text:
Grand Canyon Skywalk
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Grand Canyon Skywalk
Skywalk from Outside Ledge
Coordinates
36°0′44″N 113°48′40″W / 36.01222°N 113.81111°W / 36.01222; -113.81111Coordinates: 36°0′44″N 113°48′40″W / 36.01222°N 113.81111°W / 36.01222; -113.81111
Carries
Pedestrian
Locale
Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA
Official name
Grand Canyon Skywalk
Owner
Hualapai Tribe
Characteristics
Design
Curved pedestrian cantilever bridge
Total length
70 feet (21 m)
Width
10 feet 2 inches (3.10 m)
History
Architect
Mark Ross Johnson
Opened
March 28, 2007
Grand Canyon Skywalk
Location in USA
The Grand Canyon Skywalk is a horseshoe-shaped cantilever bridge with a glass walkway in Arizona near the Colorado River on the edge of a side canyon in the Grand Canyon West area of the main canyon.[1] USGS topographic maps show the elevation at the Skywalk's location as 4,770 ft (1,450 m) and the elevation of the Colorado River in the base of the canyon as 1,160 ft (350 m), and they show that the height of the precisely vertical drop directly under the skywalk is between 500 ft (150 m) and 800 ft (240 m).[2]
Commissioned and owned by the Hualapai Indian tribe, it was unveiled March 20, 2007, and opened to the general public on March 28, 2007. It is accessed via the Grand Canyon West Airport terminal or a 120-mile (190 km) drive from Las Vegas. The Skywalk is east of Meadview and north of Peach Springs with Kingman being the closest city of some size.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design and construction
2 Cornerstone of a larger plan
3 Controversy
3.1 Hualapai
3.2 Environmentalists
4 Access and protection
5 References
6 External links
Design and construction[edit]
View of the Skywalk and the surrounding canyon
David Jin, an entrepreneur who had been involved with tourism and the Hualapai Nation for some time, had the idea of extending a platform out over the edge of the Grand Canyon. With the help of architect Mark Ross Johnson, that idea evolved into a rectangular walkway and eventually the "U"-shaped walkway that has now been constructed.
The overall Skywalk width is 65 feet (20 m). The Skywalk length extending out from the post supports closest to the canyon wall is 70 feet (21 m). The outer and inner 32-inch-wide (810 mm) by 72-inch-deep (1,800 mm) bridge box beams are supported by eight 32-by-32-inch (810 mm × 810 mm) box posts having four posts on each side of the visitor’s center, once completed. The eight posts are anchored in pairs into four large concrete footings that are in turn anchored to the bedrock by ninety-six 2 1⁄2-inch-diameter (64 mm) DYWIDAG (acronym pronounced Doo-Wee-Dag) high strength steel threaded rod rock anchors grouted 46 feet (14 m) deep into the rock.
The deck of the Skywalk has been made with four layers of Saint-Gobain Diamant low iron glass with DuPont SentryGlas interlayer. Deck width is 10 feet 2 inches (3.10 m). The Skywalk glass sidings were made with the same glass as the deck, but fewer layers (two) bent to follow the walkway’s curvature. The glass sidings are 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m) tall and have been designed for high wind pressures.
Aerial view of the Grand Canyon Skywalk
The Skywalk deck was designed for a 100-pound-per-square-foot (490 kg/m²) live load along with code-required seismic and wind forces. The foundation can withstand an 8.0 magnitude earthquake within 50 miles (80 km).[3] Fine-tuning of the project occurred after a wind loading and pedestrian induced vibration analysis. Two tuned mass dampers were installed inside the outer box beam as well as one inside the inner box beam at the furthest extension of the Skywalk to reduce pedestrian footfall vibration. The walkway could carry 822 people that weigh 200 pounds (91 kg) each without overstress, but maximum occupancy at one time is 120 people.
Closer view of the entrance building to skywalk
The Skywalk was assembled on top of the canyon wall in line with its final placement and moved into final position by a jack and roll rig. The Skywalk infrastructure itself weighs a little over 1,000,000 pounds (450,000 kg) without counterweights but including the tuned mass dampers, railing hardware, glass rails, glass deck and steel box beams. At the time of roll-out, the Skywalk weighed approximately 1.6 million pounds (730,000 kg). The process was completed in two days.
Astronauts Buzz Aldrin and John Herrington attended the opening ceremony on March 20, 2007.
A National Geographic documentary film on the construction of the Skywalk has been published.[4]
Cornerstone of a larger plan[edit]
Aerial view: Grand Canyon West Airport at left center. Grand Canyon National Park lands (top), north of the Colorado River.
According to Hualapai officials, the cost of the Skywalk was $30 million.[5] Future plans for the Grand Canyon Skywalk complex include a museum, movie theater, VIP lounge, gift shop, and several restaurants including a high-end restaurant called The Skywalk Café where visitors will be able to dine outdoors at the canyon's rim. The Skywalk is the cornerstone of a larger plan by the Hualapai tribe, which it hopes will be the catalyst for a 9,000-acre (36 km2) development to be called Grand Canyon West; it would open up a 100-mile (160 km) stretch along the canyon's South Rim and include hotels, restaurants, a golf course, casinos, and a cable car to ferry visitors from the canyon rim to the Colorado River, which has been previously inaccessible.[5]
Controversy[edit]
Hualapai[edit]
Opponents within the tribe view the project as disturbing sacred ground.[6] Supporters within the tribe counter that it is an opportunity to generate much-needed cash to combat serious problems that plague the small 2,000-resident reservation, including a 50% unemployment rate, widespread alcoholism, and poverty.[5] Other tribal members are happy with the Skywalk, but they have expressed concern over future development. They are also concerned about the potential lack of sustainability because the water used in the development is not taken from the Colorado River but trucked in from elsewhere.[5][7] Effective February 7, 2012 certain members of the Hualapai Tribal Council, without prior notice, seized control of the Skywalk which was built and previously run by Grand Canyon Skywalk Development (GCSD), a Las Vegas, Nevada corporation. Currently Grand Canyon Skywalk Development is not in charge of daily operations at the Skywalk.[8] GCSD was awarded 28 million dollars in damages by an arbitration board, which was upheld in U.S. District Court in February 2013.[9]
Environmentalists[edit]
People outside of the tribe, including Arizona environmental groups and former National Park officials, have expressed concern about the project's obtrusiveness in the natural environment, considering it a defacement of a national treasure. Former Grand Canyon National Park Superintendent Robert Arnberger has described the development as "the equivalent of an upscale carnival ride," adding that he has been unable to resolve "the apparent conflict between the tribe's oft-stated claim that there is no better caregiver and steward of the Grand Canyon than the tribe, and their approach to the land -- which is based on heavy use and economics."[5] Tribal leaders counter that the 4.5 million people a year who visit the National Park portion are already overburdening an area and, further, that the tribe needs financial income.[citation needed] The skywalk attracts a reported 370,000 visitors per year[10] and the tribe charges for rim-side weddings and stunt jumps, including one by Robbie Knievel. The tribe made a foray into opening a casino but it has not been able to generate sufficient income.[5]
Access and protection[edit]
Access to the Skywalk can be made from Las Vegas, Nevada in the north or Kingman, Arizona in the south, via Highway 93. The routes converge (at CR 7/Buck and Doe Rd) near Diamond Bar Road, which was under construction as of December 7, 2009. At the time, Diamond Bar Road consisted of 10 miles (16 km) of an ungraded gravel and dirt road.
