–2017), Argentine writer and editor
Alberto Castillo (catcher) (born 1970), Dominican professional baseball player
Alberto Castillo (performer) (1914–2002), Argentine tango singer and actor
Alberto Castillo (pitcher) (born 1975), Cuban professional baseball player
Alexandra Castillo (born 1971), actress
Alonso de Castillo Solórzano (1584–1647), Spanish novelist and playwright
Ana Castillo (born 1953), American novelist, poet, short story writer, and essayist
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1828–1897), Spanish politician and historian; assassinated
Benny Castillo (born 1966), American baseball player
Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1492–1581), Spanish conquistador
Braulio Castillo (1933–2015), Puerto Rican telenovela actor
Braulio Castillo (baseball) (born 1968), Dominican professional baseball player
Braulio Castillo, hijo (born 1964), Puerto Rican actor
Brenda Castillo (born 1992), Dominican Republic volleyball player
Brian Castillo (born 1968), American musician, producer, and photographer
Carlos Castillo Armas (1914–1957), President of Guatemala 1954–1957; assassinated
Carlos Castillo Medrano (died 2013), Guatemalan politician
Cátulo Castillo (1906–1975), Argentine poet and tango music composer
Christian Castillo (politician) (born 1967), activist in the Socialist Workers' Party (Argentina)
Christian Castillo (footballer) (born 1984), Salvadoran footballer
Chucho Castillo (1944–2013), Mexican professional boxer
Daniela Castillo (born 1982), Chilean pop singer and actress
Demetrio Castillo Duany (1856 - 1922), Cuban revolutionary, soldier, and politician
Isabella Castillo (born 23 December 1994), Español Singer and Actor
Edgar Castillo (born 1986), American playing football (soccer) for Mexico
Eliecer Castillo (born 1970), Cuban professional boxer
Eliseo Castillo (born 1975), Cuban professional boxer
Emilio Castillo (contemporary), American saxophone player and composer
Eugene F. Castillo (contemporary), Filipino-American orchestra conductor
Francisco Castillo Fajardo, Marquis of Villadarias (1642–1716), Spanish military general
Frank Castillo (1969–2013), American professional baseball player
Gil Castillo (born 1965), American martial arts fighter
Guillermo Castillo, Cuban musician and songwriter
Heberto Castillo (1928–1997), Mexican civil engineer and political activist
Isabella Castillo (born 23 December 1994), Español Singer and Actor
Irán Castillo (born 1977), Mexican actress
Jesús Castillo, Jr. (contemporary), professional wrestler
Joey Castillo (born 1966), American rock drummer
Jorge Castillo (artist) (born 1933), Spanish-Argentine painter and sculptor
Jorge Castillo (chef) (contemporary), Cuban-American chef and television personality
José de Jesús Castillo Rentería (1927–2013), Mexican Roman Catholic bishop
Jorge Del Castillo (born 1950), Peruvian lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Peru
José Castillo (baseball) (born 1982), Venezuelan professional baseball player
José Castillo (Spanish Civil War) (1901–1936), Spanish Police Assault Guard lieutenant during the Second Spanish Republic
José del Castillo (1737–1793), Spanish painter in the Absolutism movement
José Luis Castillo (born 1973), Mexican professional boxer
Juan Castillo (American football) (born 1959), American football offensive line coach
Juan Castillo (pitcher) (born 1970), Venezuelan professional baseball player
Juan Guillermo Castillo, Uruguayan football (soccer) player
Juan Ignacio González del Castillo (1763–1800), Spanish author of comic theater
Karol Castillo (1989–2013), Peruvian beauty pageant winner
Kate del Castillo (born 1972), Mexican actress
Liset Castillo (born 1973), Cuban basketball player
Luis Castillo (American football) (born 1983), American professional football player
Luis Castillo (baseball) (born 1975), Dominican professional baseball player
Manny Castillo (born 1957), Dominican baseball player
Marcela Guerra Castillo (contemporary), served in the Chamber of Deputies 2003–2006
María de Jesús Castillo (born 1983), Mexican female footballer
Marino Vinicio Castillo (contemporary), Dominican lawyer and politician
Martín Castillo (born 1977), Mexican champion professional boxer
Marty Castillo (born 1957), American professional baseball player
Mark Castillo American physical education teacher at Saint Joseph's Notre Dame High School in Alameda, California.
Mary Castillo (born 1974), American author
Miguel Santín del Castillo (19th century), President of El Salvador 1858–1860
Nery Castillo (born 1984), Mexican professional football player
Oscar Castillo (born 1954), Argentine politician, former governor of Catamarca Province
Otto René Castillo (1936–1967), Guatemalan poet and revolutionary
Pilar del Castillo (born 1952), Spanish politician, Member of the European Parliament
Rafael Castillo, several people
Rainier Castillo (born 1985), Filipino actor
Ramiro Castillo (1966–1997), Bolivian professional football player
Ramón Castillo (1873–1944), President of Argentina 1942–1943
Randy Castillo (1950–2002), American rock drummer
Roberto Castillo, several people
Rosalio José Castillo Lara (born 1922), Venezuelan archbishop and cardinal; Vatican official
Ruben Castillo (boxer) (born 1957), American professional boxer
Ruben Castillo (judge), United States District Judge
Sandra M. Castillo (born 1962), Cuban-American poet
Sarai Sanchez Castillo (born 1981), Venezuelan woman chess grandmaster
Sauce Castillo (born 1993), Canadian basketball player in the National Basketball Association
Segundo Castillo (born 1982), Ecuadoran professional football player
Sergio Badilla Castillo (born 1947), Chilean poet
Susie Castillo (born 1980), American beauty queen, Miss USA 2003
Tony Castillo (pitcher) (born 1963), former Major League Baseball left-handed relief pitcher
Tony Castillo (catcher) (born 1957), retired American baseball catcher
Valdemar Castillo (born 1946), Belizean politician
Welington Castillo (born 1987), Dominican baseball catcher
Fictional characters:
Eden and Cruz Castillo, couple on the American soap opera Santa Barbara
Jimena Castillo, from Daughters of the Moon (book series)
Lt. Martin Castillo, from Miami Vice
Richard Castillo, Star Trek character
Zoë Castillo, character from the computer game Dreamfall: The Longest Journey
See also[edit]
Castle (surname)
Castel (surname)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Castillo surname distribution
Surname list
This page lists people with the surname Castillo. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
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Guillermo Castillo

