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Maryland in the American Civil War
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During the American Civil War, Maryland, a slave state, was one of the border states, straddling the South and North. Because of its strategic location, bordering the capital city of Washington D.C., and the strong desire of the opposing factions within the state to sway public opinion towards their respective causes, Maryland would play an important role in the American Civil War. Abraham Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus in Maryland, and his dismissal of the Supreme Court's decision that the suspension was unconstitutional, would leave lasting scars.[1] The court was led by Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney, a Marylander.
The first fatalities of the war happened during the Baltimore Civil War Riots of Thursday/Friday, April 18 - 19th, 1861, and the single bloodiest day of combat in American military history occurred during the first major Confederate invasion of the North, just above the Potomac River, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, (Washington County) at the Battle of Antietam, on 17 September 1862. Preceded by the pivotal skirmishes at three mountain passes to the east in the Battle of South Mountain, Antietam, though tactically a draw, was strategically enough of a Union victory in the second year of the war to give 16th President Abraham Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared slaves in the Confederacy (but not those in semi-loyal border slave states like Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri) to be free.
Later, in July 1864, the Battle of Monocacy near Frederick, Maryland in the third and last major Southern invasion, was also fought on Maryland soil. Monocacy was a tactical victory for the Confederate States Army but a strategic defeat, as the one-day delay inflicted on the Confederates by General Lew Wallace cost General Jubal Early his chance to capture the Union capital of Washington, D.C. during the attack on the outlying northwestern fortifications near Fort Stevens, witnessed by President Lincoln himself.
Across the state, nearly 85,000 citizens signed up for the military, with most joining the Union Army. Approximately one third as many enlisted to fight for the Confederacy. The most prominent Maryland leaders and officers during the Civil War included Governor Thomas H. Hicks who, despite his early sympathies for the South, helped prevent the state from seceding, and Confederate General George H. Steuart, who was a noted brigade commander under Robert E. Lee.
The end of the war would bring the abolition of slavery in Maryland, with a new constitution voted in 1864 by a small majority. Animosity against Lincoln would remain, and Marylander John Wilkes Booth would assassinate President Lincoln in April 1865, crying "sic semper tyrannis" as he did so.
Contents
[hide]
1 The approach of War
1.1 Maryland's sympathies
1.2 Baltimore Riot of 1861
1.3 To secede or not to secede
1.4 Imposition of martial law
1.5 Flight to Virginia
1.6 A state divided
2 Civil War
2.1 Battle of Front Royal
2.2 "Bloody Antietam"
2.3 March to Gettysburg
2.4 Battle of Monocacy
3 Prisoners of war
4 Slavery and emancipation
4.1 Constitution of 1864, and the abolition of slavery
5 Assassination of President Lincoln
6 Legacy
7 See also
8 References
9 Notes
10 External links
The approach of War[edit]
History of Maryland
By year
Pre-statehood
American Revolution
U.S. Civil War
Post-Civil War
Topics: Maritime history
Maryland portal
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Maryland's sympathies[edit]
8th Massachusetts regiment repairing railroad bridges from Annapolis to Washington.
Maryland, as a slave-holding border state, was deeply divided over the antebellum arguments over states rights and the future of slavery in the Union.[2] Culturally, geographically and economically, Maryland found herself neither one thing nor another, a unique blend of Southern agrarianism and Northern mercantilism.[2] In the leadup to the American Civil War, it became clear that the state was bitterly divided in its sympathies. There was much less appetite for secession than elsewhere in the Southern States,[3] but Maryland was equally unsympathetic towards the potentially abolitionist position of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln. In the presidential election of 1860 Lincoln won just 2,294 votes out of a total of 92,421, only 2.5% of the votes cast, coming in at a distant fourth place.[1][4] In seven counties, Lincoln received not a single vote.[2]
The areas of Southern and Eastern Maryland, especially those on the Chesapeake Bay, which had prospered on the tobacco trade and slave labor, were generally sympathetic to the South, while northern and western areas of the state, especially Marylanders of German origin,[5] had stronger economic ties to the North.[6] Not all blacks in Maryland were slaves. The 1860 Federal Census[7] showed there were nearly as many free blacks (83,942) as slaves (87,189) in Maryland.
However, across the state, sympathies were mixed. Many Marylanders were simply pragmatic, recognising that the state's long border with pro-Union Pennsylvania would be almost impossible to defend in the event of war. Maryland businessmen feared the likely loss of trade that would be caused by war and the strong possibility of a blockade of Baltimore's port by the Union navy.[8] Other residents, and a majority of the legislature, wished to remain in the Union, but did not want to be involved in a war against their southern neighbors, and sought to prevent a military response by Lincoln to the South's secession.[9]
After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, many citizens began forming local militias, determined to prevent a future slave uprising.[citation needed]
Baltimore Riot of 1861[edit]
Main article: Baltimore riot of 1861
The Baltimore Riot of April 1861
Governor Thomas Hicks
The first bloodshed of the Civil War occurred in Maryland. Anxious about the risk of secessionists capturing Washington, D.C., given that the capital was bordered by Virginia, and preparing for war with the South, the federal government requested armed volunteers to suppress "unlawful combinations" in the South.[10] Soldiers from Pennsylvania and Massachusetts were transported by rail to Baltimore, where they had to disembark, march through the city, and board another train to continue their journey south to Washington.[11]
As one Massachusetts regiment was transferred between stations on April 19, a mob of Marylanders sympathizing with the South, or objecting to the use of federal troops against the seceding states, attacked the train cars and blocked the route; some began throwing cobblestones and bricks at the troops, assaulting them with "shouts and stones".[12] Panicked by the situation, several soldiers fired into the mob, whether "accidentally", "in a desultory manner", or "by the command of the officers" is unclear.[12] Chaos ensued as a giant brawl began between fleeing soldiers, the violent mob, and the Baltimore police who tried to suppress the violence. Four soldiers and twelve civilians were killed in the riot.
