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List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
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This article details the list of men's singles Grand Slam tournaments tennis champions. Some major changes have taken place in history and have affected the number of titles that have been won by various players. These have included the opening of the French national championships to international players in 1925, the elimination of the challenge round in 1922, and the admission of professional players in 1968 (the start of the 'Open' era).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Note: All of these tournaments have been listed since they began, rather than when they officially became majors. The Australian and US tournaments have only been officially regarded as majors by the ILTF (now the ITF) since 1924 (though many regarded the US Championships as a major before then). The French Championships have only been a major since 1925 (when it became open to all amateurs internationally). Before 1924 (since 1912/1913 to 1923) there were 3 official majors: Wimbledon, the World Hard Court Championships (played on clay) and the World Covered Court Championships (played on an indoor wood surface).
Roger Federer has won 20 Major singles titles, 8 of them at Wimbledon - the most by any man in history.
Rod Laver is the only man in history to win all four Majors in the same calendar year "The Grand Slam" twice (1962 and 1969)
Don Budge is the only male player in tennis history to have won six consecutive Grand Slam singles titles, from Wimbledon 1937 to U.S. Championships 1938.
Rafael Nadal has won 16 Major titles, including 10 French Open titles at Roland Garros, making him the only male player with ten titles at one particular Grand Slam event.
Pete Sampras won 14 Major titles, 7 of them at Wimbledon. 14 Major titles was the world record at the time of his retirement in 2002.
Bill Tilden won 10 Major titles in the 1920s, becoming the first male player to achieve this feat.
Ken Rosewall holds a record 15 Pro Slam titles, and a record 23 overall Major titles, counting both Amateur and Pro circuits.
Roy Emerson was the first male player in history to win each Major title twice, and the only player to have won a career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles.
Novak Djokovic is the first player to hold all four major titles on three different surfaces simultaneously. He is tied with Roy Emerson for 12 major titles and he shares the all-time record of 6 Australian titles.
Andre Agassi was the first male player to complete the Career Grand Slam on three different surfaces, and the first male player in history to win the Career Golden Slam (winning the four Grand Slams and the Olympic Gold Medal in singles).
Contents
[hide]
1 Champions by year
2 Statistics
2.1 Grand Slam singles titles by decade
2.1.1 1920s
2.1.2 1930s
2.1.3 1940s
2.1.4 1950s
2.1.5 1960s
2.1.6 1970s
2.1.7 1980s
2.1.8 1990s
2.1.9 2000s
2.1.10 2010s
2.2 Most Grand Slam singles titles (5 or more)
2.3 Most singles titles by Grand Slam tournament
2.4 Grand Slam singles titles by country (open era)
2.5 Most consecutive years with at least one Grand Slam title
2.6 Achieved a Career Grand Slam
2.7 Completed the Grand Slam
2.8 Winners of three Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year
2.9 Winners of two Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year
2.10 Winners of three or more consecutive Grand Slam singles titles
2.11 Winners of five or more singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament
2.12 Winners of four or more consecutive singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament
2.13 Winning a Grand Slam singles tournament without losing a set
2.13.1 Chronological timeline (by player)
2.13.2 Occurrences by Grand Slam tournament
3 See also
4 Notes
Champions by year
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
1877 started in 1905 started in 1891 GBR: Spencer Gore started in 1881
1878 tournament not created tournament not created Frank Hadow tournament not created
1879 tournament not created tournament not created John Hartley (1/2) tournament not created
1880 tournament not created tournament not created John Hartley (2/2) tournament not created
1881 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (1/7) USA: Richard Sears (1/7)
1882 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (2/7) Richard Sears (2/7)
1883 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (3/7) Richard Sears (3/7)
1884 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (4/7) Richard Sears (4/7)
1885 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (5/7) Richard Sears (5/7)
1886 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (6/7) Richard Sears (6/7)
1887 tournament not created tournament not created Herbert Lawford Richard Sears (7/7)
1888 tournament not created tournament not created Ernest Renshaw Henry Slocum (1/2)
1889 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (7/7) Henry Slocum (2/2)
1890 tournament not created tournament not created Willoughby Hamilton Oliver Campbell (1/3)
1891 tournament not created Briggs, H.H. Briggs * Wilfred Baddeley (1/3) Oliver Campbell (2/3)
1892 tournament not created FRA: Schopfer, JeanJean Schopfer * Wilfred Baddeley (2/3) Oliver Campbell (3/3)
1893 tournament not created Riboulet, LaurentLaurent Riboulet * Joshua Pim (1/2) Robert Wrenn (1/4)
1894 tournament not created Vacherot, AndréAndré Vacherot * Joshua Pim (2/2) Robert Wrenn (2/4)
1895 tournament not created Vacherot, AndréAndré Vacherot * Wilfred Baddeley (3/3) Fred Hovey
