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List of presidents of the United States by age
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This is a list of presidents of the United States by age. The first table charts the age of each United States president at the time of presidential inauguration (first inauguration if elected to multiple and consecutive terms), upon leaving office, and at the time of death. Each president's lifespan (age at death) is measured in two ways, to allow for the differing number of leap days that each experienced. The first figure is the number of days between the president's date of birth and date of death, allowing for leap days; in parentheses, the same period is given in years and days, with the years being the number of whole years that the president lived, and the days being the number of days since the last birthday. Where the president is still living, their lifespan is calculated up to August 27, 2018. The second table includes those presidents who had the distinction among their peers of being the oldest living president, and charts both when they became and ceased to be oldest living.
Contents
1 Age of U.S. presidents
2 Table
2.1 Notes
3 Oldest living U.S. presidents
4 References
5 Sources
Age of U.S. presidents[edit]
See also: Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States
Age of presidents when assuming office approximately follows a bell curve (mean age marked by red line, c. 55.5 years)
The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term.
Assassinated three years into his term, John F. Kennedy was the youngest at the time of leaving office (46 years, 177 days); the youngest president to leave office at the conclusion of a normal transition was Theodore Roosevelt (50 years, 128 days). The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan (77 years, 349 days).
Born on May 29, 1917, John F. Kennedy was younger than four of his successors, the greatest number to date: Lyndon Johnson (8 years, 9 months, and 2 days); Ronald Reagan (6 years, 3 months, and 23 days); Richard Nixon (4 years, 4 months, and 16 days); and Gerald Ford (3 years, 10 months, and 15 days).
Born on February 6, 1911, Ronald Reagan was older than four of his predecessors, the greatest number to date: Richard Nixon (1 year, 11 months, and 7 days); Gerald Ford (2 years, 5 months, and 8 days); John F. Kennedy (6 years, 3 months, and 23 days); and Jimmy Carter (13 years, 7 months, and 25 days).
Three presidents—Donald Trump, George W. Bush, and Bill Clinton—were born in 1946 (all within the span of 9 weeks). This is the only calendar year in which three presidents have been born. Two presidents—James K. Polk and Warren G. Harding—were born on November 2 (70 years apart). This is the only day of the year having the birthday of multiple presidents.[1]
The oldest living U.S. president is George H. W. Bush, born June 12, 1924 (age 94 years, 76 days). On November 25, 2017, he also became the longest-lived president, surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 93 years, 165 days. The second oldest living president, Jimmy Carter, has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at 37 years, 219 days. He surpassed the previous record, held by Herbert Hoover (31 years, 230 days) on September 7, 2012. The youngest living president is Barack Obama, born August 4, 1961 (age 57 years, 23 days).
The shortest-lived president to have died by natural causes (thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield, who were both assassinated) was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of 53 years, 225 days; only 103 days after leaving office.
Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s, with two of them currently alive. They are (in order of birth):
John Adams
(aged 90 years, 247 days)
Herbert Hoover
(aged 90 years, 71 days)
Ronald Reagan
(aged 93 years, 120 days)
Gerald Ford
(aged 93 years, 165 days)
George H. W. Bush
(age 94 years, 76 days)
Jimmy Carter
(age 93 years, 330 days)
Table[edit]
President
Birth
date
Start of presidency
End of presidency
Post-presidency
Death
Date
Age
Date
Age
timespan
Date
Age
01 • George Washington Feb 22, 1732[a] Apr 30, 1789 7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days Mar 4, 1797 7004237520000000000♠65 years, 10 days 7003101500000000000♠2 years, 285 days Dec 14, 1799 7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
02 • John Adams Oct 30, 1735[a] Mar 4, 1797 7004224060000000000♠61 years, 125 days Mar 4, 1801 7004238660000000000♠65 years, 125 days 7003925300000000000♠25 years, 122 days Jul 4, 1826 7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
03 • Thomas Jefferson Apr 13, 1743[a] Mar 4, 1801 7004211440000000000♠57 years, 325 days Mar 4, 1809 7004240660000000000♠65 years, 325 days 7003633100000000000♠17 years, 122 days Jul 4, 1826 7004303970000000000♠83 years, 82 days
04 • James Madison Mar 16, 1751[a] Mar 4, 1809 7004211720000000000♠57 years, 353 days Mar 4, 1817 7004240940000000000♠65 years, 353 days 7003705600000000000♠19 years, 116 days Jun 28, 1836 7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
05 • James Monroe Apr 28, 1758 Mar 4, 1817 7004214940000000000♠58 years, 310 days Mar 4, 1825 7004244160000000000♠66 years, 310 days 7003231300000000000♠6 years, 122 days Jul 4, 1831 7004267290000000000♠73 years, 67 days
06 • John Q. Adams Jul 11, 1767 Mar 4, 1825 7004210550000000000♠57 years, 236 days Mar 4, 1829 7004225160000000000♠61 years, 236 days 7003693000000000000♠18 years, 356 days Feb 23, 1848 7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
07 • Andrew Jackson Mar 15, 1767 Mar 4, 1829 7004226340000000000♠61 years, 354 days Mar 4, 1837 7004255560000000000♠69 years, 354 days 7003301800000000000♠8 years, 96 days Jun 8, 1845 7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
08 • Martin Van Buren Dec 5, 1782 Mar 4, 1837 7004198120000000000♠54 years, 89 days Mar 4, 1841 7004212730000000000♠58 years, 89 days 7003781200000000000♠21 years, 142 days Jul 24, 1862 7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
09 • William H. Harrison Feb 9, 1773 Mar 4, 1841 7004248590000000000♠68 years, 23 days Apr 4, 1841[b] 7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days 00,0000 days Apr 4, 1841 7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
