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Greek name
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In the modern world, personal names among people of Greek language and culture generally consist of a given name, a patronymic and a family name.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Given names
3 Family names
4 Examples of given names
4.1 Ancient names
4.2 Biblical names
4.3 Byzantine names
5 Examples of family names
5.1 Common prefixes
5.2 Common suffixes
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
9 Further reading
History[edit]
Ancient Greeks generally had a single name, often qualified with a patronymic, a clan or tribe, or a place of origin. Married women were identified by the name of their husbands, not their fathers.
Hereditary family names or surnames began to be used by élites in the Byzantine period. Well into the 9th century, they were rare. But by the 11th and 12th centuries, élite families often used family names.[1][2] Family names came from placenames, nicknames, or occupations.[3]
It is not clear when stable family surnames became widely used. Though élite families often had stable family names, many of the "last names" used by Greeks into the 19th century were either patronymics or nicknames. It is also possible that family names were simply not recorded because Ottoman administrative practice preferred patronymics, and did not require surnames.[4]
In the 19th century, patronymic surnames became common.
For personal names, from the first century CE until the nineteenth century CE, pagan names from antiquity were mostly replaced by names from Christian scriptures and tradition. With the Modern Greek Enlightenment and the development of Greek nationalism, names from antiquity became popular again.[5]
Family names may be patronymic in origin or else based on occupation, location, or personal characteristic. These origins are often indicated by prefixes or suffixes. Traditionally a woman used a feminine version of her father's family name, replacing it with a feminine version of her husband's family name on marriage. In modern Greece, a woman keeps her father's family name for life but may use a husband's name.
In official documents in modern Greece, people are given three names: a given name, a patronymic and a family name.
Given names[edit]
Until the late 18th century, almost all Christian Greeks were named for Orthodox saints from the Old and New Testaments and early Christian tradition. Since then, names of both deities and mortals from antiquity have been popular as well.[5]
Male names usually end in -ας, -ης, and -ος, but sometimes ancient forms are also used. Female names almost always end in -α and -η, though a few end in -ώ with -ου being possible.
Since antiquity, there has been a strong tradition of naming the first son after the paternal grandfather and the second after the maternal grandfather.[6] This results in a continuation of names in the family line.
There is a strong clustering of first names by locality according to patron saints, famous churches or monasteries. Examples include:
Spyridon and Spyridoula in Corfu,
Gerasimos in Kefalonia,
Dionysia and Dionysios in Zakynthos,
Andreas and Andriana in Patras,
Markella and Markos in the Aegean Islands, long under Venetian rule,
Savvas among families from Asia Minor,
Emmanuel or Manolis, Joseph or Sifis, Manousos, and Mēnas in Crete.
Tsambikos or Tsampika/Mika in Rhodes.
When Greek names are used in other languages, they are sometimes rendered phonetically, such as Eleni for Ἑλένη, and sometimes by their equivalents, like Helen in English or Hélène in French. In the United States, there are also conventional anglicizations based on phonetic similarity rather than etymology, for example James or Jimmy for Δημήτρης/Dimitris (nickname Ντίμης/Dimi, hence Jimmy), when the English name James is a derivative of Ἰάκωβος/ Iakovos.
Family names[edit]
Greek family names are most commonly patronymics but may also be based on occupation, personal characteristics or location. The feminine version is usually the genitive of the family name of the woman's father or husband; so, for example, Mr. Yannatos and Mrs. Yannatou.
As a result of their codification in the Modern Greek state, surnames have Katharevousa forms even though Katharevousa is no longer the official standard. Thus, the Ancient Greek name Eleutherios forms the Modern Greek proper name Lefteris. In the past, people in speaking used the family name followed by the given name, so John Eleutherios was called Leftero-giannis. In modern practice he is called Giannis Eleftheriou, where Giannis is the popular form of the formal Ioannis but Eleftheriou is an archaic genitive. For women the surname is usually a Katharevousa genitive of a male name, whereas back in Byzantine times there were separate feminine forms of male surnames, such as Palaiologína for Palaiológos which nowadays would be Palaiológou. [7][8]
In the past, women would change their surname on first marrying to that of their husband in the genitive case, so marking the change of dependence to husband from father. In early Modern Greek society, women were named with -aina as a feminine suffix on the husband's given name, for example "Giorgaina" signifing "wife of George". Nowadays, a woman's surname does not change upon marriage but she can use the husband's surname socially. Children usually receive the paternal surname, though some children receive the maternal surname in addition or exclusively.[9]
In official documents, the father's name in the genitive will be inserted between a person's first and last names. For example, if John Papadopoulos has a daughter named Mary and a son named Andrew, they will be referred to as María Ioánnou Papadopoúlou and Andréas Ioánnou Papadópoulos. If Mary then marries George Demetriádes, she may retain her original name or choose to be called María Geōrgíou Demetriádou. If she is widowed, she will revert to her father's patronymic but retain her husband's surname to become María Ioánnou Demetriádou.
