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Religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States
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The majority of American Presidents have been Protestant. St. John's Episcopal Church, an Episcopal church in Washington, D.C., has been visited by every sitting president since James Madison.[1]
The religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States can affect their electability, shape their stances on policy matters and their visions of society and also how they want to lead it. Speculation of Thomas Jefferson,[2] Abraham Lincoln,[3][4] and William Howard Taft[5] being atheists was reported during election campaigns, while others, such as Jimmy Carter,[6] used faith as a defining aspect of their campaigns and tenure to hold the office. Almost all of the presidents can be characterized as Christian, at least by upbringing, though some were unaffiliated with any specific religious body. Protestants predominate, with Episcopalians and Presbyterians being the most prevalent. There have been four Nontrinitarian presidents, and a single Roman Catholic president (John F. Kennedy). No president thus far has been openly an atheist.[7] However, it has been acknowledged that two US Presidents—Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Johnson—had no religious affiliation.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Formal affiliation
2 Personal beliefs
2.1 Deism and the Founding Fathers
2.2 Unitarianism and Nontrinitarianism
2.3 Nonreligious Presidents
3 Civic religion
4 Studies of presidential religion
5 List of Presidents by religious affiliation
6 List of Presidents with details on their religious affiliation
7 Affiliation totals
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Formal affiliation[edit]
Most presidents have been formal members of a particular church or religious body, and a specific affiliation can be assigned to every president from James A. Garfield on. For many earlier presidents, however, formal church membership was forestalled until they left office; and in several cases a president never joined any church. Conversely, though every president from George Washington to John Quincy Adams can be definitely assigned membership in an Anglican or Unitarian body, the significance of these affiliations is often downplayed as unrepresentative of their true beliefs.[citation needed]
The pattern of religious adherence has changed dramatically over the course of United States history, so that the pattern of presidential affiliations is quite unrepresentative of modern membership numbers. For example, Episcopalians are extraordinarily well represented among the presidents compared to a current membership of about 2% of the population; this is partly because the Church of England, from which the Episcopal Church is derived, was the established church in some states (such as New York and Virginia) before the American Revolution. The Episcopal Church has been much larger previously, with its decline in membership occurring only in more recent decades.[9] The first seven presidents listed as Episcopalians were all from Virginia. Unitarians are also overrepresented, reflecting the importance of those colonial churches. Conversely, Baptists are underrepresented, a reflection of their quite recent expansion in numbers; there has been only one Catholic president, although they are currently the largest single denomination, and there have been no Adventist, Anabaptist, Lutheran, Orthodox, Pentecostal, or Latter Day Saint presidents.[citation needed]
While many presidents did not formally join a church until quite late in life, there is a genre of tales of deathbed conversions. Biographers usually doubt these, though the baptism of James K. Polk is well documented.[10]
Personal beliefs[edit]
The inner beliefs of the presidents are much more difficult to establish than church membership. While some presidents have been relatively voluble about religion, many have been reticent to the point of complete obscurity. Researchers have tried to draw conclusions from patterns of churchgoing or religious references in political speeches. When explicit statements are absent, it is difficult to assess whether the presidents in question were irreligious, were unorthodox in their beliefs, or simply believed that religion was not a matter for public revelation.[citation needed]
On the other hand, there are several presidents who considered themselves aligned with a particular church, but who withheld from formal affiliation for a time. James Buchanan, for instance, held himself allied with the Presbyterian church, but refrained from joining it until he left office.[citation needed]
Some presidents changed their beliefs and affiliation at some point in their lives; synthesis of statements and membership from different periods can be misleading.[citation needed]
Deism and the Founding Fathers[edit]
Deism was a religious philosophy in common currency in colonial times, and some Founding Fathers (most notably Thomas Paine, who was an explicit proponent of it, and Benjamin Franklin, who spoke of it in his Autobiography) are identified more or less with this system. Thomas Jefferson became a deist in later life, and Washington, James Madison, James Monroe, and John Tyler are often identified as having some degree of deistic beliefs.[11]
Unitarianism and Nontrinitarianism[edit]
Four presidents are affiliated with Unitarian churches, and a fifth (Jefferson) was an exponent of ideas now commonly associated with Unitarianism. Unitarians fall outside of Trinitarian Christianity, and the question arises as to the degree to which the presidents themselves held Christian precepts. The information is generally available in the statements of the presidents themselves; for example, John Quincy Adams left detailed statements of his beliefs. William Howard Taft, a Unitarian, is noted to have said in a letter to a friend, "I am interested in the spread of Christian civilization, but to go into a dogmatic discussion of creed I will not do whether I am defeated or not. . . . If the American electorate is so narrow as not to elect a Unitarian, well and good. I can stand it."[12]
Two presidents were Quakers (Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon) and information about their religion is harder to come by. Quakerism is, by its nature, not circumscribed by doctrines, but even so it is hard to determine whether either Hoover or Nixon had much adherence even to Quaker practice. For instance, it is common among Quakers to refuse to swear oaths; however, recordings show that Nixon did swear the oath of office in the conventional manner in all cases, and while the matter is clouded for Hoover, there is newspaper and circumstantial evidence that he did likewise.[citation needed] While Abraham Lincoln never officially joined a church, there has been some research indicating that he may have had Quaker leanings. During his time in office, he had numerous meetings with Quakers and had investigated a supposed Quaker ancestry.[13]
The only other president with any association with a definitely non-Trinitarian body is Dwight D. Eisenhower, whose parents moved from the River Brethren to the antecedents of the Jehovah's Witnesses. Eisenhower himself was baptized in the Presbyterian church shortly after assuming the presidency, the only president thus far to undergo such a rite while in office; and his attendance at West Point was in sharp opposition to the tenets of the groups to which his parents belonged.[14][15]
Nonreligious Presidents[edit]
There are some presidents for whom there is little evidence as to the importance of religion in their lives. For example, almost no evidence exists for Monroe's personal religious beliefs, though this may be the result of the destruction of most of his personal correspondence, in which religious sentiments may have been recorded. As with claims of deism, these identifications are not without controversy. No president has declared himself to be atheist.[7]
Civic religion[edit]
St. John's Episcopal Church (built 1815-1816) just across Lafayette Square and north of the White House, is the church nearest to the White House, and its services have been attended at least once by nearly every President since James Madison (1809–1817).[16] Another Episcopal church, Washington National Cathedral, chartered by Congress in 1893, has been the scene of many funeral and memorial services of Presidents and other dignitaries, as well as the site of interfaith presidential prayer services after their inaugurations, and the burial place of Woodrow Wilson.[17]
Presidential proclamations, from the earliest days, have often been laden with religious if not explicitly Christian language. In at least two cases, Presidents saw fit to issue denials that they were atheists. At the same time, this was tempered, especially in early years, by a strong commitment to disestablishment. Several Presidents especially stand out as exponents of this. Consideration of this has become increasingly contentious as topics such as civil rights and human sexuality have increasingly put churches at odds with each other and with the government.
