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List of social movements
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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Social movements are groupings of individuals or organizations which focus on political or social issues.
This list excludes the following:
Artistic movements: see list of art movements.
Independence movements: see lists of active separatist movements and list of historical separatist movements
Revolutionary movements: see List of revolutions and rebellions
Religious and spiritual movements: see List of religions and spiritual traditions and List of new religious movements
List of movements[edit]
Social movements portal
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Self-Reliant Group (SRG) movement
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The Zeitgeist Movement
Time to Change
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Treatment Action Campaign - movement struggling for HIV/AIDS treatment in South Africa
Umbrella Movement
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Via Campesina - international peasants movement representing 150 million people, advocating food sovereignty.
Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
White Wednesdays
Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign South African movement struggling against evictions
Wikimedia movement
Women Against War
Women's liberation movement
Women's suffrage movement
World Cleanup Day
References[edit]
External links[edit]
ASA section on Collective Behavior and Social Movements
Mobilization journal
Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Changejournal
Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest
Interface: a Journal For and About Social Movements
Social Movements: A Summary of What Works (pdf)
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text:
List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Isla de Muerta" redirects here. For other uses, see Isla Muerta (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This is a list of islands and other locations in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Davy Jones's Locker
2 Isla Cruces
3 Isla de Muerta
4 Pelegosto
5 Port Royal
6 Rum-runner's Isle
7 Shipwreck Cove
8 Singapore
9 Tortuga
10 See also
11 References
Davy Jones's Locker[edit]
Davy Jones's Locker is a fictional place featured prominently in At World's End. It is based on a real superstition. The arid plain where the Pearl is beached was filmed at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. The shore where the Pearl reenters the ocean was filmed at the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes in California.[1]
The Locker is similar to purgatory, and is the destination for souls that die at sea. Davy Jones was entrusted with the task of ferrying the souls of the deceased into the next world by the goddess Calypso. After Jack Sparrow is killed by the Kraken in Dead Man's Chest, Calypso organizes a mission to rescue his soul from the Locker back to the land of the living.
In the third film, Calypso is accompanied by Elizabeth Swann, Will Turner, and Hector Barbossa, among others. They reach the Locker by the use of magical charts leading to World's End. Sao Feng, one of the nine Pirate Lords, was the previous owner of these charts.
After the crew reach the Locker, they find Jack and the Black Pearl stranded in the desert. Jack, unable to move the ship, has begun to hallucinate. The ship is transported to the ocean by many crabs under the control of Calypso. While on the ocean, the crew see the ghost of Governor Weatherby Swann, who has been murdered on the orders of Cutler Beckett.
By deciphering the clues on Sao Feng's charts, Jack discovers the way to escape the Locker. At sunset, the crew capsizes the ship; this triggers a green flash and returns the Pearl to the world of the living, effectively reviving Jack.
Isla Cruces[edit]
Isla Cruces is a fictional island. The ruined church, graveyard, and mill were filmed in Vieille Case, Dominica. The beach where Norrington, Sparrow, and Turner duel was filmed near Little Exuma in The Bahamas.[2]
In Dead Man's Chest, Isla Cruces is a tropical island where Davy Jones buried the Dead Man's Chest. This chest contains his beating heart; stabbing the heart is the only way to kill Jones. The island appears to have been abandoned. The previous occupants are unknown, but there are crumbling buildings indicating that it was once inhabited.
On the island, Jack Sparrow, Will Turner, and James Norrington duel for control of the chest. James Norrington escapes with the chest, and gives it to Cutler Beckett in exchange for a full pardon.
It is not revealed in the film why Davy Jones buried the Dead Man's Chest on Isla Cruces. However, the film's writers, Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, imply in the Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest DVD audio commentary, that Jones chose it because it is a plague island that remains deserted.[citation needed]
Isla de Muerta[edit]
Isla de Muerta is an island featured in The Curse of the Black Pearl. It is a mysterious land where the Black Pearl's pirate crew hide their looted treasure. It is the location of the Aztec treasure that has cursed Hector Barbossa and the other members of his crew.
According to Jack Sparrow, Isla de Muerta is an island that cannot be found, except by those who already know where it is hidden. From the air, the island resembles a human skull. Mysteriously shrouded in fog, the isle is surrounded by a graveyard of sunken ships; its waters swarm with hammerhead sharks and shoaling fish. The island contains a series of connected caves, which contain the crew's loot and the Chest of Cortes.
Before the events of the film, Hector Barbossa leads a mutiny against Jack Sparrow and becomes the captain of Black Pearl. Later, the crew finds cursed Aztec treasure on Isla de Muerta. By removing the golden medallions from their chest, the crew become undead and lose the ability to feel physical pleasure. In order to remove the curse, the crew collect the medallions and return them.