There are several packages available for purchase at the airport terminal visitor center. Every package includes parking at the terminal and shuttle bus transportation to the two scenic viewing areas, and the Hualapai Ranch. As of 2015, the final 9 miles (14 km) of county-maintained road to the attraction has been paved [11] and is now accessible to everyone.[3] In addition to admission, visitors may purchase professional photographs of their visit to the Skywalk in the gift shop, as personal cameras are not allowed on the Skywalk itself. Along with other personal property, they must be stored in a locker before entering the Skywalk.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Yost, Mark. Close to the Edge, Wall Street Journal. 2007-04-10.
Jump up ^ Acme mapper: USGS topographic map
^ Jump up to: a b Bryant, Kathleen (2008). Grand Canyon (4th ed.). Berkeley, CA: Avalon Travel. pp. 150–151. ISBN 1-59880-146-5.
Jump up ^ NationalGeographic.com
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Cart, Julie. "Grand Canyon Skywalk opens deep divide". Los Angeles Times. 2007-02-11.
Jump up ^ Grand Canyon glass Skywalk opens. BBC. 2007-03-20.
Jump up ^ Denniston, Wendy Yanagihara, Jennifer (2008). Grand Canyon National Park (2nd ed.). Footscray (Vic.): Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74104-483-9.
Jump up ^ "Arizona tribe votes to take over management of Grand Canyon Skywalk".
Jump up ^ "Court upholds $28 million award in Grand Canyon Skywalk case".
Jump up ^ Wagner, Dennis (19 February 2013). "Grand Canyon Skywalk judgment could devastate tribe". USA Today. Retrieved 6 September 2014. The Skywalk, about 130 miles northwest of Flagstaff, opened to international media coverage in 2007 and reportedly attracts about 370,000 visitors annually.
Jump up ^ "Hualapai Tourism skywalk FAQ page". Archived from the original on 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
Jump up ^ "Hualapai Tourism skywalk site\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-26. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Canyon Skywalk.
Official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canyon_Skywalk&oldid=831067481"
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Bridges in Arizona
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Tourist attractions in Coconino County, Arizona
Tourist attractions in Arizona
Observation decks
Cantilever bridges in the United States
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Baked beans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Baked bean" redirects here. For the song by Haircut 100, see Pelican West.
Baked beans
Baked beans over scrambled eggs on toast
Associated national cuisine
United Kingdom and Ireland
Serving temperature
Hot or cold
Main ingredients
Beans
Ingredients generally used
Tomato sauce
Cookbook: Baked beans Media: Baked beans
Baked beans is a dish containing beans, sometimes baked but, despite the name, usually stewed, in a sauce.[1] Most commercially canned baked beans are made from haricot beans, also known as navy beans (a variety of Phaseolus vulgaris) in a sauce. In Ireland and the United Kingdom, a tomato sauce is most commonly used, and they are commonly eaten on toast or as part of a full English, Scottish, or Irish Breakfast.
American Boston baked beans use a sauce prepared with molasses and salt pork, the popularity of which has led to the city's being nicknamed "Beantown".[2] Beans in a tomato and brown sugar, sugar, or corn syrup sauce are widely available throughout the US.
Canada's Quebec-style beans often use maple syrup. This style is also popular in states bordering Canada's Eastern provinces.[citation needed]
Canned baked beans are used as a convenience food. They may be eaten hot or cold, straight from the can, as they are already fully cooked.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 United Kingdom and Ireland
3 United States
4 Around the world
5 Health
6 Flatulence
7 See also
8 References
History[edit]
The beans presently used to make baked beans are all native to South America and were introduced to Europe around 1528.[4] The dish is commonly described as having a savory-sweet flavor and a brownish or reddish tinted white bean once baked, stewed, canned or otherwise cooked. According to alternative traditions, sailors brought cassoulet from the south of France or northern France, and the Channel Islands, where bean stews were popular. Most probably, a number of regional bean recipes coalesced and cross-fertilised in North America and ultimately gave rise to the baked bean culinary tradition familiar today.[citation needed]
While many recipes today are stewed, traditionally beans were slow baked in a ceramic or cast-iron beanpot. A tradition in Maine, of "bean hole" cooking, may have originated with the native Penobscot people and was later practiced in logging camps. A fire would be made in a stone-lined pit and allowed to burn down to hot coals, and then a pot with 11[5] pounds of seasoned beans would be placed in the ashes, covered over with dirt, and left to cook overnight or longer. These beans were a staple of Maine's logging camps, served at every meal.[6][7]
Canned beans, often containing pork, were among the first convenience foods, and it is in this form that they became exported and popularised by U.S. companies operating in the UK in the early 20th century. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration stated in 1996: "It has for years been recognized by consumers generally that the designation 'beans with pork,' or 'pork and beans' is the common or usual name for an article of commerce that contains very little pork."[8] The included pork is typically a piece of salt pork that adds fat to the dish.[citation needed]
Canned baked beans with small pork sausages are still available,[9] as are variants with other added ingredients such as chili.[citation needed]
United Kingdom and Ireland[edit]
"Beans on toast" redirects here. For the British folk singer, see Beans On Toast (musician).
Beans on toast
In the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore, the term baked beans usually refers to tinned beans in a tomato sauce. They were originally imported from American companies, first sold in the UK in 1886 in the upmarket Fortnum & Mason store in London as an expensive foreign delicacy.[10]
Today, baked beans are a staple convenience food in the UK, often eaten as part of the modern full English breakfast and particularly on toast (called simply 'beans on toast'). Baked beans freshly cooked from raw ingredients, much closer to their original unprocessed, unindustrialised form, are offered by a few upmarket brunch establishments.[which?][citation needed]
The best-selling brand in the UK is Heinz Baked Beans.[11]
United States[edit]
In the United States, Bush's (Bush Brothers and Company), Van Camp's, B&M (Burnham & Morrill Inc.), Allens, Inc., the H. J. Heinz Company, and the Campbell's Soup Company are well-known producers or brands of packaged baked beans. B&M specializes in Boston-style baked beans often sold in beanpot-shaped jars, and canned brown bread, a traditional regional accompaniment to baked beans, whereas Bush and Van Camp produce multiple flavor varieties of canned beans, some styles using cured bacon to flavor the products.