Examples of given names[edit]
Ancient names[edit]
Acamas (Ἀκάμας)
Achaeus (Ἀχαιός)
Achilles (Ἀχιλλεύς)
Adonis (Ἄδωνις)
Aeneas (Αἰνείας)
Agamemnon (Αγαμέμνων)
Agathocles (Ἀγαθοκλῆς)
Agenor (Ἀγήνωρ)
Ajax (Αἴας)
Alcaeus (Ἀλκαῖος)
Alcibiades (Ἀλκιβιάδης)
Alcman (Ἀλκμάν)
Alcyone (Ἀλκυόνη)
Alexander (Ἀλέξανδρος)
Amyntas (Ἀμύντας)
Anacreon (Ἀνακρέων)
Anaximandros (Ἀναξίμανδρος)
Antenor (Ἀντήνωρ)
Antiochus (Ἀντίoχoς)
Androcles (Ἀνδροκλῆς)
Andromache (Ἀνδρομάχη)
Andronicus (Ἀνδρόνικος)
Andromeda (Ἀνδρομέδα)
Antigone (Ἀντιγόνη)
Aphrodite (Ἀφροδίτη)
Apollonius (Ἀπολλώνιος)
Arcesilaus (Ἀρκεσίλαος)
Archelaus (Ἀρχέλαος)
Archelochus (Ἀρχέλοχος)
Archimedes (Ἀρχιμήδης)
Arete (Ἀρήτη)
Argus (Ἀργός)
Ariadne (Ἀριάδνη)
Aristarchus (Ἀρίσταρχος)
Aristides (Ἀριστείδης)
Aristippus (Ἀρίστιππος)
Aristo (Ἀρίστων)
Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς)
Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης)
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης)
Artemis (Ἄρτεμις)
Arion (Ἀρίων)
Aspasia (Ἀσπασία)
Athena (Ἀθηνᾶ)
Athenodoros (Ἀθηνόδωρος)
Atreus (Ἀτρεύς)
Berenice (Βερενίκη)
Calchas (Κάλχας)
Calliope (Καλλιόπη)
Callirrhoe (Καλλιρρόη)
Cassandra (Κασσάνδρα)
Cassiopeia (Κασσιόπεια)
Chryses (Χρύσης)
Cleanthes (Κλεάνθης)
Cleopatra (Κλεοπάτρα)
Clio (Κλειώ)
Clymenus (Κλύμενος)
Clytaemnestra (Κλυταιμνήστρα)
Coön (Κόων)
Creon (Κρέων)
Crino (Κρινώ)
Daedalus (Δαίδαλος)
Danaë (Δανάη)
Daphne (Δάφνη)
Demeter (Δημήτηρ)
Democritus (Δημόκριτος)
Demoleon (Δημολέων)
Demosthenes (Δημοσθένης)
Despina (Δέσποινα)
Diocles (Διοκλῆς)
Diodorus (Διόδωρος)
Diogenes (Διογένης)
Diomedes (Διομήδης)
Dionysios (Διονύσιος)
Dionysus (Διόνυσος)
Electra (Ἡλέκτρα)
Eleni (Ἑλένη)
Empedocles (Ἐμπεδοκλῆς)
Epictetus (Ἐπίκτητος)
Epicurus (Ἐπίκουρος)
Eratosthenes (Ἐρατοσθένης)
Eteocles (Ἐτεοκλῆς)
Euthydemus (Εὐθύδημος)
Euthymia (Εὐθυμία)
Euclid (Εὐκλείδης)
Eucratides (Εὐκρατίδης)
Euripides (Εὐριπίδης)
Europa (Εὐρώπη)
Eurydice (Εὐρυδίκη)
Eurymachus (Εὐρύμαχος)
Gaea (Γαῖα)
Glaucus (Γλαῦκος)
Gorgias (Γοργίας)
Harmonia (Ἁρμονία)
Hector (Ἕκτωρ)
Helianthe (Ἡλιάνθη)
Helicaon (Ἑλικάων)
Heliodorus (Ἡλιόδωρος)
Hera (Ἥρα)
Heracles (Ἡρακλῆς)
Hermes (Ἑρμῆς)
Hermione (Ἑρμιόνη)
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος)
Hesiod (Ἡσίοδος)
Hippocrates (Ἱπποκράτης)
Hippolyta (Ἱππολύτη)
Hippolytus (Ἱππόλυτος)
Homer (Ὅμηρος)
Hyacinth (Ὑάκινθος)
Hypatia (Ὑπατία)
Ianthe (Ἰάνθη)
Icarus (Ἴκαρος)
Idomeneus (Ἰδομενεύς)
Ino (Ἰνώ)
Ion (Ἴων)
Iphidamas (Ἰφιδάμας)
Iphigenia (Ἰφιγένεια)
Irene/Irini (Εἰρήνη)
Ismene (Ἰσμήνη)
Jason (Ἰάσων)
Jocasta (Ἰοκάστη)
Laodamas (Λαοδάμας)
Laodice (Λαοδίκη)
Leonidas (Λεωνίδας)
Leto (Λητώ)
Lycurgus (Λυκοῦργος)
Medea (Μήδεια)
Melpomene (Μελπομένη)
Menander (Μένανδρος)
Menelaus (Μενέλαος)
Metrodorus (Μητρόδωρος)
Miltiades (Μιλτιάδης)
Narcissus (Νάρκισσος)
Neoptolemus (Νεοπτόλεμος)
Nestor (Νέστωρ)
Nicander (Νίκανδρος)
Nicanor (Nικάνωρ)
Nicodemus (Νικόδημος)
Nike (Νίκη)
Nikolaos (Νικόλαος)
Oceanus (Ὠκεανός)
Odysseus (Ὀδυσσεύς)
Oedipus (Οἰδίπους)
Olympias (Ὀλυμπιάς)
Orestis (Ὀρέστης)
Orpheus (Ὀρφεύς)
Pandora (Πανδώρα)
Pantaleon (Πανταλέων)
Paris (Πάρις)
Patroclus (Πάτροκλος)
Pausanias (Παυσανίας)
Peleus (Πηλεύς)
Penelope (Πηνελόπη)
Pericles (Περικλῆς)
Phaethon (Φαίδων)
Pheidias or Phidias (Φειδίας)
Philippos (Φίλιππος)
Philoctetes (Φιλοκτήτης)
Philon (Φίλων)
Phoebe (Φοίβη)
Phyllis (Φυλλίς)
Pindar (Πίνδαρος)
Plato (Πλάτων)
Polemon (Πολέμωνος)
Polybus (Πόλυβος)
Polynices (Πολυνείκης)
Polybios (Πολύβιος)
Priam (Πρίαμος)
Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος)
Pythagoras (Πυθαγόρας)
Pyrrhus (Πύρρος)
Rhea (Ῥέα)
Selene (Σελήνη)
Seleucus (Σέλευκος)
Simonides (Σιμωνίδης)
Socrates (Σωκράτης)
Sofia (Σοφία )
Solon (Σόλων)
Sophocles (Σοφοκλῆς)
Strato (Στράτων)
Talthybius (Ταλθύβιος)
Telemachus(Τηλέμαχος)
Tethys (Τηθύς)
Thaleia (Θάλεια)
Theano (Θεανώ)
Thekla (Θέκλα)
Themistocles (Θεμιστοκλῆς)
Theodoros (Θεόδωρος)
