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Chapters and verses of the Bible
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The Gospel according to John - a text showing chapter and verse divisions (King James Version)
The Bible is a compilation of many shorter books written at different times by a variety of authors, and later assembled into the biblical canon. Since the early 13th century, most copies and editions of the Bible present all but the shortest of these books with divisions into chapters, generally a page or so in length. Since the mid-16th century editors have further subdivided each chapter into verses - each consisting of a few short lines or sentences. Sometimes a sentence spans more than one verse, as in the case of Ephesians 2:8–9, and sometimes there is more than one sentence in a single verse, as in the case of Genesis 1:2.
As the chapter and verse divisions did not appear in the original texts, they form part of the paratext of the Bible.
The Jewish divisions of the Hebrew text differ at various points from those used by Christians. For instance, in Jewish tradition, the ascriptions to many Psalms are regarded as independent verses or parts of the subsequent verses, making 116 more verses, whereas established Christian practice treats each Psalm ascription as independent and unnumbered. Some chapter divisions also occur in different places, e.g. Hebrew Bibles have 1 Chronicles 5:27–41 where Christian translations have 1 Chronicles 6:1–15.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Chapters
1.2 Verses
2 Jewish tradition
2.1 Verse endings
2.2 Parashiyot
2.3 Sedarim
3 Christian versions
4 Protestant Bible statistics
4.1 Chapters
4.2 Verses
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
"...they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more." ~ Isaiah 2:4 KJV (Bible verse across the street from the United Nations Building in New York City)
Chapters[edit]
Early manuscripts of the biblical texts did not contain the chapter and verse divisions in the numbered form familiar to modern readers. In antiquity Hebrew texts were divided into paragraphs (parashot) that were identified by two letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Peh פ indicated an "open" paragraph that began on a new line, while Samekh ס indicated a "closed" paragraph that began on the same line after a small space.[1] These two letters begin the Hebrew words open (patuach) and closed (sagoor), and are, themselves, open פ and closed ס. The earliest known copies of the Book of Isaiah from the Dead Sea Scrolls used parashot divisions, although they differ slightly from the Masoretic divisions.[2] (This is different from the use of consecutive letters of the Hebrew alphabet to structure certain poetic compositions, known as acrostics, such as several of the Psalms and most of the Book of Lamentations.)
The Hebrew Bible was also divided into some larger sections. In Israel the Torah (its first five books) were divided into 154 sections so that they could be read through aloud in weekly worship over the course of three years. In Babylonia it was divided into 53 or 54 sections (Parashat ha-Shavua) so it could be read through in one year.[2] The New Testament was divided into topical sections known as kephalaia by the fourth century. Eusebius of Caesarea divided the gospels into parts that he listed in tables or canons. Neither of these systems corresponds with modern chapter divisions.[3] (See fuller discussions below.)
Chapter divisions, with titles, are also found in the 9th century Tours manuscript, Paris Bibliothèque Nationale MS Lat. 3, the so-called Bible of Rorigo.[4]
Archbishop Stephen Langton and Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro developed different schemas for systematic division of the Bible in the early 13th century. It is the system of Archbishop Langton on which the modern chapter divisions are based.[5][6][7]
While chapter divisions have become nearly universal, editions of the Bible have sometimes been published without them. Such editions, which typically use thematic or literary criteria to divide the biblical books instead, include John Locke's Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul (1707),[8] Alexander Campbell's The Sacred Writings (1826),[9] Daniel Berkeley Updike’s fourteen-volume The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha, Richard Moulton's The Modern Reader's Bible (1907),[10] Ernest Sutherland Bates's The Bible Designed to Be Read as Living Literature (1936),[11] The Books of the Bible (2007) from the International Bible Society (Biblica), Adam Lewis Greene’s five-volume Bibliotheca (2014),[12][13] and the six-volume ESV Reader's Bible[14] (2016) from Crossway Books.
Verses[edit]
Since at least 916 the Tanakh has contained an extensive system of multiple levels of section, paragraph, and phrasal divisions that were indicated in Masoretic vocalization and cantillation markings. One of the most frequent of these was a special type of punctuation, the sof passuq, symbol for a full stop or sentence break, resembling the colon (:) of English and Latin orthography. With the advent of the printing press and the translation of the Bible into English, Old Testament versifications were made that correspond predominantly with the existing Hebrew full stops, with a few isolated exceptions. Most attribute these to Rabbi Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymus's work for the first Hebrew Bible concordance around 1440.[6]
The first person to divide New Testament chapters into verses was Italian Dominican biblical scholar Santi Pagnini (1470–1541), but his system was never widely adopted.[15] His verse divisions in the New Testament were far longer than those known today.[16] Robert Estienne created an alternate numbering in his 1551 edition of the Greek New Testament[17] which was also used in his 1553 publication of the Bible in French. Estienne's system of division was widely adopted, and it is this system which is found in almost all modern Bibles. Estienne produced a 1555 Vulgate that is the first Bible to include the verse numbers integrated into the text. Before this work, they were printed in the margins.[16]
The first English New Testament to use the verse divisions was a 1557 translation by William Whittingham (c. 1524–1579). The first Bible in English to use both chapters and verses was the Geneva Bible published shortly afterwards in 1560. These verse divisions soon gained acceptance as a standard way to notate verses, and have since been used in nearly all English Bibles and the vast majority of those in other languages. (Nevertheless, some Bibles have removed the verse numbering, including the ones noted above that also removed chapter numbers; a recent example of an edition that removed only verses, not chapters, is The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language by Eugene H. Peterson.)[18]
Jewish tradition[edit]
Main article: Tanakh § Chapters and verse numbers, book divisions
The Hebrew Masoretic text of the Bible notes several different kinds of subdivisions within the biblical books:
Verse endings[edit]
Main article: Sof passuk
Most important are the verse endings. According to the Talmudic tradition, the division of the text into verses is of ancient origin.[19] In Masoretic versions of the Bible, the end of a verse is indicated by a small mark in its final word called a silluq (which means "stop"). Less formally, verse endings are usually also indicated by two horizontal dots following the word with a silluq.