Three beanpots used for cooking homemade baked beans. The small one is glazed with the letters "Boston Baked Beans"
In the New England region, baked beans are flavored either with maple syrup (Northern New England), or with molasses (Boston), and are traditionally cooked with salt pork in a beanpot in a brick oven for six to eight hours.[12] In the absence of a brick oven, the beans were cooked in a beanpot nestled in a bed of embers placed near the outer edges of a hearth, about a foot away from the fire. Today, baked beans can be made in a slow cooker or in a modern oven using a traditional beanpot, Dutch oven, or casserole dish.
In southern states and along the eastern seaboard of the U.S., the beans become tangier usually due to the addition of yellow mustard. For example, the baked beans of Tennessee-based Bush's include mustard in most of their varieties of beans. Ground beef may also become common alongside bacon in the home versions some of these bean styles. They may take on a flavor similar to Cowboy Beans, a home-mixed stew, somewhat similar to a chili but made instead with sweet baked beans.
Baked beans are a staple side dish for various types of barbecue. This is due in part to the ease of handling, as they can be served hot or cold, directly from the can, making them handy for outdoor eating. The tomato-based sweet sauce also complements many types of barbecue. The already-cooked beans may also be baked in a casserole dish topped with slices of raw bacon, which is baked until the bacon is cooked. Additional seasonings are sometimes used, such as additional brown sugar or mustard to make the sauce more tangy.
Heinz baked beans became very successful as an export to the UK, where canned baked beans are now a staple food. In America, the H. J. Heinz Co. continue to sell baked beans, although they are not always as widely distributed as competing American brands. Despite their international fame, there are currently substantial differences between the Heinz baked beans produced for the UK market (descended from the original American recipe) and the nearest currently equivalent American product (Heinz Premium Vegetarian Beans).
The American product contains brown sugar where the British beans do not, and the U.S. product contains 14 g of sugar per 16 oz tin[13] compared to 7 g for the British version (equating to 140 versus 90 calories). The U.S. beans have a mushier texture and are darker in color than their UK counterpart. This has resulted in a situation where the product is now imported back to the brand's home country. For several years, UK Heinz Baked Beans have been available in the U.S., either in different-sized cans from those sold in the UK or in a 385-gram can (the same can as the 415-gram can in the UK) with an "export" label with American English spelling and the word "baked" dropped from the title on the label. These are sold in many U.S. specialty stores, attesting to the popularity of baked beans and their appeal to expats. Bush, Van Camp, B&M, and Heinz all produce pork-free baked beans labeled as vegetarian beans, making this American dish available to people who abstain from pork for religious, dietary, or ethical reasons.
Around the world[edit]
Homemade Polish baked beans fasolka po bretońsku.
Traditional cuisines of many regions claim such recipes as typical specialities, for example:
In Poland, with the addition of bacon and/or sausage these are known as Breton Beans (fasolka po bretońsku).[14]
In France these are known as cocos de Paimpol (fr) à la bretonne.
Jersey bean crock
Boston baked beans
Pork and beans, which despite the name often contain very little pork
Guernsey Bean Jar
Spanish Cocido Montañés
Cassoulet (South-western France)
Feijoada
Fasolada
Frijoles charros, pinto beans cooked with bacon and sometimes tomatoes, are popular in Mexico and the American border states.
Greek Fasolia Gigandes Gigandes plaki
In the Italian cuisine beans (of various size and various types) are widely used for several recipes also mixed with other ingredients: "fagiolata" generally stands for baked beans but there are also regional variations like "fagioli all'uccelletto" in Florence; "minestra di fagioli" (beans soup normally cooked with vegetables) "pasta e fagioli" (meaning "pasta and beans").
New England baked beans
Quebec-style baked beans are often prepared with maple syrup.
Bean-hole beans, traditionally from Northern New England and Quebec, cooked in a covered fire pit in the ground for up to two days
British cuisine claims beans on toast as a teatime favourite, the combination of cereal and legume forming an inexpensive complete protein; compare rice and beans. Variations of "beans on toast deluxe" can include extras as such as egg, grated cheese, marmite, tuna etc., and baked beans sometimes form part of a full English breakfast.
Beans cooked in barbecue sauce (or a similarly flavoured sauce) are a traditional side dish in an American barbecue.
"Franks & beans", a recipe wherein hot dogs are cut up and cooked in the same sauce as the baked beans. In Canada, this recipe is more commonly called "beans and wieners".
In the north of the Netherlands brown beans are often stewed and served with lardons baked until crisp, pickled silverskin onions and gherkins, and sugar syrup or apple syrup. In the province of Drenthe, this dish has a cultural significance due to the regional nostalgic novel and TV series Bartje.
In Mexico and Latin America baked beans are also popular: black beans (frijoles negros) and frijoles pintos (pinto beans) are the most common.
Chilean porotos con riendas
In the Balkans, they are known as prebranac.
The traditional Jewish Shabbat dish cholent (also known as hamin) is made with meat, potatoes, beans and barley.
Turkish Fasolia (fasulye), usually served with rice
Iranian Loobia Chiti is made from pinto beans, usually served with olive oil and lemon juice.
Many unusual dishes are made with baked beans including the baked bean sandwich. These are slices of bread topped with beans and other additions, such as melted cheese.
Health[edit]
In 2002, the British Dietetic Association allowed manufacturers of canned baked beans to advertise the product as contributing to the recommended daily consumption of five to six vegetables per person. This concession was criticised by heart specialists, who pointed to the high levels of sugar and salt in the product. However, it has been proven that consumption of baked beans does indeed lower total cholesterol levels and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, even in normo-cholesterolaemic individuals.[15][16] Some manufacturers[which?] produce a "healthy" version of the product with reduced levels of sugar and salt.[citation needed]
Flatulence[edit]
Baked beans are known on occasion to cause a considerable increase in flatulence following consumption;[17][18] this is due to the fermentation of polysaccharides (specifically oligosaccharides) by gut flora, specifically Methanobrevibacter smithii. The oligosaccharides pass through the small intestine largely unchanged; when they reach the large intestine, bacteria feast on them, producing copious amounts of flatus.[19]
This condition is referenced in multiple works of popular culture. Some prominent examples include:
The campfire scene in Mel Brooks's film Blazing Saddles,[20] in which the cowboys' banter is punctuated by fusillades of flatulence
The UK children's song, "Beans, Beans, Good for the Heart"
The U.S. children's song "Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit"
See also[edit]
Food portal
Refried beans
Cassoulet
List of legume dishes
List of toast dishes
Pork and beans
Tavče gravče, a traditional Macedonian dish
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baked beans.