Studies of presidential religion[edit]
Presidential biographers have often been brought to consider the issue of presidential religion. In the case of certain key figures (particularly Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln), they have devoted considerable attention to the subject.[citation needed]
Some researchers have produced general surveys of presidential religion. A recent example is The Faiths of the Founding Fathers by David L. Holmes (New York, Oxford University Press USA, 2006), which examines the views of some early presidents as well as other political figures of the period. The Adherents.com website maintains a list of presidential affiliations, with subpages for each president.[11] Most of these subpages refer to a site by one Peter Roberts, which has links and some more detailed information on the religion of the presidents, vice presidents, and founding fathers.[18]
List of Presidents by religious affiliation[edit]
Name
Religion
Branch
Further branch
Specific denomination
Years in office
Notes
Warren G. Harding Christian Protestant Baptist Northern Baptist 1921–1923
Harry S. Truman Christian Protestant Baptist Northern Baptist 1945–1953
Jimmy Carter Christian Protestant Baptist Southern Baptist 1977–1981 Later left the Southern Baptist Convention
Bill Clinton Christian Protestant Baptist Southern Baptist 1993-2001 Later left the Southern Baptist Convention
Calvin Coolidge Christian Protestant Reformed Congregationalist 1923–1929
James A. Garfield Christian Protestant Reformed Disciples of Christ 1881–1881
Lyndon B. Johnson Christian Protestant Reformed Disciples of Christ 1963–1969
Martin Van Buren Christian Protestant Reformed Dutch Reformed 1837–1841
Theodore Roosevelt Christian Protestant Reformed Dutch Reformed 1901–1909
Andrew Jackson Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian 1829–1837
James Buchanan Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian 1857–1861
Grover Cleveland Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian 1885–1889
Benjamin Harrison Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian 1889–1893
Woodrow Wilson Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian 1913–1921
Dwight D. Eisenhower Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian 1953–1961
Ronald Reagan Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian 1981–1989 Baptized into the Disciples of Christ but disaffiliated and became a member of Bel Air Presbyterian Church in his later years
Donald Trump Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian[19] 2017–present
George Washington Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1789–1797 Baptized into the Church of England. It was reorganized as the Episcopal Church (USA) after the American Revolution.
James Madison Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1809–1817
James Monroe Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1817–1825
William Henry Harrison Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1841–1841
John Tyler Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1841–1845
Zachary Taylor Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1849–1850
Franklin Pierce Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1853–1857
Chester A. Arthur Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1881–1885
Franklin D. Roosevelt Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1933–1945
Gerald Ford Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1974–1977
George H. W. Bush Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1989–1993
James Polk Christian Protestant Methodist United Methodist 1845–1849 Never baptized until on his deathbed. Formerly more or less affiliated with Presbyterian churches. He eventually received a deathbed Methodist baptism by United Methodist preacher John Berry McFerrin.[20]
Ulysses Grant Christian[21] Protestant Methodist[21] United Methodist 1869–1877
William McKinley Christian Protestant Methodist United Methodist 1897–1901
George W. Bush Christian Protestant Methodist United Methodist 2001-2009 Former Episcopalian. Bush left his family's Episcopal Church to join his wife's United Methodist Church.[22]
Herbert Hoover Christian Protestant Quaker None[23] 1929–1933
Richard Nixon Christian Protestant Quaker None[23] 1969–1974
John Adams Christian Nontrinitarian Unitarian None 1797–1801 Former Congregationalist. He later became a Unitarian, and dropped belief in predestination, eternal damnation, the divinity of Christ, and most other Calvinist beliefs of his Puritan ancestors.
John Quincy Adams Christian Nontrinitarian Unitarian None 1825–1829
Millard Fillmore Christian Nontrinitarian Unitarian None 1850–1853
William Howard Taft Christian Nontrinitarian Unitarian None 1909–1913
Barack Obama Christian Protestant Unspecified Protestant[24] Various, including Episcopalian, Baptist and Methodist churches 2009–2017 Former United Church of Christ member.[24] He left it as a presidential candidate during the Jeremiah Wright controversy in 2008.
Rutherford Hayes Christian[25] Protestant Unspecified Protestant[25] Presbyterian and Methodist churches 1877–1881
Andrew Johnson Christian[26] Protestant Unspecified Protestant Not affiliated, but visited Methodist churches 1865–1869 Many historians consider Johnson the least religious, and the president who was least affiliated with any religious group or identifiable religious philosophy.[27]
John F. Kennedy Christian Catholic Roman Catholic Catholic Church in the United States 1961–1963 Only Roman Catholic President to date.
Abraham Lincoln None specified 1861–1865
Abraham Lincoln was raised in a Reformed Baptist family. [28] [29]
Scholars and various sources have contradicting opinions as to whether or not Lincoln was a Christian.
Although Lincoln never made an unambiguous public profession of Christian belief, several people who knew him personally, such as Chaplain of the Senate Phineas Gurley and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln, claimed that he believed in Christ in the religious sense.[30][31][32]
However, close friends who had known Lincoln for years, such as Ward Hill Lamon and William Herndon, rejected the idea that he was a believing Christian.[33]
Thomas Jefferson None specified[34] 1801–1809 Although raised as an Anglican, Jefferson later in life rejected the idea of the divinity of Jesus and became a deist.[35]
List of Presidents with details on their religious affiliation[edit]
For each president, the formal affiliation at the time of his presidency is listed first, with other affiliations listed after. Further explanation follows if needed, as well as notable detail.
George Washington – Episcopalian[36]
Main article: George Washington and religion
John Adams – Unitarian[37]
The Adamses were originally members of the state-supported Congregational churches in New England.[38] By 1800, most Congregationalist churches in Boston had Unitarian preachers teaching the strict unity of God, the subordinate nature of Christ, and salvation by character.[39][40][41] Adams himself preferred Unitarian preachers, but he was opposed to Joseph Priestley's sympathies with the French Revolution, and would attend other churches if the only nearby Congregational/Unitarian one was composed of followers of Priestley.[42]
Adams described himself as a "church going animal".[38]
Thomas Jefferson – None specified[43][44]
Main article: Thomas Jefferson and religion
Jefferson was raised Anglican and served as a vestryman prior to the American Revolution,[45] but as an adult he did not hold to the tenets of this church.[43]
Modern Unitarians consider Jefferson's views to be very close to theirs. The Famous UUs website[46] says:
"Like many others of his time (he died just one year after the founding of institutional Unitarianism in America), Jefferson was a Unitarian in theology, though not in church membership. He never joined a Unitarian congregation: there were none near his home in Virginia during his lifetime. He regularly attended Joseph Priestley's Pennsylvania church when he was nearby, and said that Priestley's theology was his own, and there is no doubt Priestley should be identified as Unitarian. Jefferson remained a member of the Episcopal congregation near his home, but removed himself from those available to become godparents, because he was not sufficiently in agreement with the Trinitarian theology. His work, the Jefferson Bible, was Unitarian in theology..."
