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1998 United States embassy bombings
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1998 United States embassy bombings
Location
Nairobi, Kenya
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Coordinates
1°17′21″S 36°49′37″E / 1.289133°S 36.826850°E / -1.289133; 36.826850 and 6°48′S 39°17′E / 6.800°S 39.283°E / -6.800; 39.283
Date
August 7, 1998
10:30 a.m. – 10:40 a.m. EAT (UTC+3)
Target
United States embassies
Attack type
Truck bombs
Deaths
224 (213 in Nairobi, 11 in Dar es Salaam)
Non-fatal injuries
More than 4,000
Perpetrators
al-Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad
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The 1998 United States embassy bombings were attacks that occurred on August 7, 1998, in which over 200 people were killed in nearly simultaneous truck bomb explosions in two East African cities, one at the United States Embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, the other at the United States Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.[1]
The attacks, which were linked to local members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, brought Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, and their terrorist organization, al-Qaeda, to the attention of the American public for the first time, and resulted in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) placing bin Laden on its ten most-wanted fugitives list. The FBI also connected the attack to Azerbaijan, as 60 calls were placed via satellite phone by bin Laden to associates in the country's capital Baku.[2] Fazul Abdullah Mohammed and Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah were credited with being the masterminds behind the bombings.[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Motivation and preparation
2 Attacks and casualties
3 Aftermath and international response
4 Indictment
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Motivation and preparation[edit]
The bombings are widely believed to have been revenge for American involvement in the extradition, and alleged torture, of four members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) who had been arrested in Albania for an alleged series of murders in Egypt in the two months prior to the attacks.[6] Between June and July, Ahmad Isma'il 'Uthman Saleh, Ahmad Ibrahim al-Sayyid al-Naggar, Shawqi Salama Mustafa Atiya and Mohamed Hassan Tita were all renditioned from Albania to Egypt, with the co-operation of the United States; the four men were accused of participating in the assassination of Rifaat el-Mahgoub, as well as a later plot against the Khan el-Khalili market in Cairo.[7] The following month, a communique was issued warning the United States that a "response" was being prepared to "repay" them for their interference.[8][9] However, the 9/11 Commission Report claims that preparations began shortly after bin Laden issued his February 1998 fatwa.[10]
A Nissan Atlas truck, similar to that used in Dar es-Salaam
According to journalist Lawrence Wright, the Nairobi operation was named after the Holy Kaaba in Mecca; the Dar es Salaam bombing was called Operation al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, but "neither had an obvious connection to the American embassies in Africa. Bin Laden initially said that the sites had been targeted because of the 'invasion' of Somalia; then he described an American plan to partition Sudan, which he said was hatched in the embassy in Nairobi. He also told his followers that the genocide in Rwanda had been planned inside the two American embassies." Wright concludes that bin Laden's actual goal was "to lure the United States into Afghanistan, which had long been called 'The Graveyard of Empires.'"[11]
In May 1998, a villa in Nairobi was purchased by one of the bombers to enable a bomb to be built in the garage. Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan purchased a beige Toyota Dyna truck in Nairobi and a 1987 Nissan Atlas refrigeration truck in Dar es Salaam. Six metal bars were used to form a "cage" on the back of the Atlas to accommodate the bomb.[12]
In June 1998, KK Mohamed rented House 213 in the Illala district of Dar es Salaam, about four miles (6 km) from the US Embassy. A white Suzuki Samurai was used to haul bomb components hidden in rice sacks, to House 213.[13]
In both Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, Mohammed Odeh supervised construction of two very large, 2,000-pound (900 kg) destructive devices. The Nairobi bomb was made of 400 to 500 cylinders of TNT (about the size of drink cans), ammonium nitrate, aluminium powder and detonating cord. The explosives were packed into twenty specially designed wooden crates that were sealed and then placed in the bed of the trucks. Mushin Musa Matwalli Atwah ran a wire from the bomb to a set of batteries in the back of the truck cab and then to a detonator switch beneath the dashboard.[12] The Dar es Salaam bomb was of slightly different construction: the TNT was attached to fifteen oxygen tanks and gas canisters, and was surrounded with four bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and some sand bags to tamp and direct the blast.[14]
The bombings were scheduled for August 7, the eighth anniversary of the arrival of American troops in Saudi Arabia during the early stages of the Persian Gulf War, likely a choice by Osama bin Laden.[15]
Attacks and casualties[edit]
Wreckage from the Nairobi bombing
