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Blood sugar level
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The fluctuation of blood sugar (red) and the sugar-lowering hormone insulin (blue) in humans during the course of a day with three meals. One of the effects of a sugar-rich vs a starch-rich meal is highlighted.[1]
The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose present in the blood of humans and other animals. Glucose is a simple sugar and approximately 4 grams of glucose are present in the blood of a 70-kilogram (150 lb) human at all times.[2] The body tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis.[2] Glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells in the form of glycogen;[2] in fasted individuals, blood glucose is maintained at a constant level at the expense of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle.[2]
In humans, glucose is the primary source of energy, and is critical for normal function, in a number of tissues,[2] particularly the human brain which consumes approximately 60% of blood glucose in fasted, sedentary individuals.[2] Glucose can be transported from the intestines or liver to other tissues in the body via the bloodstream.[2] Cellular glucose uptake is primarily regulated by insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas.[2]
Glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day, and rise after meals for an hour or two by a few millimoles. Blood sugar levels outside the normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition. A persistently high level is referred to as hyperglycemia; low levels are referred to as hypoglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia from any of several causes, and is the most prominent disease related to failure of blood sugar regulation. There are different methods of testing and measuring blood sugar levels.
The intake of alcohol causes an initial surge in blood sugar, and later tends to cause levels to fall. Also, certain drugs can increase or decrease glucose levels.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Units
2 Normal values in humans
3 Animals
4 Regulation
5 Abnormality in blood sugar levels
5.1 High blood sugar
5.2 Low blood sugar
6 Glucose measurement
6.1 Sample source
6.2 Sample type
6.3 Measurement techniques
6.4 Clinical correlation
7 Etymology and use of term
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Units[edit]
The international standard way of measuring blood glucose levels is in terms of a molar concentration, measured in mmol/L (millimoles per litre; or millimolar, abbreviated mM). In the United States, Germany and other countries mass concentration is measured in mg/dL (milligrams per decilitre).[4]
Since the molecular weight of glucose C6H12O6 is 180, the difference between the two units is a factor of 18, so that 1 mmol/L of glucose is equivalent to 18 mg/dL.[5]
Normal values in humans[edit]
Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Many factors affect a person's blood sugar level. The body's homeostatic mechanism of blood sugar regulation (known as glucose homeostasis), when operating normally, restores the blood sugar level to a narrow range of about 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L (79 to 110 mg/dL) (as measured by a fasting blood glucose test).[6]
The normal blood glucose level (tested while fasting) for non-diabetics, should be between 3.9 and 5.5 mmol/L (70 to 100 mg/dL). The mean normal blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL);[5] however, this level fluctuates throughout the day. Blood sugar levels for those without diabetes and who are not fasting should be below 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL).[7] The blood glucose target range for diabetics, according to the American Diabetes Association, should be 5.0–7.2 mmol/l (90–130 mg/dL) before meals, and less than 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) after meals (as measured by a blood glucose monitor).[8]
Despite widely variable intervals between meals or the occasional consumption of meals with a substantial carbohydrate load, human blood glucose levels tend to remain within the normal range. However, shortly after eating, the blood glucose level may rise, in non-diabetics, temporarily up to 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) or slightly more. For people with diabetes maintaining 'tight diabetes control', the American Diabetes Association recommends a post-meal glucose level of less than 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) and a fasting plasma glucose of 3.9 to 7.2 mmol/L (70–130 mg/dL).[9]
The actual amount of glucose in the blood and body fluids is very small. In a healthy adult male of 75 kg with a blood volume of 5 liters, a blood glucose level of 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) amounts to 5g, equivalent to about a teaspoonful of sugar.[10] Part of the reason why this amount is so small is that, to maintain an influx of glucose into cells, enzymes modify glucose by adding phosphate or other groups to it.
Animals[edit]
In general, ranges of blood sugar in common domestic ruminants are lower than in many monogastric mammals.[11] However this generalization does not extend to wild ruminants or camelids. For serum glucose in mg/dL, reference ranges of 42 to 75 for cows, 44 to 81 for sheep, and 48 to 76 for goats, but 61 to 124 for cats; 62 to 108 for dogs, 62 to 114 for horses, 66 to 116 for pigs, 75 to 155 for rabbits, and 90 to 140 for llamas have been reported.[12] A 90 percent reference interval for serum glucose of 26 to 181 mg/dL has been reported for captured mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), where no effects of the pursuit and capture on measured levels were evident.[13] For beluga whales, the 25–75 percent range for serum glucose has been estimated to be 94 to 115 mg/dL.[14] For the white rhinoceros, one study has indicated that the 95 percent range is 28 to 140 mg/dL.[15] For harp seals, a serum glucose range of 4.9 to 12.1 mmol/L [i.e. 88 to 218 mg/dL] has been reported; for hooded seals, a range of 7.5 to 15.7 mmol/L [i.e. about 135 to 283 mg/dL] has been reported.[16]
Regulation[edit]
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Main article: Blood sugar regulation
The body's homeostatic mechanism keeps blood glucose levels within a narrow range. It is composed of several interacting systems, of which hormone regulation is the most important.