Jump up ^ Thring, Oliver (22 February 2011). "Consider baked beans". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ Dalager, Norman (10 August 2006). "What's in a nickname?". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "GuardianWitness - Cold Baked Beans salad". GuardianWitness. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Food History: A timeline". Kid Cyber. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Common Ground's Bean Hole Beans". Mofga.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Foodways Research: A Taste of Maine". Maine Folklife Center. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-19. , Maine Folklife Center
Jump up ^ "That's What and Beans? Pork Defends Its Image". The New York Times. 1 April 1998.
Jump up ^ "Heins Beanz with pork sausages". heinz.co.uk. 11/10/2017. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ "1815: Our Waterloo". F&M. 11 May 2006. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 09/01/2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Heinz to change baked beans recipe as it faces Branston challenge". campaignlive.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Farmer, Fannie (1896). Boston Cooking-School Cook Book'. p. 212. ISBN 0-451-12892-3.
Jump up ^ Vegetarian Beans – Premium. "Heinz Vegetarian Beans – Premium 16.00 oz Netgrocer". Netgrocer.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "We can see certain influences from the west (from France we took baked beans a la bretonne, surprisingly not known in today's Brittany) [in:] Culinary cultures of Europe: identity, diversity and dialogue by Darra Goldstein, Kathrin Merkle, Stephen Mennell. 2005
Jump up ^ Susan M. Shutler, Gemma M. Bircher, Jacki A. Tredger, Linda M. Morgan, Ann F. Walker and A. G. LOW (1989). The effect of daily baked bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) consumption on the plasma lipid levels of young, normo-cholesterolaemic men. British Journal of Nutrition, 61, pp 257–265 doi:10.1079/BJN19890114.
Jump up ^ Donna M. Winham, Andrea M. Hutchins. Baked bean consumption reduces serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic adults. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) 1 July 2007 (volume 27 issue 7 Pages 380–386 doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2007.04.017).
Jump up ^ "Health | Experts make flatulence-free bean". BBC News. 25 April 2006. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Flatulence – Overview – Introduction". Nhs.uk. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
Jump up ^ McGee, Harold (1984). On Food and Cooking. Scribner. pp. 257–8. ISBN 0-684-84328-5.
Jump up ^ Blazing Saddles -Farting Cowboys- Greatest Fart Scene of All Time - YouTube
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Heian-kyō
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Daidairi (大内裏, palace in the center) and the cityscape of Heian-kyō (miniature model at the Kyoto City Life-long Learning Center)
Heian-kyō (平安京, literally "tranquility and peace capital") was one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto. It was the official capital of Japan for over one thousand years, from 794 to 1868 with an interruption in 1180.
Emperor Kanmu established it as the capital in 794, moving the Imperial Court there from nearby Nagaoka-kyō at the recommendation of his advisor Wake no Kiyomaro and marking the beginning of the Heian period of Japanese history.[1] The city was modelled after the Tang dynasty Chinese capital of Chang'an (modern-day Xi'an).[2] It remained the chief political center until 1185, when the samurai Minamoto clan defeated the Taira clan in the Genpei War, moving administration of national affairs to Kamakura and establishing the Kamakura shogunate.
Though political power would be wielded by the samurai class over the course of three different shogunates, Heian remained the site of the Imperial Court and seat of Imperial power, and thus remained the official capital. In fact, even after the seat of Imperial power was moved to Tokyo in 1868, since there is no law which makes Tokyo the capital, there is a view that Kyoto legally or officially remains the capital even today.
In 1994, Kyoto City held various events commemorating the 1200th anniversary.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 History
3 Schematic diagram of Heian-kyō
3.1 Gates
4 Map
5 See also
6 References
Description[edit]
Heian-kyō was built in what is now the central part of Kyoto city covering an area spanning the Kadono (葛野郡, Kadono-gun) and Otagi Districts (愛宕郡, Otagi-gun) of Yamashiro Province. The city boundaries formed a rectangle measuring 4.5 km from east to west and 5.2 km from north to south. The city layout followed Heijō-kyō (Japan’s capital during the Nara period) with the Imperial palace, Daidairi, placed in the centre of the northern city limits and the Suzaku Avenue (Suzaku-ōji), the main thoroughfare extending from the palace down through the centre of the city, dividing it into the Right (Ukyō) and Left Capitals (Sakyō) (the eastern side being the Left and the western side being the Right from the emperor's viewpoint.) The design followed Sui and Tang dynasty Changan with the exception that Heian-kyō had no city walls. It is thought that the site for the city was selected according to the principles of Shijinsōō (四神相応, "Four Gods Suitability") based on Chinese Feng shui and relating to the Four Symbols of Chinese astrology.
The boundaries of Heian-kyō were smaller than those of modern Kyoto, with Ichijō-ōji (一条大路) at the northern limit corresponding to present-day Ichijō-dōri (一条通), between Imadegawa-dōri (今出川通) and Marutamachi-dōri (丸太町通), Kyūjō-ōji in the south corresponding to Kujō-dōri (九条通) slightly to the south of the present-day JR Kyōto Station and Higashi-kyōgoku-ōji in the east corresponding to present-day Teramachi Street (Teramachi-dōri). The location of Nishi-kyōgoku-ōji at the western limit is estimated as a line running north to south from Hanazono Station on the JR San'in Main Line to Nishi-Kyōgoku Station on the Hankyu Kyoto Line.
The layout of Heian-kyō was plotted in accordance with the principles of geomancy as a square city. Jō (丈, about 3.03m) was the basic unit of measurement. 40 sq. jō made a chō (町, 121.2 meters on each side). The city was further divided by major streets called ōji (大路) and minor streets called koji (小路). Four lines of chō running east to west (excepting the first 2 rows in the north) were together called a jō (条) and four lines of chō running from north to south were called a bō (坊) The Cho which shared the same Jo and Bo were each given a number from 1 to 16. In this way addresses could be identified as follows: "Right Capital, Jō Five, Bō Two, Chō Fourteen" (右京五条二坊十四町).
The width of even the minor streets was 4 Jō (丈, about 12m) and for the major streets over 8 Jō (丈, about 24m). Almost all of the streets in present-day Kyoto have become considerably narrower. Suzaku-ōji for example was 28 Jō (丈, about 84m) wide. In addition a river ran alongside Horikawa-koji (堀川小路) and Nishi Horikawa-koji (西堀川小路).