Barbossa, believing that Elizabeth Swann is the key to breaking his curse, kidnaps her and brings her to Isla de Muerta. Captain Sparrow uses his magical compass, which points to the thing the user wants most, to follow him. With the help of Will Turner, Elizabeth, and Jack fight against the pirates in the caves under the island. James Norrington and his men fight against Barbossa's crew in the bay just offshore. By using Will's blood, the curse is broken and Jack kills Barbossa.
In Dead Man's Chest, it's learned that the island was reclaimed by the sea, taking with it both the cursed Aztec treasure and the mountains of gold that Barbossa's crew had hoarded while they were cursed. It was with this gold that Jack Sparrow had agreed to pay his new crew.
Pelegosto[edit]
Pelegosto, also known as Cannibal Island, is a fictional island. Scenes set on the island were filmed on Dominica. The Pelegosto tribe's main village was built south of the island's capital, Roseau. Other scenes were filmed in Morne Trois Pitons National Park and Indian River.[2]
In Dead Man's Chest, Bootstrap Bill Turner, acting as Davy Jones's agent, delivers the Black Spot to Captain Jack Sparrow, a mark indicating that his blood debt to Jones is due. To avoid the monstrous Kraken that is hunting him, Jack commands the crew of the Black Pearl to land as fast as possible. They alight on Pelegosto, a typical Caribbean island with sandy beaches and lush, mountainous jungles. But it is hardly the paradise it appears to be; it is inhabited by a vicious cannibal tribe that captures the Pearl's crew. They believe Jack Sparrow is a god in human form and intend to eat him to "release him from his fleshy prison". Will Turner arrives and helps them escape.
Jack seeks out Tia Dalma, an obeah woman, for help. Dalma lives in shack on the other side of the island. He trades Barbossa's undead monkey for a jar of dirt, which she claims will protect him from Davy Jones. After Jack's death at the hands of the Kraken, his crew return to Tia Dalma's shack on Pelegosto. Tia Dalma reveals that she has resurrected Barbossa, and they will lead a mission to rescue Jack from Davy Jones's Locker.
Port Royal[edit]
Port Royal is a British colony. It is based on the historical Port Royal, a city located at the end of the Palisadoes at the mouth of the Kingston Harbour, in southeastern Jamaica.
Scenes set in the harbor of Port Royal were filmed at Wallilabou Bay, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. A replica of Fort Charles was built on the Palos Verdes Peninsula near Los Angeles, as was Governor Swann's mansion. The scenes set inside the mansion were filmed in Manhattan Beach, California.[3]
Port Royal appears in all movies except in On Stranger Tides.
Elizabeth Swann arrives in Port Royal as a child, after her father Weatherby Swann is appointed governor. In the first film, Will Turner works in the town as a blacksmith's apprentice. Port Royal is attacked by the crew of the Black Pearl after Elizabeth accidentally summons the pirates. Pintel and Ragetti kidnap Elizabeth from her mansion, which is located in the town. Jack is imprisoned in the jail there, but Will Turner helps him escape.
In Dead Man's Chest, Cutler Beckett uses Port Royal as his base of operations.
Rum-runner's Isle[edit]
The scenes on Rum-runner's Isle were filmed in Petit Tabac, one of five islands known as the Tobago Cays, in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[3][4]
Before the events of the first film, Barbossa leads a mutiny against Jack and strands him on a small island. He leaves Jack a pistol holding a single shot; he could use this to commit suicide before starving to death. For many years, Barbossa assumes that Jack has died; he is surprised to learn of his survival during the events of the first film. Jack repeatedly claims that he used a raft made of sea turtles and his own back hair to escape the island. In reality, the island was a haven for rum-runners. Jack discovers their stash of liquor, lies on a beach drinking rum for three days, and barters passage off the isle when the bootleggers return.
During The Curse of the Black Pearl, Barbossa captures Elizabeth and Jack. Will Turner barters for their safety. Barbossa uses a loophole in their agreement to maroon Elizabeth and Jack on the same island. Elizabeth burns the stash of rum in order to create a signal fire, and they are rescued by James Norrington.
Shipwreck Cove[edit]
Shipwreck Cove is an inlet on the fictional Shipwreck Island, appearing in At World's End. Shipwreck Cove is considered to be an impregnable fortress, well-supplied, and able to withstand nearly any siege. It serves as the meeting place for the Brethren Court, which is a gathering of the world's nine Pirate Lords.
Scenes set on Shipwreck Island were filmed in Dominica.[1]
The Fourth Brethren Court meet to discuss the threat of the East India Trading Company and the ways in which to combat this threat. Barbossa insists that the Court must free Calypso, a sea goddess who was trapped in human form by the first Brethren Court. Sparrow and Elizabeth prefer to fight directly against the EITC. Elizabeth is elected Pirate King by the Court, and she declares war on Cutler Beckett.