There are two types of mutually antagonistic metabolic hormones affecting blood glucose levels:
catabolic hormones (such as glucagon, cortisol and catecholamines) which increase blood glucose;[17]
and one anabolic hormone (insulin), which decreases blood glucose.
These hormones are secreted from pancreatic islets which are bundles of endocrine tissues. There are four types of pancreatic islets, alpha (A) cells, beta (B) cells, Delta (D) cells and F cells. Glucagon is secreted from alpha cells, while insulin is secreted by beta cells. Together they regulate the blood-glucose levels through negative feedback, a process where the end product of one reaction stimulates the beginning of another reaction. In blood-glucose levels, insulin lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood. The lower blood-glucose level (a product of the insulin secretion) triggers glucagon to be secreted, and repeats the cycle.[18]
In order for blood glucose to be kept stable, modifications to insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol are made. Each of these hormones has a different responsibility to keep blood glucose regulated; when blood sugar is too high, insulin tells muscles to take up excess glucose for storage. Glucagon responds to too low of a blood glucose level; it informs the tissue to produce more glucose. Epinephrine prepares the muscles and respiratory system for activity in the case of a "fight and flight" response. Lastly, cortisol supplies the body with fuel in times of heavy stress.[19]
Abnormality in blood sugar levels[edit]
High blood sugar[edit]
Main article: hyperglycemia
If blood sugar levels remain too high the body suppresses appetite over the short term. Long-term hyperglycemia causes many long-term health problems including heart disease, cancer,[20] eye, kidney, and nerve damage.[21]
Blood sugar levels above 300 can cause fatal reactions. Ketones will be very high (a magnitude higher than when eating a very low carbohydrate diet) initiating ketoacidosis. Mayo clinic recommends emergency room treatment above 300 mg/dL blood glucose.
The most common cause of hyperglycemia is diabetes. When diabetes is the cause, physicians typically recommend an anti-diabetic medication as treatment. From the perspective the majority of patients, treatment with an old, well-understood diabetes drug such as metformin will be the safest, most effective, least expensive, most comfortable route to managing the condition.[22] Diet changes and exercise implementation may also be part of a treatment plan for diabetes.
Fasting blood glucose levels may be higher than the post meal blood glucose in many of the healthy subjects. Such individuals may be said to have physiological insulin resistance and may develop diabetes mellitus as long term complication. In clinical and laboratory practices, many of the time a healthy normal subject will present a fasting blood glucose value higher than the post meal blood glucose value. This creates confusion since there is a common perception that in blood, postprandial (PP) glucose level should be higher than fasting (F) glucose level. The repeated investigation subsequently yields somewhat similar type of result.[23]
Low blood sugar[edit]
Main article: hypoglycemia
If blood sugar levels drop too low, a potentially fatal condition called hypoglycemia develops. Symptoms may include lethargy, impaired mental functioning; irritability; shaking, twitching, weakness in arm and leg muscles; pale complexion; sweating; loss of consciousness.
Mechanisms that restore satisfactory blood glucose levels after extreme hypoglycemia (below 40 mg/dL) must be quick and effective to prevent extremely serious consequences of insufficient glucose: confusion or unsteadiness and, in the extreme (below 15 mg/dL) loss of consciousness and seizures. Without discounting the potentially quite serious conditions and risks due to or oftentimes accompanying hyperglycemia, especially in the long-term (diabetes or pre-diabetes, obesity or overweight, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, etc.), it is still generally more dangerous to have too little glucose – especially if levels are very low – in the blood than too much, at least temporarily, because glucose is so important for metabolism and nutrition and the proper functioning of the body's organs. This is especially the case for those organs that are metabolically active or that require a constant, regulated supply of blood sugar (the liver and brain are examples). In healthy individuals, blood glucose-regulating mechanisms are generally quite effective, and symptomatic hypoglycemia is generally found only in diabetics using insulin or other pharmacological treatment, and in starvation or severe malnutrition or malabsorption (of various causes), and conditions such as anorexia[dubious – discuss]. Hypoglycemic episodes can vary greatly between persons and from time to time, both in severity and swiftness of onset. For severe cases, prompt medical assistance is essential, as damage to brain and other tissues and even death will result from sufficiently low blood-glucose levels.