In a letter to Benjamin Rush prefacing his "Syllabus of an Estimate of the Merit of the Doctrines of Jesus", Jefferson wrote:
"In some of the delightful conversations with you, in the evenings of 1798–99, and which served as an anodyne to the afflictions of the crisis through which our country was then laboring, the Christian religion was sometimes our topic; and I then promised you, that one day or other, I would give you my views of it. They are the result of a life of inquiry & reflection, and very different from that anti-Christian system imputed to me by those who know nothing of my opinions. To the corruptions of Christianity I am indeed opposed; but not to the genuine precepts of Jesus himself. I am a Christian, in the only sense he wished any one to be; sincerely attached to his doctrines, in preference to all others; ascribing to himself every human excellence; & believing he never claimed any other."[47]
James Madison – Episcopalian[48]
Although Madison tried to keep a low profile in regards to religion, he seemed to hold religious opinions, like many of his contemporaries, that were closer to deism or Unitarianism in theology than conventional Christianity. He was raised in the Church of England and attended Episcopal services, despite his personal disputes with the theology.[49]
James Monroe – Episcopalian
Monroe was raised in a family that belonged to the Church of England when it was the state church in Virginia, and as an adult attended Episcopal churches.[50]
"When it comes to Monroe's … thoughts on religion", Bliss Isely comments in his The Presidents: Men of Faith, "less is known than that of any other President." Monroe burned much of his correspondence with his wife, and no letters survive in which he discusses his religious beliefs; nor did his friends, family or associates write about his beliefs. Letters that do survive, such as ones written on the occasion of the death of his son, contain no discussion of religion.[50]
Some authors conclude that Monroe's writings show evidence of "deistic tendencies".[50]
John Quincy Adams – Unitarian[51]
Adams's religious views shifted over the course of his life. In college and early adulthood he preferred trinitarian theology, and from 1818 to 1848 he served as vice president of the American Bible Society.[52] However, as he grew older his views became more typically Unitarian, though he rejected some of the views of Joseph Priestley and the Transcendentalists.[52]
He was a founding member of the First Unitarian Church of Washington (D.C.).[52] However he regularly attended Presbyterian and Episcopal services as well.[52]
Towards the end of his life, he wrote, "I reverence God as my creator. As creator of the world. I reverence him with holy fear. I venerate Jesus Christ as my redeemer; and, as far as I can understand, the redeemer of the world. But this belief is dark and dubious."[52]
Andrew Jackson – Presbyterian[53]
He became a member of the Presbyterian Church about a year after leaving the presidency.[54]
Martin Van Buren – Dutch Reformed[55]
Van Buren is reported to have attended the Dutch Reformed church in his home town of Kinderhook, New York,[56] and while in Washington, services at St. John's Lafayette Square.[57]
His funeral was held at the Reformed Dutch Church in Kinderhook with burial in a family plot at the nearby church cemetery.[58]
William Henry Harrison – Episcopalian[59]
Harrison was a vestryman of Christ Episcopal Church in Cincinnati, Ohio after resigning his military commission in 1814.[60]
John Tyler – Episcopalian[61]
Although affiliated with the Episcopal church, he did not take "a denominational approach to God."[62] Tyler was a strong supporter of religious tolerance and separation of church and state.
James K. Polk – Methodist[63]
Polk came from a Presbyterian upbringing but was not baptized as a child, due to a dispute with the local Presbyterian minister in rural North Carolina. Polk's father and grandfather were Deists, and the minister refused to baptize James unless his father affirmed Christianity, which he would not do.[64][65] Polk had a conversion experience at a Methodist camp meeting when he was thirty-eight, and thereafter considered himself Methodist. Nevertheless, he continued to attend Presbyterian services with his wife, though he went to the local Methodist chapel when she was ill or out of town. On his deathbed, he summoned the Rev. John B. McFerrin, who had converted him years before, to baptize him.[63]
Zachary Taylor – Episcopalian[66]
Although raised an Episcopalian and married to a devout Episcopalian, he never became a full communicant member in the church.[66]
Millard Fillmore – Unitarian[67]
Franklin Pierce – Episcopalian[68]
James Buchanan – Presbyterian[69]
Buchanan, raised a Presbyterian, attended and supported various churches throughout his life. He joined the Presbyterian Church after leaving the presidency.[70]
Abraham Lincoln – None specified[71]
Main article: Abraham Lincoln and religion
Life before the presidency
Some believe that for much of his life, Lincoln was a Deist.[72]
Rev. Dr. Phineas D. Gurley, pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian church in Washington D.C., which Lincoln attended with his wife when he attended any church, never claimed a conversion. According to D. James Kennedy in his booklet, "What They Believed: The Faith of Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln", "Dr. Gurley said that Lincoln had wanted to make a public profession of his faith on Easter Sunday morning. But then came Ford's Theater." (p. 59, Published by Coral Ridge Ministries, 2003) Though this is possible, we have no way of verifying the truth of the report. The chief evidence against it is that Dr. Gurley, so far as we know, never mentioned it publicly. The determination to join, if accurate, would have been extremely newsworthy. It would have been reasonable for Dr. Gurley to have mentioned it at the funeral in the White House, in which he delivered the sermon which has been preserved.[73] The only evidence we have is an affidavit signed more than sixty years later by Mrs. Sidney I. Lauck, then a very old woman. In her affidavit signed under oath in Essex County, New Jersey, February 15, 1928, she said, "After Mr. Lincoln's death, Dr. Gurley told me that Mr. Lincoln had made all the necessary arrangements with him and the Session of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church to be received into the membership of the said church, by confession of his faith in Christ, on the Easter Sunday following the Friday night when Mr. Lincoln was assassinated." Mrs. Lauck was, she said, about thirty years of age at the time of the assassination.
John Remsburg, President of the American Secular Union, argued against claims of Lincoln's conversion in his book Six Historic Americans (1906). He cites several of Lincoln's close associates:
The man who stood nearest to President Lincoln at Washington – nearer than any clergyman or newspaper correspondent – was his private secretary, Col. John G. Nicolay. In a letter dated May 27, 1865, Colonel Nicolay says: "Mr. Lincoln did not, to my knowledge, in any way change his religious ideas, opinions, or beliefs from the time he left Springfield to the day of his death."
After his assassination Mrs. Lincoln said: "Mr. Lincoln had no hope and no faith in the usual acceptance of these words." His lifelong friend and executor, Judge David Davis, affirmed the same: "He had no faith in the Christian sense of the term." His biographer, Colonel Lamon, intimately acquainted with him in Illinois, and with him during all the years that he lived in Washington, says: "Never in all that time did he let fall from his lips or his pen an expression which remotely implied the slightest faith in Jesus as the son of God and the Savior of men."[74]
Andrew Johnson – Unspecified Protestant[75]
He accompanied his wife Eliza McCardle Johnson to Methodist services sometimes, belonged to no church himself, and sometimes attended Catholic services—remarking favorably that there was no reserved seating.[76]
Ulysses S. Grant – Methodist[11]
Grant was never baptized into any church, though he accompanied his wife Julia Grant to Methodist services. Many sources list his religious affiliation as Methodist based on a Methodist minister's account of a deathbed conversion. He did leave a note for his wife in which he hoped to meet her again in a better world.
In his 1875 State of the Union address, during conflicts over Catholic parochial schooling, Grant called for a constitutional amendment that would require all states to establish free public schools while "forbidding the teaching in said schools of religious, atheistic, or pagan tenets; and prohibiting the granting of any school funds or school taxes... for the benefit... of any religious sect or denomination."[77] The proposed Blaine Amendment to the Constitution followed.
