text:
Ragtime
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about ragtime music. For other uses, see Ragtime (disambiguation).
Ragtime
Scott Joplin is known as the "King of Ragtime"
Stylistic origins
Cakewalks
folk
marches
classical
Cultural origins
Late 19th century, Midwestern United States
Typical instruments
Piano
Derivative forms
Stride
novelty piano
blues
honky tonk
Fusion genres
Jazz
boogie woogie
bluegrass
Second edition cover of Maple Leaf Rag, one of the most famous rags
Ragtime – also spelled rag-time or rag time[1] – is a musical style that enjoyed its peak popularity between 1895 and 1918.[2] Its cardinal trait is its syncopated, or "ragged", rhythm.[2] The style has its origins in African-American communities in cities such as St. Louis.[3][4] Ernest Hogan (1865–1909) was a pioneer of ragtime and was the first composer to have his ragtime pieces (or "rags") published as sheet music, beginning with the song "LA Pas Ma LA," published in 1895. Hogan has also been credited for coining the term ragtime. The term is actually derived from his hometown "Shake Rag" in Bowling Green, Kentucky.[citation needed] Ben Harney, another Kentucky native, has often been credited for introducing the music to the mainstream public. His first ragtime composition, "You've Been a Good Old Wagon But You Done Broke Down", helped popularize the style. The composition was published in 1895, a few months after Ernest Hogan's "LA Pas Ma LA."[5][6] Ragtime was also a modification of the march style popularized by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms coming from African music.[7] Ragtime composer Scott Joplin (ca. 1868–1917) became famous through the publication of the "Maple Leaf Rag" (1899) and a string of ragtime hits such as "The Entertainer" (1902), although he was later forgotten by all but a small, dedicated community of ragtime aficionados until the major ragtime revival in the early 1970s.[8][9] For at least 12 years after its publication, "Maple Leaf Rag" heavily influenced subsequent ragtime composers with its melody lines, harmonic progressions or metric patterns.[10]
Ragtime fell out of favor as jazz claimed the public's imagination after 1917, but there have been numerous revivals since the music has been re-discovered. First in the early 1940s, many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire and put out ragtime recordings on 78 rpm records. A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s as a wider variety of ragtime genres of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded. In 1971 Joshua Rifkin brought out a compilation of Joplin's work which was nominated for a Grammy Award.[11] In 1973 The New England Ragtime Ensemble (then a student group called The New England Conservatory Ragtime Ensemble) recorded The Red Back Book, a compilation of some of Joplin's rags in period orchestrations edited by conservatory president Gunther Schuller. This also won a Grammy for Best Chamber Music Performance of the year and was named Billboard's Top Classical Album of 1974. Subsequently, the motion picture The Sting (1973) brought ragtime to a wide audience with its soundtrack of Joplin tunes. The film's rendering of "The Entertainer", adapted and orchestrated by Marvin Hamlisch, was a Top 5 hit in 1975.
Ragtime – with Joplin's work at the forefront – has been cited as an American equivalent of the minuets of Mozart, the mazurkas of Chopin, or the waltzes of Brahms.[12] Ragtime also influenced classical composers including Erik Satie, Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinsky.[13][14]
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical context
2 Musical form
3 Related forms and styles
4 American, pre-1940, ragtime composers
5 Influence on European composers
6 Revivals
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Historical context[edit]
Ragtime originated in African American music in the late 19th century and descended from the jigs and march music played by African American bands, referred to as "jig piano" or "piano thumping".[15][16] By the start of the 20th century, it became widely popular throughout North America and was listened and danced to, performed, and written by people of many different subcultures. A distinctly American musical style, ragtime may be considered a synthesis of African syncopation and European classical music, especially the marches made popular by John Philip Sousa.
Some early piano rags are entitled marches, and "jig" and "rag" were used interchangeably in the mid-1890s.[15] Ragtime was also preceded by its close relative the cakewalk. In 1895, black entertainer Ernest Hogan composed two of the earliest sheet music rags, one of which ("All Coons Look Alike to Me") eventually sold a million copies. The other composition was called La Pas Ma La which was also a hit.[17] As fellow black musician Tom Fletcher said, Hogan was the "first to put on paper the kind of rhythm that was being played by non-reading musicians."[18] While the song's success helped introduce the country to ragtime rhythms, its use of racial slurs created a number of derogatory imitation tunes, known as "coon songs" because of their use of racist and stereotypical images of blacks. In Hogan's later years he admitted shame and a sense of "race betrayal" for the song while also expressing pride in helping bring ragtime to a larger audience.[19]
Maple Leaf Rag
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The emergence of mature ragtime is usually dated to 1897, the year in which several important early rags were published. In 1899, Scott Joplin's "Maple Leaf Rag" was published and became a great hit and demonstrated more depth and sophistication than earlier ragtime. Ragtime was one of the main influences on the early development of jazz (along with the blues). Some artists, such as Jelly Roll Morton, were present and performed both ragtime and jazz styles during the period the two styles overlapped. He also incorporated the Spanish Tinge in his performances, which gave a habanera or tango rhythm to his music.[20] Jazz largely surpassed ragtime in mainstream popularity in the early 1920s, although ragtime compositions continue to be written up to the present, and periodic revivals of popular interest in ragtime occurred in the 1950s and the 1970s.
The heyday of ragtime occurred before sound recording was widely available. Like classical music, and unlike jazz, classical ragtime had and has primarily a written tradition, being distributed in sheet music rather than through recordings or by imitation of live performances. Ragtime music was also distributed via piano rolls for player pianos. A folk ragtime tradition also existed before and during the period of classical ragtime (a designation largely created by Scott Joplin's publisher John Stillwell Stark), manifesting itself mostly through string bands, banjo and mandolin clubs (which experienced a burst of popularity during the early 20th century) and the like.
Joseph Lamb's 1916 "The Top Liner Rag", a classic rag
A form known as novelty piano (or novelty ragtime) emerged as the traditional rag was fading in popularity. Where traditional ragtime depended on amateur pianists and sheet music sales, the novelty rag took advantage of new advances in piano-roll technology and the phonograph record to permit a more complex, pyrotechnic, performance-oriented style of rag to be heard. Chief among the novelty rag composers is Zez Confrey, whose "Kitten on the Keys" popularized the style in 1921.
Ragtime also served as the roots for stride piano, a more improvisational piano style popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Elements of ragtime found their way into much of the American popular music of the early 20th century. It also played a central role in the development of the musical style later referred to as Piedmont blues; indeed, much of the music played by such artists of the style as Reverend Gary Davis, Blind Boy Fuller, Elizabeth Cotten, and Etta Baker could be referred to as "ragtime guitar."[21]
Although most ragtime was composed for piano, transcriptions for other instruments and ensembles are common, notably including Gunther Schuller's arrangements of Joplin's rags. Ragtime guitar continued to be popular into the 1930s, usually in the form of songs accompanied by skilled guitar work. Numerous records emanated from several labels, performed by Blind Blake, Blind Boy Fuller, Lemon Jefferson, and others. Occasionally ragtime was scored for ensembles (particularly dance bands and brass bands) similar to those of James Reese Europe or as songs like those written by Irving Berlin. Joplin had long-standing ambitions of synthesizing the worlds of ragtime and opera, to which end the opera Treemonisha was written. However its first performance, poorly staged with Joplin accompanying on the piano, was "disastrous" and it was never to be fully performed again in Joplin's lifetime.[22] In fact the score was lost for decades, then rediscovered in 1970, and a fully orchestrated and staged performance took place in 1972.[23] An earlier opera by Joplin, A Guest of Honor, has been lost.[24]
Musical form[edit]
The first page of "The Easy Winners" by Scott Joplin, showing ragtime rhythms and syncopated melodies.
The rag was a modification of the march made popular by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms coming from African music.[7] It was usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time with a predominant left-hand pattern of bass notes on strong beats (beats 1 and 3) and chords on weak beats (beat 2 and 4) accompanying a syncopated melody in the right hand. According to some sources the name "ragtime" may come from the "ragged or syncopated rhythm" of the right hand.[2] A rag written in 3/4 time is a "ragtime waltz."
Ragtime is not a "time" (meter) in the same sense that march time is 2/4 meter and waltz time is 3/4 meter; it is rather a musical style that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which melodic accents occur between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat ("a rhythmic base of metric affirmation, and a melody of metric denial"[25]). The ultimate (and intended) effect on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the "King of Ragtime", called the effect "weird and intoxicating." He also used the term "swing" in describing how to play ragtime music: "Play slowly until you catch the swing...".[26] The name swing later came to be applied to an early style of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as "ragging" the piece. Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, four being the most common number. These themes were typically 16 bars, each theme divided into periods of four four-bar phrases and arranged in patterns of repeats and reprises. Typical patterns were AABBACCC′, AABBACCDD and AABBCCA, with the first two strains in the tonic key and the following strains in the subdominant. Sometimes rags would include introductions of four bars or bridges, between themes, of anywhere between four and 24 bars.[2]
Related forms and styles[edit]
Shoe Tickler Rag, cover of the music sheet for a song from 1911 by Wilbur Campbell
Ragtime pieces came in a number of different styles during the years of its popularity and appeared under a number of different descriptive names. It is related to several earlier styles of music, has close ties with later styles of music, and was associated with a few musical "fads" of the period such as the foxtrot. Many of the terms associated with ragtime have inexact definitions, and are defined differently by different experts; the definitions are muddled further by the fact that publishers often labelled pieces for the fad of the moment rather than the true style of the composition. There is even disagreement about the term "ragtime" itself; experts such as David Jasen and Trebor Tichenor choose to exclude ragtime songs from the definition but include novelty piano and stride piano (a modern perspective), while Edward A. Berlin includes ragtime songs and excludes the later styles (which is closer to how ragtime was viewed originally). The terms below should not be considered exact, but merely an attempt to pin down the general meaning of the concept.
Cakewalk – a pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1904. The music is intended to be representative of an African-American dance contest in which the prize is a cake. Many early rags are cakewalks.
Characteristic march – a march incorporating idiomatic touches (such as syncopation) supposedly characteristic of the race of their subject, which is usually African-Americans. Many early rags are characteristic marches.
Two-step – a pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1911. A large number of rags are two-steps.
Slow drag – another dance form associated with early ragtime. A modest number of rags are slow drags.
Coon song – a pre-ragtime vocal form popular until about 1901. A song with crude, racist lyrics often sung by white performers in blackface. Gradually died out in favor of the ragtime song. It was strongly associated with ragtime in its day.
Ragtime song – the vocal form of ragtime, more generic in theme than the coon song. Though this was the form of music most commonly considered "ragtime" in its day, many people today prefer to put it in the "popular music" category. Irving Berlin was the most commercially successful composer of ragtime songs, and his "Alexander's Ragtime Band" (1911) was the single most widely performed and recorded piece of this sort, even though it contains virtually no ragtime syncopation. Gene Greene was a famous singer in this style.
Folk ragtime – ragtime that originated from small towns or assembled from folk strains, or at least sounded as if they did. Folk rags often have unusual chromatic features typical of composers with non-standard training.