Glucose measurement[edit]
Further information: Blood glucose monitoring and Glucose meter
Sample source[edit]
Glucose testing in a fasting individual, show comparable levels of glucose in arterial, venous, and capillary blood. But following meals, capillary and arterial blood glucose levels can be significantly higher than venous levels. Although these differences vary widely, one study found that following the consumption of 50 grams of glucose, "the mean capillary blood glucose concentration is higher than the mean venous blood glucose concentration by 35%."[24][25][26]
Sample type[edit]
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Glucose is measured in whole blood, plasma or serum. Historically, blood glucose values were given in terms of whole blood, but most laboratories now measure and report plasma or serum glucose levels. Because red blood cells (erythrocytes) have a higher concentration of protein (e.g., hemoglobin) than serum, serum has a higher water content and consequently more dissolved glucose than does whole blood. To convert from whole-blood glucose, multiplication by 1.14[27] has been shown to generally give the serum/plasma level.
Collection of blood in clot tubes for serum chemistry analysis permits the metabolism of glucose in the sample by blood cells until separated by centrifugation.[27] Red blood cells, for instance, do not require insulin to intake glucose from the blood. Higher than normal amounts of white or red blood cell counts can lead to excessive glycolysis in the sample, with substantial reduction of glucose level if the sample is not processed quickly. Ambient temperature at which the blood sample is kept prior to centrifuging and separation of plasma/serum also affects glucose levels. At refrigerator temperatures, glucose remains relatively stable for several hours in a blood sample. Loss of glucose can be prevented by using Fluoride tubes (i.e., gray-top) since fluoride inhibits glycolysis. However, these should only be used when blood will be transported from one hospital laboratory to another for glucose measurement. Red-top serum separator tubes also preserve glucose in samples after being centrifuged isolating the serum from cells.
To prevent contamination of the sample with intravenous fluids, particular care should be given to drawing blood samples from the arm opposite the one in which an intravenous line is inserted. Alternatively, blood can be drawn from the same arm with an IV line after the IV has been turned off for at least 5 minutes, and the arm has been elevated to drain infused fluids away from the vein. Inattention can lead to large errors, since as little as 10% contamination with a 5% glucose solution (D5W) will elevate glucose in a sample by 500 mg/dL or more. The actual concentration of glucose in blood is very low, even in the hyperglycemic.
Measurement techniques[edit]
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Two major methods have been used to measure glucose. The first, still in use in some places, is a chemical method exploiting the nonspecific reducing property of glucose in a reaction with an indicator substance that changes color when reduced. Since other blood compounds also have reducing properties (e.g., urea, which can be abnormally high in uremic patients), this technique can produce erroneous readings in some situations (5–15 mg/dL has been reported). The more recent technique, using enzymes specific to glucose, is less susceptible to this kind of error. The two most common employed enzymes are glucose oxidase and hexokinase.[28] Average blood glucose concentrations can also be measured. This method measures the level of glycated hemoglobin, which is representative of the average blood glucose levels over the last, approximately, 120 days.[28]
In either case, the chemical system is commonly contained on a test strip which is inserted into a meter, and then has a blood sample applied. Test-strip shapes and their exact chemical composition vary between meter systems and cannot be interchanged. Formerly, some test strips were read (after timing and wiping away the blood sample) by visual comparison against a color chart printed on the vial label. Strips of this type are still used for urine glucose readings, but for blood glucose levels they are obsolete. Their error rates were, in any case, much higher. Errors when using test strips were often caused by the age of the strip or exposure to high temperatures or humidity.[29] More precise blood glucose measurements are performed in a medical laboratory, using hexokinase, glucose oxidase, or glucose dehydrogenase enzymes.
Urine glucose readings, however taken, are much less useful. In properly functioning kidneys, glucose does not appear in urine until the renal threshold for glucose has been exceeded. This is substantially above any normal glucose level, and is evidence of an existing severe hyperglycemic condition. However, as urine is stored in the bladder, any glucose in it might have been produced at any time since the last time the bladder was emptied. Since metabolic conditions change rapidly, as a result of any of several factors, this is delayed news and gives no warning of a developing condition. Blood glucose monitoring is far preferable, both clinically and for home monitoring by patients. Healthy urine glucose levels were first standardized and published in 1965[30] by Hans Renschler.