Theophrastus (Θεόφραστος)
Theseus (Θησεύς)
Thestor (Θέστωρ)
Thetis (Θέτις)
Thraso (Θράσων)
Thrasybulus (Θρασύβουλος)
Thrasymachus (Θρασύμαχος)
Thucydides (Θουκυδίδης)
Urania (Οὐρανία)
Uranus (Οὐρανός)
Xanthippe (Ξανθίππη)
Xenocrates (Ξενοκράτης)
Xenophon (Ξενοφῶν)
Zeno (Ζήνων)
Biblical names[edit]
Andreas (Ἀνδρέας)
Ananias (Ἀνανίας)
Anna (Ἄννα)
Daniel (Δανιήλ)
Eleftherios (Ελευθέριος)
Elias (Ἠλίας)
Elizabeth (Ἐλισάβετ)
Emmanouil (Εμμανουήλ)
Erastus (Ἔραστος)
Eva (Εύα)
Gabriel (Γαβριήλ)
Isaias (Ἠσαΐας)
Iakovos (Ἰάκωβος)
Ieremias (Ἱερεμίας)
Joachim (Ἰωακείμ)
Ioannis (Ἰωάννης)
Jonah (Ἰωνᾶς)
Joseph (Ἰωσήφ)
Lazarus (Λάζαρος)
Lukas (Λουκᾶς)
Lydia (Λυδία)
Markos (Μάρκος)
Mary (Μαρία)
Martha (Μάρθα)
Matthaios (Ματθαῖος)
Michael (Μιχαήλ/Μιχάλης)
Moses (Μωϋσῆς)
Nicanor (Nικάνωρ)
Nicodemus (Νικόδημος)
Nicolaos (Νικόλαος)
Pavlos (Παῦλος)
Petros (Πέτρος)
Philemon (Φιλήμων)
Sarah (Σάρα)
Silas (Σίλας)
Simeon (Συμεών)
Solomon (Σολομών)
Stefanos (Στέφανος)
Thaddeus (Θαδδαῖος)
Theophilus (Θεόφιλος)
Thomas (Θωμάς)
Zacharias (Ζαχαρίας)
Byzantine names[edit]
Aikaterine (Αἰκατερίνη)
Alexios (Ἀλέξιος)
Anastasios (Ἀναστάσιος)
Angelos (Άγγελος)
Antonios (Ἀντώνιος)
Athanasios (Ἀθανάσιος)
Anthimos (Ἄνθιμος)
Barbara (Βαρβάρα)
Vassileios/Vassilios (Βασίλειος)
Calliope (Καλλιόπη)
Charalambos (Χαράλαμπος)
Christoforos (Χριστόφορος)
Christos (Χρίστος)
Christina (Χριστίνα)
Konstantinos (Κωνσταντῖνος)
Kyrillos (Κύριλλος)
Damianos (Δαμιανός)
Dimitrios (Δημήτριος)
Despina (Δέσποινα)
Dioscoros (Διόσκουρος)
Eleutherius (Ελευθέριος)
Eleni (Ἑλένη)
Eudocia (Εὐδοκία)
Evgenia (Εὐγενία)
Eusebius (Εὐσέβιος)
Evangelos (Εὐάγγελος)
Georgios (Γεώργιος)
Grigorios (Γρηγόριος)
Irene (Εἰρήνη)
Ioulia (Ιουλία)
Leo (Λέων)
Margarita (Μαργαρίτα)
Nectarius (Νεκτάριος)
Niketas (Νικήτας)
Nikephoros (Νικηφόρος)
Panayiotis (Παναγιώτης)
Panteleimon/Pantelis (Παντελεήμων)
Procopios (Προκόπιος)
Savvas (Σάββας)
Sergios (Σέργιος)
Sofia (Σοφία)
Sakellarios (Σακελλαριος)
Spyridon (Σπυρίδων)
Staurakios (Σταυράκιος)
Stavros (Σταῦρος)
Stylianos (Στυλιανός/Στέλιος)
Theodoros (Θεόδωρος)
Theofilos (Θεόφιλος)
Timotheos (Τιμόθεος)
Zoe (Ζωή)
Examples of family names[edit]
Common prefixes[edit]
Archi-: meaning "superior" or "boss".
Chondro-: meaning "fat".
Gero-: meaning "old" or "wise".
Hadji-: the Arabic honorific for one who has made the Hadj or pilgrimage, used in the case of Christians for a voyage to Jerusalem, for example "Hatzipanagis".
Kara-: the Turkish word for "black",[10][not in citation given][11] for example "Karatasos".
Konto-: meaning "short".
Makro-: meaning "tall" or "long".
Mastro-: meaning "artisan" or "workman".
Palaio-: meaning "old" or "wise".
Papa-: indicating descent from a papas, a priest. So Papakostas is the "son of Kostas, the priest".
Common suffixes[edit]
-akis (-άκης): associated primarily with Crete (except Anogeia) and the Aegean Islands, it is a diminutive, such as Giorgos becoming Giorgakis for the young Giorgos. Examples are: "Mitsotakis", "Theodorakis" and "Doukakis". This suffix was introduced in the 19th century.[12]
-akos (-ᾶκος): mainly from Laconia, particularly among Maniots from the Laconian part of the Mani peninsula.' Examples are: "Xarhakos" and "Kyrgiakos".
-as (-ᾶς): from Macedonia and the Epirus. Examples are: "Melas", "Dimas", "Zorbas", "Moustakas" and "Zappas". However, the surname Dukas orDoukas derives from the Latin title dux or duke.
-atos (-ᾶτος): (from Cephalonia), of Venetian derivation. [13] [14] Examples are: "Georgatos", "Cosmatos" and "Manatos".
-eas (-εας): mainly among Maniots from the Messenian part of the Mani peninsula. Examples are: "Koteas", "Georgeas" and "Charisteas".
-elis (-έλης) and -ilis (-ιλής): from the Turkish suffixes for agent, possession and origin, common in western Asia Minor, Mytiline, Lemnos and Imbros. Examples are: Myrsilis, Katselis, Papadelis, Manelis.
