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Season
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A season is a division of the year[1] marked by changes in weather, ecology, and amount of daylight. Seasons result from Earth's orbit around the Sun and Earth's axial tilt relative to the ecliptic plane.[2][3] In temperate and polar regions, the seasons are marked by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, variations of which may cause animals to undergo hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant.
Red and green trees in autumn (fall)
During May, June, and July, the Northern Hemisphere is exposed to more direct sunlight because the hemisphere faces the Sun. The same is true of the Southern Hemisphere in November, December, and January. It is Earth's axial tilt that causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer months, which increases the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.
In temperate and subpolar regions, four calendar-based seasons are generally recognized: spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter. Ecologists often use a six-season model for temperate climate regions: prevernal, vernal, estival, serotinal, autumnal, and hibernal. Many tropical regions have two seasons: the rainy, wet, or monsoon season and the dry season. Some have a third cool, mild, or harmattan season. Seasons often held special significance for agrarian societies, whose lives revolved around planting and harvest times, and the change of seasons was often attended by ritual.
A deciduous tree in winter
The six ecological seasons
The four calendar seasons, depicted in an ancient Roman mosaic from Tunisia.
In some parts of the world, some other "seasons" capture the timing of important ecological events such as hurricane season, tornado season, and wildfire season.[citation needed] The most historically important of these are the three seasons—flood, growth, and low water—which were previously defined by the former annual flooding of the Nile in Egypt.
A deciduous tree in autumn (fall)
Contents
[hide]
1 Causes and effects
1.1 Axis tilt
1.2 Elliptical Earth orbit
1.3 Maritime and hemispheric
1.4 Tropics
1.5 Mid-latitude thermal lag
2 Four-season calendar reckoning
2.1 Meteorological
2.2 Astronomical
2.2.1 Variation due to calendar misalignment
2.2.2 Change over time
2.3 Solar
3 Six-season calendar reckoning
4 Polar day and night
5 Non-calendar-based reckoning
5.1 Modern mid-latitude ecological
5.2 Tropical ecological
5.3 Indigenous ecological
6 "Official" designations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Causes and effects[edit]
Illumination of the earth at each change of astronomical season
Fig. 1
This diagram shows how the tilt of the Earth's axis aligns with incoming sunlight around the winter solstice of the northern hemisphere. Regardless of the time of day (i.e. the Earth's rotation on its axis), the North Pole will be dark, and the South Pole will be illuminated; see also arctic winter. In addition to the density of incident light, the dissipation of light in the atmosphere is greater when it falls at a shallow angle.
Main article: Effect of sun angle on climate
Axis tilt[edit]
The seasons result from the Earth's axis of rotation being tilted with respect to its orbital plane by an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees.[4] (This tilt is also known as "obliquity of the ecliptic".)
Regardless of the time of year, the northern and southern hemispheres always experience opposite seasons. This is because during summer or winter, one part of the planet is more directly exposed to the rays of the Sun (see Fig. 1) than the other, and this exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit. For approximately half of the year (from around March 20 to around September 22), the northern hemisphere tips toward the Sun, with the maximum amount occurring on about June 21. For the other half of the year, the same happens, but in the southern hemisphere instead of the northern, with the maximum around December 21. The two instants when the Sun is directly overhead at the Equator are the equinoxes. Also at that moment, both the North Pole and the South Pole of the Earth are just on the terminator, and hence day and night are equally divided between the northern and southern hemispheres. Around the March equinox, the northern hemisphere will be experiencing spring as the hours of daylight increase, and the southern hemisphere is experiencing autumn as daylight hours shorten.
The effect of axial tilt is observable as the change in day length and altitude of the Sun at noon (the culmination of the Sun) during a year. The low angle of Sun during the winter months means that incoming rays of solar radiation are spread over a larger area of the Earth's surface, so the light received is more indirect and of lower intensity. Between this effect and the shorter daylight hours, the axial tilt of the Earth accounts for most of the seasonal variation in climate in both hemispheres.
A deciduous tree in winter
Illumination of Earth by Sun at the northern solstice.
Illumination of Earth by Sun at the southern solstice.
Diagram of the Earth's seasons as seen from the north. Far right: southern solstice
Diagram of the Earth's seasons as seen from the south. Far left: northern solstice
Play media
Animation of Earth as seen daily from the Sun looking at UTC+02:00, showing the solstice and changing seasons.
Two images showing the amount of reflected sunlight at southern and northern summer solstices respectively (watts / m²).
Elliptical Earth orbit[edit]
Compared to axial tilt, other factors contribute little to seasonal temperature changes. The seasons are not the result of the variation in Earth's distance to the sun because of its elliptical orbit.[5] In fact, Earth reaches perihelion (the point in its orbit closest to the Sun) in January, and it reaches aphelion (farthest point from the Sun) in July, so the slight contribution of orbital eccentricity opposes the temperature trends of the seasons in the northern hemisphere.[6] In general, the effect of orbital eccentricity on Earth's seasons is a 7% variation in sunlight received.
A tree in summer
Orbital eccentricity can influence temperatures, but on Earth, this effect is small and is more than counteracted by other factors; research shows that the Earth as a whole is actually slightly warmer when farther from the sun. This is because the northern hemisphere has more land than the southern, and land warms more readily than sea.[6] Any noticeable intensification of the southern hemisphere's winters and summers due to Earth's elliptical orbit is mitigated by the abundance of water in the southern hemisphere.[7]
Maritime and hemispheric[edit]
Seasonal weather fluctuations (changes) also depend on factors such as proximity to oceans or other large bodies of water, currents in those oceans, El Niño/ENSO and other oceanic cycles, and prevailing winds.
A deciduous tree in autumn (fall)
In the temperate and polar regions, seasons are marked by changes in the amount of sunlight, which in turn often causes cycles of dormancy in plants and hibernation in animals. These effects vary with latitude and with proximity to bodies of water. For example, the South Pole is in the middle of the continent of Antarctica and therefore a considerable distance from the moderating influence of the southern oceans. The North Pole is in the Arctic Ocean, and thus its temperature extremes are buffered by the water. The result is that the South Pole is consistently colder during the southern winter than the North Pole during the northern winter.