Classic rag – the Missouri-style ragtime popularized by Scott Joplin, James Scott, and others.
Fox-trot – a dance fad that began in 1913. Fox-trots contain a dotted-note rhythm different from that of ragtime, but which nonetheless was incorporated into many late rags.
Novelty piano – a piano composition emphasizing speed and complexity, which emerged after World War I. It is almost exclusively the domain of white composers.
Stride piano – a style of piano that emerged after World War I, developed by and dominated by black East-coast pianists (James P. Johnson, Fats Waller and Willie 'The Lion' Smith). Together with novelty piano, it may be considered a successor to ragtime, but is not considered by all to be "genuine" ragtime. Johnson composed the song that is arguably most associated with the Roaring Twenties, "Charleston." A recording of Johnson playing the song appears on the compact disc James P. Johnson: Harlem Stride Piano (Jazz Archives No. 111, EPM, Paris, 1997). Johnson's recorded version has a ragtime flavor.
American, pre-1940, ragtime composers[edit]
Scott Joplin
By far the most famous ragtime composer[note 1] was Scott Joplin. Joseph Lamb, James Scott, and Joplin are, together, acknowledged as the three most sophisticated ragtime composers. Other leading ragtime composers include Jelly Roll Morton, Eubie Blake, Charles L. Johnson, Tom Turpin, May Aufderheide, Mike Bernard, George Botsford, Zez Confrey, Sidney L. Perrin, Ben Harney, Luckey Roberts, Irving Jones, James P. Johnson, Paul Sarebresole, Joe Jordan, Fred S. Stone and Wilbur Sweatman.
Influence on European composers[edit]
This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: List of ragtime composers
European Classical composers were influenced by the form. The first contact with ragtime was probably at the Paris Exposition in 1900, one of the stages of the European tour of John Philip Sousa. The first notable classical composer to take a serious interest in ragtime was Antonín Dvořák.[27] French composer Claude Debussy emulated ragtime in three pieces for piano. The best-known remains the Golliwog's Cake Walk (from the 1908 Piano Suite Children's Corner). He later returned to the style with two preludes for piano: Minstrels, (1910) and General Lavine-excentric (from his 1913 Preludes),[13] which was inspired by a Médrano circus clown.
James Scott's 1904 "On the Pike", which refers to the midway of the St. Louis World's Fair of 1904
Erik Satie, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud and the other members of The Group of Six in Paris never made any secret of their sympathy for ragtime, which is sometimes evident in their works. Consider, in particular, the ballet of Satie, Parade (Ragtime du Paquebot), (1917) and La Mort de Monsieur Mouche, an overture for piano for a drama in three acts, composed in the early 1900s in memory of his friend J.P. Contamine de Latour. In 1902 the American cakewalk was very popular in Paris and Satie two years later wrote two rags, La Diva de l'empire and Piccadilly. Despite the two Anglo-Saxon settings, the tracks appear American-inspired. La Diva de l'empire, a march for piano soloist, was written for Paulette Darty and initially bore the title Stand-Walk Marche; it was later subtitled Intermezzo Americain when Rouarts-Lerolle reprinted it in 1919. Piccadilly, another march, was initially titled The Transatlantique; it presented a stereotypical wealthy American heir sailing on an ocean liner on the New York–Europe route, going to trade his fortune for an aristocratic title in Europe.[28] There is a similar influence in Milhaud's ballets Le boeuf sur le toite and Creation du Monde, which he wrote after a trip to Harlem during his trip in 1922. Even the Swiss composer Honegger wrote works in which the influence of African American music is pretty obvious. Examples include Pacific 231, Prélude et Blues and especially the Concertino for piano and orchestra.
Igor Stravinsky wrote a solo piano work called Piano-Rag-Music in 1919 and also included a rag in his theater piece L'histoire du soldat (1918).[29]
Maurice Ravel is said to have heard Jimmie Noone and his group perform in Chicago. Despite the imprecise anecdote, Ravel's involvement with jazz is unquestionable, as it influenced many of his important works, for example the fox-trot of L'enfant et les sortilèges, the blues of the Sonata for violin and piano, Concerto in G and the Concerto for the left hand, both composed for piano in 1931.[citation needed]
From the 1960s on, composers from Sweden are producing ragtime, chief among them are Peter Lundberg, Sune "Sumpen" Borg, Peter Andersson, Ragnar Hellspong, Oscar Janner, Oleg Mezjuev, Joakim Stenshäll, Kimo Viklund, and Kjell Waltman.[citation needed]
Revivals[edit]
In the early 1940s, many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire, and as early as 1936 78 rpm records of Joplin's compositions were produced.[30] Old numbers written for piano were rescored for jazz instruments by jazz musicians, which gave the old style a new sound. The most famous recording of this period is Pee Wee Hunt's version of Euday L. Bowman's "Twelfth Street Rag."
A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s. A wider variety of ragtime styles of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded. Much of the ragtime recorded in this period is presented in a light-hearted novelty style, looked to with nostalgia as the product of a supposedly more innocent time. A number of popular recordings featured "prepared pianos," playing rags on pianos with tacks on the hammers and the instrument deliberately somewhat out of tune, supposedly to simulate the sound of a piano in an old honky tonk.
Three events brought forward a different kind of ragtime revival in the 1970s. First, pianist Joshua Rifkin brought out a compilation of Scott Joplin's work, Scott Joplin: Piano Rags, on Nonesuch Records, which was nominated for a Grammy Award in the "Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist(s) without Orchestra" category[11] in 1971. This recording reintroduced Joplin's music to the public in the manner the composer had intended, not as a nostalgic stereotype but as serious, respectable music. Second, the New York Public Library released a two-volume set of "The Collected Works of Scott Joplin," which renewed interest in Joplin among musicians and prompted new stagings of Joplin's opera Treemonisha.[23][31] Next came the release and Grammy Award for The New England Ragtime Ensemble's recording of Joplin's Red Back Book. Finally, with the release of the motion picture The Sting in 1973, which had a Marvin Hamlisch soundtrack of Joplin tunes originally edited by Gunther Schuller, ragtime was brought to a wide audience. Hamlisch's rendering of Joplin's 1902 rag "The Entertainer" won an Academy Award,[32] and was an American Top 40 hit in 1974, reaching #3 on 18 May.[33]
Significant ragtime composers of the mid- to late-20th century include Max Morath, William Bolcom, Trebor Tichenor, David Thomas Roberts, and Reginald Robinson.[citation needed]
In 1998, an adaption of E. L. Doctorow's historical novel Ragtime was produced on Broadway. With music by Stephen Flaherty and lyrics by Lynn Ahrens, the show featured several rags as well as songs in other musical styles.
Many modern musicians have again begun to find ragtime and incorporate it into their musical repertoires.[citation needed] Such acts include Jay Chou, Curtains for You, Baby Gramps and Bob Milne.[34]
See also[edit]
United States portal
Jazz portal
Music portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Specifically, the composer whose worldwide reputation rested exclusively on ragtime works. Certain famous composers such as Irving Berlin and Claude Debussy dabbled in the style of ragtime but largely made their reputations in other repertoires.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Perlman, Itzhak. "THE EASY WINNERS and other rag-time music of Scott Joplin". Retrieved 2010-04-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Berlin, Edward. "Ragtime". The Grove Music Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
Jump up ^ The Globalization of Music in History by Richard Wetzel, Routledge, 2013, page 58.
Jump up ^ Jazz: A Regional Exploration by Scott Yanow, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, page 2
Jump up ^ Blesh, Rudi. Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, Introduction to Scott Joplin Complete Piano Works, New York Public Library, 1981, p. xvii.
Jump up ^ Brogan, Hugh. The Penguin History of the USA, 2nd Edition, 1999, ISBN 978-0-14-025255-2, p.415.
^ Jump up to: a b Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, pp. xv–xvi.
Jump up ^ Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, p. xiii
Jump up ^ Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, p. xviii
Jump up ^ Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, p. xxiii.
^ Jump up to: a b Past Winner Database, "1971 14th Grammy Awards." Accessed Feb. 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ Hitchcock, H. Wiley. "Stereo Review", 1971, p.84, cited in Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, p. xiv.
^ Jump up to: a b Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, p. xiii.
Jump up ^ Dickinson, Peter (1 January 1987). "Reviews of Books". Music and Letters. 68 (1): 78–79. doi:10.1093/ml/68.1.78.
^ Jump up to: a b van der Merwe, Peter (1989). Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Nineteenth-Century Popular Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-316121-4, p.63
Jump up ^ "From Piano Thumping to the Concert Stage: The Rise of Ragtime". Music Educators Journal. 59 (8): 53. April 1973. doi:10.2307/3394278. JSTOR 3394278.
Jump up ^ White, Loring. Ragging It: Getting Ragtime into History (and Some History into Ragtime), iUniverse, 2005. xiv, 419 pp. ISBN 0-595-34042-3, p.99.
Jump up ^ Ragging It, p.100.
Jump up ^ Peress, Maurice (2003). Dvorak to Duke Ellington: A Conductor Explores America's Music and Its African American Roots. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
Jump up ^ Garrett 2004, p. 94.
Jump up ^ Bastin, Bruce. "Truckin' My Blues Away: East Coast Piedmont Styles" in Nothing But the Blues: The Music and the Musicians. Ed. Lawrence Cohn. New York: Abbeville Press, 1993.
Jump up ^ Scott, William B., and Rutkoff, Peter M. New York Modern: The Arts and the City Johns Hopkins Univ. Press (2001), p37
^ Jump up to: a b Peterson, Bernard L. (1993). A century of musicals in black and white. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 357. ISBN 0-313-26657-3. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
Jump up ^ "Classical Net". Retrieved 2009-03-20.
Jump up ^ Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, p. xv.
Jump up ^ "School of Ragtime" (1908) in Scott Joplin Collected Piano Works, Edited by Vera Brodsky Lawrence, The New York Public Library, 1971, ISBN 0-87104-242-8, page 284.
Jump up ^ "Antonin Dvorak – Symphony No. 9 "From the New World" In Nature's Realm – Carnival". Retrieved April 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gildo De Stefano, "Ragtime, jazz & dintorni", Preface by Amiri Baraka. SUGARCO Editions, Milan 2007. ISBN 978-88-7198-532-9
Jump up ^ "L'HISTOIRE DU SOLDAT (THE SOLDIER'S TALE) A BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW". Retrieved January 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jasen, David A. Discography of 78 rpm Records of Joplin Works, Scott Joplin Complete Piano Works, New York Public Library, (1981), pp. 319–320
Jump up ^ Ping-Robbins, Nancy R. (1998). Scott Joplin: a guide to research. p. 289. ISBN 0-8240-8399-7. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Awards Database". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
Jump up ^ "Charis Music Group, compilation of cue sheets from the American Top 40 radio Show" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-05.
Jump up ^ 88 notes pour piano solo, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Neva Ed., 2015.p.267. ISBN 978 2 3505 5192 0
Further reading[edit]
Berlin, E.A. (1980). Ragtime: a musical and cultural history. California: University of California Press.
Blesh, R.; Janis, H. (1971). They all played ragtime, 4th ed. Oak Publications.
De Stefano, Gildo; Baraka, Amiri (2007). Ragtime, jazz & dintorni. Milan: SUGARCO Editions. ISBN 978-88-7198-532-9.
Jasen, D.A.; Tichenor, T.J. (1980). Rags and ragtime. Dover.
Schafer, W.J.; Riedel, J. (1973). The art of ragtime: form and meaning of an original black American art. Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press.
Waldo, Terry (2009). This is Ragtime. Jazz at Lincoln Center Library Editions.
External links[edit]
Look up ragtime in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ragtime.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ragtime
Classic Ragtime Piano by Ted Tjaden
[hide]
v
t
e
American folk music
African-American
Appalachian
Blues
Cajun
Creole
Folk revival (1950s–60s)
Gospel
Jazz
Dixieland
Native American
Old-time
Ragtime
Spirituals
Swamp pop
Tejano
Zydeco
Country music
Americana
Bluegrass
Honky-tonk
Rockabilly
Western swing
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ragtime&oldid=812954642"
Categories:
Ragtime
African-American music
19th-century music genres
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017
Articles with hAudio microformats
Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2012
All articles needing style editing
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Lingála
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Sardu
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 November 2017, at 21:43.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Ragtime_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Ragtime (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0.3em; background-color: blue; color:white;

