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Guangzhou
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For other uses, see Guangzhou (disambiguation).
"廣州" redirects here. For the South Korean city with the similar Hanja spelling 廣州, see Gwangju, Gyeonggi.
Guangzhou
广州市
Canton
Sub-provincial city
From top: Tianhe CBD, the Canton Tower & Chigang Pagoda, Haizhu Bridge, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, the Five Goat Statue & Zhenhai Tower in Yuexiu Park, and Sacred Heart Cathedral.

Flag
Nickname(s): City of Rams, Los Angeles of China. others

Location of Guangzhou in Guangdong

Guangzhou city map plan, China
Guangzhou
Location in China
Coordinates: 23°08′N 113°16′E / 23.133°N 113.267°E / 23.133; 113.267Coordinates: 23°08′N 113°16′E / 23.133°N 113.267°E / 23.133; 113.267
Country
China
Province
Guangdong
Government
• Type
Sub-provincial city
• CPC Ctte Secretary
Ren Xuefeng
• Mayor
Wen Guohui
Area[1]
• Sub-provincial city
7,434.4 km2 (2,870 sq mi)
• Urban
3,843.43 km2 (1,483.95 sq mi)
Elevation
21 m (68 ft)
Population (2016)[2]
• Sub-provincial city
14,043,500
• Density
1,900/km2 (4,900/sq mi)
• Urban[3]
11,547,491
• Metro (2013)[4]
44,259,000
Demonym(s)
Cantonese
Time zone
China standard time (UTC+8)
Postal code
510000
Area code(s)
+ 86 (0)20
GDP(Nominal)[5]
2016
- Total
¥1.96 trillion
$284 billion
- Per capita
¥145,254
$21,868
- Growth
8.2%
Licence plate prefixes
粤A
City Flower
Bombax ceiba
City Bird
Chinese hwamei
Languages
Cantonese, Mandarin
Website
english.gz.gov.cn
Guangzhou
"Guangzhou" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese
广州
Traditional Chinese
廣州
Cantonese Yale
Gwóngjàu or
Gwóngjāu
Hanyu Pinyin
Guǎngzhōu
Postal
Canton
Kwangchow
Literal meaning
Broad Prefecture
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Guǎngzhōu
Bopomofo
ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄓㄡ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Goangjou
Wade–Giles
Kuang³-chou¹
Yale Romanization
Gwǎngjōu
IPA
[kwàŋ.ʈʂóu]
Wu
Romanization
Kuaon-tseu
Hakka
Romanization
Kong³-ziu¹
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Gwóngjàu or
Gwóngjāu
IPA
[kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u̯] or
[kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u̯]
Jyutping
Gwong2zau1
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
Kńg-chiu
abbreviation
Chinese
穗
Cantonese Yale
Seuih
Hanyu Pinyin
Suì
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Suì
Bopomofo
ㄙㄨㄟˋ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Suey
Wade–Giles
Sui⁴
Yale Romanization
Swèi
IPA
[swêi]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Seuih
IPA
[sɵ̀y̯]
Jyutping
Seoi6
Former names
Nanwucheng
Chinese
南武城
Cantonese Yale
Nàahmmóuhsìhng
Hanyu Pinyin
Nánwǔchéng
Literal meaning
Southern Warlike City
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Nánwǔchéng
Bopomofo
ㄋㄢˊ ㄨˇ ㄔㄥˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Nanwuucherng
Wade–Giles
Nan²-wu³-ch‘êng²
Yale Romanization
Nánwǔchéng
IPA
[nǎn.ù.ʈʂʰə̌ŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Nàahmmóuhsìhng
IPA
[nȁːm.mo̬u̯.sȅŋ]
Jyutping
Naam4mou5sing4
Panyu
Chinese
番禺
Cantonese Yale
Pūnyùh
Hanyu Pinyin
Pānyú
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Pānyú
Bopomofo
ㄆㄢ ㄩˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Panyu
Wade–Giles
P‘an¹-yü²
Yale Romanization
Pānyú
IPA
[pʰán.y̌]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Pūnyùh
Jyutping
Pun1jyu4
Guangfu
Provincial Capital
Traditional Chinese
廣府
省城
Simplified Chinese
广府
省城
Cantonese Yale
Gwóngfú
Sáangsìhng
Hanyu Pinyin
Guǎngfǔ
Shěngchéng
Literal meaning
Broad Prefecture
Provincial City
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Guǎngfǔ
Shěngchéng
Bopomofo
ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄈㄨˇ
ㄕㄥˇ ㄔㄥˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Goangfuu
Sheengcherng
Wade–Giles
Kuang³-fu³
Shêng³-ch‘êng²
Yale Romanization
Gwǎngfǔ
Shěngchéng
IPA
[kwǎŋ.fù]
[ʂə̀ŋ.ʈʂʰə̌ŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Gwóngfú
Sáangsìhng
IPA
[kʷɔ̌ːŋ.fǔː]
[sǎːŋ.sȅŋ]
Jyutping
Gwong2fu2
Saang2sing4
Xingwang
Traditional Chinese
興王
Simplified Chinese
兴王
Cantonese Yale
Hìngwòhng or Hīngwòhng
Hanyu Pinyin
Xìngwáng
Literal meaning
Happy King
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Xìngwáng
Bopomofo
ㄒㄧㄥˋ ㄨㄤˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Shinqwang
Wade–Giles
Hsing⁴-wang²
Yale Romanization
Syìngwáng
IPA
[ɕîŋ.wǎŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Hìngwòhng or Hīngwòhng
IPA
[hêŋ.wɔ̏ːŋ] or [héŋ.wɔ̏ːŋ]
Jyutping
Hing1wong4
Informal names
City of Rams
City of the Five Rams
Chinese
羊城
五羊城
Cantonese Yale
Yèuhngsìhng
Nǵhyèuhngsìhng
Hanyu Pinyin
Yángchéng
Wǔyángchéng
Literal meaning
Goat/Sheep City
Five Goat/Sheep City
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Yángchéng
Wǔyángchéng
Bopomofo
ㄧㄤˊ ㄔㄥˊ
ㄨˇ ㄧㄤˊ ㄔㄥˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Yangcherng
Wuuyangcherng
Wade–Giles
Yang²-ch‘êng²
Wu³-yang²-ch‘êng²
Yale Romanization
Yángchéng
Wǔyángchéng
IPA
[jǎŋ.ʈʂʰə̌ŋ]
[ù.jǎŋ.ʈʂʰə̌ŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Yèuhngsìhng
Nǵhyèuhngsìhng
IPA
[jœ̏ːŋ.sȅŋ]
[ŋ̬̍.jœ̏ːŋ.sȅŋ]
Jyutping
Joeng4sing4
Ng5joeng4sing4
City of the Immortals
Chinese
仙城
Cantonese Yale
Sīnsìhng
Hanyu Pinyin
Xiānchéng
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Xiānchéng
Bopomofo
ㄒㄧㄢ ㄔㄥˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Shiancherng
Wade–Giles
Hsien¹-ch‘êng²
Yale Romanization
Syānchéng
IPA
[ɕjɛ́n.ʈʂʰə̌ŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Sīnsìhng
IPA
[síːn.sȅŋ]
Jyutping
Sin1sing4
City of Flowers
Chinese
花城
Cantonese Yale
Fàsìhng or Fāsìhng
Hanyu Pinyin
Huāchéng
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Huāchéng
Bopomofo
ㄏㄨㄚ ㄔㄥˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Huacherng
Wade–Giles
Hua¹-ch‘êng²
Yale Romanization
Hwāchéng
IPA
[xwá.ʈʂʰə̌ŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Fàsìhng or Fāsìhng
IPA
[fâː.sȅŋ] or [fáː.sȅŋ]
Jyutping
Faa1sing4
Rice City
Chinese
穗城
Cantonese Yale
Seuihsìhng
Hanyu Pinyin
Suìchéng
Literal meaning
Rice-ear City
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Suìchéng
Bopomofo
ㄙㄨㄟˋ ㄔㄥˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Sueycherng
Wade–Giles
Sui⁴-ch‘êng²
Yale Romanization
Swèichéng
IPA
[swêi.ʈʂʰə̌ŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Seuihsìhng
IPA
[sɵ̀y̯.sȅŋ]
Jyutping
Seoi6sing4
Guangzhou (simplified Chinese: 广州; traditional Chinese: 廣州; Cantonese pronunciation: [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u̯] or [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u̯] ( listen); Mandarin pronunciation: [kwàŋ.ʈʂóu] ( listen)), traditionally romanised as Canton,[6] is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong in southern China.[7] Located on the Pearl River about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km (90 mi) north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road[8] and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub today.[9]
Guangzhou is situated at the heart of the most-populous built-up metropolitan area in mainland China, an area that extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan, Dongguan, and Shenzhen, forming one of the largest urban agglomerations on the planet. Administratively, the city holds sub-provincial status;[10] and is one of China's five National Central Cities.[11] In 2015 the city's administrative area was estimated to have a population of 13,501,100.[12] Guangzhou is ranked as an Alpha- Global city.[13] In recent years, there has been a rapidly increasing number of foreign residents and illegal immigrants from Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Eastern Europe, as well as from Africa.[14] This has led to it being dubbed the "Capital of the Third World" by at least one Chinese journal though this phrase is not commonly used in China itself.[15] The migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40 percent of the city's total population in 2008.