Parashiyot[edit]
Main article: Parashah
The Masoretic textual tradition also contains section endings called parashot, which are usually indicated by a space within a line (a "closed" section) or a new line beginning (an "open" section). The division of the text reflected in the parashot is usually thematic. Unlike chapters, the parashot are not numbered, but some of them have special titles.
In early manuscripts (most importantly in Tiberian Masoretic manuscripts, such as the Aleppo codex), an "open" section may also be represented by a blank line, and a "closed" section by a new line that is slightly indented (the preceding line may also not be full). These latter conventions are no longer used in Torah scrolls and printed Hebrew Bibles. In this system, the one rule differentiating "open" and "closed" sections is that "open" sections must always start at the beginning of a new line, while "closed" sections never start at the beginning of a new line.
Sedarim[edit]
Another division of the biblical books found in the Masoretic text is the division of the sedarim. This division is not thematic, but is almost entirely based upon the quantity of text. For the Torah, this division reflects the triennial cycle of reading that was practiced by the Jews of the Land of Israel.
Christian versions[edit]
The Byzantines also introduced a concept roughly similar to chapter divisions, called kephalaia (singular kephalaion, literally meaning heading).[20] This system, which was in place no later than the 5th century, is not identical to the present chapters. Unlike the modern chapters, which tend to be of roughly similar length, the distance from one kephalaion mark to the next varied greatly in length both within a book and from one book to the next. For example, the Sermon on the Mount, comprising three chapters in the modern system, has but one kephalaion mark, while the single modern chapter 8 of the Gospel of Matthew has several, one per miracle. Moreover, there were far fewer kephalaia in the Gospel of John than in the Gospel of Mark, even though the latter is the shorter text. In the manuscripts, the kephalaia with their numbers, their standard titles (titloi) and their page numbers would be listed at the beginning of each biblical book; in the book's main body, they would be marked only with arrow-shaped or asterisk-like symbols in the margin, not in the text itself.
The titles usually referred to the first event or the first theological point of the section only, and some kephalaia are manifestly incomplete if one stops reading at the point where the next kephalaion begins (for example, the combined accounts of the miracles of the Daughter of Jairus and of the healing of the woman with a haemorrhage gets two marked kephalaia, one titled of the daughter of the synagogue ruler at the beginning when the ruler approaches Jesus and one titled of the woman with the flow of blood where the woman enters the picture – well before the ruler's daughter is healed and the storyline of the previous kephalaion is thus properly concluded). Thus the kephalaia marks are rather more like a system of bookmarks or links into a continuous text, helping a reader to quickly find one of several well-known episodes, than like a true system of chapter divisions.
Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro is often given credit for first dividing the Latin Vulgate into chapters in the real sense, but it is the arrangement of his contemporary and fellow cardinal Stephen Langton who in 1205 created the chapter divisions which are used today. They were then inserted into Greek manuscripts of the New Testament in the 16th century. Robert Estienne (Robert Stephanus) was the first to number the verses within each chapter, his verse numbers entering printed editions in 1551 (New Testament) and 1571 (Hebrew Bible).[21]
The division of the Bible into chapters and verses has received criticism from some traditionalists and modern scholars. Critics state that the text is often divided in an incoherent way, or at inappropriate rhetorical points, and that it encourages citing passages out of context. Nevertheless, the chapter and verse numbers have become indispensable as technical references for Bible study.
Several modern publications of the Bible have eliminated numbering of chapters and verses. Biblica published such a version of the NIV in 2007 and 2011. In 2014, Crossway published the ESV Reader's Bible and Bibliotheca published a modified ASV.[22] Projects such as Icthus[23] also exist which strip chapter and verse numbers from existing translations.
Protestant Bible statistics[edit]
The number of words can vary depending upon aspects such as whether the Hebrew alphabet in Psalm 119, the superscriptions listed in some of the Psalms, and the subscripts traditionally found at the end of the Pauline epistles, are included. Except where stated, the following apply to the King James Version of the Bible in its modern 66-book Protestant form including the New Testament and the protocanonical Old Testament, not the deuterocanonical books.
Chapters[edit]
There are 929 chapters in the Old Testament.
187 chapters in the Pentateuch
249 chapters in the Historical books
243 chapters in the Poetic books ("Wisdom")
183 chapters in the Major prophets
67 chapters in the Minor prophets
There are 260 chapters in the New Testament.
89 chapters in the Gospels
28 chapters in Acts
87 chapters in the Pauline Epistles (excluding Hebrews)
34 chapters in the General Epistles (including Hebrews)
22 chapters in Revelation
This gives a total of 1,189 chapters (on average, 18 per book).
Psalm 117, the shortest chapter, is also the middle chapter of the Bible, being the 595th Chapter.[24]
Psalm 117 is the shortest chapter of the Bible.
Psalm 119 is the longest chapter of the Bible.
Five books are a single chapter: Obadiah, Philemon, 2 & 3 John, Jude. In many printed editions, the chapter number is omitted for these books, and references just use the verse numbers.