The cycle of seasons in the polar and temperate zones of one hemisphere is opposite to that in the other. When it is summer in the northern hemisphere, it is winter in the southern hemisphere, and vice versa.
Tropics[edit]
In tropical and subtropical regions there is little annual fluctuation of sunlight. However, there are seasonal shifts of a rainy global-scale low pressure belt called the Intertropical convergence zone. As a result, the amount of precipitation tends to vary more dramatically than the average temperature. When the convergence zone is north of the equator, the tropical areas of the northern hemisphere experience their wet season while the tropics south of the equator have their dry season. This pattern reverses when the convergence zone migrates to a position south of the equator.
Mid-latitude thermal lag[edit]
In meteorological terms, the summer solstice and winter solstice (or the maximum and minimum insolation, respectively) do not fall in the middles of summer and winter. The heights of these seasons occur up to seven weeks later because of seasonal lag. Seasons, though, are not always defined in meteorological terms.
In astronomical reckoning by hours of daylight alone, the solstices and equinoxes are in the middle of the respective seasons. Because of seasonal lag due to thermal absorption and release by the oceans, regions with a continental climate which predominate in the northern hemisphere often consider these four dates to be the start of the seasons as in the diagram, with the cross-quarter days considered seasonal midpoints. The length of these seasons is not uniform because of the elliptical orbit of the earth and its different speeds along that orbit.[8]
Four-season calendar reckoning[edit]
Calendar-based reckoning defines the seasons in absolute rather than relative terms. Accordingly, if floral activity is regularly observed during the coolest quarter of the year in a particular area, it is still considered winter despite the traditional association of flowers with spring and summer. Additionally, the seasons are considered to change on the same dates everywhere that uses a particular calendar method regardless of variations in climate from one area to another. Most calendar-based methods use a four-season model to identify the warmest and coldest seasons, which are separated by two intermediate seasons.
A deciduous tree in autumn (fall)
Meteorological[edit]
Animation of seasonal differences especially snow cover through the year
Meteorological seasons are reckoned by temperature, with summer being the hottest quarter of the year and winter the coldest quarter of the year. In 1780 the Societas Meteorologica Palatina (which became defunct in 1795), an early international organization for meteorology, defined seasons as groupings of three whole months as identified by the Gregorian calendar. Ever since, professional meteorologists all over the world have used this definition.[9] Therefore, for temperate areas in the northern hemisphere, spring begins on 1 March, summer on 1 June, autumn on 1 September, and winter on 1 December. For the southern hemisphere temperate zone, spring begins on 1 September, summer on 1 December, autumn on 1 March, and winter on 1 June.[10][11] In Australasia the meteorological terms for seasons apply to the temperate zone that occupies all of New Zealand, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, the south-eastern corner of South Australia and the south-west of Western Australia, and the south east Queensland areas south of Brisbane.
Australasian seasons
Season
Start date
End date
Summer 1 December 28 February[12]
Autumn 1 March 31 May
Winter 1 June 31 August
Spring 1 September 30 November
A tree in summer
In Sweden and Finland, meteorologists use a non-calendar based definition for the seasons based on the temperature. Spring begins when the daily averaged temperature permanently rises above 0 °C, summer begins when the temperature permanently rises above +10 °C, summer ends when the temperature permanently falls below +10 °C and winter begins when the temperature permanently falls below 0 °C. "Permanently" here means that the daily averaged temperature has remained above or below the limit for seven consecutive days. This implies two things: first, the seasons do not begin at fixed dates but must be determined by observation and are known only after the fact; and second, a new season begins at different dates in different parts of the country. In Great Britain, the onset of spring used to be defined as when the maximum daily temperature reached 50 °F (10 °C) in a defined sequence of days. This almost always occurred in March. However, with global warming this temperature is now not uncommon in the winter.
Surface air temperature
Diagram was calculated (Abscisse: 21. of each month)
Calculation based on data published by Jones et al. [13]
The picture shows Figure 7 as published by Jones et al.[13]
Astronomical[edit]
UT date and time of
equinoxes and solstices on Earth[14]
event
equinox
solstice
equinox
solstice
month
March
June
September
December
year
day
time
day
time
day
time
day
time
2010
20 17:32 21 11:28 23 03:09 21 23:38
2011
20 23:21 21 17:16 23 09:04 22 05:30
2012
20 05:14 20 23:09 22 14:49 21 11:12
2013
20 11:02 21 05:04 22 20:44 21 17:11
2014
20 16:57 21 10:51 23 02:29 21 23:03
2015
20 22:45 21 16:38 23 08:21 22 04:48
2016
20 04:30 20 22:34 22 14:21 21 10:44
2017
20 10:28 21 04:24 22 20:02 21 16:28
2018
20 16:15 21 10:07 23 01:54 21 22:23
2019
20 21:58 21 15:54 23 07:50 22 04:19
2020
20 03:50 20 21:44 22 13:31 21 10:02
Astronomical timing as the basis for designating the temperate seasons dates back at least to the Julian calendar used by the ancient Romans. It continues to be used on many modern Gregorian calendars worldwide, although some countries like Australia, New Zealand, and Russia prefer to use meteorological reckoning. The precise timing of the seasons is determined by the exact times of transit of the sun over the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn for the solstices and the times of the sun's transit over the equator for the equinoxes, or a traditional date close to these times.[15]
The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the line of apsides of Earth's elliptical orbit. The orbital ellipse (with eccentricity exaggerated for effect) goes through each of the six Earth images, which are sequentially the perihelion (periapsis—nearest point to the sun) on anywhere from 2 January to 5 January, the point of March equinox on 19, 20 or 21 March, the point of June solstice on 20 or 21 June, the aphelion (apoapsis—farthest point from the sun) on anywhere from 4 July to 7 July, the September equinox on 22 or 23 September, and the December solstice on 21 or 22 December.
