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Gainesville, Georgia
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Gainesville, Georgia
City
Downtown Gainesville
Nickname(s): "Queen City of the Mountains",
"Poultry Capital of the World"

Location in Hall County and the state of Georgia
Gainesville
Gainesville in Metro Atlanta
Coordinates: 34°18′16″N 83°50′2″W / 34.30444°N 83.83389°W / 34.30444; -83.83389Coordinates: 34°18′16″N 83°50′2″W / 34.30444°N 83.83389°W / 34.30444; -83.83389
Country
United States
State
Georgia
County
Hall
Gainesville
1818
Named for
Edmund P. Gaines
Government
• Type
Popular vote democracy
• Mayor
Danny Dunagan[1]
Area
• City
33.9 sq mi (87.7 km2)
• Land
31.9 sq mi (82.7 km2)
• Water
1.9 sq mi (5.0 km2)
Elevation
1,250 ft (381 m)
Population (2010)
• City
33,804
• Estimate (2016)[2]
40,000
• Density
1,213/sq mi (468.2/km2)
• Metro
179,684
Time zone
EST (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC-4)
Area code(s)
770
FIPS code
13-31908[3]
GNIS feature ID
0355972[4]
Website
www.gainesville.org
The city of Gainesville is the county seat of Hall County, Georgia, United States.[5] As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 33,804.[6] By 2015 the population had risen to an estimated 38,712.[7] Because of its large number of poultry processing plants, it is often called the "Poultry Capital of the World". Gainesville is the principal city of, and is included in, the Gainesville, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville, Georgia Combined Statistical Area.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Economy
3.1 Poultry farming
3.2 Top employers
4 Culture
4.1 Arts and Theater
5 Climate
5.1 Severe weather
6 Demographics
7 Transportation
8 Healthcare
9 Government and infrastructure
10 Education
10.1 Gainesville City School District
10.2 Hall County School District
10.3 Private education
10.4 Higher education
10.5 Library
11 Law
12 Notable people
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
History[edit]
Gainesville was established as "Mule Camp Springs" by European-American settlers in the early 1800s. Less than three years after the organization of Hall County on December 15, 1818, Mule Camp Springs was renamed "Gainesville" on April 21, 1821. It was named in honor of General Edmund P. Gaines,[8] a hero of the War of 1812 and a noted military surveyor and road-builder. Gainesville was selected to be the county seat and chartered by the Georgia General Assembly on November 30, 1821.
A gold rush that began in nearby Lumpkin County in the 1830s resulted in an increase in the number of settlers and the beginning of a business community. In the middle of the 19th century, Gainesville had two important events. In 1849, it became established as a resort center, with people attracted to the springs. In 1851, much of the small city was destroyed by fire.
After the Civil War, Gainesville began to grow from 1870. In 1871 the Airline Railroad, later named the Georgia Southern Railroad, began to stop in Gainesville, increasing its ties to other markets and stimulating business and population. It grew from 1,000 in 1870, to over 5,000 by 1900.
By 1898, textile mills had become the primary driver of the economy, with the railroad integral to delivering raw cotton and carrying away the mills' products. With the revenues generated by the mills, in 1902, Gainesville became the first city south of Baltimore to install street lamps.[citation needed] On March 1, 1905, free mail delivery began in Gainesville, and on August 10, 1910, the Gainesville post office was opened. On December 22, 1915, the city's first high-rise, the Jackson Building, had its formal opening. In 1919 Southern Bell made improvements to the phone system.
City services began in Gainesville on February 22, 1873, with the election of a City Marshal, followed by solid waste collection in 1874. In 1890, a bond issue to fund the waterworks was passed, and the original water distribution system was developed.
In 1943, at the height of World War II, Gainesville contributed to the war effort by leasing the airport to the US government for $1.00. The military used it as a naval air station for training purposes. In 1947, the airport was returned to the city of Gainesville, improved by the addition of two 4,000-foot (1,200 m) landing strips (one of which was later lengthened to 5,500 feet (1,700 m)).
After World War II, a businessman named Jesse Jewell started the poultry industry in north Georgia. Chickens have since become the state's largest agricultural crop. This $1 billion a year industry has given Gainesville the title "Poultry Capital of the World".
In 1956, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed Lake Sidney Lanier, by building Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River. During the 1996 Summer Olympics, Gainesville served as the venue for the rowing and kayaking medal competitions, which were staged on Lake Lanier.
Gainesville gained accreditation of its Parks and Recreation Department in 2001. This was the third department in the state to be accredited. The Lakeside water treatment plant opened in 2002. The city has sponsored new social activities, including the Spring Chicken Festival in 2003, the Art in the Square gathering in 2004, and "Dredgefest" in 2008.
2008 saw the reopening of the Fair Street Neighborhood Center, the reopening of the Linwood Water Reclamation Facility Grand, and the completion of the Longwood Park Fishing Pier.
Geography[edit]
Lake Lanier at River Forks Park