On August 7 between 10:30 a.m. and 10:40 a.m. local time (3:30–3:40 a.m. EST), suicide bombers in trucks laden with explosives parked outside the embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi, and almost simultaneously detonated.[16] 213 people were killed in the Nairobi blast, while 11 were killed in Dar es Salaam.[17] An estimated 4,000 in Nairobi were wounded, and another 85 in Dar es Salaam.[citation needed] Seismological readings analyzed after the bombs indicated energy of between 3 to 17 short tons (2.7 to 15.4 metric tons) of high explosive material.[18] Although the attacks were directed at American facilities, the vast majority of casualties were local citizens of the two African countries; 12 Americans were killed,[19] including two Central Intelligence Agency employees in the Nairobi embassy, Tom Shah and Molly Huckaby Hardy,[20] and one U.S. Marine, Sergeant Jesse Aliganga, a Marine Security Guard at the Nairobi embassy.[21][22] U.S. Army Sergeant Kenneth R. Hobson II was one of the 12 Americans killed in the attack.[citation needed]
While Azzam drove the Toyota Dyna quickly toward the Nairobi embassy along with Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-Owhali,[23] local security guard Benson Okuku Bwaku was warned to open the gate immediately – and fired upon when he refused to comply. Al-Owhali threw a stun grenade at embassy guards before exiting the vehicle and running off.[24] Osama bin Laden later offered the explanation that it had been Al-Owhali's intention to leap out and shoot the guards to clear a path for the truck, but that he had left his pistol in the truck and subsequently ran off.[23] As Bwaku radioed to Marine Post One for backup, the truck detonated.[24]
The explosion damaged the embassy building and collapsed the neighboring Ufundi Building where most victims were killed, mainly students and staff of a secretarial college housed here. The heat from the blast was channelled between the buildings towards Haile Selassie Avenue where a packed commuter bus was burned. Windows were shattered in a radius of nearly 1⁄2 mile (800 m). A large number of eye injuries occurred because people in buildings nearby who had heard the first explosion of the hand grenade and the shooting went to their office windows to have a look when the main blast occurred and shattered the windows.[citation needed]
Meanwhile, the Atlas truck in Dar es Salaam was being driven by Hamden Khalif Allah Awad, known as "Ahmed the German" due to his blond hair, a former camp trainer who had arrived in the country only a few days earlier.[12] The death toll was less than in Nairobi as the US embassy was located outside the city center on Bagamoyo Road on a large plot with no immediate neighbors close to the gate where the explosion occurred.[citation needed]
Following the attacks, a group calling itself the "Liberation Army for Holy Sites" took credit for the bombings. American investigators believe the term was a cover used by Egyptian Islamic Jihad, who had actually perpetrated the bombing.[25]
Aftermath and international response[edit]
Memorial at the site of the embassy in Nairobi, 2007
In response to the bombings, President Bill Clinton ordered Operation Infinite Reach, a series of cruise missile strikes on targets in Sudan and Afghanistan on August 20, 1998, announcing the planned strike in a prime time address on U.S. television.[citation needed]
The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1189 condemning the attacks on the embassies.[26]
Both embassies were heavily damaged and the Nairobi embassy had to be rebuilt. It is now located across the road from the United Nations Office at Nairobi for security purposes.
Within months following the bombings, the United States Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security added Kenya to its Antiterrorism Assistance Program (ATA), which was originally created in 1983. While the addition was largely a formality to reaffirm U.S. commitment to fighting terrorism in Kenya, it nonetheless sparked the beginning of an active bilateral antiterrorism campaign between the United States and Kenya. The US Government also rapidly and permanently increased the monetary aid to Kenya. Immediate changes included a $42 million grant targeted specifically towards Kenyan victims.[27]
In 2001, lead plaintiff James Owens, and others, filed a civil lawsuit against Sudan, for its role in the attack.[28] They argued that Sudan was at fault for providing sanctuary to the bombers, prior to the attack. They were awarded over $10 billion.[29] Sudan, which had not appeared during the initial lawsuit, appealed the judgment, arguing it did not understand the US civil suit system, and did not understand the consequences of not appearing.[30] The appeals court discounted that argument, but removed $6 billion of punitive damages that relied on violations of laws passed after the attack.
Indictment[edit]
Memorial in Dar es Salaam
Following the investigation, an indictment was issued. It charges the following 21 people for various alleged roles in the bombings.[31] 18 of the cases have been settled.
Name
Disposition
Bin Laden, OsamaOsama bin Laden Killed in Abbottabad, Pakistan on 000000002011-05-02-0000May 2, 2011
Atef, MuhammadMuhammad Atef Killed in Kabul, Afghanistan on 000000002001-11-14-0000November 14, 2001
Zawahiri, AymanAyman al Zawahiri Fugitive
Adel, SaifSaif al Adel Fugitive
Salim, Mamdouh MahmudMamdouh Mahmud Salim Serving sentence of life imprisonment in the United States[32]
Abdullah, Abdullah AhmedAbdullah Ahmed Abdullah Fugitive
Atwah, Muhsin Musa MatwalliMuhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah Killed in Naghar Kalai, Pakistan on 000000002006-04-12-0000April 12, 2006
Fawwaz, KhalidKhalid al Fawwaz Serving sentence of life imprisonment in the United States[33]
Hage, WadihWadih el Hage Serving sentence of life imprisonment in the United States[34]
Libi, AnasAnas al Libi Died in 2015 while awaiting trial in the United States
Eidarous, IbrahimIbrahim Eidarous Died in 2008 while under house arrest in the United Kingdom
Bari, Adel AbdelAdel Abdel Bari Serving sentence of 25 years imprisonment in the United States[35]