1896 tournament not created Vacherot, AndréAndré Vacherot * Harold Mahony Robert Wrenn (3/4)
1897 tournament not created Aymé, PaulPaul Aymé * Reginald Doherty (1/4) Robert Wrenn (4/4)
1898 tournament not created Aymé, PaulPaul Aymé * Reginald Doherty (2/4) Malcolm Whitman (1/3)
1899 tournament not created Aymé, PaulPaul Aymé * Reginald Doherty (3/4) Malcolm Whitman (2/3)
1900 tournament not created Aymé, PaulPaul Aymé * Reginald Doherty (4/4) Malcolm Whitman (3/3)
1901 tournament not created Vacherot, AndréAndré Vacherot * Arthur Gore (1/3) William Larned (1/7)
1902 tournament not created Vacherot, MichelMichel Vacherot * Laurence Doherty (1/6) William Larned (2/7)
1903 tournament not created Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Laurence Doherty (2/6) Laurence Doherty (3/6)
1904 tournament not created Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Laurence Doherty (4/6) Holcombe Ward
1905 AUS: Rodney Heath (1/2) Germot, MauriceMaurice Germot * Laurence Doherty (5/6) Beals Wright
1906 NZL: Anthony Wilding (1/6) Germot, MauriceMaurice Germot * Laurence Doherty (6/6) William Clothier
1907 Horace Rice Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Norman Brookes (1/3) William Larned (3/7)
1908 Fred Alexander Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Arthur Gore (2/3) William Larned (4/7)
1909 Anthony Wilding (2/6) Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Arthur Gore (3/3) William Larned (5/7)
1910 Rodney Heath (2/2) Germot, MauriceMaurice Germot * Anthony Wilding (3/6) William Larned (6/7)
1911 Norman Brookes (2/3) Gobert, AndréAndré Gobert * Anthony Wilding (4/6) William Larned (7/7)
1912 James Cecil Parke Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Anthony Wilding (5/6) Maurice McLoughlin (1/2)
1913 Ernie Parker Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Anthony Wilding (6/6) Maurice McLoughlin (2/2)
1914 Arthur O'Hara Wood Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Norman Brookes (3/3) Richard Williams (1/2)
1915 Francis Lowe no competition no competition William Johnston (1/3)
1916 no competition no competition no competition Richard Williams (2/2)
1917 no competition no competition no competition Robert Lindley Murray (1/2)
1918 no competition no competition no competition Robert Lindley Murray (2/2)
1919 Algernon Kingscote † no competition Gerald Patterson (1/3) William Johnston (2/3)
1920 Pat O'Hara Wood (1/2) Gobert, AndréAndré Gobert * Bill Tilden (1/10) Bill Tilden (2/10)
1921 Rhys Gemmell Samazeuilh, JeanJean Samazeuilh * Bill Tilden (3/10) Bill Tilden (4/10)
1922 James Anderson (1/3) Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet * Gerald Patterson (2/3) Bill Tilden (5/10)
1923 Pat O'Hara Wood (2/2) †† Blanchy, FrançoisFrançois Blanchy * William Johnston (3/3) Bill Tilden (6/10)
1924 James Anderson (2/3) Borotra, JeanJean Borotra * Jean Borotra (1/4) Bill Tilden (7/10)
1925 James Anderson (3/3) René Lacoste (1/7) ** René Lacoste (2/7) Bill Tilden (8/10)
1926 John Hawkes Henri Cochet (1/7) Jean Borotra (2/4) René Lacoste (3/7)
1927 Gerald Patterson (3/3)††† René Lacoste (4/7) Henri Cochet (2/7) René Lacoste (5/7)
1928 Jean Borotra (3/4) Henri Cochet (3/7) René Lacoste (6/7) Henri Cochet (4/7)
1929 John Gregory René Lacoste (7/7) Henri Cochet (5/7) Bill Tilden (9/10)
1930 Edgar Moon Henri Cochet (6/7) Bill Tilden (10/10) John Doeg
1931 Jack Crawford (1/6) Jean Borotra (4/4) Sidney Wood Ellsworth Vines (1/3)
1932 Jack Crawford (2/6) Henri Cochet (7/7) Ellsworth Vines (2/3) Ellsworth Vines (3/3)
1933 Jack Crawford (3/6) Jack Crawford (4/6) Jack Crawford (5/6) Fred Perry (1/8)
1934 Fred Perry (2/8) GER: Gottfried von Cramm (1/2) Fred Perry (3/8) Fred Perry (4/8)
1935 Jack Crawford (6/6) Fred Perry (5/8) Fred Perry (6/8) Wilmer Allison
1936 Adrian Quist (1/3) GER: Gottfried von Cramm (2/2) Fred Perry (7/8) Fred Perry (8/8)
1937 Vivian McGrath Henner Henkel Don Budge (1/6) Don Budge (2/6)
1938 Don Budge (3/6) Don Budge (4/6) Don Budge (5/6) Don Budge (6/6)
1939 John Bromwich (1/2) Don McNeill (1/2) Bobby Riggs (1/3) Bobby Riggs (2/3)
1940 Adrian Quist (2/3) no competition no competition Don McNeill (2/2)
1941 no competition held under German occupation *** no competition Bobby Riggs (3/3)
1942 no competition held under German occupation *** no competition Ted Schroeder (1/2)
1943 no competition held under German occupation *** no competition Joseph Hunt
1944 no competition held under German occupation *** no competition Frank Parker (1/4)
1945 no competition Yvon Petra—unrecognized winner *** no competition Frank Parker (2/4)
1946 John Bromwich (2/2) Marcel Bernard Yvon Petra Jack Kramer (1/3)
1947 Dinny Pails HUN: József Asbóth Jack Kramer (2/3) Jack Kramer (3/3)
1948 Adrian Quist (3/3) Frank Parker (3/4) Bob Falkenburg Pancho Gonzales (1/2)
1949 Frank Sedgman (1/5) Frank Parker (4/4) Ted Schroeder (2/2) Pancho Gonzales (2/2)
1950 Frank Sedgman (2/5) Budge Patty (1/2) Budge Patty (2/2) Arthur Larsen
1951 Richard Savitt (1/2) EGY: Jaroslav Drobný (1/3) Richard Savitt (2/2) Frank Sedgman (3/5)
1952 Ken McGregor Jaroslav Drobný (2/3) Frank Sedgman (4/5) Frank Sedgman (5/5)
1953 Ken Rosewall (1/8) Ken Rosewall (2/8) Vic Seixas (1/2) Tony Trabert (1/5)
1954 Mervyn Rose (1/2) Tony Trabert (2/5) EGY: Jaroslav Drobný (3/3) Vic Seixas (2/2)
1955 Ken Rosewall (3/8) Tony Trabert (3/5) Tony Trabert (4/5) Tony Trabert (5/5)
1956 Lew Hoad (1/4) Lew Hoad (2/4) Lew Hoad (3/4) Ken Rosewall (4/8)
1957 Ashley Cooper (1/4) SWE: Sven Davidson Lew Hoad (4/4) Malcolm Anderson
1958 Ashley Cooper (2/4) Mervyn Rose (2/2) Ashley Cooper (3/4) Ashley Cooper (4/4)