10 • John Tyler Mar 29, 1790 Apr 4, 1841 7004186330000000000♠51 years, 6 days Mar 4, 1845 7004200630000000000♠54 years, 340 days 7003616400000000000♠16 years, 320 days Jan 18, 1862 7004262270000000000♠71 years, 295 days
11 • James K. Polk Nov 2, 1795 Mar 4, 1845 7004180190000000000♠49 years, 122 days Mar 4, 1849 7004194800000000000♠53 years, 122 days 7002103000000000000♠103 days Jun 15, 1849 7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days
12 • Zachary Taylor Nov 24, 1784 Mar 4, 1849 7004234750000000000♠64 years, 100 days Jul 9, 1850[b] 7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days 00,0000 days Jul 9, 1850 7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
13 • Millard Fillmore Jan 7, 1800 Jul 9, 1850 7004184450000000000♠50 years, 183 days Mar 4, 1853 7004194140000000000♠53 years, 56 days 7003767400000000000♠21 years, 4 days Mar 8, 1874 7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
14 • Franklin Pierce Nov 23, 1804 Mar 4, 1853 7004176330000000000♠48 years, 101 days Mar 4, 1857 7004190940000000000♠52 years, 101 days 7003460100000000000♠12 years, 218 days Oct 8, 1869 7004236950000000000♠64 years, 319 days
15 • James Buchanan Apr 23, 1791 Mar 4, 1857 7004240560000000000♠65 years, 315 days Mar 4, 1861 7004255170000000000♠69 years, 315 days 7003264600000000000♠7 years, 89 days Jun 1, 1868 7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
16 • Abraham Lincoln Feb 12, 1809 Mar 4, 1861 7004190130000000000♠52 years, 20 days Apr 15, 1865[b] 7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days 00,0000 days Apr 15, 1865 7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
17 • Andrew Johnson Dec 29, 1808 Apr 15, 1865 7004205610000000000♠56 years, 107 days Mar 4, 1869 7004219800000000000♠60 years, 65 days 7003234000000000000♠6 years, 149 days Jul 31, 1875 7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
18 • Ulysses S. Grant Apr 27, 1822 Mar 4, 1869 7004171130000000000♠46 years, 311 days Mar 4, 1877 7004200350000000000♠54 years, 311 days 7003306300000000000♠8 years, 141 days Jul 23, 1885 7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
19 • Rutherford B. Hayes Oct 4, 1822 Mar 4, 1877 7004198750000000000♠54 years, 151 days Mar 4, 1881 7004213360000000000♠58 years, 151 days 7003433700000000000♠11 years, 319 days Jan 17, 1893 7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
20 • James A. Garfield Nov 19, 1831 Mar 4, 1881 7004180030000000000♠49 years, 105 days Sep 19, 1881[b] 7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days 00,0000 days Sep 19, 1881 7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
21 • Chester A. Arthur Oct 5, 1829 Sep 19, 1881 7004189770000000000♠51 years, 349 days Mar 4, 1885 7004202390000000000♠55 years, 150 days 7002624000000000000♠1 year, 259 days Nov 18, 1886 7004208630000000000♠57 years, 44 days
22 • Grover Cleveland Mar 18, 1837 Mar 4, 1885 7004175180000000000♠47 years, 351 days Mar 4, 1889 7004189790000000000♠51 years, 351 days 15 years, 112 days[c] Jun 24, 1908 7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
23 • Benjamin Harrison Aug 20, 1833 Mar 4, 1889 7004202850000000000♠55 years, 196 days Mar 4, 1893 7004217460000000000♠59 years, 196 days 7003293000000000000♠8 years, 9 days Mar 13, 1901 7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
24 • Grover Cleveland Mar 18, 1837 Mar 4, 1893 7004204400000000000♠55 years, 351 days Mar 4, 1897 7004219010000000000♠59 years, 351 days 15 years, 112 days[c] Jun 24, 1908 7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
25 • William McKinley Jan 29, 1843 Mar 4, 1897 7004197580000000000♠54 years, 34 days Sep 14, 1901[b] 7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days 00,0000 days Sep 14, 1901 7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
26 • Theodore Roosevelt Oct 27, 1858 Sep 14, 1901 7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days Mar 4, 1909 7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days 7003359500000000000♠9 years, 308 days Jan 6, 1919 7004219850000000000♠60 years, 71 days
27 • William H. Taft Sep 15, 1857 Mar 4, 1909 7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days Mar 4, 1913 7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days 7003621300000000000♠17 years, 4 days Mar 8, 1930 7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
28 • Woodrow Wilson Dec 28, 1856 Mar 4, 1913 7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days Mar 4, 1921 7004234410000000000♠64 years, 66 days 7003106600000000000♠2 years, 336 days Feb 3, 1924 7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
29 • Warren G. Harding Nov 2, 1865 Mar 4, 1921 7004202100000000000♠55 years, 122 days Aug 2, 1923[b] 7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days 00,0000 days Aug 2, 1923 7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
30 • Calvin Coolidge Jul 4, 1872 Aug 2, 1923 7004186550000000000♠51 years, 29 days Mar 4, 1929 7004206960000000000♠56 years, 243 days 7003140300000000000♠3 years, 307 days Jan 5, 1933 7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
31 • Herbert Hoover Aug 10, 1874 Mar 4, 1929 7004199290000000000♠54 years, 206 days Mar 4, 1933 7004213900000000000♠58 years, 206 days 7004115530000000000♠31 years, 230 days Oct 20, 1964 7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
32 • Franklin D. Roosevelt Jan 30, 1882 Mar 4, 1933 7004186600000000000♠51 years, 33 days Apr 12, 1945[b] 7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days 00,0000 days Apr 12, 1945 7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
33 • Harry S. Truman May 8, 1884 Apr 12, 1945 7004222530000000000♠60 years, 339 days Jan 20, 1953 7004250930000000000♠68 years, 257 days 7003728000000000000♠19 years, 341 days Dec 26, 1972 7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
34 • Dwight D. Eisenhower Oct 14, 1890 Jan 20, 1953 7004227430000000000♠62 years, 98 days Jan 20, 1961 7004256650000000000♠70 years, 98 days 7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days Mar 28, 1969 7004286540000000000♠78 years, 165 days
35 • John F. Kennedy May 29, 1917 Jan 20, 1961 7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days Nov 22, 1963[b] 7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days 00,0000 days Nov 22, 1963 7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
36 • Lyndon B. Johnson Aug 27, 1908 Nov 22, 1963 7004201750000000000♠55 years, 87 days Jan 20, 1969 7004220610000000000♠60 years, 146 days 7003146300000000000♠4 years, 2 days Jan 22, 1973 7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
