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Heart valve
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Heart valves
Valves of the heart in motion, the front wall of the heart is removed in this image.
Details
System
Cardiovascular
Identifiers
FMA
7110
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
A heart valve normally allows blood to flow in only one direction through the heart. The four valves commonly represented in a mammalian heart determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart. A heart valve opens or closes incumbent on differential blood pressure on each side.[1][2][3]
The four main valves in the heart are:
The two atrioventricular (AV) valves, the mitral valve (bicuspid valve), and the tricuspid valve, which are between the upper chambers (atria) and the lower chambers (ventricles).
The two semilunar (SL) valves, the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve, which are in the arteries leaving the heart.
The mitral valve and the aortic valve are in the left heart; the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary valve are in the right heart.
There are also the coronary sinus and the inferior vena cava valves.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Atrioventricular valves
1.2 Semilunar valves
1.3 Development
2 Physiology
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Congenital heart disease
4 History
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
Structure of the heart valves
Blood flow through the valves
The heart valves and the chambers are lined with endocardium. Heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles, or the ventricles from a blood vessel. Heart valves are situated around the fibrous rings of the cardiac skeleton. The valves incorporate leaflets or cusps, which are pushed open to allow blood flow and which then close together to seal and prevent backflow. The mitral valve has two cusps, whereas the others have three. There are nodules at the tips of the cusps that make the seal tighter.
The pulmonary valve has left, right, and anterior cusps.[4] The aortic valve has left, right, and posterior cusps.[5] The tricuspid valve has anterior, posterior, and septal cusps; and the mitral valve has just anterior and posterior cusps.
Atrioventricular valves[edit]
Main articles: Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve
3D - loop of a heart viewed from the apex, with the apical part of the ventricles removed and the mitral valve clearly visible. Due to missing data, the leaflets of the tricuspid and aortic valves are not clearly visible, but the openings are; the pulmonary valve is not visible. On the left are two standard 2D views (taken from the 3D dataset) showing tricuspid and mitral valves (above) and aortal valve (below).
These are the mitral and tricuspid valves, which are situated between the atria and the ventricles and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole. They are anchored to the walls of the ventricles by chordae tendineae, which prevent the valves from inverting.
The chordae tendineae are attached to papillary muscles that cause tension to better hold the valve. Together, the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae are known as the subvalvular apparatus. The function of the subvalvular apparatus is to keep the valves from prolapsing into the atria when they close. The subvalvular apparatus has no effect on the opening and closure of the valves, however, which is caused entirely by the pressure gradient across the valve. The peculiar insertion of chords on the leaflet free margin, however, provides systolic stress sharing between chords according to their different thickness.[6]
The closure of the AV valves is heard as lub, the first heart sound (S1). The closure of the SL valves is heard as dub, the second heart sound (S2).
The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets or cusps. The mitral valve gets its name from the resemblance to a bishop's mitre (a type of hat). It is on the left side of the heart and allows the blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle.
During diastole, a normally-functioning mitral valve opens as a result of increased pressure from the left atrium as it fills with blood (preloading). As atrial pressure increases above that of the left ventricle, the mitral valve opens. Opening facilitates the passive flow of blood into the left ventricle. Diastole ends with atrial contraction, which ejects the final 30% of blood that is transferred from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This amount of blood is known as the end diastolic volume (EDV), and the mitral valve closes at the end of atrial contraction to prevent a reversal of blood flow.
The tricuspid valve has three leaflets or cusps and is on the right side of the heart. It is between the right atrium and the right ventricle, and stops the backflow of blood between the two.
Semilunar valves[edit]
Main articles: Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve
The aortic and pulmonary valves are located at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk respectively. These are also called the "semilunar valves". These two arteries receive blood from the ventricles and their semilunar valves permit blood to be forced into the arteries, and prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles. These valves do not have chordae tendineae, and are more similar to the valves in veins than they are to the atrioventricular valves. The closure of the semilunar valves causes the second heart sound.
The aortic valve, which has three cusps, lies between the left ventricle and the aorta. During ventricular systole, pressure rises in the left ventricle and when it is greater than the pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve opens, allowing blood to exit the left ventricle into the aorta. When ventricular systole ends, pressure in the left ventricle rapidly drops and the pressure in the aorta forces aortic valve to close. The closure of the aortic valve contributes the A2 component of the second heart sound.
The pulmonary valve (sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve) lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, and has three cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonary valve opens in ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery. At the end of ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle falls rapidly, the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonary valve. The closure of the pulmonary valve contributes the P2 component of the second heart sound. The right heart is a low-pressure system, so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound. However, it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation.