Mohammed, Fazul AbdullahFazul Abdullah Mohammed Killed in Mogadishu, Somalia by Somali government troops on 000000002011-06-08-0000June 8, 2011
Ali, Ahmed Mohammed HamedAhmed Mohammed Hamed Ali Killed in Pakistan in 2010[36]
Odeh, Mohammed SadeekMohammed Sadeek Odeh Serving sentence of life imprisonment in the United States[37]
Owhali, Mohamed Rashed DaoudMohamed Rashed Daoud al-'Owhali Serving sentence of life imprisonment in the United States[38]
Fadhil, Mustafa MohamedMustafa Mohamed Fadhil Killed in Afghanistan.[39][40][41]
Mohamed, Khalfan KhamisKhalfan Khamis Mohamed Serving sentence of life imprisonment in the United States[42]
Ghailani, Ahmed KhalfanAhmed Khalfan Ghailani Serving sentence of life imprisonment in the United States[43]
Msalam, Fahid Mohammed AllyFahid Mohammed Ally Msalam Killed in Pakistan on 000000002009-01-01-0000January 1, 2009
Swedan, Sheikh Ahmed SalimSheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan Killed in Pakistan on 000000002009-01-01-0000January 1, 2009
See also[edit]
Terrorism in Kenya
1998 World Cup terror plot
Nairobi portal
Tanzania portal
United States portal
Terrorism portal
International relations portal
1990s portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://hir.harvard.edu/religion/lifting-the-veil?page=0,1 Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Book Review: 'Mercenaries, Extremists, and Islamist Fighters in Karabagh War". Armenian Weekly. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Al-Qaida timeline: Plots and attacks – World news – Hunt for Al-Qaeda | NBC News". MSNBC. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
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Jump up ^ Advocate, Victoria (13 August 1998). "Bombings connect to mysterious arrests".
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Jump up ^ Higgins, Andrew (November 20, 2001). "A CIA-Backed Team Used Brutal Means to Crack Terror Cell". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Benjamin, Daniel; Simon, Steven (2002). The Age of Sacred Terror. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50859-7.
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Jump up ^ "Frontline: The trail of evidence - FBI executive summary". PBS.org. Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Some Practical Applications of Forensic Seismology" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Profiles of Americans killed in Kenya embassy bombing". CNN.com. August 13, 1998. Archived from the original on 16 December 2006. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ Associated Press, "Bin Laden raid avenged secret CIA deaths", Japan Times, May 30, 2011, p. 1.
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Jump up ^ "Fil-Am hero guard killed in Nairobi". highbeam.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Ressa, Maria (2003). Seeds of Terror. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-5133-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Katz, Samuel M. (2002). Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the manhunt for the al-Qaeda terrorists. New York: Forge/Tom Doherty. ISBN 0-7653-0402-3.
Jump up ^ Global Briefings, Issue 27, "Osama bin Laden tied to other Fundamentalists", September 1998.
Jump up ^ "Security Council strongly condemns terrorist bomb attacks in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam on August 7". United Nations. August 13, 1998. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "United States Aid to Kenya: Regional Security and Counterterrorism". Archived from the original on March 9, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Nick Divito (March 25, 2016). "Sudan On the Hook for Terrorism Judgments". Courthouse News. Washington DC. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017. Between March and October 2014, the D.C. District Court entered judgments of more than $10 billion on behalf of relatives and victims who had filed seven complaints after the attacks.
Jump up ^ Adam Klasfeld (July 28, 2017). "D.C. Circuit Lightens Sudan's Load on Terrorism Judgments". Courthouse News. Washington DC. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017. On appeal, Sudan advanced several arguments for its district court no-show. The county had to grapple with natural disasters and civil wars, and argued it did not understand the U.S. legal process enough to appreciate the consequences of its absence.
Jump up ^ Patrick Boyle (March 24, 2016). "D.C. Judge Upholds $10B Against Sudan In Embassy Bombings". Law 360. Washington DC. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017. A D.C. federal judge Wednesday upheld $10 billion in damages to victims of the 1998 U.S. embassy terrorist bombings who had accused Sudan of supporting the attacks, declaring the country had no grounds to overturn the award after failing to respond to the lawsuits for four years.
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External links[edit]
Rewards for Justice – Most Wanted Terrorists
Transcripts of Sentencing Phase of Embassy Bombers Trial
Primer on the attacks
Summary of the Nairobi attack
U.S. District Court for DC finds "direct assistance" from Tehran, Sudan and Hezbollah in bombing
Oral History with Ambassador Prudence Bushnell to the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training on the embassy bombings
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Timeline
of attacks
1998 United States embassy bombings
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2001 September 11 attacks
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2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing
2012 Benghazi attack
2013 In Amenas hostage crisis
2013 Westgate shopping mall attack
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values: تفجير سفارات الولايات المتحدة 1998 – Arabic