37 • Richard Nixon Jan 9, 1913 Jan 20, 1969 7004204650000000000♠56 years, 11 days Aug 9, 1974[d] 7004224920000000000♠61 years, 212 days 7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days Apr 22, 1994 7004296880000000000♠81 years, 103 days
38 • Gerald Ford Jul 14, 1913 Aug 9, 1974 7004223060000000000♠61 years, 26 days Jan 20, 1977 7004232010000000000♠63 years, 190 days 7004109320000000000♠29 years, 340 days Dec 26, 2006 7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
39 • Jimmy Carter Oct 1, 1924 Jan 20, 1977 7004191040000000000♠52 years, 111 days Jan 20, 1981 7004205650000000000♠56 years, 111 days 7004137330000000000♠37 years, 219 days 2018-08-27 7004342980000000000♠93 years, 330 days
40 • Ronald Reagan Feb 6, 1911 Jan 20, 1981 7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days Jan 20, 1989 7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days 7003561500000000000♠15 years, 137 days Jun 5, 2004 7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
41 • George H. W. Bush Jun 12, 1924 Jan 20, 1989 7004235980000000000♠64 years, 222 days Jan 20, 1993 7004250590000000000♠68 years, 222 days 7003935000000000000♠25 years, 219 days 2018-08-27 7004344090000000000♠94 years, 76 days
42 • Bill Clinton Aug 19, 1946 Jan 20, 1993 7004169560000000000♠46 years, 154 days Jan 20, 2001 7004198780000000000♠54 years, 154 days 7003642800000000000♠17 years, 219 days 2018-08-27 7004263060000000000♠72 years, 8 days
43 • George W. Bush Jul 6, 1946 Jan 20, 2001 7004199220000000000♠54 years, 198 days Jan 20, 2009 7004228440000000000♠62 years, 198 days 7003350600000000000♠9 years, 219 days 2018-08-27 7004263500000000000♠72 years, 52 days
44 • Barack Obama Aug 4, 1961 Jan 20, 2009 7004173360000000000♠47 years, 169 days Jan 20, 2017 7004202580000000000♠55 years, 169 days 7002584000000000000♠1 year, 219 days 2018-08-27 7004208420000000000♠57 years, 23 days
45 • Donald Trump Jun 14, 1946 Jan 20, 2017 7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days 2018-08-27 7004288540000000000♠78 years, 364 days 2018-08-27 7004263720000000000♠72 years, 74 days
President
Birth
date
Date
Age
Date
Age
Post-presidency
Date
Age
Start of presidency
End of presidency
timespan
Death
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Birthdate as changed to New Style.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office.
^ Jump up to: a b Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms (1889–1893), and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term (1897) until his death (1908).
Jump up ^ Resigned from office.
Oldest living U.S. presidents[edit]
See also: Living Presidents of the United States
Of the 44 persons who have served as president, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any, from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest, from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later.
On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death, but by the inauguration of a president who was older. Theodore Roosevelt (born 1858) lost this distinction when William Taft (born 1857) was inaugurated, then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson (born 1856) was inaugurated. More recently, Richard Nixon (born 1913) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan (born 1911) was inaugurated. Furthermore, although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president (at age 49) and a former president (at age 50), he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term. Consequently, Taft was the oldest living president twice: first during his presidency (having succeeded the younger Roosevelt), and a second time after Wilson (his successor as president but an older man) died. Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction, at the age of 90.
On seven occasions, the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office. In the cases of John Adams, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon, this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison, the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor (John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively). By contrast, the president who acquired this distinction furthest from his time in office was Gerald Ford, who had been retired for 7003999800000000000♠27 years, 137 days.
President
Dates
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Length
George Washington April 30, 1789 – December 14, 1799 7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days 7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days 7003388000000000000♠10 years, 228 days
John Adams December 14, 1799 – July 4, 1826 7004234210000000000♠64 years, 45 days 7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days 7003969800000000000♠26 years, 202 days
James Madison July 4, 1826 – June 28, 1836 7004275030000000000♠75 years, 110 days 7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days 7003364700000000000♠9 years, 360 days
Andrew Jackson June 28, 1836 – June 8, 1845 7004253070000000000♠69 years, 105 days 7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days 7003326700000000000♠8 years, 345 days
John Quincy Adams June 8, 1845 – February 23, 1848 7004284560000000000♠77 years, 332 days 7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days 7002990000000000000♠2 years, 260 days
Martin Van Buren February 23, 1848 – July 24, 1862 7004238200000000000♠65 years, 80 days 7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days 7003526500000000000♠14 years, 151 days
James Buchanan July 24, 1862 – June 1, 1868 7004260240000000000♠71 years, 92 days 7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days 7003213900000000000♠5 years, 313 days
Millard Fillmore June 1, 1868 – March 8, 1874 7004249820000000000♠68 years, 146 days 7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days 7003210600000000000♠5 years, 280 days
Andrew Johnson March 8, 1874 – July 31, 1875 7004238100000000000♠65 years, 69 days 7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days 7002510000000000000♠1 year, 145 days
Ulysses S. Grant July 31, 1875 – July 23, 1885 7004194530000000000♠53 years, 95 days 7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days 7003364500000000000♠9 years, 357 days
Rutherford B. Hayes July 23, 1885 – January 17, 1893 7004229380000000000♠62 years, 292 days 7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days 7003273500000000000♠7 years, 178 days