Development[edit]
See also: Heart development
In the developing heart, the valves between the atria and ventricles, the bicuspid and the tricuspid valves, develop on either side of the atrioventricular canals.[7] The upward extension of the bases of the ventricles causes the canal to become invaginated into the ventricle cavities. The invaginated margins form the rudiments of the lateral cusps of the AV valves. The middle and septal cusps develop from the downward extension of the septum intermedium.
The semilunar valves (the pulmonary and aortic valves) are formed from four thickenings at the cardiac end of the truncus arteriosus.[7] These thickenings are called endocardial cushions.[citation needed] The truncus arteriosus is originally a single outflow tract from the embryonic heart that will later split to become the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. Before it has split, four thickenings occur. There are anterior, posterior, and two lateral thickenings. A septum begins to form between what will later become the ascending aorta and pulmonary tract. As the septum forms, the two lateral thickenings are split, so that the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk have three thickenings each (an anterior or posterior, and half of each of the lateral thickenings). The thickenings are the origins of the three cusps of the semilunar valves. The valves are visible as unique structures by the ninth week. As they mature, they rotate slightly as the outward vessels spiral, and move slightly closer to the heart.[7]
Physiology[edit]
In general, the motion of the heart valves is determined using the Navier–Stokes equation, using boundary conditions of the blood pressures, pericardial fluid, and external loading as the constraints. The motion of the heart valves is used as a boundary condition in the Navier–Stokes equation in determining the fluid dynamics of blood ejection from the left and right ventricles into the aorta and the lung.
Wiggers diagram, showing various events during a cardiac cycle, with closures and openings of the aortic and mitral marked in the pressure curves.
This is further explanation of the echocardiogram above. MV: Mitral valve, TV: Tricuspid valve, AV: Aortic valve, Septum: Interventricular septum. Continuous lines demarcate septum and free wall seen in echocardiogram, dotted line is a suggestion of where the free wall of the right ventricle should be. The red line represents where the upper left loop in the echocardiogram transects the 3D-loop, the blue line represents the lower loop.
Relationship between pressure and flow in open valves
The pressure drop, Δ p {\displaystyle {\Delta }p} , across an open heart valve relates to the flow rate, Q, through the valve:
a ∂ Q ∂ t + b Q 2 = Δ p {\displaystyle a{{\partial }Q \over {\partial }t}+bQ^{2}={\Delta }p}
If:
Inflow energy conserved
Stagnant region behind leaflets
Outflow momentum conserved
Flat velocity profile
Valves with a single degree of freedom
Usually, the aortic and mitral valves are incorporated in valve studies within a single degree of freedom. These relationships are based on the idea of the valve being a structure with a single degree of freedom. These relationships are based on the Euler equations.
Equations for the aortic valve in this case:
ρ ( ∂ u ∂ t + u ∂ u ∂ x ) + ∂ p ∂ x = 0 {\displaystyle {\rho }\left({{\partial }u \over {\partial }t}+{u{\partial }u \over {\partial }x}\right)+{{\partial }p \over {\partial }x}=0}
∂ A ∂ t + ∂ ∂ x ( A u ) = 0 {\displaystyle {{\partial }A \over {\partial }t}+{{\partial } \over {\partial }x}(Au)=0}
A ( x , t ) = A 0 ( 1 − [ 1 − Λ ( t ) ] x L ) 2 {\displaystyle A(x,t)=A_{0}\left(1-[1-{\Lambda }(t)]{x \over {L}}\right)^{2}}
∫ 0 L p ( x , t ) ∂ A ∂ x d x = [ A 0 − A ( L , t ) ] p ( L , t ) {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{L}p(x,t){{\partial }A \over {\partial }x}\,dx=[A_{0}-A(L,t)]\,p(L,t)}
where:
u = axial velocity
p = pressure
A = cross sectional area of valve
L = axial length of valve
Λ(t) = single degree of freedom; when
Λ 2 ( t ) = A ( L , t ) A 0 {\displaystyle \Lambda ^{2}(t)={A(L,t) \over A_{0}}}
Atrioventricular valve
Clinical significance[edit]
Main article: Valvular heart disease
Valvular heart disease is a general term referring to dysfunction of the valves, and is primarily in two forms, either regurgitation, where a dysfunctional valve lets blood flow in the wrong direction, or stenosis, when a valve is narrow.[8]