Together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen, Guangzhou is one of the most expensive first tier cities of China (as of 2017).[16]
Guangzhou has a comparatively recent history of two centuries related to its importance for foreign trade. Long the only Chinese port accessible to foreign traders, the city fell to the British during the First Opium War. No longer enjoying a monopoly after the war, it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong (which is close by) and Shanghai, but continued to serve as a major entrepôt. In modern commerce, Guangzhou is best known for its annual Canton Fair, the oldest and largest trade fair in China. For the three consecutive years 2013–2015, Forbes ranked Guangzhou as the best commercial city on the Chinese mainland.[17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Names
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Nanyue
2.3 Imperial China
2.4 Modern China
2.4.1 Revolutions
2.4.2 Kuomintang rule
2.4.3 Communist takeover
3 Gallery
4 Geography
4.1 Natural resources
4.2 Climate
5 Administrative divisions
6 Economy
6.1 Local products
6.2 Industry
6.3 Science City
6.4 Malls and pedestrian streets
7 Demographics
7.1 Ethnicity
8 Transportation
8.1 Urban mass transit
8.2 Motor transport
8.3 Airports
8.4 Railways
8.5 Water transport
9 Culture
9.1 Religions
9.1.1 Daoism
9.1.2 Buddhism
9.1.3 Christianity
9.1.4 Islam
9.2 Sport
10 Destinations
10.1 Eight Views
10.2 Parks and gardens
10.3 Tourist attractions
10.4 Major buildings
11 Media
12 Education
13 International relations
13.1 Twin towns and sister cities
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
16.1 Citations
16.2 Bibliography
17 Further reading
18 External links
Names[edit]
A Qing-era portrait of the Grotto of the Five Immortals, the Taoist temple around the five stones which gave Guangzhou its nickname "The City of Rams".
Guǎngzhōu is the pinyin romanisation of the Chinese name 廣州, which was simplified in mainland China to 广州 in the 1950s. The name of the city is taken from the ancient Guang Province (Guang Zhou), after it had become the prefecture's seat of government, which is how some other Chinese cities, including Hangzhou, Suzhou and Fuzhou got their names. The character 廣 or 广—which also appears in the names of the provinces Guangdong and Guangxi, together called the Liangguang—means "broad" or "expansive" and refers to the intention to dispense imperial grace broadly in the region with the founding of county of Guangxin in Han Dynasty.
Before acquiring its current name, the town was known as Panyu, a name still borne by one of Guangzhou's districts. The origin of the name is still uncertain, with 11 various explanations being offered,[18] including that it may have referred to two local mountains.[20][21] The city has also sometimes been known as Guangzhou Fu or Guangfu after its status as the capital of a commandery. From this latter name, Guangzhou was known to medieval Persians such as Al-Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh[22] as Khanfu (خانفو).[23] Under the Southern Han, the city was renamed Xingwang.[24][25]
The Chinese abbreviation for Guangzhou is 穗, after its nickname "Rice City". The city has long borne the nickname City of Rams or City of the Five Rams from the five stones at the old Temple of the Five Immortals said to have been the sheep or goats ridden by the Taoist culture heroes credited with introducing rice cultivation to the area around the time of the city's foundation.[26] The former name "City of the Immortals" came from the same story. The more recent City of Flowers is usually taken as a simple reference to the area's greenery.
The English name "Canton" derived from Portuguese Cantão[27] or Cidade de Cantão,[28] a muddling of dialectical pronunciations of "Guangdong"[29][30] (e.g., Hakka Kóng-tûng). Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city, it was also used in English in reference to Guangdong generally.[31] It was adopted as the Postal Map Romanization of Guangzhou and remained in common use until the gradual adoption of pinyin. As an adjective, it is still used in describing the people, language, cuisine and culture of Guangzhou and the surrounding Liangguang region. The 19th-century name "Kwang-chow foo"[32] derived from Nanjing dialect of Mandarin and the town's status as a prefectural capital.
History[edit]
Main article: Timeline of Guangzhou
Prehistory[edit]
A settlement now known as Nanwucheng was present in the area by 1100 BC.[33][34] Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng's founding during the reign of Ji Yan,[35][36] king of Zhou from 314–256 BC. It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud.[35][36]
The jade burial suit of Zhao Mo in Guangzhou's Nanyue King Museum
Nanyue[edit]
Panyu was established on the east bank of the Pearl River[32] in 214 BC to serve as a base for the Qin Empire's first failed invasion of the Baiyue lands in southern China. Legendary accounts claimed the soldiers at Panyu were so vigilant that they did not remove their armor for three years.Gray (1875), p. 3 Upon the fall of the Qin, General Zhao Tuo established his own kingdom of Nanyue and made Panyu its capital in 204 BC. It remained independent through the Chu-Han Contention, although Zhao negotiated recognition of his independence in exchange for his nominal submission to the Han in 196 BC.[37] Archaeological evidence shows that Panyu was an expansive commercial centre: in addition to items from central China, archaeologists have found remains originating from Southeast Asia, India, and even Africa.[38] Upon Zhao Yingqi's death in 115 BC, his younger son Zhao Xing was named as his successor in violation of Chinese primogeniture. By 113 BC, his Chinese mother, the Empress Dowager Jiu (樛) had prevailed upon him to submit Nanyue as a formal part of the Han Empire. The native prime minister Lü Jia (呂嘉) launched a coup, killing Han ambassadors along with the king, his mother, and their supporters.[39] A successful ambush then annihilated a Han force which had been sent to arrest him. The enraged Emperor Wu launched a massive river- and sea-borne invasion: six armies under Lu Bode and Yang Pu[40] took Panyu and annexed Nanyue by the end of 111 BC.[39]
Imperial China[edit]
Guangzhou (as 廣) on the 1136 Map of the Tracks of Yu
The Thirteen Factories c. 1805, displaying the flags of Denmark, Spain, the United States, Sweden, Britain, and the Netherlands
Guangzhou ("Canton") and the surrounding islands of Henan ("Hanan"), Pazhou ("Whampoa"), Changzhou ("Dane's Island"), and Xiaoguwei ("French Island") during the First Opium War's Second Battle of Canton. The large East Indiamen of the Canton trade used the anchorage sheltered by these four islands, but the village and island of Huangpu for which it was named make up no part of present-day Guangzhou's Huangpu District.
Incorporated into the Han Empire, Panyu became a provincial capital. In AD 226, it became the seat of Guang Prefecture, which gave it its modern name. The Old Book of Tang described Guangzhou as important port in southern China.[41] Direct routes connected the Middle East and China, as shown in records of a Chinese prisoner returning home from Iraq twelve years after his capture at Talas.[42] Relations were not always peaceful: Muslims sacked the city on 30 October 758[n 1][43][44][45][46] and were massacred by the Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with the city's Jews, Christians,[47][48][49] and Parsis.[50][51]
Amid the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms that followed the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, the Later Liang governor Liu Yan used his base at Panyu to establish a "Great Yue" or "Southern Han" empire, which lasted from 917 to 971. The region enjoyed considerable cultural and economic success in this period. From the 10th to 12th century, there are records that the large foreign communities were not exclusively male, but included "Persian women".[52][53][n 2] Guangzhou was visited by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta during his 14th-century journey around the world;[55] he detailed the process by which the Chinese constructed their large ships in the port's shipyards.[56]
Shortly after the Hongwu Emperor's declaration of the Ming Dynasty, he reversed his earlier support of foreign trade and imposed the first of a series of sea bans (haijin).[57] These banned private foreign trade upon penalty of death for the merchant and exile for his family and neighbors.[58] The Yuan-era maritime intendancies of Guangzhou, Quanzhou, and Ningbo were closed in 1384[59] and legal trade became limited to the tribute delegations sent to or by official representatives of foreign governments.[60] The policies exacerbated "Japanese" pirate (the nanbu) attacks in the area until their removal in 1567.