History[edit]
In 784 AD emperor Kammu constructed Nagaoka-kyō, moving the capital from Heijō-kyō. It is thought that he wished to build a new, Emperor Tenji faction capital far from Yamato Province which was the power base for the temples and aristocrats who supported the Emperor Tenmu faction. However, only 9 years later in January 793 AD, Emperor Kammu assembled his retainers and announced another relocation of the capital (for the reason see the entry on Nagaoka-kyō.) The location for the new capital was to be Kadono located between two rivers in the north of Yamashiro, ten kilometres to the northeast of Nagaoka-kyō. It is said that the Emperor Kammu had previously looked out on Kadono from the Shogun Tsuka in Higashiyama Ward of Kyoto City, deciding then that it was a suitable location for the capital. Emperor Kammu's words are recorded in the Nihon Kiryaku as follows: "Kadono has beautiful mountains and rivers as well as good transport links by sea and land making it convenient for people to assemble there from all four corners of the country."
It is thought that the construction of Heian-kyō began from the palace, with the construction of the remainder of the city following afterwards. As a display of the emperor's authority the Daigokuden (main building of the palace) was constructed at the far north of the central thoroughfare, Suzaku-oji, making the building visible from anywhere in the city. Ports such as Yodonotsu (淀津, now Yodo) and Ōitsu (大井津) were set up along the river next to the city. These ports acted as a transit base for collecting in goods from all over the country and for forwarding them on to the city. The goods which arrived in Heian-kyō reached the people by way of one of the two large markets (the East market and the West market.) This arrangement provided a stable supply of food and goods which encouraged population growth. Measures were also taken to guard against the flooding which had plagued the residents of Nagaoka-kyō. Although there was no natural river in the centre of Heian-kyō, two artificial canals (the present day Horikawa and Nishi Horikawa) were dug whose water level could be adjusted, simultaneously securing a supply of water and guarding against flooding. It was also permitted to construct Buddhist temples in Heian-kyō, something which had been forbidden in Nagaoka-kyō. It was thought that the power of the East and West temples might protect the city from natural disaster and disease, and priests such as Kūkai were welcomed, being able men, well versed in Buddhist scripture and with no interest in political power. On 22 October 794 AD, Emperor Kammu arrived at the new city and on 8 November proclaimed, "I hereby name this city Heian-kyō." On 8 November, he changed the second kanji character of Yamashiro from 背 ("back") to 城 ("castle") because the capital looked like a naturally formed "mountain castle" surrounded by the Eastern (Higashiyama), Northern (Kitayama), and Western (Nishiyama) mountains.
A movement in favour of returning the capital to Heijō-kyō arose in 810 AD, during a standoff over the emperor's succession. However, Emperor Saga thought that keeping the capital in Heian-kyō would be best for the stability of the country and resisted this movement, naming Heian-kyō "The Eternal City" (万代宮, "Yorozuyo no Miya").
The land of the Right Capital overlapped the wetlands formed by the Katsura River and even by the 9th century little progress had been made in developing the area. By the 10th century when the Ritsuryō system was almost at an end, the district had become so dilapidated that it began to be used as farmland, something which had previously been forbidden within the city limits. With the exception of an area in the north of the Right Capital near to the palace, the residential areas which housed the aristocracy were all situated in the Left Capital, with the highest echelon of aristocrats such as the Fujiwara clan gathering in the northernmost part of the district. The poor of Heian-kyō began to set up home by the Kamo River, beyond the eastern limits of the city, and on the eastern banks of the river temples and country homes sprung up. So started a tendency for the city to extend out to the east. In 980 AD, at the southern tip of Suzaku-oji the Rashōmon (the grandest of the two city gates) collapsed never to be rebuilt. In this way the original borders of Heian-kyō extended out to the east, forming the streets of first medieval and then modern-day Kyoto.
With the advent of the Kanto centred Kamakura and Edo shogunate, Heian-kyō began to lose its significance as a seat of power. The greatest decline was during the Muromachi and Sengoku periods when almost half the city was burnt to the ground during the Onin war. After this Heian-kyo separated into upper (Kamigyō) and lower (Shimogyō) cities each becoming places of little note. However, the two were to be reunited into one city during the Azuchi–Momoyama period following the ascension of Oda Nobunaga. During the Meiji Revolution Edo was re-christened Tokyo (becoming the new capital of Japan). Although Heian-kyo lost its status as capital city, it became a backup capital while the emperor was away in Tokyo. Since that time the emperor has not returned to Kyoto. However, at the direction of the Emperor Meiji, the imperial residences have been preserved and the takamikura (高御座)—a special throne whose location traditionally marked the seat of the emperor—remains at the palace in Kyoto.
Schematic diagram of Heian-kyō[edit]
The green areas in the diagram are markets, temples and a garden. There were two large markets, West Market (西市) and East Market (東市), facing the seventh street, Shichijō-ōji (七条大路). Tō-ji (東寺, "East Temple") and Sai-ji (西寺, "West Temple") were Buddhist temples built on the southern edge of the capital. An imperial garden called Shinsenen (ja:神泉苑) was adjacent to the Daidairi.
Note that there were more paths cut short by residences straddling multiple blocks.
In English (major streets and palace only):
Note: "七条大路" erroneously listed twice in the diagram.
Gates[edit]
The gates of the Daidairi are marked in Japanese. The romanization of those gate names are as follows:
Side
(direction)
Gate name
Street name
South side
(east to west)
Bifuku-mon Mibu
Suzaku-mon Suzaku-ōji
Kōga-mon Kōgamon-ōji
West side
(south to north)
Datten-mon Ōimikado
Sōheki-mon Nakamikado
Impu-mon Konoe
Jōsai-mon Tsuchimikado
North side
(west to east)
Anka-mon
Ikan-mon
Tatchi-mon
East side
(north to south)
Jōtō-mon Tsuchimikado
Yōmei-mon Konoe
Taiken-mon Nakamikado
Ikuhō-mon Ōimikado
Map[edit]
Below is a 1696 map of Kyoto, known as Genroku 9 Kyoto Daizu (元禄九年京都大絵図) held by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Nichibunken).
Old map of Kyoto
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heian-kyō.
Heian Palace
Kyoto
Chiteiki, a mid-Heian period text describing social issues within the capital
Timeline of Kyoto
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hall, John Whitney (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 516–17. ISBN 0521223571.
Jump up ^ Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006, p. 103.