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Marino Vinicio Castillo

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text:
The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Onel5969 (talk | contribs) at 12:48, 16 August 2017 (fixed dashes using a script). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.
Revision as of 12:48, 16 August 2017 by Onel5969 (talk | contribs) (fixed dashes using a script)
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The Maltese Falcon
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John Huston
Screenplay by
John Huston
Based on
The Maltese Falcon
by Dashiell Hammett
Starring
Humphrey Bogart
Mary Astor
Gladys George
Peter Lorre
Barton MacLane
Lee Patrick
Sydney Greenstreet
Music by
Adolph Deutsch
Cinematography
Arthur Edeson
Edited by
Thomas Richards
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
October 3, 1941 (1941-10-03) (New York City)
October 18, 1941 (1941-10-18) (United States)
Running time
101 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$381,000[1]
The Maltese Falcon is a 1941 film noir written and directed by John Huston[2] in his directorial debut, and based on Dashiell Hammett's 1929 novel of the same name.[3][4][5] The film stars Humphrey Bogart as private investigator Sam Spade and Mary Astor as his femme fatale client. Gladys George, Peter Lorre, and Sydney Greenstreet co-star, with Greenstreet appearing in his film debut. The story follows a San Francisco private detective and his dealings with three unscrupulous adventurers, all of whom are competing to obtain a jewel-encrusted falcon statuette.[6]
The film premiered on October 3, 1941, in New York City, and was nominated for three Academy Awards. The Maltese Falcon was selected for inclusion in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry in 1989.[7]
The Maltese Falcon is a part of Roger Ebert's "Great Movies" series[8] and was cited by Panorama du Film Noir Américain as the first major film noir.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Background
4 Production
4.1 Casting
4.2 Preparation
4.3 Cinematography
4.4 Props
4.4.1 Fred Sexton
4.4.2 Falcon props
5 Reception
6 Home media
7 Soundtrack
7.1 Track listing
8 Adaptations
9 Parodies
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
12.1 Streaming audio
Plot[edit]
In 1539 the Knight Templars [sic] of Malta, paid tribute to Charles V of Spain, by sending him a Golden Falcon encrusted from beak to claw with rarest jewels—but pirates seized the galley carrying this priceless token and the fate of the Maltese Falcon remains a mystery to this day —
– Introductory text appearing after the film's opening credits[10]
In San Francisco in 1941, private investigators Sam Spade (Humphrey Bogart) and Miles Archer (Jerome Cowan) meet prospective client Ruth Wonderly (Mary Astor). She claims to be looking for her missing sister, who is involved with a man named Floyd Thursby, whom she is to meet. After receiving a substantial retainer, Archer agrees to follow her that night and help get her sister back.
That night, Spade is awakened by a phone call from the police and informed that Archer has been killed. He meets his friend, Police Detective Tom Polhaus (Ward Bond), at the murder scene. He tries calling Wonderly at her hotel, but she has checked out. Back at his apartment, he is grilled by Polhaus and Lieutenant Dundy (Barton MacLane), who tell him that Thursby was also murdered the same evening. Dundy suggests that Spade had the opportunity and motive to kill Thursby, who likely killed Archer, immediately after he learned of Archer's death. Archer's widow Iva (Gladys George) believes that Spade shot his partner so he could have her.
From the trailer:
Gutman and Cairo meet with Spade.
Spade confronts O'Shaughnessy.
Later that morning, Spade meets Wonderly, now calling herself Brigid O'Shaughnessy. She explains that Thursby was her partner and probably killed Archer, but claims to have no idea who killed Thursby. Spade is not convinced, but agrees to investigate the murders.
At his office, Spade meets Joel Cairo (Peter Lorre), who first offers him $5,000 to find a "black figure of a bird", then pulls a gun on him in order to search the office. Spade knocks Cairo out and goes through his belongings. When Cairo awakens, he hires Spade. Later that evening, Spade tells O'Shaughnessy about Cairo. When Cairo shows up, it becomes clear that Spade's acquaintances know each other. Cairo becomes agitated when O'Shaughnessy reveals that the "Fat Man" is in San Francisco.
In the morning, Spade goes to Cairo's hotel, where he spots Wilmer (Elisha Cook, Jr.), a young man who had been following him earlier. He gives Wilmer a message for his boss, Kasper Gutman (Sydney Greenstreet), the "Fat Man". Spade meets Gutman, who begins to talk about the Falcon, but becomes evasive, causing Spade to storm out. Later, Wilmer takes Spade at gunpoint to see Gutman. Spade overpowers Wilmer, but meets with Gutman anyway. Gutman relates the history of the Maltese Falcon. He offers Spade $25,000 for the bird and a quarter of the proceeds from its sale. Then Spade passes out because his drink had been spiked. Wilmer, Gutman, and Cairo (who had been in the other room) depart.
When Spade awakens, he searches the suite and finds a newspaper with the arrival time of the freighter La Paloma circled. He goes to the dock, only to find the ship on fire. Later, the captain of the ship, Jacobi (Walter Huston), shot several times, staggers into Spade's office before dying. The bundle he was clutching contains the Maltese Falcon.