The disorder inspired James Ryder Randall, a Marylander living in Louisiana, to write a poem which would be put to music and, in 1939, become the state song, "Maryland, My Maryland" (it remains the official state song to this day). The song's lyrics urged Marylanders to "spurn the Northern scum" and "burst the tyrant's chain" - in other words, to secede from the Union. Confederate States Army bands would later play the song after they crossed into Maryland territory during the Maryland Campaign in 1862.[13]
After the April 19 rioting, skirmishes continued in Baltimore for the next month. Mayor George William Brown and Maryland Governor Thomas Hicks implored President Lincoln to reroute troops around Baltimore city and through Annapolis to avoid further confrontations.[14] In a letter to President Lincoln, Mayor Brown wrote:
It is my solemn duty to inform you that it is not possible for more soldiers to pass through Baltimore unless they fight their way at every step. I therefore hope and trust and most earnestly request that no more troops be permitted or ordered by the Government to pass through the city. If they should attempt it, the responsibility for the bloodshed will not rest upon me.[14]
Hearing no immediate reply from Washington, on the evening of April 19 Governor Hicks and Mayor Brown ordered the destruction of railroad bridges leading into the city from the North, preventing further incursions by Union soldiers. The destruction was accomplished the next day.[15] One of the men involved in this destruction would be arrested for it in May without recourse to habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman ruling. For a time it looked as if Maryland was one provocation away from joining the rebels, but Lincoln moved swiftly to defuse the situation, promising that the troops were needed purely to defend Washington, not to attack the South.[16] President Lincoln also complied with the request to reroute troops to Annapolis, as the political situation in Baltimore remained highly volatile. Meanwhile, General Winfield Scott, who was in charge of military operations in Maryland indicated in correspondence with the head of Pennsylvania troops that the route through Baltimore would resume once sufficient troops were available to secure Baltimore.[17]
To secede or not to secede[edit]
Despite some popular support for the cause of the Confederate States of America, Maryland would not secede during the Civil War. However, a number of leading citizens, including physician and slaveholder Richard Sprigg Steuart, placed considerable pressure on Governor Hicks to summon the state Legislature to vote on secession, following Hicks to Annapolis with a number of fellow citizens:
to insist on his [Hicks] issuing his proclamation for the Legislature to convene, believing that this body (and not himself and his party) should decide the fate of our state...if the Governor and his party continued to refuse this demand that it would be necessary to depose him.[18]
Responding to pressure, on April 22 Governor Hicks finally announced that the state legislature would meet in a special session in Frederick, a strongly pro-Union town, rather than the state capital of Annapolis. The Maryland General Assembly convened in Frederick and unanimously adopted a measure stating that they would not commit the state to secession, explaining that they had "no constitutional authority to take such action,"[19] whatever their own personal feelings might have been.[20] On April 29, the Legislature voted decisively 53–13 against secession,[21][22] though they also voted not to reopen rail links with the North, and they requested that Lincoln remove Union troops from Maryland.[23] At this time the legislature seems to have wanted to avoid involvement in a war against its southern neighbors.[24]
Imposition of martial law[edit]
Cannon on Federal Hill, aimed at downtown Baltimore
On May 13, 1861 General Benjamin F. Butler entered Baltimore by rail with 1,000 Federal soldiers and, under cover of a thunderstorm, quietly took possession of Federal Hill.[8] Butler fortified his position and trained his guns upon the city, threatening its destruction.[25] Butler then sent a letter to the commander of Fort McHenry:
I have taken possession of Baltimore. My troops are on Federal Hill, which I can hold with the aid of my artillery. If I am attacked to-night, please open upon Monument Square with your mortars.[26]
Butler went on to occupy Baltimore and declared martial law, ostensibly to prevent secession, although Maryland had voted solidly (53-13) against secession two weeks earlier,[27] but more immediately to allow war to be made on the South without hindrance from the state of Maryland,[25] which had also voted to close its rail lines to Northern troops, so as to avoid involvement in a war against its southern neighbors.[28] By May 21 there was no need to send further troops.[25] After the occupation of the city, Union troops were garrisoned throughout the state. By late summer Maryland was firmly in the hands of Union soldiers. Arrests of Confederate sympathizers and those critical of Lincoln and the war soon followed, and Steuart's brother, the militia general George H. Steuart, fled to Charlottesville, Virginia, after which much of his family's property was confiscated by the Federal Government.[29] Civil authority in Baltimore was swiftly withdrawn from all those who had not been steadfastly in favor of the Federal Government's emergency measures.[30]
During this period in spring 1861, Baltimore Mayor Brown,[31] the city council, the police commissioner, and the entire Board of Police, were arrested and imprisoned at Fort McHenry without charges.[1][32] One of those arrested was militia captain John Merryman, who was held without trial in defiance of a writ of habeas corpus on May 25, sparking the case of Ex parte Merryman, heard just 2 days later on May 27 and 28. In this case U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, and native Marylander, Roger B. Taney, acting as a federal circuit court judge, ruled that the arrest of Merryman was unconstitutional without Congressional authorization, which Lincoln could not then secure:
The President, under the Constitution and laws of the United States, cannot suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, nor authorize any military officer to do so.[33]
The Merryman decision created a sensation, but its immediate impact was rather limited, as the president simply ignored the ruling.[34] Indeed, when Lincoln's dismissal of Chief Justice Taney's ruling was criticized in a September 1861 editorial by Baltimore newspaper editor Frank Key Howard (Francis Scott Key's grandson), Howard was himself arrested by order of Lincoln's Secretary of State Seward and held without trial. Howard described these events in his 1863 book Fourteen Months in American Bastiles, where he noted that he was imprisoned in Fort McHenry, the same fort where the Star Spangled Banner had been waving "o'er the land of the free" in his grandfather's song.[35] Two of the publishers selling his book were then arrested.[1] In all nine newspapers were shut down in Maryland by the federal government, and a dozen newspaper owners and editors like Howard were imprisoned without charges.[1]
On September 17, 1861, the first day of the Maryland legislature's new session, fully one third of the members of the Maryland General Assembly were arrested, due to federal concerns that the Assembly "would aid the anticipated rebel invasion and would attempt to take the state out of the Union."[36] Although previous secession votes, in spring 1861, had failed by large margins,[37] there were legitimate concerns that the war-averse Assembly would further impede the federal government's use of Maryland infrastructure to wage war on the South.
On month later in October 1861 one John Murphy asked the United States Circuit Court for the District of Columbia to issue a writ of habeas corpus for his son, then in the United States Army, on the grounds that he was underage. When the writ was delivered to General Andrew Porter Provost Marshal of the District of Columbia he had both the lawyer delivering the writ and the United States Circuit Judge, Marylander William Matthew Merrick, who issued the writ, arrested to prevent them from proceeding in the case United States ex rel. Murphy v. Porter. Merrick's fellow judges took up the case and ordered General Porter to appear before them, but Lincoln's Secretary of State Seward prevented the federal marshal from delivering the court order.[38] The court objected that this disruption of its process was unconstitutional, but noted that it was powerless to enforce its prerogatives.[39][40]
The following month in November 1861, Judge Richard Bennett Carmichael, a presiding state circuit court judge in Maryland, was imprisoned without charge for releasing, due to his concern that arrests were arbitrary and civil liberties had been violated, many of the southern sympathizers seized in his jurisdiction. The order came again from Lincoln's Secretary of State Seward. The federal troops executing Judge Carmichael's arrest beat him unconscious in his courthouse while his court was in session, before dragging him out, initiating a public controversy.[41]
In another controversial arrest that fall, and in further defiance of Chief Justice Taney's ruling, a sitting U.S. Congressman Henry May (D-Maryland) was imprisoned without charge and without recourse to habeas corpus in Fort Lafayette.[42][43] May was eventually released and returned to his seat in Congress in December 1861, and in March 1862 he introduced a bill to Congress requiring the federal government to either indict by grand jury or release all other "political prisoners" still held without habeas.[44] The provisions of May's bill were included in the March 1863 Habeas Corpus Act, in which Congress finally authorized Lincoln to suspend habeas corpus, but required actual indictments for suspected traitors.[45]
Flight to Virginia[edit]
Main article: Maryland Line (CSA)
Arnold Elzey, colonel of the 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA, promoted by Confederate President Jefferson Davis to brigadier general after the First Battle of Manassas.
Many Marylanders sympathetic to the South easily crossed the Potomac River into secessionist Virginia in order to join and fight for the Confederacy. During the early summer of 1861, several thousand Marylanders crossed the Potomac to join the Confederate Army. Most of the men enlisted into regiments from Virginia or the Carolinas, but six companies of Marylanders formed at Harpers Ferry into the Maryland Battalion.[46] Among them were members of the former volunteer militia unit, the Maryland Guard Battalion, initially formed in Baltimore in 1859.[47]
Maryland Exiles, including Arnold Elzey and brigadier general George H. Steuart, would organize a "Maryland Line" in the Army of Northern Virginia which eventually consisted of one infantry regiment, one infantry battalion, two cavalry battalions and four battalions of artillery.[citation needed] Most of these volunteers tended to hail from southern and eastern counties of the state, while northern and western Maryland furnished more volunteers for the Union armies.[48]
Captain Bradley T. Johnson refused the offer of the Virginians to join a Virginia Regiment, insisting that Maryland should be represented independently in the Confederate army.[46] It was agreed that Arnold Elzey, a seasoned career officer from Maryland, would command the 1st Maryland Regiment. His executive officer was the Marylander George H. Steuart, who would later be known as "Maryland Steuart" to distinguish him from his more famous cavalry colleague J.E.B. Stuart.[46]
The 1st Maryland Infantry Regiment was officially formed on June 16, 1861, and, on June 25, two additional companies joined the regiment in Winchester.[46] Its initial term of duty was for twelve months.[49]
It has been estimated that, of the state's 1860 population of 687,000, up to 25,000 Marylanders traveled south to fight for the Confederacy while about 60,000 Maryland men served in all branches of the Union military.[citation needed] One notable Maryland front line regiment was the 2nd Maryland Infantry, which saw considerable combat action in the Union IX Corps.