value: img

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: li

values:
/wiki/Stride_piano
mw-redirect
Stride piano

values: text-align:center;background-color: blue; color: white;

values:
/wiki/Boogie_woogie
mw-redirect
Boogie woogie

values: Rag is a simple word; that he's from there doesn't prove that it's how it got the name (November 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Meter_(music)
mw-redirect
Meter (music)

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
/wiki/Piano_rolls
mw-redirect
Piano rolls

values:
/wiki/Classic_Rag
mw-redirect
Classic Rag

values:
/wiki/Kitten_on_the_Keys
mw-redirect
Kitten on the Keys

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Foxtrot_(dance)
mw-redirect
Foxtrot (dance)

values: Characteristic march (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Willie_%27The_Lion%27_Smith
mw-redirect
Willie 'The Lion' Smith

values: Edit section: American, pre-1940, ragtime composers

values:
/wiki/James_Scott_(musician)
mw-redirect
James Scott (musician)

values: Edit section: Influence on European composers

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_style
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Encyclopedic style

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like

values:
/wiki/L%27histoire_du_soldat
mw-redirect
L'histoire du soldat

values:
/wiki/Sound_recordings
mw-redirect
Sound recordings

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award
mw-redirect
Academy Award

values:
/wiki/Trebor_Tichenor
mw-redirect
Trebor Tichenor

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F68.1.78

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3394278

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3394278

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.ragtimepiano.ca/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2012

values: Category:All articles needing style editing

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Ragtime
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Ragtime&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: راجتايم (موسيقى) – Arabic

values: Рэгтайм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ράγκταϊμ – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtimo
Ragtimo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: رگتایم – Persian

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragcheol
Ragcheol – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: רגטיים – Hebrew

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regtaims
Regtaims – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regtaimas
Regtaimas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Lingala
ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Регтайм – Russian

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime
Ragtime – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ragtime rootpage-Ragtime skin-vector action-view