Benjamin Harrison January 17, 1893 – March 13, 1901 7004217000000000000♠59 years, 150 days 7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days 7003297600000000000♠8 years, 55 days
Grover Cleveland March 13, 1901 – June 24, 1908 7004233700000000000♠63 years, 360 days 7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days 7003266000000000000♠7 years, 103 days
Theodore Roosevelt June 24, 1908 – March 4, 1909 7004181370000000000♠49 years, 241 days 7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days 7002253000000000000♠253 days
William Howard Taft March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913 7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days 7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days 7003146100000000000♠4 years, 0 days
Woodrow Wilson March 4, 1913 – February 3, 1924 7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days 7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days 7003398800000000000♠10 years, 336 days
William Howard Taft February 3, 1924 – March 8, 1930 7004242460000000000♠66 years, 141 days 7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days 7003222500000000000♠6 years, 33 days
Calvin Coolidge March 8, 1930 – January 5, 1933 7004210650000000000♠57 years, 247 days 7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days 7003103400000000000♠2 years, 303 days
Herbert Hoover January 5, 1933 – October 20, 1964 7004213320000000000♠58 years, 148 days 7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days 7004116110000000000♠31 years, 289 days
Harry S. Truman October 20, 1964 – December 26, 1972 7004293840000000000♠80 years, 165 days 7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days 7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days
Lyndon B. Johnson December 26, 1972 – January 22, 1973 7004234970000000000♠64 years, 121 days 7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days 7001270000000000000♠27 days
Richard Nixon January 22, 1973 – January 20, 1981 7004219280000000000♠60 years, 13 days 7004248480000000000♠68 years, 11 days 7003292000000000000♠7 years, 364 days
Ronald Reagan January 20, 1981 – June 5, 2004 7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days 7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days 7003853700000000000♠23 years, 137 days
Gerald Ford June 5, 2004 – December 26, 2006 7004331990000000000♠90 years, 327 days 7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days 7002934000000000000♠2 years, 204 days
George H. W. Bush December 26, 2006 – present 7004301470000000000♠82 years, 197 days Current 7003426200000000000♠11 years, 244 days
President
Dates
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Length
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Two former presidents share November 2 birthday". Indianapolis, Indiana: WTHR. November 2, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
Sources[edit]
Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey, "The Presidents of the United States". The White House.
Robert S. Summers, "POTUS: Presidents of the United States". Internet Public Library.
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Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 6 August 2018.
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The Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award (formerly known as the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1969 NBA Finals. The award is decided by a panel of eleven media members, who cast votes after the conclusion of the Finals. The person with the highest number of votes wins the award.[1] The award was originally a black trophy with a gold basketball-shaped sphere at the top, similar to the Larry O'Brien Trophy, until a new trophy was introduced in 2005 to commemorate Bill Russell.[2][3]
Since its inception, the award has been given to 31 different players. Michael Jordan is a record six-time award winner.[4] Magic Johnson, Shaquille O'Neal, Tim Duncan and LeBron James won the award three times in their careers. Jordan and O'Neal are the only players to win the award in three consecutive seasons (Jordan accomplished the feat on two separate occasions). Johnson is the only rookie ever to win the award,[5] as well as the youngest at 20 years old.[6] Andre Iguodala is the only winner to have not started every game in the series.[7] Jerry West, the first ever awardee, is the only person to win the award while being on the losing team in the NBA Finals.[4] Willis Reed, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Larry Bird, Hakeem Olajuwon, Kobe Bryant, and Kevin Durant won the award twice. Olajuwon, Durant, Bryant, and James have won the award in two consecutive seasons. Abdul-Jabbar and James are the only players to win the award for two different teams. Olajuwon of Nigeria, who became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1993, Tony Parker of France, and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only international players to win the award. Duncan is an American citizen, but is considered an "international" player by the NBA because he was not born in one of the fifty states or Washington, D.C.[8] Parker and Nowitzki are the only winners to have been trained totally outside the U.S.; Olajuwon played college basketball at Houston and Duncan at Wake Forest. Cedric Maxwell is the only Finals MVP winner eligible for the Hall of Fame who has not been voted in.[9]
On February 14, 2009, during the 2009 NBA All-Star Weekend in Phoenix, then-NBA Commissioner David Stern announced that the award would be renamed the "Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award" in honor of 11-time NBA champion Bill Russell.[10]
Contents
1 Winners
2 Multi-time winners
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Winners[edit]
Jerry West, the inaugural recipient, is the only player to win the award while being on the losing team.
Magic Johnson is the only player to win the award as a rookie.
Michael Jordan has won the award a record six times.
Shaquille O'Neal is the only player other than Michael Jordan to have won the award three times consecutively.
Tony Parker (bottom) is the first non-American player to win the award.
LeBron James (pictured) and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar are the only players to win the award for two different teams.