1959 Alex Olmedo (1/2) ITA: Nicola Pietrangeli (1/2) Alex Olmedo (2/2) Neale Fraser (1/3)
1960 Rod Laver (1/11) Nicola Pietrangeli (2/2) Neale Fraser (2/3) Neale Fraser (3/3)
1961 Roy Emerson (1/12) ESP: Manuel Santana (1/4) Rod Laver (2/11) Roy Emerson (2/12)
1962 Rod Laver (3/11) Rod Laver (4/11) Rod Laver (5/11) Rod Laver (6/11)
1963 Roy Emerson (3/12) Roy Emerson (4/12) Chuck McKinley MEX: Rafael Osuna
1964 Roy Emerson (5/12) Manuel Santana (2/4) Roy Emerson (6/12) Roy Emerson (7/12)
1965 Roy Emerson (8/12) Fred Stolle (1/2) Roy Emerson (9/12) Manuel Santana (3/4)
1966 Roy Emerson (10/12) Tony Roche Manuel Santana (4/4) Fred Stolle (2/2)
1967 Roy Emerson (11/12) Roy Emerson (12/12) John Newcombe (1/7) John Newcombe (2/7)
1968 William Bowrey Amateur era tennis ends Open era tennis begins Ken Rosewall (5/8) Rod Laver (7/11) Arthur Ashe (1/3)
1969 Rod Laver (8/11) Rod Laver (9/11) Rod Laver (10/11) Rod Laver (11/11)
1970 Arthur Ashe (2/3) TCH: Jan Kodeš (1/3) John Newcombe (3/7) Ken Rosewall (6/8)
1971 Ken Rosewall (7/8) Jan Kodeš (2/3) John Newcombe (4/7) Stan Smith (1/2)
1972 Ken Rosewall (8/8) Andrés Gimeno Stan Smith (2/2) ROU: Ilie Năstase (1/2)
1973 John Newcombe (5/7) Ilie Năstase (2/2) Jan Kodeš (3/3) John Newcombe (6/7)
1974 Jimmy Connors (1/8) Björn Borg (1/11) Jimmy Connors (2/8) Jimmy Connors (3/8)
1975 John Newcombe (7/7) Björn Borg (2/11) Arthur Ashe (3/3) Manuel Orantes
1976 Mark Edmondson Adriano Panatta Björn Borg (3/11) Jimmy Connors (4/8)
1977 Roscoe Tanner (Jan) ARG: Guillermo Vilas (1/4) Björn Borg (4/11) Guillermo Vilas (2/4)
Vitas Gerulaitis (Dec)
1978 Guillermo Vilas (3/4) †††† Björn Borg (5/11) Björn Borg (6/11) Jimmy Connors (5/8)
1979 Guillermo Vilas (4/4) †††† Björn Borg (7/11) Björn Borg (8/11) John McEnroe (1/7)
1980 Brian Teacher †††† Björn Borg (9/11) Björn Borg (10/11) John McEnroe (2/7)
1981 RSA: Johan Kriek (1/2) †††† Björn Borg (11/11) John McEnroe (3/7) John McEnroe (4/7)
1982 Johan Kriek (2/2) †††† Mats Wilander (1/7) Jimmy Connors (6/8) Jimmy Connors (7/8)
1983 Mats Wilander (2/7)†††† Yannick Noah John McEnroe (5/7) Jimmy Connors (8/8)
1984 Mats Wilander (3/7) †††† Ivan Lendl (1/8) John McEnroe (6/7) John McEnroe (7/7)
1985 Stefan Edberg (1/6) †††† Mats Wilander (4/7) FRG: Boris Becker (1/6) Ivan Lendl (2/8)
1986 no competition Ivan Lendl (3/8) Boris Becker (2/6) Ivan Lendl (4/8)
1987 Stefan Edberg (2/6) Ivan Lendl (5/8) Pat Cash Ivan Lendl (6/8)
1988 Mats Wilander (5/7) Mats Wilander (6/7) Stefan Edberg (3/6) Mats Wilander (7/7)
1989 Ivan Lendl (7/8) Michael Chang Boris Becker (3/6) Boris Becker (4/6)
1990 Ivan Lendl (8/8) ECU: Andrés Gómez Stefan Edberg (4/6) Pete Sampras (1/14)
1991 GER: Boris Becker (5/6) Jim Courier (1/4) Michael Stich Stefan Edberg (5/6)
1992 Jim Courier (2/4) Jim Courier (3/4) Andre Agassi (1/8) Stefan Edberg (6/6)
1993 Jim Courier (4/4) Sergi Bruguera (1/2) Pete Sampras (2/14) Pete Sampras (3/14)
1994 Pete Sampras (4/14) Sergi Bruguera (2/2) Pete Sampras (5/14) Andre Agassi (2/8)
1995 Andre Agassi (3/8) AUT: Thomas Muster Pete Sampras (6/14) Pete Sampras (7/14)
1996 Boris Becker (6/6) RUS: Yevgeny Kafelnikov (1/2) NED: Richard Krajicek Pete Sampras (8/14)
1997 Pete Sampras (9/14) BRA: Gustavo Kuerten (1/3) Pete Sampras (10/14) Patrick Rafter (1/2)
1998 CZE: Petr Korda Carlos Moyá Pete Sampras (11/14) Patrick Rafter (2/2)
1999 Yevgeny Kafelnikov (2/2) Andre Agassi (4/8) Pete Sampras (12/14) Andre Agassi (5/8)
2000 Andre Agassi (6/8) Gustavo Kuerten (2/3) Pete Sampras (13/14) Marat Safin (1/2)
2001 Andre Agassi (7/8) Gustavo Kuerten (3/3) CRO: Goran Ivanišević Lleyton Hewitt (1/2)
2002 Thomas Johansson Albert Costa Lleyton Hewitt (2/2) Pete Sampras (14/14)
2003 Andre Agassi (8/8) Juan Carlos Ferrero SUI: Roger Federer (1/20) Andy Roddick
2004 Roger Federer (2/20) Gastón Gaudio Roger Federer (3/20) Roger Federer (4/20)
2005 Marat Safin (2/2) Rafael Nadal (1/16) Roger Federer (5/20) Roger Federer (6/20)
2006 Roger Federer (7/20) Rafael Nadal (2/16) Roger Federer (8/20) Roger Federer (9/20)
2007 Roger Federer (10/20) Rafael Nadal (3/16) Roger Federer (11/20) Roger Federer (12/20)
2008 SRB: Novak Djokovic (1/12) Rafael Nadal (4/16) Rafael Nadal (5/16) Roger Federer (13/20)
2009 Rafael Nadal (6/16) Roger Federer (14/20) Roger Federer (15/20) Juan Martín del Potro
2010 Roger Federer (16/20) Rafael Nadal (7/16) Rafael Nadal (8/16) Rafael Nadal (9/16)
2011 Novak Djokovic (2/12) Rafael Nadal (10/16) Novak Djokovic (3/12) Novak Djokovic (4/12)
2012 Novak Djokovic (5/12) Rafael Nadal (11/16) Roger Federer (17/20) Andy Murray (1/3)
2013 Novak Djokovic (6/12) Rafael Nadal (12/16) Andy Murray (2/3) Rafael Nadal (13/16)
2014 Stan Wawrinka (1/3) Rafael Nadal (14/16) Novak Djokovic (7/12) Marin Čilić
2015 Novak Djokovic (8/12) Stan Wawrinka (2/3) Novak Djokovic (9/12) Novak Djokovic (10/12)
2016 Novak Djokovic (11/12) Novak Djokovic (12/12) Andy Murray (3/3) Stan Wawrinka (3/3)
2017 Roger Federer (18/20) Rafael Nadal (15/16) Roger Federer (19/20) Rafael Nadal (16/16)
2018 Roger Federer (20/20)
Legend
Player won all 4 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year
Player won 3 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year
Player won 2 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year
Italics – open only to specific club members of the host country
* authorities differ on whether these events should count toward grand slam totals
** The French Championships opened itself to international competitors and renamed as Championnats Internationaux de France (de tennis).
*** French Championships held between 1941 and 1945 are not recognized by the tournament organizer. See Tournoi de France
† Held in January 1920, before the 1920 Australasian Championships