text:
Love lock
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For articles with similar names, see Lovelock (disambiguation). For locks of hair that are given as a sign of affection, see Hair jewellery.
Love padlocks by night on Butchers' Bridge in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Love without locks campaign, Passerelle Debilly, Paris
A love lock or love padlock is a padlock which sweethearts lock to a bridge, fence, gate, monument or similar public fixture to symbolize their love.[1] Typically the sweethearts' names or initials are inscribed on the padlock, and its key is thrown away to symbolize unbreakable love.
Since the 2000s, love locks have proliferated at an increasing number of locations worldwide. They are now mostly treated by municipal authorities as litter or vandalism, and there is some cost to their removal. However, there are authorities who embrace them, and who use them as fundraising projects or tourism attractions.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Notable locations and controversies
2.1 Africa
2.1.1 Algeria
2.2 Pacific
2.2.1 Australia
2.3 North-America
2.3.1 Canada
2.3.2 United States
2.4 Europe
2.4.1 France
2.4.2 Germany
2.4.3 Italy
2.4.4 Ireland
2.4.5 United Kingdom
2.5 South America
2.5.1 Brazil
3 Legends and superstitions
4 References
History[edit]
Removing love locks at Charles Bridge in Prague
The history of love padlocks dates back at least 100 years to a melancholic Serbian tale of World War I, with an attribution for the bridge Most Ljubavi (lit. the Bridge of Love) in the spa town of Vrnjačka Banja.[2] A local schoolmistress named Nada, who was from Vrnjačka Banja, fell in love with a Serbian officer named Relja. After they committed to each other Relja went to war in Greece where he fell in love with a local woman from Corfu. As a consequence, Relja and Nada broke off their engagement. Nada never recovered from that devastating blow, and after some time she died due to heartbreak from her unfortunate love.
As young women from Vrnjačka Banja wanted to protect their own loves, they started writing down their names, with the names of their loved ones, on padlocks and affixing them to the railings of the bridge where Nada and Relja used to meet.[3][4]
In the rest of Europe, love padlocks started appearing in the early 2000s as a ritual or epidemy.[5] The reasons love padlocks started to appear vary between locations and in many instances are unclear. However, in Rome, the ritual of affixing love padlocks to the bridge Ponte Milvio can be attributed to the 2006 book I Want You by Italian author Federico Moccia, who made a film adaptation in 2007.[6][7][8]
Notable locations and controversies[edit]
One of many purpose-built iron trees on a bridge across the Vodootvodny Canal in Moscow completely covered in love padlocks.
In many cities, love locking has been classified an act of vandalism.[9] In several countries, the local authorities and owners of various landmarks have expressed concern and tried to have the padlocks removed:
Africa[edit]
Algeria[edit]
Love padlocks in Algiers have been removed by youths
In Algiers love padlocks were added in September 2013 to a bridge that was previously known as the "suicide bridge" in Telemly a district of Algiers. Some youths brought tools to remove them by night a few days later,[10][11] after a video was made by an imam saying that love padlocks are forbidden in Islam.[citation needed]
Pacific[edit]
Love-locks in Suseong Lake, Daegu, South Korea
Australia[edit]
In Albury, New South Wales Australia, love locks have begun appearing on a fence overlooking Lake Hume, just outside the city, close to the weir wall on the New South Wales side of the border at the Lake Hume Village.
Authorities in Canberra, Australia, decided in February 2015 to remove love locks from a bridge that was becoming a popular location to affix them, and from other locations in Canberra. Justifications given for the decision were the possibility of future threats to public safety from eventual overloading of the bridge with a mass of padlocks, and structural interference resulting from corrosion. A bridge in Paris was mentioned by authorities as an example of an overloaded bridge, a probable reference to the Pont des Arts.[12]
On 20 May 2015, council authorities in Melbourne, Australia, began removing love locks from Southgate footbridge due to safety concerns. Around 22,000 love locks were reported to have been fixed to the railings, causing cables to sag.[13]
In Toowoomba, Australia, love locks have been appearing at Picnic Point, a heritage-listed tourist attraction featuring a park and lookout at the top of the Great Dividing Range.[14]
In Adelaide, locks can be found along the Adelaide Uni footbridge across the Torrens River.
In Brisbane, locks have been attached to the security fence on the Kurilpa Bridge.
North-America[edit]
Canada[edit]
Love Padlocks attached to the railing of Corktown Footbridge
In Canada, love padlocks appearing along the Wild Pacific Trail in Ucluelet on Vancouver Island, have caused controversy as some regard them as a distraction from nature. Love padlocks were removed from the Humber Bay Arch Bridge in Toronto, due to concerns over aesthetics and structural concerns if the Bridge were to become a love padlock destination.[15]
Ottawa's Corktown Footbridge has also attracted love locks.[16]
United States[edit]
In Atlanta, GA, love locks were removed by officials on the Beltline over Ralph McGill in 2013. Locks are now beginning to appear on Cherokee Avenue in Grant Park over I-20. November 2014.
The most recent Love Lock was started in June 2015 in Baltimore, MD. The installation was started by Uncustomary Art and continues to grow.[17]
In De Pere, Wisconsin, at Voyageur Park, locks are being attached to a lookout called Sunset Point. In Canfield, Ohio, the BIG LOCK was installed in 2014 as a community art project at the Canfield Fairgrounds. Visitors are encouraged to add a personalized lock to the 12' x 12' steel-cage rooster. The Canfield Fair is one of the largest county fairs in the country, and the rooster its official symbol. The name BIG LOCK is a play on words, referencing the Big Rock, which is also a highly referenced symbol of the Fair.[18]
In New York City a group of locksport enthusiasts organized to remove locks from the Brooklyn Bridge in 2013[19]
In Newport, Rhode Island love locks have become a problem for the Cliff Walk Commission[20]
In Las Vegas, a 1/2 scale model of the Eiffel Tower located at the Paris Hotel on the famed Las Vegas Strip has inspired visitors to place lovers' locks on the walkway out to the elevators to the top of the tower. Visitors are told not to throw the key from the tower and locks sold in the lobby are opened and provided for a fee without a key to prevent this practice.
People are actually encouraged to leave their locks on chains strung between posts at Lover's Lock Plaza in Lovelock, Nevada.[21] The name of the town is unrelated to the love locks, it was named after a family that settled in the area in the 1860s. The town didn't adopt the practice until much later.
In San Angelo, TX, the city has erected a sculpture "Forever Love" inspired by other "love locks" such as (formerly) the bridge in Paris.[22][23]
Europe[edit]
Love-locks in Kołobrzeg, Parsęta, Poland
France[edit]
Love padlocks on Pont des Arts, Paris
In May 2010 the city of Paris expressed concern over the growing number of love-locks on the Pont des Arts, Passerelle Léopold-Sédar-Senghor, and the Pont de l'Archevêché bridges, stating: "they raise problems for the preservation of our architectural heritage". The lovelocks of the Pont des Arts disappeared during the night of 11 May 2010; they had been removed by a student of the nearby École des Beaux-Arts to make a sculpture.[24] Love locks immediately began appearing on the Pont de l'Archevêché[5] and have since spread to at least 11 Seine bridges, the Canal Saint Martin footbridges, and to parks and monuments all over the city. Many tourists mistakenly believe this is a longstanding Parisian tradition, not realizing the practice only migrated into Paris in late 2008 after affecting cities in Italy and Asia.
In January 2014, a campaign and petition, No Love Locks™,[25] was founded by two Americans living in Paris in an effort to save the city's historic bridges and monuments from the overwhelming number of locks. The international media attention the campaign received has been credited with the actions begun in the summer and fall of 2014, when the city began seeking alternatives to love locks and asking the public to stop placing locks on Parisian bridges and monuments. On 9 May 2014, the weight of the padlocks on the Pont Des Arts bridge was blamed for the collapse of part of the parapet.[26] The city began an experiment in September 2014 on the Pont des Arts, replacing three panels with a special type of glass that would prevent locks from being attached.[27] On 1 June 2015, the locks were taken down due to the collapsing of the bridge.[28]
A website called Passion Locks exists, a tribute to Pont des Arts, where users can send others a virtual love lock.[29]
Germany[edit]
In Bamberg,[citation needed] Germany, after inviting the public to attach love locks on the Kettenbrücke in 2011, officials threatened to remove them during the same year due to rust. After public outrage and several township meetings, the locks remain.
In Berlin, applying a lock to a bridge is a misdemeanor and can generate cautionary fines up to 35 euros. Historical bridges are especially affected, as it disturbs the visual impression, and can even cause an electrolytic corrosion of noble brass of the locks against the baser iron bridges, leading to rust damage. Rust damage were noted in Lübeck at the Obertrave bridge. In addition, damage in removing the locks is seen by municipalities as a problem.[30]
Deutsche Bahn threatened to have the locks removed from the Hohenzollern Bridge in Cologne. Deutsche Bahn is the bridge's operator, but in the end relented in the face of public opposition.[31] Lovelocks are now embraced on the bridge, and visitors are directed to them on the city tourism site.[32]
In Hamburg this ritual was also spread among bridges and lighthouses.[33]
Italy[edit]
In Florence, Italy, 5,500 love padlocks affixed to the Ponte Vecchio bridge were removed by the city council. According to the council the padlocks both pose an aesthetic problem as well as scratch and dent the metal of the bridge.[34]
Venice is among cities where affixing padlocks to bridges is strictly prohibited. This is enforced particularly earnestly for Venice's Rialto Bridge, which led to violent controversy in September 2011.[35] Locks were removed, and adding new ones can result in up to a 3,000 euros fine.[36]
Ireland[edit]
In Dublin, Ireland, padlocks on the Ha'penny Bridge over the River Liffey were taken down by Dublin City Council in early 2012. The padlocks could damage the protected structure, the Council has said. "This seems to have only started happening in the last few months and we're asking people not to do it," said a spokesperson for Dublin City Council. Some locks have also been removed from the Millennium Bridge, close to the Ha'penny Bridge in the city centre, the Council said. The padlocks have been criticised for being an eyesore on public structures. They can also cause further damage when they have to be removed, the Council said. The spokesperson confirmed that the Council will continue to remove the locks from any bridges they appear on in the city centre.[37]
United Kingdom[edit]
locks opposite Shoreditch High Street railway station.
In Scotland, a "Mark your Spot" campaign was launched by the Edinburgh City Council on the Forth Road Bridge. 4 sets of panels on the bridge itself were dedicated to Lovelocks, with both locals and tourists buying and affixing locks to them. This was a charity initiative that raised £10,300 for the Queensferry RNLI, a local lifeboat service.[38] Also in Scotland, Lovelocks can also be found at the Courtship Maze at Gretna Green. Couples are welcome to affix padlocks to the bridge there.[citation needed]
Love lock tree, Beaulieu Palace House.
To celebrate their meeting in Japan, Jonathan Montagu and Nathalie Daoust commissioned a giant bonsai love lock tree for their wedding on 4 October 2014. The tree is located at Beaulieu Palace House, UK, where couples are invited to help the tree flourish by adding their own love locks.
The 125-year-old delicate cast-iron Listed Ferry Bridge, Burton-on-Trent has recently been totally refurbished at considerable expense. Within a few days, a love lock was affixed to the bridge, but it was quickly removed, as such items are unsightly, a hazard, add to the load on the structure, and are not allowed under the Listing Regulations. Any that do get affixed will be removed at once.
South America[edit]
Brazil[edit]
In Recife was possible to hold the lock on the fence at the Aurora Street, but this was stolen for the second time, for Metal Trade. The initiator Diego Lima said resigned and did not give a third chance.[39]
Legends and superstitions[edit]
On some locations the padlocks have been given almost legendary or superstitious character:
In Fengyuan, Taiwan, love padlocks affixed to an overpass at the city's train station are often affixed in pairs. These locks are known as "wish locks" and local legend holds that the magnetic field generated by trains passing underneath will cause energy to accumulate in the locks and fulfill the wishes.[40]
On a fountain in Montevideo in Uruguay, a plaque is affixed to the front of the fountain that provides an explanation in both English and Spanish. The English version of the text reads, "The legend of this young fountain tells us that if a lock with the initials of two people in love is placed in it, they will return together to the fountain and their love will be forever locked."[41]
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Love padlocks.
Jump up ^ Enulescu, Dana (1 March 2007). "Rome mayor in 'love padlock' row". BBC. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Alissa (27 April 2014). "On Bridges in Paris, Clanking With Love". New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most ljubavi". Vrnjacka Banja (in Serbian). www.vrnjackabanja.biz. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Ogrizović, Slobodan (22 April 2009). "Vrnjačka banja, najveće lečilište u Srbiji". B92 (in Serbian). Retrieved 6 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Long, Louisa (6 June 2011). "Love-locks return to the bridges of Paris". The Independent. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Ian Fischer (6 August 2007), "In Rome, a New Ritual on an Old Bridge", New York Times, retrieved 9 August 2010
Jump up ^ Demetri, Justin (2008). "The Bridge of Love in Rome". Life in Italy .com. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "How to Get Your Ex-Girlfriend Back Advice".
Jump up ^ Forbidden love
Jump up ^ Alger : le pont "d’amour" redevient le pont des "suicidés" Algérie focus.2013-09-10
Jump up ^ Missous, Naila (24 September 2013). "Algeria's controversial bridge of love". Your Middle East. Your Middle East. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Love locks to be removed from National Carillon footbridge in Canberra". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Melbourne love locks: Council cuts padlocks off Southgate footbridge to save structure". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Romantics secure their love locks". Toowoomba Chronicle. 2 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Aboelsaud, Yasmin (6 January 2011). "Accidental locks of love on Wild Pacific Trail". Westerly News. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Hempstead, Doug (13 February 2013). "Inscribing couple's names on locks big deal on Ottawa's Corkstown Bridge". Ottawa Sun. Canoe Sun Media. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Uncustomary Art – Baltimore Love Lock". Retrieved 23 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Hall, Kalea. "BIG LOCK encourages Canfield fairgoers to share fair love". Vindy.com. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Geoff Manaugh (11 October 2013). "Picking the Bridge". The New Yorker.
Jump up ^ "Cliff Walk Commission to discuss future of 'love locks'". Providence Journal.
Jump up ^ "Lovelock Nevada". loverslock.com.
Jump up ^ "Exploring San Angelo’s Haunted Bridge". 24 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lone Wolf Bridge home to new public art work".
Jump up ^ « Où sont passés les cadenas du pont des Arts », Les Nuages Bleus, 20 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "NO LOVE LOCKS™".
Jump up ^ Urquhart, Wendy (9 June 2014). "'Lovelocks' collapse Paris bridge rail". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Paris Falls Out of Love With the Padlocks on Its Bridges". The New York Times. 21 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Alissa J.; Breeden, Aurelien (1 June 2015). "Paris Bridge's Love Locks Are Taken Down". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
Jump up ^ David Tarczynski. "Passion Locks". Passion Locks.
Jump up ^ "Auf ewige Liebe – Welt – Tagesspiegel". tagesspiegel.de.
Jump up ^ Stolarz, Sarah (2 September 2009). "Cologne Gets a Lock on Love". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Love locks". Cologne.de.
Jump up ^ "Schwanenwikbrücke". hamburg-travel.com.
Jump up ^ "Florence tries to stamp out locks of love". Italy Mag. 1 May 2006. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Helena Kaznowska (September 11, 2012). "Padlocks removed from Ponte Milvio". Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italy Bridges Locks of Love".
Jump up ^ "Where's the love? Council removes 'love padlocks' from Dublin's Ha'penny Bridge". thejournal.ie. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Forth Road Bridge lovelocks raise £10,000". scotsman.com.
Jump up ^ Brazilians abroad
Jump up ^ Chang Jui-chen (2009). "'Wish lock' phenomenon attracts youth to Fengyuan". Taipei Times. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
Jump up ^ http://inspiringtravellers.com/montevideos-locks-fountain/
Community portal
Psychology portal
Psychiatry portal
World War I portal
Libertarianism portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_lock&oldid=798578896"
Categories:
Graffiti and unauthorised signage
Locks (security device)
Love
Hidden categories:
CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)
Use dmy dates from December 2015
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Հայերեն
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 September 2017, at 18:29.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Lovelock_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Lovelock (disambiguation)