A state divided[edit]
Not all those who sympathised with the rebels would abandon their homes and join the Confederacy. Some, like physician Richard Sprigg Steuart, remained in Maryland, offered covert support for the South, and refused to sign an oath of loyalty to the Union.[50] Later in 1861, Baltimore resident W W Glenn described Steuart as a fugitive from the authorities:
I was spending the evening out when a footstep approached my chair from behind and a hand was laid upon me. I turned and saw Dr. R. S. Steuart. He has been concealed for more than six months. His neighbors are so bitter against him that he dare not go home, and he committed himself so decidedly on the 19th April and is known to be so decided a Southerner, that it more than likely he would be thrown into a Fort. He goes about from place to place, sometimes staying in one county, sometimes in another and then passing a few days in the city. He never shows in the day time & is cautious who sees him at any time.[51]
Civil War[edit]
See also: American Civil War: Eastern Theater 1861-1863
Battle of Front Royal[edit]
Crossing the Potomac into Maryland on 6th September 1862
Main article: Battle of Front Royal
Because Maryland's sympathies were divided, many Marylanders would fight one another during the conflict. On May 23, 1862, at the Battle of Front Royal, the 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA was thrown into battle with their fellow Marylanders, the Union 1st Regiment Maryland Volunteer Infantry.[46] This is the only time in United States military history that two regiments of the same numerical designation and from the same state have engaged each other in battle.[52] After hours of desperate fighting the Southerners emerged victorious, despite an inferiority both of numbers and equipment.[52] When the prisoners were taken, many men recognized former friends and family. Major William Goldsborough, whose memoir The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army chronicled the story of the rebel Marylanders, wrote of the battle:
nearly all recognized old friends and acquaintances, whom they greeted cordially, and divided with them the rations which had just changed hands.[53]
Among the prisoners captured by William Goldsborough was his own brother Charles Goldsborough.[54]
On 6 September 1862 advancing Confederate soldiers entered Frederick, Maryland, the home of Colonel Bradley T. Johnson, who issued a proclamation calling upon his fellow Marylanders to join his colors. Disappointingly for the exiles, recruits did not flock to the Confederate banner. Whether this was due to local sympathy with the Union cause or the generally ragged state of the Confederate army, many of whom had no shoes, is not clear.[5] Frederick would later be extorted by Jubal Early, who threatened to burn down the city if its residents did not pay a ransom.[55] Hagerstown too would also suffer a similar fate.[56]
"Bloody Antietam"[edit]
Main article: Battle of Antietam
Battle of Antietam by Kurz and Allison.
Confederate dead at Antietam.
One of the bloodiest battles fought in the Civil war (and one of the most significant) was the Battle of Antietam, fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, in which Marylanders fought with distinction for both armies.[57] The battle was the culmination of Robert E. Lee's Maryland Campaign, which aimed to take the war to the North. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, consisting of about 40,000 men, had entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run.[58]
While Major General George B. McClellan's 87,000-man Army of the Potomac was moving to intercept Lee, a Union soldier discovered a mislaid copy of the detailed battle plans of Lee's army, on Sunday 14 September.[57] The order indicated that Lee had divided his army and dispersed portions geographically (to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, and Hagerstown, Maryland), thus making each subject to isolation and defeat in detail - if McClellan could move quickly enough.[57] However, McClellan waited about 18 hours before deciding to take advantage of this intelligence and position his forces based on it, thus endangering a golden opportunity to defeat Lee decisively.[59]
The armies met near the town of Sharpsburg by the Antietam Creek. Losses were extremely heavy on both sides; The Union suffered 12,401 casualties with 2,108 dead. Confederate casualties were 10,318 with 1,546 dead. This represented 25% of the Federal force and 31% of the Confederate. More Americans died in battle on September 17, 1862, than on any other day in the nation's military history. The Confederate General A. P. Hill described
the most terrible slaughter that this war has yet witnessed. The broad surface of the Potomac was blue with floating bodies of our foe. But few escaped to tell the tale.[60]
Although tactically inconclusive, the Battle of Antietam is considered a strategic Union victory and an important turning point of the war, because it forced the end of Lee's invasion of the North, and it allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, taking effect on January 1, 1863. Lincoln had wished to issue his proclamation earlier, but needed a military victory in order for his proclamation not to become self-defeating. As Lincoln himself stated, five days before the battle:
What good would a proclamation from me do.... I don't want to issue a document the whole world will see must be inoperative, like the Pope's Bull against a comet.[61]
Lee's setback at the Battle of Antietam can also be seen as a turning point in that it may have dissuaded the governments of France and Great Britain from recognizing the Confederacy, doubting the South's ability to maintain and win the war.[62]
March to Gettysburg[edit]
The Confederate 2nd Maryland infantry charge Union lines at Gettysburg
In June 1863 General Lee's army again advanced north into Maryland, taking the war into Union territory for the second time. Maryland exile George H. Steuart, leading the 2nd Maryland Infantry regiment, is said to have jumped down from his horse, kissed his native soil and stood on his head in jubilation. According to one of his aides: "We loved Maryland, we felt that she was in bondage against her will, and we burned with desire to have a part in liberating her".[63] Quartermaster John Howard recalled that Steuart performed "seventeen double somersaults" all the while whistling Maryland, My Maryland.[64] Such celebrations would prove short lived, as Steuart's brigade was soon to be severely damaged at the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863), a turning point in the war and a reverse from which the Confederate army would never recover.
Battle of Monocacy[edit]
In 1864, elements of the warring armies again met in Maryland, although this time the scope and size of the battle was much smaller. The Battle of Monocacy was fought on July 9, just outside Frederick, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Confederate forces under Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early defeated Union troops under Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace. The battle was part of Early's raid through the Shenandoah Valley and into Maryland, attempting to divert Union forces away from Gen. Robert E. Lee's army under siege at Petersburg, Virginia. However, Wallace delayed Early for nearly a full day, buying enough time for Ulysses S. Grant to send reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac to the Washington defenses.[citation needed]
Prisoners of war[edit]
Thousands of Union troops were stationed in Charles County, and the Federal Government established a large, unsheltered prison camp at Point Lookout at Maryland's southern tip where thousands of Confederates were kept, often in harsh conditions. Of the 50,000 soldiers held in the army prison camp, who were housed in tents at the Point between 1863 and 1865, according to the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, nearly 4,000 died, although this death rate of 8 percent was less than half the death rate among soldiers who were in the field with their own armies.[65] The harshness of conditions at Point Lookout, and in particular whether such conditions formed part of a deliberate policy of "vindictive directives" from Washington, is a matter of some debate.[66]
The Annapolis suburb of Parole became a camp where prisoners-of-war would await formal exchange. Around 70,000 soldiers passed through Camp Parole until Ulysses S. Grant assumed command of the Union army, and ended the system of prisoner exchanges.[67]
Slavery and emancipation[edit]
Those who voted for Maryland to remain in the Union did not at first contemplate the emancipation of Maryland's many slaves, or indeed those of the Confederacy. In March 1862 the Maryland Assembly passed a series of resolutions, stating that:
This war is prosecuted by the Nation with but one object, that, namely, of a restoration of the Union just as it was when the rebellion broke out. The rebellious States are to be brought back to their places in the Union, without change or diminution of their constitutional rights.[68]
In other words, as far as Marylanders were concerned, the war was being fought over Union, not over slavery. And, because Maryland had remained in the Union, the state was not included under the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, which declared that all slaves within the Confederacy (but not those in border states like Maryland) would henceforth be free. It was not until 1864 that a constitutional convention was held which would address the issue of slavery in Maryland.