Old Testament - 929 chapters[25]
Book / Division
Chapters
Pentateuch (or the Law) 187
Genesis 50
Exodus 40
Leviticus 27
Numbers 36
Deuteronomy 34
Historical Books 249
Joshua 24
Judges 21
Ruth 4
1 Samuel 31
2 Samuel 24
1 Kings 22
2 Kings 25
1 Chronicles 29
2 Chronicles 36
Ezra 10
Nehemiah 13
Esther 10
Books of Wisdom (or "Poetry") 243
Job 42
Psalms 150
Proverbs 31
Ecclesiastes 12
Song of Solomon 8
Major Prophets 183
Isaiah 66
Jeremiah 52
Lamentations 5
Ezekiel 48
Daniel 12
Minor Prophets 67
Hosea 14
Joel 3
Amos 9
Obadiah 1
Jonah 4
Micah 7
Nahum 3
Habakkuk 3
Zephaniah 3
Haggai 2
Zechariah 14
Malachi 4
New Testament - 260 chapters[25]
Book / Division
Chapters
Gospels 89
Matthew 28
Mark 16
Luke 24
John 21
History 28
Acts 28
Pauline Epistles 87
Romans 16
1 Corinthians 16
2 Corinthians 13
Galatians 6
Ephesians 6
Philippians 4
Colossians 4
1 Thessalonians 5
2 Thessalonians 3
1 Timothy 6
2 Timothy 4
Titus 3
Philemon 1
General Epistles 34
Hebrews 13
James 5
1 Peter 5
2 Peter 3
1 John 5
2 John 1
3 John 1
Jude 1
Apocalyptic Writings
(Prophecy)
22
Revelation 22
Verses[edit]
There are 23,145 verses in the Old Testament and 7,957 verses in the New Testament. This gives a total of 31,102 verses,[25] which is an average of a little more than 26 verses per chapter.
Contrary to popular belief, Psalm 118 does not contain the middle verse of the Bible. The King James Version has an even number of verses (31,102), with the two middle verses being Psalm 103:1–2.[26]
John 11:35 ("Jesus wept") is the shortest verse in most English translations. Some translations — including the New International Version, New Living Translation, New Life Version, Holman Christian Standard Bible and New International Reader's Version — render Job 3:2 as "He said". However, that is a translators' condensation of the Hebrew which literally translated is: "And Job answered and said."
The shortest verse in the Greek New Testament is Luke 20:30 ("και ο δευτερος", "And the second") with twelve letters, according to the Westcott and Hort text. In the Textus Receptus, the shortest verse is 1 Thessalonians 5:16 ("παντοτε χαιρετε", "Rejoice always") with fourteen letters,[27] since Stephanus' rendering of Luke 20:30 includes some additional words.[28]
Isaiah 10:8 ("Dicet enim") is the shortest verse in the Latin Vulgate.[29]
Esther 8:9 is the longest verse in the Masoretic Text. The discovery of several manuscripts at Qumran (in the Dead Sea Scrolls) has reopened what is considered the most original text of 1 Samuel 11; if one believes that those manuscripts better preserve the text, several verses in 1 Samuel 11 surpass Esther 8:9 in length.
See also[edit]
Bible portal
Bible citation
List of omitted Bible verses
Parashah
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ernst Würthwein, The Text of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), p. 20.
^ Jump up to: a b Würthwein, The Text of the Old Testament, n. 28.
Jump up ^ Kurt and Barbara Aland, The Text of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans and Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1989), pp. 252 ff.
Jump up ^ Consortium, Europeana Regia. "Europeana Regia - Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France MSS Latin 3".
Jump up ^ Hebrew Bible article in the Catholic Encyclopedia.
^ Jump up to: a b Moore, G.F. The Vulgate Chapters and Numbered Verses in the Hebrew Bible, pages 73–78 at JSTOR. page 75
Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger, The early versions of the New Testament: Their origin, transmission and limitations, Oxford University Press (1977), p.347. Cited in Stephen Langton and the modern chapter divisions of the bible by British translator Roger Pearse, 21 June 2013.
Jump up ^ London: Awnsham and John Churchill, 1707
Jump up ^ 1826; repr. Nashville: Gospel Advocate Restoration Reprints, 2001
Jump up ^ New York: Macmillan, 1907
Jump up ^ New York: Simon and Schuster, 1936)
Jump up ^ "Bibliotheca Multivolume Readers' Bible Homepage". BIBLIOTHECA. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
Jump up ^ "The Bible's a mess, but a designer is fixing it". The Verge. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
Jump up ^ https://www.crossway.org/bibles/esv-readers-bible-none-tru/
Jump up ^ Miller, Stephen M.; Huber, Robert V. (2004). The Bible: A History. Good Books. p. 173. ISBN 1-56148-414-8.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pitts Theology Library Exhibit on the Verses of the New Testament".
Jump up ^ "Chapters and Verses: Who Needs Them?," Christopher R. Smith, Bible Study Magazine (July–Aug 2009): 46–47.
Jump up ^ Colorado Springs: NavPress, 2002
Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud Nedarim 37b
Jump up ^ Snapp, James (15 April 2016). "Kephalaia: The Ancient Chapters of the Gospels". Retrieved 31 March 2018.
Jump up ^ The Examiner.
Jump up ^ Zylstra, Sarah Eekhof (25 July 2014). "Introducing the Bible! Now with Less!". Christianity Today. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Icthus".
Jump up ^ The Center of the Bible Archived August 28, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. at BreakTheChain.org
^ Jump up to: a b c Study Resources: The Books of the Bible at BlueLetterBible.org
Jump up ^ King James Bible Statistics at BibleBelievers.com
Jump up ^ First Thessalonians 5:12–28, John Walvoord at Bible.org
Jump up ^ Luke 20:30 και ο δευτερος – and the second with interlinear Greek-English and KJV
Luke 20:30, in the 1550 Stephanus New Testament and the 1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament.
Jump up ^ Isaias 10 at LatinVulgate.com
External links[edit]
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Speed limits in Germany
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Speed limits in Germany
General speed limits in Germany are set by the federal government. All limits are multiples of 5 km/h. There are two default speed limits: 50 km/h (31 mph) inside built-up areas and 100 km/h (62 mph) outside built-up areas. While parts of the autobahns and many other freeway-style highways have posted limits up to 130 km/h (81 mph) based on accident experience, congestion and other factors, many rural sections have no general speed limit. The German Highway Code (Straßenverkehrsordnung) section on speed begins with the requirement [1] which may be rendered in English:
Any person driving a vehicle may only drive so fast that the car is under control. Speeds must be adapted to the road, traffic, visibility and weather conditions as well as the personal skills and characteristics of the vehicle and load.
This requirement applies to all roads, and is similar to the "reasonable speed" legal obligation levied in other nations.