attrs: href title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Spa_towns_in_Serbia
mw-redirect
Spa towns in Serbia

values: Edit section: Notable locations and controversies

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Wild Pacific Trail (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Paris_Hotel
mw-redirect
Paris Hotel

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6408635.stm

values:
/wiki/Toowoomba_Chronicle
mw-redirect
Toowoomba Chronicle

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.loverslock.com

values:
nofollow
external text
https://nolovelocks.com

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.passionlocks.com

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Graffiti and unauthorised signage

values: Category:CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)

values: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2015

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Love_lock
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: قفل الحب – Arabic

values: قفل عشق – Persian

values: Սիրո կողպեք – Armenian

values: מנעול אהבה – Hebrew

values: Замок любви – Russian

values: காதல் பூட்டு – Tamil

values: Замок кохання – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Love_lock rootpage-Love_lock skin-vector action-view


text:
Tonya Harding
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the American figure skater. For the Australian softball player, see Tanya Harding.
Tonya Harding
Harding at Portland, Oregon, reception shortly after the 1994 Winter Olympics.
Personal information
Full name
Tonya Maxene Price
Country represented
United States
Born
Tonya Maxene Harding
(1970-11-12) November 12, 1970 (age 47)
Portland, Oregon, U.S.[1]
Spouse(s)
Jeff Gillooly (m. 1990–1993)
Michael Smith (m. 1995–1996)
Joseph Price (m. 2010)
Height
5 ft 1 in (1.55 m)
Coach
Diane Rawlinson, Dody Teachman
Medal record[show]
Representing the USA
Ladies' Figure skating
World Championships
1991 Munich Ladies' singles
Tonya Maxene Price known professionally as Tonya Harding[2][3] (born November 12, 1970)[4][5] is a retired American figure skater. She was the 1991 U.S. champion and 1991 World Championship silver medalist. Harding is also a two-time Olympian and a two-time Skate America Champion.[6] She was the first woman to successfully execute two triple axels in a single competition, and the first to complete a triple axel in combination with a double toe loop.
In late 1993, Harding was an Olympian hopeful when she became engulfed in controversy following an attack on skating rival Nancy Kerrigan. After the games ended, she pleaded guilty to hindering the prosecution and was banned for life from the U.S. Figure Skating Association.[7] Harding is the subject of the 2017 movie I, Tonya.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Skating career
2.1 Figure skating record
3 Attack on Nancy Kerrigan and aftermath
4 Later celebrity
4.1 Boxing career
4.1.1 Professional record
4.2 Automobile racing land speed record
5 Personal life
6 In popular culture
6.1 Film
6.2 Television
6.3 Music and opera
6.4 Print
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Ice Chalet at Portland's Lloyd Center, where Harding began skating at age three[7]
Tonya Harding was born on November 12, 1970 in Portland, Oregon, to LaVona Golden (b. 1940)[8] and Albert Harding (1933–2009).[9] Harding was raised in Portland and began skating at the age of three.[6] As a youth, Harding also hunted, drag raced, and learned automotive mechanics from her father.[10] LaVona struggled to help support the family while she worked as a waitress, and she hand-sewed Tonya's competition skating costumes.[10]
Harding had a troubled childhood. She said that by the time she was seven years old, her mother had mentally and physically abused her.[11][12] LaVona admitted to one instance of hitting Tonya at an ice rink.[11] Tonya dropped out of Milwaukie High School[13] during her sophomore year in order to focus on skating; she later earned a General Equivalency Diploma.[14]
Skating career[edit]
In the mid-1980s, Harding began working her way up the competitive skating ladder. She placed sixth at the 1986 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, fifth in 1987 and 1988, and third in 1989. After winning Skate America in 1989, she was considered a strong contender at the 1990 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, but she was suffering from the flu and asthma and had a poor free skate. After the original program, she dropped from second place and finished seventh overall. She was a powerful free skater and typically had lower placements in the compulsory figures.
Harding's breakthrough year came in 1991, when she landed her first triple axel at the U.S. Championships[6] and won the title with the event's first 6.0 ever given to a single female skater for technical merit. At the 1991 World Championships, she again completed the triple axel—becoming the first American woman to perform it at an international event. Harding would finish second behind Kristi Yamaguchi, and in front of Nancy Kerrigan, marking the first time one country swept the ladies medal podium at the World Figure Skating Championships.
At the Fall 1991 Skate America, Harding recorded three more firsts:
The first woman to complete a triple axel in the short program;
The first woman to successfully execute two triple axels in a single competition;
The first ever to complete a triple axel combination with the double toe loop.
Despite these record-breaking performances, she was never able to successfully perform the triple axel in a competition after 1991, and her competitive results began to decline as a result. In 1992, she placed third in the U.S. Championships after twisting her ankle in practice. She finished fourth in the 1992 Winter Olympics, and in the 1992 World Championships, she placed sixth. In the 1993 season, she skated poorly in the U.S. Championships and failed to qualify for the World Championship team.
Following legal controversy, Harding was permitted to remain a member of the U.S. ice skating team at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway.[15] After a problem with her laces, she was given a re-skate in the long program and finished in eighth place, far behind Oksana Baiul (gold) and Nancy Kerrigan (silver).
Figure skating record[edit]
International
Event[16]
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
Winter Olympics 4th 8th
World Championships 2nd 6th
Skate America 2nd 1st 1st 3rd
Skate Canada International 4th
Nations Cup 1st
NHK Trophy 3rd 2nd 4th
U.S. Olympic Festival 2nd
Prize of Moscow News[17] 1st
National
U.S. Championships[18][citation needed] 6th 5th 5th 3rd 7th 1st 3rd 4th 1st†
^† In June 1994, Claire Ferguson—the President of the U.S. Figure Skating Association—voted to strip Harding of her 1994 title. However, the competition results were not changed and the title was left vacant rather than moving all the other competitors up one position.[19][20]
Attack on Nancy Kerrigan and aftermath[edit]
Harding's practice sessions at Clackamas Town Center, in preparation for the 1994 Winter Olympics, were attended by thousands of spectators and dozens of reporters and film crews.
On January 6, 1994 (1994-01-06), Harding's main team competitor Nancy Kerrigan was attacked by an assailant later identified as Shane Stant after a practice session at the 1994 U.S. Figure Skating Championships in Detroit. Harding's ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly (1967–)[21], and her bodyguard, Shawn Eckhardt,[22] hired Stant to break Kerrigan's right leg so that she would be unable to compete at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer. After failing to find Kerrigan at her training rink in Massachusetts, Stant followed her to Detroit. When she stepped off the ice after a practice session at Cobo Arena and walked behind a nearby curtain into a corridor, Stant struck her leg about 1 inch (3 cm) above the knee[23] with a 21-inch (53 cm) ASP telescopic baton.[24] Her leg was only bruised, not broken, but the injury forced her to withdraw from the national championship. Harding won that event, and she and Kerrigan were both selected for the 1994 Olympic team.[15] Harding finished eighth in Lillehammer, while Kerrigan, by then recovered from the injury, won the silver medal behind Oksana Baiul from Ukraine.[25]
The attack on Kerrigan and the news of Harding's alleged involvement led to a media frenzy. Kerrigan appeared on the cover of both TIME and Newsweek magazines in January 1994. Reporters and TV news crews attended Harding's practices in Portland and camped out in front of Kerrigan's home. CBS assigned Connie Chung to follow her every move in Lillehammer. Four hundred members of the press jammed into the practice rink in Norway. Scott Hamilton complained that "the world press was turning the Olympics into just another sensational tabloid event."[26] The tape-delayed broadcast of the women's short program at the Olympics remains one of the most watched telecasts in American history.[27]
On February 1, 1994, Gillooly accepted a plea offer in exchange for his testimony against Harding. Gillooly, Stant, Eckhardt, and getaway car driver Derrick Smith all served time in prison for the attack.[28] Eckhardt was sentenced to 18 months in prison for racketeering but was released four months early in September 1995.[22]
Harding arriving at Portland International Airport amid a crush of reporters after the 1994 Olympics
Harding was charged in Multnomah County, Oregon but avoided further prosecution and a possible jail sentence by pleading guilty on March 16 to conspiring to hinder prosecution of the attackers.[29] She received three years' probation, 500 hours of community service, and a $100,000 fine.[30] As part of the plea bargain, she was also forced to withdraw from the 1994 World Figure Skating Championships and resign from the United States Figure Skating Association.[31] The USFSA conducted its own investigation of the attack. On June 30, 1994, the association stripped her of her 1994 U.S. Championships title and banned her for life from participating in USFSA-run events as either a skater or a coach.[20] The USFSA concluded that she knew about the attack before it happened and displayed "a clear disregard for fairness, good sportsmanship, and ethical behavior". Although the USFSA has no control over non-competitive professional skating events, she was also persona non grata on the pro circuit because few skaters and promoters would work with her. Consequently, she failed to benefit from the boom in professional skating that ensued in the aftermath of the scandal.[26]