^ Denotes player who is still active in the NBA
* Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
§ Player's team lost the NBA Finals
Player (X) Denotes the number of times the player has received the Finals MVP award
Team (X) Denotes the number of times a player from this team has received the Finals MVP award
Year
Player
Position
Nationality
Team
1969
Jerry West*
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers §
1970
Willis Reed*
Center/Forward United States New York Knicks
1971
Lew Alcindor*[a]
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks
1972
Wilt Chamberlain*
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (2)
1973
Willis Reed* (2)
Center/Forward United States New York Knicks (2)
1974
John Havlicek*
Forward/Guard United States Boston Celtics
1975
Rick Barry*
Forward United States Golden State Warriors
1976
Jo Jo White*
Guard United States Boston Celtics (2)
1977
Bill Walton*
Center United States Portland Trail Blazers
1978
Wes Unseld*
Center/Forward United States Washington Bullets
1979
Dennis Johnson*
Guard United States Seattle SuperSonics
1980
Magic Johnson*[b]
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (3)
1981
Cedric Maxwell
Forward United States Boston Celtics (3)
1982
Magic Johnson* (2)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (4)
1983
Moses Malone*
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers
1984
Larry Bird*
Forward United States Boston Celtics (4)
1985
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*[c] (2)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (5)
1986
Larry Bird* (2)
Forward United States Boston Celtics (5)
1987
Magic Johnson* (3)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (6)
1988
James Worthy*
Forward United States Los Angeles Lakers (7)
1989
Joe Dumars*
Guard United States Detroit Pistons
1990
Isiah Thomas*
Guard United States Detroit Pistons (2)
1991
Michael Jordan*
Guard United States Chicago Bulls
1992
Michael Jordan* (2)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (2)
1993
Michael Jordan* (3)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (3)
1994
Hakeem Olajuwon*
Center United States[d] Houston Rockets
1995
Hakeem Olajuwon* (2)
Center United States[d] Houston Rockets (2)
1996
Michael Jordan* (4)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (4)
1997
Michael Jordan* (5)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (5)
1998
Michael Jordan* (6)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (6)
1999 Tim Duncan[e] Forward/Center United States San Antonio Spurs
2000
Shaquille O'Neal*
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (8)
2001
Shaquille O'Neal* (2)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (9)
2002
Shaquille O'Neal* (3)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (10)
2003 Tim Duncan (2) Forward/Center United States[e] San Antonio Spurs (2)
2004 Chauncey Billups Guard United States Detroit Pistons (3)
2005 Tim Duncan (3) Forward/Center United States[e] San Antonio Spurs (3)
2006
Dwyane Wade^
Guard United States Miami Heat
2007
Tony Parker^
Guard France[f] San Antonio Spurs (4)
2008 Paul Pierce Forward United States Boston Celtics (6)
2009 Kobe Bryant Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (11)
2010 Kobe Bryant (2) Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (12)
2011
Dirk Nowitzki^
Forward Germany Dallas Mavericks
2012
LeBron James^
Forward United States Miami Heat (2)
2013
LeBron James^ (2)
Forward United States Miami Heat (3)
2014
Kawhi Leonard^
Forward United States San Antonio Spurs (5)
2015
Andre Iguodala^
Forward/Guard United States Golden State Warriors (2)
2016
LeBron James^ (3)
Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers
2017
Kevin Durant^
Forward United States Golden State Warriors (3)
2018
Kevin Durant^ (2)
Forward United States Golden State Warriors (4)
Multi-time winners[edit]
Player
Team(s)
No.
Years
Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 6 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
Magic Johnson Los Angeles Lakers 3 1980, 1982, 1987
Shaquille O'Neal Los Angeles Lakers 2000, 2001, 2002
Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs 1999, 2003, 2005
LeBron James Miami Heat (2), Cleveland Cavaliers (1) 2012, 2013, 2016
Willis Reed New York Knicks 2 1970, 1973
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Milwaukee Bucks, Los Angeles Lakers 1971, 1985
Larry Bird Boston Celtics 1984, 1986
Hakeem Olajuwon Houston Rockets 1994, 1995
Kobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers 2009, 2010
Kevin Durant Golden State Warriors 2017, 2018
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
NBA Most Valuable Player Award
NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Before the 1971–72 season, Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.[11]
Jump up ^ At 20 years and 276 days old, Johnson is the youngest Finals MVP winner in history.[12]
Jump up ^ At 38 years and 54 days old, Abdul-Jabbar is the oldest Finals MVP winner in history.[13]
^ Jump up to: a b Hakeem Olajuwon was born in Nigeria, but became a naturalized United States citizen in 1993.[14]
^ Jump up to: a b c Because Tim Duncan is a United States citizen by birth, as are all natives of the U.S. Virgin Islands,[15] he was able to play for the U.S. internationally.[16]
Jump up ^ Tony Parker was born in Belgium. He holds French citizenship and plays for their national team.[17]
References[edit]
General
"Finals Most Valuable Player". NBA/Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
"Finals Most Valuable Players". ESPN. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Kevin Durant Wins 2017 NBA Finals MVP After Winning 1st Title with Warriors". Bleacher Report. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Game 5 Notebook: Billups Wins MVP". NBA/Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Spurs crowned NBA champions". CBC Sports. June 24, 2005. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Finals Most Valuable Player". NBA/Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Magic Johnson Bio". NBA/Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Scott, Nate (June 16, 2014). "Kawhi Leonard is third youngest NBA Finals MVP ever". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Strauss, Ethan Sherwood (June 16, 2015). "Andre Iguodala named Finals MVP after coming off bench to begin series". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bargnani becomes first European top NBA draft pick". People's Daily Online. June 29, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/news/nba--danny-green-spurs-nba-finals-3-pointers-cedric-maxwell-224343936.html
Jump up ^ "The Finals MVP to Receive Bill Russell MVP Award". NBA/Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. February 14, 2009. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Bio". NBA. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Magic Johnson 1979-80 Game Log". basketball-reference. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 1984-85 Game Log". basketball-reference. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hakeem Olajuwon Bio: 1992-93". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Virgin Islands". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "All-Time USA Basketball Men's Roster: D". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Parker will be speedy foe for Nets". Sports Illustrated. Time Warner Company. June 2, 2003. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
show
v
t
e
Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
1969: West
1970: Reed
1971: Alcindor
1972: Chamberlain
1973: Reed
1974: Havlicek
1975: Barry
1976: White
1977: Walton
1978: Unseld
1979: D. Johnson
1980: E. Johnson
1981: Maxwell
1982: E. Johnson
1983: Malone
1984: Bird
1985: Abdul-Jabbar
1986: Bird
1987: E. Johnson
1988: Worthy
1989: Dumars
1990: Thomas
1991: Jordan
1992: Jordan
1993: Jordan
1994: Olajuwon
1995: Olajuwon
1996: Jordan
1997: Jordan
1998: Jordan
1999: Duncan
2000: O'Neal
2001: O'Neal
2002: O'Neal
2003: Duncan
2004: Billups
2005: Duncan
2006: Wade
2007: Parker
2008: Pierce
2009: Bryant
2010: Bryant
2011: Nowitzki
2012: James
2013: James
2014: Leonard
2015: Iguodala
2016: James
2017: Durant
2018: Durant
show
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show
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Models of communication
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Shannon and Weaver's model of communication
Communication major dimensions scheme
Communication code scheme
Linear Communication Model
Interactional Model of Communication
Berlo's Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of Communication
Transactional Model of Communication