The Pirate's Code is kept at Shipwreck Cove. This rulebook serves as the source of law for all pirates. Jack Sparrow's father, Captain Teague, is the Keeper of the Code.
Singapore[edit]
The fictionalised Singapore is filled with bridge-covered waterways and crude wooden buildings, and differs markedly from the actual historical Singapore.[citation needed] The sets for the bathhouse, harbor, and stilt houses were constructed at Universal Studios in Los Angeles.[1]
It appears in At World's End. Hector Barbossa and Elizabeth Swann visit Sao Feng to steal his navigational charts, which lead to World's End. They request a ship and a crew to rescue Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones’s Locker. Sao Feng has captured Will Turner, who attempted to steal the charts from Feng. After a tense standoff, the pirates form a temporary alliance when they are attacked by Ian Mercer and the East India Trading Company. After a series of skirmishes and negotiations, Feng grants them a ship and a crew.
Tortuga[edit]
Tortuga is an island off the northern coast of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), out of the jurisdiction of the Royal Navy and the East India Trading Company. While it remains a free port where traders can escape the high East India tariffs, it is a dangerous one where illegal transactions are common.
Scenes set in Tortuga were filmed in Wallilabou Bay, St. Vincent and the Grenadines.[1]
In the first film, Captain Jack Sparrow and Will Turner moor their stolen ship, the Interceptor, in Tortuga to recruit a crew. Their crew included Joshamee Gibbs, Anamaria, Cotton, and Marty. Here, Jack Sparrow also encounters Giselle and Scarlett, with whom has he had past romantic relationships.
In Dead Man's Chest, Will goes to Tortuga to hunt for Jack Sparrow. A denizen tells Will that he saw a ship with black sails (the Black Pearl) beached on Pelegosto. Jack returns to Tortuga to try to enlist ninety-nine unsuspecting sailors to pay off his blood debt to Davy Jones. Although he falls far short of his goal, the new crew proves useful during the final confrontation with the Kraken. Jack is reunited with Elizabeth Swann while in Tortuga and also recruits the disgraced James Norrington, who resigned his commission after losing his ship in a hurricane.
At the conclusion of At World's End, Barbossa leaves Jack and Gibbs in Tortuga by once again hijacking the Black Pearl. Gibbs remains in Tortuga with Giselle and Scarlett.
At the end of On Stranger Tides, Barbossa is in command of Blackbeard's ship, the Queen Anne's Revenge. He yells out that they will travel back to Tortuga, although this is not shown onscreen.
See also[edit]
Locations in prequel series
List of fictional islands
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Film locations for Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End". The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations. Retrieved 31 Mar 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Film locations for Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest". The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations. Retrieved 31 Mar 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Film locations for Pirates of the Caribbean: Curse of the Black Pearl". The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations. 2 Aug 2015. Retrieved 25 Mar 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pirates of the Caribbean". St. Vincent and the Grenadines Tourism Authority. Retrieved 25 Mar 2017.
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text:
Dan Forden
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Dan Forden
Born
Daniel Warner Forden
(1963-09-28) September 28, 1963 (age 54)
Chicago, Illinois
Other names
Toasty
Occupation
Sound programmer
Daniel "Dan" Warner "Toasty" Forden (born September 28, 1963) is an American sound programmer and music composer, and was the lead programmer on several high-profile arcade and pinball games. He is best known for working on the Mortal Kombat fighting game series (in particular his catchphrase "Toasty!" which would sound at impressive maneuvers). He has also played bass in the band Cheer-Accident.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography and working style
2 Works
2.1 Pinball
2.1.1 Williams
2.1.2 Midway (Bally)
2.1.3 Stern
2.2 Video games
3 References
4 External links
Biography and working style[edit]
Forden was born in Chicago, Illinois. He is the youngest of five children.
He is credited in the Mortal Kombat series as Dan "Toasty" Forden, and is known for an Easter egg that first appeared in Mortal Kombat II, where Forden's head would appear after a chain of combos in the bottom-right corner of the screen and shout "Toasty!" in a falsetto when an uppercut was performed. In MKII you will hear him say Toasty! after Scorpion's fatality was done. In MK9 he will also appear saying Toasty after a long combo and an uppercut.
In Mortal Kombat 3, freezing an opponent in "danger mode" with Sub-Zero would make him appear and shout "Frosty!". He still appeared sometimes saying "Toasty!" though, in the very same conditions.
Also, in Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3, Dan Forden would appear after a Stage Fatality in Scorpion's Lair saying "Crispy!" if both players' "High Punch" button was held down after executing the Fatality Input. If, instead, the both "Run" button were held down, then Shao Kahn would say "Crispy!".
Along with that, in Mortal Kombat 4, if the player executed Scorpion's fatality, Forden would say "Toasty 3D!". This was to emphasize the fact that this was the first Mortal Kombat game that used three-dimensional graphics.