Speed limits are enforced with a small tolerance. Driving merely 3 km/h (2 mph) or faster above the posted or implied speed limit is considered a punishable infraction in Germany. The speeding fines are set by federal law (Bußgeldkatalog, schedule of fines).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Autobahns
2.1 History
2.2 Minimum speed
2.3 Accident statistics
3 Other roads
3.1 City limits
4 Truck speed limits
5 References
History[edit]
The Nazi-era Road Traffic Act of 28 May 1934 imposed the first nationwide speed limit: 60 km/h (37 mph) maximum in urban areas, but no limit on rural highways or autobahns.[3] In October 1939, the Nazis further throttled speeds in order to conserve fuel: 40 km/h (25 mph) in urban areas, 80 km/h (50 mph) elsewhere.[4] After the war, the four Allied occupation zones established their own speed limits until the divided East German and West German republics were constituted in 1949; initially, the Nazi speed limits were restored in both East and West Germany.[5]
In December 1952 the West German legislature voted to abolish all speed limits,[6] reverting to State-level decisions. However, rising traffic fatalities led to a partial reversal: an urban speed limit of 50 km/h (31 mph) became effective September 1, 1957, despite resistance by the German Auto Club.[7][8][9] By 1970, fatalities had climbed to over 19,000; in 1972 a general rural speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph) went into effect—except on motorways. At 14 November 1983 the Hamburg suburb of Buxtehude had the first implementation of 30 km/h (19 mph) limits in residential areas,[10] a concept that became popular.[11]
East Germany's safety efforts primarily focused on restrictive traffic regulation; for examples, zero alcohol tolerance, 100 km/h (62 mph) on autobahns and 80 km/h (50 mph) outside cities. Within two years after German reunification in 1990, the availability of high-powered vehicles and a 54% increase in motorized traffic led to a doubling of annual traffic deaths, despite interim continuation of prior speed restrictions.[12] An extensive program of the four Es (enforcement, education, engineering, and emergency response) brought the number of traffic deaths back to pre-unification levels after ten years while traffic regulations were conformed to western standards (e.g., 130 km/h (81 mph) Autobahn advisory limit, 100 km/h (62 mph) on other rural roads, and 0.5 milligrams BAC.[13]
Autobahns[edit]
traffic sign indicating end of all restrictions (including speed limits)
German autobahns are famous for having no universal motorway speed limit, although slightly more than 50% of them have posted speed limits[14] and about 10% are equipped with motorway control systems that can show variable speed limits.[15] There is no national speed limit, either, for cars and motorcycles on any highway outside of towns if it has a central reservation or a minimum of two marked lanes per direction. Due to this it is common to be overtaken by cars or motorcycles travelling over 200 km/h (125 mph). On such roads, as well as motorways, a recommended speed limit (Richtgeschwindigkeit) of 130 km/h (81 mph) applies. While driving at higher speeds is not punishable, the increased risk induced by higher speeds (erhöhte Betriebsgefahr) may result in partial liability for damages. Moreover, the law forbids travel at speeds that would extend the vehicle's minimum halting distance beyond the driver's line of sight.[16] On all German roads, there are speed limits for trucks, buses, cars towing trailers, and small motorised vehicles (Mopeds, etc.).
The introduction of a national speed limit for motorways and similar roads has been on the agenda of various political and environmentalist groups for decades, but at present, there are still no definite plans on behalf of the federal government regarding the matter.
History[edit]
In 1973, in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis, a federal speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph) on Autobahns was imposed to help conserve fuel for fear of impending future shortages (not for environmental or safety reasons). The measure only lasted from December 1973 to March 1974; while the administration and the Bundestag were in favor of keeping the speed limit, the Bundesrat pushed to repeal the law. As a compromise, a recommended speed was introduced on Autobahns and "highways outside of built-up areas with a center divide or without a center divide and a continuous lane for overtaking in both directions". This law is basically still in effect today. Unrestricted non-Autobahn highways, however, have since become virtually non-existent or replaced by Schnellstraßen, Autobahn-like expressways typically limited to 120 or 130 km/h and normally only covering a few kilometers.
The Umweltbundesamt (Federal Environmental Agency) repeated its recommendation of such regulation in early 2007, but the Merkel administration saw no need for it. Even after a 2007 party congress held by the SPD, then one of Germany's governing parties, where a proposal to impose a blanket speed limit was approved, there was outspoken opposition within the administration. At present, it is generally thought that a blanket speed limit would not be significantly beneficial, regarding both environmental and climate concerns and road safety. Current estimates conclude that a speed limit would reduce Germany's overall CO2 emission by a mere fraction of a percent, and in terms of highway safety, German Autobahns are among the world's safest.
Legally, however, state and even local authorities have the power to enact speed limits. The district of Köln / (Cologne) has posted a speed limit on the heavily frequented Kölner Autobahnring / (Cologne Beltway). Effective April 9, 2008, the City-State of Bremen began enforcing a general 120 km/h (75 mph) speed limit, citing environmental concerns. However, Bremen's new limit only impacted an additional 11 kilometers of Bremen's 60 kilometers of Autobahn;[17] most Bremen motorways already had some speed restriction due to congestion and noise.[18]
In 2006, half of German motorways had no maximum speed limit at any time of day or under any traffic conditions.[19] Roughly one third of regulated roads have computer-controlled traffic guiding systems with variable electronic signs along carriageways showing the set speed limit, or, current road conditions and traffic density allowing, indicating that no speed limit is set at the moment.
Minimum speed[edit]
Posted minimum speeds usually only apply to specific lanes like the common configuration on 6-lane roads with a minimum speed of 110 km/h (68 mph) on the left and 90 km/h (56 mph) on the center lane. Vehicles which cannot sustain speeds of 60 km/h (37 mph) on the flat are not allowed on the Autobahn, however. Because of this, many European self-propelled cranes and other extra-heavy trucks which would be unsafe at much higher speeds, but similarly unsafe or impractical (and certainly obstructive) to drive for long distances on surface streets between job sites and depots, are engineered with maximum design speeds a little over 60 km/h - typically 62 km/h (39 mph) at governed engine speed in top gear.