Gainesville is located in central Hall County at 34°18′16″N 83°50′2″W / 34.30444°N 83.83389°W / 34.30444; -83.83389 (34.304490, -83.833897).[9] It is bordered to the southwest by the city of Oakwood. Interstate 985/U.S. Route 23 passes through the southern part of the city, leading southwest 54 miles (87 km) to Atlanta and northeast 23 miles (37 km) to Baldwin and Cornelia. U.S. Route 129 runs through the east side of the city, leading north 24 miles (39 km) to Cleveland and southeast 21 miles (34 km) to Jefferson.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 33.9 square miles (87.7 km2), of which 31.9 square miles (82.7 km2) are land and 1.9 square miles (5.0 km2), or 5.75%, are water.[10]
Nestled in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains, parts of Gainesville lie along the shore of one of the nation's most popular inland water destinations, Lake Lanier. Named after Confederate veteran, Georgia author and musician Sidney Lanier, the lake was created in 1956 when the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dammed the Chattahoochee River near Buford and flooded the river's valley. Although created primarily for hydroelectricity and flood control, it also serves as a reservoir providing water to the city of Atlanta and is a very popular recreational attraction for all of north Georgia.
Much of Gainesville is heavily wooded, with both deciduous and coniferous trees.
Economy[edit]
Poultry farming[edit]
The poultry farming industry in Gainesville began to develop after World War II, when Jesse Jewell, a Gainesville feed salesman, began his business. The format he developed was to sell North Georgia farmers baby chicks and feed on credit. When the chicks were grown, Jewell would buy back the adult chickens (broilers) at a price that would cover his costs and guarantee farmers a profit. Once Jewell signed on enough farmers to produce broilers for him, he invested in his own processing plant and hatchery.[11]
As of 2013, poultry farming remains a significant economic driver in Gainesville, representing six of its top ten employers (7,600 employees), nearly one-quarter of the total population in the city in 2010 (and a higher proportion of the working-age population).[12] It is the most well-known business in the area, with statewide revenue exceeding $3 billion. These jobs have attracted numerous Hispanic workers, adding to the diversity of families in the city and county. The proportion of Hispanic and Latino residents is more than 40 percent of the city's population, where the jobs are.
Top employers[edit]
According to Gainesville's 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[13] the top employers in the city are:
#
Employer
# of Employees
1 Northeast Georgia Health System 5,030
2 Fieldale Farms 2,400
3 Pilgrim's 1,600
4 Mar-Jac 1,250
5 Kubota 960
6 Coleman Natural 900
7 The Longstreet Clinic 580
8 Koch Foods 521
9 ZF 440
10 MP Equipment 110
Culture[edit]
Arts and Theater[edit]
Gainesville is the home of the Gainesville Theater Alliance (GTA), which is a partnership between Brenau University, the Univeristy of North Georgia, Theatre Wings, and the Professional Company. This coalition provides theatrical entertainment for the entire Gainesville area. GTA utilizes both professional and student actors in its productions and their performances have been nationally acclaimed. [14]
The Northeast Georgia History Center is a museum established by Brenau University in Downtown Gainesville that focuses on the heritage of the Northeast Georgia region. Some notable exhibits include the Land of Promise and Northeast Georgia Sports Hall of Fame. [15]
The Arts Council is a non-profit organization focused on providing Gainesville residents with a broad variety of visual, performing, and literary arts. The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra has been known to perform at this location. The Arts Council is located in the Smithgall Arts Center, which is a former two-story train depot that the Arts Council purchased from CSX Transportation in 1992. [16]
The Quinlan Visual Arts Center is a non-profit arts association initially founded as the Gainesville Arts Association in 1942. The Quinlan Visual Arts Center acts as an exhibit, with multiple galleries on display throughout the year, as well as an event center. It is also an affiliate of the Arts Council and provides art classes for both children and adults. [17]
The Gainesville Symphony Orchestra (GSO) was a volunteer orchestra founded in 1982 as the Lanier Symphony Orchestra. However, due to a lack in funding during the Great Recession, the GSO shut down in 2013 after almost 30 years of operation. [18]
Gainesville is also home to the Gainesville Ballet Company which is a partnership with Brenau University and the Gainesville School of Dance. One of their more popular performances throughout the year is Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker. [19]
Alta Vista Cemetery is a graveyard located just outside Downtown Gainesville. The famous Confederate general James Longstreet is buried here. Other notable gravesites include: several Georgia governors, an astronaut, a rocket scientist, a circus performer, and that of poultry pioneer Jesse Jewell (whom Jesse Jewell Parkway, Gainesville's main thoroughfare, is named after). [20]
Climate[edit]
Gainesville has a subtropical climate with mild, yet extremely varying[21] winters and very hot summers.
Winters are generally mild, with average temperature highs in the high 40s to mid 50s and lows in the low to mid 30s. However, temperatures can swing up and down in days, often one after another, since cold fronts and warm fronts visit frequently. It is not uncommon to see 70s for highs two days and temperatures in the teens for lows the next. Annual snowfall only yields an average of 1 inch, and accumulations for more than a day are rare.[22] Gainesville is located in USDA Hardiness Zone 8a, enabling hardy palm trees and cacti to withstand frigid nights. The record low temperature (-14 °F) was recorded in January 1985.