Rutherford B. Hayes – Unspecified Protestant
Hayes came from a Presbyterian family, but attended Methodist schools as a youth.[78]
Many sources list him as Methodist; in general, however, it is agreed that he held himself to be a Christian, but of no specific church.[79]
In his diary entry for May 17, 1890, he states: "Writing a few words for Mohonk Negro Conference, I find myself using the word Christian. I am not a subscriber to any creed. I belong to no church. But in a sense, satisfactory to myself and believed by me to be important, I try to be a Christian, or rather I want to be a Christian and to help do Christian work."[80]
Hayes' wife, Lucy, was a Methodist, a temperance advocate, and deeply opposed to slavery; he generally attended church with her.[79]
James Garfield – Disciples of Christ[81]
He was baptized at age eighteen.[81]
Through his twenties, Garfield preached and held revival meetings, though he was never formally a minister within the church.[81]
Charles J. Guiteau attempted to assassinate Garfield at a sermon.[82]
Chester A. Arthur – Episcopalian[83]
His father was a Baptist preacher.[83]
Upon his wife's death in 1880, he commissioned a memorial window for the south transept of St. John's, Lafayette Square, visible from the White House and lighted from within at his behest.[84]
Grover Cleveland – Presbyterian[85]
Benjamin Harrison – Presbyterian[86]
Harrison became a church elder, and taught Sunday school.
Grover Cleveland – Presbyterian
William McKinley – Methodist[87]
Early in life, he planned to become a Methodist minister.[88]
James Rusling, a McKinley supporter, related a story that McKinley had addressed a church delegation and had stated that one of the objectives of the Spanish–American War was "to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them".[89] Recent historians have judged this account unreliable, especially in light of implausible[vague] statements Rusling made about Lincoln's religion.[90][91]
McKinley is the only president to include exclusively Christian language in his Thanksgiving Day proclamation.[92]
Theodore Roosevelt – Dutch Reformed[93]
Roosevelt always stated that he was Dutch Reformed; however, he attended Episcopal churches where there was no Reformed church nearby. (His second wife Edith was Episcopalian from birth.)[93] As there was no Dutch Reformed church in Oyster Bay, New York, he attended Christ Church Oyster Bay when in residence there, and it was in that church that his funeral was held.[93]
His mother was Presbyterian and as a child he attended Presbyterian churches with her.[94]
William Howard Taft – Unitarian[95]
Before becoming president, Taft was offered the presidency of Yale University, at that time affiliated with the Congregationalist Church; Taft turned the post down, saying, "I do not believe in the divinity of Christ."[96]
Taft's beliefs were the subject of some controversy, and in 1908 he found it necessary to refute a rumor that he was an atheist.[5]
Woodrow Wilson – Presbyterian[97]
Wilson's father was a Presbyterian minister and professor of theology.[97]
Prior to being Governor of New Jersey and President of the United States, Wilson served as President of Princeton University, which was at the time affiliated with the Presbyterian Church.[97]
Warren G. Harding – Baptist[98][99]
Calvin Coolidge – Congregationalist[100]
Herbert Hoover – Quaker[101]
As Quakers customarily do not swear oaths, it was expected that Hoover would affirm the oath of office, and most sources state that he did so.[102][103] However, a Washington Post article dated February 27, 1929, stated that he planned to swear, rather than affirm, the oath.[104]
Franklin D. Roosevelt – Episcopalian[105]
Harry S. Truman – Baptist[106]
Truman kept his religious beliefs private and alienated some Baptist leaders by doing so.[107]
Dwight D. Eisenhower – Presbyterian[14]
Eisenhower's religious upbringing is the subject of some controversy, due to the conversion of his parents to the Bible Student movement, the forerunner of the Jehovah's Witnesses, in the late 1890s. Originally, the family belonged to the River Brethren, a Mennonite sect.[14] According to the Eisenhower Presidential Library, there is no evidence that Eisenhower participated in either the Bible Student group or the Jehovah's Witnesses, and there are records that show he attended Sunday school at a River Brethren church.[14]
Until he became president, Eisenhower had no formal church affiliation, a circumstance he attributed to the frequent moves demanded of an Army officer. He was baptized, confirmed, and became a communicant in the Presbyterian church in a single ceremony February 1, 1953, just 12 days after his first inauguration, the only president to undergo any of these rites while in office.[14]
Eisenhower was instrumental in the addition of the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954 (an act highly promoted by the Knights of Columbus), and the 1956 adoption of "In God We Trust" as the motto of the USA, and its 1957 introduction on paper currency. He composed a prayer for his first inauguration, began his Cabinet meetings with silent prayer, and met frequently with a wide range of religious leaders while in office.[14]
His presidential library includes an inter-denominational chapel in which he, his wife Mamie, and his firstborn son (who died in childhood) are buried.
John F. Kennedy – Roman Catholic[108]
Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president.
Lyndon Johnson – Disciples of Christ[109]
Richard Nixon – Quaker[110]
Contrary to Quaker custom, Nixon swore the oath of office at both of his inaugurations.[111] He also engaged in military service, contrary to the Quaker doctrine of pacifism.
Gerald R. Ford – Episcopalian[112]
Jimmy Carter – Baptist[113]
In 2000, Carter criticized the Southern Baptist Convention, disagreeing over the role of women in society. He continued to teach Sunday School and serve as a deacon in his local Baptist Church.
Ronald Reagan – Presbyterian[114]
Reagan's father was Catholic,[115] but Reagan was raised in his mother's Disciples of Christ denomination and was baptized there on September 21, 1922.[116] Nancy and Ronald Reagan were married in the Disciples of Christ "Little Brown Church" in Studio City, California on March 4, 1952. Beginning in 1963 Reagan generally attended Presbyterian church services at Bel Air Presbyterian Church, Bel-Air, California. During his presidency he rarely attended church services, due to the inconvenience to others in the congregation.[117] He became an official member of Bel Air Presbyterian after leaving the Presidency. Reagan stated that he considered himself a "born-again Christian".[114]
George H. W. Bush – Episcopalian[118]
Bill Clinton – Baptist[119]
Clinton, during his presidency, attended a Methodist church in Washington along with his wife Hillary Clinton, who is Methodist from childhood.[120]
George W. Bush – Methodist[121]
Bush was raised in the Episcopal Church but converted to Methodism upon his marriage in 1977.[121]
Barack Obama – Unspecified Protestant[24]
See also: Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories
Obama's resignation from Trinity United Church of Christ in the course of the Jeremiah Wright controversy ended more than 20 years of affiliation with the United Church of Christ.[122] As President he has attended several different Christian churches.[123] For the most part, he has attended Methodist churches. In his childhood Obama sometimes attended Sunday School at a First Unitarian Church of Honolulu.[124]
Donald Trump - Presbyterian[19]
Trump said in 2015 that he attends Reformed Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan, where he married his first wife Ivana in 1977, although the church says he's not an "active member".[125] He is also loosely affiliated with Lakeside Presbyterian Church in West Palm Beach, Florida, near his Mar-a-Lago estate.[126]
Affiliation totals[edit]
Affiliation
Protestant[a] 37
Nontrinitarian 4
None specified[b] 2
Roman Catholic 1
Total individuals[127] 44
Affiliation
Reformed[c] 14
Episcopalian 11
Baptist 4
Unitarian 4
Methodist 3
Unspecified Protestant 3
Quaker 2
None specified 2
Roman Catholic 1
Total individuals[127] 44
Affiliation
Episcopalian 11
Presbyterian 9
Baptist 4
Unitarian 4
Methodist 3
Unspecified Protestant 3
Dutch Reformed 2
Quaker 2
Disciples of Christ 2
None specified 2
Congregationalist 1
Roman Catholic 1
Total individuals[127] 44
See also[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Religion portal
List of Prime Ministers of Canada by religious affiliation
Religious affiliation in the United States Senate
Religious affiliations of Chancellors of Germany
Religious affiliations of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Religious affiliations of Vice Presidents of the United States
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Includes Episcopalians (Anglicans).