Models of communication are conceptual models used to explain the human communication process. The first major model for communication was developed in 1948 by Claude Elwood Shannon and published with an introduction by Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories.[1] Following the basic concept, communication is the process of sending and receiving messages or transferring information from one part (sender) to another (receiver).[2]
In 1960, David Berlo expanded the linear transmission model [3] with the Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver(SMCR) Model of Communication. [4] Later, Wilbur Schramm introduced a model that identified multiple variables in communication which includes the transmitter, encoding, media, decoding, and receiver. [5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Dean-Faustine Model
2 Berlo
3 Schramm
4 Barnlund
5 Constructionist
6 Linear
7 Interactive/convergence
8 Communication theory framework
9 Ontology
10 Epistemology
11 Axiology
12 Some realms of communication and their theories
13 Notes
14 References
Dean-Faustine Model[edit]
Dean Dmitri and Faustine Vern were engineers that worked for Bell Telephone Labs in the United States. Their goal was to make sure that the telephone cables and radio waves were working at the maximum efficiency. Therefore, they developed the Dean–Faustine model which had an intention to expand a mathematical theory of communication.[6] The Shannon–Weaver model was developed in 1949 which is referred as the 'mother of all models'.[7] The model is well accepted as a main initial model for Communication Studies which has grown since then.[8]
As well, the Dean–Faustine model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technology. Their initial model consisted of four primary parts: sender, message, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person speaks into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone through which one can hear the person on the other end of the line. Dean and Faustine also recognized that there may often be static or background sounds that interfere with the process of the other partner in a telephone conversation; they referred to this as noise. Certain types of background sounds can also indicate the absence of a signal.[9]
The original model of Dean and Faustine has five elements: information source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination. To illustrate the process of the communication the first step is the information source where the information is stored. Next, in order to send the information, the message is encoded into signals, so it can travel to its destination. After the message is encoded, it goes through the channel which the signals are adapted for the transmission. In addition, the channel carried the noise course which is any interference that might happen to lead to the signal receive a different information from the source. After the channel, the message arrives in the receiver step where the message reconstruct (decode) from the signal. Finally, the message arrives at the destination.[10]
In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emissor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. According to this common communication-related conception, communication is viewed as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are its simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. The mathematicians Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model on the basis of the following elements:
An information source, which produces a message.
A transmitter, which encodes the message into signals
A channel, for which signals are adapted for transmission
A receiver, which reconstructs the encoded message from a sequence of received signals and decodes it.
An information destination, where the message arrives.
Dean and Faustine argued that this concept entails three levels of problems for communication:
The technical problem: how accurately can the message be transmitted?
The semantic problem: how precisely is the meaning 'conveyed'?
The effectiveness problem: how effectively does the received meaning affect behavior?
Daniel Chandler criticizes the transmission model in the following terms:[11]
It assumes that communicators are isolated individuals.
It makes no allowance for differing purposes.
It makes no allowance for differing interpretations.
It makes no allowance for unequal power relationships.
Berlo[edit]
In 1960, David Berlo expanded Dean and Faustine's 1949 linear model of communication and created the Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) Model of Communication.[12] The SMCR Model of Communication separated the model into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars.
The Berlo's communication process is a simple application for communication of person-to-person which include communication source, encoder, message, channel, decoder, and communication receiver. [13] In addition, David Berlo presented some factors that influence the communication process between two people. The factors include communication skills, awareness level, social system, cultural system, and attitude.[14]
The Berlo's Model of Communication process starts at the source. This is the part where determine the communication skills, attitude, knowledge, social system, and culture of the people involved in the communication. After the message is developed which is elements in a set of symbols. [14] Then the encoder step beginning. The encoder process is where the motor skills take place by speaking or writing. [13] The message goes through the channel which carries the message by hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, or tasting.[3] Then the decoder process takes place. In this process, the receiver interpreter the message with her or him sensory skills. Finally, the communication receiver gets the whole message understood.[13]
Schramm[edit]
Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / emissor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schramm (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message.[15] Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).
Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of semiotic rules:
Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols),
Pragmatic (concerned with the relations between signs/expressions and their users) and
Semantic (study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent).
Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. This commonly held rule in some sense ignores autocommunication, including intrapersonal communication via diaries or self-talk, both secondary phenomena that followed the primary acquisition of communicative competences within social interactions.
Barnlund[edit]
In light of these weaknesses, Barnlund (1970) proposed a transactional model of communication.[16] The basic premise of the transactional model of communication is that individuals are simultaneously engaging in the sending and receiving of messages.
In a slightly more complex form, a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a [code-book], and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.
Theories of co-regulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society.[17][page needed] His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society.[17][page needed]
Constructionist[edit]
There is an additional working definition of communication to consider[example needed] that authors like Richard A. Lanham (2003) and as far back as Erving Goffman (1959) have highlighted. This is a progression from Lasswell's attempt to define human communication through to this century and revolutionized into the constructionist model. Constructionists believe that the process of communication is in itself the only messages that exist. The packaging can not be separated from the social and historical context from which it arose, therefore the substance to look at in communication theory is style for Richard Lanham and the performance of self for Erving Goffman.
Lanham chose to view communication as the rival to the over encompassing use of CBS model (which pursued to further the transmission model). CBS model argues that clarity, brevity, and sincerity are the only purpose to prose discourse, therefore communication. Lanham wrote: "If words matter too, if the whole range of human motive is seen as animating prose discourse, then rhetoric analysis leads us to the essential questions about prose style" (Lanham 10). This is saying that rhetoric and style are fundamentally important; they are not errors to what we actually intend to transmit. The process which we construct and deconstruct meaning deserves analysis.