I. CHEMICAL METHODS
A. Oxidation-reduction reaction
G l u c o s e + A l k a l i n e c o p p e r t a r t a r a t e → R e d u c t i o n C u p r o u s o x i d e {\displaystyle \mathrm {Glucose} +\mathrm {Alkaline\ copper\ tartarate} {\xrightarrow {\mathrm {Reduction} }}\mathrm {Cuprous\ oxide} }
1. Alkaline copper reduction
Folin-Wu method
C u 2 + + P h o s p h o m o l y b d i c a c i d → O x i d a t i o n P h o s p h o m o l y b d e n u m o x i d e {\displaystyle \mathrm {Cu} ^{2+}+\mathrm {Phosphomolybdic\ acid} {\xrightarrow {\mathrm {Oxidation} }}\mathrm {Phosphomolybdenum\ oxide} } Blue end-product
Benedict's method
Modification of Folin–Wu method for qualitative urine glucose
Nelson–Somogyi method
C u 2 + + A r s e n o m o l y b d i c a c i d → O x i d a t i o n A r s e n o m o l y b d e n u m o x i d e {\displaystyle \mathrm {Cu} ^{2+}+\mathrm {Arsenomolybdic\ acid} {\xrightarrow {\mathrm {Oxidation} }}\mathrm {Arsenomolybdenum\ oxide} } Blue end-product
Neocuproine method
C u 2 + + N e o c u p r o i n e → O x i d a t i o n C u 2 + n e o c u p r o i n e c o m p l e x {\displaystyle \mathrm {Cu} ^{2+}+\mathrm {Neocuproine} {\xrightarrow {\mathrm {Oxidation} }}\mathrm {Cu} ^{2+}\mathrm {neocuproine\ complex} } * Yellow-orange color neocuproine[31]
Shaeffer–Hartmann–Somogyi
Uses the principle of iodine reaction with cuprous byproduct.
Excess I2 is then titrated with thiosulfate.
2. Alkaline Ferricyanide Reduction
Hagedorn–Jensen
G l u c o s e + A l k a l i n e f e r r i c y a n i d e ⟶ F e r r o c y a n i d e {\displaystyle \mathrm {Glucose} +\mathrm {Alkaline\ ferricyanide} \longrightarrow \mathrm {Ferrocyanide} } Colorless end product; other reducing substances interfere with reaction
B. Condensation
Ortho-toluidine method
Uses aromatic amines and hot acetic acid
Forms Glycosylamine and Schiff's base which is emerald green in color
This is the most specific method, but the reagent used is toxic
Anthrone (phenols) method
Forms hydroxymethyl furfural in hot acetic acid
II. ENZYMATIC METHODS
A. Glucose oxidase
G l u c o s e + O 2 → O x i d a t i o n g l u c o s e o x i d a s e D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H 2 O 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {Glucose} +\mathrm {O} _{2}{\xrightarrow[{\mathrm {Oxidation} }]{\mathrm {glucose\ oxidase} }}{\textrm {D-glucono-1,5-lactone}}+\mathrm {H_{2}O_{2}} }
Saifer–Gerstenfeld method
H 2 O 2 + O -dianisidine → O x i d a t i o n p e r o x i d a s e H 2 O + o x i d i z e d c h r o m o g e n {\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}O_{2}} +{\textit {O}}{\text{-dianisidine}}{\xrightarrow[{\mathrm {Oxidation} }]{\mathrm {peroxidase} }}\mathrm {H_{2}O} +\mathrm {oxidized\ chromogen} } Inhibited by reducing substances like BUA, bilirubin, glutathione, ascorbic acid
Trinder method
uses 4-aminophenazone oxidatively coupled with phenol
Subject to less interference by increases serum levels of creatinine, uric acid or hemoglobin
Inhibited by catalase
Kodak Ektachem
A dry chemistry method
Uses spectrophotometry to measure the intensity of color through a lower transparent film
Glucometer
Home monitoring blood glucose assay method
Uses a strip impregnated with a glucose oxidase reagent
B. Hexokinase
G l u c o s e + A T P → P h o s p h o r y l a t i o n H e x o k i n a s e + M g 2 + G-6PO 4 + A D P G-6PO 4 + N A D P → O x i d a t i o n G-6PD 6-Phosphogluconate + N A D P H + H + {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}&\mathrm {Glucose} +\mathrm {ATP} {\xrightarrow[{\mathrm {Phosphorylation} }]{\mathrm {Hexokinase} +\mathrm {Mg} ^{2+}}}{\textrm {G-6PO}}_{4}+\mathrm {ADP} \\&{\textrm {G-6PO}}_{4}+\mathrm {NADP} {\xrightarrow[{\mathrm {Oxidation} }]{\textrm {G-6PD}}}{\textrm {6-Phosphogluconate}}+\mathrm {NADPH} +\mathrm {H} ^{+}\\\end{alignedat}}}
NADP as cofactor
NADPH (reduced product) is measured in 340 nm
More specific than glucose oxidase method due to G-6PO4, which inhibits interfering substances except when sample is hemolyzed
Clinical correlation[edit]
The fasting blood glucose level, which is measured after a fast of 8 hours, is the most commonly used indication of overall glucose homeostasis, largely because disturbing events such as food intake are avoided. Conditions affecting glucose levels are shown in the table below. Abnormalities in these test results are due to problems in the multiple control mechanism of glucose regulation.