Regurgitation occurs when a valve becomes insufficient and malfunctions, allowing some blood to flow in the wrong direction. This insufficiency can affect any of the valves as in aortic insufficiency, mitral insufficiency, pulmonary insufficiency and tricuspid insufficiency. The other form of valvular heart disease is stenosis, a narrowing of the valve. This is a result of the valve becoming thickened and any of the heart valves can be affected, as in mitral valve stenosis, tricuspid valve stenosis, pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic valve stenosis. Stenosis of the mitral valve is a common complication of rheumatic fever. Inflammation of the valves can be caused by infective endocarditis, usually a bacterial infection but can sometimes be caused by other organisms. Bacteria can more readily attach to damaged valves.[9] Another type of endocarditis which doesn't provoke an inflammatory response, is nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. This is commonly found on previously undamaged valves.[9] A major valvular heart disease is mitral valve prolapse, which is a weakening of connective tissue called myxomatous degeneration of the valve. This sees the displacement of a thickened mitral valve cusp into the left atrium during systole.[8]
Disease of the heart valves can be congenital, such as aortic regurgitation or acquired, for example infective endocarditis. Different forms are associated with cardiovascular disease, connective tissue disorders and hypertension. The symptoms of the disease will depend on the affected valve, the type of disease, and the severity of the disease. For example, valvular disease of the aortic valve, such as aortic stenosis or aortic regurgitation, may cause breathlessness, whereas valvular diseaes of the tricuspid valve may lead to dysfunction of the liver and jaundice. When valvular heart disease results from infectious causes, such as infective endocarditis, an affected person may have a fever and unique signs such as splinter haemorrhages of the nails, Janeway lesions, Osler nodes and Roth spots. A particularly feared complication of valvular disease is the creation of emboli because of turbulent blood flow, and the development of heart failure.[8]
Valvular heart disease is diagnosed by echocardiography, which is a form of ultrasound. Damaged and defective heart valves can be repaired, or replaced with artificial heart valves. Infectious causes may also require treatment with antibiotics.[8]
Congenital heart disease[edit]
Main article: Congenital heart defect
The most common form of valvular anomaly is a congenital heart defect (CHD), called a bicuspid aortic valve. This results from the fusing of two of the cusps during embryonic development forming a bicuspid valve instead of a tricuspid valve. This condition is often undiagnosed until calcific aortic stenosis has developed, and this usually happens around ten years earlier than would otherwise develop.[10][11]
Less common CHD's are tricuspid and pulmonary atresia, and Ebstein's anomaly. Tricuspid atresia is the complete absence of the tricuspid valve which can lead to an underdeveloped or absent right ventricle. Pulmonary atresia is the complete closure of the pulmonary valve. Ebstein's anomaly is the displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve causing a larger atrium and a smaller ventricle than normal.
History[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2014)
Illustration of the valves of the heart when the ventricles are contracting.
See also[edit]
Pericardial heart valves
Bjork–Shiley valve
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ "Heart Valves". American Heart Association, Inc -- 10000056 Heart and Stroke Encyclopedia. American Heart Association, Inc. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
Jump up ^ Klabunde, RE (2009-07-02). "Pressure Gradients". Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. Richard E. Klabunde. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
Jump up ^ Klabunde, RE (2007-04-05). "Cardiac Valve Disease". Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. Richard E. Klabunde. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
Jump up ^ Anatomy photo:20:21-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "Heart: The Pulmonic Valve"
Jump up ^ Anatomy photo:20:29-0104 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "Heart: The Aortic Valve and Aortic Sinuses"
Jump up ^ S Nazari et al.: Patterns Of Systolic Stress Distribution On Mitral Valve Anterior Leaflet Chordal Apparatus. A Structural Mechanical Theoretical Analysis. J Cardiovasc Surg (Turin) 2000 Apr;41(2):193–202 (video)
^ Jump up to: a b c Schoenwolf, Gary C.; et al. (2009). "Development of the Urogenital system". Larsen's human embryology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 177–179. ISBN 978-0-443-06811-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Britton, the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 612–628. ISBN 978-0-7020-3085-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 406–8. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.
Jump up ^ Bertazzo, S. et al. Nano-analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification. Nature Materials 12, 576–583 (2013).
Jump up ^ Miller, J. D. Cardiovascular calcification: Orbicular origins. Nature Materials 12, 476–478 (2013).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heart valves.