Preceded by
Nagaoka-kyō Capital of Japan
794–1180 Succeeded by
Fukuhara-kyō
Preceded by
Fukuhara-kyō Capital of Japan
1180–1868 Succeeded by
Tokyo
Coordinates: 35°00′N 135°46′E / 35.000°N 135.767°E / 35.000; 135.767
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 255209808
NDL: 00955735
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heian-kyō&oldid=827732370"
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Kyoto
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text:
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Battle of the Sexes I
Margaret Court vs. Bobby Riggs
Set
1
2
Margaret Court 2 1
Bobby Riggs 6 6
Date
May 13, 1973
Location
Ramona, California[1]
Battle of the Sexes II
Billie Jean King vs. Bobby Riggs
Set
1
2
3
Billie Jean King 6 6 6
Bobby Riggs 4 3 3
Date
September 20, 1973
Location
Astrodome
Houston, Texas[2]
Battle of the Sexes III
Martina Navratilova vs. Jimmy Connors
Set
1
2
Martina Navratilova 5 2
Jimmy Connors 7 6
Date
September 25, 1992
Location
Caesars Palace
Las Vegas, Nevada[3]
In tennis, "Battle of the Sexes" is a term that has been used to describe various exhibition matches played between a man and a woman (or, in one case, a doubles match between two men and two women). Most famously, the term is used for a nationally televised match in 1973, held at the Houston Astrodome, between 55-year-old Bobby Riggs and 29-year-old Billie Jean King,[4] which King won in three sets.[2][5] The match attracted massive attention and was viewed by an estimated 90 million people around the world; King's win is considered a milestone in public acceptance of women's tennis.
Two other matches commonly referred to as a "battle of the sexes" include a match held four months earlier in 1973 between Riggs and Margaret Court, over the best of three sets,[1][6] and one in 1992 between Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova, over the best of three sets and hybrid rules favoring the female player, dubbed "The Battle of Champions".[3]
At least eight other exhibition matches have been played between notable male and female tennis players, starting in 1888, though only some of them were referred to at the time as a "battle of the sexes".
Contents
[hide]
1 1973: Riggs v Court
2 1973: Riggs v King
2.1 Allegations of match-throwing
2.2 Effects on women's tennis
2.3 In popular culture
3 1992: Navratilova v Connors
4 Other matches of men against women
4.1 1888: Ernest Renshaw vs Lottie Dod
4.2 1922: Bill Tilden vs Suzanne Lenglen
4.3 1933: Helen Wills vs Phil Neer
4.4 1975: Challenge of the Sexes
4.5 1985: Battle of the Sexes: The Challenge! (doubles)
4.6 1998: Karsten Braasch vs. the Williams sisters
4.7 2003: Yannick Noah vs Justine Henin
4.8 2013: Novak Djokovic vs Li Na
5 Challenges that never came to be
6 References
1973: Riggs v Court[edit]
Riggs had been one of the world's top tennis players in the 1940s; he once held the top ranking and had won six major titles during his career. After he retired from professional tennis in 1951, Riggs remained a master promoter of himself and of tennis.[7] In 1973, he opined that the female game was inferior and that even at his current age of 55 he could still beat any of the top female players.[8]
Riggs first challenged Billie Jean King, but when she declined, Margaret Court stepped in. At the time in 1973, Court was 30 years old and the top female player in the world. On the day of their match on May 13,[9] 5,000 fans came to a Mother's Day match in Ramona, California.[6][1] Televised by CBS Sports,[10] Riggs descended the stadium steps and presented Court with Mother's Day flowers, which she accepted while curtsying.[11][12] Riggs used his drop shots and lobs to keep Court off balance. His quick victory (6–2, 6–1) landed Riggs on the cover of both Sports Illustrated and Time.[6][13]
1973: Riggs v King[edit]
Paraphernalia from the Billie Jean King vs Bobby Riggs match
Suddenly in the national limelight following his win over Court, Riggs taunted all female tennis players, prompting King to accept a lucrative financial offer to play Riggs in a nationally televised match in prime time on ABC that the promoters dubbed the "Battle of the Sexes."[14][15] The match, which had a winner-take-all prize of $100,000,[16] was held in Texas at the Houston Astrodome on Thursday, September 20, 1973.[2][17][18][19]
Riggs was given $50,000 to wear a yellow Sugar Daddy jacket during the match, which he took off after three games. Riggs also placed many bets on and invested a lot of money in the match.[20][21] King entered the court in the style of Cleopatra, on a feather-adorned litter carried by four bare-chested muscle men dressed in the style of ancient slaves.[5] Riggs followed in a rickshaw drawn by a bevy of scantily clad models.[22] Riggs presented King with a giant Sugar Daddy lollipop, and she responded by giving him a squealing piglet,[21][23] symbolic of male chauvinism.[2]
King, who also competed in the Virginia Slims of Houston during the same week, won in straight sets, 6–4, 6–3, 6–3.[5] In the first set, she fell behind 3–2 when Riggs broke her serve.[24] In a 2015 interview, she said that most people do not remember that she was initially behind in the first set, and it looked bad for her in the early going. At this point, King realized that she "had to win" given the importance of the match,[25] and broke right back and again in the tenth game to close out the set.[24] She had learned from Court's loss and was ready for Riggs' game. Rather than playing her own usual aggressive game, King mostly stayed at the baseline, easily handling Riggs's lobs and soft shots, making him cover the entire court as she ran him from side to side and beat him at his own defensive style of play. After quickly failing from the baseline, where he had intended to play, Riggs dropped his comedic effect and showed a more serious demeanor, as he was forced to change to a serve-and-volley game.[26]
A few critics were less than impressed by King's victory; she was 26 years younger, and some experts claimed that it was more an age versus youth game. According to Jack Kramer, "I don't think Billie Jean played all that well. She hit a lot of short balls which Bobby could have taken advantage of had he been in shape. I would never take anything away from Billie Jean—because she was smart enough to prepare herself properly—but it might have been different if Riggs hadn't kept running around. It was more than one woman who took care of Bobby Riggs in Houston." Before the match, however, King had forced the American television network ABC to drop Kramer as a commentator. King said, "He doesn't believe in women's tennis. Why should he be part of this match? He doesn't believe in half of the match. I'm not playing. Either he goes—or I go."[27]
After the match, Pancho Segura declared that Riggs was only the third best senior player, behind himself and Gardnar Mulloy, and he challenged King to another match. King refused.[28] Despite some of the comments downplaying the loss by Riggs (or victory of King), following the match Riggs was "devastated" and isolated himself in his hotel room for four hours.