Forden also included the "toasty" quote in the pinball machine Medieval Madness. When the player hits the right ramp, one of the quotes that is played is "toasty!".
This Easter egg is tributed in the dance simulator StepMania: whenever a player gets 250 consecutive Perfects or better (Excellents or better in the 4.0 CVS version), a "toasty" appears. The PopCap game Peggle also features a tribute, as does the Aerosmith-themed rail shooter Revolution X, where singer Steven Tyler shouts "Toasty!" in reaction to explosions.
Dan is a graduate of the Oberlin Conservatory of Music in the TIMARA program (or Technology in Music and Related Arts). He graduated in 1985 from the Conservatory and has since produced sounds for many Williams Electronics games. Forden's musical style, particularly for the Mortal Kombat series, is often a mixture of synthetic and organic sounds. A typical composition usually incorporates ethnic drumming with synthetic basses, synthetic leads and/or pads, and sometimes exotic instruments. His rhythms are usually very driving and his melodies can become quite complex.
Several songs that he composed for the Mortal Kombat 3 soundtrack were used in the precursor to South Park, Jesus vs. Santa.
Works[edit]
Pinball[edit]
Williams[edit]
Black Knight 2000 (with Brian L. Schmidt and Steve Ritchie)
Bad Cats
RollerGames
Riverboat Gambler (with Paul Heitsch)
The Machine: Bride of Pin*Bot (with Jon Hey and Rich Karstens)
The Getaway: High Speed II
Star Trek: The Next Generation
No Fear: Dangerous Sports
Medieval Madness
Midway (Bally)[edit]
Atlantis (with Robin Seaver)
Mousin' Around!
Harley Davidson
The Party Zone
The Pinball Circus
The Shadow
Attack From Mars
Safecracker
Revenge From Mars
Stern[edit]
The Simpsons Pinball Party (with Chris Granner)
Video games[edit]
Year
Game
Role(s)
System(s)
Notes
Audio director
Sound and/or Music
Other
1989 Arch Rivals No Yes No Arcade Uncredited
1991 Super High Impact No Yes No Arcade
1992 Mortal Kombat No Yes No Arcade
1993 Mortal Kombat II No Yes No Arcade
1995 Mortal Kombat 3 No Yes No Arcade
Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 No Yes Yes Arcade Grunts, Screams, Groans and Gibberish
1996 Mortal Kombat Trilogy No Yes Yes PlayStation Graphics
1997 Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero No Yes No PlayStation
Mortal Kombat 4 No Yes No Arcade Only credited in MK4 Design Team
2000 Mortal Kombat: Special Forces No Yes No PlayStation
CART Fury No Yes No Arcade
2002 WWF Raw No Yes No Xbox Sound effects recording
NFL Blitz 20-02 No Yes No GameCube
PlayStation 2
Xbox Sound effects only
Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance No Yes No GameCube
PlayStation 2
Xbox
MLB SlugFest 20-03 No Yes No GameCube
PlayStation 2
Xbox Sound effects only
2003 MLB SlugFest 20-04 No Yes No GameCube
PlayStation 2 Sound effects only
2004 Psi-Ops: The Mindgate Conspiracy No Yes No PlayStation 2
Xbox Additional audio
NBA Ballers No No Yes PlayStation 2 Commentary design
Mortal Kombat: Deception Yes No No PlayStation 2
Xbox
MLG Slugfest Loaded Yes No No PlayStation 2
Xbox
2005 Unreal Championship 2: The Liandri Conflict No No Yes Xbox Voice Production
Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks Yes No No PlayStation 2
Xbox
Blitz: The League No No Yes PlayStation 2
Xbox Additional audio support
NBA Ballers: Phenom Yes No No PlayStation 2
Xbox
2006 Mortal Kombat: Armageddon Yes No No PlayStation 2
Xbox
MLB Slugfest 2006 No No Yes PlayStation 2
Xbox
2011 Mortal Kombat No No Yes PlayStation 3
Xbox 360 Lead sound designer
Batman: Arkham City Lockdown No No Yes iOS
Android Senior sound designer
2013 Injustice: Gods Among Us Yes Yes No PlayStation 3
Wii U
Xbox 360 3 tracks in album[2]
2015 WWE Immortals No Yes No iOS
Android
Mortal Kombat X Yes No No iOS
Android
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
2017 Injustice 2 Yes Yes No iOS
Android
PlayStation 4
Xbox One 3 tracks in album[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Game-OST interview
Jump up ^ "Injustice: Gods Among Us - Original Video Game Score". iTunes. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Injustice 2 (Original Video Game Soundtrack)". iTunes. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
External links[edit]
MobyGames' rap sheet on Forden
Dan Forden on IMDb
Dan Forden discography at MusicBrainz
Artist profile at OverClocked ReMix
[hide]
v
t
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Steve Ritchie
Atari games
Airborne Avenger
Superman
Williams games
Flash
Stellar Wars
Firepower
Black Knight
Hyperball
High Speed
F-14 Tomcat
Black Knight 2000
RollerGames
Terminator 2: Judgment Day
The Getaway: High Speed II
Star Trek: The Next Generation
No Fear: Dangerous Sports
Stern Pinball games
Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines
Elvis
World Poker Tour
Spider-Man
Associated people
Larry DeMar
Dan Forden
Chris Granner
Eugene Jarvis
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb151040182 (data)
ISNI: 0000 0000 0154 1635
MusicBrainz: e38140f8-7cb0-401d-9fa1-1a8153a02361
VIAF: 1933149919429106650002
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Forden&oldid=833282188"
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text:
Carbon-13
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Carbon-13
General
Name, symbol
Carbon-13,13C
Neutrons
7
Protons
6
Nuclide data
Natural abundance
1.109%
Isotope mass
13.003355[1] u
Spin
−1⁄2
Complete table of nuclides
Carbon-13 (13C) is a natural, stable isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing six protons and seven neutrons. As one of the environmental isotopes, it makes up about 1.1% of all natural carbon on Earth.