In her 2008 autobiography, The Tonya Tapes, Harding stated that she wanted to call the FBI to reveal what she knew, but decided not to when Gillooly allegedly threatened her with death following a gunpoint gang rape by him and two other men she did not know. He subsequently changed his name to Jeff Stone and called the accusations of gang rape "utterly ridiculous."[12] Eckhardt, who legally changed his name to Brian Sean Griffith following his release from jail, died at age 40 on December 12, 2007.[22]
Later celebrity[edit]
Harding had a celebrity sex tape: an explicit "Wedding Video" showed her having sex with her then-husband, Jeff Gillooly. Gillooly had sold the tape to a tabloid TV show after being implicated as a conspirator in the Kerrigan attack. Stills from the tape were published by Penthouse in September 1994 and the tape itself[32] was released at about the same time.
Harding in 2006
On June 22, 1994, in Portland, Oregon, Harding appeared on an AAA professional wrestling show as the manager for wrestling stable Los Gringos Locos. The night's performance included Art Barr, Eddie Guerrero, and Brian Cox.[33]
A promotional musical event was unsuccessful when Harding and her band, the Golden Blades, were booed off the stage in their only performance, in 1995 in Portland, Oregon.[34][35]
In 1994 Harding was cast in a low-budget action film, Breakaway.[36] The film was released in 1996.[37]
In late 1996 she used mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to help revive an 81-year-old woman, Alice Olson, who collapsed at a bar in Portland while playing video poker.[38]
In March 2008 she became a commentator for TruTV's The Smoking Gun Presents: World's Dumbest....[39]
Boxing career[edit]
Tonya Harding
Statistics
Real name
Tonya Maxene Harding
Nickname(s)
Bad Girl
Weight(s)
Lightweight
Height
5 ft 1 in (1.55 m)
Nationality
American
Stance
Orthodox
Boxing record
Total fights
6
Wins
3
Wins by KO
0
Losses
3
In 2002 she boxed against Paula Jones on the Fox TV network Celebrity Boxing event, winning the fight. On February 22, 2003, she made her official women's professional boxing debut, losing a four-round decision in the undercard of the Mike Tyson-Clifford Etienne bout, amid rumors that she was having financial difficulties and needed to fight in the ring to earn money.[40] She did another celebrity boxing match, on The Man Show, and won against co-host Doug Stanhope. Stanhope later claimed on his podcast that the fight was fixed because Tonya Harding refused to "fight a man".[41]
On March 23, 2004, it was reported that she canceled a planned boxing match against Tracy Carlton in Oakland, California, because of an alleged death threat against her.[42]
On June 24, 2004, after reportedly not having boxed for over a year, she was beaten in a match in Edmonton, Alberta, by Amy Johnson. Fans reportedly booed her as she entered the ring and cheered wildly for Johnson when she won in the third round.[43][44]
Her boxing career was cut short by a physical condition that she attributed to asthma.[45] Her overall record was 3 wins and 3 losses. [46]
Professional record[edit]
3 Wins (3 decisions), 3 Losses (2 knockouts, 1 decision), 0 Draws[47]
Date
Opponent
Result
Type
Round, Time
Location
2004-06-25 Amy Johnson Loss TKO 3 (4), 1:04 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
2003-08-02 Melissa Yanas Loss TKO 1 (4), 1:13 Dallas, Texas, U.S.
2003-06-13 Emily Gosa Win Decision (unanimous) 4 (4) Lincoln City, Oregon, U.S.
2003-03-28 Alejandra Lopez Win Decision (unanimous) 4 (4) Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.
2003-03-15 Shannon Birmingham Win Decision (unanimous) 4 (4) Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.
2003-02-22 Samantha Browning Loss Decision (split) 4 (4) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Automobile racing land speed record[edit]
On August 12, 2010 Harding set a new land speed record for a vintage gas coupe with a speed of 97.177 mph (156.391 km/h; 43.442 m/s) driving a 1931 Ford Model A, named Lickity-Split, on the Bonneville Salt Flats.[48][49]
Personal life[edit]
Harding married Jeff Gillooly in 1990,[6] when she was 19 years old. Their tumultuous marriage ended in divorce in 1993, but they continued seeing each other heading into the 1994 Winter Olympics.[50] She married her second husband, Michael Smith, in 1995; the couple divorced in 1996.[51] She married 42-year-old Joseph Price on June 23, 2010, when she was 39 years old and now prefers to go by her married name of Tonya Price.[2][52] She gave birth to her only child, a son named Gordon, on February 19, 2011.[53]
Since leaving skating and boxing, Harding has worked as a welder, a painter at a metal fabrication company, and a hardware sales clerk at Sears.[54]
In popular culture[edit]
Harding and her role in the Kerrigan attack have been widely referenced in sitcom episodes, music videos, and a primary campaign speech by former President Barack Obama.[55]
In 2014, Matt Harkins and Viviana Olen created the Nancy Kerrigan and Tonya Harding Museum in their Brooklyn, New York apartment.[56]
Film[edit]
Tonya Harding portrayed by actress Margot Robbie
Australian actress Margot Robbie portrays Harding in the biographical film I, Tonya.[57] The film was released on December 8, 2017 in the United States, and grossed $264,155.00 over its first weekend.
In 1994, former MTV VJ and comedian Julie Brown spoofed Harding in the TV film National Lampoon's Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 In. Women.[58][59]
Television[edit]
The 1994 telemovie ‘Tonya and Nancy: The Inside Story’, Tonya is played by Alexandra Powers while Nancy is played by Heather Langenkamp.[60]
In 2014, ESPN aired a 30 for 30 documentary on the Kerrigan attack called The Price of Gold.[61]
During the 1993 to 1994 Season of In Living Color, sketch actress Alexandra Wentworth played Tonya in a number of sketches. [62]
In an episode of the television program Seinfeld called "The Understudy," when Jerry’s girlfriend, a Broadway performer, takes the stage, she has a problem with the laces on her boot and, in an act reminiscent of Harding's bootlace incident, tearfully asks that she be allowed to start over. Additionally, Jerry’s girlfriend was the understudy on the show and only got to perform because the lead actress suffered an injury that everyone claims was caused by a hitman, George.[63][64]
A 1999 episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 featured the movie Soultaker. The star/writer of the movie, Vivian Schilling, was the target of numerous Tonya Harding references in the MST3k episode due to their physical resemblance.[65]
In a 2018 episode of Modern Family, the character Gloria tells of a time in Colombia that she whacked another competitive swimmer in the leg with a skimmer pole. Her son Manny says "You Tonya Harding-ed a girl?". Season 9, episode 11 [66]
Music and opera[edit]
Elizabeth Searle collaborated with composer Abigail Al-Doory to create Tonya and Nancy: The Opera, a chamber opera produced in May 2006 by Tufts University and directed by Meron Langsner.[67]
She was the subject of "Tonya's Twirls," a song by Loudon Wainwright III, a US folk musician.[68] The song was recorded and issued on Social Studies (1999), with a live recording also issued on So Damn Happy (2003).
The 1994 "Weird Al" Yankovic parody song "Headline News" contains lyrics about Harding and her role in the attack on Kerrigan.[69]
Sufjan Stevens' song "Tonya Harding" was released on December 6, 2017. In an accompanying essay, Stevens wrote that he composed the song "with dignity and grace, to pull back the ridiculous tabloid fodder and take stock of the real story of this strange and magnificent American hero."[70]
The 1994 film, Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 In. Women by Julie Brown, also contains the musical parody "Queen of the Ice."[71]
The 2018 song, from album Mania (Fall Out Boy album), "Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea" by Fall Out Boy contains a reference to the attack on Kerrigan in the line "I'm about to go Tonya Harding on the whole world's knee".[72]
Print[edit]
The book Women on Ice: Feminist Essays on the Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan Spectacle (1995) included a number of essays analyzing her public image in the context of the sport of figure skating.[73]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tonya Harding (1970– )". The Oregon Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 10, 2018). "Tonya Harding Would Like Her Apology Now". New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Janofsky, Michael (February 7, 1994). "Winter Olympics; Always Tonya: As Cool as Ice But Troubled". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Tonya Harding Biography: Ice Skater, Athlete (1970–)". Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks). Retrieved March 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brownstone, David M.; Franck, Irene (1995). People in the News, 1995. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 155. ISBN 0-02-897058-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Janofsky, Michael (March 12, 1991). "A Triple Axel With Rippling Effects". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Marshall, Sarah. Remote Control, The Believer, January 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.uselessdaily.com/news/tonya-harding-50-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-skating-champion/#.Wli4ZqinG70
Jump up ^ "Albert Gordon Harding".
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Lissa, ed. (1999). Nike is a Goddess: The History of Women in Sports. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 172–3. ISBN 978-0-87113-761-6.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tonya Harding's Skating Scandal". Oprah.com. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Tonya Harding reveals her side of roller-coaster life Today Show May 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Bartels, Eric. "Tonya and Nancy: The Rock Opera • Soap on ice". https://joomlakave.com. Retrieved 2017-12-21. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ Saari, Peggy (1998). Great Misadventures: Bad Ideas That Led to Big Disasters. Thomson Gale. p. 697. ISBN 0-7876-2799-2.
^ Jump up to: a b "Skater Nancy Kerrigan Assaulted". MassMoments.org. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Skate Canada Results Book Volume 2: 1974–current" (PDF). Skate Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Prize of Moscow News". Pirouette.
Jump up ^ "US National Ladies' freeskating final standings 1991–1993". Skate Central. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Skating magazine, August 1994
^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Title Is Taken Back From Harding". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 1, 1994. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ https://www.geni.com/people/Jeff-Gillooly/6000000024988211583