Constitution of 1864, and the abolition of slavery[edit]
The issue of slavery was finally confronted by the constitution which the state adopted in 1864. The document, which replaced the Maryland Constitution of 1851, was largely advocated by Unionists who had secured control of the state, and was framed by a Convention which met at Annapolis in April 1864.[69] Article 24 of the constitution at last outlawed the practice of slavery.
One feature of the new constitution was a highly restrictive oath of allegiance which was designed to reduce the influence of Southern sympathizers, and to prevent such individuals from holding public office of any kind.[69] The new constitution emancipated the state's slaves (who had not been freed by President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation), disenfranchised southern sympathizers, and re-apportioned the General Assembly based upon white inhabitants.[citation needed] This last provision diminished the power of the small counties where the majority of the state's large former slave population lived.
The constitution was submitted to the people for ratification on October 13, 1864 and it was narrowly approved by a vote of 30,174 to 29,799 (50.31% to 49.69%) in a referendum widely characterised by intimidation and fraud.[70] This was a controversial result, given the state's Confederate ties and sympathies. Those voting at their usual polling places were opposed to the Constitution by 29,536 to 27,541.[citation needed] However, the constitution secured ratification after Maryland's soldiers' votes were included in the count.[70] Marylanders serving in the Union Army were overwhelmingly in favor (2,633 to 263).[70] Maryland soldiers who were fighting for the Confederacy, and therefore could not vote, would likely have overwhelmingly opposed it.
The new constitution came into effect on November 1, 1864 and, while it emancipated the state's slaves, this did not mean equality for them, in part because the franchise continued to be restricted to white males. However, the abolition of slavery in Maryland did precede the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery throughout the United States, and did not come into effect until December 6, 1865.
Emancipation did not immediately bring citizenship for former slaves. The Maryland legislature refused to ratify both the 14th Amendment, which conferred citizenship rights on former slaves, and the 15th Amendment, which gave the vote to African Americans.[citation needed]
The right to vote was eventually extended to non-white males in the Maryland Constitution of 1867, which remains in effect today.
Assassination of President Lincoln[edit]
Marylander John Wilkes Booth assassinates President Lincoln
The issue of slavery may have been settled by the new constitution, and the legality of secession by the war, but this did not end the debate. On April 14, 1865 the actor John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Booth was born in Harford County, Maryland, a northern county on the Pennsylvania border, which had few slaves.[71] After he shot Lincoln, Booth shouted "Sic semper tyrannis" ("Thus always to tyrants").[72] Other witnesses — including Booth himself — claimed that he only yelled "Sic semper!"[73][74] Some didn't recall hearing Booth shout anything in Latin. Some witnesses said he shouted "The South is avenged!"[75]:48 Others thought they heard him say "Revenge for the South!" or "The South shall be free!" Two said Booth yelled "I have done it!" After shooting the President, Booth galloped on his horse into Southern Maryland, where he was sheltered and helped by sympathetic residents and smuggled at night across the Potomac River into Virginia a week later.
In a letter explaining his actions, Booth wrote:
I have ever held the South was right. The very nomination of Abraham Lincoln, four years ago, spoke plainly war upon Southern rights and institutions... And looking upon African Slavery from the same stand-point held by the noble framers of our constitution, I for one, have ever considered it one of the greatest blessings (both for themselves and us,) that God has ever bestowed upon a favored nation… I have also studied hard to discover upon what grounds the right of a State to secede has been denied, when our very name, United States, and the Declaration of Independence, both provide for secession.[76]
Legacy[edit]
Most Marylanders fought for the Union, but after the war a number of memorials were erected in sympathy with the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. Baltimore boasted a monument to Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson[77] until they were taken down on August 16, 2017.[78] A home for retired Confederate soldiers in Pikesville, Maryland opened in 1888 and did not close until 1932. A brochure published by the home in the 1890s described it as:
a haven of rest... to which they may retire and find refuge, and, at the same time, lose none of their self-respect, nor suffer in the estimation of those whose experience in life is more fortunate.[79]
There is a Confederate monument behind the courthouse in Rockville, Maryland, dedicated to "the thin grey line".[80] Easton, Maryland also has a Confederate monument.[81]
War produced a legacy of bitter resentment in politics, with the Democrats being identified with "treason and rebellion", a point much pressed home by their opponents.[82] Democrats therefore re-branded themselves the "Democratic Conservative Party", and Republicans called themselves the "Union" party, in an attempt to distance themselves from their most radical elements during the war.[82]
The legacies of the debate over Lincoln's heavy-handed actions that were meant to keep Maryland within the union, such as arresting one third of the Maryland General Assembly, but were ruled unconstitutional at the time by Maryland native U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney, are to be found in the statue of Taney in Baltimore, and in the official lyrics of the still divisive Maryland state anthem, Maryland, My Maryland, which refers to Lincoln as a "despot," a "Vandal," and, the word Marylander John Wilkes Booth shouted when he assassinated Lincoln, a "tyrant."
See also[edit]
American Civil War portal
History of slavery in Maryland
History of the Maryland Militia in the Civil War
List of Maryland Union Civil War units
List of Maryland Confederate Civil War units
Maryland Line (CSA)
References[edit]
Andrews, Matthew Page, History of Maryland, Doubleday, New York (1929)
Arnett, Robert J., et al., Maryland: A New Guide to the Old Line State The Johns Hopkins University Press (1999)
Davis, David Brion, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World Retrieved January 2013
Curry, Denis, C., "Native Maryland, 9000 B.C.-1600 A.D." (2001). Retrieved August 2012
Gallagher, Gary W., Antietam: Essays on the 1862 Maryland Campaign, Kent State University Press (31 Dec 1992) Retrieved January 2013
Gillipsie, James M., Andersonvilles Of The North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners, University of North Texas Press (2011) Retrieved January 2013
Goldsborough, W. W., The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, Guggenheimer Weil & Co (1900), ISBN 0-913419-00-1.
Harris, William C. (2011) Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union. University Press of Kansas.
Hein, David (editor),. Religion and Politics in Maryland on the Eve of the Civil War: The Letters of W. Wilkins Davis. 1988. Rev. ed., Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2009.
Maryland State Archives (16 Sept. 2004).Historical Chronology Retrieved August 2012.
Mitchell, Charles W., Maryland Voices of the Civil War. Retrieved August 2012
Scharf, J. Thomas (1967 (reissue of 1879 ed.)). History of Maryland From the Earliest Period to the Present Day. 3. Hatboro, PA: Tradition Press
Scharf, J. Thomas, History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties. (1882) Retrieved November 2012
Tagg, Larry, The Generals of Gettysburg, Savas Publishing (1998), ISBN 1-882810-30-9.
Whitman H. Ridgway. Maryland Humanities Council (2001). "(Maryland in) the Nineteenth Century". Retrieved August 2012
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Schoettler, Carl (2001-11-27). "A time liberties weren't priority". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mitchell, Charles (ed.). Maryland Voices of the Civil War. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Andrews, p506
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.505
^ Jump up to: a b Andrews, p. 539
Jump up ^ Field, Ron, et al., p.33, The Confederate Army 1861-65: Missouri, Kentucky & Maryland Osprey Publishing (2008), Retrieved August 2012
Jump up ^ 1860 Census Information, U.S. Census Bureau
^ Jump up to: a b Mitchell, p.12 Retrieved November 2012
Jump up ^ "Teaching American History in Maryland – Documents for the Classroom: Arrest of the Maryland Legislature, 1861". Maryland State Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.511
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.512
^ Jump up to: a b Andrews, p.514
Jump up ^ Scharf, J. Thomas (1967) [1879]. "History of Maryland From the Earliest Period to the Present Day". 3. Hatboro, PA: Tradition Press: 494.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrews, p.517
Jump up ^ Harris (2011) pp. 46-47
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.518
Jump up ^ Harris (2011) pp. 51-52. Harris states that Lincoln may or may not have been aware of this communication.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, p.71
Jump up ^ Scharf, p.202 Retrieved November 2012
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.520
Jump up ^ Mitchell, p.87
Jump up ^ Radcliffe, George Lovic-Pierce, Governor Thomas H. Hicks of Maryland and the Civil War, The Johns Hopkins Press, Nov-Dec 1901, pp. 73-74.