Contents
1 Detection by mass spectrometry
2 Uses in science
3 See also
4 Notes
Detection by mass spectrometry[edit]
A mass spectrum of an organic compound will usually contain a small peak of one mass unit greater than the apparent molecular ion peak (M) of the whole molecule. This is known as the M+1 peak and comes from the handful of molecules that contain a 13C atom in place of a 12C. A molecule containing one carbon atom will be expected to have an M+1 peak of approximately 1.1% of the size of the M peak, as 1.1% of the molecules will have a 13C rather than a 12C. Similarly, a molecule containing two carbon atoms will be expected to have an M+1 peak of approximately 2.2% of the size of the M peak, as there is double the previous likelihood that any molecule will contain a 13C atom.
In the above, the mathematics and chemistry have been simplified, however it can be used effectively to give the number of carbon atoms for small- to medium-sized organic molecules. In the following formula the result should be rounded to the nearest integer:
C = 100 Y 1.1 X {\displaystyle C={\frac {100Y}{1.1X}}}
C = number of C atoms X = amplitude of the M ion peak Y = amplitude of the M+1 ion peak
13C-enriched compounds are used in the research of metabolic processes by means of mass spectrometry. Such compounds are safe because they are non-radioactive. In addition, 13C is used to quantify proteins (quantitative proteomics). One important application is in "Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture" (SILAC). 13C-enriched compounds are used in medical diagnostic tests such as the urea breath test. Analysis in these tests is usually of the ratio of 13C to 12C by isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
The ratio of 13C to 12C is slightly higher in plants employing C4 carbon fixation than in plants employing C3 carbon fixation. Because the different isotope ratios for the two kinds of plants propagate through the food chain, it is possible to determine if the principal diet of a human or other animal consists primarily of C3 plants or C4 plants by measuring the isotopic signature of their collagen and other tissues. Deliberate increase of proportion of 13C in diet is the concept of i-food, a proposed way to increase longevity.
Uses in science[edit]
Main article: δ13C
Due to differential uptake in plants as well as marine carbonates of 13C, it is possible to use these isotopic signatures in earth science. Biological processes preferentially take up the lower mass isotope through kinetic fractionation. In aqueous geochemistry, by analyzing the δ13C value of carbonaceous material found in surface and ground waters, the source of the water can be identified. This is because atmospheric, carbonate, and plant derived δ13C values all differ with respect to Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) standard. In biology, the ratio of carbon-13 and carbon-12 isotopes in plant tissues is different depending on the type of plant photosynthesis and this can be used, for example, to determine which types of plants were consumed by animals. In geology, the 13C/12C ratio is used to identify the layer in sedimentary rock created at the time of the Permian extinction 252 Mya when the ratio changed abruptly by 1%. More information about usage of 13C/12C ratio in science can be found in the article about isotopic signatures.
Carbon-13 has a non-zero spin quantum number of 1/2, and hence allows the structure of carbon-containing substances to be investigated using carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance.
See also[edit]
Isotopes of carbon
Isotope fractionation
Isotopic signature
δ13C
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Exact Masses of the Elements and Isotopic Abundances". sisweb.com.