Jump up ^ Lincoln and Jefferson; both with Protestant (Baptist and Episcopalian/Anglican, respectively) backgrounds. Historians speculate about their religious views and often argue about Presbyterianism/Episcopalianism/Universalism being the most suitable for Lincoln and Deism or Christian deism/Unitarianism/rational religion concept from the Age of Enlightenment being the most suitable for Jefferson.
Jump up ^ Different denominations in scope of Calvinism including Presbyterians, Dutch Reformed, Disciples of Christ and Congregationalists.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "St. John's Church". WHHA.
Jump up ^ Sanford, Charles B. (1984). The Religious Life of Thomas Jefferson. Charlottesville: Univ Press Of Virginia. p. 246. ISBN 0-8139-1131-1.
Jump up ^ Richard N. Ostling. "Book lays out story of Lincoln' complex beliefs". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Abraham Lincoln's Humanistic Religious Beliefs". Archived from the original on January 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "Taft as a Churchman; Belongs to Unitarian Church of Cincinnati, and Has a Pew in Washington" (PDF). New York Times. June 17, 1908. p. 2. Retrieved 2008-02-16. Word reached Washington to-day that the report is being energetically circulated that Secretary Taft is an atheist, and the Secretary's friends are indignant.
Jump up ^ "The Living Room Candidate - Commercials - 1980 - Bible".
^ Jump up to: a b Kurtzleben, Danielle. "'Religious Nones' Are Growing Quickly. Should Republicans Worry?". National Public Radio. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/15/the-religious-affiliations-of-us-presidents/
Jump up ^ Colonial Williamsburg website has four articles on religion in colonial Virginia
Jump up ^ Byrnes, Mark Eaton (2001). James K. Polk: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 52. ISBN 9781576070567 – via Google Books. On his deathbed Polk was baptized into the Methodist church.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Religious Affiliation of U.S. Presidents". adherents.com. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
Jump up ^ Terzian, Philip (November 4, 2011), Weekly Standard: Bigoted Against Brigham's Faith?, National Public Radio
Jump up ^ Bassuk, Daniel. (1987). "Abraham Lincoln and the Quakers". Pendle Hill Quaker Center for Study and Contemplation.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Pankratz, Herbert (July 2001). "A Guide to Historical Holdings in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library: Eisenhower and Religion" (PDF). United States Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
Jump up ^ Worship the Only True God, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2002, p. 159.
Jump up ^ https://stjohns-dc.org/welcome-to-saint-johns-church/history/
Jump up ^ https://cathedral.org/history/timeline/
Jump up ^ see "God and Country - Religion and Politics in the US". Archived from the original on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Mattera, Jason (March 14, 2011). "Trump Unplugged". Human Events. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Mayo, Louise (2006). President James K. Polk : the dark horse president. New York: Nova History Publications. p. 8. ISBN 1594547181. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Religion of Ulysses S Grant, U.S. President".
Jump up ^ "The Jesus Factor". PBS. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b There are no Quaker denominations as such to be compared with, for example, the United Methodist Church or the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and there never were. Quakers are independent of being affiliated with a specific denomination and Quaker membership can only be more or less estimated on their yearly meetings which provides a contentious image of how many Quakers there really are.
^ Jump up to: a b c * "American President: Barack Obama". Charlottesville, VA: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2009. Religion: Christian
"The Truth about Barack's Faith" (PDF). Obama for America. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). "Finding his faith". Newsweek. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2010. He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.
Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family". MSNBC. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009. The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church.
"Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President". United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009. Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.
Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). "The Obama's find a church home – away from home". Time. New York. Retrieved February 5, 2010. instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.
Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). "Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say". The Washington Post. p. A6. Retrieved February 5, 2010. Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there.
^ Jump up to: a b "The religion of Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th U.S. President".
Jump up ^ "Almost all U.S. presidents, including Trump, have been Christians". Pew Research Center. 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Religion of Andrew Johnson, U.S. President".
Jump up ^ "Abraham Lincoln and the Doctrine of Necessity". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association.
Jump up ^ "The Religious Environment of Lincoln's Youth". Indiana Magazine of History.
Jump up ^ Mary T. Lincoln to James Smith, June 8, 1870, in Robert J. Havlik, "Abraham Lincoln and the Reverend Dr. James Smith: Lincoln's Presbyterian experience of Springfield," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (Autumn, 1999) online
Jump up ^ Reed, James A. (July 1873). "The Later Life and Religious Sentiments of Abraham Lincoln". Scribner's Monthly. 6 (3): 339. Retrieved 2010-02-20. quoting Phineas Gurley
Jump up ^ Reed, James A. (July 1873). "The Later Life and Religious Sentiments of Abraham Lincoln". 6 (3). Scribner's Monthly: 340. Retrieved 2010-02-20. Noah Brooks to J.A. Reed, December 31, 1872
Jump up ^ Steiner, Franklin (1936). "Abraham Lincoln, Deist, and Admirer of Thomas Paine". Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/thomas-jefferson.html
Jump up ^ https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/jeffersons-religious-beliefs
Jump up ^ "The Religion of George Washington". adherents.com. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
Jump up ^ "American President: John Adams". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "Religion and the Founding of the American Republic: Religion and the Federal Government". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
Jump up ^ George Willis Cooke. "Unitarianism in America" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
Jump up ^ Wesley White (2008). "The Roots of Our Belief" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Darlington Congregational Church: Our History". Retrieved 2011-06-23.
Jump up ^ "John Adams". Unitarian Universalist Association. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Religion of Thomas Jefferson". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
Jump up ^ "American President: Thomas Jefferson". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
Jump up ^ Gaustad, Edwin S. (1995). Sworn of the Altar of God: A Religious Biography of Thomas Jefferson. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8028-0156-2. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Jefferson". Unitarian Universalist Association. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
Jump up ^ transcript from "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Rush". beliefnet. Retrieved 2008-12-30. The original letter may be viewed on the Library of Congress website here [1].
Jump up ^ "American President: James Madison". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
Jump up ^ James Hutson. "James Madison and the Social Utility of Religion: Risks vs. Rewards". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c David Holmes (Autumn 2003). "The Religion of James Monroe". Virginia Quarterly Review. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
Jump up ^ "American President: John Quincy Adams: Family Life". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "John Quincy Adams". Unitarian Universalist Association. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
Jump up ^ "American President: Andrew Jackson". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
Jump up ^ Wilentz, Sean (2005). Andrew Jackson. Macmillan. p. 160.