Jump up ^ "Teaching American History in Maryland – Documents for the Classroom: Arrest of the Maryland Legislature, 1861". Maryland State Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Teaching American History in Maryland – Documents for the Classroom: Arrest of the Maryland Legislature, 1861". Maryland State Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Andrews, p.521
Jump up ^ Maryland Historical Society Retrieved February 2013
Jump up ^ "States Which Seceded". eHistory. Civil War Articles. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Teaching American History in Maryland – Documents for the Classroom: Arrest of the Maryland Legislature, 1861". Maryland State Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ Brugger, Robert J., Maryland, A Middle Temperament: 1634-1980. p.280 Retrieved Feb 28 2010
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.524
Jump up ^ Mitchell, p.207
Jump up ^ Mitchell, p.291 Retrieved November 2012
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.523
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.522
Jump up ^ Howard, F. K. (Frank Key) (1863). Fourteen Months in American Bastiles. London: H. F. Mackintosh. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
Jump up ^ William C. Harris, Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union (University Press of Kansas, 2011) pp.71
Jump up ^ Radcliffe, George Lovic-Pierce, Governor Thomas H. Hicks of Maryland and the Civil War, The Johns Hopkins Press, Nov-Dec 1901, pp. 73-74.
Jump up ^ Inside Lincoln's White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay, p. 28 (SIU Press, Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger eds. 1999).
Jump up ^ 12 Stat. 762.
Jump up ^ "History of the Federal Judiciary: Circuit Court of the District of Columbia: Legislative History". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Scharf, J. Thomas. "Suspension of Civil Liberties in Maryland:". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
Jump up ^ The Bastille in America; or Democratic Absolutism. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1861, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Charles W., ed. Maryland Voices of the Civil War. JHU Press, 2007, p. 237.
Jump up ^ Jonathan White, "Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War: The Trials of John Merryman", LSU Press, 2011. p. 106
Jump up ^ Jonathan White, "Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War: The Trials of John Merryman", LSU Press, 2011. p. 107
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "2nd Maryland Infantry, CSA". Retrieved 2017-08-16.
Jump up ^ Field, Ron, et al., The Confederate Army 1861-65: Missouri, Kentucky & Maryland Osprey Publishing (2008), Retrieved March 4, 2010
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.543
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.544
Jump up ^ Helsel, David S., p.19, Spring Grove State Hospital Retrieved February 26, 2010
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Charles W., p.285, Maryland Voices of the Civil War Retrieved February 26, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Andrews, p.531
Jump up ^ Goldsborough, J. J., p.58, The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army Retrieved May 13, 2010
Jump up ^ Goldsborough, W.W., Introduction, The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, Butternut Press, Maryland (1983)
Jump up ^ Loewen, James W. (July 1, 2015). "Why do people believe myths about the Confederacy? Because our textbooks and monuments are wrong. False history marginalizes African Americans and makes us all dumber". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: Graham Holdings Company. Retrieved March 10, 2016. Confederate cavalry leader Jubal Early demanded and got $300,000 from them lest he burn their town, a sum equal to at least $5,000,000 today.
Jump up ^ "Hagerstown Herald and Torch Light". Western Maryland Historical Library. July 20, 1864. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Andrews, p.541
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.539
Jump up ^ McPherson, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.542
Jump up ^ Davis, p.313 Retrieved January 2013
Jump up ^ Gallagher, p.vii Retrieved January 2013
Jump up ^ Tagg, p.273
Jump up ^ Goldsborough, p.98.
Jump up ^ Point Lookout History, Maryland Department of Natural Resources Retrieved August 2012
Jump up ^ Gillipsie, p.179 Retrieved January 2013
Jump up ^ Arnett, p.81 Retrieved January 2013
Jump up ^ Andrews, p.527
^ Jump up to: a b Andrews, p.553
^ Jump up to: a b c Andrews, p.554
Jump up ^ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MarylandSlavePop.jpg
Jump up ^ http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/lincolnconspiracy/boothdiary.html
Jump up ^ Diary Entry of John Wilkes Booth
Jump up ^ "TimesMachine April 15, 1865 - New York Times". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Swanson, James. Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer. Harper Collins, 2006. ISBN 978-0-06-051849-3
Jump up ^ "The murderer of Mr. Lincoln" (PDF). The New York Times. April 21, 1865.
Jump up ^ "Lee-Jackson Memorial" Smithsonian Art Inventories Catalog Retrieved May 2013
Jump up ^ Welsh, Sean; Campbell, Colin (2017-08-16). "Confederate monuments taken down in Baltimore overnight". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
Jump up ^ Maryland Historical Society Retrieved January 2013
Jump up ^ www.waymarking.com Rockville Civil War Monument - Rockville, Maryland. Retrieved August 2012
Jump up ^ Campbell, Colin (May 16, 2016). "As Confederate symbols come down, ‘Talbot Boys’ statue withstands the controversy". The Washington Post. Nash Holdings LLC. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrews, p.563
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maryland in the American Civil War.
National Park Service map of Civil War sites in Maryland
Maryland Military Historical Society
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text:
Keeping Up Appearances
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Keeping Up Appearances
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Roy Clarke
Written by
Roy Clarke
Directed by
Harold Snoad
Starring
Patricia Routledge
Clive Swift
Josephine Tewson
Geoffrey Hughes
Judy Cornwell
Shirley Stelfox (series 1)
Mary Millar (series 2–5)
David Griffin (series 2–5)
Jeremy Gittins
Country of origin
United Kingdom
No. of series
5
No. of episodes
44 + 2 shorts (list of episodes)
Production
Producer(s)
Harold Snoad
Location(s)
Binley Woods, Warwickshire, England;
(Hyacinth's Bungalow)
Stoke Aldermoor, Coventry, West Midlands, England;
(Daisy and Onslow's council house)
Leamington Spa, England
(Towns and various locations)
Northampton, England;
(Church, Church Hall and Vicarage)
Swindon, Wiltshire, England;
Oxford, England;
Bristol, England;
Great Yarmouth Norfolk, England;
Copenhagen, Denmark;
(location scenes)
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
30 minutes
50 minutes (1994 Christmas special)
60 minutes (1993 Christmas special)
Production company(s)
BBC
Distributor
BBC Worldwide
2entertain
Universal Pictures
ABC (Australia, home video)
Warner Home Video (US, home video)
Iowa Public Television (US, television)[1]
Release
Original network
BBC One
Picture format
576i (4:3 SDTV)
Audio format
Monaural (series 1)
Stereo (series 2–5)
Original release
29 October 1990 (1990-10-29) – 25 December 1995 (1995-12-25)
Chronology
Related shows
Young Hyacinth
External links
Website
Keeping Up Appearances is a British sitcom created and written by Roy Clarke. It aired on BBC One from 1990 to 1995. The central character is eccentric and snobbish middle class social climber Hyacinth Bucket (Patricia Routledge), who insists that her surname is pronounced "Bouquet".[2]
The sitcom follows Hyacinth in her attempts to prove her social superiority, and to gain standing with those she considers upper class. Her attempts are constantly hampered by her lower class extended family, whom she is desperate to hide. Much of the humour comes from the conflict between Hyacinth's vision of herself, and the reality of her underclass background. In each episode, she lands in a farcical situation as she battles to protect her social credibility.
The show comprised five series and 44 episodes, four of which are Christmas specials. Production ended when star Patricia Routledge moved on to other projects. All episodes have since been released on DVD.