Following the Portuguese conquest of Malacca, Rafael Perestrello travelled to Guangzhou as a passenger on a native junk in 1516.[61] His report induced Fernão Pires de Andrade to sail to the city with eight ships the next year,[61] but De Andrade's exploration[62] was understood as spying[63] and his brother Simão and others began attempting to monopolize trade,[64] enslaving Chinese women[65] and children,[n 3] engaging in piracy,[67] and fortifying the island of Tamão.[68][69] Rumors even circulated that Portuguese were eating the children.[70][66][n 4] The Guangzhou administration was charged with driving them off:[67] they bested the Portuguese at the Battle of Tunmen[72] and in Xicao Bay; held a diplomatic mission hostage in a failed attempt to pressure the restoration of the sultan of Malacca,[73] who had been accounted a Ming vassal;[74] and, after placing them in cangues and keeping them for most of a year, ultimately executed 23 by lingchi.[75][n 5] With the help of local pirates,[70] the "Folangji" then carried out smuggling at Macao, Lampacau, and St John's Island (now Shangchuan),[65] until Leonel de Sousa legalized their trade with bribes to Admiral Wang Bo (汪柏) and the 1554 Luso-Chinese Accord. The Portuguese undertook not to raise fortifications and to pay customs dues;[78] three years later, after providing the Chinese with assistance suppressing their former pirate allies,[79] the Portuguese were permitted to warehouse their goods at Macau instead of Guangzhou itself.[80]
After the fall of Fuzhou in October 1646, the Longwu Emperor's brother Zhu Yuyue fled by sea to Guangzhou. On 11 December, he declared himself the Shaowu Emperor, borrowing his imperial regalia from local theatre troupes.[81] He led a successful offense against his cousin Zhu Youlang but was deposed and executed on 20 January 1647 when the Ming turncoat Li Chengdong (李成東) sacked the city on behalf of the Qing.[82][n 6]
The Qing became somewhat more open to foreign trade after gaining control of Taiwan in 1683.[83] The Portuguese from Macau and Spaniards from Manila returned, as did private Muslim, Armenian, and English traders.[84] From 1699 to 1714, the French and British East India Companies sent a ship or two each year;[84] the Austrian Ostend General India Co. arrived in 1717,[85] the Dutch East India Co. in 1729,[86] the Danish Asiatic Co. in 1731,[n 7] and the Swedish East India Co. the next year.[84] These were joined by the occasional Prussian or Trieste Company vessel. The first independent American ship arrived in 1784 and the first colonial Australian one in 1788.[citation needed] By that time, Guangzhou was one of the world's great ports, organised under the Canton System.[88] The main exports were tea and porcelain.[84] As a meeting place of merchants from all over the world, Guangzhou became a major contributor to the rise of the modern global economy.[89]
In the 19th century, most of the city's buildings were still only one or two storeys. The major structures were the Plain Minaret of the Huaisheng Mosque, the Flower Pagoda of the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, and the guard tower known as the 5-Storey Pagoda. The northern hills, since urbanized, were bare and covered with traditional graves. The brick city walls were about 6 miles (10 km) in circumference, 25 feet (8 m) high, and 20 feet (6 m) wide. Its eight main gates and two water gates all held guards during the day and were closed at night. The wall rose to incorporate a hill on its northern side and was surrounded on the other three by a moat which, along with the canals, functioned as the city's sewer, emptied daily by the river's tides. A partition wall with four gates divided the northern "old town" from the southern "new town" closer to the river; the suburb of Xiguan ("West Gate") stretched beyond and the boats of fishers, traders, and Tanka ("boat people") almost entirely concealed the riverbank for about 4 miles (6 km). It was common for homes to have a storefront facing the street and to treat their courtyards as a kind of warehouse.[32] The city was part of a network of signal towers so effective that messages could be relayed to Beijing—about 1,200 miles (1,931 km) away—in less than 24 hours.[90]
The Canton System was maintained until the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1839. Following a series of battles in the Pearl River Delta, the British captured Guangzhou itself on 18 March 1841.[91] The Second Battle of Canton was fought two months later.[92] Following the Qing Empire's 1842 treaty with Great Britain, Guangzhou lost its privileged trade status as more and more treaty ports were opened to more and more countries, usually including extraterritorial enclaves. Amid the decline of Qing prestige and the chaos of the Taiping Rebellion, the Punti and Hakka waged a series of clan wars from 1855 to 1867 in which 1 million people died.
The concession for the Canton–Hankow Railway was awarded to the American China Development Co. in 1898. It completed its branch line west to Foshan and Sanshui before being engulfed in a diplomatic crisis after a Belgian consortium bought a controlling interest and the Qing cancelled its concession. J.P. Morgan was awarded millions in damages[93] and the line to Wuchang wasn't completed until 1936[94] and a unified Beijing–Guangzhou Railway waited until the completion of Wuhan's Yangtze River Bridge in 1957.
Modern China[edit]
Revolutions[edit]
The Mausoleum of the 72 Martyrs
Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek at the opening of the Whampoa Military Academy
During the late Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou was the site of failed revolts such as the Uprisings of 1895 and 1911 to overthrow the Qing; the 72 rebels whose bodies were found after the latter uprising are remembered and honoured as the city's 72 Martyrs in the Huanghuagang ("Yellow Flower Mound") Mausoleum.
All these failed revolutionary attempts would eventually lead to the Xinhai Revolution which successfully overthrew the Qing Dynasty to establish a new Han Chinese republic.
Kuomintang rule[edit]
Flag of the then ruling Kuomintang
After the assassination of Song Jiaoren and Yuan Shikai's attempts to remove Nationalists from power, the leader of Guangdong Hu Hanmin joined the 1913 Second Revolution against him[95] but was forced to flee to Japan with Sun Yat-sen after its failure. The city came under national spotlight again in 1917, when Prime Minister Duan Qirui's abrogation of the constitution triggered the Constitutional Protection Movement. Sun Yat-sen came to head the Guangzhou Military Government supported by the members of the dissolved parliament and the Southwestern warlords. The Guangzhou government fell apart as the warlords withdrew their support. Sun fled to Shanghai in November 1918 until the Guangdong warlord Chen Jiongming restored him in October 1920 during the Yuegui Wars.[96] On 16 June 1922, Sun was ousted in a coup and fled on the warship Yongfeng after Chen sided with the Zhili Clique's Beijing government. In the following months Sun mounted a counterattack into Guangdong by rallying supporters from Yunnan and Guangxi, and in January established a government in the city for the third time.
From 1923 to 1926 Sun and the Kuomintang used the city as a base to prosecute a renewed revolution in China by conquering the warlords in the north. Although Sun was previously dependent on opportunistic warlords who hosted him in the city, with the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT developed its own military power that served its ambition. The Canton years saw the evolution of the KMT into a revolutionary movement with a strong military focus and ideological commitment, setting the tone of the KMT rule of China beyond 1927.
In 1924 the KMT made the momentous decision to ally with the Communist Party and the USSR. With Soviet help, KMT reorganized itself along the Leninist line and adopted a pro-labor and pro-peasant stance. The Kuomintang-CCP cooperation was confirmed in the First Congress of the KMT and the communists were instructed to join the KMT. The allied government set up the Peasant Movement Training Institute in the city, of which Mao Zedong was a director for one term. Sun and his military commander Chiang used Soviet funds and weapons to build an armed force staffed by communist commissars, training its cadres in the Whampoa Military Academy.[96] In August, the fledgling army suppressed the Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising. The next year the anti-imperialist May Thirtieth Movement swept the country, and the KMT government called for strikes in Canton and Hong Kong. The tensions of the massive strikes and protests led to the Shakee Massacre.
After the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925 the mood was changing in the party toward the communists. In August the left-wing KMT leader Liao Zhongkai was assassinated and the right-wing leader Hu Hanmin, the suspected mastermind, was exiled to the Soviet Union, leaving the pro-communist Wang Jingwei in charge. Opposing communist encroachment, the right-wing Western Hills Group vowed to expel the communists from the KMT. The "Canton Coup" on 20 March 1926 saw Chiang solidify his control over the Nationalists and their army against Wang Jingwei, the party's left wing, its Communist allies, and its Soviet advisors.[97][98] By May, he had ended civilian control of the military[99] and begun his Northern Expedition against the warlords of the north. Its success led to the split of the KMT and the subsequent purge of the communists in the Shanghai Massacre. When Zhang Fakui took Guangzhou from the New Guangxi Clique as part of the infighting in 1927, the communists saw an opening and launched the Guangzhou Uprising, but the rebel army units and armed workers were defeated after heavy fighting in the city.
By 1929, Chen Jitang had established himself as the military ruler of Guangdong. In 1931 he threw his weight behind the anti-Chiang schism which established a separate Nationalist government in Guangzhou.[100] The separatists included prominent KMT leaders like Wang Jingwei, Sun Fo and others from diverse factions. While the intraparty division was resolved next year, Chen kept his power until he was defeated by Chiang in 1936.