O'Shaughnessy calls the office, giving an address and then screams before the line goes dead. Spade stashes the package at the bus terminal, then goes to the address, which turns out to be an empty lot. Spade returns home and finds O'Shaughnessy hiding in a doorway. He takes her inside and finds Gutman, Cairo, and Wilmer waiting for him, guns drawn. Gutman gives Spade $10,000 for the Falcon, but Spade tells them that part of his price is someone he can turn over to the police for the murders of Thursby and Captain Jacobi. Spade suggests Wilmer, since he certainly killed Thursby and Jacobi. After some intense negotiation, Gutman and Cairo agree; Wilmer is knocked out in a scuffle.
Just after dawn, Spade calls his secretary, Effie Perine (Lee Patrick), to bring him the bundle. However, when Gutman inspects the black statuette, he finds it is a fake. During the tumult, Wilmer flees. Recovering from his frustration, Gutman invites Cairo to return with him to Istanbul to continue their quest. After they leave, Spade calls the police and tells them where to pick up the pair. Spade then angrily confronts O'Shaughnessy, telling her he knows she killed Archer to implicate Thursby, her unwanted accomplice. She confesses, but begs Spade to not turn her over to the police. Despite his feelings for her, Spade gives O'Shaughnessy up.
Cast[edit]
A promotional still showing O'Shaughnessy and Cairo clashing in front of the police
Humphrey Bogart as Sam Spade
Mary Astor as Ruth Wonderly/Brigid O'Shaughnessy
Gladys George as Iva Archer
Peter Lorre as Joel Cairo
Barton MacLane as Lieutenant Dundy
Lee Patrick as Effie Perine
Sydney Greenstreet as Kasper Gutman
Ward Bond as Detective Tom Polhaus
Jerome Cowan as Miles Archer
Elisha Cook, Jr. as Wilmer Cook
James Burke as Luke, hotel detective
Murray Alper as Frank Richman, taxi driver
John Hamilton as District Attorney Bryan
Walter Huston as Captain Jacoby (uncredited)
Background[edit]
Though Hammett worked for a time as a private detective for the Pinkerton Detective Agency in San Francisco (and used his birth name "Samuel" for the story's protagonist), Hammett called Spade "a dream man" with "no original". As the author wrote of the character in 1934:
Spade has no original. He is a dream man in the sense that he is what most of the private detectives I worked with would like to have been, and, in their cockier moments, thought they approached.[11]
Hammett reportedly drew upon his years as a detective in creating many of the other characters for The Maltese Falcon, which reworks elements from two of his stories published in Black Mask magazine in 1925, "The Whosis Kid" and "The Gutting of Couffignal".[12] The novel itself was serialized in five parts in Black Mask during 1929 and 1930 before being published in book form in 1930 by Alfred A. Knopf.
The 1941 film is the third film version of the novel. The first version (1931) starred Ricardo Cortez as Sam Spade and Bebe Daniels as Brigid O'Shaughnessy. The second, titled Satan Met a Lady (1936), starred Warren William and Bette Davis. It was rewritten as a light comedy, with many elements of the story changed.[13][14]
Warner Bros. had been prevented by the Hays Office censors from re-releasing the 1931 version due to its "lewd" content; it was not until after 1966 that unedited copies of the 1931 film could be shown in the U.S. Though largely compliant with the Production Code, Huston's remake did contain some innuendo: when the police implicate Spade in his partner's murder, Spade asks Detective Polhaus, "What's your boyfriend gettin' at, Tom?"
Production[edit]
Casting[edit]
Reportedly, Humphrey Bogart was not the first choice to play Sam Spade. Producer Hal B. Wallis initially offered the role to George Raft, who rejected it because he did not want to work with an inexperienced director, choosing instead to make Manpower, opposite Edward G. Robinson and Marlene Dietrich, with director Raoul Walsh. Raft had earlier turned down the lead role in Walsh's High Sierra, the film that effectively launched Bogart's career as leading man rather than chronic supporting player, and is believed by many[who?] to have passed up the role of "Rick", the cynical hero of Casablanca. The 42-year-old Bogart was delighted[citation needed] to play a highly ambiguous character who is both honorable and greedy. Huston was particularly grateful that Bogart had quickly accepted the role, and the film helped to consolidate their lifelong friendship and set the stage for later collaboration on such films as The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), Key Largo (1948), The African Queen (1951), and Beat the Devil (1953). Bogart's convincing interpretation became the archetype for a private detective in the film noir genre, providing him near-instant acclaim and rounding and solidifying his onscreen persona. It was The Maltese Falcon that Ingrid Bergman watched over and over again while preparing for Casablanca, in order to learn how to interact and act with Bogart.[15]
The role of the deceitful femme fatale Brigid O'Shaughnessy was originally offered to Geraldine Fitzgerald,[citation needed] but went to Mary Astor when Fitzgerald decided to appear in a stage play. Hammett remembers that the character "had two originals, one an artist, the other a woman who came to Pinkerton's San Francisco office to hire an operative to discharge her housekeeper, but neither of these women was a criminal."[11]
The character of the sinister "Fat Man" Kasper Gutman was based on A. Maundy Gregory, an overweight British detective-turned-entrepreneur who was involved in many sophisticated endeavors and capers, including a search for a long-lost treasure not unlike the jeweled Falcon.[15] However, the character was not easily cast, and it took some time before producer Hal Wallis solved the problem by suggesting that Huston give a screen test to Sydney Greenstreet, a veteran stage character actor who had never appeared on film before. Greenstreet, who was then 61 years old and weighed between 280 and 350 pounds, impressed Huston with his sheer size, distinctive abrasive laugh, bulbous eyes, and manner of speaking.[15] Greenstreet went on to be typecast in later films of the 1940s such as Casablanca (1942), The Mask of Dimitrios (1944), The Verdict (1946), and Three Strangers (1946).