Mitral Valve Repair at The Mount Sinai Hospital – "Mitral Valve Anatomy"
3D, animated, rotatable heart valves (Rich media including Javascript and Flash player required)
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the heart
General
Surface
base
apex
sulci
coronary
interatrial
anterior interventricular
posterior interventricular
borders
right
left
Internal
atria
interatrial septum
pectinate muscles
terminal sulcus
ventricles
interventricular septum
trabeculae carneae
chordae tendineae
papillary muscle
valves
cusps
atrioventricular septum
cardiac skeleton
intervenous tubercle
Chambers
Right heart
(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (infundibulum, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula) → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
Left heart
(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)
Layers
Endocardium
heart valves
Myocardium
Conduction system
cardiac pacemaker
SA node
AV node
bundle of His
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Pericardial cavity
pericardial sinus
Pericardium
fibrous pericardium
sternopericardial ligaments
serous pericardium
epicardium/visceral layer
fold of left vena cava
Blood supply
Circulatory system
Coronary circulation
Coronary arteries
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text:
Routing table
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In computer networking a routing table, or routing information base (RIB), is a data table stored in a router or a networked computer that lists the routes to particular network destinations, and in some cases, metrics (distances) associated with those routes. The routing table contains information about the topology of the network immediately around it. The construction of routing tables is the primary goal of routing protocols. Static routes are entries made in a routing table by non-automatic means and which are fixed rather than being the result of some network topology "discovery" procedure.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basics
2 Difficulties with routing tables
3 Contents of routing tables
4 Forwarding table
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Basics[edit]
A routing table uses the same idea that one does when using a map in package delivery. Whenever a node needs to send data to another node on a network, it must first know where to send it. If the node cannot directly connect to the destination node, it has to send it via other nodes along a proper route to the destination node. Most nodes do not try to figure out which route(s) might work; instead, a node will send an IP packet to a gateway in the LAN, which then decides how to route the "package" of data to the correct destination. Each gateway will need to keep track of which way to deliver various packages of data, and for this it uses a Routing Table. A routing table is a database which keeps track of paths, like a map, and allows the gateway to provide this information to the node requesting the information.
With hop-by-hop routing, each routing table lists, for all reachable destinations, the address of the next device along the path to that destination: the next hop. Assuming that the routing tables are consistent, the simple algorithm of relaying packets to their destination's next hop thus suffices to deliver data anywhere in a network. Hop-by-hop is the fundamental characteristic of the IP Internetwork Layer[1] and the OSI Network Layer.
The primary function of a router is to forward a packet toward its destination network, which is the destination IP address of the packet. To do this, a router needs to search the routing information stored in its routing table.
A routing table is a data file in RAM that is used to store route information about directly connected and remote networks. The routing table contains network/next hop associations. These associations tell a router that a particular destination can be optimally reached by sending the packet to a specific router that represents the "next hop" on the way to the final destination. The next hop association can also be the outgoing or exit interface to the final destination.
The network/exit-interface association can also represent the destination IP address of the IP packet. This association occurs on the router's directly connected networks.
A directly connected network is a network that is directly attached to one of the router interfaces. When a router interface is configured with an IP address and subnet mask, the interface becomes a host on that attached network. The network address and subnet mask of the interface, along with the interface type and number, are entered into the routing table as a directly connected network. When a router forwards a packet to a host, such as a web server, that host is on the same network as a router's directly connected network.
A remote network is a network that is not directly connected to the router. In other words, a remote network is a network that can only be reached by sending the packet to another router. Remote networks are added to the routing table using either a dynamic routing protocol or by configuring static routes. Dynamic routes are routes to remote networks that were learned automatically by the router, using a dynamic routing protocol. Static routes are routes to networks that a network administrator manually configured.
Difficulties with routing tables[edit]
The need to record routes to large numbers of devices using limited storage space represents a major challenge in routing table construction. In the Internet, the currently dominant address aggregation technology is a bitwise prefix matching scheme called Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).
Contents of routing tables[edit]
The routing table consists of at least three information fields:
the network id: i.e. the destination subnet
cost/metric: i.e. the cost or metric of the path through which the packet is to be sent
next hop: The next hop, or gateway, is the address of the next station to which the packet is to be sent on the way to its final destination
Depending on the application and implementation, it can also contain additional values that refine path selection:
quality of service associated with the route. For example, the U flag indicates that an IP route is up.
links to filtering criteria/access lists associated with the route
interface: such as eth0 for the first Ethernet card, eth1 for the second Ethernet card, etc.
Routing tables are also a key aspect of certain security operations, such as unicast reverse path forwarding (uRPF).[2] In this technique, which has several variants, the router also looks up, in the routing table, the source address of the packet. If there exists no route back to the source address, the packet is assumed to be malformed or involved in a network attack, and is dropped.