Communist takeover[edit]
Communist troops entering Guangzhou on 14 October 1949
Amid the closing months of the Chinese Civil War, Guangzhou briefly served as the capital of the Republic of China after the fall of Nanjing to communism in April 1949. The People's Liberation Army entered the city on 14 October 1949. Amid a massive exodus to Hong Kong and Macau, the Nationalists blew up the Haizhu Bridge across the Pearl River in retreat. The Cultural Revolution had a large effect on the city with much of its temples, churches and other monuments destroyed during this chaotic period.
The People's Republic of China initiated building projects including new housing on the banks of the Pearl River to adjust the city's boat people to life on land. Since the 1980s, the city's close proximity to Hong Kong and Shenzhen and its ties to overseas Chinese have made it one of the first beneficiaries of China's opening up under Deng Xiaoping. Beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s have also helped the city's industrialisation and development.
The municipality was expanded in the year 2000, with Huadu and Panyu joining the city as urban districts and Conghua and Zengcheng as more rural counties. The former districts of Dongshan and Fangcun were abolished in 2005, merged into Yuexiu and Liwan respectively. The city acquired Nansha and Luogang. The former was carved out of Panyu, the latter from parts of Baiyun, Tianhe, Zengcheng, and an exclave within Huangpu. The National People's Congress approved a development plan for the Pearl River Delta in January 2009; on March 19 the same year, the Guangzhou and Foshan municipal governments agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities.[101] In 2014, Luogang merged into Huangpu and both Conghua and Zengcheng counties were upgraded to districts. Guangzhou was then the most populous consolidated district-governed city in China until Beijing overtook it the next year.
Gallery[edit]
Nieuhof's imaginative 1665 map of "Kanton",[102] made from second-hand accounts while Europeans were still forbidden from entering the walled city
An 1855 painting of the gallery of Tingqua, one of the most successful suppliers of "export paintings" for Guangzhou's foreign traders. Common themes included the Thirteen Factories, the Whampoa Anchorage (now Pazhou), and the Sea-Banner Temple (now Hoi Tong Monastery)
Vrooman's 1860 map of the "City and Entire Suburbs of Canton", one of the first made after the treaties of Tianjin and Beijing permitted foreigners full access to Guangzhou's walled city
The Flowery Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees in 1863
Lai Afong's photograph of a commercial street in Guangzhou c. 1880
The Five-storey Pagoda atop Yuexiu Hill c. 1880
The Sacred Heart Cathedral towering over the one- and two-storey homes of old Guangzhou c. 1880
Street scene in Guangzhou, 1919
The US Navy's Dept of Navigation's 1920 map of "Canton"[103]
The Guangzhou Bund in 1930, with rows of Tanka boats.
Play media
A short film of Guangzhou in 1937
Geography[edit]
Tiantang Peak, highest mountain in Guangzhou
The old town of Guangzhou was near Baiyun Mountain on the east bank of the Pearl River (Zhujiang) about 80 miles (129 km) from its junction with the South China Sea and about 300 miles (483 km) below its head of navigation.[32] It commanded the rich alluvial plain of the Pearl River Delta, with its connection to the sea protected at the Humen Strait.[32] The present city spans 7,434.4 square kilometres (2,870.4 sq mi) on both sides of the river from 112° 57′ to 114° 03′ E longitude and 22° 26′ to 23° 56′ N latitude in south-central Guangdong. The Pearl is the 3rd-largest river of China.[104] Baiyun Mountain is now locally referred to as the city's "lung" (市肺).[9][105][why?]
The elevation of the prefecture generally increases from southwest to northeast, with mountains forming the backbone of the city and the ocean comprising the front. Tiantang Peak (天堂顶, "Heavenly Peak") is the highest point of elevation at 1,210 metres (3,970 ft) above sea level.
Natural resources[edit]
There are 47 different types of minerals and also 820 ore fields in Guangzhou, including 18 large and medium-sized oil deposits. The major minerals are granite, cement limestone, ceramic clay, potassium, albite, salt mine, mirabilite, nepheline, syenite, fluorite, marble, mineral water, and geothermal mineral water. Since Guangzhou is located in the water-rich area of southern China, it has a wide water area with lots of rivers and water systems, accounting for 10% of the total land area. The rivers and streams improve the landscape and keep the ecological environment of the city stable.[106]
Climate[edit]
Despite being located just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Guangzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) influenced by the East Asian monsoon. Summers are wet with high temperatures, high humidity, and a high heat index. Winters are mild and comparatively dry. Guangzhou has a lengthy monsoon season, spanning from April through September. Monthly averages range from 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) in January to 28.6 °C (83.5 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F).[9] Autumn, from October to December, is very moderate, cool and windy, and is the best travel time.[107] The relative humidity is approximately 68 percent, whereas annual rainfall in the metropolitan area is over 1,700 mm (67 in).[9] With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 17 percent in March and April to 52 percent in November, the city receives 1,628 hours of bright sunshine annually, considerably less than nearby Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0 °C (32 °F) to 39.1 °C (102.4 °F).[108] The last recorded snowfall in the city was on 24 January 2016, 87 years after the second last recorded snowfall.[109]

[hide]Climate data for Guangzhou (normals 1971–2000, extremes 1961–2000)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
27.2
(81) 28.6
(83.5) 32.1
(89.8) 32.4
(90.3) 36.2
(97.2) 36.6
(97.9) 39.1
(102.4) 38.0
(100.4) 37.6
(99.7) 34.8
(94.6) 32.5
(90.5) 29.6
(85.3) 39.1
(102.4)
Average high °C (°F)
18.3
(64.9) 18.5
(65.3) 21.6
(70.9) 25.7
(78.3) 29.3
(84.7) 31.5
(88.7) 32.8
(91) 32.7
(90.9) 31.5
(88.7) 28.8
(83.8) 24.5
(76.1) 20.6
(69.1) 26.3
(79.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)
13.9
(57) 15.2
(59.4) 18.1
(64.6) 22.4
(72.3) 25.8
(78.4) 27.8
(82) 28.9
(84) 28.8
(83.8) 27.5
(81.5) 24.7
(76.5) 20.1
(68.2) 15.5
(59.9) 22.39
(72.3)
Average low °C (°F)
10.3
(50.5) 11.7
(53.1) 15.2
(59.4) 19.5
(67.1) 22.7
(72.9) 24.8
(76.6) 25.5
(77.9) 25.4
(77.7) 24.0
(75.2) 20.8
(69.4) 15.9
(60.6) 11.5
(52.7) 18.9
(66.1)
Record low °C (°F)
0.1
(32.2) 1.3
(34.3) 3.2
(37.8) 7.7
(45.9) 14.6
(58.3) 18.8
(65.8) 21.6
(70.9) 20.9
(69.6) 15.5
(59.9) 9.5
(49.1) 4.9
(40.8) 0.0
(32) 0.0
(32)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
40.9
(1.61) 69.4
(2.732) 84.7
(3.335) 201.2
(7.921) 283.7
(11.169) 276.2
(10.874) 232.5
(9.154) 227.0
(8.937) 166.2
(6.543) 87.3
(3.437) 35.4
(1.394) 31.6
(1.244) 1,736.1
(68.35)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)
7.5 11.2 15.0 16.3 18.3 18.2 15.9 16.8 12.5 7.1 5.5 4.9 149.2
Average relative humidity (%)
72 78 82 84 84 84 82 82 78 72 66 66 77.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours
118.5 71.6 62.4 65.1 104.0 140.2 202.0 173.5 170.2 181.8 172.7 166.0 1,628
Percent possible sunshine
35 22 17 17 26 35 49 43 46 51 52 50 36.9
Source: China Meteorological Administration,[110] all-time extreme temperature[108]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Main article: List of administrative divisions of Guangzhou
Guangzhou is a sub-provincial city. It has direct jurisdiction over eleven districts:
Administrative divisions of Guangzhou
Liwan
Yuexiu
Haizhu
Tianhe
Baiyun
Huangpu
Panyu
Huadu
Nansha
Conghua
Zengcheng
Division code[111]
Division
Area in km2[112]
Population 2010[113]
Seat
Postal code
Subdivisions[114]
Subdistricts
Towns
Residential communities
Administrative villages
440100
Guangzhou
7,434.40 12,701,948 Yuexiu 510000 136 34 1533 1142
440103
Liwan
59.10 898,200 Shiweitang Subdistrict 510000 22 195
440104
Yuexiu
33.80 1,157,666 Beijing Subdistrict 510000 18 267
440105
Haizhu
90.40 1,558,663 Jianghai Subdistrict 510000 18 257
440106
Tianhe
96.33 1,432,426 Tianyuan Subdistrict 510000 21 205
440111
Baiyun
795.79 2,223,150 Jingtai Subdistrict 510000 18 4 253 118
440112
Huangpu
484.17 831,586 Luogang Subdistrict 510500 14 1 90 28
440113
Panyu
529.94 1,764,828 Shiqiao Subdistrict 511400 11 5 87 177