Jump up ^ "American President: Martin Van Buren". University of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 2008-11-12. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Martin Van Buren". Kinderhook Connection. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Presidential portraits: Martin Van Buren". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Martin Van Buren (1782 - 1862) - Find A Grave Memorial".
Jump up ^ "American President: William Henry Harrison". University of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 2008-03-08. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
Jump up ^ "The American Presidency: Harrison, William Henry". Encyclopedia Americana. Archived from the original on 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
Jump up ^ "American President: John Tyler". University of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
Jump up ^ Seager II, Robert (1963). And Tyler too: A Biography of John and Julia Gardiner Tyler. McGraw-Hill. p. 109.
^ Jump up to: a b "American President: James Knox Polk: Family Life". University of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
Jump up ^ "Religion of James Polk, U.S. President".
Jump up ^ Seigenthaler, John (2003). James K Polk. Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-6942-9.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Religious Affiliation of 12th U.S. President Zachary Taylor". adherents.com. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
Jump up ^ "American President: Millard Fillmore". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
Jump up ^ http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/20/almost-all-presidents-have-been-christians/
Jump up ^ "American President: James Buchanan". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2008-03-02. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
Jump up ^ Baker, Jean H. (2004). James Buchanan. New York: Henry Holt and company. p. 143. ISBN 0805069461.
Jump up ^ "American President: Abraham Lincoln: Family Life". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ Six Historic Americans: Abraham Lincoln John E. Remsburg, 1906
Jump up ^ White House Funeral Sermon for President Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Online
Jump up ^ Chapter III – Review Of Christian Testimony: Reed And His Witnesses Six Historic Americans: Abraham Lincoln, John E. Remsburg, 1906
Jump up ^ "American President: Andrew Johnson". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2008-11-05. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
Jump up ^ "American President: Andrew Johnson: Family Life". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2008-07-19. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
Jump up ^ "American Presidency Project: Ulysses S. Grant: Seventh Annual Message". December 7, 1875. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
Jump up ^ Trefousse, Hans L. (2002). Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. Rutherford B. Hayes. Macmillan. pp. 3–5.
^ Jump up to: a b "Frequently asked questions". Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center. Retrieved 2008-02-25. The president never espoused a particular religion, but attended Methodist Church with his wife Lucy.
Jump up ^ Charles Richard Williams, ed. (1922). "May 17, 1890". The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, Nineteenth President of the United States. IV. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Green, F. M. (1906). "Some Pioneers, and Others Who Have Been Prominent in the Restoration Movement: James A. Garfield". In John T. Brown. Churches of Christ. Louisville, Kentucky: John P. Morton and Company. pp. 412–414. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
Jump up ^ Millard, Candice (2011). Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine, and the Murder of a President. Doubleday. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0-385-52626-5.
^ Jump up to: a b "American President: Chester Alan Arthur". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur". White House. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
Jump up ^ "Biography of Grover Cleveland". White House. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
Jump up ^ "The Religious Affiliation of Benjamin Harrison 23rd U.S. President". Adherents.com.
Jump up ^ "American President: William McKinley". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2008-03-02. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
Jump up ^ "President William McKinley: A Life in Brief". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2008-03-10. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
Jump up ^ Rusling, James (22 January 1903). "Interview with President William McKinley". The Christian Advocate: 17. Reprinted in Daniel Schirmer; Stephen Rosskamm Shalom, eds. (1987). The Philippines Reader. Boston: South End Press. pp. 22–23.
Jump up ^ Shenkman, Richard (1992). Legends, Lies, and Cherished Myths of American History. HarperCollins. p. 38. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
Jump up ^ Gould, Lewis L. (1980). The Spanish–American War and President McKinley. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. pp. 107–108. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
Jump up ^ "1900 Thanksgiving Proclamation". Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. ...the sentiments of sympathy and Christian charity by virtue of which we are one united people.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Religion of Theodore Roosevelt". Theodore Roosevelt Association. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt (1913). "Boyhood and Youth". An Autobiography. United Kingdom: Dodo Press. ISBN 1-4065-0606-0.
Jump up ^ "William Howard Taft". Unitarian Universalist Association. Archived from the original on May 15, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
Jump up ^ Burton, David Henry. Taft, Holmes, and the 1920s Court: An Appraisal. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 24. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Gary Scott (2006). "Woodrow Wilson: Presbyterian Statesman". Faith and the Presidency: From George Washington to George W. Bush. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press US. pp. 159 ff. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
Jump up ^ "American President:Warren G. Harding". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Trinity Baptist Church – Marion, Ohio: History And Development" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
Jump up ^ "The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President Calvin Coolidge". adherents.com.
Jump up ^ "The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President Herbert Hoover". adherents.com.
Jump up ^ "Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies". Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Swearing-in Ceremonies Highlight Religious Freedom Legacy: Constitutionally, religion is not a qualification for office". U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs. 2007-01-04. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Hoover Plans to Swear on Bible, Taking Oath". Washington Post. February 27, 1929. p. 5. Herbert Hoover, in taking the oath of office March 4, will swear – not affirm – with one hand on an old family Quaker Bible, that contains the date of his own birth.
Jump up ^ "The Religious Affiliation of 32nd U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt". adherents.com.
Jump up ^ "The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President Harry S. Truman". adherents.com.
Jump up ^ Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, & World Affairs. "Harry S. Truman". http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/harry-s-truman. Retrieved 12 November 2014. External link in |website= (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President John F. Kennedy". adherents.com.
Jump up ^ "The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson". adherents.com.
Jump up ^ "American President: Richard Nixon". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
Jump up ^ See videos on the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies website: [rtsp://video.webcastcenter.com/srs_g2/inauguration/1969RichardNixonInauguration.rm 1969][permanent dead link] [rtsp://video.webcastcenter.com/srs_g2/inauguration/1973RichardNixonInauguration.rm 1973][permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Gerald R. Ford – Facts and Favorites". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Carter splits with Baptists". BBC. 2000-10-21. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ronald Reagan Facts". Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Library. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
Jump up ^ "CNN Special: Ronald Reagan 1911–2004". CNN.com. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Timeline of Ronald Reagan's Life". PBS. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
Jump up ^ Kengor, Paul (2007). "Ronald Reagan's Faith and Attack on Soviet Communism". In Rozell, Mark J.; Whitney, Gleaves. Religion and the American Presidency. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 176–178. ISBN 978-1-4039-7771-7. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
Jump up ^ "The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President George H. W. Bush". adherents.com.
Jump up ^ "The Religious Affiliation of President William Jefferson Clinton". adherents.com.
Jump up ^ Feldmann, Linda (December 20, 2007). "Candidate Clinton goes public with her private faith". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Cooperman, Alan (2004-09-15). "Openly Religious, to a Point". Washington Post. pp. A01. Archived from the original on 2010-03-01. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President" (Press release). United Church of Christ. 2009-01-20. Retrieved 2009-01-21. Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.