Spring sees highs in the 70s and 80s with lows in the 40s and 50s although March is the wettest month of the year on average.
Summer heat can be intense, but generally highs are in the mid to upper 80s. Gainesville's altitude shaves a few degrees off the summer heat. The area is extremely humid, and the heat index can reach the 100s. The record high (107 °F) was recorded in June and July 1952.
Fall has temperatures similar to spring but with much less humidity, especially later in the season. In late October to November the leaves are in the midst of changing colors to brilliant reds, yellows, golden oranges and purples.
[hide]Climate data for Gainesville, Georgia
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °F (°C)
51
(11) 56
(13) 63
(17) 72
(22) 80
(27) 87
(31) 90
(32) 90
(32) 82
(28) 73
(23) 60
(16) 52
(11) 71.3
(21.9)
Average low °F (°C)
32
(0) 37
(3) 46
(8) 51
(11) 60
(16) 66
(19) 68
(20) 66
(19) 61
(16) 51
(11) 45
(7) 35
(2) 51.5
(11)
Source: Weatherbase[23]
Severe weather[edit]
While Gainesville does not sit in Tornado Alley, a region of the United States where severe weather is common, Supercell thunderstorms can sweep through any time between March and November, being primarily concentrated in the spring. Tornado watches are frequent in the spring and summer, with a warning appearing at least biannually, occasionally with more than one per year.
Tornado activity in the Gainesville area is above Georgia state average and is 108% greater than the overall U.S. average.
Gainesville was the site of the fifth deadliest tornado in U.S. history in 1936,[24] in which Gainesville was devastated and 203 people were killed.[25] Gainesville was also the site of another deadly F4 on June 1, 1903, which killed 98 people.
In April 1974, an F4 tornado 22.6 miles away from the Gainesville city center killed six people and injured thirty. In December 1973, a category F3 tornado 2.1 miles away from the city center injured twenty-one people. Both storms caused between $500,000 and $5,000,000 in property damages.
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1860 344 —
1870 472 37.2%
1880 1,919 306.6%
1890 3,202 66.9%
1900 4,382 36.9%
1910 5,925 35.2%
1920 6,272 5.9%
1930 8,624 37.5%
1940 10,243 18.8%
1950 11,936 16.5%
1960 16,523 38.4%
1970 15,459 −6.4%
1980 15,280 −1.2%
1990 17,885 17.0%
2000 25,578 43.0%
2010 33,804 32.2%
Est. 2016 40,000 [2] 18.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[26]
As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 33,804 people, 11,273 households, and 7,165 families residing in the city. The population density was 1.161.6 people per square mile (450.7/km²). There were 12,967 housing units at an average density of 445.6 per square mile (172.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 54.2% White, 15.2% African American, 0.6% Native American, 3.2% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 23.4% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 41.6% of the population.
There were 11,273 households out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.3% were married couples living together, 18.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.64% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.55.
Age distribution was 33.9% under the age of 20, 9.5% from 20 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.5 years. For every 100 females there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 20 and over, there were 84.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $38,119, and the median income for a family was $43,734. Males had a median income of $26,377 versus $20,531 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,439. About 24.9% of families and 29.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.7% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.[27] In May 2013, the unemployment rate was 6.9%, less than the overall rate in Georgia of 8.3%, the US of 7.6%[28]
Of the population aged 15 years and over, 31.0% have never been married; 50.0% are now married; 2.4% are separated; 7.7% are widowed; and 9.9% are divorced.
Transportation[edit]
Amtrak's Crescent train connects Gainesville with the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Greensboro, Charlotte, Atlanta, Birmingham and New Orleans. The Gainesville Amtrak station is situated at 116 Industrial Boulevard.
Gainesville has a bus transit system, the Gainesville Connection, with 130 stops along three routes through Gainesville.[29] The Hall Area Transit Transportation System began operations in January 2001 with three buses and four mini-buses.[30]
Lee Gilmer Memorial Airport (GVL), built in 1940, is a city-owned airport with two runways (5,500 ft and 4,001 ft), and supports air taxi operations, itinerant operations, local operations, and military operations. Aircraft include 116 single engine aircraft, 21 multi-engine aircraft, 2 jet engine aircraft and 1 helicopter.[31] In addition, Gainesville has three heliports, Beaver Trail, Lanier Park Hospital and Latham Creek.
Healthcare[edit]
Gainesville is home to the Northeast Georgia Medical Center which houses the Ronnie Greene Heart Center.
Government and infrastructure[edit]
Arrendale State Prison of the Georgia Department of Corrections is a women's prison located in unincorporated Habersham County, near Alto,[32] and in the Gainesville area.[33]
Education[edit]
Of residents 25 and older, 66.2% have a high school degree or higher, 24.2% have a bachelor's degree or higher and 8.9% have a graduate or professional degree.[citation needed]
Gainesville City School District[edit]