Greenstreet's characterization had such a strong cultural impact that the "Fat Man" atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki during World War II was named after him.[16]
The character of Joel Cairo was based on a criminal Hammett arrested for forgery in Pasco, Washington, in 1920.[11] In Hammett's novel, the character is clearly homosexual, but to avoid problems with the censors, this was downplayed considerably, although he is still noticeably effeminate. For instance, Cairo's calling cards and handkerchiefs are scented with gardenias; he fusses about his clothes and becomes upset when blood from a scratch ruins his shirt; and he makes subtle fellating gestures with his cane during his interview with Spade. By contrast, in the novel, Cairo is referred to as "queer" and "the fairy". The film is one of many of the era that, because of the Hays Office, could only hint at homosexuality. It is mentioned by The Celluloid Closet, a documentary about how films dealt with homosexuality.
Wilmer, the "gunsel"
Elisha Cook, Jr., a well-known character actor, was cast by Huston as Wilmer. Wilmer gets upset when Spade refers to him as a "gunsel", meaning a young homosexual in a relationship with an older man.[17][18][19]
Gladys George had made her mark on Broadway with her starring role in Lawrence Riley's Personal Appearance (1934) (adapted for the screen in 1936 as Go West, Young Man); this comedy's huge success had been credited in great part to her comic performance.[20] Her role as Archer's wife thus displays her versatility.
John Hamilton appeared in a minor role as District Attorney Bryan. Ten years later he would portray Perry White in The Adventures of Superman on television.
The unbilled appearance of the character actor Walter Huston, in a small cameo role as the freighter captain who delivers the Falcon, was done as a good luck gesture for his son, John Huston, on his directorial debut. The elder Huston had to promise Jack Warner that he would not demand a dime for his little role before he was allowed to stagger into Spade's office.[citation needed]
Preparation[edit]
During his preparation for The Maltese Falcon, first-time director John Huston planned each second of the film to the very last detail, tailoring the screenplay with instructions to himself for a shot-for-shot setup, with sketches for every scene, so filming could proceed fluently and professionally.[21] Huston was adamant that the film keep to schedule, and that everything be methodically planned to the fullest to ensure that the film never went over budget. By providing the cast with a highly detailed script, Huston was able to let them rehearse their scenes with very little intervention.[citation needed]
Such was the extent and efficacy of his preparation of the script that almost no line of dialogue was eliminated in the final edit of the film.[22] Except for some exterior night shots, Huston shot the entire film in sequence,[23] which greatly helped his actors. The shooting went so smoothly that there was actually extra time for the cast to enjoy themselves; Huston brought Bogart, Astor, Bond, Lorre and others to the Lakeside Golf Club near the Warner lot to relax in the pool, dine, drink and talk until midnight about anything other than the film they were working on.
Huston used much of the dialogue from the original novel. The only major section of the novel which wasn't used at all in the film is the story of a man named "Flitcraft",[24] which Spade tells to Brigid while waiting in his apartment for Cairo to show up. Huston removed all references to sex that the Hays Office had deemed to be unacceptable. Huston was also warned not to show excessive drinking. The director fought the latter, on the grounds that Spade was a man who put away a half bottle of hard liquor a day and showing him completely abstaining from alcohol would mean seriously falsifying his character.[15]
Cinematography[edit]
With its low-key lighting and inventive and arresting angles, the work of Director of Photography Arthur Edeson is one of the film's great assets. Unusual camera angles—sometimes low to the ground, revealing the ceilings of rooms (a technique also used by Orson Welles and his cinematographer Gregg Toland on Citizen Kane)—are utilized to emphasize the nature of the characters and their actions. Some of the most technically striking scenes involve Gutman, especially the scene where he explains the history of the Falcon to Spade, purposely drawing out his story so that the knockout drops he has slipped into Spade's drink will take effect.[15] Meta Wilde, Huston's longtime script supervisor, remarked of this scene:
It was an incredible camera setup. We rehearsed two days. The camera followed Greenstreet and Bogart from one room into another, then down a long hallway and finally into a living room; there the camera moved up and down in what is referred to as a boom-up and boom-down shot, then panned from left to right and back to Bogart's drunken face; the next pan shot was to Greenstreet's massive stomach from Bogart's point of view. ... One miss and we had to begin all over again.[25]
Wilde's account suggests that the entire scene was edited into the finished film as a long take—an idea that has since been corroborated by numerous film historians, including Roger Ebert, who said in his review, "Consider an astonishing unbroken seven-minute take ... Was the shot just a stunt? Not at all; most viewers don't notice it because they're swept along by its flow."[8]
However, while the scene may have been built around a complicated master shot, in fact no long takes are used in any part of the finished film. Ebert does, however, accurately review Huston's innovative choices during the scene in which Spade is drugged:
... Greenstreet chatters about the falcon while waiting for a drugged drink to knock out Bogart. Huston's strategy is crafty. Earlier, Greenstreet has set it up by making a point: "I distrust a man who says 'when.' If he's got to be careful not to drink too much, it's because he's not to be trusted when he does." Now he offers Bogart a drink, but Bogart doesn't sip from it. Greenstreet talks on, and tops up Bogart's glass. He still doesn't drink. Greenstreet watches him narrowly. They discuss the value of the missing black bird. Finally, Bogart drinks, and passes out. The timing is everything; Huston doesn't give us closeups of the glass to underline the possibility that it's drugged. He depends on the situation to generate the suspicion in our minds.[8]
Very nearly as visually evocative are the scenes involving Astor, almost all of which suggest prison. In one scene she wears striped pajamas, the furniture in the room is striped, and the slivers of light coming through the Venetian blinds suggest cell bars, as do the bars on the elevator cage at the end of the film when she takes her slow ride downward with the police, apparently on her way to prison and possible execution. Huston and Edeson crafted each scene to make sure the images, action and dialog blended effectively, sometimes shooting closeups of characters with other cast members acting with them off camera.[15]
Props[edit]
Fred Sexton[edit]
Fred Sexton and The Maltese Falcon director John Huston (ca. 1960)
Fred Sexton (June 3, 1907 – September 11, 1995) was an American artist and sculptor of the Maltese Falcon statuette prop for "The Maltese Falcon."[26] During the 1930s and 1940s, Sexton was championed by Los Angeles Times art critic Arthur Millier, and his work was acquired by Los Angeles-area art collectors including actor Edward G. Robinson and movie director John Huston.[27][28][29][30][31][32] Sexton also taught art and headed the Art Students League in Los Angeles[33] between 1949 and 1953.[32]
In August 2013, Michele Fortier, the daughter of Fred Sexton, was interviewed on camera by UCLA Professor Vivian Sobchack, Ph.D. Fortier recounted her father’s creation of the Maltese Falcon prop model for the film, as well as visits to the film set where she interacted with actors Humphrey Bogart and Sydney Greenstreet, and director John Huston.[26]
Fortier recalled that her father made "preliminary sketches" for the Maltese Falcon prop on a "manila envelope", and then sculpted the model for the prop in clay. During visits to the film set, she remembered seeing a prop that was "shiny and black", but "not like patent leather shoes".[26]
Fortier also identified initials inscribed in the right rear tail feather of a plaster Maltese Falcon prop owned by Hank Risan as her father’s.[26] Fortier explained that she owns many of her father’s paintings and commented that many of the signatures share the same idiosyncratic characteristics.[26]
Falcon props[edit]
A model of the Maltese Falcon
The "Maltese Falcon" itself is said to have been based on the "Kniphausen Hawk",[34] a ceremonial pouring vessel made in 1697 for George William von Kniphausen, Count of the Holy Roman Empire. It is modeled after a hawk perched on a rock and is encrusted with red garnets, amethysts, emeralds and blue sapphires. The vessel is currently owned by the Cavendish family[35] and is part of the collection at Chatsworth House.[34]
Several 11.5-inch (29 cm) tall falcon props were made for the film. A metal falcon was given to William Conrad by studio chief Jack L. Warner and auctioned off in December 1994, nine months after Conrad's death, for $398,500 to Ronald Winston, president and CEO of Harry Winston, Inc.[36] At the time, it was the highest price paid for a film prop[citation needed]. The prop was used to model a 10-pound gold replica displayed at the 69th Academy Awards. In early 1996, Ronald Winston announced that he sold the prop to a mystery buyer for an undisclosed offer "I couldn't refuse."[37] A 45-pound metal prop known to have appeared in the film was sold at auction on November 25, 2013, for over $4 million, including the buyer's fee.[38]
On September 24, 2010, Guernsey's auctioned a 4 lb, 5.4 oz resin falcon for $305,000 to a group of buyers that included actor Leonardo DiCaprio and billionaire Stewart Rahr, owner of pharmaceutical and generics wholesaler Kinray.[39] The prop was discovered at a flea market in New Jersey in 1991 by Emmy-winning producer/director Ara Chekmayan.[40]
Adam Savage, co-host of MythBusters, has gone to great lengths to create an accurate replica.[41]
The Maltese Falcon is considered a classic example of a MacGuffin, a plot device that motivates the characters of the story, but otherwise has little relevance.[42]
Reception[edit]
Following a September 1941 preview, Variety called it "one of the best examples of actionful and suspenseful melodramatic story telling in cinematic form":
Unfolding a most intriguing and entertaining murder mystery, picture displays outstanding excellence in writing, direction, acting and editing—combining in overall as a prize package of entertainment for widest audience appeal. Due for hefty grosses in all runs, it's textured with ingredients presaging numerous holdovers in the keys—and strong word-of-mouth will make the b.o. wickets spin.[43]
Upon its release, Bosley Crowther called it "the best mystery thriller of the year", saying "young Mr. Huston gives promise of becoming one of the smartest directors in the field"; according to Crowther, "the trick which Mr. Huston has pulled is a combination of American ruggedness with the suavity of the English crime school—a blend of mind and muscle—plus a slight touch of pathos."[44]
The film received three nominations at the 14th Academy Awards: Best Picture, Sydney Greenstreet for Best Supporting Actor, and John Huston for Best Adapted Screenplay.