Accident statistics[edit]
In 2013, autobahns carried 31% of motorized road traffic while accounting for 13% of Germany's traffic deaths. The autobahn fatality rate of 1.9 deaths per billion-travel-kilometers compared favorably with the 4.7 rate on urban streets and 6.6 rate on rural roads.[20]
Between 1970 and 2010, overall German road fatalities decreased by almost 80% from 19,193 to 3,648; over the same time period, autobahn deaths halved from 945 to 430 deaths.[20] Statistics for 2013 show total German traffic deaths declined to the lowest count ever recorded: 3340; a representative of the Federal Statistical Office attributed the general decline to harsh winter weather that delayed the start of the motorcycle-riding season.[21] However, autobahn deaths increased over 2012 counts (from 387 to 428).[20]
Road Class
Injury Crashes
Fatalities
Injury Rate*
Fatality Rate*
Fatalities per 1000 Injury Crashes
Autobahn 18,452 428 0.082 1.9 23.2
Urban 199,650 977 0.958 4.7 4.9
Rural 73,003 1,934 0.249 6.6 26.5
Total 291,105 3,399 0.401 4.6 11.6
per 1,000,000,000 travel-kilometres
Other roads[edit]
Rural roads, except for motorways or other designated fast roads, have a speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph), which is routinely reduced to 70 km/h (43 mph) or 80 km/h (50 mph) where the road approaches a junction with a significant side-road. Tree-lined scenic routes, such as the German Avenue Road, often have 70 km/h (43 mph) limits.[22] Lorries, some buses, and cars towing trailers have lower speed limits as well.
In 2015, the German Safety Council recommended that the general limit be set at 80 km/h (50 mph) for rural roads less than six meters wide.[23] The proposed speed would reduce the differential with trucks 3.5 metric tonne trucks, which generally travel at 60 km/h (37 mph). In 2013, rural roads spanned approximately 200,000 kilometers in length, and killed at least 1,934 people.
Town sign (of Wilster) indicating the city limit of 50 km/h
30 km/h zone limit, often found in residential areas
City limits[edit]
There is a general speed limit within built up areas, which are marked by distinctive rectangular yellow signs showing the name of the village, town or city, of 50 km/h (31 mph) but residential areas usually have a lower posted speed limit of 30 km/h (18 mph). On arterial roads, the speed limit may be raised to 60 or 70 km/h (37 to 43 mph); this higher speed limit will be posted in the usual way. Motorways crossing cities count as normal Autobahns and can be used for travel within larger cities in many cases.
Minimum speeds are very rarely marked in Germany.
Truck speed limits[edit]
There is a general speed limit of 80 km/h (50 mph) for trucks with a GVWR over 3,500 kg (7,716 lbs) and for vehicles with trailers. For vehicles with a GVWR of over 7,500 kg (16,534 lbs) the limit is set to 60 km/h (37 mph) except on autobahns (also 80 km/h).[24] For coaches and cars with trailers the limit is increased to 100 km/h on autobahns (under certain requirements).[25] Posted speed signs for trucks are not common, they can be seen on some dangerous curves or descents.
Trucks over 3,500 kg are required to have a built-in speed limiter for a maximum speed of 90 km/h (56 mph), and buses for a maximum speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).[26] There are a few exceptions for army, police, fire brigade or scientific purposes.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvo_2013/__3.html
Jump up ^ Bußgeldkatalog
Jump up ^ "50 Jahre Tempo 50: Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders [TRANSLATION: 50 years at 50 km/h: In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle]". Süddeutsche Zeitung ("South German Times"). 22 May 2010. Retrieved 2013-09-10. Die Straßenverkehrsordnung vom 28. Mai 1934 sah zum ersten Mal ein allgemeines Tempolimit vor: Innerorts waren maximal 60 km/h erlaubt. Doch außerorts (auch auf den neuen Autobahnen) gab es keine Begrenzung.
Jump up ^ "50 Jahre Tempo 50: Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders: Für das fehlende Tempolimit auf Autobahnen ist Deutschland weltberühmt. [TRANSLATION: 50 years at 50 km/h: In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle]". Süddeutsche Zeitung ("South German Times"). 22 May 2010. Retrieved 2013-09-10. Im Oktober 1939 drosselten die Nazis das Tempo. In der Stadt durfte man 40, überall sonst 80 km/h fahren. Offizielle Begründung war die Verkehrssicherheit. In Wirklichkeit sollten die Deutschen mit ihrer gezügelten Fahrweise Benzin sparen, für die Wehrmacht.
Jump up ^ "50 Jahre Tempo 50: Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders [TRANSLATION: 50 years at 50 km/h: In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle]". Süddeutsche Zeitung ("South German Times"). 22 May 2010. Retrieved 2013-09-10. 1945 führten die Besatzungsmächte in den einzelnen Zonen unterschiedliche Regelungen ein. Von 1949 an galten dann die Tempolimits der Nazis wieder in ganz Deutschland, sowohl die BRD als auch die DDR übernahmen sie.
Jump up ^ "50 Jahre Tempo 50: Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders: Für das fehlende Tempolimit auf Autobahnen ist Deutschland weltberühmt. Was kaum einer weiß: Bis zum 1. September 1957 gab es in der BRD überhaupt kein Limit. Selbst innerorts durfte gerast werden.[TRANSLATION: 50 years at 50 km/h: In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle: Germany is world-famous for unlimited speeds on motorways. But few know that until 1 September 1957 there were no limits at all; race speeds were legal even in towns]". Süddeutsche Zeitung ("South German Times"). 22 May 2010. Retrieved 2013-09-10. Die nächste Episode in der Geschichte des Tempolimits klingt aus heutiger Sicht unglaublich: Im Westen schaffte der Bundestag im Dezember 1952 sämtliche Höchstgeschwindigkeiten ab. Nicht die Nazi-Handschrift war das Problem am Gesetz, sondern Technikbegeisterung, verbunden mit dem allgemeinen Taumel der Wirtschaftswunderzeit.
Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-43064362.html
Jump up ^ http://www.guvu.de/cms/wp-content/uploads/holz-rau-guvu.pdf
Jump up ^ "50 Jahre Tempo 50: Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders [TRANSLATION: 50 years at 50 km/h: In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle]". Süddeutsche Zeitung ("South German Times"). 22 May 2010. Retrieved 2013-09-10. In der Folge stieg die Zahl der Verkehrstoten stark an. Obwohl damals zehn mal weniger Autos angemeldet waren, starben mehr als doppelt so viele Menschen auf den Straßen wie 2006 (5094 Tote). Eine hitzige Diskussion um ein allgemeines Tempolimit entbrannte. Vor allem der CDU-Abgeordnete Oskar Rümmele, damals Vorsitzender des Verkehrsausschusses, setzte sich für eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit ein. Gegen den Widerstand des ADAC und vieler Experten führten Bundestag und Bundesrat zum 1. September 1957 das Tempolimit wieder ein - innerorts galten fortan 50 km/h.
Jump up ^ http://www.zeit.de/1984/11/schonzeit-fuer-fussgaenger/komplettansicht
Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13516880.html
Jump up ^ "Traffic Safety - The German Experience after Reunification" (PDF). German Society for Technical Cooperation. 2004-11-06. Retrieved 2013-09-11. interim arrangements involved the continuation of the speed limit of 100 km/h on highways and of 80 km/h outside cities and a blood alcohol limit of 0.0 ‰ in the New Laender.
Jump up ^ "Traffic Safety - The German Experience after Reunification" (PDF). German Society for Technical Cooperation. 2004-11-06. Retrieved 2009-09-17. The astonishing reduction of traffic accident rates after the German Reunification could only be realised through the coordinated effort of different organisations. Therefore, it is impossible to quantify the impact of a single organisation or programme... The multiplicity of actors can be grouped under four “E”s, which comprehensively cover the field of traffic safety approaches.
Jump up ^ Reference
Jump up ^ Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen. "Kollektive Verkehrsbeeinflussungsanlagen auf Bundesfernstraßen" (PDF).
Jump up ^ German Straßenverkehrs-Ordnung (StVO; Highway code), paragraph 3: Geschwindigkeit (speed), section (1)
Jump up ^ "Speed Limits Come to the Autobahn". Business Week. 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
Jump up ^ "German State Becomes First to Set General Autobahn Speed Limit". Fox News. Associated Press. 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
Jump up ^ https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.bast.de/nn_42642/DE/Publikationen/Download-Berichte/downloads/V1-BAB-Tempolimit-2008,templateId%3Draw,property%3DpublicationFile.pdf/V1-BAB-Tempolimit-2008.pdf&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dsite:bast.de%2B%2522Tempolimits%2Bauf%2BAutobahnen%2522%26es_sm%3D93
^ Jump up to: a b c "Traffic and Accident Data: Summary Statistics – Germany" (PDF). Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (Federal Highway Research Institute). September 2015. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/auto/aktuell/zahl-der-verkehrstoten-sinkt-mehr-unfalltote-auf-autobahnen-a-955494.html
Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/dangerous-lanes-german-state-aims-to-curb-tree-deaths-a-791840.html
Jump up ^ Kamann, Matthias (2015-01-29). "Gilt bald auf Landstraßen Tempo 80 für alle?". DIE WELT. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
Jump up ^ Straßenverkehrs-Ordnung § 3
Jump up ^ Straßenverkehrs-Ordnung § 18
Jump up ^ Straßenverkehrs-Zulassungs-Ordnung (road traffic admission regulation) § 57c
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text:
Raven's Home
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Raven's Home
Genre
Comedy
Family
Created by
Michael Poryes
Susan Sherman
Developed by
Jed Elinoff & Scott Thomas
Starring
Raven-Symoné
Issac Ryan Brown
Navia Robinson
Jason Maybaum
Sky Katz
Anneliese van der Pol
Theme music composer
Andy Love
Joacim Persson
Johan Alkenäs
Composer(s)
Bert Selen
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
13 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jed Elinoff & Scott Thomas
Raven-Symoné
Producer(s)
Julie Tsutsui
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
22–24 minutes
Production company(s)
Entertainment Force
It's a Laugh Productions
Release
Original network
Disney Channel
Original release
July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21) – present
Chronology
Preceded by
That's So Raven (2003–07)
External links
Website
Production website
Raven's Home is an American comedy and family television series developed by Jed Elinoff and Scott Thomas that premiered on Disney Channel on July 21, 2017, which centers around Raven Baxter, a divorced mother of pre-teen twins Booker and Nia, living with Chelsea, her childhood best friend, and her son Levi in Chicago, Illinois. Based on the characters created by Michael Poryes and Susan Sherman, it is a spinoff and sequel to That's So Raven,[1][2] the second spinoff from that series after Cory in the House. The series stars Raven-Symoné, Issac Ryan Brown, Navia Robinson, Jason Maybaum, Sky Katz, and Anneliese van der Pol.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Production
4 Episodes
5 Broadcast
6 Ratings
7 Awards and nominations
8 References
9 External links
Plot
Best friends Raven and Chelsea, both divorced single mothers, are now raising their children in an apartment together in Chicago. Their house is turned upside down when they realize one of Raven's children, Booker, has inherited the same psychic abilities as his mother.
Characters
Raven Baxter[1] (Raven-Symoné) is the single mother of twins Nia and Booker, who works as a fashion designer for dogs. It is revealed that prior to the series, Raven has gotten divorced from Devon Carter (Jonathan McDaniel), an ex-boyfriend from high school, and now lives with Chelsea and her son in Chicago. Raven possesses psychic powers, able to glimpse "visions" of the future. She decides not to tell her children about her visions as she believes they would not understand.