The Gainesville City School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, and consists of five elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school.[34][35] The district has 282 full-time teachers and over 4,438 students.[36] Its lone high school, Gainesville High School boasts several notable alumni, including Deshaun Watson, Clemson quarterback, Cris Carpenter, former professional baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals, Florida Marlins, Texas Rangers, Milwaukee Brewers), Tasha Humphrey, professional basketball player, and Micah Owings, Current professional baseball player (Arizona Diamondbacks, Cincinnati Reds, San Diego Padres).
Hall County School District[edit]
The Hall County School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, and consists of twenty-one elementary schools, six middle schools, and seven high schools.[37] The district has 1,337 full-time teachers and over 21,730 students.[38] The high schools in this district have produced a number of notable alumni including, Connor Shaw, starting quarterback for the University of South Carolina Gamecocks football team; Casey Cagle, Lt. Governor, State of Georgia; James Mills, Georgia State Representative; A.J. Styles, professional wrestler; Mike "MoonPie" Wilson, former NFL football player; Chester Willis, former NFL football player; Jody Davis, former catcher for Chicago Cubs and Atlanta Braves baseball teams; Billy Greer, bass guitarist for progressive rock band Kansas; Corey Hulsey, former NFL Oakland Raiders football player; Robin Spriggs, author and actor; and Martrez Milner, American football tight end.
Private education[edit]
Gainesville has three private schools: Riverside Military Academy which is a private, college preparatory, boarding and day school for boys in grades 7 through 12; Lakeview Academy, a private, nondenominational, college preparatory school; and Brenau Academy, a female, college preparatory, residential school for grades 9-12, which is a part of the Brenau University system.
Higher education[edit]
Gainesville has three institutions of higher education: University of North Georgia (formerly Gainesville State College), which was established January 8, 2013, as a result of the consolidation of North Georgia College and State University and Gainesville State College; Brenau University, a private, not-for-profit, undergraduate- and graduate-level higher education institution; and the Interactive College of Technology.
Library[edit]
The Hall County Library, with an operating income of $3,078,611, offers a collection of 292,717 books, 1,355 e-books, 32,858 audio materials, 26,616 video materials, 36 local licensed databases, 146 state licensed databases, 821 print serial subscriptions, and 36 electronic serial subscriptions.[39]
Law[edit]
The Public Defender's Office at Gainesville has been recognized as one of the best in the state of Georgia. Established in 2005, the office provides representation for persons accused of felony offenses in Hall County.[40] Attorneys from the office have been recognized for their community involvement, as well as for their acumen in the courtroom.[41] In 2008, a first-year attorney successfully challenged the Sex Offender Registration Law in the Georgia Supreme Court.[42]
Crime has decreased significantly in the past twelve years in Gainesville, with the rate of crimes per 100,000 population decreasing from a high of 728.6 in 2000, to 307.6 in 2011 (the last year for which data is available).[39]
The number of full-time law enforcement employees in 2011, including police officers, was 108, with 95 being officers. Gainesville is on par with the state of Georgia in general with 2.77 officers per 1,000 residents.[39]
Notable people[edit]
Tommy Aaron, professional golfer, 1973 Masters champion
Jodi Benson, voice actress for Princess Ariel in Disney's The Little Mermaid
Roy D. Bridges, Jr., astronaut
Casey Cagle, Lieutenant Governor of Georgia 2006–present
Rod Cameron, actor
Allen D. Candler, Governor of Georgia
Cris Carpenter, former Major League Baseball pitcher
John Casper, astronaut
Jason Cross, professional wrestler
Henry Crowder, professional jazz musician
Jody Davis, professional baseball player
Nathan Deal, 82nd Governor of Georgia, grew up in Millen[43]
Dexter Fowler, Major League Baseball center fielder for the St. Louis Cardinals
Chan Gailey, professional and college football coach
John Driskell Hopkins, bassist for the Zac Brown Band
Corey Hulsey, football guard for the Detroit Lions
Tasha Humphrey, Washington Mystics basketball player
Sung Kang, actor
General James Longstreet, Confederate general and Gainesville postmaster
Reg Murphy, former president and vice chairman, National Geographic Society; publisher, Baltimore Sun; editor and publisher, San Francisco Examiner; editor, Atlanta Journal-Constitution
Alexander R. Nininger, World War II Medal of Honor recipient, Battle of Bataan
Micah Owings, Major League Baseball pitcher
Randy Pobst, professional racing driver
Robert Prechter, financial forecaster (1980s "Guru of the Decade")
Blake Sims, former University of Alabama Quarterback
James Milton Smith, Governor of Georgia
AJ Styles, professional wrestler signed to WWE
Deshaun Watson, current Houston Texans quarterback; former Clemson University quarterback
Margaret Woodrow Wilson, daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson
Mike Wilson, former National Football League offensive lineman
See also[edit]
State of Georgia portal
1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.gainesville.org/city-council
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
Jump up ^ "Gainesville (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Quickfacts.census.gov. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 133.