The metabolic response to a carbohydrate challenge is conveniently assessed by a postprandial glucose level drawn 2 hours after a meal or a glucose load. In addition, the glucose tolerance test, consisting of several timed measurements after a standardized amount of oral glucose intake, is used to aid in the diagnosis of diabetes.
Error rates for blood glucose measurements systems vary, depending on laboratories, and on the methods used. Colorimetry techniques can be biased by color changes in test strips (from airborne or finger borne contamination, perhaps) or interference (e.g., tinting contaminants) with light source or the light sensor. Electrical techniques are less susceptible to these errors, though not to others. In home use, the most important issue is not accuracy, but trend. Thus if a meter / test strip system is consistently wrong by 10%, there will be little consequence, as long as changes (e.g., due to exercise or medication adjustments) are properly tracked. In the US, home use blood test meters must be approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration before they can be sold.
Finally, there are several influences on blood glucose level aside from food intake. Infection, for instance, tends to change blood glucose levels, as does stress either physical or psychological. Exercise, especially if prolonged or long after the most recent meal, will have an effect as well. In the typical person, maintenance of blood glucose at near constant levels will nevertheless be quite effective.[clarification needed]
Causes of abnormal glucose levels
Persistent hyperglycemia
Transient hyperglycemia
Persistent hypoglycemia
Transient hypoglycemia
Reference range, FBG: 70–110 mg/dL
Diabetes mellitus Pheochromocytoma Insulinoma Acute alcohol ingestion
Adrenal cortical hyperactivity Cushing's syndrome Severe liver disease Adrenal cortical insufficiency Addison's disease Drugs: salicylates, antituberculosis agents
Hyperthyroidism Acute stress reaction Hypopituitarism Severe liver disease
Acromegaly Shock Galactosemia Several glycogen storage diseases
Obesity Convulsions Ectopic insulin production from tumors Hereditary fructose intolerance
Etymology and use of term[edit]
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In a physiological context, the term is a misnomer because it refers to glucose, yet other sugars besides glucose are always present. Food contains several different types (e.g., fructose (largely from fruits/table sugar/industrial sweeteners), galactose (milk and dairy products), as well as several food additives such as sorbitol, xylose, maltose, etc.). But because these other sugars are largely inert with regard to the metabolic control system (i.e., that controlled by insulin secretion), since glucose is the dominant controlling signal for metabolic regulation, the term has gained currency, and is used by medical staff and lay folk alike. The table above reflects some of the more technical and closely defined terms used in the medical field.
See also[edit]
Blood glucose monitoring
Saccharide recognition by boronic acids
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Wasserman DH (January 2009). "Four grams of glucose". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 296 (1): E11–21. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90563.2008. PMC 2636990  . PMID 18840763.
Jump up ^ Walker, Rosemary and Rodgers, Jill (2006) Type 2 Diabetes – Your Questions Answered. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 1-74033-550-3.
Jump up ^ Diabetes FAQs – Blood Glucose Measurement Units – Abbott Diabetes Care
^ Jump up to: a b What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Advameg, Inc.
Jump up ^ "Screening for Type 2 Diabetes". Clinical Diabetes. 18 (2). 2000.
Jump up ^ Glucose test – blood. NIH – National Institutes of Health.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Nancy Klobassa and Moreland, Peggy (26 July 2011) Living with diabetes blog. mayoclinic.com.
Jump up ^ American Diabetes Association (2006). "January 2006 Diabetes Care". Diabetes Care. 29 (Supplement 1): S4–42. PMID 16373931. Standards of Medical Care – Table 6 and Table 7, Correlation between A1C level and Mean Plasma Glucose Levels on Multiple Testing over 2–3 months
Jump up ^ USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22 (2009)
Jump up ^ Eiler, H. (2004). "Endocrine glands". In Reese, W. O. Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals (12th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Comstock. pp. 621–69. ISBN 0801442389.