Erving Goffman sees the performance of self as the most important frame to understand communication. Goffman wrote: "What does seem to be required of the individual is that he learn enough pieces of expression to be able to 'fill in' and manage, more or less, any part that he is likely to be given" (Goffman 73), highlighting the significance of expression.
The truth in both cases is the articulation of the message and the package as one. The construction of the message from social and historical context is the seed as is the pre-existing message is for the transmission model. Therefore, any look into communication theory should include the possibilities drafted by such great scholars as Richard A. Lanham and Goffman that style and performance is the whole process. lun
Communication stands so deeply rooted in human behaviors and the structures of society that scholars have difficulty thinking of it while excluding social or behavioral events.[weasel words] Because communication theory remains a relatively young field of inquiry and integrates itself with other disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, and sociology, one probably cannot yet[update] expect a consensus conceptualization of communication across disciplines.[weasel words]
Communication Model Terms as provided by Rothwell (11-15):
Noise; interference with effective transmission and reception of a message.
For example;
physical noise or external noise which are environmental distractions such as poorly heated rooms, startling sounds, appearances of things, music playing some where else, and someone talking really loudly near you.
physiological noise are biological influences that distract you from communicating competently such as sweaty palms, pounding heart, butterfly in the stomach, induced by speech anxiety, or feeling sick, exhausted at work, the ringing noise in your ear, being really hungry, and if you have a runny nose or a cough.
psychological noise are the preconception bias and assumptions such as thinking someone who speaks like a valley girl is dumb, or someone from a foreign country can’t speak English well so you speak loudly and slowly to them.
semantic noise are word choices that are confusing and distracting such as using the word tri-syllabic instead of three syllables.
Sender; the initiator and encoder of a message
Receiver; the one that receives the message (the listener) and the decoder of a message
Decode; translates the sender's spoken idea/message into something the receiver understands by using their knowledge of language from personal experience.
Encode; puts the idea into spoken language while putting their own meaning into the word/message.
Channel; the medium through which the message travels such as through oral communication (radio, television, phone, in person) or written communication (letters, email, text messages)
Feedback; the receiver's verbal and nonverbal responses to a message such as a nod for understanding (nonverbal), a raised eyebrow for being confused (nonverbal), or asking a question to clarify the message (verbal).
Message; the verbal and nonverbal components of language that is sent to the receiver by the sender which conveys an idea.
Humans act toward people or things on the basis of the meanings they assign to those people or things. -"Language is the source of meaning". -Meaning arises out of the social interaction people have with each other.
-Meaning is not inherent in objects but it is negotiated through the use of language, hence the term symbolic interactionism. As human beings, we have the ability to name things. Symbols, including names, are arbitrary signs. By talking with others, we ascribe meaning to words and develop a universe of discourse A symbol is a stimulus that has a learned/shared meaning and a value for people Significant symbols can be nonverbal as well as linguistic.
-Negative responses can consequently reduce a person to nothing. -Our expectations evoke responses that confirm what we originally anticipated, resulting in a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Linear[edit]
This is a one-way model to communicate with others. It consists of the sender encoding a message and channeling it to the receiver in the presence of noise. In this model there is no feedback or response which may allow for a continuous exchange of information (F.N.S. Palma, 1993).
The linear model was first introduced by Shannon & Weaver in 1949. In the linear communication model, the message travels one direction from the start point to the endpoint. In other words, once the sender sends the message to the receiver the communication process ends. Many communications online use the linear communication model. For example, when you send an email, post a blog, or share something on social media. However, the linear model does not explain many other forms of communication including face-to-face conversation.[18]
Interactive/convergence[edit]
It is two linear models stacked on top of each other. The sender channels a message to the receiver and the receiver then becomes the sender and channels a message to the original sender. This model has added feedback, indicating that communication is not a one way but a two way process. It also has "field of experience" which includes our cultural background, ethnicity geographic location, extent of travel, and general personal experiences accumulated over the course of your lifetime. Draw backs – there is feedback but it is not simultaneous.
The Interactive Model.
For example, – instant messaging. The sender sends an IM to the receiver, then the original sender has to wait for the IM from the original receiver to react. Or a question/answer session where you just ask a question then you get an answer.
Communication theory framework[edit]
Main article: Theory of communication
Communication theory can be seen from one of the following viewpoints:
Mechanistic: This view[who?] considers communication as a perfect transaction of a message from the sender to the receiver. (as seen in the diagram above)
Psychological: This view[who?] considers communication as the act of sending a message to a receiver, and the feelings and thoughts of the receiver upon interpreting the message.
Social Constructionist (Symbolic Interactionist): This view considers communication to be the product of the interactants sharing and creating meaning. The Constructionist View can also be defined as, how you say something determines what the message is. The Constructionist View assumes that "truth" and "ideas" are constructed or invented through the social process of communication. Robert T. Craig saw the Constructionist View or the constitutive view as it's called in his article, as "…an ongoing process that symbolically forms and re-forms our personal identities." (Craig, 125). The other view of communication, the Transmission Model, sees communication as robotic and computer-like. The Transmission Model sees communication as a way of sending or receiving messages and the perfection of that. But, the Constructionist View sees communications as, "…in human life, info does not behave as simply as bits in an electronic stream. In human life, information flow is far more like an electric current running from one landmine to another" (Lanham, 7). The Constructionist View is a more realistic view of communication[opinion] because it involves the interacting of human beings and the free sharing of thoughts and ideas. Daniel Chandler looks to prove that the Transmission Model is a lesser way of communicating by saying "The transmission model is not merely a gross over-simplification but a dangerously misleading representation of the nature of human communication" (Chandler, 2). Humans do not communicate simply as computers or robots so that's why it's essential to truly understand the Constructionist View of Communication well. We do not simply send facts and data to one another, but we take facts and data and they acquire meaning through the process of communication, or through interaction with others.
Systemic: This view[who?] considers communication to be the new messages created via "through-put", or what happens as the message is being interpreted and re-interpreted as it travels through people.