Lighter:
carbon-12 Carbon-13 is an
isotope of carbon Heavier:
carbon-14
Decay product of:
boron-13, nitrogen-13 Decay chain
of carbon-13 Decays to:
stable
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon-13&oldid=839649759"
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text:
List of lymph nodes of the human body
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Part of a series of lists about
Human anatomy
General[show]
Features
Regions
Variations
Movements
Systems
Structures[show]
Arteries
Bones
Eponymous
Foramina
Glands
endocrine
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves
Organs
Systems
Veins
Muscles[show]
Abductors
Adductors
Depressors
Elevators
Extensors
Flexors
Rotators
external
internal
Glossary of medicine[show]
Glossary of medicine
See also[show]
Epithelia
Anatomical terminology
Index of anatomy articles
Outline of anatomy
Cell types
by origin
v
t
e
Regional lymph tissues.
Humans have approximately 500–600 lymph nodes distributed throughout the body, with clusters found in the underarms, groin, neck, chest, and abdomen.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lymph nodes of the head
2 Lymph nodes of the neck
3 Lymph nodes of the thorax
4 Lymph nodes of the arm
5 Lower limbs
6 Distribution
Lymph nodes of the head[edit]
Occipital lymph nodes
Mastoid lymph nodes
Parotid lymph nodes
Lymph nodes of the neck[edit]
Cervical lymph nodes
Submental lymph nodes
Submandibular lymph nodes
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Deep anterior cervical lymph nodes
Deep lateral cervical lymph nodes
Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
Jugulo-omohyoid lymph node
Jugulodigastric lymph node
Supraclavicular lymph nodes
Virchow's node
Lymph nodes of the thorax[edit]
Lymph nodes of the lungs: The lymph is drained from the lung tissue through subsegmental, segmental, lobar and interlobar lymph nodes to the hilar lymph nodes, which are located around the hilum (the pedicle, which attaches the lung to the mediastinal structures, containing the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, the main bronchus for each side, some vegetative nerves and the lymphatics) of each lung. The lymph flows subsequently to the mediastinal lymph nodes.
Mediastinal lymph nodes: They consist of several lymph node groups, especially along the trachea (5 groups), along the esophagus and between the lung and the diaphragm. In the mediastinal lymph nodes arises lymphatic ducts, which drains the lymph to the left subclavian vein (to the venous angle in the confluence of the subclavian and deep jugular veins).
The mediastinal lymph nodes along the esophagus are in tight connection with the abdominal lymph nodes along the esophagus and the stomach. That fact facilitates spreading of tumor cells through these lymphatics in cases of cancers of the stomach and particularly of the esophagus. Through the mediastinum, the main lymphatic drainage from the abdominal organs goes via the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus), which drains majority of the lymph from the abdomen to the above mentioned left venous angle.
Lymph nodes of the arm[edit]
These drain the whole of the arm, and are divided into two groups, superficial and deep. The superficial nodes are supplied by lymphatics that are present throughout the arm, but are particularly rich on the palm and flexor aspects of the digits.
Superficial lymph nodes of the arm:
Supratrochlear nodes: Situated above the medial epicondyle of the humerus, medial to the basilic vein, they drain the C7 and C8 dermatomes.
Deltoideopectoral nodes: Situated between the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles inferior to the clavicle.
Deep lymph nodes of the arm: These comprise the axillary nodes, which are 20-30 individual nodes and can be subdivided into:
Lateral nodes
Anterior or pectoral nodes
Posterior or subscapular nodes
Central or intermediate nodes
Medial or subclavicular nodes
Lower limbs[edit]
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Deep inguinal lymph nodes
Popliteal lymph nodes
Distribution[edit]
The lymphatic vessels that link the lymph nodes are:
The lymphatics of the head, face, neck, and meningeal lymphatic vessels – drain to the deep cervical lymph nodes
The jugular trunk
The subclavian lymph trunk
The thoracic duct
The lymphatics of the upper extremity
The right and left bronchomediastinal lymph trunks
The lymphatics of the lower extremity
The lymphatics of the abdomen and pelvis
The lymphatic vessels of the thorax
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the lymphatic system
Head and neck
Head
Back
Occipital
Mastoid/retroauricular
Parotid
Superficial
Deep
preauricular
infra-auricular
intraglandular
Front
Facial
buccinator
nasolabial
Mandibular
Submandibular
Submental
Cervical
Superficial
anterior
lateral
Deep
Deep anterior cervical
pretracheal
paratracheal
prelaryngeal
thyroid
Deep lateral cervical
superior deep cervical
inferior deep cervical
retropharyngeal
jugulodigastric
jugulo-omohyoid
Other
Anterior cervical
Lateral cervical
Supraclavicular
Vessels
Jugular trunk
Arm and axilla
Nodes
Axillary
Brachial
Pectoral
Subscapular
Central
Apical
Arm
Supratrochlear
Deltopectoral
Vessels
Subclavian lymph trunk
Chest
Nodes
Parasternal
Intercostal
Superior diaphragmatic
Trachea and bronchi
superior
inferior
bronchopulmonary
paratracheal
intrapulmonary
Vessels
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
Abdomen
Nodes
Paraaortic
Retroaortic
Lateral aortic
Preaortic
(Celiac
gastric
hepatic
splenic
Superior mesenteric
mesenteric
ileocolic
mesocolic
Inferior mesenteric
pararectal)
Other
Iliac
Common
external
internal
Sacral
Retroperitoneal lymph nodes
Vessels
Lumbar lymph trunk
Intestinal trunk
Cisterna chyli
Leg
Inguinal
deep
Cloquet's node
superficial
Popliteal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lymph_nodes_of_the_human_body&oldid=805791683"
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Dodge Charger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the Charger manufactured by Dodge of FCA US. For the Charger made by Chrysler of Australia, see Chrysler Valiant Charger.