†† Held in August 1923, after Wimbledon and before the US National Championships
††† Renamed from Australasian Championships to Australian Championships
†††† Australian Open held in December of the year it is listed under, after the US Open
Statistics
Grand Slam singles titles by decade
1920s
9
Tilden
7
Lacoste
5
Cochet
3
Anderson, Borotra
2
Patterson, Wood
1
Gemmel, Gregory, Hawkes, Johnston
1930s
8
Perry
6
Budge, Crawford
3
Vines
2
Cochet, von Cramm, Riggs
1
Allison, Borotra, Bromwich, Doeg, Henkel, McGrath, McNeill, Moon, Quist, Tilden, Wood
1940s
4
Parker
3
Kramer
2
Gonzales, Quist, Schroeder
1
Asboth, Bernard, Bromwich, Falkenburg, Hunt, McNeill, Pails, Petra, Riggs, Sedgman
1950s
5
Trabert
4
Cooper, Hoad, Rosewall, Sedgman
3
Drobny
2
Olmedo, Patty, Rose, Savitt, Seixas
1
Anderson, Davidson, Fraser, Larsen, McGregor, Pietrangeli
1960s
12
Emerson
11
Laver
4
Santana
2
Fraser, Newcombe, Stolle
1
Ashe, Bowrey, McKinley, Osuna, Pietrangeli, Roche, Rosewall
1970s
8
Borg
5
Newcombe, Connors
4
Vilas
3
Rosewall, Kodes
2
Smith, Năstase, Ashe
1
Edmondson, Gerulaitis, Gimeno, McEnroe, Orantes, Panatta, Tanner
1980s
7
Lendl, Wilander
6
McEnroe
4
Becker
3
Borg, Connors, Edberg
2
Kriek
1
Cash, Chang, Noah, Teacher
1990s
12
Sampras
5
Agassi
4
Courier
3
Edberg
2
Becker, Bruguera, Kafelnikov, Rafter
1
Gómez, Korda, Krajicek, Kuerten, Lendl, Moyá, Muster, Stich
2000s
15
Federer
6
Nadal
3
Agassi
2
Hewitt, Kuerten, Safin, Sampras
1
Costa, Djokovic, Ferrero, Gaudio, Ivanišević, Johansson, del Potro, Roddick
2010s
11
Djokovic
10
Nadal
5
Federer
3
Murray, Wawrinka
1
Čilić
Most Grand Slam singles titles (5 or more)
All time
Rank
Player
Total
Winning Span
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
1 Roger Federer 20 16 6 1 8 5
2 Rafael Nadal 16 13 1 10 2 3
3 Pete Sampras 14 13 2 0 7 5
4 Roy Emerson 12 7 6 2 2 2
Novak Djokovic 12 9 6 1 3 2
6 Rod Laver 11 10 3 2 4 2
Björn Borg 11 8 0 6 5 0
8 Bill Tilden 10 11 0 0 3 7
9 Fred Perry 8 4 1 1 3 3
Ken Rosewall 8 20 4 2 0 2
Jimmy Connors 8 10 1 0 2 5
Ivan Lendl 8 7 2 3 0 3
Andre Agassi 8 12 4 1 1 2
14 Richard Sears 7 7 0 0 0 7
William Renshaw 7 9 0 0 7 0
William Larned 7 11 0 0 0 7
René Lacoste 7 5 0 3 2 2
Henri Cochet 7 7 0 4 2 1
John Newcombe 7 9 2 0 3 2
John McEnroe 7 6 0 0 3 4
Mats Wilander 7 7 3 3 0 1
22 Laurence Doherty 6 5 0 0 5 1
Tony Wilding 6 8 2 0 4 0
Jack Crawford 6 5 4 1 1 0
Don Budge 6 2 1 1 2 2
Stefan Edberg 6 8 2 0 2 2
Boris Becker 6 12 2 0 3 1
28 Frank Sedgman 5 4 2 0 1 2
Tony Trabert 5 3 0 2 1 2
Open Era
Rank
Player
Total
Winning Span
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
1 Roger Federer 20 16 6 1 8 5
2 Rafael Nadal 16 13 1 10 2 3
3 Pete Sampras 14 13 2 0 7 5
4 Novak Djokovic 12 9 6 1 3 2
5 Björn Borg 11 8 0 6 5 0
6 Jimmy Connors 8 10 1 0 2 5
Ivan Lendl 8 7 2 3 0 3
Andre Agassi 8 12 4 1 1 2
9 John McEnroe 7 6 0 0 3 4
Mats Wilander 7 7 3 3 0 1
11 Stefan Edberg 6 8 2 0 2 2
Boris Becker 6 12 2 0 3 1
13 Rod Laver 5 10 1 1 2 1
John Newcombe 5 9 2 0 2 1
Most singles titles by Grand Slam tournament
All Time
Grand Slam
Wins #
Player(s)
Australian Open 6 Roy Emerson
Novak Djokovic
Roger Federer
French Open 10 Rafael Nadal
Wimbledon 8 Roger Federer
US Open 7 Richard Sears
William Larned
Bill Tilden
Open Era
Grand Slam
Wins #
Player(s)
Australian Open 6 Novak Djokovic
Roger Federer
French Open 10 Rafael Nadal
Wimbledon 8 Roger Federer
US Open 5 Jimmy Connors
Pete Sampras
Roger Federer
Note: Bold indicates player still active.
Grand Slam singles titles by country (open era)
51
United States
25
Sweden
23
Spain
23
Switzerland
20
Australia
12
Czechoslovakia (one as Czech Republic)
12
Serbia
7
Germany (also West Germany)
6
Argentina
4
Russia
3
Brazil, United Kingdom
2
Croatia, Romania, South Africa
1
Austria, Ecuador, France, Italy, Netherlands
Most consecutive years with at least one Grand Slam title
Year #
Span
Player(s)
10 2005–2014 Rafael Nadal
8 1974–1981 Björn Borg
8 1993–2000 Pete Sampras
8 2003–2010 Roger Federer
7 1881–1887 Richard Sears
Note: * indicates ongoing streak, bold indicates player still active.
Achieved a Career Grand Slam
These players won all four majors. The year listed is the year the player first won each tournament; the last one is marked in bold. The age listed is the age at the end of that last tournament, i.e., the age at which the player completed his Career Grand Slam.
Player
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
Age
Fred Perry 1934 1935 1934 1933 26 years, 15 days
Don Budge 1938 1938 1937 1937 22 years, 357 days
Rod Laver 1960 1962 1961 1962 24 years, 32 days
Roy Emerson 1961 1963 1964 1961 27 years, 244 days
Andre Agassi 1995 1999 1992 1994 29 years, 38 days
Roger Federer 2004 2009 2003 2004 27 years, 203 days
Rafael Nadal 2009 2005 2008 2010 24 years, 101 days
Novak Djokovic 2008 2016 2011 2011 29 years, 14 days
Completed the Grand Slam
(Winners of all four Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year[9][10][11][12][13])
Australian—French—Wimbledon—U.S.:
1938 Don Budge
1962 Rod Laver
1969 Rod Laver (2)
Winners of three Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year
Note: players with four titles are not included here.
Australian—French—Wimbledon:
1933 J Crawford
1956 L Hoad
Australian—French—U.S.:
1988 M Wilander
Australian—Wimbledon—U.S.:
1934 F Perry
1958 A Cooper
1964 R Emerson
1974 J Connors
2004 R Federer
2006 R Federer (2)
2007 R Federer (3)
2011 N Djokovic
2015 N Djokovic (2)
French—Wimbledon—U.S.:
1955 T Trabert
2010 R Nadal
Winners of two Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year
Note: players with more than two titles are not included here.