Jump up ^ www.gallup.com – many Americans can't name Obama's Religion
Jump up ^ http://content.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1949879,00.html
Jump up ^ Shabad, Rebecca (August 29, 2015). "Church says Trump isn't an 'active member'". The Hill. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trump in the Middle: Why America Needs a Middle Child This Time Around", by Heather Collins-Grattan Floyd, CreateSpace 2016, pp. 17–18.
^ Jump up to: a b c Almost all U.S. presidents, including Trump, have been Christians
Further reading[edit]
Steiner, Franklin, The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents: From Washington to F.D.R., Prometheus Books/The Freethought Library, July 1995. ISBN 0-87975-975-5
David L. Holmes, The Faiths of the Founding Fathers, Oxford University Press, May 2006. ISBN 0-19-530092-0
"God in the White House: From Washington to Obama", The American Experience / Frontline, PBS, October 11, 2010
External links[edit]
Adherents.com's list
Abraham Lincoln was a Deist
Six Historic Americans by John Remsburg, 1906, examines religious views of Paine, Jefferson, Washington, Franklin, Lincoln, & Grant
U.S. Library of Congress site: James Hutson article, James Madison and the Social Utility of Religion
Shapell Manuscript Foundation: "We Have a Catholic for President" U.S. Presidents' Personal Correspondence and Historical Documents
Washington quotes on religion[permanent dead link]
Jefferson quotes on religion[permanent dead link]
George Washington as Deist
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Bowers
Produced by
Nina Jacobson
Brad Simpson
Screenplay by
Wallace Wolodarsky
Maya Forbes
Based on
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days
by Jeff Kinney
Starring
Zachary Gordon
Robert Capron
Devon Bostick
Rachael Harris
Steve Zahn
Music by
Edward Shearmur
Cinematography
Anthony B. Richmond
Edited by
Troy Takaki
Production
company
Color Force[1]
Distributed by
20th Century Fox[1]
Release date
August 3, 2012 (2012-08-03)
Running time
94 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$22 million[2]
Box office
$77.1 million[3]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (sometimes known as Diary of a Wimpy Kid 3: Dog Days) is a 2012 American comedy film directed by David Bowers from a screenplay by Wallace Wolodarsky and Maya Forbes. It stars Zachary Gordon and Steve Zahn. Robert Capron, Devon Bostick, Rachael Harris, Peyton List, Grayson Russell, and Karan Brar also have prominent roles. It is the third installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series, and is based on the fourth book in the series, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days.[4]
The film was released on August 3, 2012. It is also Bowers' second live-action film. Although the film is based on the third and fourth Diary of a Wimpy Kid books, there is a scene based on the first book, where Greg's dad, Frank, is trying to unplug Greg's video game system, but does not know how to. There is also a scene based off the second one, where Greg is sick on picture day, and his second grade picture gets sent in. Unlike the book, Greg was the one who was sick, where in the book, it was Rodrick.[5]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days is also the last film in the series to feature the original cast members, as many of the cast (such as Zachary Gordon, Robert Capron and Devon Bostick) outgrew their roles and a re-cast was made for the future films in the series, starting with Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, which was released five years later.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Critical reception
5 Accolades
6 Home media
7 Sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
The Heffley family attends a pool party at the local pool, where the family meets a former trouble-making friend of Rodrick who is now a model student after attending a military school known as Spag Union. Greg's father Frank thinks about enrolling Greg there.
Greg's summer starts off badly: Frank bans video games in anger at Greg's laziness, and his mother Susan starts a book club for all the boys in the neighborhood, but she does not see their books as real literature. Frank is also getting jealous of the neighbor's athletic kids, and after his video game ban, Susan forces Frank and Greg to bond with each other: their bonding activities end in disaster.
A few weeks later, Greg's best friend, Rowley Jefferson, takes Greg to the local country club, where his family are members of. Greg enjoys the lifestyle there and the fact that his crush, Holly Hills, teaches tennis there and he doesn't have to go to the book club.
Greg returns home to learn that Frank signed him up for an unpaid summer internship at his work without his consent, and Greg lies about having a job at the country club. Frank and Susan are delighted, and give him a starter cell phone, a Ladybug, which only allows him to call home or 911.
Later, Rowley invites Greg on a family trip to their beach house near the Boardwalk, but Greg finds the lifestyle banal and attempts to escape. He tries to call home using his Ladybug phone, but the phone rejects the call, and after he inadvertently calls 911, the police arrive, almost leading to the arrest of Rowley's father, who sends home Greg in disgust.
Rowley doesn't allow Greg to tag along with him to the country club because of the beach house incident, but Greg sneaks in, meets up with Holly and her sister Heather and manages to get Löded Diper a gig at Heather's sweet sixteen, much to Rodrick's delight.
Rowley and Greg quickly make up, but Rowley is unable to attend the club, forcing Greg to sneak in. One morning, Frank drops Greg off, only to be confronted by Rowley's father: Greg has built up a $260 fruit smoothie bill from his time at the country club. When Frank attempts to explain the situation, the clerk informs him that the club does not employ minors, and Greg is exposed. As a result, when he receives a Spag Union disc in the mail, he fears he will be sent there.
Rodrick informs Greg that the "Wilderness Weekend" could be a way to avoid Spag Union. Their troop proves weak compared to Frank's boss, Stan's, troop. After a Camp story and Greg continues to mess things up Frank tells him that everyone messes up, after the boys overhear Stan and his troop insulting Frank, Greg attempts to set up a plan for revenge by using traps, and finds out that Stan's troop has been using electric and other appliances including pre-cooked meals and portable TV's rather than actually camping.
Stan arrives at the tent, Greg manages to escape while Stan accidentally throws his own tent into the campfire, and Greg admits he was responsible but his friends tell him that he did it to defend his honor. Frank, having lost his respect for Stan, then confronts him with the electronic conveniences (although he was jealous of Stan throughout the movie), and Stan runs into Greg's trap, leaving him humiliated.
Frank reveals that he never liked camping anyway, and decides not to send Greg to Spag Union, much to Greg's surprise and delight. Frank gives Greg advice about learning from mistakes and taking responsibilities. The two discover they are much alike than they realize.
At Heather's Sweet 16 birthday party a few days later, Löded Diper performs a hard rock version of "Baby" by Justin Bieber and Ludacris, during an attempt to win over Heather. However, Rodrick accidentally knocks over a huge ice sculpture of Heather, which results in her losing her temper and accidentally smashing a chocolate fountain with a microphone stand, splashing chocolate all over her, and the party ends in disaster.
Holly then implies that she likes Greg by holding his hand, and in the final scene, Greg, Holly, and Rowley all hang out together at the local pool. Greg describes that his summer did not go the way he expected, but had positive circumstances.
Cast[edit]
Zachary Gordon as Gregory "Greg" Heffley
Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's best friend
Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother
Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother
Peyton List as Holly Hills, Greg's love interest and eventual girlfriend
Grayson Russell as Fregley, one of Greg's weird classmates
Karan Brar as Chirag Gupta, one of Greg's friends
Laine MacNeil as Patty Farrell, Greg's arch-enemy
Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley, Greg's father
Melissa Roxburgh as Heather Hills, Holly's older sister and Rodrick's love interest
Connor/Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley, Greg's younger brother
Alf Humphreys as Mr. Jefferson, Rowley's father who dislikes Greg
Bronwen Smith as Mrs. Jefferson, Rowley's mother
Terence Kelly as Grandpa Heffley, Frank's father and Greg, Roddick and Manny's grandfather
Oliver the Dog as Sweetie Heffley, the Heffley's new dog and addition to the family
Phil Hayes as Stan Warren, Frank's boss
Jeff Kinney as Mr. Hills, Holly and Heather's father
This film is the last movie in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series to feature the original cast, as they aged out of their roles as middle-schoolers.