440114
Huadu
970.04 945,005 Huacheng Subdistrict 510800 4 6 50 188
440115
Nansha
783.86 259,900 Huangge Town 511400 3 6 28 128
440117
Conghua
1,974.50 593,415 Jiekou Subdistrict 510900 3 5 46 221
440118
Zengcheng
1,616.47 1,037,109 Licheng Subdistrict 511300 4 7 55 282
[show]Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
English
Chinese
Pinyin
Guangdong Romanization
Kejiahua Pinyin Fang'an
Guangzhou City
5 120 244 inhab. and 282,93 sq km 广州市 Guǎngzhōu Shì guong2 zeo1 xi5 kong3 ziu1 si4
Liwan District
荔湾区 Lìwān Qū lei6 wan1 kêu1 lai4 van1 ki1
Yuexiu District
越秀区 Yuèxiù Qū yud6 seo3 kêu1 yet6 siu4 ki1
Haizhu District
海珠区 Hǎizhū Qū hoi2 ju1 kêu1 hoi2 zu1 ki1
Tianhe District
天河区 Tiānhé Qū tin6 ho4 kêu1 tien1 ho2 ki1
Baiyun District
白云区 Báiyún Qū bak6 wan4 kêu1 pak6 yun2 ki1
Huangpu District
黄埔区 Huángpǔ Qū wong4 bou3 kêu1 vong2 bu4 ki1
Panyu District
番禺区 Pānyú Qū pun1 yu4 kêu1 pan1 ngi2 ki1
Huadu District
花都区 Huādū Qū fa1 dou1 kêu1 fa1 du1 ki1
Nansha District
南沙区 Nánshā Qū nam4 sa1 kêu1 nam2/lam2 sa1 ki1
Conghua District
从化区 Cónghuà Qū cung4 fa3 kêu1 vung2 fa3 ki1
Zengcheng District
增城区 Zēngchéng Qū zeng1 xing4 kêu1 zen1 sang2 ki1
Economy[edit]
Guangzhou skyline
The first Canton Fair (1957) at the Sino-Soviet Friendship Building
The former Canton Fair site at Yuexiu's Liuhua Complex
A display at the current Canton Fair site in Pazhou
Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street
Guangzhou is the main manufacturing hub of the Pearl River Delta, one of mainland China's leading commercial and manufacturing regions. In 2013, the GDP reached ¥1542 billion (US$248 billion), per capita was ¥120,515 (US $19,459).[115] Guangzhou is considered one of the most prosperous cities in China. But due to rapid industrialisation, it is also considered one of the most polluted cities.
The Canton Fair, formally the "China Import and Export Fair", is held every year in April and October by the Ministry of Trade. Inaugurated in the spring of 1957, the fair is a major event for the city. It is the trade fair with the longest history, highest level, largest scale in China.[116] From the 104th session onwards, the fair moved to the new Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center (广州国际会展中心) in Pazhou, from the older complex in Liuhua. The GICEC is served by two stations on Metro Line 8. Since the 104th session, the Canton Fair has been arranged in three phases instead of two phases.
Guangzhou is one the largest hubs of China's illegal drug trade.[117]
Local products[edit]
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Cantonese is one of China's most famous and popular regional cuisines, with a saying stating simply to "Eat in Guangzhou" (食在广州)[n 8]
Cantonese sculpture includes work in jade, wood, and (now controversially) ivory.
Canton porcelain developed over the past three centuries as one of the major forms of exportware. It is now known within China for its highly colorful style.
Cantonese embroidery is one of China's four main styles of the art and is represented in Guangzhou, although its principal centre is at Chaozhou.
Zhujiang Beer, a pale lager, is one of China's most successful brands. It is made in Guangzhou from water piped directly to the brewery from a natural spring.
Industry[edit]
Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company produced the Peugeot 504 and Peugeot 505 automobiles from 1989 to 1997.
Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone
Guangzhou Nansha Export Processing Zone
The Export Processing Zone was founded in 2005. Its total planned area is 1.36 km2 (0.53 sq mi).[118] It is located in Nansha District and it belongs to the provincial capital, Guangzhou. The major industries encouraged in the zone include automobile assembly, biotechnology and heavy industry. It is situated 54 kilometres (34 miles) (70 minutes drive) south of Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and close to Nansha Port. It also has the advantage of Guangzhou Metro line 4 which is being extended to Nansha Ferry Terminal.
Guangzhou Free Trade Zone
The zone was founded in 1992. It is located in the east of Huangpu District and near to Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. It is also very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport.[119] The major industries encouraged in the zone include international trade, logistics, processing and computer software.
Science City[edit]
Guangzhou Science City
Malls and pedestrian streets[edit]
101 Dynamics
Beijing Road
China Plaza
Jiangnanxi
Liwan Plaza
Shangxiajiu
Teem Plaza
Victory Plaza
Wanguo Plaza
Zhengjia Square (Grandview Mall Aquarium)
Wanda square
Happy Valley (Guangzhou)
TaiKoo Hui
Parc Central
OneLinkWalk
Rock Square
Aeon Mall
GT Land Plaza
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±%
1950[120]
2,567,645 —
1960[120]
3,683,104 +43.4%
1970[120]
4,185,363 +13.6%
1980[120]
5,018,638 +19.9%
1990[120]
5,942,534 +18.4%
2000[120]
9,943,000 +67.3%
2002[121]
10,106,229 +1.6%
2005[122]
9,496,800 −6.0%
2006[122]
9,966,600 +4.9%
2007[122]
10,530,100 +5.7%
2008[122]
11,153,400 +5.9%
2009[122]
11,869,700 +6.4%
2010[120]
12,701,948 +7.0%
2011[123]
12,751,400 +0.4%
2012[123]
12,832,900 +0.6%
2013[123]
12,926,800 +0.7%
2014[123]
13,080,500 +1.2%
Population size may be affected by changes to administrative divisions.
The 2010 census found Guangzhou's population to be 12.78 million. As of 2014[update], it was estimated at 13,080,500,[2][123] with 11,264,800 urban residents.[3] Its population density is thus around 1,800 people per km2. The built-up area of the Guangzhou proper connects directly to several other cities. The built-up area of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone covers around 17,573 square kilometres (6,785 sq mi) and has been estimated to house 22 million people, including Guangzhou's nine urban districts, Shenzhen (5.36m), Dongguan (3.22m), Zhongshan (3.12m), most of Foshan (2.2m), Jiangmen (1.82m), Zhuhai (890k), and Huizhou's Huiyang District (760k).[citation needed] The total population of this agglomeration is over 28 million after including the population of the adjacent Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[citation needed] The area's fast-growing economy and high demand for labour has produced a huge "floating population" of migrant workers. Up to 10 million migrants reside in the area least six months each year.[citation needed] In 2008, about 5 million of Guangzhou's permanent residents were hukouless migrants.[124]
Ethnicity[edit]
Most of Guangzhou's population is Han Chinese. Almost all of the local Cantonese people speak Cantonese as their first language,[126] while most migrants speak forms of Mandarin.[124] In 2010, each language was the native tongue of roughly half of the city's population,[127] although minor but substantial numbers speak other varieties as well. As with elsewhere in the People's Republic of China, the household registration system (hukou) limits migrants' access to residences, educational institutions and other public benefits. In May 2014, legally employed migrants in Guangzhou were permitted to receive a hukou card allowing them to marry and obtain permission for their pregnancies in the city, rather than having to return to their official hometowns as previously.[128]
Historically, the Cantonese people have made up a sizeable part of the 19th- and 20th-century Chinese diaspora and many overseas Chinese have ties to Guangzhou. This is particularly true in the United States,[129] Canada,[130] and Australia.
Demographically, the only significant immigration into China has been by overseas Chinese, but Guangzhou sees many foreign tourists, workers, and residents from the usual locations such as the United States. Notably, it is also home to thousands of African immigrants, including people from Nigeria, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo.[14]
Transportation[edit]
Map of the Guangzhou Metro
Gongyuanqian Station of the Guangzhou Metro
Tianhe Sports Centre Station (GBRT)
Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District
A CRH3 Train at Guangzhou South Railway Station
Urban mass transit[edit]
Main article: Guangzhou Metro
When the first line of the Guangzhou Metro opened in 1997, Guangzhou was the fourth city in Mainland China to have an underground railway system, behind Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. Currently the metro network is made up of ten lines, covering a total length of 306 km (190 mi).[131] A long-term plan is to make the city's metro system expand to over 500 km (310 mi) by 2020 with 15 lines in operation.