Booker Baxter-Carter[3] (Issac Ryan Brown) is the 11-year-old son of Raven and twin brother of Nia, who has inherited his mother's psychic abilities.[1][4] After he gets his first vision at school, he decides not to tell his mother about his psychic abilities as he thinks she would not believe him, unaware that his mother is also psychic.
Nia Baxter-Carter[3] (Navia Robinson) is the 11-year-old daughter of Raven and twin sister of Booker.[1][4] She initially does not believe her brother's psychic abilities, insisting it's one of his made up stories. When her brother has a vision of Nia getting hit by a boxing bag and later becomes true, she finally believes him.
Levi Grayson[3] (Jason Maybaum) is the 9-year-old son of Chelsea.[4] He is very mature for his age and often acts as the parent in his relationship with his mother.
Tess (Sky Katz) is the street-wise best friend of Nia who lives in the same building as the rest of the family.
Chelsea Grayson[3] (Anneliese van der Pol) is Raven's somewhat dim-witted, but sweet best friend and the mother of Levi. It is revealed that prior to the series, Chelsea made a substantial sum of money from an infomercial product she invented called the "Schmop," but her fortune was stolen by her husband Garrett Grayson. Afterwards, Garrett was arrested for tax evasion and ended up having an affair with the federal agent that arrested him. Chelsea subsequently divorced him upon reclaiming some of her money and moved in with Raven. While living with Raven, Chelsea often tries to cook for the family, which goes horribly awry like some food getting burnt or the coffee tasting terrible.
Production
Eight years after That's So Raven ended, there was speculation and rumors that the series would get a second spinoff or revamp. On August 14, 2015, a reunion with Raven-Symoné and her former co-stars happened on The View, where they discussed all things about the series and past times. T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh and Rondell Sheridan were not present, but got a special mention from Raven-Symoné herself.[5]
The series was announced on October 27, 2016, where Raven-Symoné also announced that she was departing as co-host of The View later in 2016 in order to work on the series full time,[6] and was officially greenlit to series with the title of Raven's Home on April 4, 2017.[7] On November 14, 2016, it was announced that Anneliese van der Pol will reprise her role of Chelsea Daniels in the series as a divorced mother who is raising a son, Levi, and moves in with Raven.[2] Executive producers Jed Elinoff and Scott Thomas serve as showrunners and head writers, with Raven-Symoné also on the writing team as an executive producer.[8] The series premiered on Disney Channel on July 21, 2017, and is filmed at Hollywood Center Studios. Disney Channel renewed the series for a second season on October 10, 2017, which began filming in November 2017.[9]
Episodes
No.
Title [10][11]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [10][11]
Prod.
code [10][12]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"Baxter's Back!" Eric Dean Seaton Jed Elinoff & Scott Thomas July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21) 101 3.50[13]
Now living in Chicago, Raven and Chelsea have moved in together with their children after their divorces. Raven has twins Nia and Booker and Chelsea has a son named Levi. One day, Raven has a vision of Nia complaining about Booker always getting the attention from their mother. Raven sets out to fix this issue by spending more time with her. Meanwhile, Booker has his first vision at school and decides not to tell his psychic mother, who coincidentally also did not tell her children.
Guest star: Leslie David Baker as Principal Wentworth
2
"Big Trouble in Little Apartment" Eric Dean Seaton Jed Elinoff & Scott Thomas July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28) 103 1.66[14]
After Chelsea and Levi moved in, Nia moved to the couch. She begins to feel she lacks privacy and space for herself and avoids telling Raven about her issues. When Raven tells Nia that she loves having Chelsea and her son at the house, Nia begins to feel guilty and turns to her father, Devon, who reveals he is moving to Texas for a job. Meanwhile, Booker, after hearing about Levi's old room, tries to make Levi more at home by buying a trampoline.
Guest star: Jonathan McDaniel as Devon Carter
3
"The Baxters Get Bounced" Eric Dean Seaton Meg DeLoatch August 4, 2017 (2017-08-04) 102 1.20[15]
After both Chelsea and Booker break something in the house, Raven demands that no one call the landlord since she hasn't told them that Chelsea and Levi have moved in the apartment. When Nia and Booker get frustrated cleaning the dishes, they call the landlord Mr. Jablonski to fix the dishwasher against their mother's wishes. When Mr. Jablonski finds out about Chelsea and her son, he raises the rent or else everyone will have to move out by the end of the month. Meanwhile, Nia and Booker hold a yard sale to help their mother and Levi makes friends with their neighbor who turns out to be the apartment's proprietor and Mr. Jablonski's mother.
Guest stars: Skyler Day as Paisley, Bruno Amato as Mr. Jablonski, Peggy Miley as Ma Jablonski
4
"The Bearer of Dad News" Victor Gonzalez Jim Martin August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11) 104 1.35[16]
Raven and the twins plan a surprise goodbye party for Devon, who is moving away to Texas to become a weatherman. When Raven has a vision of her children being upset about Devon's departure, she plans a weekend with activities Devon would do with the children. Not all goes as planned. Meanwhile, Chelsea accidentally destroys the twins' stuffed bear given to them by their dad, so she and Levi set out to try and fix it.
Guest stars: Jonathan McDaniel as Devon Carter, Jordan Black as Carnie
Absent: Sky Katz as Tess
5
"You're Gonna Get It" Victor Gonzalez Anthony C. Hill August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18) 105 1.44[17]
Raven catches Nia wearing makeup and makes her take it off, saying that she is too young. One morning before school, Nia steals Raven's makeup and wears it to school. She gains popularity and accidentally hosts a party on the rooftop. Meanwhile, Booker tries to help Levi when he doesn't want to go to school and Raven tries to salvage her job when her boss wants to meet Raven's fake dogs named after her children.
Guest stars: Skyler Day as Paisley, Lexi Underwood as Shannon, Anthony Alabi as Coach Spitz
6
"Adventures in Mommy-Sitting" Shannon Flynn Jim Martin August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25) 107 1.25[18]
Raven and Chelsea decide to go out at a club called The Vault. When they are unable to find a babysitter for the night, they decide to trust their kids and Tess to stay home alone. While they are out, the children spill drinks on a chair and attempt to fix it. Elsewhere, Raven and Chelsea run into problems with a partygoer. Also, Booker has a vision of Raven getting locked into the vault of the club. They go out and try to save her.