Jump up ^ Kahn, C. M., ed. (2005). Merck Veterinary Manual (9th ed.). Whitehouse Station: Merck & Co. ISBN 0911910506.
Jump up ^ Rice, C. G.; Hall, B. (2007). "Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus): effects of capture conditions". Northwest Science. 81 (3): 206. doi:10.3955/0029-344X-81.3.206.
Jump up ^ Cornell, LH; Duffield, DS; Joseph, BE; Stark, B (1988). "Hematology and serum chemistry values in the beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)". Journal of wildlife diseases. 24 (2): 220–24. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-24.2.220. PMID 3373628.
Jump up ^ Seal, U. S.; Barton, R.; Mather, L.; Gray, C. W. (1976). "Baseline Laboratory Data for the White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)" (PDF). The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine. 7 (1): 11–17. JSTOR 20094341.
Jump up ^ Boily, F; Beaudoin, S; Measures, LN (2006). "Hematology and serum chemistry of harp (Phoca groenlandica) and hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) during the breeding season, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada". Journal of wildlife diseases. 42 (1): 115–32. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-42.1.115. PMID 16699154.
Jump up ^ Lehninger, Albert; Nelson, David; Cox, Michael (2017). Lehininger Principles of Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freedom. p. 934. ISBN 9781319117689.
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard (December 2016). Principles Anatomy and Physiology (15 ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. Chapter 18. ISBN 9781119343738.
Jump up ^ Lehninger, Albert; Nelson, David; Cox, Michael (2017). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (7th ed.). New York: W.H.Freeman. p. 930. ISBN 9781319117689.
Jump up ^ "Excess sugar linked to cancer". Science Daily.
Jump up ^ "Diabetic ketoacidosis - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
Jump up ^ Consumer Reports Health Best Buy Drugs. "The Oral Diabetes Drugs: Treating Type 2 Diabetes" (PDF). Best Buy Drugs. Consumer Reports: 2. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Warade, Jayesh Prabhakar (2014). "Fasting blood glucose level higher than post-meal in healthy subjects: a study of 738 subjects" (PDF). World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 3 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Yang, Chiaohsin (2012). "A Comparison between Venous and Finger-Prick Blood Sampling on Values of Blood Glucose" (PDF). International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. 39: 236.
Jump up ^ Somogyi, Michael (1948). "Studies of Arteriovenous Differences in Blood Sugar" (PDF). J. Biol. Chem. 174 (1): 189–200. PMID 18914074.
Jump up ^ Roe, Jeffrey. "Glucose Concentration Difference Between Arterial, Capillary, and Venous Blood."
^ Jump up to: a b Cox, David L. Nelson, Michael M. (2013). Lehninger principles of biochemistry (6th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 950. ISBN 9781429234146.
^ Jump up to: a b Cox, Michael M.; Lehninger, Albert L.; Nelson, David L. (2017). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 248–49. ISBN 9781319117689.
Jump up ^ Ginsberg, Barry H. (1 July 2009). "Factors Affecting Blood Glucose Monitoring: Sources of Errors in Measurement". Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 3: 903–13. doi:10.1177/193229680900300438. PMC 2769960  . Retrieved 21 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Renschler, HE; Weicker, H; Von Baeyer, H (1965). "The upper limit of glucose concentration in the urine of healthy subjects". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 90 (53): 2349–53. PMID 5851934.
Jump up ^ Neocuproine MSDS. hazard.com
Further reading[edit]
Henry, John Bernard (2001). Clinical diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods (20th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0721688640.
Levine R (1986). "Monosaccharides in Health and Disease". Annu. Rev. Nutr. 6: 211–24. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.06.070186.001235.
Röder PV, Wu B, Liu Y, Han W (2016). "Pancreatic Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis". Exp. Mol. Med. 48 (3, March): e219–. doi:10.1038/emm.2016.6. PMC 4892884  . PMID 26964835.
External links[edit]
Glucose (blood, serum, plasma): analyte monograph – The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
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text:
Hot in Herre
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Hot in Herre"
Single by Nelly
from the album Nellyville
Released
April 16, 2002 (2002-04-16)
Format
12"
CD
MCD
Recorded
2001-02
Genre
Hip hop
pop-rap
Length
3:49
Label
Universal
Fo' Reel
Songwriter(s)
Cornell Haynes, Jr.