The first section of the Haizhu Tram line opened on 31 December 2014.[132]
The Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit (GBRT) system which was introduced in 2010 along Zhongshan Road. It has several connections to the metro and is the world's 2nd-largest Bus Rapid Transit system with 1,000,000 passenger trips daily.[133] It handles 26,900 pphpd during the peak hour a capacity second only to the TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota.[134] The system averages 1 bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction and contains the world's longest BRT stations—around 260 m (850 ft) including bridges.
Motor transport[edit]
See also: List of Bus Routes in Guangzhou
In the 19th century, city already boasted over 600 long, straight streets; these were mostly paved but still very narrow.[32] In June 1919, work began on demolishing the city wall to make way for wider streets and the development of tramways. The demolition took three years in total.[135]
In 2009, it was reported that all 9,424 buses and 17,695 taxis in Guangzhou would be operating on LPG-fuel by 2010 to promote clean energy for transport and improve the environment ahead of the 2010 Asian Games which were held in the city.[136] At present[when?], Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG-fueled vehicles in the world, and at the end of 2006, 6,500 buses and 16,000 taxis were using LPG, taking up 85 percent of all buses and taxis.[citation needed]
Effective January 1, 2007, the municipal government banned motorcycles in Guangdong's urban areas. Motorcycles found violating the ban are confiscated.[137] The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban.[138]
Airports[edit]
Guangzhou's main airport is the Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District; it opened on August 5, 2004.[139] This airport is the second busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China. It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport, which was very close to the city centre but failed to meet the city's fast-growing air traffic demand. The old Baiyun International Airport was in operation for 72 years.
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has three runways, with two more planned.[140] The Terminal 2 is under construction and will open in 2018.[141]
Railways[edit]
Further information: Guangzhou Station, Guangzhou East Station, Guangzhou South Station, and Guangzhou North Station
Guangzhou is the terminus of the Beijing–Guangzhou, Guangzhou–Shenzhen, Guangzhou–Maoming and Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou conventional speed railways. In late 2009, the Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway started service, with multiple unit trains covering 980 km (608.94 mi) at a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). In January 2011, the Guangzhou–Zhuhai Intercity Railway started service at an average speed of 200 km/h (124 mph). In December 2014, the Guiyang–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway and Nanning-Guangzhou Railway began service with trains running at top speeds of 250 km/h (155 mph) and 200 km/h (124 mph), respectively.[142] The Guangdong Through Train departs from the Guangzhou East railway station and arrives at the Hung Hom KCR station in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The route is approximately 182 km (113 mi) in length and the ride takes less than two hours. Frequent coach services are also provided with coaches departing every day from different locations (mostly major hotels) around the city.
Water transport[edit]
There are daily high-speed catamaran services between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Lianhua Shan Ferry Terminal in Guangzhou and the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal, as well as between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong.
Culture[edit]
Guangzhou Opera House
Guangzhou's City God Temple
Guangzhou's Temple of the Five Immortals
The sacred pigs of the Ocean Banner Temple (Haichuan/Hoi Tong) in the 1830s
Sacred Heart Cathedral
Huaisheng Mosque and its "Plain Pagoda" minaret in 1860
Within China, the culture of the Cantonese people is a subset of the larger "Southern" or "Lingnan" cultural areas. Notable aspects of Guangzhou's cultural heritage include:
Cantonese language, the local and prestige variant of Yue Chinese
Cantonese cuisine, one of China's eight major culinary traditions[143][n 9]
Cantonese opera, usually divided into martial and literary performances
Xiguan, the area west of the former walled city
The Guangzhou Opera House & Symphony Orchestra also perform classical Western music and Chinese compositions in their style. Cantonese music is a traditional style of Chinese instrumental music, while Cantopop is the local form of pop music and rock-and-roll which developed from neighbouring Hong Kong.
Religions[edit]
Qing-era Guangzhou had around 124 religious pavilions, halls, and temples.[32] Today, in addition to the Buddhist Association, Guangzhou also has a Taoist Association, a Jewish community,[145][146] and a history with Christianity and Islam.[clarification needed]
Daoism[edit]
Daoism and Chinese folk religion are still represented at a few of the city's temples. Among the most important is the Temple of the Five Immortals, honoring the five immortals credited with introducing rice cultivation at the foundation of the city. The five rams they rode were supposed to have turned into stones upon their departure and gave the city several of its nicknames.[147] Another place of worship is the City God Temple. Guangzhou, like most of southern China, is also notably observant concerning ancestral veneration during occasions like the Tomb Sweeping and Ghost Festivals.
Buddhism[edit]
Buddhism is the most prominent religion in Guangzhou.[148] The Zhizhi Temple was founded in AD 233 from the estate of a Wu official; it is said to comprise the residence of Zhao Jiande, the last of the Nanyue kings, and has been known as the Guangxiao Temple ("Temple of Bright Filial Piety") since the Ming. The missionary Bodhidharma is traditionally said to have visited Panyu during the Liu Song or Liang dynasties (5th or 6th century). Around AD 520, Emperor Wu of the Liang ordered the construction of the Baozhuangyan Temple and the Xilai Monastery to store the relics of Cambodian Buddhist saints which had been brought to the city and to house the monks beginning to assemble there. The Baozhuangyan is now known as the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, after a famous poem composed by Su Shi after a visit during the Northern Song.[149] The Xilai Monastery was renamed the Hualin Temple ("Flowery Forest Temple") after its reconstruction during the Qing.
The temples were damaged by both the Republican campaign to "Promote Education with Temple Property" (廟產興學) and the Maoist Cultural Revolution but have been renovated since the opening up that began in the 1980s. The Ocean Banner Temple on Henan Island, once famous in the west as the only tourist spot in Guangzhou accessible to foreigners, has been reopened as the Hoi Tong Monastery.
The Temple of Bright Filial Piety (Guangxiao)
The Flower Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees (Liurong)
The Hall of the 500 Arhats at the Flowery Forest Temple (Hualin) in the 1870s
The Thousand Buddha Tower at the present-day Hoi Tong Monastery
Christianity[edit]
Nestorian Christians first arrived in China via the overland Silk Road, but suffered during Emperor Wuzong's 845 persecution and were essentially extinct by the year 1000.[150] The Qing-era ban on foreigners limited missionaries until it was abolished following the First Opium War, although the Protestant Robert Morrison was able to perform some work through his service with the British factory. The Catholic archdiocese is housed at Guangzhou's Sacred Heart Cathedral, known locally as the "Stone House". A Gothic Revival edifice which was built by hand from 1861 to 1888 under French direction, its original Latin and French stained-glass windows were destroyed during the wars and amid the Cultural Revolution; they have since been replaced by English ones. The Canton Christian College (1888) and Hackett Medical College for Women (1902) were both founded by missionaries and now form part of Guangzhou's Lingnan. Since the opening up of China in the 1980s, there has been renewed interest in Christianity, but Guangzhou maintains pressure on underground churches which avoid registration with government officials.[151] The Catholic archbishop Dominic Tang was imprisoned without trial for 22 years, but his present successor is recognised by both the Vatican and China's Patriotic Church.