Keeping Up Appearances was a great success in the UK, and also captured large audiences in the US, Canada, Australia, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands. By February 2016, it had been sold nearly 1,000 times to overseas broadcasters, making it BBC Worldwide's most exported television programme. Domestically, it placed 12th in the Britain's Best Sitcom poll of 2004. It has been syndicated on Gold and Drama in the UK; on PBS in the United States; and on 7TWO in Australia.
In September 2016, BBC One transmitted a 30-minute prequel, titled Young Hyacinth, in which Kerry Howard plays 19-year-old Hyacinth Walton, who is working as a maid in 1950s Britain.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Cast
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Locations
4.2 Vehicles
4.3 After Keeping Up Appearances
5 Merchandise
5.1 Audio
5.2 VHS
5.3 DVD
5.4 Streaming
5.5 Books
5.5.1 Overseas books
6 Theatre adaptation
7 Prequel
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
Hyacinth Bucket (Patricia Routledge) – who insists her surname is pronounced Bouquet (although her husband Richard has said, "It was always 'Bucket' until I met you!")[4] – is an over-bearing, social-climbing snob, originally from an underclass background, whose main mission in life is to impress others with her lifestyle, perceived affluence and refinement.
She's terrified that her background will be revealed, and goes to great lengths to hide it. Hyacinth likes to spend her days visiting stately homes (convinced she will meet and strike up a friendship with the upper-class owners, especially if they are aristocratic) and hosting "executive-style" candlelight suppers (with her Royal Worcester double-glazed Avignon china and Royal Doulton china with "the hand-painted periwinkles").[5]
She ostentatiously brags about her possessions to others, including her "white slimline telephone with automatic redial", which she always answers with "The Bouquet residence, the lady of the house speaking."[6] (Frequently she receives misdialed calls asking for a Chinese take-away, making her very angry.) She speaks in an exaggerated RP-like accent with Northern undertones, while her relatives speak in broad Northern accents. Her neighbours speak in milder RP accents. When flustered, Hyacinth regresses to her native Northern accent for a while.
Hyacinth's attempts to impress make the lives of those around her difficult; her continual efforts to improve her social position usually involve inviting her unwitting neighbours and friends to "exclusive candlelit suppers". Although Hyacinth is not deterred by the lack of response to her attempts, nearly everyone around her lives in fear of being invited, and usually makes frantic attempts to excuse themselves.
Unfortunately, her husband Richard (Clive Swift) bears the brunt of the suffering. He initially worked for the council but, at the beginning of series 3, reluctantly accepts early retirement. Although he loves her with a long-suffering endurance, he is notably exasperated by her plans and her habit of making extravagant and unnecessary purchases.
Although she lives to impress others, Hyacinth regularly competes with the upper-middle-class neighbours (whom she considers snobbish show-offs), such as Sonia Barker-Finch, Delia Wheelwright and Lydia Hawksworth (who alone of Hyacinth's rivals seems to be an actual snob, as she disdains kiwifruit as "lower middle class".) Hyacinth sometimes says things like "I haven't a snobbish bone in my body" or "I can't abide such snobbery like that" when talking about those she considers her competition.
Always hindering Hyacinth's best efforts to impress – and providing an unwelcome reminder of her less-than-refined roots – are her underclass sisters Daisy (Judy Cornwell) and Rose (Shirley Stelfox in series 1; Mary Millar thereafter), and Daisy's proudly "bone-idle" husband Onslow (Geoffrey Hughes). They, along with Hyacinth's senile father, frequently turn up inconveniently (usually in their clapped–out Ford Cortina Mk IV – which always makes a characteristic backfire when it arrives), with Hyacinth going to great lengths to avoid them (saying: "Richard, you know I love my family, but that's no reason why I should have to acknowledge them in broad daylight!").
Hyacinth's senile father frequently has flashbacks to the Second World War, and often exhibits bizarre behaviour, sometimes involving embarrassing situations with women (Onslow describes him as "barmy"). Two relatives of whom Hyacinth is not ashamed are her wealthy sister Violet (Anna Dawson) and her unseen son Sheridan. Violet frequently telephones Hyacinth for advice, allowing her to loudly announce to anyone in earshot, "It's my sister Violet – the one with a Mercedes, swimming pool/sauna and room for a pony". However, Violet's social acceptability is damaged by the eccentric behaviour of her transvestite, equestrian-loving turf accountant husband Bruce, whom she violently attacks because of his behaviour.
Hyacinth also tries to impress people with the intellectual prowess of her beloved son Sheridan (who actually only takes courses in needlework at a polytechnic). Hyacinth boasts about the "psychic" closeness of their relationship and how often he writes and phones her, although he never writes and usually phone calls only to ask for money (much to the despair of Richard).[7] Hyacinth is blissfully oblivious of the seemingly obvious hints that Sheridan, who lives with a man named Tarquin (who makes his own curtains, wears silk pyjamas, and has won prizes for embroidery), is homosexual.[8] It is at one point implied that Sheridan has come out to his father.
Hyacinth's neighbour Elizabeth Warden (Josephine Tewson) is frequently invited round to the Buckets' for coffee. Though she is ordinarily calm, Liz's nerves go to pieces in Hyacinth's house, causing her to smash Hyacinth's china and spill coffee and biscuits on Hyacinth's Burmese rug.[9] She is married with a daughter away at University, but her husband works abroad and, like Sheridan, neither character ever appears.
Elizabeth is occasionally able to "one-up" Hyacinth herself by reminding her neighbour that her daughter is at University, whilst Sheridan is studying at a lesser Polytechnic. Liz's brother Emmet (David Griffin) moves in with her at the beginning of series 2 after a messy divorce. Hyacinth, upon learning that Emmet is a musician, frequently and abruptly sings out-of-key at him in an attempt to get a part in one of his productions, making him terrified of leaving the house, lest she see him ("She'll sing at me!"). Emmet's problems are further complicated by Hyacinth's mistaken belief that his frightened reactions indicate that he is infatuated with her which, in fact, could not be further from the truth.
Hyacinth frequently confronts the postman with complaints, such as having to receive mail bearing second class stamps, harassing him to the point that he will go to extreme lengths not to face her; and she often forces workmen and other visitors to her home to remove their shoes before entering. Michael, the vicar of the local church (Jeremy Gittins) is also loath to face the overbearing Hyacinth, to whom he refers (to others) as "the Bucket woman". The vicar and his wife sometimes exact comic revenge on Hyacinth for her snobbishness; on one occasion, when she was one of a group of volunteer helpers at the church, the vicar's wife saw to it that Hyacinth's hand went up prematurely and assigned her the job of cleaning the church toilets.
Cast[edit]
The cast in 1991. Standing from left to right, Jeremy Gittins, David Griffin, Judy Cornwell, Geoffrey Hughes, and Mary Millar.
Seated from left to right, Clive Swift, Patricia Routledge and Josephine Tewson.