As a result of the film's success, Warner Brothers immediately made plans to produce a sequel entitled The Further Adventures of the Maltese Falcon, which Huston was to direct in early 1942. However, due to Huston's high demand as a director and unavailability of the major cast members, the sequel was never made.[15]
In 1989, The Maltese Falcon was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", going in the first year of voting.[7] Roger Ebert added it to his "Great Movies" list.[8]
American Film Institute recognition
1998 – AFI's 100 Years…100 Movies – No. 23
2001 – AFI's 100 Years…100 Thrills – No. 26
2003 – AFI's 100 Years…100 Heroes and Villains:
Kasper Gutman – Nominated Villain
Brigid O'Shaughnessy – Nominated Villain
2005 – AFI's 100 Years…100 Movie Quotes:
"The stuff that dreams are made of." – No. 14. The expression is based on Act 4 of Shakespeare's play The Tempest, wherein Prospero says, "We are such stuff / As dreams are made on".
"You're good, you're very good." – Nominated
2007 – AFI's 100 Years…100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 31
2008 – AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 6 Mystery Film
Home media[edit]
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The DVD was re-released on June 1, 2006, with a new Dolby Digital mono soundtrack. It includes the original theatrical trailer. The DVD also includes an essay, A History of the Mystery, examining the mystery and film noir genres through the decades.
Also included on a second and third disc are two previous film versions of the Hammett novel: The Maltese Falcon (1931) and Satan Met a Lady. In a new documentary, The Maltese Falcon: One Magnificent Bird, a blooper reel, makeup tests and three radio show adaptations—two featuring the film's original stars—are also present.
Another special feature is a Turner Classic Movies documentary, Becoming Attractions: The Trailers of Humphrey Bogart. Hosted by TCM's Robert Osborne, the 45-minute feature traces Bogart's evolution from a heavy in the 1930s to a romantic leading man in the 1940s, and his return to playing bad men late in that decade.
The film was colorized for television by Turner Broadcasting System and released on video by MGM/UA in 1989, but that version is no longer available. CBS/Fox Video released a 101-minute black-and-white version of the film on laserdisc in 1982.
Soundtrack[edit]
The Maltese Falcon
Soundtrack album by Adolph Deutsch
Genre
Classical
Length
75:41
The music was written by Adolph Deutsch, who later went on the win an Academy Award. The recording was re-released in 2002 along with other film soundtrack works by Deutsch, including George Washington Slept Here, The Mask of Dimitrios, High Sierra and Northern Pursuit.
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic link
Track listing[edit]
"Main Title" – 2:07
"Street Scene" – 1:38
"Door Slam" – 0:28
"The Deal" – 2:47
"The Plot" – 3:02
"Gutman" – 2:08
"End Title" – 0:54
"End Cast" – 0:43
"Main Title – 1:22
"Arrival at House – 2:06
"Uncle Arrives" – 0:59
"The Phone" – 1:48
"The Letter – Wheelbarrow" – 2:39
"Locust – End Title" – 2:24
"Main Title – Deadman" – 2:22
"Dimitrios Selects a Victim" – 1:43
"Contract" – 0:35
"Dirty Spy" – 2:07
"The Traitor" – 0:43
"Peter Writes a Letter" – 1:42
"The Escape" – 1:28
"Blackmail Letter" – 1:26
"The Black Hat" – 0:26
"Struggle for the Gun" – 0:56
"Revenge" – 0:40
"Death of Dimitrios – Finale" – 2:01
"Main Title" – 0:50
"The Pardon" – 2:57
"Velma's Plight" – 3:52
"The Giveaway" – 3:11
"Apprehended" – 2:26
"Main Title" – 1:47
"Nazi Sub – Customs – Train" – 3:29
"Consultation" – 1:46
"Planning the Escape" – 1:58
"Escape" – 1:08
"Preparation" – 2:04
"Eavesdropping" – 0:47
"Gun Battle" – 2:43
"The Big Battle" – 4:47
"End Title – What Am I Saying?" – 0:42
Adaptations[edit]
Perhaps the earliest radio adaptation of The Maltese Falcon was on the Silver Theater broadcast on the CBS radio network on February 1, 1942, with Bogart as star.[45] Philip Morris Playhouse staged an adaptation August 14, 1942, with Edward Arnold starring.[46] CBS later created a 30-minute adaptation for The Screen Guild Theater with Bogart, Astor, Greenstreet and Lorre all reprising their roles. This radio segment was originally released on September 20, 1943, and was played again on July 3, 1946.[47] On May 18, 1950, another adaptation was broadcast on The Screen Guild Theater starring Bogart and his wife Lauren Bacall. In addition, there was an adaptation on Lux Radio Theater on February 8, 1943, starring Edward G. Robinson, Gail Patrick, and Laird Cregar.
Parodies[edit]
In 1975, Columbia released The Black Bird, a parody sequel to The Maltese Falcon starring George Segal as Sam Spade, Jr., with Patrick and Cook reprising their roles as Effie and Wilmer from the 1941 version. In 1974, during production for this film, one of the seven plaster figurines of the original 1941 Falcon on display at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art was stolen, and it was alleged that the "disappearance" of the figurine was staged as a publicity stunt for the Segal film. If it was, it came up short since news accounts of the missing Falcon exceeded those of the Segal film.[48]
In 1969, the film was spoofed in the sixth season of The Avengers television series, starring Patrick Macnee and Linda Thorson as John Steed and Tara King. The episode "Legacy of Death" features multiple assassins trying to obtain an ornate dagger known as the Falcon that will unlock a treasure, a black pearl. Near the end, one of the characters called Sidney Street, played by Stratford Johns, says to his partner Humbert Green, played by Ronald Lacey, that there is another treasure they should go after.[49][50]