Jump up ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Gainesville city, Georgia". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ New Georgia Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ Gainesville-Hall County Top Employers 2013
Jump up ^ City of Gainesville CAFR
Jump up ^ http://blog.ung.edu/gta/about-gta/index/
Jump up ^ http://www.negahc.org/
Jump up ^ http://www.exploregeorgia.org/listing/4189-arts-council-smithgall-arts-center
Jump up ^ http://www.quinlanartscenter.org/about.html
Jump up ^ http://www.gainesvilletimes.com/archives/81726/preview/
Jump up ^ http://www.gainesvilleballet.org/
Jump up ^ http://www.exploregeorgia.org/listing/104-alta-vista-cemetery
Jump up ^ [1]: an example of Extreme Gainesville Weather. Accessed Wednesday, February 04, 2009 at 4:09 PM, this page specified a Hard freeze Warning, Lake Wind Advisory, and even a Fire Weather Warning, issued from the National Weather Service! Other days can see this rise to 60 Fahrenheit before plummeting once more.
Jump up ^ "City street after an ice storm, Gainesville, Georgia, January 31, 1908". Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Gainesville, Georgia, United States of America". Retrieved July 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The 1936 Gainesville Tornado: Disaster and Recovery". Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
Jump up ^ NOAA Storm Prediction Center
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ American Fact Finder
Jump up ^ Georgia Department of Labor
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Gainesville History
Jump up ^ Lee Gilmer Memorial Airport
Jump up ^ "Arrendale State Prison Archived 2014-01-16 at the Wayback Machine.." Georgia Department of Corrections. Retrieved on November 15, 2010. "ADDRESS: 2023 GAINESVILLE HWY SOUTH POST OFFICE BOX 709 ALTO, GA 30510."
Jump up ^ Pearl, Matthew. "Ga. inmates make history, graduate high school in prison" (Archive). WXIA. July 23, 2015. Retrieved on July 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Georgia Board of Education[permanent dead link], Retrieved June 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gainesville City School District, Retrieved June 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ School Stats, Retrieved June 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Georgia Board of Education[permanent dead link], Retrieved June 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ School Stats, Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c [3]
Jump up ^ Georgia Public Defender Standards Council - Meet the Northeastern Judicial Circuit Public Defender Office Archived 2007-05-02 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ gainesvilletimes.com[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Young lawyer makes his mark". Gainesvilletimes.com. November 12, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Barone, Michael; Ujifusa, Grant (1999). The Almanac of American Politics 2000. National Journal Group Inc. p. 483.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gainesville (Georgia).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gainesville, Georgia.
City of Gainesville official website
Gainesville Times, newspaper
Greater Hall Chamber of Commerce
Palmour Street, 1957 film set in an African American neighborhood of Gainesville, directed by George Stoney
City-Data.com entry
Bicentennial Park historical marker
Dr. Emmett Ethridge Butler historical marker
First Private Mint Templeton Reid Mint historical marker
Jesse Jewell historical marker
Henry O. Ward historical marker
The Historic Piedmont Hotel historical marker
Two Georgia Governors historical marker
[show]
v
t
e
Municipalities and communities of Hall County, Georgia, United States
County seat: Gainesville
City
Buford‡
Flowery Branch
Gainesville
Gillsville‡
Lula‡
Oakwood
Towns
Braselton‡
Clermont
Rest Haven‡
Unincorporated
communities
Belmont
Chestnut Mountain
Chicopee
Murrayville
New Holland
Footnotes
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
[show]
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VIAF: 236990563
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Horse and buggy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A horse and buggy, c. 1910, Oklahoma
Horse and buggy, Naqsh-i Jahan Square, Isfahan, Iran
Harness racing buggy, c. 1910, Connecticut
A horse and buggy (in American English) or horse and carriage (in British English and American English) refers to a light, simple, two-person carriage of the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, drawn usually by one or sometimes by two horses. Also called a roadster or a trap, it was made with two wheels in England and the United States, and with four wheels in the United States as well. It had a folding or falling top.
Contents
1 History
2 Today
3 Gallery
4 Literature
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
A Concorde buggy, first made in Concord, New Hampshire, had a body with low sides and side-spring suspension. A buggy having two seats was a double buggy. A buggy called a stanhope typically had a high seat and closed back.
The bodies of buggies were sometimes suspended on a pair of longitudinal elastic wooden bars called sidebars. A buggy whip had a small, usually tasseled tip called a snapper.
In countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, it was a primary mode of short-distance personal transportation, especially between 1815 and 1915. At that time, horseback riding in towns and rural areas was less common and required more specific skills than driving a buggy. Horsemanship tended to be an aristocratic skill of larger American and British landowners, North American western pioneers, the military and scouts. Buggies required at least crudely graded main roadways, where horses could go almost anywhere. The growing use of buggies for local travel expanded, along with stage lines and railroads for longer trips. In cities and towns, horse-drawn railed vehicles gave carriage to poor workers and the lower middle class. The upper middle class used buggies, as did farmers, while the rich had the more elegant 4-wheel carriages for local use. In the late 19th century, bicycles became another factor in urban personal transport.