Main article: List of Keeping Up Appearances characters
Character
Actor
Series
1
2
3
4
5
Main
Hyacinth Bucket Patricia Routledge
Richard Bucket Clive Swift
Elizabeth 'Liz' Warden Josephine Tewson
Daisy Judy Cornwell
Onslow Geoffrey Hughes
Rose Shirley Stelfox
Mary Millar
Emmet Hawksworth David Griffin
Michael Partridge (the vicar) Jeremy Gittins
Recurring
Daddy / Father George Webb
Mrs Partridge (the vicar's wife) Marion Barron
Michael (the postman) Leo Dolan
David Janson
Milkman Robert Rawles
Violet Anna Dawson
Major Wilton Smythe Peter Cellier
Mrs Nugent Charmian May
Bruce John Evitts
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Keeping Up Appearances episodes
Keeping Up Appearances aired for five series, four Christmas specials, and one short Children in Need special, from 29 October 1990 to 25 December 1995. The series officially ended after the episode "The Pageant", because Patricia Routledge wanted to focus on other TV and theatre work, including Hetty Wainthropp Investigates which began airing in 1996. Clive Swift, who portrayed Richard, stated in a BBC interview that Routledge "didn't want to be remembered as simply 'Mrs. Bucket'".[10]
Series overview
Series
Premiere
Finale
Episodes
Specials
1 29 October 1990 3 December 1990 6 0
2 1 September 1991 3 November 1991 10 1
3 6 September 1992 18 October 1992 7 0
4 5 September 1993 17 October 1993 7 2
5 3 September 1995 5 November 1995 10 1
Production[edit]
Locations[edit]
The council terrace in Stoke Aldermoor occupied by Daisy and Onslow
Exterior shots around Hyacinth's house were taped in Binley Woods, Warwickshire, a village east of Coventry.[11]
Exterior shots around Daisy and Onslow's council terrace were taped in Stoke Aldermoor in Coventry.[12] Other exterior street and town shots were taped in Leamington Spa, and in various towns throughout Warwickshire, along with many scenes from the large town of Northampton, mainly the church hall. Some scenes were also shot in Swindon, Oxford, and Bristol. One scene was shot in Oslo, Norway. One episode was filmed in Great Yarmouth, mainly in the Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach Theme Park.
The opening sequence shows Hyacinth writing an invitation to one of her trademark candlelight suppers; this invitation lists Hyacinth's address as "Waney Edge, Blossom Avenue, Fuddleton". In the same sequence, the invitation is eventually sent to an address in Eddleton. Neither town actually exists. However, there are several references to the characters being in the West Midlands throughout the series, as when Hyacinth said that she could become the "Barbara Cartland of the West Midlands Social Circuit Scene" in the episode "The Hostess". In another episode, police officers wearing West Midlands Police jumpers escort Richard home and several West Midlands Travel busses are also seen throughout the series.
Vehicles[edit]
Richard and Hyacinth Bucket's car is a Rover 200-series (SD3) saloon. Early episodes show a light blue 1987 216S bearing the number plate D541 EXL, but later episodes feature a sky blue 1989 216SE EFi model (bearing same number plate bar one letter, now D541 EFL).[13]
Onslow drives a 1978 Ford Cortina (number plate VSD 389S) that is in poor condition and backfires loudly almost every time it starts or stops, embarrassing Hyacinth, and frequently crushing her hopes of creating a perfect impression with new people. Onslow is also the owner of the rusting carcass of a Hillman Avenger in his front garden, wherein lives Onslow's dog that always barks at Hyacinth as she approaches.[13]
Violet and Bruce own a Mercedes-Benz W126 S-class and later a Mercedes-Benz W202 C-class.
Neighbour Elizabeth drives a white 1989 Austin Metro City hatchback with number plate F434 RLA (which, despite being the subject of comments from Hyacinth about its age, is actually newer than Richard's car).[13]
After Keeping Up Appearances[edit]
Various shows related to the programs were released:
The Memoirs of Hyacinth Bucket
In March 1997, Geoffrey Hughes and Judy Cornwell reprised their roles as Onslow and Daisy for a special compilation episode recorded for broadcast in the United States on PBS. The show sees the pair introduce classic clips from the series.
Comedy Connections
In 2004, the documentary series featured an episode dedicated to Keeping Up Appearances. Stars Clive Swift, Josephine Tewson, Judy Cornwell and David Griffin, along with writer Roy Clarke and producer/director Harold Snoad, all discussed the series. Clips from an interview with Patricia Routledge from 2002 were also included. The episode revealed that there were serious artistic differences between Clarke and Snoad. Specifically, Clarke refused to act as anything but a writer and rarely visited the set or location shoots, necessitating that Snoad make minor rewrites to accommodate the realities of taping. This infuriated Clarke, who disliked any tampering of his work, and Snoad thought Clarke was being unreasonable. The situation was mitigated in later series by the hiring of a production assistant whose sole job was to keep Clarke apprised of Snoad's changes, and to keep Snoad informed of Clarke's opinion of them.[10]
Life Lessons from Onslow
In early 2008, Geoffrey Hughes reprised his role as Onslow once again for a clipshow of the series; this was to be broadcast on American television, and sees him teaching a credit course at the Open University, and has selected "successful relationships" as his subject matter. The special was also released on Region 1 DVD.
Mind Your Manors
When Keeping Up Appearances didn't return after Patricia Routledge announced she no longer wished to play Hyacinth, this proposed spin-off series would have seen Onslow forced to take a supposedly "easy" job tending the gardens of a large manor house estate owned by a doddery and rather forgetful old Lord. When the Lord passes away suddenly, Onslow, Daisy and Rose (whom it is implied was having a fling with the Lord, causing the heart attack which led to his passing) end up 'temporarily' moving into the manor house to mind it, due to a legal dispute with the deceased Lord's estranged brother (whom Rose immediately starts lusting after) who wants the land.
A mislaid deeds paper left by the forgetful old Lord would supposedly clarify who has rights to the estate, buried somewhere in the gardens that Onslow is left to ineptly try and keep in shape. Most of the conflict would have come from the Lord's brother and the manor's snooty neighbours, the wealthy Hyde-Whytes, who are not happy about the "commoners" who have taken up residence next door (although it later transpires that Mr. Hyde-Whyte used to know Onslow in their youth and is indebted to him after Onslow once took the fall for him to stop him being arrested). Su Pollard was approached to play the role of Miss Dorothy Henshaw, the Lord's eccentric and easily flustered cook / house-keeper who remains with the estate, and some preliminary location shooting was reportedly undertaken, though this possibly may be connected with the "missing" final episode of Series 5, "The Bishop Affair".[14] This proposed follow-up series was ultimately not commissioned, with Geoffrey Hughes continuing with his portrayal as Onslow in the above listed specials instead.
Mary Millar, who played Rose from series two to series five, died on 10 November 1998. George Webb, who played Daddy, died on 30 December 1998. Charmian May, who played Mrs. Councillor Nugent, died on 24 October 2002. Geoffrey Hughes, who played Onslow, died on 27 July 2012. Shirley Stelfox, who played Rose in series one, died on 7 December 2015.
Merchandise[edit]
Audio[edit]
In 1998, the BBC released three episodes of the show: "A Job for Richard", "Country Retreat" and "Sea Fever" on audio cassette. Clive Swift reprised his role as Richard recording a narrative to compensate for the lack of images.
VHS[edit]
BBC Video released three videos featuring episodes from the series.
How to Enhance Your Husband's Retirement
This was released in 1993 and featured the episodes: "Iron Age Remains", "What to Wear when Yachting" and "How to Go on Holiday Without Really Trying".
Sea Fever
This was released in 1994 and featured the episodes: "Sea Fever" and "A Job for Richard".
Rural Retreat
This was released in 1995 and featured the episodes: "Country Retreat", "Let There Be Light" and "Please Mind Your Head".