Islam[edit]
Guangzhou has had a Muslim community since very early in the history of Islam; the native or nativised adherents of the faith are known as the Hui. Huaisheng Mosque was probably built during the Tang Dynasty.[152] Muslims sacked the city in 758[43][44][45][46] and were massacred by the Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with the Jews, Christians,[47][48][49] and Parsis.[50][51] The modern city includes numerous halal restaurants.[153]
Sport[edit]
Guangdong Olympic Stadium
Tianhe Stadium is the home of Guangzhou Evergrande
The 18,000 seat Guangzhou International Sports Arena will be one of the venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.[154]
From 12–27 November 2010, Guangzhou hosted the 16th Asian Games. The same year, it hosted the first Asian Para Games from December 12 to 19. Combined, these were the largest sporting events the city ever hosted.[155]
Guangzhou also hosted the following major sporting events:
1987 The 6th National Games of China
1991 The 1st FIFA Women's World Cup
2001 The 2001 National Games of China
2007 The 8th National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities of the People's Republic of China
2008 The 49th World Table Tennis Championships
2009 The 11th Sudirman Cup: the world badminton mixed team championships
Current professional sports clubs based in Guangzhou include:
Sport
League
Tier
Club
Stadium
Football Chinese Super League 1st Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao Tianhe Stadium
Football Chinese Super League 1st Guangzhou R&F Yuexiushan Stadium
Basketball Chinese Basketball Association 1st Guangzhou Long-Lions Tianhe Gymnasium
Volleyball Chinese Volleyball League 2nd Guangdong Evergrande Women's Volleyball Club Guangzhou Sport University Gymnasium
Baseball China Baseball League 1st Guangdong Leopards Tianhe Sports Center baseball field
Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao F.C. has risen in recent years to be a powerhouse in association football in China, having won seven consecutive national titles between 2011 and 2017. The team also won the AFC Champions League in 2013 and 2015. The club competed in the 2013 FIFA Club World Cup, where it lost 3–0 in the semi-final stage to the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League winners FC Bayern Munich.[156]
Destinations[edit]
Eight Views[edit]
Main articles: Eight Views and Eight Views of Guangzhou
The Eight Views of Ram City are Guangzhou's eight most famous tourist attractions. They have varied over time since the Song dynasty, with some being named or demoted by emperors. The following modern list was chosen through public appraisal in 2011:[citation needed]
"Towers Shining through the New Town"
"The Pearl River Flowing and Shining": The Pearl River from Bai'etan to Pazhou
"Cloudy Mountain Green and Tidy": Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area
"Yuexiu's Grandeur": Yuexiu Hill and Park
"The Ancient Academy's Lingering Fame": The Chen Clan Ancestral Hall and its folk art museum
"Liwan's Wonderful Scenery": Liwan Lake
"Science City, Splendid as Brocade"
"Wetlands Singing at Night": Nansha Wetlands Park
Canton Tower[157] (2009)
The Pearl River at Haiyin Bridge
Zhujiang New City from Pakwan or Baiyun Mountain
A brick carving at the Guangzhou Folk Art Museum, housed in the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall
Parks and gardens[edit]
Bombax ceiba, Guangzhou's official flower
Baiyun Mountain
Nansha Wetland Park
People's Park
South China Botanical Garden
Yuexiu Park
Dongshanhu Park (东山湖公园)
Liuhuahu Park (流花湖公园)
Liwanhu Park (荔湾湖公园)
Luhu Park (麓湖公园)
Martyrs' Park (广州起义烈士陵园)
Pearl River Park (珠江公园)
Yuntai Garden (云台花园)
Tourist attractions[edit]
Guangzhou attracts more than 100 million visitors each year.[158] There are many tourist attractions, including:
Canton Tower
Chen Clan Ancestral Hall, housing Guangzhou's folk art museum
Chime-Long Paradise
Chime-Long Waterpark (长隆水上乐园)
Guangdong Provincial Museum
Guangzhou Zoo
Huaisheng Mosque, site of the Plain Pagoda
Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King
Peasant Movement Training Institute, an important Maoist site
Sacred Heart Cathedral or Stone House
Temple of Bright Filial Piety (Guangxiao)
Temple of the Six Banyan Trees (Liurong), site of the Flowery Pagoda
Shamian or Shameen Island, the old trading compound
Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, site of Guangzhou's former presidential palace
Xiguan, the western suburbs of the old city
Modern Guangzhou by day
Modern Guangzhou at night
Major buildings[edit]
Main article: List of tallest buildings in Guangzhou
See also: List of historic buildings in Guangzhou
CITIC Plaza
Canton Tower
Guangzhou Circle Mansion
Guangdong Olympic Stadium
Guangzhou Opera House
Guangzhou TV Tower
Pearl River Tower
The Twin Towers:
International Finance Centre (West)
The CTF Guangzhou (East)
Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel on Shamian
The Canton Cement Factory (est. 1907), which housed Sun Yat-sen from 1923 to 1925
Canton Custom House (est. 1916), one of the oldest surviving in China.
The old provincial capitol, now the Museum of Revolutionary History
Aiqun Hotel, Guangzhou's tallest building from 1937 to 1967
Guangzhou's CBD, including the IFC (right)
Media[edit]
Guangzhou has two local radio stations: the provincial Radio Guangdong and the municipal Radio Guangzhou. Together they broadcast in more than a dozen channels. The primary language of both stations is Cantonese. Traditionally only one channel of Radio Guangdong is dedicated to Mandarin Chinese. However, in recent years there has been an increase in Mandarin programmes on most Cantonese channels. Radio stations from cities around Guangzhou mainly broadcast in Cantonese and can be received in different parts of the city, depending on the radio stations' locations and transmission power. The Beijing-based China National Radio also broadcasts Mandarin programmes in the city. Radio Guangdong has a 30-minute weekly English programme, Guangdong Today, which is broadcast globally through the World Radio Network. Daily English news programmes are also broadcast by Radio Guangdong.
Guangzhou has some of the best Chinese-language newspapers and magazines in mainland China, most of which are published by three major newspaper groups in the city, the Guangzhou Daily Press Group, Nanfang Press Corporation, and the Yangcheng Evening News Group. The two leading newspapers of the city are Guangzhou Daily and Southern Metropolis Daily. The former, with a circulation of 1.8 million, has been China's most successful newspaper for 14 years in terms of advertising revenue, while Southern Metropolis Daily is considered one of the most liberal newspapers in mainland China. In addition to Guangzhou's Chinese-language publications, there are a few English magazines and newspapers. The most successful is That's Guangzhou, which started more than a decade ago and has since blossomed into That's PRD, producing expatriate magazines in Beijing and Shanghai as well. It also produces In the Red.
Education[edit]
Main gate, Sun Yat-sen University
The College of Medical Science at Sun Yat-sen University
Guangzhou Library
The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, also known as Guangzhou University Town (广州大学城), is a large tertiary education complex located in the southeast suburbs of Guangzhou. It occupies the entirety of Xiaoguwei Island in Panyu District, covering an area of about 18 square kilometres (7 sq mi). It houses new campuses from ten higher education institutions. The whole Higher Education Mega Centre can eventually accommodate up to 200,000 students, 20,000 teachers, and 50,000 staff.[159] The institutions include:
Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Guangdong University of Technology
Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts
Guangzhou University
Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
South China Normal University
South China University of Technology
Sun Yat-sen University
Xinghai Conservatory of Music
Guangzhou's other fully accredited and degree-granting universities and colleges include:
Guangdong Institute of Science and Technology
Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University
Guangdong University of Finance & Economics
Guangdong University of Finance
Guangzhou College of South China University of Technology
Guangzhou Medical University
Guangzhou Sports University
Jinan University
South China Agricultural University
Southern Medical University
Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering
The two main comprehensive libraries are Guangzhou Library and Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province. Guangzhou Library is a public library in Guangzhou. The library has moved to a new building in Zhujiang New Town, which fully opened on 23 June 2013.[160] Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province has the largest collection of ancient books in Southern China.[161]
International relations[edit]
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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China
Twin towns and sister cities[edit]
Guangzhou currently maintains sister city agreements with 23 foreign cities.[162][163]
Fukuoka, Japan (since 1979)
Los Angeles, United States (since 1981)
Manila, Philippines (since 1982)
Vancouver, Canada (since 1985)
Sydney, Australia (since 1986)
Bari, Italy (since 1986)
Lyon, France (since 1988)
Frankfurt, Germany (since 1988)
Auckland, New Zealand (since 1989)
Gwangju, South Korea (since 1996)
Linköping, Sweden (since 1997)
Durban, South Africa (since 2000)
Bristol, United Kingdom (since 2001)
Yekaterinburg, Russia (since 2002)
Arequipa, Peru (since 2004)
Surabaya, Indonesia (since 2005)
Vilnius, Lithuania (since 2006)
Birmingham, United Kingdom (since 2006)
Hambantota, Sri Lanka (since 2007)
Recife, Brazil (since 2007)
Tampere, Finland (since 2008)
Bangkok, Thailand (since 2009)
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (since 2011)
Petaling Jaya, Malaysia (since 2012)
Rabat, Morocco (since 2013)
Ahmedabad, India (since 2014)
Łódź, Poland (since 2014)
Ecatepec, Mexico (since 2016)
See also[edit]
China portal
Canton System & Old China Trade
World's largest cities
Historical capitals of China
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Given in contemporary sources as the "Guisi Day" (癸巳) of the 9th lunar month of the first year of the Qianyuan Era under Emperor Suzong of the Tang.