Pharrell Williams
Chad Hugo
Charles L. Brown
Producer(s)
The Neptunes
Nelly singles chronology
"#1"
(2002) "Hot in Herre"
(2002) "Dilemma"
(2002)
"#1"
(2002) "Hot in Herre"
(2002) "Dilemma"
(2002)
"Hot In Herre"
sample of "Hot In Herre" by Nelly from Nellyville
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Hot in Herre" is a song by American rapper Nelly from his second studio album Nellyville (2002). The song features additional vocals by former labelmate Dani Stevenson. It was released on April 16, 2002, by Universal Records as the second single from the project. The song was produced by The Neptunes and serves as the opening track of the 2002 compilation album Now That's What I Call Music! 11.
"Hot in Herre" incorporates the hook from go-go performer Chuck Brown's 1979 single "Bustin' Loose", and opens with samples from Neil Young's "There's a World" and Nancy Sinatra's recording of "As Tears Go By".
Contents
[hide]
1 Awards and accolades
2 Commercial performance
3 Music video
4 Other versions
5 Track listings
6 Charts
6.1 Weekly charts
6.2 Year-end charts
6.3 Decade-end charts
7 Certifications
8 References
9 External links
Awards and accolades[edit]
Nelly won Best Male Rap Solo Performance, a brand new category at the time, for "Hot in Herre", at the Grammy Awards of 2003.
In 2008, it was ranked number 36 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop.
Commercial performance[edit]
The song was Nelly's first number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and in Canada. It peaked at number four in the United Kingdom, and also hit the top ten in other international markets. The song was number three in the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 Singles Chart for 2002.
Music video[edit]
There were two music videos made for the single "Hot in Herre", one set in a dance club, and an alternative one shot at the St. Louis Arch. The alternative video was played on MTV Europe instead of the official one.
The original video features cameo appearances by actor and comedian Cedric the Entertainer, NBA player Carmelo Anthony, and NFL players T. J. Duckett and Julius Peppers.
Other versions[edit]
"Hot in Herre" has been remade by the following artists:
Canadian electronic artist Tiga, who remade "Hot in Herre" with Scissor Sisters lead singer Jake Shears on vocals, giving it a more monotone, electro feel (this reached number 46 in the UK). A music video was created for Tiga's version of the song which aired in heavy rotation. The video starred puppets depicting cliche scenes from hip hop videos of the era.
Widespread Panic, whose arrangement was included on their album Jackassolantern and was featured on an episode of The O.C..
Jenny Owen Youngs, whose version also had an accompanying video.[1]
The BossHoss recorded the song.
In the live version of "Jocko Homo" on Devo's album DEVOlution is Real: Live in Central Park, Mark Mothersbaugh briefly sings the chorus of "Hot in Herre" before the song's "O-HI-O" breakdown.
Jill Sobule did the song acoustically at a live performance in Seattle with Melissa Ferrick.
Wang Chung performed the song on the television show Hit Me, Baby, One More Time.
The song was parodied as "Trash Day" by "Weird Al" Yankovic on the album Poodle Hat, replacing the chorus with "There's somethin' rotten here, (say what?) you better hold your nose."
The song was parodied by Mad TV in a sketch satirizing the controversy surrounding the Catholic Church and young boys.
Track listings[edit]
These are the major formats and track listings for the release of "Hot in Herre":[2]
US promo CD
"Hot in Herre" [Clean (w/Drops)] — 3:50
"Hot in Herre" [Super Clean (w/Drops)] — 3:50
"Hot in Herre" [Clean (No Drops)] — 3:50
"Hot in Herre" [Super Clean (No Drops)] — 3:50
"Hot in Herre" [Instrumental] — 3:50
UK vinyl, 12"
A1 "Hot in Herre" [X-Ecutioners Remix] — 3:58
A2 "Hot in Herre" [Radio Edit] — 3:50
B "Hot in Herre" [Third Eye Remix] — 4:57
Europe promo CD
"Hot in Herre" [Radio Edit] — 3:58
Europe Maxi-CD
"Hot in Herre" [Radio Edit] — 3:58
"Hot in Herre" [X-Ecutioners remix] — 3:58
"Not in My House" — 2:58
"Hot in Herre" [Corporate Remix] — 3:36
Australasia Maxi-CD
"Hot in Herre" [Radio Edit]
"Hot in Herre" [Third Eye Remix]
"Hot in Herre" [Maximum Risk Remix]
"Kings Highway"
Australasia Maxi-CD 2
"Hot in Herre" [Radio Edit] — 3:58
"Hot in Herre" [X-Ecutioners remix] — 3:58
"Not in My House" — 2:58
"Hot in Herre" [Corporate Remix] — 3:36
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2002–03)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[3] 3
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[4] 16
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[5] 7
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[6] 13
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[7] 1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[8] 2
France (SNEP)[9] 23
Germany (Official German Charts)[10] 8
Ireland (IRMA)[11] 10
Italy (FIMI)[12] 37
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[13] 4
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[14] 3
Norway (VG-lista)[15] 5
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[16] 6
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[17] 10
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[18] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[20] 1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[21] 1
US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[22] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2002)
Position
Australian Singles Chart[23] 16
Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart[24] 30
Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart[25] 64