Until mass production of the automobile brought its price within the reach of the working class, horse-drawn conveyances were the most common means of local transport in towns and nearby countryside. Buggies cost around $25 to $50, and could easily be hitched and driven by untrained men, women, or children. In the United States, hundreds of small companies produced buggies, and their wide use helped to encourage the grading and graveling of main rural roads and actual paving in towns. This provided all-weather passage within and between larger towns.
By the early 1910s, the number of automobiles had surpassed the number of buggies, but their use continued well into the 1920s in out of the way places.
During the 1930s, unemployment due to the Great Depression and high gasoline prices meant many car owners in the U.S. and Canada could no longer afford to drive. The Bennett buggy (in Canada) – or Hoover wagon (in the U.S.) – was an automobile converted to be pulled by horses.
Today[edit]
Horse and carriage in front of the Austrian Parliament, Vienna
In the 21st century, the buggy is still used as normal, everyday means of transportation by Anabaptists like the Amish, parts of the Old Order Mennonites, parts of the Old Order River Brethren and parts of the German-speaking "Russian" Mennonites in Latin America but also by the Old Order German Baptist Brethren and Old Brethren German Baptists (both are conservative Schwarzenau Brethren).[1] A triangular warning sign with red border and yellow background is often attached to the rear of the buggy.
Commercial horse-and-buggy rides mainly for tourists are conducted in several places, for example in New York City's Central Park area,[2] in Vienna,[3] Brussels[4] and other European and North American sites.
Today, the term "horse and buggy" is often used in reference to the era before the advent of the automobile and other socially revolutionizing major inventions. By extension, it has come to mean clinging to outworn attitudes or ideas, and hopelessly outmoded, old-fashioned, non-modern, or obsolete.
Gallery[edit]
Typical buggy of the Holmes County Amish in Ohio
Square gray topped buggy of the Amish in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Yellow topped buggy of the Byler Amish in Belleville, Pennsylvania
White topped buggy of the Nebraska Amish of Pennsylvania and Ohio
Old Order Mennonite buggy in Oxford County, Ontario
Buggy of the Virginia Old Order Mennonites
Open buggy, typical for the Swiss Amish
Open buggy of the Amish in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Amish buggies of Berlin, Ohio
Literature[edit]
Stephen Scott: Plain Buggies: Amish, Mennonite, And Brethren Horse-Drawn Transportation, Intercourse, PA 1998.
See also[edit]
Buckeye Manufacturing Company
"A Double Buggy at Lahey Creek", short story by Henry Lawson
Driving (horse)
Equestrian use of roadways
Horse harness
Types of carriages
References[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Buggy.
Jump up ^ Picture of the Amish buggy-Amish horse-drawn wagon, black horse buggy, spring, cab or market wagon Amish.net
Jump up ^ Horse-Drawn Carriages
Jump up ^ Through Vienna in a horse-drawn carriage at wien.info
Jump up ^ Horse-drawn carriage tours in Brussels at brusselslife.be
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_and_buggy&oldid=856611033"
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1998 American League Championship Series
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1998 American League Championship Series
Teams
Team (Wins)
Manager Season
New York Yankees (4)
Joe Torre 114–48, .704, GA: 22
Cleveland Indians (2)
Mike Hargrove 89–73, .549, GA: 9
Dates
October 6–13
MVP
David Wells (New York)
Umpires
Jim Evans, Ted Hendry, John Shulock, Larry Young, Tim Welke, Jim McKean
ALDS
New York Yankees over Texas Rangers (3–0)
Cleveland Indians over Boston Red Sox (3–1)
Broadcast
Television
NBC
TV announcers
Bob Costas and Joe Morgan
Radio
ESPN
Radio announcers
Dan Shulman and Buck Martinez
← 1997 ALCS 1999 →
1998 World Series
The 1998 American League Championship Series (ALCS), the second round of the 1998 American League playoffs, was played between the East Division champion New York Yankees and the Central Division champion Cleveland Indians.
The Yankees defeated the Indians four games to two and went on to sweep the National League champion San Diego Padres in the 1998 World Series. New York, who won 114 games during the regular season, recorded their only two losses of the 1998 postseason in this series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Summary
2.1 New York Yankees vs. Cleveland Indians
3 Game summaries
3.1 Game 1
3.2 Game 2
3.3 Game 3
3.4 Game 4
3.5 Game 5
3.6 Game 6
4 Composite box
5 Notes
6 External links
Background[edit]
Cleveland advanced to the ALCS by ousting the Wild Card Boston Red Sox three games to one in the AL Division Series, while New York swept the West Division champion Texas Rangers three games to none.
Summary[edit]
New York Yankees vs. Cleveland Indians[edit]
New York won the series, 4–2.
Game
Date
Score
Location
Time
Attendance
1 October 6 Cleveland Indians – 2, New York Yankees – 7 Yankee Stadium (I) 3:31 57,138[1]
2 October 7 Cleveland Indians – 4, New York Yankees – 1 (12 innings) Yankee Stadium (I) 4:28 57,128[2]
3 October 9 New York Yankees – 1, Cleveland Indians – 6 Jacobs Field 2:53 44,904[3]