-allis (-άλλης) and -ellis (-έλλης): both found especially in the Dodecanese, mainly Rhodes. Examples are "Georgallis" and "Kanellis".
-idis or -ides and -iadis or iades (-ίδης/-ιάδης): meaning 'son of' or 'descendant of'. The suffix -idis (often transliterated -ides in English and French) is the oldest in use. Zeus, for example, was also referred to as Cronides ("son of Cronus"). -idis was the most common suffix in Byzantium, Bithynia and Byzantine Thrace, being also used by Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks in the Pontic Alps, northeast Anatolia, Georgia, the former Kars Oblast, and sometimes in Epirus, Corfu and some Aegean islands. Examples include: "Stavridis", "Koutoufides", "Angelidis", "Georgiadis".
-lis (-λής). Turkish suffix for "of" a place, like the Greek suffixes -tis and -otis. Examples are: "Karamanlis" and "Kasdaglis".
-opoulos (-όπουλος): meaning "descendant of", originated from the Peloponnese but has become very widespread. Examples are: "Stamatelopoulos", "Papadopoulos", "Gianopoulos" and "Anagnostopoulos". It can also indicate ethnic origin, such as Frangopoulos (Φραγκόπουλος) meaning "son of a Frank", Persopoulos (Περσόπουλος) meaning "son of a Persian", Servopoulos (Σερβόπουλος) meaning "son of a Serb" and Voulgaropoulos (Βουλγαρόπουλος) meaning "son of a Bulgarian".
-oglou (-όγλου): from the Turkish -oğlu meaning "son of", seen in families from Asia Minor. Examples are: "Tsolakoglou", "Ardizoglou" and "Patsatzoglou".
-ou (-ου): a genitive mainly from Cyprus. Examples are: "Afxentiou", "Economou", "Konstantinou", "Christoforou" and "Gregoriou".
-tis, -otis (-της, -ώτης): meaning "of" a place. Examples are "Politis" and "Chiotis" from Chios.
-tzis, -tsis (-τζής, -τσής) and feminine (-τζή, -τσή): Turkish suffix to signify a profession, like the English -er in Baker or Butcher. Examples are: "Devetzi" and "Kouyioumtzis".
[9]
See also[edit]
Onomastics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Donald M. Nicol, The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250-1500, 1996, ISBN 0521576237, p. 3
Jump up ^ Alexander P. Kazhdan, Michael McCormick, "Social Composition of the Byzantine Court", in Henry Maguire, ed., Byzantine Court Culture from 829 to 1204, 2004, ISBN 0884023087, p. 168
Jump up ^ Patrick Hanks, Richard Coates, Peter McClure, The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland, 2016, ISBN 0192527479, p. lii
Jump up ^ Hamish Forbes, "Early modern Greece: liquid landscapes and fluid populations" Hesperia Supplements 40: 111-135 (2007)
^ Jump up to: a b [[cite|Peter Mackridge, Language and National Identity in Greece, 1766-1976, Oxford, 2009, p. 21}}
Jump up ^ "Naming practices" in British Academy and Oxford University, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, online
Jump up ^ Hart, Anne (2004). Search Your Middle Eastern And European Genealogy: In The Former Ottoman Empire's Records And Online. ASJA Press. p. 123. ISBN 0-595-31811-8.
Jump up ^ "Main page". Database of Greek surnames. Dimitrios J. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Transition of Modern Greek Names". Lexicon of Greek Personal Names. Oxford University. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Davis, Jack E.; Fariba Zarinebaf; Bennet, John (2005). A historical and economic geography of Ottoman Greece: the southwestern Morea in the 18th century. Princeton, N.J: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. p. 286. ISBN 0-87661-534-5.
Jump up ^ Greek Personal Names[permanent dead link], Central Intelligence Agency, revised and updated by Anastasia Parianou, 2007.
Jump up ^ Nick Nicholas, "Greek Family Names", in Patrick Hanks, ed., Dictionary of American Family Names, 2003, ISBN 0199771693, p. lxxiv
Jump up ^ Il Corriere della Sera (Sept 15, 2006), L'Italia è il regno dei cognomi & La provenienza geografica dei cognomi
Jump up ^ Kendrick, Tertius T. C. (1822). The Ionian islands: Manners and customs. J. Haldane. p. 106. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
External links[edit]
Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, a Major Research Project of the British Academy, Oxford, contains over 35,000 published Greek names up to the 6th century.
Greek Name Gender Guesser API
Further reading[edit]
Matthews, Elaine; Hornblower, Simon; Fraser, Peter Marshall, Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence, Proceedings of the British Academy (104), Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-726216-3
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Category:Financial services companies of Saudi Arabia
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Pages in category "Financial services companies of Saudi Arabia"
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K
Kingdom Holding Company
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Financial_services_companies_of_Saudi_Arabia&oldid=746235765"
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Companies of Saudi Arabia by industry
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South Pole
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This article is about the Geographic South Pole. For other uses, see South Pole (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 90°S 180°E / 90°S 180°E / -90; 180
The Geographic South Pole. (The flag used on the flagpole is interchangeable.)
Image taken by NASA showing Antarctica and the South Pole in 2005.
South Geographic Pole
South Magnetic Pole (2007)
South Geomagnetic Pole (2005)
South Pole of Inaccessibility
The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is one of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface. It is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth and lies on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole.
Situated on the continent of Antarctica, it is the site of the United States Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, which was established in 1956 and has been permanently staffed since that year. The Geographic South Pole is distinct from the South Magnetic Pole, the position of which is defined based on the Earth's magnetic field. The South Pole is at the center of the Southern Hemisphere.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Ceremonial South Pole
1.2 Historic monuments
2 Exploration
2.1 Pre-1900
2.2 1900–1950
2.3 1950–present
3 Climate and day and night
4 Time
5 Flora and fauna
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Geography[edit]
The Ceremonial South Pole in 1998.
The Ceremonial South Pole as of February 2008.
For most purposes, the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface (the other being the Geographic North Pole). However, the Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small "wobbles" (polar motion), so this definition is not adequate for very precise work.