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
2015 Dodge Charger with Scat Pack
The Dodge Charger is a brand of automobile marketed by Dodge. The first Charger was a show car in 1964. There have been several different production Chargers, built on three different platforms and sizes. In the U.S., the Charger nameplate has been used on subcompact hatchbacks, full-sized sedans, and personal luxury coupes. The current version is a four-door sedan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Charger models
1.1 Model years of Chargers
2 First generation: 1966–1967
3 Second generation: 1968–1970
4 Third generation: 1971–1974
5 Fourth generation: 1975–1978
6 Fifth generation: 1981–1987
7 Sixth generation: 2006–2010 (LX)
8 Seventh generation: 2011–present
9 Other models
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Charger models[edit]
The three main iterations of Dodge Chargers were a mid-size (B-body) two-door car (1966–78), a subcompact (L-body) car (1983–87), and the (LX) full-size platform four-door sedans built since 2006.
The name was also carried by a 1999 concept car that differed substantially from the Charger eventually placed into production for the 2006 model year. A similar name plate, the Ramcharger, was used for the truck-type vehicle.
The name Charger was also used in Brazil as a performance model based on the Dart (A-Body) (1971–80).
Model years of Chargers[edit]
First generation: 1966–1967[edit]
1966 Dodge Charger
1966 Dodge Charger
Main article: Dodge Charger (B-body) § First generation
The Dodge Charger was introduced during the 1966 model year. It featured a two-door fastback body design and a four bucket seat interior. The intermediate-sized Charger shared components with the Coronet that also used the Chrysler B platform. The base engine was a 318 cu in (5.2 L) V8 with a three-speed floor shifter. Larger and more powerful engines were also available. Sales were low.
Second generation: 1968–1970[edit]
Main article: Dodge Charger (B-body) § Second generation
1969 Dodge Charger
The Charger was redesigned for 1968, and sales increased. Based on the Chrysler B platform, the model years received various cosmetic changes to the exterior and interior including: an undivided grill, rounded tail lights, and hidden headlights. The powertrains were the same as the ones used in the 1967 Charger. The model was not successful in stock car racing such as NASCAR. A more aerodynamic shape formed the Charger 500 model that became the basis for the 1969 Dodge Charger Daytona.
Third generation: 1971–1974[edit]
Main article: Dodge Charger (B-body) § Third generation
1971 Dodge Charger
1973 Dodge Charger
The third generation Charger was introduced for the 1971 model year. Chrysler's B platform was modified to meet new emissions and safety regulations. Available in six different packages with cosmetic changes that include: a split grill, semi fastback rear window, and a ducktail spoiler. The 1973 and 1974 Chargers were very similar to the 1971 with minor differences in the grill and headlamps. The increase in sales was mostly due to the elimination of the Dodge Coronet, which meant Dodge offered the two-door intermediate-size body style only as the Charger.
Fourth generation: 1975–1978[edit]
Main article: Dodge Charger (B-body) § Fourth generation
1975 Dodge Charger
The 1975 model year Charger Continued as a B body car and was restyled. The new Charger was Dodge's attempt at moving the model into the growing personal luxury car market segment. Dodge expanded its presence in the Personal Luxury Car market in 1978 when it produced two cars in the same class, the Charger and the Dodge Magnum. During the years this car was offered, a Daytona model was offered, featuring stripes that ran along the length of the car.
Fifth generation: 1981–1987[edit]
1987 Dodge Charger "Shelby Edition"
Main article: Dodge Charger (L-body)
The Charger returned in 1981 1/2 as a subcompact hatchback coupe with front-wheel-drive, and a five-speed manual or three-speed automatic transmission. This economy-type model was similar to the Dodge Omni 024, but with a slightly larger engine. The Charger was available with the NA 2.2l SOHC or a turbocharged 2.2l SOHC engine. The turbo was available only with the manual transmission, unlike in the Dodge Daytona. A Shelby Charger was offered starting in 1983, with a turbo version available in 1984 producing 148 horsepower (110 kW) at 5600 rpm and 160 pound-feet (220 N⋅m) of torque at 3200 rpm. The engine was not intercooled and used a small t3 Garrett turbo. In 1985, the electronics were updated but power output was the same. In 1986, the electronics were further updated.