Note: Distances are exaggerated and not to scale
These "astronomical" seasons are not of equal length, because of the elliptical nature of the orbit of the Earth, as discovered by Johannes Kepler. From the March equinox it currently takes 92.75 days until the June solstice, then 93.65 days until the September equinox, 89.85 days until the December solstice and finally 88.99 days until the March equinox.
Variation due to calendar misalignment[edit]
The times of the equinoxes and solstices are not fixed with respect to the modern Gregorian calendar, but fall about six hours later every year, amounting to one full day in four years. They are reset by the occurrence of a leap year. The Gregorian calendar is designed to keep the March equinox no later than 21 March as accurately as is practical. Also see: Gregorian calendar seasonal error.
The calendar equinox (used in the calculation of Easter) is 21 March, the same date as in the Easter tables current at the time of the Council of Nicaea in AD 325. The calendar is therefore framed to prevent the astronomical equinox wandering onto 22 March. From Nicaea to the date of the reform, the years 500, 600, 700, 900, 1000, 1100, 1300, 1400 and 1500, which would not have been leap years in the Gregorian calendar, amount to nine days, but astronomers directed that ten days be removed.
Currently, the most common equinox and solstice dates are March 20, June 21, September 22 or 23 and December 21; the four-year average slowly shifts to earlier times as the century progresses. This shift is a full day in about 128 years (compensated mainly by the century "leap year" rules of the Gregorian calendar) and as 2000 was a leap year the current shift has been progressing since the beginning of the last century, when equinoxes and solstices were relatively late. This also means that in many years of the twentieth century, the dates of March 21, June 22, September 23 and December 22 were much more common, so older books teach (and older people may still remember) these dates.
Note that all the times are given in UTC (roughly speaking, the time at Greenwich, ignoring British Summer Time). People living farther to the east (Asia and Australia), whose local times are in advance, will see the astronomical seasons apparently start later; for example, in Tonga (UTC+13), an equinox occurred on September 24, 1999, a date which will not crop up again until 2103. On the other hand, people living far to the west (America) whose clocks run behind UTC may experience an equinox as early as March 19.
Change over time[edit]
Over thousands of years, the Earth's axial tilt and orbital eccentricity vary (see Milankovitch cycles). The equinoxes and solstices move westward relative to the stars while the perihelion and aphelion move eastward. Thus, ten thousand years from now Earth's northern winter will occur at aphelion and northern summer at perihelion. The severity of seasonal change — the average temperature difference between summer and winter in location — will also change over time because the Earth's axial tilt fluctuates between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees.
Smaller irregularities in the times are caused by perturbations of the Moon and the other planets.
Solar[edit]
The annual cycle of insolation (Sun energy, shown in blue) with key points for seasons (middle), quarter days (top) and cross-quarter days (bottom) along with months (lower) and Zodiac houses (upper). The cycle of temperature (shown in pink) is delayed by seasonal lag.
Solar timing is based on insolation in which the solstices and equinoxes are seen as the midpoints of the seasons. It was the method for reckoning seasons in medieval Europe, especially by the Celts, and is still ceremonially observed in some east Asian countries. Summer is defined as the quarter of the year with the greatest insolation and winter as the quarter with the least.
The solar seasons change at the cross-quarter days, which are about 3–4 weeks earlier than the meteorological seasons and 6–7 weeks earlier than seasons starting at equinoxes and solstices. Thus, the day of greatest insolation is designated "midsummer" as noted in William Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream, which is set on the summer solstice. On the Celtic calendar, the traditional first day of winter is 1 November (Samhain, the Celtic origin of Halloween); spring starts 1 February (Imbolc, the Celtic origin of Groundhog Day); summer begins 1 May (Beltane, the Celtic origin of May Day); the first day of autumn is 1 August (Celtic Lughnasadh). The Celtic dates corresponded to four Pagan agricultural festivals.
The traditional calendar in China forms the basis of other such systems in East Asia. Its seasons are traditionally based on 24 periods known as solar terms.[16] The four seasons chūn (春), xià (夏), qiū (秋), and dōng (冬) are universally translated as "spring", "summer", "autumn", and "winter" but actually begin much earlier, with the solstices and equinoxes forming the midpoint of each season rather than their start. Astronomically, the seasons are said to begin on Lichun (立春, lit. "standing spring") on about 4 February, Lixia (立夏) on about 6 May, Liqiu (立秋) on about 8 August, and Lidong (立冬) on about 7 November. These dates were not part of the traditional lunar calendar, however, and moveable holidays such as Chinese New Year and the Mid-Autumn Festival are more closely associated with the seasons.
Six-season calendar reckoning[edit]
Some calendars in south Asia use a six-season method where the number of seasons between summer and winter can number from one to three. The dates are fixed at even intervals of months.
In the Hindu calendar of tropical and subtropical India, there are six seasons or Ritu that are calendar-based in the sense of having fixed dates: Vasanta (spring), Greeshma (summer), Varsha (monsoon), Sharad (autumn), Hemanta (early winter), and Shishira (prevernal or late winter). The six seasons are ascribed to two months each of the twelve months in the Hindu calendar. The rough correspondences are:
Hindu season
Start
End
Hindu Months
Mapping to English Names
Vasanta Mid-March Mid-May Chaitra, Vaishakha spring
Greeshma Mid-May Mid-July Jyeshtha, Ashadha summer
Varsha Mid-July Mid-September Shraavana, Bhadrapada monsoon
Sharad Mid-September Mid-November Ashwin, Kartika autumn
Hemanta Mid-November Mid-January Maargashirsha, Pausha early winter
Shishira Mid-January Mid-March Magh, Phalguna prevernal or late winter
The Bengali Calendar is similar but differs in start and end time. It has the following seasons or ritu:
Bengali season
Start
End
Bengali Months
Mapping to English Names
Bosonto বসন্ত (ঋতু) (Spring) Mid-February Mid-April Falgun, Choitro Spring
Grishmo (গ্রীষ্ম) (Summer) Mid-April Mid-June Boishakh, Joishtho Summer
Borsha (বর্ষা) (Monsoon) Mid-June Mid-August Asharh, Srabon Monsoon
Shorot (শরৎ) (Autumn/ Fall) Mid-August Mid-October Bhadro, Ashwin Autumn
Hemonto (হেমন্ত) (Frost/ Late Autumn) Mid-October Mid-December Kartik, Ogrohayon Late Autumn
Sit (শীত) (Winter) Mid-December Mid-February Poush, Magh Winter
The Tamil calendar follows a similar pattern of six seasons
Tamil season
Gregorian Months
Tamil Months
IlaVenil (Spring) April 15 to June 14 Chithirai and Vaikasi
MuthuVenil (Summer) June 15 to August 14 Aani and Aadi
Kaar (Monsoon) August 15 to October 14 Avani and Purattasi
Kulir (Autumn) October 15 to December 14 Aipasi and Karthikai
MunPani (Winter) December 15 to February 14 Margazhi and Thai
PinPani (Prevernal) February 15 to April 14 Maasi and Panguni
Polar day and night[edit]
Any point north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle will have one period in the summer when the sun does not set, and one period in the winter when the sun does not rise. At progressively higher latitudes, the maximum periods of "midnight sun" and "polar night" are progressively longer.