The geographic coordinates of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined and irrelevant. When a longitude is desired, it may be given as 0°. At the South Pole, all directions face north. For this reason, directions at the Pole are given relative to "grid north", which points northwards along the prime meridian.[1] Along tight latitude circles, clockwise is east, and counterclockwise is west, opposite to the North Pole.
The Geographic South Pole is located on the continent of Antarctica (although this has not been the case for all of Earth's history because of continental drift). It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 metres (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (800 mi) from the nearest open sea at Bay of Whales. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level.[2]
The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 metres per year in a direction between 37° and 40° west of grid north,[3] down towards the Weddell Sea. Therefore, the position of the station and other artificial features relative to the geographic pole gradually shift over time.
The Geographic South Pole is marked by a stake in the ice alongside a small sign; these are repositioned each year in a ceremony on New Year's Day to compensate for the movement of the ice.[4] The sign records the respective dates that Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott reached the Pole, followed by a short quotation from each man, and gives the elevation as "9,301 FT.".[5][6] A new marker stake is designed and fabricated each year by staff at the site.[4]
Ceremonial South Pole[edit]
The Ceremonial South Pole is an area set aside for photo opportunities at the South Pole Station. It is located some meters from the Geographic South Pole, and consists of a metallic sphere on a short bamboo pole, surrounded by the flags of the original Antarctic Treaty signatory states.[citation needed]
Historic monuments[edit]
Argentinian soldiers saluting the flag after erecting the pole in 1965.
Amundsen's Tent: The tent was erected by the Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen on its arrival on 14 December 1911. It is currently buried beneath the snow and ice in the vicinity of the Pole. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 80), following a proposal by Norway to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[7] The precise location of the tent is unknown, but based on calculations of the rate of movement of the ice and the accumulation of snow, it is believed, as of 2010, to lie between 1.8 and 2.5 km (1.1 and 1.6 miles) from the Pole at a depth of 17 m (56 ft) below the present surface.[8]
Argentine Flagpole: A flagpole erected at the South Geographical Pole in December 1965 by the First Argentine Overland Polar Expedition has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 1) following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[9]
Exploration[edit]
See also: History of Antarctica, List of Antarctic expeditions, Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, and Farthest South
Pre-1900[edit]
In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted Antarctica, with the very first[clarification needed] being the Russian expedition led by Faddey Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev.[10] The first landing was probably just over a year later when American Captain John Davis, a sealer, set foot on the ice.[11]
The basic geography of the Antarctic coastline was not understood until the mid-to-late 19th century. American naval officer Charles Wilkes claimed (correctly) that Antarctica was a new continent, basing the claim on his exploration in 1839–40,[12] while James Clark Ross, in his expedition of 1839–43, hoped that he might be able to sail all the way to the South Pole. (He was unsuccessful.)[13]
1900–1950[edit]
Amundsen's party at the South Pole, December 1911. From left to right: Amundsen, Hanssen, Hassel and Wisting (photo by fifth member Bjaaland).
British explorer Robert Falcon Scott on the Discovery Expedition of 1901–04 was the first to attempt to find a route from the Antarctic coastline to the South Pole. Scott, accompanied by Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson, set out with the aim of travelling as far south as possible, and on 31 December 1902, reached 82°16′ S.[14] Shackleton later returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic Expedition (Nimrod Expedition) in a bid to reach the Pole. On 9 January 1909, with three companions, he reached 88°23' S – 112 miles (180 km) from the Pole – before being forced to turn back.[15]
The first men to reach the Geographic South Pole were the Norwegian Roald Amundsen and his party on December 14, 1911. Amundsen named his camp Polheim and the entire plateau surrounding the Pole King Haakon VII Vidde in honour of King Haakon VII of Norway. Robert Falcon Scott returned to Antarctica with his second expedition, the Terra Nova Expedition, initially unaware of Amundsen's secretive expedition. Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912, thirty-four days after Amundsen. On the return trip, Scott and his four companions all died of starvation and extreme cold.
In 1914 Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition set out with the goal of crossing Antarctica via the South Pole, but his ship, the Endurance, was frozen in pack ice and sank 11 months later. The overland journey was never made.
US Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, with the assistance of his first pilot Bernt Balchen, became the first person to fly over the South Pole on November 29, 1929.
1950–present[edit]
Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. The ceremonial pole and flags can be seen in the background, slightly to the left of centre, below the tracks behind the buildings. The actual geographic pole is a few more metres to the left. The buildings are raised on stilts to prevent snow build up.
It was not until 31 October 1956 that humans once again set foot at the South Pole, when a party led by Admiral George J. Dufek of the US Navy landed there in an R4D-5L Skytrain (C-47 Skytrain) aircraft. The US Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was established by air over 1956–1957 for the International Geophysical Year and has been continuously staffed since then by research and support personnel.[2]
After Amundsen and Scott, the next people to reach the South Pole overland (albeit with some air support) were Edmund Hillary (January 4, 1958) and Vivian Fuchs (January 19, 1958) and their respective parties, during the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. There have been many subsequent expeditions to arrive at the South Pole by surface transportation, including those by Havola, Crary and Fiennes. First group of women to reach the pole were Pam Young, Jean Pearson, Lois Jones, Eileen McSaveney, Kay Lindsay and Terry Tickhill in 1969.[16] In 1978 Michele Eileen Raney becomes the first woman to winter at the South Pole.[17]
Subsequent to the establishment, in 1987, of the logistic support base at Patriot Hills Base Camp, the South Pole became more accessible to non-government expeditions.