Guest stars: Reginald Ballard as Bouncer, Nina Millin as Brenda
7
"Dancing Tween" Shannon Flynn Sassi Darling September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08) 108 1.37[19]
The children's school is holding a dance with Booker and Tess helping organize it. When they make it seem that the dance circle is important, Nia begins to feel pressured to learn how to dance. Later, Booker has a vision that the party will be a disaster. He and Tess clash on the dance's theme. Meanwhile, Raven feels insecure about her involvement in the twins' lives when the school principal makes a comment about Chelsea always helping out.
Guest star: Leslie David Baker as Principal Wentworth
8
"Vending the Rules" Bob Koherr Molly Haldeman & Camilla Rubis September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15) 109 1.48[20]
When the snack vending machine at school is out of order, the children decide to sell snacks at school in order to purchase items they want. The school gym teacher Coach Spitz finds out about it and attempts to find the culprits responsible. Also, Raven attempts to help Chelsea when she defends her ex-husband Garrett in prison as Levi is unaware on how bad he was as he uses some of his previous advices to help the rest of the children in their plot.
Guest star: Anthony Alabi as Coach Spitz
9
"In-vision of Privacy" Bob Koherr Danielle Calvert September 22, 2017 (2017-09-22) 111 1.26[21]
Booker has a vision of Tess playing basketball with a boy named Jordan, who she likes. Then Booker has another vision of Jordan rejecting Tess when she reveals her feelings to him. Booker tries to help her, but she demands that he stay out of her personal life. Him and Levi try to stall Jordan from meeting Tess in order to prevent him from breaking Tess' heart. Meanwhile, Raven and Chelsea argue about their parenting styles.
Guest stars: Philip Solomon as Jordan, Cleo Berry as Lawrence
Absent: Navia Robinson as Nia Baxter-Carter
10
"Fears of a Clown" Victor Gonzalez Rick Williams September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29) 106 1.21[22]
Booker and Levi befriend a kid named Wally. Meanwhile, Raven sees a clown in her building and starts to work to face her fears.
Guest stars: Tristan DeVan as Wally, Valerie Azlynn as Diane
11
"The Baxtercism of Levi Grayson" Bob Koherr Charity L. Miller & Eric Owusu October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06) 110 1.28[23]
On Halloween, Booker, Levi, and their friend Travis investigate the legend of a ghost in their apartment building. Meanwhile, Nia comes down with a case of chickenpox as Tess helps her to celebrate Halloween.
Guest star: Nicolas Cantu as Travis
12
"Dream Moms" Robbie Countryman Jed Elinoff & Scott Thomas October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13) 113 1.18[24]
Booker and Levi get Raven and Chelsea tickets to a concert of their favorite band, La Dee Da. However, the boys get in trouble backstage after accidentally knocking out Da. Meanwhile, Nia wonders why she didn't inherit visions even though Booker did.
Guest stars: Izzy Diaz as Mr. Alvarez, Kimrie Lewis-Davis as La
13
"Vest in Show" Robbie Countryman Rick Williams October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20) 112 1.27[25]
Raven and Booker have a shared vision as they hug each other. They see Raven being fired by her boss, Paisley, so Booker tries to help Raven at Doggy Fashion Week. Meanwhile, Levi, Chelsea and Tess sell pizza to earn money and help to pay the bills.
Guest star: Skyler Day as Paisley
Absent: Navia Robinson as Nia Baxter-Carter
Broadcast
The world premiere of Raven's Home aired immediately after the premiere of Descendants 2 on the Disney Channel on July 21, 2017.[26]
Ratings
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 13 July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21) 3.50[13] TBA TBD 1.50
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.
2018 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Children’s Program Raven's Home Nominated [27]
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d Joe Otterson (April 4, 2017). "That's So Raven Spinoff Ordered to Series at Disney Channel". Variety. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Nivia Serrao (November 14, 2016). "That's So Raven Sequel: Anneliese van der Pol to Return as Chelsea". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Raven's Home Show Bios". Retrieved July 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Leanne Aguilera (April 4, 2017). "Disney Channel's That's So Raven Spinoff Gets a Name – Plus, Meet Raven-Symone's TV Twins!". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bruce Fretts; Matt Roush. "The Greatest Shows on Earth". TV Guide. 61 (3194–3195): 16–19. [full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Marc Snetiker (October 27, 2016). "Raven-Symoné to Star in That's So Raven Spin-off at Disney Channel". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Marc Snetiker (April 4, 2017). "That's So Raven Spin-off Raven's Home a Go at Disney Channel". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chris Harnick (April 4, 2017). "Meet the Cast of Raven's Home, Disney Channel's That's So Raven Spinoff". E! Online. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Erik Pedersen (October 10, 2017). "Raven's Home Renewed for Second Season on Disney Channel". Deadline. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Raven's Home Episode Listings". The Futon Critic.
^ Jump up to: a b "Raven's Home". Zap2it.
Jump up ^ "Raven's Home Episodes". Disney ABC Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (July 24, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 7.21.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (July 31, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 7.28.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 7, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 8.4.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 14, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 8.11.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 21, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 8.18.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (August 28, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 8.25.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 12, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 9.8.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 18, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 9.15.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 25, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 9.22.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 2, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 9.29.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 9, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 10.6.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 16, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 10.13.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 23, 2017). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 10.20.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "What to Watch Tonight – Raven's Home Begins, Descendants 2, Ozark and More". TVLine. July 21, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NAACP Image Awards: 'Marshall,' 'Get Out,' 'Girls Trip' Dominate Film Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. November 20, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
External links
Raven's Home on IMDb
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"That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana" (2006)
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"Good Luck Jessie: NYC Christmas" (2013)
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"Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med" (2015)
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Related
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