4 October 10 New York Yankees – 4, Cleveland Indians – 0 Jacobs Field 3:31 44,981[4]
5 October 11 New York Yankees – 5, Cleveland Indians – 3 Jacobs Field 3:33 44,966[5]
6 October 13 Cleveland Indians – 5, New York Yankees – 9 Yankee Stadium (I) 3:31 57,142[6]
Game summaries[edit]
Game 1[edit]
Tuesday, October 6, 1998, at Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New York
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 5 0
New York 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 X 7 11 0
WP: David Wells (1–0) LP: Jaret Wright (0–1)
Home runs:
CLE: Manny Ramírez (1)
NYY: Jorge Posada (1)
Cleveland came in as heavy underdogs, but also were the defending American League Champions. In Game 1, the Yankees got off to a good start, by hitting four straight singles in the bottom of the first to score two runs. A groundout and stolen base then put runners on second and third with two outs before a wild pitch to Shane Spencer scored another run. Spencer walked before Jorge Posada's RBI single made it 4–0 Yankees and knocked starter Jaret Wright out of the game. Chad Ogea came on in relief and allowed an RBI single to Scott Brosius. Posada's leadoff home run in the sixth off of Ogea made it 6–0 Yankees, then next inning, back-to-back leadoff doubles by Paul O'Neill and Bernie Williams made it 7–0. Eventual ALCS MVP David Wells cruised through 8 1⁄3 innings. A two-run homer by Manny Ramírez would knock home the only runs of the game for Cleveland in the ninth. Jeff Nelson retired the last two batters of the game.
Game 2[edit]
Wednesday, October 7, 1998, at Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New York
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
R
H
E
Cleveland 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 8 1
New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1
WP: Dave Burba (1–0) LP: Jeff Nelson (0–1) Sv: Mike Jackson (1)
Home runs:
CLE: David Justice (1)
NYY: None
In Game 2, twenty-game winner David Cone went for the Yankees, who looked like they would go to Cleveland up two games in the series. However, David Justice hit a solo home run in the fourth, putting the Yankees behind for the first time in the postseason. A Scott Brosius double with two on off of Charles Nagy tied the game in the seventh, but the Yankees would squander the chance to score him. They would also squander many chances in the game to score, as the game moved to extra innings. Jim Thome led off the top of the twelfth with a single. Enrique Wilson was then called on the pinch run. Travis Fryman then laid a sacrifice bunt down, and, as Jeff Nelson went to throw it to first, he hit Fryman and the ball rolled past Chuck Knoblauch covering. Knoblauch tried to argue the call as the ball continued to roll. Wilson and Fryman continued to run and Wilson would score as the ball was still not dead. An error by Tino Martinez put Fryman at third. The Indians now had the lead back and loaded the bases on a hit-by-pitch and walk. Graeme Lloyd relieved Nelson and allowed a two-run single to Kenny Lofton while Mike Jackson shutout the Yankees in the bottom of the inning as the Indians tied the series 1–1.
Game 3[edit]
Friday, October 9, 1998, at Jacobs Field in Cleveland, Ohio
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
New York 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0
Cleveland 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 X 6 12 0
WP: Bartolo Colón (1–0) LP: Andy Pettitte (0–1)
Home runs:
NYY: None
CLE: Jim Thome 2 (2), Manny Ramírez (2), Mark Whiten (1)
At Jacobs Field for Game 3, the Yankees were rendered helpless by a barrage of Indian home runs and the dazzling pitching of young flamethrower Bartolo Colón. After the Yankees took the lead in the first when Chuck Knoblauch hit a leadoff single, moved to third on two groundouts and scored on a Bernie Williams RBI-single, the Indians took control of the game. Jim Thome led off the bottom of the second with a home run, then Mark Whiten doubled and scored on a Enrique Wilson single to make it 2–1 Cleveland. In the fifth, Manny Ramirez homered with two outs, then after a walk, back-to-back home runs by Thome and Whiten made it 6–1 Indians and knock starter Andy Pettitte out of the game. The strong pitching of Colon silenced the Yankees' bats the rest of the way as the New York batters were held hitless from the fifth inning onwards. Colon would finish with a four-hit complete game victory, and the Indians took a 2–1 edge in the best-of-seven series.
Game 4[edit]
Saturday, October 10, 1998, at Jacobs Field in Cleveland, Ohio
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
New York 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 4 0
Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3
WP: Orlando Hernández (1–0) LP: Dwight Gooden (0–1)
Home runs:
NYY: Paul O'Neill (1)
CLE: None
The Yankees looked to Orlando "El Duque" Hernández for a clutch pitching performance. Hernandez had come to the Yankees shrouded in mystery, having defected from Cuba just ten months earlier. He was making his postseason debut with this start against former Yankee Dwight Gooden. Paul O'Neill gave Hernandez a run to work with by hitting a solo home run off Gooden in the top of the first. In the fourth, Gooden walked two before Chili Davis's RBI double and Tino Martinez's sacrifice fly scored a run each. The Yankees added one more run in the ninth on Scott Brosius's sacrifice fly with two on off of Paul Shuey, the run charged to Dave Burba. Hernandez pitched seven shutout innings while Mike Stanton and Mariano Rivera pitched a scoreless eighth and ninth, respectively as the Yankees' 4–0 win tied the series 2–2.
Game 5[edit]
Sunday, October 11, 1998, at Jacobs Field in Cleveland, Ohio