The match had an audience of an estimated 50 million in the U.S. and 90 million worldwide. The attendance in the Houston Astrodome was 30,472;[2] as of 2012, it remained the largest audience to see a tennis match in the United States.[29]
Allegations of match-throwing[edit]
There was also widespread speculation, based on Riggs' unusually poor play and large number of unforced errors, that Riggs had purposely lost the match in order to win large sums of money that he had bet against himself, as a way to pay off his gambling debts.[30] ESPN's Outside the Lines on August 25, 2013 featured a man who had been silent for 40 years who said he heard several members of the mafia talking about Riggs throwing the match in exchange for cancelling his gambling debt to the mob.[30] On the other hand, the article says Riggs' close friend and estate executor Lornie Kuhle vehemently denied he was ever in debt to the mob or received a payoff from them. The article also quotes Riggs' son who claims his father felt he had made a terrible mistake and was depressed for six months following the match. Riggs wanted a rematch but not King. He considered suing her as a rematch had been part of the contract. King and Riggs would appear together spoofing their rivalry less than two months after the match on an episode of The Odd Couple (titled "The Pig Who Came To Dinner") and they became good friends.[citation needed]
Kramer wrote, however, that "Billie Jean beat him fair and square. A lot of men—especially around our age—were so stunned when he lost that they figured he must have tanked. Budge is convinced of that. But what motive would Riggs have for that? Bobby Riggs, the biggest ham in the world, gets his greatest audience—and purposefully looks bad? There's no way. If he had beaten Billie Jean, he could have kept the act going indefinitely. Next they would have had him play Chrissy on clay." Selena Roberts claimed in her book documenting the match, A Necessary Spectacle, that Riggs later undertook a public polygraph test to prove he did not throw the match.[31]
Effects on women's tennis[edit]
King viewed the match as more than a publicity stunt, feeling that beating Riggs was important both for women's tennis and for the women's liberation movement as a whole. She said later, "I thought it would set us back 50 years if I didn't win that match. It would ruin the women's tour and affect all women's self-esteem."[32] She believed that she had a destiny to work for gender equality in sports.[33]
Billie Jean was part of the Original 9, which formed the Virginia Slims Series, created because the women wanted to end inequality of pay between male and female victors.[34] These nine women created their own tournaments and played wherever they could. Eventually this turned into the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA).[33]
In popular culture[edit]
In 2001, ABC aired a television film about the match between King and Riggs titled When Billie Beat Bobby, starring Holly Hunter and Ron Silver as King and Riggs respectively.
In 2013, New Black Films released the documentary movie Battle of the Sexes in cinemas, with television broadcast following soon after. It was directed by James Erskine and Zara Hayes. The film was released on DVD in 2014.
The 2017 film Battle of the Sexes, directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris, is about the King/Riggs match, and stars Emma Stone and Steve Carell as King and Riggs, respectively.[35]
1992: Navratilova v Connors[edit]
Nineteen years later, a third "Battle of the Sexes" match, entitled Battle of Champions, was played in 1992.[36] Outdoors at Caesars Palace in Paradise, Nevada, it matched forty-year-old Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova, age 35. Navratilova had previously turned down invitations to take on John McEnroe and Ilie Năstase, as she considered them undignified.[37] The promoters initially tried to match Connors with the then top-ranked female player, Monica Seles. Connors called the match 'war.' Navratilova, on the other hand, called it a battle of egos.[38]
A pay-per-view telecast,[36][39] the match was played on Friday night, September 25, under hybrid rules to make it more competitive; Connors was allowed only one serve per point, and Navratilova was allowed to hit into half of the doubles alleys.[36][39] Each player received a $650,000 guarantee, with a further $500,000 for the winner.[39][40] Connors won 7–5, 6–2,[41] as Navratilova made eight double faults and 36 unforced errors. Connors, too, was nervous and there was a rumor that he had placed a bet on himself to win at 4:1.[42] According to Connors' book The Outsider, he placed a million-dollar bet that he would lose no more than eight games.[43]
Other matches of men against women[edit]
1888: Ernest Renshaw vs Lottie Dod[edit]
In 1888, the Wimbledon's men's champion, Ernest Renshaw, played a handicap match against the ladies' champion, Lottie Dod, where Dod was starting each game with a 30–0 advantage. The match was played in Exmouth, England, and ended with Renshaw's victory—2–6, 7–5, 7–5.[44]
1922: Bill Tilden vs Suzanne Lenglen[edit]
On May 27, 1921 Bill Tilden and Suzanne Lenglen played a match at Saint Cloud, France. It was only a single set but Tilden prevailed 6–0. When later asked about the match, Lenglen said, "Someone won 6–0, but I don't recall who it was."[45]
1933: Helen Wills vs Phil Neer[edit]
Former NCAA champion Phil Neer played a two-set match against Helen Wills on January 28, 1933, in San Francisco. Neer had been ranked nationally as high as No. 20 and had occasionally played mixed doubles with Wills. Wills had won at Wimbledon the year prior. Though Neer was only 32, Wills won the match 6–3, 6–4.[46][47]
1975: Challenge of the Sexes[edit]
October 26, 1975 a Challenge of the Sexes event was held in Mission Viejo, CA televised on CBS. It involved male and female athletes from various sports, such as Laura Baugh and Jane Blalock vs. Hale Irwin and Doug Sanders in golf, and Jerry West vs. Karen Logan in basketball. The tennis event pitted future Wimbledon champion Virginia Wade vs. Bjorn Borg, and Nastase vs. Evonne Goolagong. A single set was played where the men were limited to one serve and the women had the added area of the alleys for shot placement. Borg, Wade, and Goolagong entered the court in standard attire and demeanor, while Nastase entered wearing a dress. With Martina Navratilova also in the packed audience, Borg defeated Wade 6–2, but Goolagong defeated Nastase 7–5.[48]
1985: Battle of the Sexes: The Challenge! (doubles)[edit]
On August 23, 1985, at age 67, Riggs returned to the tennis spotlight when he partnered with Vitas Gerulaitis, at the time a top-20 player, to launch another challenge to female players. He challenged Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver to a doubles match. Navratilova said that she accepted because she believed she and Pam had no weaknesses when playing doubles, and that they were going to 'do a Billie' and win, especially given Riggs' age. The match took place at The Atlantic City Convention Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Riggs' health had deteriorated somewhat from his last outing as he was now deaf and wore glasses. Moreover, because Riggs was a finesse player and not a power player, the women expected that defeating him would be easier than a retired power player.[37] Riggs' return was short lived when the women won 6–3, 6–2, 6–4.[49]
Mike Penner (of The Los Angeles Times) wrote: "The great misconception about 'The Challenge!' was that it might actually serve as a legitimate proving ground for the sexes." The sports writer went on to point out that there were things keeping this match from being seriously viewed as a legitimate challenge. "First, it was a doubles match, not a one-on-one competition. The strategy is different in doubles, weaknesses can be more easily masked and stamina is not nearly so critical a factor." The other point to be made: "Riggs amounted to a 67-year-old ball-and-chain shackled to the ankle of Gerulaitis. Riggs couldn't serve, couldn't return serves, couldn't hit overheads with any amount of force. Older than the combined ages of Navratilova and Shriver, Riggs was painfully out of place in this match. Even John McEnroe, on his finest day, would be an underdog against Navratilova and Shriver if Riggs were his partner."[50]