Production[edit]
Principal photography began on August 8, 2011 in Vancouver and was completed on October 7, 2011.[6] The location for the country club pool was Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool in Coquitlam, BC. Filming at Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool took place during the end of August 2011.[7][8][9][10] The municipal outdoor pool scenes at the beginning and the end of the movie were filmed at Steveston Outdoor pool in Richmond, BC. Filming occurred at the Steveston Outdoor pool during the beginning of September 2011.[11][12][13] The Chinese Bunkhouse at the Steveston Shipyards in Richmond, BC was the location of the Wilderness Explorers cabin for Troop 133.[14][15] During filming, stars Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron, were seen riding the Corkscrew at Playland at Vancouver's fair, the PNE.[14] A poster was leaked in March 2012. A teaser trailer was attached to The Three Stooges.[16] An advance screening for the film was held on July 31, 2012.[17]
Critical reception[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, the film has an approval rating of 51% based on 71 reviews and an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Overly familiar and a bit too reliant on slapstick, the sitcom-like Dog Days fails to improve upon previous installments and will likely appeal to few outside its target audience."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 54 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[20]
Abby West of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ and wrote "Though often self-centered and conniving, Greg remains a likable kid, and the movie entertains by pulling off over-the-top scenarios that set up digestible life lessons for youngsters."[21]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.
2013 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days Nominated [22]
Favorite Movie Actor Zachary Gordon Nominated
2013 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor Zachary Gordon Nominated [23]
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Robert Capron Won
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Karan Brar Nominated
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Laine MacNeil Nominated
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Ten and Under Connor & Owen Fielding Nominated
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Ten and Under Dalila Bela Nominated
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Ensemble Cast Zachary Gordon, Robert Capron, Peyton List, Karan Brar, Laine MacNeil, Connor & Owen Fielding, Devon Bostick, Grayson Russell Won
Home media[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days was released on iTunes on December 4, 2012.[24] It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on December 18, 2012.[25]
It was released on Redbox on January 15, 2013.[26]
An animated short film set after the events of Dog Days, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Class Clown, was released on the home media release of Dog Days, with Zachary Gordon reprising his role as Greg Heffley, and archival audio of various other cast members from Dog Days covering the film.
Sequel[edit]
Main article: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)
At the time of its release, Dog Days was described as the last live-action film in the franchise.[27][28] In August 2012, while doing press for the film, Jeff Kinney, Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth film, but did not dismiss the possibility entirely.[27][28][29] Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel, stating, "At present, we don’t have a fourth film in development, but you never know!"[29]
And when describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series, Gordon explained, "[Dog Days] most likely will be the last movie. The main problem is [the cast] is getting older. You can't stop it. There's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up. You know, that's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless."[27] In March 2013, Zachary Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live-action film. Jeff Kinney has indicated that instead of doing a live-action film of the sixth novel Cabin Fever, he would like to see it adapted into an animated film, stating in an interview, "I hope that it gets made into an animated movie. I'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special."
On July 29, 2016, it was announced that a new movie with a different cast based on the 9th book, The Long Haul, had begun production.[30] The film was released on May 19, 2017.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Amy (2012-08-02). "'Total Recall' will fight 'Dark Knight Rises' for No. 1". latimes.com. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (2012)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Third "Diary of a Wimpy Kid" movie starts filming". All Headline News. August 20, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Film List" (PDF). British Columbia Film Commission. August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eagle Ridge pool transformed for filming". Tri City News. Sep 16, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2014. - Coquitlam’s Eagle Ridge Pool was recently transformed into a country club pool for scenes being filmed for the movie Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days...the pool was closed for the last week of summer vacation ...
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid filmed in Coquitlam". The NOW: Coquitlam, Port Coquitlam, Port Moody, Anmore and Belcarra. September 14, 2011. p. 13. Retrieved May 16, 2014. - The name of the film that caused the closure of Eagle Ridge Pool has been revealed: the third installment of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies is being filmed partially in Coquitlam.
Jump up ^ "Coquitlam's Eagle Ridge Pool was recently transformed into a country club pool for scenes being filmed for the movie Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". Flickr. October 1, 2011. p. 13. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Eagle Ridge Outdoor Pool". City of Coquitlam. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Filming in Steveston". Steveston Insider. October 10, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2014. - Meanwhile, at the beginning of September, Steveston Pool became a very active and inviting pool party, filled with beach balls, pool floats and a snack shack, as a location for Diary of a Wimpy Kid 3.
Jump up ^ "Film Industry Activities in Richmond - Steveston Area". Hansard, British Columbia Legislature. July 22, 2013. p. 814. Retrieved May 16, 2014. - ...and Steveston Outdoor Pool became the site of a pool party in Diary of a Wimpy Kid 3.
Jump up ^ "Steveston Outdoor Pool". City of Richmond. p. 814. Retrieved May 16, 2014. .
^ Jump up to: a b Director's commentary from the Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days DVD.
Jump up ^ "Britannia Shipyards National Historic Site". City of Richmond. Retrieved May 16, 2014. - ...the last surviving Chinese Bunk Houses on the Pacific Northwest Coast.
Jump up ^ "Recently Classified Trailers, Commercials and PSAs". AlbertaFilmRaings.ca. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". AdvanceScreenings.com. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More". Metacritic. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Abby West (2012-08-10). "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days review". EW.com. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
Jump up ^ "Kids' Choice Awards 2013". Nick.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "34th Annual Young Artist Awards". YoungArtistAwards.org. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Movies - Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". iTunes. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (2012)". Amazon.com. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". redbox.com. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Zachary Gordon Talks "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days"". ClevverTV. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zachary Gordon & Robert Capron Interview - Diary of a Unwimpy Kid: Dog Days". HeyUGuysBlog. 3 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Cavna (3 August 2012). "Jeff Kinney on the challenges of his latest film, 'Dog Days'". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Elise Jonas-Delson (21 November 2011). "Q&A: Jeff Kinney". TimeForKids.com. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
External links[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days on IMDb
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days at AllMovie
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days at Box Office Mojo
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
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The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney
Novels
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Rodrick Rules
The Last Straw
Dog Days
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Cabin Fever
The Third Wheel
Hard Luck
The Long Haul
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Characters
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Film series
Diary of a Wimpy Kid
Rodrick Rules
Dog Days
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Flushed Away (2006)
Astro Boy (2009)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (2011)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (2012)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid (series)

values: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film)

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values: يوميات طفل مستضعف: أيام الكلب (فيلم) – Arabic

values: Gregs Tagebuch 3 – Ich war’s nicht! – German

values: Diary of a Wimpy Kid 3: Dog Days – Spanish

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