Australian—French:
1953 Ken Rosewall
1963 Roy Emerson
1967 Roy Emerson (2)
1992 Jim Courier
2016 Novak Djokovic
Australian—Wimbledon:
1951 Dick Savitt
1959 Alex Olmedo
1965 Roy Emerson
1994 Pete Sampras
1997 Pete Sampras (2)
2017 Roger Federer
Australian—U.S.:
1961 Roy Emerson
1973 John Newcombe

French—Wimbledon:
1925 René Lacoste
1935 Fred Perry
1950 Budge Patty
1978 Björn Borg
1979 Björn Borg (2)
1980 Björn Borg (3)
2008 Rafael Nadal
2009 Roger Federer
French—U.S.:
1927 René Lacoste
1928 Henri Cochet
1977 Guillermo Vilas
1986 Ivan Lendl
1987 Ivan Lendl (2)
1999 Andre Agassi
2013 Rafael Nadal
2017 Rafael Nadal (2)
Wimbledon—U.S.:
1903 Laurence Doherty
1920 Bill Tilden
1921 Bill Tilden (2)
1932 Ellsworth Vines
1936 Fred Perry
1937 Don Budge
1939 Bobby Riggs
1947 Jack Kramer
1952 Frank Sedgman
1960 Neale Fraser
1967 John Newcombe
1981 John McEnroe
1982 Jimmy Connors
1984 John McEnroe (2)
1989 Boris Becker
1993 Pete Sampras
1995 Pete Sampras (2)
2005 Roger Federer
Winners of three or more consecutive Grand Slam singles titles
Titles
Players
Years
6 Don Budge 1937–38
4 Rod Laver 1962
Rod Laver 1969
Novak Djokovic 2015–16
3 Jack Crawford 1933
Tony Trabert 1955
Lew Hoad 1956
Roy Emerson 1964–65
Pete Sampras 1993–94
Roger Federer 2005–06
Roger Federer 2006–07
Rafael Nadal 2010
Novak Djokovic 2011–12
Winners of five or more singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament
All-time
Titles
Player
Grand Slam
10 Rafael Nadal French Open
8 Roger Federer Wimbledon
7 Richard Sears U.S. Championships
William Renshaw Wimbledon Championships
William Larned U.S. Championships
Bill Tilden U.S. Championships
Pete Sampras Wimbledon
6 Roy Emerson Australian Championships
Björn Borg French Open
Novak Djokovic Australian Open
Roger Federer Australian Open
5 Laurence Doherty Wimbledon
Björn Borg Wimbledon
Jimmy Connors US Open
Pete Sampras US Open
Roger Federer US Open
Open Era
Titles
Player
Grand Slam
10 Rafael Nadal French Open
8 Roger Federer Wimbledon
7 Pete Sampras Wimbledon
6 Björn Borg French Open
Novak Djokovic Australian Open
Roger Federer Australian Open
5 Björn Borg Wimbledon
Jimmy Connors US Open
Pete Sampras US Open
Roger Federer US Open
Winners of four or more consecutive singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament
All-time
Titles
Player
Grand Slam
Years
7 Richard Sears U.S. Championships 1881–87
6 William Renshaw Wimbledon 1881–86
Bill Tilden U.S. Championships 1920–25
5 Laurence Doherty Wimbledon 1902–06
William Larned U.S. Championships 1907–11
Roy Emerson Australian Championships 1963–67
Björn Borg Wimbledon 1976–80
Roger Federer Wimbledon 2003–07
Roger Federer US Open 2004–08
Rafael Nadal French Open 2010–14
4 Reginald Doherty Wimbledon 1897–1900
Tony Wilding Wimbledon 1910–13
Björn Borg French Open 1978–81
Pete Sampras Wimbledon 1997–2000
Rafael Nadal French Open 2005–08
Open Era
Titles
Player
Grand Slam
Years
5 Björn Borg Wimbledon 1976–80
Roger Federer Wimbledon 2003–07
Roger Federer US Open 2004–08
Rafael Nadal French Open 2010–14
4 Björn Borg French Open 1978–81
Pete Sampras Wimbledon 1997–2000
Rafael Nadal French Open 2005–08
Bold = Active Streaks
Winning a Grand Slam singles tournament without losing a set
Chronological timeline (by player)
Most in category *
Player
Times
Grand Slam Tournaments
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
Richard Sears 3 * — — — 1881, 1882, 1883 *
Laurence Doherty 1 — — — 1903
Holcombe Ward 1 — — — 1904
William Larned 1 — — — 1907
Tony Wilding 1 1909 * — — —
Rodney Heath 1 1910 * — — —
Pat O'Hara Wood 1 1923 * — — —
Don Budge 2 1938 * — 1938 * —
John Bromwich 1 1939 * — — —
Frank Parker 1 — — — 1945
Frank Sedgman 1 — — — 1952
Tony Trabert 3 * — — 1955 * 1953, 1955
Neale Fraser 1 — — — 1960[14]
Chuck McKinley 1 — — 1963 * —
Roy Emerson 1 1964 * — — —
Ken Rosewall 1 1971 * — — —
Ilie Năstase 1 — 1973 — —
Björn Borg 3 * — 1978, 1980 1976 * —
Roger Federer 2 2007 * — 2017 * —
Rafael Nadal 3 * — 2008, 2010, 2017 * — —
Occurrences by Grand Slam tournament
Grand Slam Tournament
Times
Number of Players
Player(s)
Australian Open 8 8 Tony Wilding
Rodney Heath
Pat O'Hara Wood
Don Budge
John Bromwich
Roy Emerson
Ken Rosewall
Roger Federer
French Open 6 3 Ilie Năstase
Björn Borg (twice)
Rafael Nadal (3 times)
Wimbledon 5 5 Don Budge
Tony Trabert
Chuck McKinley
Björn Borg
Roger Federer
US Open 11 8 Richard Sears (3 times)
Laurence Doherty
Holcombe Ward
William Larned
Frank Parker
Frank Sedgman
Tony Trabert (twice)
Neale Fraser
See also
Tennis statistics
Chronological list of men's major tennis champions
List of Grand Slam women's singles champions
List of Grand Slam men's doubles champions
List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions
List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions
List of Grand Slam boys' singles champions
List of Grand Slam girls' singles champions
List of men's Grand Slam, Olympic and ATP Tour Finals and Masters Series singles champions
Notes
Jump up ^ ESPN Sports Almanac 2006, page 814
Jump up ^ World Book Encyclopedia 2008 T p166a
Jump up ^ Compton Encyclopedia 1975 ST p301
Jump up ^ Concord Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ CBS Sports "[1]"
Jump up ^ Top End Sports "[2]"
Jump up ^ USA Today Tennis "[3]"
Jump up ^ Tennis 28 Slams "[4]"
Jump up ^ USOpen.org Archived 1 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "WTA Tour". wtatour.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "ROGER FEDERER "CERTAINLY HAS THE CHANCE" AT THE GRAND SLAM, SAYS LAVER". worldtennismagazine.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Stats - All Grand Slam Winners - Grand Slam History". www.grandslamhistory.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ CROWE, JERRY (22 May 1994). "Return to Grand Slam Glory : Rod Laver Was the Last Man to Sweep Four Major Titles and Thinks It Can Be Done Again". Retrieved 5 September 2017 – via LA Times.
Jump up ^ "Neale Fraser wins 1960 US Open without dropping set". ATP World Tour. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
[show]
v
t
e
Grand Slam tournament champions
Australian Open
Men's singles
Women's singles
Men's doubles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
Singles finalists (open era)
French Open
Men's singles
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Mixed doubles
Singles finalists (open era)
Wimbledon
Men's singles
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Mixed doubles
Singles finalists (open era)
US Open
Men's singles
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Mixed doubles
Singles finalists (open era)
All tournaments
Men's singles
Women's singles
Men's doubles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
Boys' singles
Girls' singles
Boys' doubles
Girls' doubles
Grand Slam overall records
[show]
v
t
e
Tennis records and statistics
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Records
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Men's singles
Chronological
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Misc.
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Select players
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Singles
Open Era
All-time
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Rankings
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Awards
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All-time
Select players
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Notable rivalries
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grand_Slam_men%27s_singles_champions&oldid=831530587"
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Roller coaster
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Roller coaster (disambiguation).
The Scenic Railway at Luna Park, Melbourne, is the world's oldest continually-operating roller coaster, built in 1912.
A roller coaster is a type of amusement ride that employs a form of elevated railroad track designed with tight turns, steep slopes, and sometimes inversions.[1] People ride along the track in open cars, and the rides are often found in amusement parks and theme parks around the world.[1] LaMarcus Adna Thompson obtained one of the first known patents for a roller coaster design in 1885, related to the Switchback Railway that opened a year earlier at Coney Island.[2][3] The track in a coaster design does not necessarily have to be a complete circuit, as shuttle roller coasters demonstrate. Most roller coasters have multiple cars in which passengers sit and are restrained.[4] Two or more cars hooked together are called a train. Some roller coasters, notably wild mouse roller coasters, run with single cars.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 The Russian mountain and the Aerial Promenades
1.2 Scenic railways
1.3 Popularity, decline and revival
1.4 Steel
2 Etymology
3 Mechanics
4 Safety
5 Types
5.1 By train type
5.2 By track layout
5.3 By mechanics
5.4 By height
6 Major roller coaster manufacturers
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History
Main article: History of the roller coaster
The Russian mountain and the Aerial Promenades
The Promenades-Aériennes in Paris (1817)
The oldest roller coasters are believed to have originated from the so-called "Russian Mountains", specially constructed hills of ice located in the area that is now St. Petersburg.[5] Built in the 17th century, the slides were built to a height of between 21 and 24 m (70 and 80 feet), had a 50-degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports. Later, in 1784, Catherine the Great is said to have constructed a sledding hill in the gardens of her palace at Oranienbaum in St. Petersburg.[6] The name Russian Mountains to designate a roller coaster is preserved in many languages (e.g. the Spanish montaña rusa), but the Russian term for roller coasters is американские горки ("amerikanskiye gorki"), meaning "American mountains."