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player in attack on Kerrigan dies at 40". Yahoo News. December 15, 2007. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007.
Jump up ^ Crossman, Matt (2013-12-19). Harding-Kerrigan 20 Years Later: Remembering the Stunning, Life-Changing Attack. Bleacher Report, 19 December 2013. Retrieved from http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1887592-harding-kerrigan-20-years-later-remembering-the-stunning-life-changing-attack.
Jump up ^ Swift, E. M. (February 14, 1994). "Anatomy of a Plot". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Randy (February 26, 1994). "Baiul Wins Gold; Kerrigan Takes Silver : Olympics: Figure skating events wind up--in more controversy". Los Angeles Times. Hamar, Norway. Retrieved 2017-12-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Hamilton, Scott; Benet, Lorenzo (1999). Landing It: My life on and off the ice. New York: Kensington Books. ISBN 1-57566-466-6.
Jump up ^ Nielsen Media Research (August 6, 2000). "Top 100 TV Shows of All Time". Variety. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Kerrigan Attacker and Accomplice Sent to Jail". The New York Times. May 17, 1994. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Longman, Jere (January 6, 1994). "Jealousy on Ice". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Long, James & Hogan, Dave (17 March 1994). "Tonya Harding-Nancy Kerrigan: Harding found guilty of hindering investigation". The Oregonian. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Tonya Harding–Nancy Kerrigan Saga". Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. 1998. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tonya and Jeff's Wedding Night". 1994-08-01. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
Jump up ^ Guerrero, Eddie (2005). Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story. Simon and Schuster. pp. 100–101. ISBN 0-7434-9353-2. Tonya Harding was actually very quiet, nice and sweet, not at all like the crowbar-swinging ho the press made her out to be. Of course, she had no idea who we were. She was just earning a paycheck, capitalizing on whatever was left of her fifteen minutes of fame.
Jump up ^ "Stage Fright". People. 44 (12). Time, Inc. 1995-09-18. Retrieved 2013-04-19. When disgraced Olympic skater Tonya Harding took to the stage in Portland, Ore., earlier this month under her new guise as a pop singer, she showed none of the biker-girl swagger that once so unsettled the skating world. Mostly what she and the other members of the Golden Blades felt was the derision of 10,000 raucous music festival fans, who jeered and tossed soda bottles onto the stage, forcing the Blades to beat a retreat.
Jump up ^ "Tonya Harding Debuts As Singer In Portland Concert For MDA". Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. 1995-08-30. Retrieved 2013-04-19. Harding will appear with her band, The Golden Blades, at a concert Sunday to raise money for the Muscular Dystrophy Association. The band will perform "light pop" music, possibly including a Madonna song, according to Kellie Shipp of KKRZ-FM, the radio station that invited Harding to perform.
Jump up ^ Loh, Sandra Tsing (July 23, 1994). "Look Who's Back: Movies: Tonya Harding gives acting a spin in the action film 'Breakaway,' getting raves from cast and crew". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schmitz, Ashleigh (January 9, 2014). "The Tonya Harding, Nancy Kerrigan Scandal Turns 20: Is Harding a Victim, Too?". Parade. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Harding Helps to Save Woman's Life". The New York Times. Associated Press. 1996-10-29. Retrieved 2013-04-19. TONYA HARDING...was being saluted as a hero yesterday, after helping to save a woman's life Sunday night at a bar in suburban Portland, Ore., near her home. Shortly after Harding and her godmother LINDA LEWIS stopped at the Lost and Found Saloon to play video poker, ALICE OLSON, 81, collapsed and stopped breathing. Harding called 911 with her cellular phone and administered mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
Jump up ^ "truTV Presents: World's Dumbest". TV.com. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tonya Harding Loses in Pro Boxing Debut". ourmidland.com.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 8, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why Harding wasn't in bout / Manager cites death threats, skills of foe". SFGate.com.
Jump up ^ "Tonya Harding takes pounding". News24.com.
Jump up ^ "Tonya Harding Gets Stopped By Amy Johnson!". boxing247.com. 26 June 2004.
Jump up ^ Eggers, Kerry (January 5, 2007). "Ready for 'Life With Tonya'?". Portland Tribune.
Jump up ^ Tonya Harding's professional boxing record, BoxRec.com, accessed January 13, 2007.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Wayback Machine". August 19, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Visitor anti-robot validation". Charliesweb.com. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
Jump up ^ Tonya Harding biography at tonyaharding.com Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., accessed July 16, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Tonya Harding". Biography. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
Jump up ^ "Nation & World – ContraCostaTimes.com". January 19, 2013. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mike Fleeman (February 23, 2011). "Tonya Harding welcomes a son". People. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Brodresser-Akner, Taffy. "Tonya Harding Would Like Her Apology Now". New YHrotk Times. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Lester, Paul (March 4, 2009). "Tonya Harding bitter and thankful over Obama's 'kneecap' comment". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ 5:34 PM ET (2015-04-19). "Like 'Dynasty' On Ice: The Nancy Kerrigan And Tonya Harding Museum". NPR. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
Jump up ^ Mizoguchi, Karen (March 21, 2016). "Margot Robbie to Play Tonya Harding in Upcoming Film I, Tonya". People. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brown, Julie; Wenk, Richard (1994-08-21), Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 Women, Julie Brown, Newell Alexander, Lisa Arch, retrieved 2018-01-07
Jump up ^ Jeffrey Hasty (2016-10-31), Julie Brown - Attack Of the 5'2 Women, retrieved 2018-01-07
Jump up ^ http://variety.com/1994/tv/reviews/tonya-nancy-the-inside-story-1200436535/
Jump up ^ "The Price of Gold".
Jump up ^ http://variety.com/1994/tv/reviews/in-living-color-2-1200437294/
Jump up ^ David Lavery and Sara Lewis Dunne (2006). Seinfeld, master of its domain. Continuum International Publishing Group. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
Jump up ^ "The Mag.com Presents: All World Power Rankings". Archived from the original on 2009-09-07. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
Jump up ^ Shypixel. "Soultaker". The Annotated MST. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
Jump up ^ James Alan Hensz (2018-01-03). ""He Said, She Shed", Modern Family". ABC.com. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Tonya & Nancy the Rock Opera".
Jump up ^ "Tonya Twirls", accessed July 21, 2007.
Jump up ^ Bromley, Tom (2006). We Could Have Been the Wombles: The Weird and Wonderful World of One-Hit Wonders. Penguin. p. 90. ISBN 0-14-101711-2.
Jump up ^ Monroe, Jazz (December 6, 2017). "Sufjan Releases New Song "Tonya Harding": Listen". Pitchfork. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ julie brown (2009-06-24), Queen Of The Ice - Julie Brown, retrieved 2018-01-07
Jump up ^ https://genius.com/Fall-out-boy-stay-frosty-royal-milk-tea-lyrics
Jump up ^ Women on Ice: Feminist Essays on the Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan Spectacle. 1995. ISBN 0-415-91150-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tonya Harding.
sptimes.com Harding, Kerrigan are linked forever by skating incident
courttv.com Interview with Harvey Schiller, former Exec. Dir. US Olympic Committee (talks about Harding)
Tonya Harding on IMDb
Professional boxing record for Tonya Harding from BoxRec
[hide]
v
t
e
United States national champions in figure skating – Ladies' singles
1914: Theresa Weld
1918: Rosemary Beresford
1920–1924: Theresa Weld
1925–1927: Beatrix Loughran
1928–1933: Maribel Vinson
1934: Suzanne Davis
1935–1937: Maribel Vinson
1938–1940: Joan Tozzer
1941–1942: Jane Vaughn
1943–1948: Gretchen Merrill
1949–1950: Yvonne Sherman
1951: Sonya Klopfer
1952–1956: Tenley Albright
1957–1960: Carol Heiss
1961: Laurence Owen
1962: Barbara Roles
1963: Lorraine Hanlon
1964–1968: Peggy Fleming
1969–1973: Janet Lynn
1974–1976: Dorothy Hamill
1977–1980: Linda Fratianne
1981: Elaine Zayak
1982–1984: Rosalynn Sumners
1985: Tiffany Chin
1986: Debi Thomas
1987: Jill Trenary
1988: Debi Thomas
1989–1990: Jill Trenary
1991: Tonya Harding
1992: Kristi Yamaguchi
1993: Nancy Kerrigan
1994: None*
1995: Nicole Bobek
1996: Michelle Kwan
1997: Tara Lipinski
1998–2005: Michelle Kwan
2006: Sasha Cohen
2007: Kimmie Meissner
2008: Mirai Nagasu
2009: Alissa Czisny
2010: Rachael Flatt
2011: Alissa Czisny
2012–2013: Ashley Wagner
2014: Gracie Gold
2015: Ashley Wagner
2016: Gracie Gold
2017: Karen Chen
2018: Bradie Tennell
*Originally awarded to Tonya Harding, but later stripped.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 6625338
LCCN: n94059185
ISNI: 0000 0001 1466 9336
GND: 11937238X
BNF: cb14043422p (data)
IATH: w6kq1nh9
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonya_Harding&oldid=821727128"
Categories:
1970 births
Living people
American female single skaters
American sportspeople convicted of crimes
American women boxers
Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters of the United States
Violence in sports
Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon
Boxers from Oregon
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
David Douglas High School alumni
Sportspeople banned for life
American autobiographers
Women autobiographers
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: external links
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from December 2016
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Webarchive template wayback links
Use mdy dates from January 2012
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018
BoxRec template with ID same as Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Asturianu
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Português
Русский
Simple English
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 January 2018, at 07:29.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;text-align: center; background-color: #B2C8FF;