For example, at the military and weather station Alert located at 82°30′05″N and 62°20′20″W, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island, Canada (about 450 nautical miles or 830 km from the North Pole), the sun begins to peek above the horizon for minutes per day at the end of February and each day it climbs higher and stays up longer; by 21 March, the sun is up for over 12 hours. On 6 April the sun rises at 0522 UTC and remains above the horizon until it sets below the horizon again on 6 September at 0335 UTC. By October 13 the sun is above the horizon for only 1 hour 30 minutes and on October 14 it does not rise above the horizon at all and remains below the horizon until it rises again on 27 February.[17]
First light comes in late January because the sky has twilight, being a glow on the horizon, for increasing hours each day, for more than a month before the sun first appears with its disc above the horizon. From mid-November to mid-January, there is no twilight.
In the weeks surrounding 21 June, in the northern polar region, the sun is at its highest elevation, appearing to circle the sky there without going below the horizon. Eventually, it does go below the horizon, for progressively longer periods each day until around the middle of October, when it disappears for the last time until the following February. For a few more weeks, "day" is marked by decreasing periods of twilight. Eventually, from mid-November to mid-January, there is no twilight and it is continuously dark. In mid January the first faint wash of twilight briefly touches the horizon (for just minutes per day), and then twilight increases in duration with increasing brightness each day until sunrise at end of February, then on 6 April the sun remains above the horizon until mid October.
Non-calendar-based reckoning[edit]
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Seasonal changes regarding a tree over a year
Ecologically speaking, a season is a period of the year in which only certain types of floral and animal events happen (e.g.: flowers bloom—spring; hedgehogs hibernate—winter). So, if we can observe a change in daily floral/animal events, the season is changing. In this sense, ecological seasons are defined in absolute terms, unlike calendar-based methods in which the seasons are relative. If specific conditions associated with a particular ecological season don't normally occur in a particular region, then that area cannot be said to experience that season on a regular basis.
Modern mid-latitude ecological[edit]
Six seasons can be distinguished which do not have fixed calendar-based dates like the meteorological and astronomical seasons.[18] Mild oceanic regions tend to experience the beginning of the hibernal season up to a month later than continental climates, while the prevernal and vernal seasons begin up to a month earlier near to the sea. For example, prevernal crocus blooms typically appear as early as February in mild coastal areas of British Columbia, the British Isles, and western and southern Europe. The actual dates for each season vary by climate region and can shift from one year to the next. Average dates listed here are for mild and cool temperate climate zones in the Northern Hemisphere:
Prevernal (early or pre-spring): Begins February or late January (mild temperate), March (cool temperate). Deciduous tree buds begin to swell. Migrating birds fly from winter to summer habitats.
Vernal (spring): Begins March (mild temperate), April (cool temperate). Tree buds burst into leaves. Birds establish territories and begin mating and nesting.
Estival (high summer): Begins June in most temperate climates. Trees in full leaf. Birds hatch and raise offspring.
Serotinal (late summer): Generally begins mid to late August. Deciduous leaves begin to change color. Young birds reach maturity and join other adult birds preparing for autumn migration. The traditional "harvest season" begins.
Autumnal (autumn): Generally begins mid to late September. Tree leaves in full color then turn brown and fall to the ground. Birds migrate back to wintering areas.
Hibernal (winter): Begins December (mild temperate), November (cool temperate). Deciduous trees are bare and fallen leaves begin to decay. Migrating birds settled in winter habitats.
Tropical ecological[edit]
In the tropics, where seasonal dates also vary, it is more common to speak of the rainy (or wet, or monsoon) season versus the dry season. For example, in Nicaragua the dry season (November to April) is called 'summer' and the rainy season (May to October) is called 'winter', even though it is located in the northern hemisphere. In some tropical areas a three-way division into hot, rainy, and cool season is used. There is no noticeable change in the amount of sunlight at different times of the year. However, many regions (such as the northern Indian ocean) are subject to monsoon rain and wind cycles.
Floral and animal activity variation near the equator depends more on wet/dry cycles than seasonal temperature variations, with different species flowering (or emerging from cocoons) at specific times before, during, or after the monsoon season. Thus, the tropics are characterized by numerous "mini-seasons" within the larger seasonal blocks of time.
In the tropical parts of Australia in the northern parts of Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory, wet and dry seasons are observed in addition to or in place of temperate season names.[19]
Indigenous ecological[edit]
See also: Indigenous Australian seasons
Indigenous people in polar, temperate and tropical climates of northern Eurasia, the Americas, Africa, Oceania, and Australia have traditionally defined the seasons ecologically by observing the activity of the plants, animals and weather around them. Each separate tribal group traditionally observes different seasons determined according to local criteria that can vary from the hibernation of polar bears on the arctic tundras to the growing seasons of plants in the tropical rainforests. In Australia, some tribes have up to eight seasons in a year,[10] as do the Sami people in Scandinavia. Many indigenous people who no longer live directly off the land in traditional often nomadic styles, now observe modern methods of seasonal reckoning according to what is customary in their particular country or region.