Network id
Cost
Next hop
........ ........ ........
........ ........ ........
Shown below is an example of what the table above could look like on an average computer connected to the internet via a home router:
Network Destination
Netmask
Gateway
Interface
Metric
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.100 10
127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.100 10
192.168.0.100 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 10
192.168.0.1 255.255.255.255 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.100 10
The column Network Destination and Netmask together describe the Network id as mentioned earlier. For example, destination 192.168.0.0 and netmask 255.255.255.0 can be written as network id 192.168.0.0/24.
The Gateway column contains the same information as the Next hop, i.e. it points to the gateway through which the network can be reached.
The Interface indicates what locally available interface is responsible for reaching the gateway. In this example, gateway 192.168.0.1 (the internet router) can be reached through the local network card with address 192.168.0.100.
Finally, the Metric indicates the associated cost of using the indicated route. This is useful for determining the efficiency of a certain route from two points in a network. In this example, it is more efficient to communicate with the computer itself through the use of address 127.0.0.1 (called “localhost”) than it would be through 192.168.0.100 (the IP address of the local network card).
Forwarding table[edit]
Main article: Forwarding table
Routing tables are generally not used directly for packet forwarding in modern router architectures; instead, they are used to generate the information for a smaller forwarding table. A forwarding table contains only the routes which are chosen by the routing algorithm as preferred routes for packet forwarding. It is often in a compressed or pre-compiled format that is optimized for hardware storage and lookup.
This router architecture separates the Control Plane function of the routing table from the Forwarding Plane function of the forwarding table.[3] This separation of control and forwarding provides uninterrupted performance.
See also[edit]
Route summarization
Forwarding table
Packet forwarding
Luleå algorithm
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Requirements for IPv4 Routers, F. Baker, RFC 1812, June 1995
Jump up ^ Ingress Filtering for Multihomed Networks,RFC 3704, F. Baker & P. Savola,March 2004
Jump up ^ Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) Framework, L. Yang et al., RFC3746,April 2004.
External links[edit]
IP Routing
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What's Love Got to Do with It (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"What's Love Got to Do with It"
US and Canadian 7-inch vinyl single
Single by Tina Turner
from the album Private Dancer
B-side
"Don't Rush the Good Things" (UK)
"Rock and Roll Widow" (US)
Released
May 1, 1984 (US)[1]
Format
7" single
12" single
cassette single
Recorded
1983
Genre
Pop
R&B
Length
3:48
Label
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
Terry Britten
Graham Lyle
Producer(s)
Terry Britten
Tina Turner singles chronology
"Help!"
(1984) "What's Love Got to Do with It"
(1984) "Better Be Good to Me"
(1984)
"Help!"
(1984) "What's Love Got to Do with It"
(1984) "Better Be Good to Me"
(1984)
Audio sample
file
help
"What's Love Got to Do with It" is a song recorded by the American singer Tina Turner, released in 1984. It was taken from her fifth solo album, Private Dancer and became Turner's most successful single.
Although Turner had already scored a UK Top 10 and US Top 30 hit some months earlier with her rendition of "Let's Stay Together", "What's Love Got to Do with It" gave Turner her first and only US number one. The song ranked #309 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". It also ranked #38 on the Songs of the Century list. It was the second-biggest single of 1984 in the US and the 17th-biggest in the United Kingdom. In 1993, the song's title was used as the title for the biographical film about Turner's life.