value: tr

values: Tonya harding mac club 1994 by andrew parodi.jpeg

value: td

values: font-size:105%; text-align: center; background-color: transparent;

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: width:100%; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #000000;

values: font-size: 105%; font-weight: normal; width: 100%; display: none;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

values:
/wiki/U.S._Figure_Skating_Association
mw-redirect
U.S. Figure Skating Association

values:
/wiki/General_Equivalency_Diploma
mw-redirect
General Equivalency Diploma

values:
/wiki/Triple_axel
mw-redirect
Triple axel

values: 1991 United States Figure Skating Championships

values: United States Figure Skating Championships

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Attack on Nancy Kerrigan and aftermath

values: 1994 United States Figure Skating Championships

values:
/wiki/Telescopic_baton
mw-redirect
Telescopic baton

values:
/wiki/Media_frenzy
mw-redirect
Media frenzy

values:
/wiki/Penthouse_magazine
mw-redirect
Penthouse magazine

values:
/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_World_Wide
mw-redirect
Lucha Libre AAA World Wide

values: The Smoking Gun Presents: World's Dumbest...

values:
/wiki/Orthodox_(boxing)
mw-redirect
Orthodox (boxing)

values:
/wiki/Fox_Network
mw-redirect
Fox Network

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Los Angeles, California

values: Edit section: Automobile racing land speed record

values: Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008

values:
/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York
mw-redirect
Brooklyn, New York

values:
/wiki/The_Understudy_(Seinfeld_episode)
mw-redirect
The Understudy (Seinfeld episode)

values: Social Studies (Loudon Wainwright III album)

values: So Damn Happy (Loudon Wainwright III album)

values:
/wiki/FYI_(TV_network)
mw-redirect
FYI (TV network)

values:
nofollow
external free
https://joomlakave.com

values: Pirouette (magazine) (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://main.put.com/Skate/sk/ldfr

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0213289/
external text

values:
/wiki/Madonna_(performer)
mw-redirect
Madonna (performer)

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0109167/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002125/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://boxrec.com/boxer/175290

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/6625338

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000114669336

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/11937238X

values: Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities

values: Category:American sportspeople convicted of crimes

values: Category:Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics

values: Category:Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics

values: Category:Olympic figure skaters of the United States

values: Category:Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon

values: Category:World Figure Skating Championships medalists

values: Category:David Douglas High School alumni

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2016

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use mdy dates from January 2012

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018

values: Category:BoxRec template with ID same as Wikidata

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tonya_Harding
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: تونیا هاردینگ – Persian

values: טוניה הארדינג – Hebrew

values: トーニャ・ハーディング – Japanese

values: Хардинг, Тоня – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tonya_Harding rootpage-Tonya_Harding skin-vector action-view