"Official" designations[edit]
As noted, a variety of dates are used in different countries to mark the changes of seasons, especially those that are calendar based. These observances are often declared "official" within their respective jurisdictions by the local or national media, even when the weather or climate is contradictory.[20] However they are mainly a matter of custom only, and have not generally been proclaimed by governments north or south of the equator for civil purposes.[21][22] The Met Office in the UK uses a three-month definition, e.g. declaring "spring" to be March, April, and May.[23] At least one researcher writing in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society compared various definitions to actual temperature changes, and recommended this three-month definition for general use in the United States.[24]
See also[edit]
Equinox
Growing season
Indian summer
Persephone, Greek mythological figure associated with the rebirth of vegetation in the spring
Solstice
Sun path
Vertumnus, Roman god of the seasons
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Khavrus, V.; apple, I. (2012). "Geometry and the physics of seasons". Physics Education. 47 (6): 680–692. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/47/6/680.
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Jump up ^ United States Naval Observatory (21 September 2015). "Earth's Seasons: Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion, 2000-2025". Retrieved 9 December 2015.
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Jump up ^ Ross, Kelley L. "The Solar Terms and the Chinese 60 Year Calendar Cycle". friesian.com. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
Jump up ^ U.S. Naval Observatory
Jump up ^ Michael Allaby (1999). "A Dictionary of Zoology". Retrieved 2012-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Australian weather and the seasons". Australian Government. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
Jump up ^ CBC News Canada (2013). "Canadians brace for a cold spring start". CBC News. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
Jump up ^ NPL (2007). "FAQ-Time". NPL. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
Jump up ^ http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/weather-questions/82-how-are-the-dates-of-the-four-seasons-worked-out
Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/learn-about-the-weather/how-weather-works/when-does-spring-start
Jump up ^ Trenberth, Kevin E. (1983). "What are the Seasons?.". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 64: 1276–1282. Bibcode:1983BAMS...64.1276T. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1983)064<1276:WATS>2.0.CO;2.
Maris, Mihaela, St. Luchian School, Bacau, Romania, Seasonal Variations of the Bird Species, ref. ecological seasons pp. 195–196 incl. and pp. 207–209 incl.
External links[edit]
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to seasons.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: seasons
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Seasons.
When do the Seasons Begin? (from the Bad Astronomer)
Southern Hemisphere calendar
Solstice does not signal season's start (from The Straight Dope)
Why the Earth has seasons article on h2g2.
Aboriginal seasons of Kakadu
Indigenous seasons (Australian Bureau of Meteorology)
Mt Stirling Seasons
The Lost Seasons
Melbourne's six seasons
The Lengths of the Seasons (numerical integration analysis)
Earth distance vs tilt
Tutorial on Earth/Sun Relations and Seasons
Sunpreview Season Forecast Project
Satellite photo demonstrating seasons changes in 2004 on NASA website
Video – how seasonal change looks from space
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text:
A Star Is Born (2018 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A Star Is Born
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Bradley Cooper
Produced by
Bill Gerber
Jon Peters[1]
Bradley Cooper
Todd Phillips
Lynette Howell Taylor[2]
Screenplay by
Eric Roth
Bradley Cooper
Will Fetters
Based on
A Star Is Born
by William A. Wellman
Robert Carson
Dorothy Parker
Alan Campbell
Starring
Bradley Cooper
Lady Gaga
Andrew Dice Clay
Dave Chappelle
Sam Elliott
Cinematography
Matthew Libatique[2]
Edited by
Jay Cassidy[2]
Production
companies
Warner Bros. Pictures
Live Nation Productions
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures
Gerber Pictures
Peters Entertainment[3]
Joint Effort[4]
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures[5]
Release date
August 31, 2018 (2018-08-31) (Venice)
October 5, 2018 (2018-10-05) (United States)
Running time
135 minutes[6]
Country
United States
Budget
$36–40 million[7][8]
Box office
$255.9 million[9]
A Star Is Born is a 2018 American music-themed romantic drama film produced and directed by Bradley Cooper (in his directorial debut) and written by Cooper, Eric Roth and Will Fetters. A remake of the 1937 film of the same name, it stars Cooper, Lady Gaga, Andrew Dice Clay, Dave Chappelle, and Sam Elliott, and follows a hard-drinking musician (Cooper) who discovers and falls in love with a young singer (Gaga). It marks the fourth remake of the original 1937 film, after the 1954 musical, the 1976 rock musical and the 2013 Bollywood romance film.
Talks of a remake of A Star Is Born began in 2011, with Clint Eastwood attached to direct and Beyoncé set to star. The film was in development hell for several years with various actors approached to co-star, including Christian Bale, Leonardo DiCaprio, Will Smith, and Tom Cruise. In March 2016, Cooper signed on to star and direct, and Lady Gaga joined the cast in August 2016. Principal photography began at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2017.
A Star Is Born premiered at the 75th Venice International Film Festival on August 31, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 5, 2018, by Warner Bros. The film has grossed over $255 million worldwide and received critical acclaim, with praise for Cooper, Gaga and Elliott's performances and Cooper's direction, as well as the screenplay, cinematography and music.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Music
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot
Jackson Maine, a famous country music singer privately battling an alcohol and drug addiction, plays a concert in California. His main support is Bobby, his manager and significantly older half-brother. After the show, Jackson happens upon a drag bar where he witnesses a performance by Ally, a waitress and singer-songwriter. Jackson is amazed by her talent; they spend the night speaking to each other, where Ally discloses to him the troubles she has faced in pursuing a professional music career.
Jackson invites Ally to his next show. Despite her initial refusal she attends and, with Jackson's encouragement, sings on stage with him. Jackson invites Ally to go on tour with him, and they form a romantic relationship. In Arizona, Ally and Jackson visit the ranch where Jackson grew up and where his father is buried, only to discover that Bobby sold the land. Angered at his betrayal, Jackson punches Bobby, who subsequently quits as his manager. Before doing so, Bobby reveals that he did inform Jackson about the sale, but the latter was too inebriated to notice.