On December 30, 1989, Arved Fuchs and Reinhold Messner were the first to traverse Antarctica via the South Pole without animal or motorized help, using only skis and the help of wind.[18][19] Two women, Victoria E. Murden and Shirley Metz reached the pole by land on January 17, 1989.[20]
The fastest unsupported journey to the Geographic South Pole from the ocean is 24 days and one hour from Hercules Inlet and was set in 2011 by Norwegian adventurer Christian Eide,[21] who beat the previous solo record set in 2009 by American Todd Carmichael of 39 days and seven hours, and the previous group record also set in 2009 of 33 days and 23 hours.[22]
The fastest solo (female), unsupported and unassisted trek to the south pole was performed by Hannah McKeand from the UK in 2006. She made the journey in 39 days 9hrs 33mins. She started on the 19th November 2006 and finished on the 28 December 2006.[23]
In the 2011/12 summer, separate expeditions by Norwegian Aleksander Gamme and Australians James Castrission and Justin Jones jointly claimed the first unsupported trek without dogs or kites from the Antarctic coast to the South Pole and back. The two expeditions started from Hercules Inlet a day apart, with Gamme starting first, but completing according to plan the last few kilometres together. As Gamme traveled alone he thus simultaneously became the first to complete the task solo.[24][25][26]
Climate and day and night[edit]
See also: Climate of Antarctica, Midnight sun, and Polar night
During the southern winter (March–September), the South Pole receives no sunlight at all, and from May 11 to August 1, between extended periods of twilight, it is completely dark (apart from moonlight). In the summer (September–March), the sun is continuously above the horizon and appears to move in a counter-clockwise circle. However, it is always low in the sky, reaching a maximum of 23.5° in December. Much of the sunlight that does reach the surface is reflected by the white snow. This lack of warmth from the sun, combined with the high altitude (about 2,800 metres (9,200 ft)), means that the South Pole has one of the coldest climates on Earth (though it is not quite the coldest; that record goes to the region in the vicinity of the Vostok Station, also in Antarctica, which lies at a higher elevation).[27] Temperatures at the South Pole are much lower than at the North Pole, primarily because the South Pole is located at altitude in the middle of a continental land mass, while the North Pole is at sea level in the middle of an ocean, which acts as a reservoir of heat.
The South Pole is at an altitude of 9,300 feet (2,800 m) but feels like 11,000 feet (3,400 m).[28]. Centrifugal force from the spin of the planet pulls the atmosphere toward the equator. The South Pole is colder than the North Pole because of the elevation difference.[29] The North Pole is a few feet from sea level.
In midsummer, as the sun reaches its maximum elevation of about 23.5 degrees, high temperatures at the South Pole in January average at −25.9 °C (−15 °F). As the six-month "day" wears on and the sun gets lower, temperatures drop as well: they reach −45 °C (−49 °F) around sunset (late March) and sunrise (late September). In midwinter, the average temperature remains steady at around −58 °C (−72 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) on Christmas Day, 2011,[30] and the lowest was −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) on June 23, 1982[31][32][33] (for comparison, the lowest temperature directly recorded anywhere on earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station on July 21, 1983, though −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) was measured indirectly by satellite in East Antarctica between Dome A and Dome F in August 2010[34]).
The South Pole has a desert climate, receiving very little precipitation. Air humidity is near zero. However, high winds can cause the blowing of snowfall, and the accumulation of snow amounts to about 20 cm (8 in) per year.[35] The former dome seen in pictures of the Amundsen–Scott station is partially buried due to snow storms, and the entrance to the dome had to be regularly bulldozed to uncover it. More recent buildings are raised on stilts so that the snow does not build up against the sides of them.
[hide]Climate data for The South Pole
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
−14.4
(6.1) −20.6
(−5.1) −26.7
(−16.1) −27.8
(−18) −25.1
(−13.2) −28.8
(−19.8) −33.9
(−29) −32.8
(−27) −29.3
(−20.7) −25.1
(−13.2) −18.9
(−2) −12.3
(9.9) −12.3
(9.9)
Average high °C (°F)
−26.0
(−14.8) −37.9
(−36.2) −49.6
(−57.3) −53.0
(−63.4) −53.6
(−64.5) −54.5
(−66.1) −55.2
(−67.4) −54.9
(−66.8) −54.4
(−65.9) −48.4
(−55.1) −36.2
(−33.2) −26.3
(−15.3) −45.8
(−50.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−28.4
(−19.1) −40.9
(−41.6) −53.7
(−64.7) −57.8
(−72) −58.0
(−72.4) −58.9
(−74) −59.8
(−75.6) −59.7
(−75.5) −59.1
(−74.4) −51.6
(−60.9) −38.2
(−36.8) −28.0
(−18.4) −49.5
(−57.1)
Average low °C (°F)
−29.6
(−21.3) −43.1
(−45.6) −56.8
(−70.2) −60.9
(−77.6) −61.5
(−78.7) −62.8
(−81) −63.4
(−82.1) −63.2
(−81.8) −61.7
(−79.1) −54.3
(−65.7) −40.1
(−40.2) −29.1
(−20.4) −52.2
(−62)
Record low °C (°F)
−41.1
(−42) −58.9
(−74) −71.1
(−96) −75.0
(−103) −78.3
(−108.9) −82.8
(−117) −80.6
(−113.1) −79.3
(−110.7) −79.4
(−110.9) −72.0
(−97.6) −55.0
(−67) −41.1
(−42) −82.8
(−117)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
0.3
(0.012) 0.6
(0.024) 0.2
(0.008) 0.1
(0.004) 0.2
(0.008) 0.1
(0.004) Trace Trace 0.1
(0.004) 0.1
(0.004) 0.1
(0.004) 0.3
(0.012) 2.3
(0.091)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.6
Average snowy days
22.0 19.6 13.6 11.4 17.2 17.3 18.2 17.5 11.7 16.7 16.9 20.6 203.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours
406.1 497.2 195.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.1 390.6 558.0 616.9 2,698.2
Mean daily sunshine hours
13.1 17.6 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 12.6 18.6 19.9 7.4
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net (temperatures, 1981–2010, extremes 1957–present)[36]
Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (precipitation 1957–1988 and sun 1978–1993),[37] NOAA (snowy days data, 1961–1988)[38]
Time[edit]
In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the South Pole, where the sun rises and sets only once per year, and all lines of longitude, and hence all time zones, converge. There is no a priori reason for placing the South Pole in any particular time zone, but as a matter of practical convenience the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station keeps New Zealand Time (UTC+12). This is because the US flies its resupply missions ("Operation Deep Freeze") out of McMurdo Station, which is supplied from Christchurch, New Zealand.