In 1988, an homage to the film was presented in "The Big Goodbye", a first-season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. Captain Jean-Luc Picard, played by Patrick Stewart, is a fan of detective stories of the early 20th century, including the fictional Dixon Hill, a stand-in for Sam Spade. In a holodeck simulation, Picard-as-Hill is opposed by Cyrus Redblock, whose name is a play on "Sydney Greenstreet". Redblock is looking for "the item", which is never identified, standing in for the Falcon.
In 1990 the film was also paid homage in issue 62 of The Transformers called "Bird of Prey!" with the character of Nightbeat in the Sam Spade role which also mentions actor Peter Lorre and shows an image of Humphrey Bogart.
In 2001, the film was paid homage again in "Charmed Noir", a seventh-season episode of Charmed. In it, two siblings at Magic School write an immersive novel in which all characters are seeking the "Burmese Falcon". The boys become inadvertently trapped in the novel for decades, though time basically stands still for them. Paige Matthews, played by Rose McGowan, and an associate become trapped in the book as well many years after the boys do. Matthews asks one of the boys if the Burmese Falcon is "Like the Maltese Falcon?" in an attempt to understand the situation in which she finds herself. The boy replies that everyone knows that the Maltese Falcon was a fake, and that the Burmese Falcon is the genuine article.[51]
See also[edit]
Tribute of the Maltese Falcon
List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a film review aggregator website
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Maltese Falcon". AFI Catalog of Feature Films (American Film Institute). Retrieved August 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Maltese Falcon 1941". Turner Classic Movies. Atlanta: Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hammett, Dashiell (1992). The Maltese Falcon. New York City: Vintage Crime/Black Lizard. ISBN 978-0679722649.
Jump up ^ Variety film review; October 1, 1941, page 9.
Jump up ^ Harrison's Reports film review; October 4, 1941, page 159.
Jump up ^ "The Maltese Falcon (1941) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. National Film Registry – Titles".
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ebert, Roger "The Maltese Falcon (1941)." rogerebert.com. May 13, 2001. February 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ Sklar, Robert. Film: An International History of the Medium. [London]: Thames and Hudson, [c. 1990].
Jump up ^ Luhr, William, ed. (1995). The Maltese Falcon. Dir. John Huston. Rutgers Films in Print. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP. p. 27. ISBN 0-8135-2236-6. Retrieved August 5, 2010. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c Introduction to The Maltese Falcon (1934 edition)
Jump up ^ Dashiell Hammett. "Introduction to The Maltese Falcon (1934 edition)". Retrieved April 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Huston, John (1980). An Open Book. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 78.
Jump up ^ Crowther, Bosley. Review in the New York Times. October 4, 1941. Reprinted in Luhr, William, ed. (1995). The Maltese Falcon. Dir. John Huston. Rutgers Films in Print. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP. p. 127. ISBN 0-8135-2236-6. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Mills, Michael (1998). "The Maltese Falcon". Palace Classic Films. moderntimes.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Serber, Robert & Crease, Robert (1998). Peace & War: Reminiscences of a Life on the Frontiers of Science. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 104. ISBN 0-231-10546-0.
Jump up ^ "gunsel". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ Michael Quinion. "gunsel". World Wide Words. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Spotlight on. ..Eros". Take Our Word For It. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ Lax, Eric. Audio commentary for Disc One of the 2006 three-disc DVD special edition of The Maltese Falcon.
Jump up ^ Behlmer, Rudy. Behind the Scenes. Hollywood: Samuel French, 1990. p. 144.
Jump up ^ Huston decided that the final scene of the novel and the script, in which Spade returns disgustedly to Iva Archer, would not be filmed, believing the film should end the way it was, and thus making Spade's character more honorable as the story progressed. Lax, Eric. Audio commentary for Disc One of the 2006 three-disc DVD special edition of The Maltese Falcon.
Jump up ^ Behlmer, p. 145.
Jump up ^ "ed fitzgerald's unfutz".
Jump up ^ Grobel, Lawrence (1989). "The Hustons" (Paperback ed.). Cooper Square Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Interview with Michele Fortier, Daughter of Maltese Falcon Prop Artist Fred Sexton". YouTube.com. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Millier, Arthur (December 15, 1929). "Our Younger Painters". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Millier, Arthur (November 17, 1935). "Unknown Shows Rare Gift". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "Art Parade Reviewed". Los Angeles Times. October 6, 1940.
Jump up ^ Millier, Arthur (May 12, 1940). "The Art Thrill of the Week". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Millier, Arthur (September 5, 1948). "Brush Strokes".
^ Jump up to: a b South, Will; Yoshiki-Kovinick, Marian & Armstrong-Totten, Julia (2008). A Seed of Modernism: The Art Students of Los Angeles, 1906-I953. Pasadena Museum of California Art. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1597140768.
Jump up ^ "The Los Angeles Art Students League".
^ Jump up to: a b Frank Barrett (March 8, 2010). "Charming Chatsworth: Derbyshire's grand dame of a stately home shines forth after a glamorous £15million top-to-toe overhaul". Daily Mail.
Jump up ^ "Bellagio Gallery of Fine Art to exhibit one of England's most famous private collections". PR Newswire. January 18, 2004. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Maltese Falcon Prop Sells For $398,500 At Auction". Orlando Sentinel. December 7, 1994.