In 2012, "What's Love Got to Do with It" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame[2] giving Turner her third Grammy Hall of Fame Award and her eleventh Grammy Award.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Chart information
4 Versions and remixes
5 Music video
6 Awards
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 Decade-end charts
7.4 Certifications and sales
8 Warren G version
8.1 Music video
8.2 Track listing
8.2.1 A-side
8.2.2 B-side
8.3 Charts
9 See also
10 References
Background[edit]
This song was written by Terry Britten and Graham Lyle, who originally offered it to Cliff Richard, but it was rejected. It was then given to Phyllis Hyman, who wanted to do the song, but Arista Records head Clive Davis wouldn't allow her. The song then was offered to Donna Summer, who has stated that she sat with it for a couple of years but never recorded it.[citation needed] Some months before Turner recorded the song, the British pop group Bucks Fizz were offered it. Member Jay Aston requested to sing lead on the track after hearing the demo, but was told by the producer that it was unsuitable for a female lead vocal. The group went on to record it in February 1984, but sung by male groupmember Bobby G.[3] Aston recalls that the demo was very similar to the eventual Tina Turner version, but their finished version was in a very different style.[4] It was intended for possible inclusion on their next album I Hear Talk but was shelved when Turner released her version first. The Bucks Fizz version went unreleased until it was included on a re-issue of their Are You Ready album in 2000. The Original Bucks Fizz went on to include the song in their reunion concert tour in October 2009. The name of the song was adapted into an autobiography film in 1993, where it revealed the abusive relationship between Tina and Ike Turner. It became a significant feminist power movement for female artists.[5]
Composition[edit]
The song is performed in the key of G♯ minor with a tempo of 98 beats per minute in common time. The key transposes to A♯ minor after the second chorus. Turner's vocals span from D♯3 to C♯5.[6]
Chart information[edit]
Up until the release of "What's Love Got to Do with It", Tina Turner had not had a US top-ten single since the early 1970s. The single went to #1[7] on the US Billboard Hot 100 and remained there for three weeks, giving Turner her first and only solo number-one hit in America. It peaked at #3 on the UK Singles Chart, which is also her highest peak there on that chart. Turner was 44 when the song hit number one, at the time making her the oldest female solo artist to place a number-one single on the US Hot 100. Grace Slick, who is older than Turner by about one month, hit #1 in 1985 and 1987 with "We Built This City" and "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now", respectively, as a member of Starship. In 1999, Cher, at age 53, became the oldest woman – solo or as part of a group – to have a US number-one hit with her song "Believe".
The song also spent five weeks at #2 on the Billboard R&B Singles chart, from July 14 to August 18, 1984; it was kept from the top spot by "When Doves Cry" by Prince (another Hot 100 number-one single). The song was also ranked the second-best performing song of 1984 on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 behind "When Doves Cry".
Versions and remixes[edit]
Album version – 3:48
Extended remix – 5:43
Music video[edit]
The music video features Turner walking down the street engaging with the public, intercut with scenes where she is singing directly to camera. The video was shot in New York City during the spring of 1984. The music video also features Sleepaway Camp 2's Pamela Springsteen, Bruce Springsteen's sister, as a street dancer and Samuel L. Jackson before achieving stardom. The video was directed by Mark Robinson.
An alternate black and white video directed by Bud Schaetzle features Tina singing the song against a black background while couples argue in a bar.
Awards[edit]
The song received three awards at the 1985 Grammy Awards: Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Turner's live performance of the song at the Grammy show was released on the 1994 album Grammy's Greatest Moments Volume I.[8]
The music video for the song claimed a prize at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1985 for "Best Female Video".
In 2012, "What's Love Got to Do with It" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1984)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[9]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[10]
4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[11]
20
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[12]
1
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[13]
7
Canada (The Record)[14]
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[15]
26
France (SNEP)[16]
21
Germany (Official German Charts)[17]
7
Ireland (IRMA)[18]
4
Italy (Hit Parade Italia)[19]
21
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[20]
10
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[21]
3
Norway (VG-lista)[22]
10
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[23]
6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[24]
4
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[25]
8
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[26]
3
US Billboard Hot 100[27]
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[28]
8
US Hot Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[29]
21
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[29]
2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1984)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[9]
22
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[30]
3
Germany (Official German Charts)[31]
35
Italy (Hit Parade Italia)[32]
100
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[33]
13
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[34]
76
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[35]
20
US Billboard Hot 100[36]
2
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[36]
50
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[36]
3
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (1980–1989)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100 20
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[37]
Platinum 100,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[38]
Silver 250,000^
United States (RIAA)[39]
Gold 1,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Warren G version[edit]
"What's Love Got to Do with It"
Single by Warren G featuring Adina Howard
from the album Supercop (soundtrack)
Released
September 3, 1996
Format
Vinyl, Cassette, CD
Recorded
1996
Genre
R&B, west coast hip hop
Length
4:17
Label
MCA/Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Terry Britten, Graham Lyle, Warren Griffin
Producer(s)
Warren G
Warren G singles chronology
"Do You See"
(1994) "What's Love Got to Do with It"
(1996) "I Shot the Sheriff"
(1997)
"Do You See"
(1994) "What's Love Got to Do with It"
(1996) "I Shot the Sheriff"
(1997)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" was also recorded by American artists Warren G and Adina Howard for the Supercop soundtrack. The song both sampled and interpolated the chorus of Tina Turner's 1984 song of the same name, though Warren G replaced the original lyrics with his own. "What's Love Got to Do with It" became a hit, making it to 32 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Warren G's third top-40 single, as well as 5 on the Hot Rap Singles. While a success in America, the single found greater success in the UK where it made it to #2 on the UK Singles chart.