While on tour Ally meets Rez, a record producer who offers her a contract. Although visibly bothered, Jackson still supports her decision. Rez refocuses Ally away from country music and towards pop. Jackson misses one of Ally's performances after he passes out drunk in public; he recovers at the home of his friend Noodles, and later makes up with Ally. There he proposes to Ally with a ring made from a loop of guitar string, and they are married that same day.
During Ally's performance on Saturday Night Live, Bobby reconciles with Jackson. Later, Jackson and Ally fight after he drunkenly voices his disapproval of Ally's new image and music, which is nominated for Grammy Awards. At the Grammys, a visibly intoxicated Jackson performs in a tribute to Roy Orbison, and Ally wins the Best New Artist award. When she goes up on stage to receive her award, Jackson follows her, where he wets himself and passes out. Ally's father Lorenzo berates Jackson and Ally helps him sober up. Jackson joins a drug rehabilitation program shortly thereafter.
Jackson recovers in rehab, where he discloses to his counselor that he attempted suicide as a teenager. He tearfully apologizes to Ally for his behavior, and returns home. Ally wishes to bring Jackson to perform with her on the European leg of her tour; Rez refuses, prompting Ally to cancel the remainder of the tour so she can care for Jackson.
Rez later confronts Jackson, informing him of Ally's decision to cancel her tour and accusing him of holding Ally back. That evening, Ally lies to Jackson, and tells him that her record label has cancelled her tour so she can focus on her second album. Jackson promises that he will come to her concert that night, but after Ally leaves, he hangs himself in their garage.
Ally becomes inconsolable after Jackson's death. She is visited by Bobby, who explains Jackson's death was his own fault and not hers. Ally takes a song that Jackson had written but never performed and sings it at a tribute concert, introducing herself as Ally Maine.
Cast
Bradley Cooper as Jackson Maine, an established singer-songwriter and alcoholic. He is Ally's mentor and love interest.
Lady Gaga as Ally Campana-Maine, a nightclub singer-songwriter who is discovered by Jackson.
Sam Elliott as Bobby Maine, Jackson's older brother and manager.
Dave Chappelle as George "Noodles" Stone, Jackson's close friend, himself a retired musician.
Andrew Dice Clay as Lorenzo Campana, Ally's father.
Anthony Ramos as Ramon, Ally's friend.
Michael Harney as Wolfie, a limo driver and friend of Lorenzo.
Rafi Gavron as Rez Gavron, a music producer and Ally's manager.
Additionally, Rebecca Field appears as Gail, Shangela Laquifa Wadley as the drag bar emcee, Willam Belli as drag queen Emerald, Greg Grunberg as Jackson's driver Phil, and Ron Rifkin as Carl. Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real appear as Jackson's band, Eddie Griffin appears as a local preacher and Luenell appears as a cashier. Marlon Williams, Brandi Carlile, Halsey, Alec Baldwin, and Don Roy King cameo as themselves.
Production
Development
In January 2011, it was announced that Clint Eastwood was in talks to direct Beyoncé in a third American remake of the 1937 film A Star Is Born; however, the project was delayed due to Beyoncé's pregnancy.[10] In April 2012, writer Will Fetters told Collider that the script was inspired by Kurt Cobain.[11] Talks with Christian Bale, Leonardo DiCaprio, Tom Cruise, Johnny Depp, and Will Smith to play the male lead failed to come to fruition. On October 9, 2012, Beyoncé left the project, and it was reported that Bradley Cooper was in talks to star. Eastwood was interested in Esperanza Spalding to play the female lead.[12]
On March 24, 2015, Warner Bros. announced that Cooper was in final talks to make his directorial debut with the film, and potentially to star with Beyoncé, who was again in talks to join;[13] Cooper did become the male lead.[14][15][16] On August 16, 2016, it was reported that Lady Gaga had officially become attached and the studio had green-lit the project to begin production early 2017.[17] It marks the fourth remake of the original 1937 film, after the 1954 musical, the 1976 rock musical and the 2013 Bollywood romance film.[18] On November 9, 2016, it was reported that Ray Liotta was in talks to join the film in the role of the manager to Cooper's character, though he ultimately was not involved.[19] On March 17, 2017, Sam Elliott joined the film,[20] with Andrew Dice Clay entering negotiations to play Lorenzo, the father of Lady Gaga's character.[21] Clay was selected over Robert De Niro, John Turturro and John Travolta.[22] In April 2017, Rafi Gavron, Michael Harney, and Rebecca Field also joined the cast.[23]
Filming began on April 17, 2017.[2] In May, Dave Chappelle was cast in the film.[24] In April 2018, it was announced that Halsey would have a small role.[25]
Music
Main article: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)
After seeing him perform at Desert Trip festival, Cooper approached Lukas Nelson (son of country music singer Willie Nelson) and asked him to help work on the film. Nelson agreed and wrote several songs, which he sent to the producers.[26] Nelson subsequently met Lady Gaga and began writing songs with her and she, in turn, provided backing vocals on two tracks on his self-titled 2017 album.[27] The soundtrack, performed by Gaga and Cooper, was released on October 5, 2018, by Interscope Records. The studio announced that the album "features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film."[28]
Release
A Star Is Born had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on August 31, 2018.[29][30] It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival,[31] the San Sebastián International Film Festival, and the Zurich Film Festival in September 2018.[32][33] The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 5, 2018,[34] distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, after initially having been set for September 28, 2018, and May 18, 2018, releases.[35][36]
Reception
Box office
As of October 29, 2018[update], A Star Is Born has grossed $149.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $106 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $255.9 million, against a production budget of $36–40 million.[9]
In the United States and Canada, A Star Is Born grossed $1.35 million from select Tuesday and Wednesday night screenings, and $15.8 million on its first day, including $3.2 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $42.9 million for the weekend and finished second at the box office, behind fellow newcomer Venom.[8] The film remained in second place in its second, third and fourth weekends, grossing a respective $28 million, $19.3 million and $14.1 million.[37][38][39]
Outside North America, the film was released day-and-date with the U.S. in 31 other countries, and made $14.2 million in its opening weekend; its largest markets were the United Kingdom ($5.3 million), France ($2.1 million) and Germany ($1.9 million).[40]
Critical response
The performances of Bradley Cooper, Lady Gaga, and Sam Elliott (all three seen here at the film's screening at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival), as well as Cooper's direction, garnered widespread critical acclaim.[41][42]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, A Star Is Born holds an approval rating of 90% based on 394 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "With appealing leads, deft direction, and an affecting love story, A Star Is Born is a remake done right—and a reminder that some stories can be just as effective in the retelling."[43] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 60 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[44] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale,[45] while PostTrak reported film-goers gave it a 90% positive score.[8]
Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a positive review, saying, "Cooper and Lady Gaga are dynamite together; this is a story that lives and dies by the central relationship and the instant chemistry that must blossom between them, and these two have it in spades," and praised the musical numbers, describing them as "electrifying".[46] Owen Gleiberman of Variety lauded Cooper's directing, co-writing, and acting, and called the film "a transcendent Hollywood movie".[47] Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+, singling out Gaga's performance, saying, "she deserves praise for her restrained, human-scale performance as a singer whose real-girl vulnerability feels miles away from the glittery meat-dress delirium of her own stage persona."[41] Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine found the film superior to its previous iterations and similarly praised Cooper's direction, the writing, as well the performances and chemistry of Cooper and Gaga. She stated: "You come away feeling something for these people, flawed individuals who are trying to hold their cracked pieces of self together–or to mend the cracks of those they love," also describing Gaga's performance as a "knockout."[48]
In his review for Los Angeles Times, Justin Chang called the film "remarkable," and praised Cooper for his fresh take on the well-worn formula of 1937 film, as well his direction, the performances, writing, and the cinematography.[42] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 4.5 out of five stars, and deemed it as a "modern classic," hailing the performances of Cooper and Gaga, and Cooper's direction. He found the film's screenplay and the original songs "seamless" and "terrific," and also called the film a major Oscar contender of the year and one of the year's best films.[49] The Washington Post's Ann Hornaday described the film as "lavishly delightful" and "earthly convincing," and added that it "offers a suitably jaundiced glimpse of starmaking machinery at its most cynical, but also its most thrilling and gratifying." She similarly praised Cooper's direction, the performances and chemistry of Cooper and Gaga, and the supporting performances, particularly Andrew Dice Clay and Sam Elliott.[50]
While praising the direction, acting, and writing, Michael Phillips in the Chicago Tribune argues that a A Star is Born's formula has always been very seductive to audiences, even when it has been written poorly, and Cooper's few missteps include being a bit of a scene hog.[51] Admitting audiences love it, and he just liked it, Phillips drew attention to a skeptical review by Lindsey Romaine of Medium.com who criticized the story's marginalization of the Gaga character in dealing with Cooper's manipulative addict. She at least wanted a scene where Gaga's character processed her behavior of letting the addict boyfriend get away with it. Phillips argued that it is in part the skillful musicianship which gets audiences to blow past such flaws.[52]
Accolades
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 14, 2018 Best Original Song – Feature Film "Shallow" by Lady Gaga, Mark Ronson, Anthony Rossomando, and Andrew Wyatt Pending [53]
Outstanding Music Supervision – Film Julianne Jordan and Julia Michels Pending
Best Soundtrack Album A Star Is Born Pending
Venice Film Festival September 8, 2018 Smithers Foundation Award A Star Is Born Won [54]
See also
Book: A Star Is Born (2018 film)
List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing
References
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Perry, Spencer (April 17, 2017). "First Look at Lady Gaga in A Star is Born Remake". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Star Is Born (billing block)". Warner Bros. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Star Is Born trailer with Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga". Film-news.co.uk. June 7, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Star is Born". warnerbros.com. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Star is Born". Toronto International Film Festival. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (August 22, 2018). "How 'A Star Is Born' Re-created the "Man's World" of Music, Coachella Concert Scenes". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 7, 2018). "'Venom' Still Showing $80M Fangs; 'A Star Is Born' Hitting $42M+ High Note In Record October Weekend". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Star Is Born (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Magrath, Andrea (January 21, 2011). "A Star Is Born... again: Clint Eastwood in talks to direct Beyonce in yet another remake of Hollywood classic". Daily Mail. London. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (April 1, 2012). "Screenwriter Will Fetters Talks Clint Eastwood's A STAR IS BORN; Says Script Was Inspired by Kurt Cobain". Collider.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (October 9, 2012). "Beyonce exits Eastwood's 'A Star Is Born' (Exclusive)". Variety. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (March 24, 2015). "Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut, Hopes To Star With Beyonce In 'A Star Is Born' For Warner Bros". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bart, Peter; Fleming Jr, Mike (May 2, 2016). "Bart & Fleming: Bradley Cooper & Lady Gaga Road Test 'A Star Is Born' Team-Up". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (June 16, 2016). "Lady Gaga Looking Like A Strong Match With Bradley Cooper In 'A Star Is Born'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (June 16, 2016). "Lady Gaga Joins Bradley Cooper's 'A Star Is Born' Remake". Variety. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (August 16, 2016). "'A Star Is Born' Gets Warner Bros Green Light; Bradley Cooper Directs, Stars With Lady Gaga". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Noelfi, Joel (April 18, 2017). "How Lady Gaga's A Star Is Born evolved with Jennifer Lopez, Beyoncé, more". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (November 9, 2016). "Ray Liotta in Talks to Join Lady Gaga in 'A Star Is Born' Remake". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (March 17, 2017). "Sam Elliott Joins Bradley Cooper & Lady Gaga In 'A Star Is Born'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (March 23, 2017). "Andrew Dice Clay In Negotiations To Join 'A Star Is Born' In Key Role". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andrew Dice Clay Says He Beat Robert De Niro, John Travolta for ‘A Star Is Born’ Role
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (April 28, 2017). "'A Star Is Born' Adds Rafi Gavron & Michael Harney". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (May 5, 2017). "Dave Chappelle Joins 'A Star Is Born' Redo". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (April 26, 2018). "Sony Pictures Makes Deal With Halsey For Movie Inspired By Singer's Life". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Finn, Timothy (February 2, 2018). "He's worked with Neil Young, Gaga and his dad, Willie Nelson. Now he's coming to KC". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stephens, Samantha (September 18, 2017). "How Lady Gaga Brought Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real's "Find Yourself" to Life". CMT. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ @Interscope (August 30, 2018). "#AStarIsBornSoundtrack features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film" (Tweet). Retrieved August 30, 2018 – via Twitter.