Dutch Top 40[26] 14
Swiss Singles Chart[27] 48
UK Singles Chart[28] 27
US Billboard Hot 100 3
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (2000–2009)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[29] 36
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[30]
Platinum 70,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[31]
Platinum 10,000*
United States (RIAA)[32]
2× Platinum 2,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jenny Owen Youngs "Hot In Herre"". YouTube. 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Nelly – Hot in Herre". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Nelly – Hot in Herre" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Nelly – Hot in Herre" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Nelly – Hot in Herre" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Nelly Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Nelly – Hot in Herre". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Nelly – Hot in Herre" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Nelly Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ Irish Singles Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009-06-03 at WebCite (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Nelly – Hot in Herre". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Nelly – Hot in Herre" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Nelly – Hot in Herre". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Nelly – Hot in Herre". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Nelly – Hot in Herre". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Nelly – Hot in Herre". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Nelly: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Nelly Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Nelly Chart History (Pop Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Nelly Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Nelly Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ 2002 Australian Singles Chart aria.com (Retrieved August 8, 2008)
Jump up ^ 2002 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart Ultratop.be (Retrieved August 8, 2008)
Jump up ^ 2002 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart Ultratop.be (Retrieved August 8, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Single top 100 over 2002" (PDF) (in Dutch). Top40. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ 2002 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved August 8, 2008)
Jump up ^ 2002 UK Singles Chart ChartsPlus (Retrieved August 8, 2008)
Jump up ^ "The Billboard Hot 100 Singles & Tracks - Decade Year End Charts". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2002 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ THE FIELD id (chart number) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Nelly – Hot in Herre". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 10, 2014. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
HamieNET — "Hot in Herre" MIDI files
"Hot in Herre" Official music video on YouTube
[hide]
v
t
e
Nelly
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
and singles
Country Grammar
"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)"
"E.I."
"Ride wit Me"
"Batter Up"
Nellyville
"Hot in Herre"
"Dilemma"
"Air Force Ones"
"Work It"
"Pimp Juice"
Sweat and Suit
"Flap Your Wings"
"Tilt Ya Head Back"
"Na-NaNa-Na"
"My Place"
"Over and Over"
"'N' Dey Say"
Brass Knuckles
"Wadsyaname"
"Party People"
"Body on Me"
"Stepped on My J'z"
5.0
"Just a Dream"
"Move That Body"
"Gone"
M.O.
"Hey Porsche"
"Get Like Me"
Compilations
Sweatsuit
The Best of Nelly
EPs
6 Derrty Hits
Remix albums
Da Derrty Versions: The Reinvention
Featured singles
"Where the Party At"
"Girlfriend (The Neptunes Remix)"
"Get It Poppin'"
"Nasty Girl"
"Call on Me"
"5000 Ones"
"Here I Am"
"Miss Me"
"Lose Control (Let Me Down)"
"Cruise (Remix)"
"4x4"
"I Don't Wanna Go to Bed"
"Millionaire"
Soundtrack singles
"#1"
"Shake Ya Tailfeather"
"Errtime"
"Warrior"
Other singles
"Iz U"
"Grillz"
"Tip Drill"
"The Champ"
"The Fix"
"Die a Happy Man"
Films
The Longest Yard
Related articles
St. Lunatics
Derrty Entertainment
Free City (with St. Lunatics)
Who's the Boss (with St. Lunatics)
The Main Event (with New Kids on the Block)
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_in_Herre&oldid=799066984"
Categories:
2002 singles
Nelly songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Billboard Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) number-one singles
Billboard Rap Songs number-one singles
Canadian Singles Chart number-one singles
Internet memes
Songs about sexuality
Music videos directed by Bille Woodruff
Music videos directed by Director X
Song recordings produced by The Neptunes
Songs written by Chad Hugo
Songs written by Pharrell Williams
Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance
Universal Records singles
Dirty rap songs
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template webcite links
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
Webarchive template wayback links
Cite certification used with missing parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Australia
Singlechart usages for Austria
Singlechart usages for Flanders
Singlechart usages for Wallonia
Singlechart usages for Canada
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Denmark
Singlechart usages for France
Singlechart usages for Germany
Singlechart usages for Italy
Singlechart usages for Dutch100
Singlechart usages for New Zealand
Singlechart usages for Norway
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