DVD[edit]
United States – Region 1
My Way or the Hyacinth Way (volume 1) – released 18 March 2003 (contains the complete series 1)
Hints from Hyacinth (volume 2) – released 18 March 2003 (contains episodes 1–5 from series 2)
Home is Where the Hyacinth Is (volume 3) – released 18 March 2003 (contains episodes 6–10 from series 2)
Deck the Halls with Hyacinth (volume 4) – released 18 March 2003 (contains all 4 Christmas Specials from 1991, 1993, 1994 & 1995)
Hyacinth in Full Bloom – released 18 March 2003 (contains volumes 1–4)
Everything's Coming Up Hyacinth (volume 5) – released 3 February 2004 (contains the complete series 3)
Some Like it Hyacinth (volume 6) – released 3 February 2004 (contains the complete series 4)
Living the Hyacinth Life (volume 7) – released 3 February 2004 (contains episodes 1–6 from series 5)
Hats Off to Hyacinth (volume 8) – released 3 February 2004 (contains episodes 7–10 from series 5 & the special "The Memoirs of Hyacinth Bucket")
Hyacinth Springs Eternal – released 3 February 2004 (contains volumes 5–8)
The Full Bouquet – released 7 September 2004 (complete series – contains volumes 1–8)
The Full Bouquet: Special Edition – released 9 September 2008 (complete series re-release, everything from volumes 1–8 & special "Life Lessons from Onslow")
Life Lessons from Onslow – released 9 September 2008
Collector's Edition – 5 November 2013 (contains all 5 series and every special)
United Kingdom – Region 2
Series 1 & 2 – released 7 March 2003
Series 3 & 4 – released 16 February 2004 (includes the 1991 Christmas special)
Series 5 – released 26 December 2006 (includes Christmas Specials from 1993, 1994 & 1995)
The Essential Collection – released 8 October 2007 (complete series)
The Complete Collection – released 23 September 2013 (complete series re-release, slimmer version)
Christmas Specials – released 3 November 2014 (contains all 4 Christmas specials)
Australia – Region 4
Series 1 & 2 – released 1 September 2003[15]
Series 3 & 4 – released 8 July 2004[16]
Series 5 – released 3 November 2005[17]
Christmas Specials – released 11 November 2005[18]
The Complete Series – released 2005
Life Lessons from Onslow – released 15 April 2010[19]
Streaming[edit]
In the United States, the complete series was available via streaming through Netflix and Amazon Video, but is no longer available to stream on either platform.[20] However, it is available for streaming on BritBox. In Australia the complete series is available for streaming on Stan as of 2018.
Books[edit]
Three books related to the series have been released in the UK. Two were written by Jonathan Rice and published by BBC Books and the other one was written by Harold Snoad (the director of Keeping Up Appearances) and was published by Book Guild Publishing.
Hyacinth Bucket's book of etiquette for the socially less fortunate
This was first published in 1993, and is a light-hearted guide to manners, as seen through Hyacinth Bucket's eyes. It is based on the TV series' scripts and contains many black-and-white photos of scenes from the show.
Hyacinth Bucket's Hectic Social Calendar
This was published in 1995 and is presented in a diary format chronicling a year in Hyacinth Bucket's life, with typical comments about her relations and neighbours.
It's Bouquet – Not Bucket
This was published in late 2009, the book includes rare photos which were taken during the filming of Keeping Up Appearances. The book contains full plot synopses for all episodes, main cast details, filming locations for all episodes which used outside shots, and stories of some entertaining events which happened during filming.
Overseas books[edit]
Due to the popularity of Keeping Up Appearances in the United States, books about the series have also been published across the Atlantic.
Keeping Up Appearances: A Companion to the Series
This comical series guidebook was published in the late 1990s by WLIW21. It was co-authored by mother-and-daughter writers Georgene and Mary Lee Costa. It features summary descriptions of each episode, cast and crew biographies, series photographs and an interview with Harold Snoad.
Since it was written during the filming of the final series of episodes, Snoad included the co-authors of the guide as extras in the episode "The Fancy Dress Ball".
Theatre adaptation[edit]
In 2010, the television show was adapted into a play entitled Keeping Up Appearances that toured theatres in the UK.[21] The cast included Rachel Bell as Hyacinth, Kim Hartman as Elizabeth, Gareth Hale as Onslow, Steven Pinder as Emmet, Debbie Arnold as Rose, David Janson (who had previously appeared in the TV show as the postman) as Mr Edward Milson, a new character created for the stage show,[22] Christine Moore as Daisy and Sarah Whitlock as Mrs Debden.[23] Main character Richard Bucket, Hyacinth's husband, does not appear in the production, but is frequently referred to: Hyacinth addresses to him off-stage and talks to him on the phone. The main plot of the show revolves around Emmet directing a play at the local village hall, but when Hyacinth is cast in the play's leading role disaster is in the making.
This adaptation, directed by playwright Johnny Culver, made its American premiere in New York City in March 2015, at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church Theater Fellowship/Jones Auditorium. Culver directed an additional production of this adaptation with performances on 5 August 2017 and 6 August 2017 at Saint Luke's Episcopal Church in Forest Hills, Queens.
Prequel[edit]
In 2015, it was announced that a prequel to the series entitled Young Hyacinth would be made, following a 19-year-old Hyacinth Bucket during the early postwar years and set some forty years before the events of Keeping Up Appearances.[24] The cast were announced on 11 April 2016.[25] Hyacinth was played by Kerry Howard; Rose by Katie Redford; Daisy by Katherine Pearce; Violet by Tamla Kari and Daddy by Mark Addy. It was broadcast on BBC One on 2 September 2016.[26] The prequel sees Hyacinth working as a maid and attempting to manage her family so they appear well above their means. In the special, Hyacinth is in a relationship with a Mr. William Hitchcock, whom Hyacinth forces to dress up and wear a hat when they walk. The special ends with her drunken Daddy falling into the canal, which Hyacinth's employers see, causing her great embarrassment. However, she blames Daddy's behaviour on "an old war injury".[27][28] Approximately 4.14 million viewers watched the show within seven days of its broadcast, making it the 22nd most watched BBC One show for the week ending 4 September. A total of 4.39 million viewers watched the show within 28 days of its initial broadcast.[29]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Keeping up appearances. / Life Lessons from Onslow".
Jump up ^ The device of a humorously affected pronunciation of Bucket as Bouquet was used previously in the 1944 British comedy film Don't Take It to Heart.
Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (18 February 2016). "BBC's most popular show overseas is...Keeping Up Appearances". The Independent. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 3. Event occurs at 8:57. Yes, I'll give you my name and address. It's "Bouquet." B-u-c-k-e-t. No, it is "Bouquet."
Jump up ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 3. Event occurs at 19:28. It houses my Royal Doulton with the hand-painted periwinkles.
Jump up ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 1. Event occurs at 5:46.
Jump up ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 1. Event occurs at 1:03. Do you think Sheridan's voice is getting deeper?" "It's still asking for money, I know that.
Jump up ^ "BBC Keeping Up Appearances page".
Jump up ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 3. Event occurs at 13:40.
^ Jump up to: a b "Comedy Connections – Keeping Up Appearances". Comedy Connections. 26 July 2004. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ "Bucket's Residence Street View". Google Maps. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Onslow and Daisy's Street View". Google Maps. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Keeping Up Appearances, TV Series, 1990–1995". imdcb.com. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Season 5 Episode 12 - "The Bishop Affair"".
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Series 1 And 2 on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Series 3 And 4 on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Series 5 on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Christmas Specials on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Life Lessons From Onslow on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up Appearances: Season 1, Episode 1 "Daddy's Accident"". Amazon.com. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Berry, Kevin (3 June 2010). "Keeping Up Appearances". thestage.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Burbridge, Steve. "Theatre review: Keeping Up Appearances at Darlington Civic Theatre and touring". British Theatre Guide. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Barr, Gordon (12 June 2010). "Preview: Keeping Up Appearances, Playhouse Whitley Bay". The Chronicle. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Foster, Patrick (16 November 2015). "Keeping Up Appearances set to return as Young Hyacinth". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kerry Howard to play Young Hyacinth in a special prequel to Keeping Up Appearances for BBC One". BBC. BBC. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Young Hyacinth". BBC. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Warner, Sam (11 April 2016). "Keeping Up Appearances remake casts Kerry Howard as a young Hyacinth". Digital Spy. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Harp, Justin (11 April 2016). "Sacked Coronation Street star Katie Redford lands a new role in the Keeping Up Appearances prequel". Digital Spy. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Weekly top 30 programmes". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
External links[edit]
Look up room for a pony in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Keeping Up Appearances
Keeping Up Appearances at BBC Online
Keeping Up Appearances at BBC Programmes
Keeping Up Appearances at British Comedy Guide
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Keeping Up Appearances at TV.com
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Daddy (Keeping Up Appearances)

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Emmet Hawksworth

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