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Jump up ^ Wiseman, Andreas (August 14, 2018). "Damien Chazelle's 'First Man', Alfonso Cuaron's 'Roma', Bradley Cooper's 'A Star Is Born' Head To San Sebastian Fest". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
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Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 14, 2018). "'Sony Swings Past $1 Billion As 'Venom' Bites $35M+; 'First Man' Lands Third With $16M+ – Sunday AM". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 21, 2018). "'Halloween' Scares Up Second-Best October Opening With $77M+; Best Debut For Blumhouse & Carpenter Canon; Great Launch For Miramax". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
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Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (October 7, 2018). "'Venom' Sinks Teeth Into $205M Global Bow; Sets Biggest October Debut WW – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Greenblatt, Leah (August 31, 2018). "Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper make (mostly) beautiful music in A Star Is Born: EW review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Chang, Justin (September 8, 2018). "'A Star Is Born,' 'Beautiful Boy' bring stories of love and addiction to Toronto". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Star Is Born (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
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Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (August 31, 2018). "Venice Film Review: Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga in A Star Is Born". Variety. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie (August 31, 2018). "Lady Gaga Delivers a Knockout Performance in A Star Is Born". Time. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (October 1, 2018). "'A Star Is Born' Review: Cooper, Lady Gaga Hit All the Right Notes". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Hornaday, Ann (September 21, 2018). "Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga's hotly anticipated 'A Star is Born' is here — and it is lavishly delightful". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Michael (October 1, 2018). "'A Star is Born' review: Bradley Cooper goes Gaga in directing debut". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Michael (October 18, 2018). "How destructive male behavior in 'A Star is Born' is eclipsed by beautiful music". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
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Jump up ^ "Collateral Awards of the 75th Venice Film Festival". Venice Biennale. September 7, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
External links
Film portal
Lady Gaga portal
Official website
A Star Is Born on IMDb
A Star Is Born at the TCM Movie Database
A Star Is Born at Box Office Mojo
A Star Is Born (trailer) on YouTube
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text:
Judy Norton Taylor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Judy Norton Taylor
Norton-Taylor as Mary Ellen Walton, 1977.
Born
Judy Norton
(1958-01-29) January 29, 1958 (age 60)
Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Other names
Judy Norton-Graves, Judy Taylor
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1967-present
Spouse(s)
Douglas Taylor (1976-1978) (divorced)
Lynn Hughes (1980-?)
Randy Apostle (1991-2001) (divorced)
Robert Graves (2002-present)
Children
1 (with Apostle)
Website
Official website
Judy Norton-Taylor (born January 29, 1958) is an American actress and theater director who is best known for her role as Mary Ellen Walton on The Waltons television series and subsequent Waltons TV movies.
Contents
1 Personal life
2 Filmography
3 Television
4 References
5 External links
Personal life[edit]
She was born in Santa Monica, California, to parents Harry and Constance (née Glazebrook) Norton. She began practicing Scientology at age 13, and became a minister in the church.[1] She married Douglas Taylor in 1976 at the age of 19; the marriage ended in divorce in 1978. She was also married to former football player Lynn Hughes.
Still being viewed as a child actress in her early twenties, Norton posed nude for the August 1985 issue of Playboy in a bid to shed her wholesome "family" image. In 1991, Norton married Randy Apostle. They had one son, Devin, before divorcing in 2001.[2]
Today, Norton is married to Robert Graves. Norton has been writing, directing and starring in movies and theater. She is also a singer. An avid athlete, Norton has participated in competitive horse jumping and skydiving in addition to skiing and tennis. Her new CD Reflections was scheduled for release in August 2016.
Filmography[edit]
Hotel (1967)
Valentine (1979)
A Twist of Faith (1999)
Off Season (2001)
Hansel and Gretel: Warriors of Witchcraft (2013)
Blood Is Thicker (2013)
Broken: A Musical (2015)
The Sparrows: Nesting (2016)
Finding Harmony (2017)
Television[edit]
Felony Squad (1968)
The Homecoming: A Christmas Story (1971)
The Waltons (1972–1981)
Battle of the Network Stars (1979)
Kraft Salutes Disneyland's 25th Anniversary (1980)
Battle of the Network Stars (1980)
Battle of the Network Stars (1981)
The Love Boat (1982)
A Wedding on Waltons Mountain (1982)
Mother's Day on Waltons Mountain (1982)
A Day for Thanks on Waltons Mountain (1982)
Circus of the Stars (1983)
Circus of the Stars (1984)
A Walton Thanksgiving Reunion (1993)
A Walton Wedding (1995)
The Lost Daughter (1997)
A Walton Easter (1997)
Millennium (1997)
Stargate SG-1 (1998)
The Inspectors (1998)
Cold Squad (1999)
Beggars and Choosers (1999–2000)
Ed (2000)
Hollywood Off Ramp (2000)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lakeland Ledger - Oct 31, 1976
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0003354/
External links[edit]
Judy Norton Taylor on IMDb
Official Site for Judy Norton, actress, singer, director, writer

Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: no2010139940
VIAF: 157530523
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judy_Norton_Taylor&oldid=847963304"
Categories:
1958 births
Living people
American television actresses
Hidden categories:
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This page was last edited on 28 June 2018, at 23:28 (UTC).
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