Flora and fauna[edit]
Due to its exceptionally harsh climate, there are no native resident plants or animals at the South Pole. Remarkably, though, off-course south polar skuas and snow petrels are occasionally seen there.[39]
In 2000 it was reported that microbes had been detected living in the South Pole ice.[40]
See also[edit]
Antarctica portal
List of Antarctic expeditions
North Pole
South Pole Telescope
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Moving the South Pole" Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine., NASA Quest
^ Jump up to: a b Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs
Jump up ^ "Where is the real Pole really?". Retrieved 2008-03-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Marker makes annual move", page 6, Antarctic Sun. January 8, 2006; McMurdo Station, Antarctica.
Jump up ^ "Sign at the (ever moving) actual geographical South Pole (a few feet away from the Ceremonial Pole)". Pierre R. Schwob Physics/Astronomy. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ Kiefer, Alex (January 1994). "South Pole Marker". Retrieved 2008-03-24.
Jump up ^ "List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)" (PDF). Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
Jump up ^ [1] Polar Record / Volume 47 / Issue 03 / July 2011
Jump up ^ "List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)" (PDF). Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Terence (1971). "Bellingshausen and the discovery of Antarctica". Polar Record. 15 (99): 887–889. doi:10.1017/S0032247400062112.
Jump up ^ Hurtigruten. "General Information". hurtigruten.com/us/. Hurtigruten. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
Jump up ^ Van Doren, Charles Lincoln; McHenry, Robert (1971). Webster's Guide to American History: A Chronological, Geographical, and Biographical Survey and Compendium. Merriam-Webster. p. 1326. ISBN 978-0-87779-081-5.
Jump up ^ Berkman, Paul Arthur (2002). Science Into Policy: Global Lessons from Antarctica. Academic Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-12-091560-6.
Jump up ^ Berkman, Paul Arthur (2002). Science Into Policy: Global Lessons from Antarctica. Academic Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-12-091560-6.
Jump up ^ Simpson-Housley, Paul (2002). Antarctica: Exploration, Perception and Metaphor. Taylor & Francis. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-203-03602-0.
Jump up ^ "First Women at Pole". South Pole Station. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Famous Firsts". The Antarctic Sun. United States Antarctic Program. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Südtirol – Diese Seite existiert nicht". Suedtirol.info. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2012-08-13. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Antarctic Firsts". Antarctic Circle. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Explorersweb (2011-01-13). "Breaking news: Christian Eide bags the South Pole solo speed ski world record". explorersweb.com. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
Jump up ^ "Canadians break speed record trekking to South Pole". Toronto Star. The Canadian Press. 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Jump up ^ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness World Records 2014. The Jim Patison Group. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
Jump up ^ "Ice Trek Expeditions". Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Crossing the Ice". Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Wilson, nå er vi framme!". Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ Science question of the week, Goddard Space Flight Center.
Jump up ^ "The USAP Portal: Science and Support in Antarctica - Course Material". www.usap.gov.
Jump up ^ "Why is the South Pole colder than the North Pole?".
Jump up ^ Matthew A. Lazzara (2011-12-28). "Preliminary Report: Record Temperatures at South Pole (and nearby AWS sites…)". Retrieved 2011-12-28.
Jump up ^ Your stay at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station Archived 2006-02-02 at the Wayback Machine., National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs
Jump up ^ "How cold is the Antarctic?". NIWA. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Antarctic Weather". Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ "NASA-USGS Landsat 8 Satellite Pinpoints Coldest Spots on Earth", NASA, December 9, 2013
Jump up ^ Initial environmental evaluation – development of blue-ice and compacted-snow runways, National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs, April 9, 1993
Jump up ^ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Amundsen–Scott" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Klimatafel von Amundsen - Scott / Südpol-Station (USA) / Antarktis" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Amundsen–Scott Climate Normals 1961−1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Mark Sabbatini, "Non-human life form seen at Pole", The Antarctic Sun, 5 January 2003.
Jump up ^ "Snow microbes found at South Pole", BBC News, 10 July 2000
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Pole.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for South Pole.
NOAA South Pole Webcam
360° Panoramas of the South Pole
Images of this location are available at the Degree Confluence Project
South Pole Photo Gallery
Poles by the Australian Antarctic Division
The Antarctic Sun – Online news source for the U.S. Antarctic Program
Big Dead Place
UK team makes polar trek history – BBC News article on first expedition to Pole of Inaccessibility without mechanical assistance
Listen to Ernest Shackleton describing his 1908 South Pole Expedition, and read more about the recording on [australianscreen online].
The recording describing Shackleton's 1908 South Pole Expedition was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2007
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Reading readiness in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article contains instructions, advice, or how-to content. The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts, not to train. Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how-to content or by moving it to Wikiversity, Wikibooks or Wikivoyage. (August 2013)
Reading readiness has been defined as the point at which a person is ready to learn to read and the time during which a person transitions from being a non-reader into a reader. Other terms for reading readiness include early literacy and emergent reading.
Children begin to learn pre-reading skills at birth while they listen to the speech around them. In order to learn to read, a child must first have knowledge of the oral language. According to the Ontario Government (2003), the acquisition of language is natural, but the process of learning to read is not - reading must be taught. This belief contradicts basic language philosophy, which states that children learn to read while they learn to speak. The Ontario Government (2003) also believes that reading is the foundation for success, and that those children who struggle with reading in grades 1-3 are at a disadvantage in terms of academic success, compared to those children who are not struggling.
Part of a series on
Reading
Language
Language
Writing
Writing system
Orthography
Braille
Types of Reading
Slow reading
Speed reading
Subvocalization
Learning to Read
Learning to read
Comprehension
Spelling
Vocabulary
Reading disability
Dyslexia
Reading for special needs
Reading Instruction
Alphabetic principle
Phonics
Whole language
Literacy
Literacy
Functional illiteracy
Family literacy
English orthography
Lists
Languages by writing system
Management of dyslexia
v
t
e
Because a child's early experience with literacy-related activities is highly correlated to the child's success with reading, it is important to consider a child's developmental level when choosing appropriate activities and goals. Early and enjoyable pre-reading experiences set the stage for a child's desire to learn. By participating in developmentally-appropriate activities (activities that are fun and challenging, but not frustrating), the child gains knowledge that will serve as the foundation for further learning as he or she enters the school system.