Critical: This view considers communication as a source of power and oppression of individuals and social groups.[19]
Inspection of a particular theory on this level will provide a framework on the nature of communication as seen within the confines of that theory.
Theories can also be studied and organized according to the ontological, epistemological, and axiological framework imposed by the theorist.
Ontology[edit]
Ontology essentially poses the question of what, exactly, the theorist is examining. One must consider the very nature of reality. The answer usually falls in one of three realms depending on whether the theorist sees the phenomena through the lens of a realist, nominalist, or social constructionist. Realist perspective views the world objectively, believing that there is a world outside of our own experience and cognitions. Nominalists see the world subjectively, claiming that everything outside of one's cognitions is simply names and labels. Social constructionists straddle the fence between objective and subjective reality, claiming that reality is what we create together.[unbalanced opinion?][neutrality is disputed]
Epistemology[edit]
Epistemology is an examination of the approaches and beliefs which inform particular modes of study of phenomena and domains of expertise. In positivist approaches to epistemology, objective knowledge is seen as the result of the empirical observation and perceptual experience. In the history of science, empirical evidence collected by way of pragmatic-calculation and the scientific method is believed to be the most likely to reflect truth in the findings. Such approaches are meant to predict a phenomenon. Subjective theory holds that understanding is based on situated knowledge, typically found using interpretative methodology such as ethnography and also interviews. Subjective theories are typically developed to explain or understand phenomena in the social world.[citation needed]
Axiology[edit]
Axiology is concerned with how values inform research and theory development.[20] Most communication theory is guided by one of three axiological approaches.[citation needed] The first approach recognizes that values will influence theorists' interests but suggests that those values must be set aside once actual research begins. Outside replication of research findings is particularly important in this approach to prevent individual researchers' values from contaminating their findings and interpretations.[21] The second approach rejects the idea that values can be eliminated from any stage of theory development. Within this approach, theorists do not try to divorce their values from inquiry. Instead, they remain mindful of their values so that they understand how those values contextualize, influence or skew their findings.[22] The third approach not only rejects the idea that values can be separated from research and theory, but rejects the idea that they should be separated. This approach is often adopted by critical theorists who believe that the role of communication theory is to identify oppression and produce social change. In this axiological approach, theorists embrace their values and work to reproduce those values in their research and theory development.[23]
Some realms of communication and their theories[edit]
message production: Constructivist Theory, Action Assembly Theory
message processing: Elaboration Likelihood Model, Inoculation theory
discourse and interaction: Speech Acts Theory, Coordinated Management of Meaning
developing relationships: Uncertainty Reduction Theory, Social Penetration Theory, Predicted Outcome Value Theory
ongoing relationships: Relational Systems Theory, Relational Dialectics
organizational: Structuration Theory, Unobtrusive and Concertive Control Theory
small group: Functional Theory, Symbolic Convergence Theory
media processing and effects: Social Cognitive Theory, Uses and Gratifications Theory
media and society: Agenda Setting, Information deficit model, Spiral of silence, Symbolic Convergence Theory
culture: Speech Codes Theory, Face-saving Theory
making social worlds: Coordinated Management of Meaning, Symbolic Interactionism
science communication: Gateway Belief Model
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press
Jump up ^ Craig 1999.
^ Jump up to: a b Berlo, D. K. (1960). The process of communication; an introduction to theory and practice. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Claude E Shannon, W. W. (1949)
Jump up ^ Schulz, Peter. Cobley, Paul. (2013). Theories and Models of Communication. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 2013.
Jump up ^ Qing-Lan Chen, Chiou-Shuei Wei, Mei-Yao Huang and Chiu-Chi Wei. (2013) A model for project communication medium evaluation and selection.
Jump up ^ Chandler Daniel, The Transmission Model of Communication. http://transcriptions-2008.english.ucsb.edu/archive/courses/warner/english197/Schedule_files/Chandler/Transmission.model_files/trans.htm (1994)
Jump up ^ Erik Hollnagel, David D. Woods. Joint Cognitive Systems: Foundations of Cognitive Systems Engineering. CRC Press. 2005
Jump up ^ Fiske, John. Introduction to Communication Studies. London: Routledge (Chapter 1, 'Communication Theory' is a good introduction to this topic). (1982)
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference Dean was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference Faustine was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Chandler, Daniel (1994). The Transmission Model of Communication. University of Western Australia. Retrieved 11.06.2011. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Jump up ^ Berlo, D. K. (1960). The process of communication. New York, New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ann, Bette. Berlo's Communication Process Model as Applied to the Behavioral Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, and McGrego. Stead Source: The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Sep., 1972), pp. 389-394 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/254868
^ Jump up to: a b Sluková, Petra Zia. Studies of Information and Knowledge Management in he European Context: No. 5 Communication of Information Reg. No: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/07.0284 OP: Education for Competitiveness Support area. 2.2 University Education Realization: VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Economics, separate unit: Business Academy and HPS Valašské Meziříčí
Jump up ^ Schramm, W. (1954). How communication works. In W. Schramm (Ed.), The process and effects of communication (pp. 3-26). Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
Jump up ^ Barnlund, D. C. (2008). A transactional model of communication. In. C. D. Mortensen (Eds.), Communication theory (2nd ed., pp47-57). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction.
^ Jump up to: a b Wark, McKenzie (1997). The Virtual Republic. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards.
Jump up ^ McCornack, Steven. Ortiz, Joseph. Choice & Connections: An Introduction to Communication. (2017)
Jump up ^ Littlejohn, S.W. and Foss, K.A. (2008). Theories of human communication, 9th edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Jump up ^ Miller 2005.
Jump up ^ Miller 2005, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Miller 2005, pp. 30–31.
Jump up ^ Miller 2005, p. 31.
References[edit]
Craig, Robert T. (1999). "Communication Theory as a Field". Communication Theory. 9 (2): 119–161. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00355.x. ISSN 1050-3293.
Miller, Katherine (2005). Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and Contexts (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 0-07-293794-7.
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