Music video[edit]
A music video (directed by Joseph Kahn) was produced to promote the single, featuring footage of Warren G and Adina Howard performing the song, with clips from the film Police Story 3: Super Cop. Jackie Chan also appears near the end of the video, dancing along with the artists.
Track listing[edit]
A-side[edit]
"What's Love Got to Do with It?" (album version) – 4:17
"What's Love Got to Do with It?" (clean radio version) – 4:17
B-side[edit]
"What's Love Got to Do with It?" (a cappella) – 4:15
"What's Love Got to Do with It?" (instrumental) – 4:15
Charts[edit]
Chart (1996)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[40] 2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[41] 5
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[42] 11
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[43] 29
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[44] 14
France (SNEP)[45] 9
Germany (Official German Charts)[46] 3
Ireland (IRMA) 7
Italy (FIMI)[47] 14
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[48] 9
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[49] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[50] 7
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[51] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[52] 6
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company) 2
Billboard Hot 100 32
Billboard Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs 36
Billboard Hot Rap Singles 5
Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 27
See also[edit]
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1984
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "GRAMMY Hall Of Fame". GRAMMY.org. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
Jump up ^ Are You Ready re-issue sleeve notes, October 2000
Jump up ^ "The Original Bucks Fizz in conversation - official site". Theoriginalbucksfizz.org. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ Shoos, Diane (2003). "Representing Domestic Violence: Ambivalence and Difference in "What's Love Got to Do With It". Retrieved September 24, 2016 – via JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Terry, Britten,. "Tina Turner "What's Love Got to Do With It" Sheet Music in G# Minor - Download & Print". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner Music News & Info". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Grammy's Greatest Moments, Volume 1: Various Artists". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
^ Jump up to: a b David Kent (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. Australia: St Ives, N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 8512." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 6767." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ [ Nanda Lwin (1999). Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. Music Data Canada. ISBN 1-896594-13-1.
Jump up ^ "Singlet 1984-10 lokakuu" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner - Top Titel" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Whats Love Got to Do with It". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Indice per Interprete: T". Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". VG-lista. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". Singles Top 100. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Tina Turner. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Tina Turner. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tina Turner Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles of 1984". RPM. January 5, 1985. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts 1984" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "I singoli più venduti del 1984". Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1984". RIANZ. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten - Single 1984" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Scaping, Peter, ed. (1984). "Top 100 singles: 1983". BPI Year Book 1984. British Phonographic Industry. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0-906154-04-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Year in Music: 1984" (PDF). Billboard. December 22, 1984. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". British Phonographic Industry. Enter What's Love Got to Do with It in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Tina Turner – What's Love Got to Do with It". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Warren G feat. Adina Howard: What's Love Got to Do with It" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Warren G feat. Adina Howard Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete: W". Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Warren G feat. Adina Howard search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Warren G feat. Adina Howard – What's Love Got to Do with It". Swiss Singles Chart.
Preceded by
"Ghostbusters" by Ray Parker, Jr. Billboard Hot 100 number one single (Tina Turner version)
September 1, 1984 - September 15, 1984 Succeeded by
"Missing You" by John Waite
Preceded by
"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" by Wham! Australian Kent Music Report number-one single
September 10, 1984 Succeeded by
"Careless Whisper" by George Michael
Preceded by
"Twisted" by Keith Sweat RIANZ (New Zealand) number one single (Warren G version)
October 18, 1996 - November 15, 1996 Succeeded by
"Wannabe" by Spice Girls
[show]
v
t
e
Tina Turner singles
Acid Queen
"Baby Get It On"
"Whole Lotta Love"
"Acid Queen"
Rough
"Viva La Money"
"Root, Toot Undisputable Rock 'n Roller"
"Sometimes When We Touch"
"Night Time Is the Right Time"
Love Explosion
"Love Explosion"
"Back Stabbers"
"Music Keeps Me Dancin'"
Private Dancer
"Let's Stay Together"
"Help!"