values: Atemptats contra les ambaixades estatunidenques de Kenya i Tanzània – Catalan

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values: Útok na americká velvyslanectví v Nairobi a Dar-es-Salaamu – Czech

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values: Terroranschläge auf die Botschaften der Vereinigten Staaten in Daressalam und Nairobi – German

values: Atentados terroristas a las embajadas estadounidenses en 1998 – Spanish

values: Attentats des ambassades américaines en Afrique du 7 août 1998 – French

values: 1998년 미국 대사관 폭탄 테러 – Korean

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values: Bombaški napad na američke ambasade 1998. – Croatian

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values: Attentati alle ambasciate statunitensi del 1998 – Italian

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values: ההתקפות על שגרירויות ארצות הברית בקניה ובטנזניה – Hebrew

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values: Mashambulio ya kigaidi ya 7 Agosti 1998 katika Afrika ya Mashariki – Swahili

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values: Pengeboman kedutaan Amerika Syarikat 1998 – Malay

values: Aanslagen op de Amerikaanse ambassades in Tanzania en Kenia – Dutch

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values: アメリカ大使館爆破事件 – Japanese

values: Terrorangrepene i Kenya og Tanzania 7. august 1998 – Norwegian

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values: Zamachy na ambasady Stanów Zjednoczonych w Kenii i Tanzanii – Polish

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values: Atentados terroristas às embaixadas dos Estados Unidos na África de 1998 – Portuguese

values: Взрывы посольств США в Африке – Russian

values: Бомбашки напад на америчке амбасаде 1998. – Serbian

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values: Yhdysvaltain lähetystöpommi-iskut Itä-Afrikassa 1998 – Finnish

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values: Bombattentaten mot USA:s ambassader i Kenya och Tanzania 1998 – Swedish

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values: 1998 Amerika Birleşik Devletleri konsoloslukları saldırıları – Turkish

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values: Вибухи посольств США в Африці – Ukrainian

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values: Vụ đánh bom Đại sứ quán Hoa Kỳ ở châu Phi năm 1998 – Vietnamese

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