Reading readiness is highly individualistic. There is no "one size fits all" solution to teaching a child to read. A parent or educator may need to employ several techniques before finding the most appropriate method for an individual child. According to Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development a child can, through the help of an adult or more capable child, perform at a higher level than he or she can independently. The process of learning to read should thus be supported by a caring and supportive individual.
Contents
[hide]
1 Reading readiness skills
2 Instructional programs for reading
3 Other reading tips
4 Some suggestions for reading skills
5 Influential perspectives
6 Book list
7 References
Reading readiness skills[edit]
Skills that indicate whether a child is ready to learn to read include:[1][2]
Age-appropriate oral language development and vocabulary
Appreciation of stories and books
Phonemic awareness (ability to distinguish and manipulate individual sounds of language)
Understanding of basic print concepts (for example, printed text represents spoken words; spaces between words are meaningful; pages written in English are read left to right starting at the top of the page; books have a title and an author, and so on).
Understanding of the alphabetic principle (letters represent the sounds of language)
Ability to distinguish shapes (visual discrimination)
Ability to identify at least some letters of the alphabet.
Instructional programs for reading[edit]
Whole Language: With this model, language is kept whole rather than segmented into fragments or skills. Within this philosophy, children are expected to learn to read and write in the same manner that they learn to talk. Reading, writing and oral language are considered to be intertwined. Some strategies according to the whole language model include encouraging the child to learn to read by "reading," and making up stories that they think go along with the pictures in the book. This model also believes that adults should allow the child to witness reading behaviors, such as holding a book properly. It is also important for adults to model these behaviors in an environment that is free from criticism (Matthews, Klassen and Walter, 1999). An early proponent of whole language reading instruction called reading a "psycholinguistic guessing game," and thus children are taught to guess words that they don't know by using context clues. Skipping unknown words is encouraged, and "inventive" spelling is also acceptable.
Phonics: This popular method focuses on the relationship between what is SEEN and HEARD. Students learn rules for using alphabet letters (graphemes). "Sounding-out letters" can often be confusing because many words do not follow the rules—the rules are inconsistent and unreliable. However, the phonics approach is measurably MORE effective than having made NO attempt to teach language structure.
Other reading tips[edit]
It is suggested that by providing the children with the knowledge of spelling patterns (that is, the combination of letters that are likely to occur within the English language) that spelling and reading will become much easier for the child. It is thought that once we (as adults) really look at the rules to the English language we use everyday and have internalized within ourselves, that it will become clear that there is some order and regular patterns that we follow. Once we are aware of these patterns, we can help children begin to understand these rules that we follow on a daily basis.
Some suggestions for reading skills[edit]
Read to the child.
Have the child "read" to you. Allow the child to create their own story based on the pictures they see within the book.
Reread stories multiple times.
Omit words of a familiar story and allow the child to fill in the blank.
Allow the child to experiment with words.
Point to the words on the page as you read out loud to the child. This enables the child to understand that sentences consist of separate words.
Influential perspectives[edit]
The two most influential perspectives are the growth-readiness view and the environmentalist view. The growth-readiness view focuses on the internal workings of the child in order to determine readiness, while environmentalists focus on the external environment. Both internal factors such as genetics and environmental aspects such as school atmosphere can influence a child’s readiness for reading.
Book list[edit]
The following is a list of books that are great for young readers. They contain vital elements such as repetition and bright colors. Many of these books also encourage the child to use their imagination by filling in the blank and taking an active role in the story.
Allan, Nicholas. (2000). You’re All Animals. London: Random House Children’s Books
Benchley, Nathaniel. Ill. By Arnold Lobel. (1964). Red Fox and His Canoe. New York, NY: Scholastic Books Services
Berry, Joy. Ill. By John Costanza. (1982). Let’s Talk About Being Selfish. Danbury, CT: Grolier Enterprises Inc.
Berry, Joy. Ill. By John Costanza. (1982). Let’s Talk About Disobeying. Danbury, CT:Grolier Enterprises Inc.
Berry, Joy. Ill. By John Costanza. (1982). Let’s Talk About Teasing. Danbury, CT: Grolier Enterprises Inc.
Bertrand, Cecile. (1993). NONI Sees. New York, NY: Western Publishing Inc.
Boynton, Sandra. (1982). But Not the Hippopotamus. NY: Little Simon Books
Bridwell, Norman. (1984). Clifford’s Kitten. New York: Scholastic Inc.
Bruna, Dick. (1986). I Am a Clown. NY: Methuen Children’s Books
Bruna, Dick, (1986). When I’m Big. NY: Methuen Children’s Books
Caple, Kathy. (2000). Well Done, Worm! Cambridge, Massachusetts: Candlewick Press
Carle, Eric. (1994). The Very Hungry Caterpillar. NY: Philomel Books
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Cole, Joanna & Calmenson, Stephanie. Ill. By Alan Tiegreen. (1996). Bug in a Rug. New York, NY: William Morrow & Company Inc.
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Yanase, Takashi. (1982). The World of Fairy Tales: Thumbelina. Tokyo: Froebel-kan co., Ltd
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ Learning First Alliance, What Kids Should Know Before Entering First Grade, (1998) [1], retrieved August 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ National Institute for Literacy, A Child Becomes a Reader: Birth through Preschool, 2003. [2] Retrieved August 27, 2007.
Ontario (2003). Early Reading Strategy: The Report of the Expert Panel on Early Reading in Ontario 2003. Retrieved October 22, 2004 from [3]
Matthews, Klassen & Walter(1999). What is Reading Readiness? Retrieved November 4, 2004 from [4]
Washington University in St. Louis (2003). Spelling Patterns Key to Helping Children Spell and Read. Retrieved October 28, 2004 from [5]
Bower, D., (2001). Putting Knowledge to Work. Tips for Parents: Creating Reading Readiness. Retrieved October 24, 2004 from [6]
Weininger O., (1972). Ready or Not: Some Psychological Aspects of Readiness in Relation to Learning Effectiveness. Education (93) 2, 141-147. Retrieved October 30, 2004 [7]
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