"What's Love Got to Do With It"
"Better Be Good to Me"
"Private Dancer"
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
"Show Some Respect"
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)"
"One of the Living"
Break Every Rule
"Typical Male"
"Back Where You Started"
"Two People"
"Girls"
"What You Get Is What You See"
"Break Every Rule"
"Paradise Is Here"
"Afterglow"
Tina Live in Europe
"Nutbush City Limits"
"Addicted to Love"
"Tonight"
"A Change Is Gonna Come"
"634-5789"
Foreign Affair
"The Best"
"I Don't Wanna Lose You"
"Steamy Windows"
"Look Me in the Heart"
"Foreign Affair"
"Be Tender with Me Baby"
Simply the Best
"Nutbush City Limits (The 90s Version)"
"Way of the World"
"Love Thing"
"I Want You Near Me"
"(Simply) The Best"
What's Love Got to Do with It
"I Don't Wanna Fight"
"Disco Inferno"
"Why Must We Wait Until Tonight"
"Proud Mary"
Wildest Dreams
"GoldenEye"
"Whatever You Want"
"On Silent Wings"
"Missing You"
"Something Beautiful Remains"
"In Your Wildest Dreams"
Twenty Four Seven
"When the Heartache Is Over"
"Whatever You Need"
"Don't Leave Me This Way"
All the Best
"Open Arms"
"Complicated Disaster"
Guest singles
"Ball of Confusion"
"Tonight"
"It's Only Love"
"Tearing Us Apart"
"It Takes Two"
"Cose della vita - Can't Stop Thinking of You"
"Teach Me Again"
Book:Tina Turner
[show]
v
t
e
Warren G
Studio albums
Regulate...G Funk Era (1994)
Take a Look Over Your Shoulder (1997)
I Want It All (1999)
The Return of the Regulator (2001)
The Hard Way (2004) (with 213)
In the Mid-Nite Hour (2005)
The G Files (2009)
EPs
Regulate... G Funk Era, Pt. II (2015)
Singles
"Regulate"
"This D.J."
"Do You See"
"What's Love Got to Do with It"
"I Shot the Sheriff"
"Smokin' Me Out"
"I Want It All"
"Game Don't Wait"
"Lookin' at You"
"My House"
Featured singles
"Indo Smoke"
"Prince Igor"
Related articles
Discography
Production discography
213
G-Funk Entertainment
[show]
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Record of the Year (1980s)
"What a Fool Believes"* by The Doobie Brothers (Jeffrey Baxter, John Hartman, Keith Knudsen, Michael McDonald, Tiran Porter, Patrick Simmons)
produced by Ted Templeman (1980) "Sailing"* by Christopher Cross
produced by Michael Omartian (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes"* by Kim Carnes
produced by Val Garay (1982) "Rosanna" by Toto (Bobby Kimball, Steve Lukather, David Paich, Jeff Porcaro, David Hungate, Steve Porcaro)
produced by Toto (1983)
"Beat It" by Michael Jackson
produced by Michael Jackson & Quincy Jones (1984) "What's Love Got to Do with It" by Tina Turner
produced by Terry Britten (1985)
"We Are the World"* by USA for Africa
produced by Quincy Jones (1986) "Higher Love" by Steve Winwood
produced by Russ Titelman & Steve Winwood (1987)
"Graceland" by Paul Simon
produced by Paul Simon (1988) "Don't Worry, Be Happy"* by Bobby McFerrin
produced by Linda Goldstein (1989)
Complete list
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
[show]
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Song of the Year (1980s)
1980
Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald - "What a Fool Believes"
1981
Christopher Cross - "Sailing"
1982
Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon - "Bette Davis Eyes"
1983
Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson - "Always on My Mind"
1984
Sting - "Every Breath You Take"
1985
Graham Lyle & Terry Britten - "What's Love Got to Do with It"
1986
Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie - "We Are the World"
1987
Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager - "That's What Friends Are For"
1988
James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil - "Somewhere Out There"
1989
Bobby McFerrin - "Don't Worry, Be Happy"
Complete list
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%27s_Love_Got_to_Do_with_It_(song)&oldid=803224923"
Categories:
1984 singles
1996 singles
Tina Turner songs
Bucks Fizz (band) songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Grammy Award for Record of the Year
Grammy Award for Song of the Year
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Number-one singles in Australia
MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video
Number-one singles in New Zealand
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Songs written by Graham Lyle
Songs written by Terry Britten
Pop ballads
Rock ballads
1984 songs
Rhythm and blues ballads
Funk ballads
Capitol Records singles
MCA Records singles
Interscope Records singles
Warren G songs
Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn
Adina Howard songs
Hidden categories:
CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014
Singlechart usages for Austria
Singlechart usages for Flanders
Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles
Singlechart called without artist
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Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary
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Singlechart usages for Ireland2
Singlechart usages for Dutch100
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Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary
Certification Table Entry usages for Canada
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Certification Table Entry usages for United States
Singlechart usages for Australia
Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip
Singlechart usages for Wallonia
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Singlechart usages for Dutch40
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values: What's Love Got to Do with It (canción) – Spanish

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