The first modern roller coaster, the Promenades Aeriennes, opened in Parc Beaujon in Paris on July 8, 1817.[7] It featured wheeled cars securely locked to the track, guide rails to keep them on course, and higher speeds.[8] It spawned half a dozen imitators, but their popularity soon declined.
However, during the Belle Epoque they returned to fashion. In 1887 French entrepreneur Joseph Oller, co-founder of the Moulin Rouge music hall, constructed the Montagnes Russes de Belleville, "Russian Mountains of Belleville" with two hundred meters of track laid out in a double-eight, later enlarged to four figure-eight-shaped loops.[9]
Thompson's Switchback Railway, 1884
Scenic railways
In 1827, a mining company in Summit Hill, Pennsylvania constructed the Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway, a downhill gravity railroad used to deliver coal to Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania – now known as Jim Thorpe.[10] By the 1850s, the "Gravity Road" (as it became known) was selling rides to thrill seekers. Railway companies used similar tracks to provide amusement on days when ridership was low.
Using this idea as a basis, LaMarcus Adna Thompson began work on a gravity Switchback Railway that opened at Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York in 1884.[11] Passengers climbed to the top of a platform and rode a bench-like car down the 600-foot (180 m) track up to the top of another tower where the vehicle was switched to a return track and the passengers took the return trip.[12] This track design was soon replaced with an oval complete circuit.[8] In 1885, Phillip Hinkle introduced the first full-circuit coaster with a lift hill, the Gravity Pleasure Road, which became the most popular attraction at Coney Island.[8] Not to be outdone, in 1886 Thompson patented his design of roller coaster that included dark tunnels with painted scenery. "Scenic Railways" were soon found in amusement parks across the county.[8]
Popularity, decline and revival
By 1919, the first underfriction roller coaster had been developed by John Miller.[13] Soon, roller coasters spread to amusement parks all around the world. Perhaps the best known historical roller coaster, Cyclone, was opened at Coney Island in 1927.
The Great Depression marked the end of the golden age of roller coasters, and theme parks in general went into decline. This lasted until 1972, when the instant success of The Racer at Kings Island near Cincinnati began a roller coaster renaissance which has continued to this day.
Steel
In 1959, Disneyland introduced a design breakthrough with Matterhorn Bobsleds, the first roller coaster to use a tubular steel track. Unlike wooden coaster rails, tubular steel can be bent in any direction, allowing designers to incorporate loops, corkscrews, and many other maneuvers into their designs. Most modern roller coasters are made of steel, although wooden coasters and hybrids are still being built.
Etymology
Steel Force (left) and Thunderhawk (right), two roller coasters at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania
There are several explanations of the name roller coaster. It is said to have originated from an early American design where slides or ramps were fitted with rollers over which a sled would coast.[8] This design was abandoned in favor of fitting the wheels to the sled or other vehicles, but the name endured.
Another explanation is that it originated from a ride located in a roller skating rink in Haverhill, Massachusetts in 1887. A toboggan-like sled was raised to the top of a track which consisted of hundreds of rollers. This Roller Toboggan then took off down gently rolling hills to the floor. The inventors of this ride, Stephen E. Jackman and Byron B. Floyd, claim that they were the first to use the term "roller coaster".[12]
The term jet coaster is used for roller coasters in Japan, where such amusement park rides are very popular.[14]
In many languages, the name refers to "Russian mountains". Contrastingly, in Russian, they are called "American mountains". In Scandinavian languages, the roller coaster is referred as "mountain-and-valley railway".
Mechanics
Main article: Physics of roller coasters
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Play media
Video from inside a roller coaster car (Helix at Liseberg in Gothenburg, Sweden)
The cars on a typical roller coaster are not self-powered. Instead, a standard full circuit coaster is pulled up with a chain or cable along the lift hill to the first peak of the coaster track. The potential energy accumulated by the rise in height is transferred to kinetic energy as the cars race down the first downward slope. Kinetic energy is then converted back into potential energy as the train moves up again to the second peak. This hill is necessarily lower, as some mechanical energy is lost to friction.
Not all rides feature a lift hill, however. The train may be set into motion by a launch mechanism such as a flywheel launch, linear induction motors, linear synchronous motors, hydraulic launch, compressed air launch or drive tire. Such launched coasters are capable of reaching higher speeds in a shorter length of track than those featuring a conventional lift hill. Some roller coasters move back and forth along the same section of track; these are known as shuttles and usually run the circuit once with riders moving forwards and then backwards through the same course.
A properly designed ride under good conditions will have enough kinetic, or moving, energy to complete the entire course, at the end of which brakes bring the train to a complete stop and it is pushed into the station. A brake run at the end of the circuit is the most common method of bringing the roller coaster ride to a stop. One notable exception is a powered roller coaster. These rides, instead of being powered by gravity, use one or more motors in the cars to propel the trains along the course.
If a continuous-circuit coaster does not have enough kinetic energy to completely travel the course after descending from its highest point (as can happen with high winds or increased friction), the train can valley: that is, roll backwards and forwards along the track, until all kinetic energy has been released. The train will then come to a complete stop in the middle of the track. This, however, works somewhat differently on a launched coaster. When a train launcher does not have enough potential energy to launch the train to the top of an incline, the train is said to roll back.
In 2006, NASA announced that it would build a system using principles similar to those of a roller coaster to help astronauts escape the Ares I launch pad in an emergency[15], although this has since been scrapped along with the rest of the Ares program.
Safety
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Many safety systems are implemented in roller coasters. One of these is the block system. Most large roller coasters have the ability to run two or more trains at once, and the block system prevents these trains from colliding. In this system, the track is divided into several sections, or blocks. Only one train at a time is permitted in each block. At the end of each block, there is a section of track where a train can be stopped if necessary (either by preventing dispatch from the station, closing brakes, or stopping a lift). Sensors at the end of each block detect when a train passes so that the computer running the ride is aware of which blocks are occupied. When the computer detects a train about to travel into an already occupied block, it uses whatever method is available to keep it from entering. The trains are fully automated.
The above can cause a cascade effect when multiple trains become stopped at the end of each block. In order to prevent this problem, ride operators follow set procedures regarding when to release a newly loaded train from the station. One common pattern, used on rides with two trains, is to do the following: hold train #1 (which has just finished the ride) right outside the station, release train #2 (which has loaded while #1 was running), and then allow #1 into the station to unload safely.
Another key to safety is the control of the roller coaster's operating computers: programmable logic controllers (often called PLCs). A PLC detects faults associated with the mechanism and makes decisions to operate roller coaster elements (e.g. lift, track-switches and brakes) based on configured state and operator actions. Periodic maintenance and inspection are required to verify structures and materials are within expected wear tolerances and are in sound working order. Sound operating procedures are also a key to safety.