Sixth generation: 2006–2010 (LX)[edit]
Main article: Dodge Charger (LX)
2006–2007 Dodge Charger
2009–2010 Dodge Charger
After nineteen years, Dodge reintroduced the Charger in 2005 for the 2006 model year in a new form.[1] This generation was available only as a four-door sedan using the Chrysler LX platform The design was intended to be reminiscent of the Chargers of the 1960s and 1970s and the taillights harkened back to that era, as did the new stamped hood and side panels. This generation was available with a V6 and V8 engine options coupled to automatic transmissions, as well as all-wheel drive (AWD).
In its inaugural year, the Dodge Charger was available in SE, SXT, R/T, R/T with Road/Track Performance Group, and Daytona R/T versions. The basic SE model included a 3.5 L V6 engine, 5-speed automatic transmission with "AutoStick" manual shifting feature, 17-inch wheels, air conditioning, all-speed traction control, as well as ABS and electronic stability control, a CD player, tilt and telescoping steering column, power locks/mirrors/windows, and remote keyless entry. Additional features and trims were available including the Charger R/T with a 5.7 L Hemi V8 mated to a 5-speed automatic transmission. A multiple-displacement system that allows it to save fuel by running on only four cylinders when cruising was also featured in the V8.
Performance was focus of the Charger SRT8 equipped with a 6.1 L Hemi engine mated to a 5-speed automatic, as well as conveniences such as an eight-way power front passenger seat, automatic climate control, special grille and rear spoiler, body-color interior trim, special front fascia and engine cover, larger exhaust tips, performance steering gear, heated front seats with perforated suede inserts, power-adjustable pedals, and special colors and exterior trim. Optional was a Road/Track package with 10 additional horsepower, GPS navigation system, 322-watt audio system, sunroof, and a rear-seat DVD entertainment system.
Seventh generation: 2011–present[edit]
2014 Dodge Charger SXT Plus - 100th Anniversary Edition
Main article: Dodge Charger (LX)
The Dodge Charger received an improved interior and new exterior styling for 2011. This included new side scoops along both front and rear doors, as well as more angular headlights, aggressive new grille styling, and a more defined and aerodynamic shape overall. Most notably, the rear end adopted a more modern wrap around LED tail light spanning across nearly the entire length of the trunk. Driver visibility was improved by more than 15% addressing complaints from previous years. The side and rear styling cues are reminiscent of the 1968-1970 models.
Base performance was increased, with the 3.5L 250 bhp V6 engine being replaced with a Pentastar 3.6L producing 292 bhp (218 kW; 296 PS) at 6350 rpm and 260 lb·ft (353 N·m) at 4800 rpm. The 4-speed automatic transmission was replaced with a 5-speed auto. [2][3]
The SRT-8 was not produced for the 2011 model year.
The 2012 year brought a new 8-speed automatic transmission to the V-6 model. This year also saw the return of the SRT-8 to the model lineup. AWD was also added to the V6, making AWD available on all but the SRT-8 model.
For the 2012, 2013, and 2014 years, the Super Bee platform was available, making use of features seen in regular SRT-8 models with accessories and badges reminiscent of the 60s and 70s muscle car. These included a 6.4L engine with 470 HP, four piston Brembo calipers, slotted rotors, paddle shifters, SRT launch features (such as 0-60 timing, Live G-Force readings, and ¼ and ⅛ mile drag timers), custom seat embroidery, and more.
For 2015 the Charger received significant exterior styling updates. Most notably, the new front end which featured new led lights and a more aerodynamic nose that was less angled and featured a noticeable curve around the headlight housing.
All models now came standard with the eight-speed automatic transmission except for the specially-produced, police version, which retained the five-speed auto. AWD was dropped for the V8 engines and was only available with the V6 version, but was still available as an option on V8 police models.
Other models[edit]
Dodge Charger Daytona – the name given to three different modified Dodge Chargers built on the B-body and LX platforms
Super Bee
Shelby Charger
Dodge Charger R/T (1999 concept)
See also[edit]
1971–1976 Chrysler Valiant Charger – short wheelbase Valiant coupe produced by Chrysler Australia
The General Lee – Dodge Charger used in the television series The Dukes of Hazzard
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dodge Charger History - Sixth Generation: 2006 to Present". Edmunds. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "All-new 3.6-litre V-6 Technical Specifications". Chrysler LLC. June 20, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "3.6-litre V-6 General Specifications" (PDF). Chrysler LLC. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutDodge Chargerat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Data from Wikidata
Official current production website
Dodge Charger at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
A history of the pre-2000s Dodge Charger
A history of Dodge Chargers by Edmunds.com
A review of 1981 Dodge Charger by CarandDriver.com
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