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
New York 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0
Cleveland 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 8 0
WP: David Wells (2–0) LP: Chad Ogea (0–1) Sv: Mariano Rivera (1)
Home runs:
NYY: Chili Davis (1)
CLE: Kenny Lofton (1), Jim Thome (3)
Instead of pitching Jaret Wright in Game 5, Indians' Mike Hargrove looked to Chad Ogea, who pitched well in the 1997 World Series, to give his team a three games to two lead in the series. The Yankees loaded the bases with one out on a single, walk and hit-by-pitch before Chili Davis's single scored two. Another hit-by-pitch loaded the bases Tim Raines's RBI groundout made it 3–0 Yankees. A leadoff homer by Kenny Lofton in the bottom of the inning off of David Wells put the Indians on the board. After two singles and a wild pitch put runners on second and third with no outs, a sacrifice fly by Manny Ramírez made it a one-run game. In the second, Chuck Knoblauch drew a leadoff walk, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt, and scored on a Paul O'Neill single to make it 4–2 Yankees. Chili Davis homered in the fourth off of Wright to put the Yankees ahead by three, but Jim Thome hit his third home run of the series in the bottom of the sixth to make it a two-run game. Wells and the Yankees' bullpen held off any further Indians scoring, and the Yankees were one win away from the World Series.
Game 6[edit]
Tuesday, October 13, 1998, at Yankee Stadium (I) in Bronx, New York
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Cleveland 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 8 3
New York 2 1 3 0 0 3 0 0 X 9 11 1
WP: David Cone (1–0) LP: Charles Nagy (0–1)
Home runs:
CLE: Jim Thome (4)
NYY: Scott Brosius (1)
In the bottom of the first, three consecutive one out singles off of Charles Nagy by Derek Jeter, Paul O'Neill and Bernie Williams made it 1–0 Yankees, then Chili Davis's RBI groundout made it 2–0. Next inning, Joe Girardi singled with one out and scored on Chuck Knoblauch's double. Next inning, a single and error put two on with no outs and Scott Brosius's home run two outs later made it 6–0 Yankees. David Cone pitched four shutout innings, but the Indians refused to go quietly. In the fifth, three consecutive singles loaded the bases with no outs, then David Justice walked to force in a run and after Manny Ramirez struck out, a grand slam by Jim Thome made it 6–5 Yankees. Ramiro Mendoza, then pitched three shutout innings while in the sixth, Derek Jeter's triple with two on off of Dave Burba made it 8–5 Yankees, then Jeter scored on William's single off of Paul Shuey to make it 9–5 Yankees. Mariano Rivera sealed a World Series berth in the ninth with Omar Vizquel grounding out to end the ALCS, sending the Yankees to their second World Series in three seasons.
Composite box[edit]
1998 ALCS (4–2): New York Yankees over Cleveland Indians
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
R
H
E
New York Yankees 12 2 3 3 0 4 2 0 1 0 0 0 27 43 2
Cleveland Indians 2 2 0 1 9 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 20 45 7
Total attendance: 306,259 Average attendance: 51,043
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "1998 ALCS Game 1 - Cleveland Indians vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1998 ALCS Game 2 - Cleveland Indians vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1998 ALCS Game 3 - New York Yankees vs. Cleveland Indians". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1998 ALCS Game 4 - New York Yankees vs. Cleveland Indians". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1998 ALCS Game 5 - New York Yankees vs. Cleveland Indians". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1998 ALCS Game 6 - Cleveland Indians vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
External links[edit]
1998 ALCS at Baseball-Reference
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values: League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award

values: List of American League Championship Series broadcasters

values: 1997 American League Championship Series

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Jacobs Field

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1998_Major_League_Baseball_postseason
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values: New York Yankees award winners and league leaders

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values: List of Cleveland Indians owners and executives

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values: Template talk:Major League Baseball on NBC

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values: List of Major League Baseball All-Star Game broadcasters

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Pete van Wieren

values: 1985 National League Championship Series

values: 1999 National League Championship Series

values: Kirk Gibson's 1988 World Series home run

values: The Heart of the Matter (Kenny Rogers album)

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values: 1999 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

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values: 1998 National League Wild Card tie-breaker game

values: 1999 National League Wild Card tie-breaker game

values: 2007 National League Wild Card tie-breaker game

values: 2008 American League Central tie-breaker game

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values: Category:1998 Major League Baseball season

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values: Série de championnat de la Ligue américaine de baseball 1998 – French

values: 1998年のアメリカンリーグチャンピオンシップシリーズ – Japanese

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