Roller coaster design requires a working knowledge of basic physics to avoid uncomfortable, even potentially fatal, strain to the rider. Ride designers must carefully ensure the accelerations experienced throughout the ride do not subject the human body to more than it can handle. The human body needs time to detect changes in force in order to control muscle tension. Failure to take this into account can result in severe injuries such as whiplash. The accelerations accepted in roller coaster design are generally in the 4-6Gs (40–60 m s−2) range for positive vertical (pushing you into your seat), and 1.5-2Gs (15–20 m s−2) for the negative vertical (flying out of your seat as you crest a hill).[citation needed] This range safely ensures the majority of the population experiences no harmful side effects. Lateral accelerations are generally kept to a minimum by banking curves. The neck's inability to deal with high forces leads to lateral accelerations generally limited to under 1.8Gs.[citation needed] Sudden accelerations in the lateral plane result in a rough ride.
Despite safety measures, accidents can, and do, occur.[16] Regulations concerning accident reporting vary from one authority to another. Thus in the US, California requires amusement parks to report any ride-related accident that requires an emergency room visit, while Florida exempts parks whose parent companies employ more than 1000 people from having to report any accidents at all.[citation needed] Rep. Ed Markey of Massachusetts has introduced legislation that would give oversight of rides to the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).[citation needed]
Ride accidents can also be caused by riders themselves or ride operators not following safety directions properly, and, in extremely rare cases, riders can be injured by mechanical failures. In recent years, controversy has arisen about the safety of increasingly extreme rides. There have been suggestions that these may be subjecting passengers to translational and rotational accelerations that may be capable of causing brain injuries. In 2003 the Brain Injury Association of America concluded in a report that "There is evidence that roller coaster rides pose a health risk to some people some of the time. Equally evident is that the overwhelming majority of riders will suffer no ill effects."[17]
A similar report in 2005 linked roller coasters and other thrill rides with potentially triggering abnormal heart conditions that could lead to death.[18] Autopsies have shown that recent deaths at various Disney parks, Anheuser-Busch parks, and Six Flags parks were due to previously undetected heart ailments.
Statistically, roller coasters are very safe compared to other activities. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission estimates that 134 park guests required hospitalization in 2001 and that fatalities related to amusement rides average two per year. According to a study commissioned by Six Flags, 319 million people visited parks in 2001. The study concluded that a visitor has a one in one-and-a-half billion chance of being fatally injured, and that the injury rates for children's wagons, golf carts, and folding lawn chairs are higher than for amusement rides.[19]
Types
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See also: Roller coaster elements
Roller coasters are divided into two main categories: steel roller coasters and wooden roller coasters. Steel coasters have tubular steel tracks, and compared to wooden coasters, they are typically known for offering a smoother ride and their ability to turn riders upside-down. Wooden coasters have flat steel tracks, and are typically renowned for producing "air time" through the use of negative G-forces when reaching the crest of some hill elements. Newer types of track, such as I-Box and Topper introduced by Rocky Mountain Construction, improve the ride experience on wooden coasters, lower maintenance costs, and add the ability to invert riders.
Modern roller coasters are constantly evolving to provide a variety of different experiences. More focus is being placed on the position of riders in relation to the overall experience. Traditionally, riders sit facing forward, but newer variations such as stand-up and flying models position the rider in different ways to change the experiences. A flying model, for example, is a suspended roller coaster where the riders lie facing forward and down with their chests and feet strapped in. Other ways of enhancing the experience involve removing the floor beneath passengers riding above the track, as featured in floorless roller coasters. Also new track elements – usually types of inversions – are often introduced to provide entirely new experiences.
By train type
4th Dimension roller coaster
Bobsled roller coaster
Dive roller coaster
Floorless roller coaster
Flying roller coaster
Inverted roller coaster
Mine Train roller coaster
Motorbike roller coaster
Pipeline roller coaster
Side friction roller coaster
Spinning roller coaster
Stand-up roller coaster
Steeplechase roller coaster
Suspended roller coaster
Virginia Reel roller coaster
Wing roller coaster
By track layout
Boomerang roller coaster
Corkscrew roller coaster
Dual-tracked roller coaster
Figure 8 roller coaster
Out and Back roller coaster
Shuttle roller coaster
Terrain roller coaster
Twister roller coaster
Vertical Drop roller coaster
Wild Mouse roller coaster
By mechanics
Chain-lift/cable lift/Elevator lift/Ferris Wheel lift roller coaster
Launched roller coaster
Powered roller coaster
By height
Family coaster: Kingdom Coaster at Dutch Wonderland in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, is a 55-foot tall (17 m) coaster that reaches a top speed of 40 mph (64 km/h).
Mega/Hyper coaster: Nitro at Six Flags Great Adventure, a Bolliger & Mabillard out and back coaster.
Strata coaster: The tallest coaster in the world, the 456-foot tall (139 m) Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure.
Several height classifications have been used by parks and manufacturers in marketing their roller coasters, as well as enthusiasts within the industry. One classification, the kiddie coaster, is a roller coaster specifically designed for younger riders. Following World War II, parks began pushing for more of them to be built in contrast to the height and age restrictions of standard designs at the time. Companies like Philadelphia Toboggan Company (PTC) developed scaled-down versions of their larger models to accommodate the demand. These typically featured lift hills smaller than 25 feet (7.6 m), and still do today. The rise of kiddie coasters soon led to the development of "junior" models that had lift hills up to 45 feet (14 m). A notable example of a junior coaster is the Sea Dragon – the oldest operating roller coaster from PTC's legendary designer John Allen – which opened at Wyandot Lake in 1956 near Powell, Ohio.[12]
A hypercoaster, occasionally stylized as hyper coaster, is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 200 feet (61 m). Moonsault Scramble, which debuted at Fuji-Q Highland in 1984, was the first to break this barrier, though the term hypercoaster was first coined by Cedar Point and Arrow Dynamics with the opening of Magnum XL-200 in 1989.[20][21] Hypercoasters have become one of the most predominant types of roller coasters in the world, now led by manufacturers Bolliger & Mabillard and Intamin.
A giga coaster is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 300 feet (91 m).[22] The term was coined during a partnership between Cedar Point and Intamin on the construction of Millennium Force.[23][24] Although Morgan and Bolliger & Mabillard have not used the term giga,[25] both have also produced roller coasters in this class.