Jump up ^ Brozan, Nadine (February 2, 1996). "Chronicle". New York Times. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Maltese Falcon' Bird Statuette Sold for More Than $4 Million". PBS.org. November 25, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Saunders-Watson, Catherine. "DiCaprio and billionaire Rahr place top bid for Maltese Falcon statuette". Auction Central News International. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Charlie LeDuff, Charlie (June 29, 1997). "Bird Made Him a Sleuth". New York Times. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Adam Savage. "Adam Savage: My obsession with objects and the stories they tell - TED Talk - TED.com".
Jump up ^ Dirks, Tim. "Movie Review: "The Maltese Falcon"". Filmsite.org. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Maltese Falcon". Variety. September 29, 1941. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Crowther, Bosley (October 4, 1941). "The Maltese Falcon, a Fast Mystery-Thriller With Quality and Charm, at the Strand". The New York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "On KFAB". The Lincoln Star. February 1, 1942. p. 32. Retrieved March 31, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "Arnold Is Playhouse Guest Star". Harrisburg Telegraph. August 8, 1942. p. 25. Retrieved August 18, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Terrace, Vincent (1999). Radio Programs, 1924–1984:A Catalog of Over 1800 Shows. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0351-9.
Jump up ^ Kahn, Michael. "Maltese Falcon stolen from San Francisco restaurant." reuters.com. February 13, 2007. November 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Dave. The Ultimate Avengers Boxtree Limited, 1995. p.233
Jump up ^ The Avengers: Legacy of Death (1968) on IMDb
Jump up ^ TV.com. "Charmed, episode 'Charmed Noir'".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Maltese Falcon (1941 film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)
The Maltese Falcon at the American Film Institute Catalog
The Maltese Falcon on IMDb
The Maltese Falcon at the TCM Movie Database
The Maltese Falcon at AllMovie
The Maltese Falcon at Rotten Tomatoes
Books about The Maltese Falcon from film.virtual-history.com
Streaming audio[edit]
The Maltese Falcon on Lux Radio Theater: February 8, 1943
The Maltese Falcon on Screen Guild Theater: September 20, 1943
[show]
v
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Works by Dashiell Hammett
Novels
Red Harvest
The Dain Curse
The Maltese Falcon
The Glass Key
The Thin Man
Characters
The Continental Op
Sam Spade
Ned Beaumont
Nick and Nora Charles
Screenplays
After the Thin Man
Shadow of the Thin Man
The Glass Key
Watch on the Rhine
Comics
Secret Agent X-9
Film
adaptations
Roadhouse Nights (1930)
City Streets (1931)
The Maltese Falcon (1931)
The Thin Man (1934)
Woman in the Dark (1934)
The Glass Key (1935)
Satan Met a Lady (1936)
After the Thin Man (1936)
Secret Agent X-9 (1937)
Another Thin Man (1939)
The Maltese Falcon (1941)
Shadow of the Thin Man (1941)
The Glass Key (1942)
The Thin Man Goes Home (1945)
Secret Agent X-9 (1945)
Song of the Thin Man (1947)
No Good Deed (2002)
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by John Huston
Films
The Maltese Falcon (1941)
In This Our Life (1942)
Across the Pacific (1942)
Report from the Aleutians (1943)
The Battle of San Pietro (1945)
Let There Be Light (1946)
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
Key Largo (1948)
We Were Strangers (1949)
The Asphalt Jungle (1950)
The Red Badge of Courage (1951)
The African Queen (1951)
Moulin Rouge (1952)
Beat the Devil (1953)
Moby Dick (1956)
Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison (1957)
The Barbarian and the Geisha (1958)
The Roots of Heaven (1958)
The Unforgiven (1960)
The Misfits (1961)
Freud: The Secret Passion (1962)
The List of Adrian Messenger (1963)
The Night of the Iguana (1964)
The Bible: In the Beginning... (1966)
Casino Royale (1967)
Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967)
Sinful Davey (1969)
A Walk with Love and Death (1969)
The Kremlin Letter (1970)
Fat City (1972)
The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972)
The Mackintosh Man (1973)
The Man Who Would Be King (1975)
Independence (1976)
Wise Blood (1979)
Phobia (1980)
Victory (1981)
Annie (1982)
Under the Volcano (1984)
Prizzi's Honor (1985)
The Dead (1987)
Related
Five Came Back (2017 documentary)
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Dashiell Hammett's The Maltese Falcon
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The Maltese Falcon (1931)
Satan Met a Lady (1936)
The Maltese Falcon (1941)
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VIAF: 178223036
LCCN: n83232269
GND: 4441151-0
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Maltese_Falcon_(1941_film)&oldid=795783160"
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1941 films
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values: الصقر المالطي (فيلم) – Arabic

values: The Maltese Falcon (cinta de 1941) – Aragonese

values: Малтийският сокол (филм) – Bulgarian

values: Το Γεράκι της Μάλτας (ταινία) – Greek

values: El halcón maltés (película de 1941) – Spanish

values: The Maltese Falcon (1941eko filma) – Basque

values: شاهین مالت (فیلم) – Persian

values: The Maltese Falcon (filme de 1941) – Galician

values: הנץ ממלטה – Hebrew

values: A máltai sólyom (film, 1941) – Hungarian

values: Мальтийский сокол (фильм, 1941) – Russian

values: Малтешки соко (филм из 1941) – Serbian

values: The Maltese Falcon (film, 1941) – Serbo-Croatian

values: Maltan haukka (vuoden 1941 elokuva) – Finnish

values: Мальтійський сокіл (фільм, 1941) – Ukrainian

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