1998: Karsten Braasch vs. the Williams sisters[edit]
Another event dubbed a "Battle of the Sexes" took place during the 1998 Australian Open[51] between Karsten Braasch and the Williams sisters. Venus and Serena Williams had claimed that they could beat any male player ranked outside the world's top 200, so Braasch, then ranked 203rd, challenged them both. Braasch was described by one journalist as "a man whose training regime centered around a pack of cigarettes and more than a couple bottles of ice cold lager".[52][51] The matches took place on court number 12 in Melbourne Park,[53] after Braasch had finished a round of golf and two shandies. He first took on Serena and after leading 5–0, beat her 6–1. Venus then walked on court and again Braasch was victorious, this time winning 6–2.[54] Braasch said afterwards, "500 and above, no chance". He added that he had played like someone ranked 600th in order to keep the game "fun".[55] Braasch said the big difference was that men can chase down shots much easier, and that men put spin on the ball that the women can't handle. The Williams sisters adjusted their claim to beating men outside the top 350.[51]
2003: Yannick Noah vs Justine Henin[edit]
In December 2003, Yannick Noah and Justine Henin played a friendly match at the Forest National in Brussels. Noah donned a dress for much of the match. He played predominantly trick shots and slices, but still ended up winning 4–6, 6–4, 7–6.[56]
2013: Novak Djokovic vs Li Na[edit]
In October 2013, Novak Djokovic and Li Na played a light-hearted exhibition mini set in Beijing, China to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the China Open. Djokovic clowned to the amusement of the crowd, and at one point swapped places with a ballboy. Li was given a 30–0 advantage at the start of each service game, and she went on to win 3–2.[57]
Challenges that never came to be[edit]
In 2013, Andy Murray responded to a Twitter user who asked whether he would consider challenging Serena Williams, saying "I’d be up for it. Why not?" Williams also reacted positively to the suggestion, remarking "That would be fun. I doubt I’d win a point, but that would be fun."[58]
In August 2015, John McEnroe was interviewed on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. At that time, McEnroe was 56 years old but still active on the seniors tennis circuit, Serena Williams was 34 years old and in the chase for a "calendar-year" Grand Slam. McEnroe mentioned to Kimmel that about 15 years prior, Donald Trump had suggested that he would like to put together a "battle of the sexes" match between McEnroe and Williams. McEnroe said he would face Williams but that Trump was not offering a big enough payout. McEnroe boasted that he believed he could take Williams in a tennis match, but he joked that he would not be so confident if it were a boxing match.[59]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Riggs "Courts" Margaret - then hustles a victory". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. May 14, 1973. p. 28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Billie Jean slam-bangs Riggs to defeat". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 21, 1973. p. 1, sec. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Martina's miscues aid Connors' win". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. September 26, 1992. p. 1B.
Jump up ^ Jares, Joe (September 10, 1973). "Riggs to riches - take two". p. 24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kirkpatrick, Curry (October 1, 1973). "There she is, Ms. America". Sports Illustrated. p. 30.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kirkpatrick, Curry (May 21, 1973). "Mother's Day Ms. match". Sports Illustrated. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Daily Comprehension: February. Remedia Publications – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "How Bobby Runs and Talks, Talks, Talks". Time. September 10, 1973. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Husar, John (May 13, 1973). "Riggs challenges Court in tennis match today". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 3.
Jump up ^ "Can middleaged Bobby back up his big boast". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. May 13, 1973. p. 3C.
Jump up ^ The Battle of the Sexes. Performed by Amanda Edwards, Billie Jean King, Bobby Riggs. United Kingdom, 2013. Film.
Jump up ^ "Mother's Day Massacre: Margaret Court vs Bobby Riggs". YouTube. (CBS Sports). May 13, 1973. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Time Magazine Cover: Bobby Riggs—September 10, 1973".
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Jump up ^ "Riggs hopes to make it a King's ransom". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. (New York Times). September 20, 1973. p. 24.
Jump up ^ "Riggs already winner - for talking". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. September 20, 1973. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Markus, Robert (September 20, 1973). "'Hogston' turns into Roman circus". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 3.
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Jump up ^ Adams, Cecil (December 17, 2010). "Was the "Battle of the Sexes" tennis match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs fixed?". The Straight Dope.
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^ Jump up to: a b Berkow, Ira (July 27, 1982). "PLAYERS; RIGGS SEES DOUBLE". The New York Times.
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Jump up ^ Greenspan, Jesse (September 20, 2013). "Billie Jean King Wins the 'Battle of the Sexes,' 40 Years Ago". History.
^ Jump up to: a b "King whips Riggs in straight sets". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. (Florida). Associated Press. September 21, 1973. p. 1D.
Jump up ^ "Billie Jean King." CNN Special Presentation—The 70s: Battle Of The Sexes. August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sport: How King Rained on Riggs' Parade". Time. October 1, 1973. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Buzinski, Jim. "King a True Pioneer, HBO Hits an Ace with Tennis Documentary". OutSports.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "USTA Northern California celebrates National Hispanic Heritage Month". USTA Northern California. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bobby Riggs Vs. Billie Jean King". Essortment.com. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Van Natta Jr., Don (August 25, 2013). "The Match Maker". ESPN. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ A Necessary Spectacle. Roberts, Selena. Crown Books, 2005. ISBN 978-1-4000-5146-5
Jump up ^ Greenspan, Jesse (September 20, 2013). "Billie Jean King Wins the 'Battle of the Sexes,' 40 Years Ago". History.com. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Schwartz, Larry. "Billie Jean Won For All Women". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Jr, Mike Fleming (April 20, 2015). "Game, Set Match? Searchlight Serves Up 'Battle Of The Sexes;' Dayton & Faris Direct Emma Stone As Billie Jean King, Steve Carell As Bobby Riggs". deadline.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Connors, Martina get set for Battle of the Sexes". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. September 25, 1992. p. 3B.
^ Jump up to: a b Penner, Mike (March 10, 1985). "Navratilova, Shriver vs. Riggs, Gerulaitis: At Least, It's Different". The Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Meyers, Kate (September 25, 1992). "Serve them up in Sin City". EW.com. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Newman, Bruce (October 5, 1992). "Scorecard: Double faux". Sports Illustrated. p. 9.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "How to... beat both Williams sisters in one afternoon". The Guardian. September 2, 2001. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Serena Williams still savouring Andy Roddick 'win' 16 years on", OnTennis.com, posted January 22, 2009
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values: লিঙ্গের যুদ্ধ (টেনিস) – Bangla

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