Name
Park
Manufacturer
Status
Opened
Height
Millennium Force Cedar Point Intamin Operating May 13, 2000 310 feet (94 m)
Steel Dragon 2000 Nagashima Spa Land Morgan Operating August 1, 2000 318 feet (97 m)
Intimidator 305 Kings Dominion Intamin Operating April 2, 2010 305 feet (93 m)
Leviathan Canada's Wonderland Bolliger & Mabillard Operating May 6, 2012 306 feet (93 m)
Fury 325 Carowinds Bolliger & Mabillard Operating March 25, 2015[26] 325 feet (99 m)
Red Force Port Aventura World Intamin Operating April 7, 2017[27] 367 feet (112 m)
A strata coaster is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 400 feet (120 m).[22] As with the other two height classifications, the term strata was first introduced by Cedar Point with the release of Top Thrill Dragster, a 420-foot-tall (130 m) roller coaster that opened in 2003.[28] Another strata coaster, Kingda Ka, opened at Six Flags Great Adventure in 2005 as the tallest roller coaster in the world featuring a height of 456 feet (139 m). Superman: Escape From Krypton exceeded 400 feet (120 m) back when it opened in 1997, but its shuttle coaster design where the trains fail to travel a complete circuit usually prevents the roller coaster from being classified in the same category.[28][29]
Name
Park
Manufacturer
Status
Opened
Height
Top Thrill Dragster Cedar Point Intamin Operating May 4, 2003 420 feet (130 m)
Kingda Ka Six Flags Great Adventure Intamin Operating May 21, 2005 456 feet (139 m)
Major roller coaster manufacturers
Allan Herschell Company (defunct)
Arrow Development
Arrow Dynamics (bought by S&S Power, renamed S&S Arrow then S&S Worldwide)
B.A. Schiff & Associates
Bolliger & Mabillard
Bradley and Kaye (defunct)
Chance Morgan (formerly D. H. Morgan Manufacturing)
Chance Rides
Custom Coasters International (defunct)
D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
Dinn Corporation (defunct)
Dynamic Structures
E&F Miler Industries
Fabbri Group
Gerstlauer
Giovanola (defunct)
The Gravity Group
Great Coasters International
Hopkins Rides
Intamin
Mack Rides
Maurer Söhne
Martin & Vleminckx
Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters
Pinfari (defunct)
Premier Rides
Preston & Barbieri
Rocky Mountain Construction
Roller Coaster Corporation of America
Sansei Technologies
S&S Worldwide
Schwarzkopf (defunct)
TOGO (defunct)
Vekoma Rides
Zamperla
Zierer
Gallery
Roller Coasters
Riding Fahrenheit, located at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania.
Hypersonic XLC, the world's first production Thrust Air 2000 (now defunct)
Top Thrill Dragster at Cedar Point is the first strata coaster ever built.
Riding Expedition GeForce at Holiday Park, Germany.
Raptor, a steel inverted coaster, is located at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio.
New Texas Giant at Six Flags Over Texas before being refurbished into a hybrid steel-wood coaster.
Lightning Racer at Hersheypark is a racing, dueling roller coaster made by GCI.
This all-wooden roller coaster, built in 1951, dominates the Linnanmäki amusement park in Helsinki, Finland.
Coney Island Cyclone in Brooklyn, New York was built in 1927 and refurbished in 1975.
Son of Beast in Kings Island was the only wooden coaster to have a vertical loop. The loop was removed in 2006, and the ride was closed from 2009 until its demolition in 2012.
Jack Rabbit at Kennywood Park outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was built in 1920.
Phoenix, built in 1947, at Knoebles Grove in Elysburg, Pennsylvania. It was relocated from San Antonio's Playland Park in 1984.
Oblivion at Alton Towers in Staffordshire, England.
Griffon splashing down into a pool at Busch Gardens Williamsburg.
Great Bear is the first steel inverted coaster in Pennsylvania, located at Hersheypark.
Behemoth, at Canada's Wonderland, was the highest (70 m or 230 ft) and fastest (124 km/h or 77 mph) coaster in Canada before Leviathan opened.
"Montu", a popular inverted roller coaster at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay
Black Mamba at Phantasialand, Germany
Euro-Mir, a spinning roller coaster at Europa-Park in Rust, Germany
Dragon Khan at PortAventura in Salou (Tarragona), Spain
Thunderbolt at Kennywood outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was built in 1968.
Leviathan, also at Canada's Wonderland, is the current biggest coaster in Canada (93 m or 306 ft, 148 km/h or 92 mph) and is also made by Bolliger & Mabillard. It is the second biggest coaster before Fury 325 at Carowinds over 91 m (300 ft) made by B&M.
Kingda Ka is the world's tallest roller coaster and is the second strata coaster in the world after Top Thrill Dragster.
Expedition Everest, a roller coaster at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Walt Disney World
A small roller coaster at a local festival in Čakovec, Croatia
See also
Amusement parks portal
Amusement park (List of amusement parks)
Euthanasia Coaster
RollerCoaster Tycoon
Thrillville: Off the Rails – video game with roller coaster design simulator
List of roller coaster rankings
Train (roller coaster)
References
^ Jump up to: a b "Definition of roller coaster in English". Oxford Living Dictionaries. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gravity switch-back railway; US patent# 332762". Google.com. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "First roller coaster in America opens - Jun 16, 1884 - HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Roller Coaster Glossary - Roller Coasters". www.ultimaterollercoaster.com.
Jump up ^ Robert Coker (2002). Roller Coasters: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the Ultimate Scream Machines. New York: Metrobooks. 14. ISBN 1-58663-172-1.
Jump up ^ David Bennett (1998). Roller Coaster: Wooden and Steel Coasters, Twisters and Corkscrews. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books. 9. ISBN 0-7865-0885-X.
Jump up ^ Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et Dictionnaire de Paris p. 613
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Urbanowicz, Steven J. (2002). The Roller Coaster Lover's Companion; Citadel Press, Kensington, New York. ISBN 0-8065-2309-3.
Jump up ^ Valérie RANSON-ENGUIALE, « Promenades aériennes », Histoire par l'image [en ligne], consulté le 26 Mai 2017. URL : http://www.histoire-image.org/etudes/promenades-aeriennes
Jump up ^ "Roller Coaster History: Early Years In America". Retrieved on July 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ Chris Sheedy (2007-01-07). "Icons — In the Beginning... Roller-Coaster". The Sun-Herald Sunday Life (Weekly Supplement). John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd. p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rutherford, Scott (2004). The American Roller Coaster. MBI. ISBN 0760319294.
Jump up ^ "Patent Images". patimg2.uspto.gov.
Jump up ^ Robb and Elissa Alvey. "Theme Park Review: Japan 2004", themeparkreview.com. Retrieved on March 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ Chris Bergin (November 3, 2006). "NASA will build Rollercoaster for Ares I escape". NASA Spaceflight.com. Archived from the original on 2006-11-15. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Verified Injury Accidents at Theme and Amusement Parks".
Jump up ^ Blue Ribbon Panel (2003-02-25). "Blue Ribbon Panel Review of the Correlation between Brain Injury and Roller Coaster Rides — Final Report". Archived from the original on 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
Jump up ^ Charlene Laino and Louise Chang, MD (2005-11-16). "Roller Coasters: Safe for the Heart?". WebMD.com. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
Jump up ^ Arthur Levine. "White Knuckles Are the Worst of It". themeparks.about.com. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
Jump up ^ Meskil, Paul (August 6, 1989). "A Rolling Revival". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Coaster Landmark Award: Magnum XL-200". American Coaster Enthusiasts. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Murphy, Mekado (August 17, 2015). "Just How Tall Can Roller Coasters Get?". New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "310-Foot-Tall "Giga-Coaster" Nears End Of Construction". UltimateRollercoaster.com. March 9, 2000. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Millenium Force". Cedar Point. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bolliger & Mabillard - Products". Retrieved 13 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fury 325 Media Day Reports from Carowinds Park". Park Journey.
Jump up ^ "Red Force - Ferrari Land (Salou, Tarragona, Spain)". rcdb.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "National Roller Coaster Day: Ten incredible records for every thrill seeker". guinnessworldrecords.com. August 16, 2016. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Watch the plunge from this new 325-foot roller coaster". USA Today. March 6, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
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Roller Coaster Physics – Classic physics explained in terms of roller coasters
How Roller Coasters Work
3D Animated Roller Coaster in MS Excel
Magic Mountain Announces ‘Twisted’ Plans for Iconic Colossus Roller Coaster
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