Jump up ^ The term "Persian" may, however, have been loosely applied and referred indifferently to any similar-looking foreign women.[54]
Jump up ^ "Buying and selling of children was scarcely unknown in Ming China, but the large new demands of the Portuguese may have stimulated kidnappings from good families..."[66]
Jump up ^ "Some early Chinese historians go even so far as to give vivid details of the price paid for the children and how they were roasted."[71]
Jump up ^ "On the day of St Nicholas [6 Dec.] in the year 1522 they put boards on them with the sentence that they should die and be exposed in pillories as robbers. The sentences said: 'Petty sea robbers sent by the great robber falsely; they come to spy out our country; let them die in pillories as robbers.' A report was sent to the king according to the information of the mandarins, and the king confirmed the sentence. On 23 Sept. 1523 these twenty-three persons were each one cut in pieces, to wit, heads, legs, arms, and their private members placed in their mouths, the trunk of the body being divided into two pieces round the belly. In the streets of Canton, outside the walls, in the suburbs, through the principal streets they were put to death, at distances of one crossbow shot from one another, that all might see them, both those of Canton and those of the environs, in order to give them to understand that they thought nothing of the Portuguese, so that the people might not talk of the Portuguese. Thus... they were all killed, and their heads and private members were carried on the backs of the Portuguese in front of the mandarins of Canton with the playing of musical instruments and rejoicing, were exhibited suspended in the streets, and were then thrown into the dunghills. And from henceforth it was resolved not to allow any more Portuguese into the country nor other strangers."[77]
Jump up ^ The Shaowu Emperor's remains are buried in Yuexiu Park.
Jump up ^ In fact, the Danish Asiatic Company was formally chartered in April 1732 while this first ship, the Cron-Printz Christian, was on its return trip.[87] Counting the Cron-Printz Christian, up to 1833, the DAC dispatched 130 ships to Guangzhou, losing five. The average voyage from Copenhagen took 216 days and the voyage back, 192.[84]
Jump up ^ The statement is an excerpt from the longer proverb "Be born in Suzhou, play in Hangzhou, eat in Guangzhou, and die in Liuzhou" (生在苏州，玩在杭州，食在广州，死在柳州).
Jump up ^ The other seven are the cuisines of Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan and Zhejiang.[144]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ 中华人民共和国民政部 (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
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Bibliography[edit]
An Anglochinese Calendar for the Year 1845, Corresponding to the Year of the Chinese Cycle Æra 4482 or the 42d Year of the 75th Cycle of Sixty, being the 25th Year of the Reign of Ta'ukwa'ng, Vol. II, Hong Kong: Office of the Chinese Repository .
Douglass, Robert Kennaway (1878), "Canton (1.)", in Baynes, T.S., Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 37–9
Douglass, Robert Kennaway (1911), "Canton (China)", in Chisholm, Hugh, Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 218–220
Kuo, Ping-chia, "Guangzhou", Encyclopædia Britannica, online ed., Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 15 July 2016 .
Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon, eds. (1996), International Dictionary of Historic Places, Vol. V: Asia and Oceania, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 1-884964-04-4 .
"Guangzhou", Time Out: Hong Kong, London: Time Out Guides, 2011, pp. 284–300, ISBN 978-1-84670-114-6 .
Bulletins and Other State Intelligence, Westminster: F. Watts, 1841 .
Beck, Sanderson (2007), Republican China in Turmoil 1912–1926
Bretschneider, E. (1871), On the Knowledge Possessed by the Ancient Chinese of the Arabs and Arabian Colonies: And Other Western Countries, Mentioned in Chinese Books
Butel, Paul (1997), Européens et Espaces Maritimes: vers 1690-vers 1790, Par Cours Universitaires (in French), Bordeaux: Bordeaux University Press
Cortesao, Armando, ed. (1944), Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, an Account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services
Douglas, Robert Kennaway (2006), Europe and the Far East, Adamant Media, ISBN 0-543-93972-3
Dunn, Ross E. (1986), The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-05771-6
Dutra, Francis A.; Santos, João Camilo dos (1995), Francis A. Dutra; João Camilo dos Santos, eds., Proceedings of the International Colloquium on the Portuguese and the Pacific: University of California, Santa Barbara, October 1993, Santa Barbara: Jorge de Sena Center for Portuguese Studies, University of California, ISBN 0-942208-29-3 .
Gray, John Henry (1875), Walks in the City of Canton, Hong Kong: De Souza & Co.
Gunn, Geoffrey, History without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000–1800
Kjellberg, Sven T. (1975), Svenska Ostindiska Compagnierna 1731–1813: Kryddor, Te, Porslin, Siden [The Swedish East India Company 1731–1813: Spice, Tea, Porcelain, Silk (in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Malmö: Allhem, ISBN 91-7004-058-3
"Commercial Intercourse with China", Knight's Store of Knowledge for All Readers, London: Charles Knight & Co., 1841, pp. 130–152
Li Kangying (2010), The Ming Maritime Trade Policy in Transition, 1368 to 1567, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz
MacPherson, D. (1842), Two Years in China: Narrative of the Chinese Expedition, from Its Formation in April, 1840, Till April, 1842 : with an Appendix, Containing the Most Important of the General Orders & Despatches Published During the Above Period, London: Saunders & Otley
Von Glahn, Richard (1996), Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-20408-5
Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-04804-0
Wilbur, Clarence Martin (1983), The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923–1928, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Wills, John E., Jr. (1998), "Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662", in Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank; Albert Feuerwerker, The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Pt. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 333–375, ISBN 0-521-24333-5
Wills, John E., Jr.; Cranmer-Byng, John; Witek, John W. (2010), Wills, Jr., John E., ed., China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-17945-9 .
Yü Ying-shih (1987), "Han Foreign Relations", The Cambridge History of China, Vol. I: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.–A.D. 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8
Further reading[edit]
Main article: Bibliography of Guangzhou
Gray, Mrs. John Henry (1880), Fourteen Months in Canton, London: William Clowes & Sons for Macmillan & Co., p. 444
Foster, Simon; Lin-Liu, Jen; Pham, Sherisse; Beth Reiber; Sharon Owyang; Lee Wing-sze; Christopher D. Winnan (2010), Frommer's China, Frommer's, pp. 542 ff., ISBN 978-0-470-52658-3
Johnson, Graham E. (1999). Historical Dictionary of Guangzhou (Canton) and Guangdong. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3516-0.
Lee, Edward Bing-Shuey (1936). Modern Canton. Shanghai: The Mercury Press.
Ng, Yong Sang (1936). Canton, City of the Rams: A General Description and a Brief Historical Survey. Canton: M.S. Cheung. ASIN B0008D1HHO.
Perdue, Peter C. (2009), "Canton Trade", Rise & Fall of the Canton Trade System, Visualizing Cultures, MIT
Shaw, Samuel; Josiah Quincy (1847). The journals of Major Samuel Shaw : the first American consul at Canton : with a life of the author. Boston: Wm. Crosby and H.P. Nichols. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
Vogel, Ezra F. (1969). Canton Under Communism: Programs and Politics in a Provincial Capital, 1949–1968. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-09475-8.
Guangzhou Statistical Yearbook 2016
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guangzhou.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Guangzhou.
Wikisource has several original texts related to: Guangzhou
Guangzhou International: Official website of government of Guangzhou municipality
Guangzhou, China Network
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Ürümqi
Yinchuan
Comparatively large cities
Anshan
Baotou
Benxi
Datong
Fushun
Handan
Huainan
Jilin
Luoyang
Suzhou
Tangshan
Qiqihar
Wuxi
Xuzhou
Zibo
[show]
Prefecture-level cities by Province
Hebei
Shijiazhuang*
Tangshan*
Qinhuangdao2
Handan*
Xingtai
Baoding
Zhangjiakou
Chengde
Cangzhou
Langfang
Hengshui
Shanxi
Taiyuan*
Datong*
Yangquan
Changzhi
Jincheng
Shuozhou
Jinzhong
Yuncheng
Xinzhou
Linfen
Lüliang
Inner Mongolia
Hohhot*
Baotou*
Wuhai
Chifeng
Tongliao
Ordos
Hulunbuir
Bayannur
Ulanqab
Liaoning
Shenyang*
Dalian*
Anshan*
Fushun*
Benxi*
Dandong
Jinzhou
Yingkou
Fuxin
Liaoyang
Panjin
Tieling
Chaoyang
Huludao
Jilin
Changchun*
Jilin
Siping
Liaoyuan
Tonghua
Baishan
Songyuan
Baicheng
Heilongjiang
Harbin*
Qiqihar*
Jixi
Hegang
Shuangyashan
Daqing
Yīchun
Jiamusi
Qitaihe
Mudanjiang
Heihe
Suihua
Jiangsu
Nanjing*
Wuxi*
Xuzhou*
Changzhou
Suzhou*
Nantong
Lianyungang2
Huai'an
Yancheng
Yangzhou
Zhenjiang
Tàizhou
Suqian
Zhejiang
Hangzhou*
Ningbo*
Wenzhou2
Jiaxing
Huzhou
Shaoxing
Jinhua
Quzhou
Zhoushan
Tāizhou
Lìshui
Anhui
Hefei*
Wuhu
Bengbu
Huainan*
Ma'anshan
Huaibei
Tongling
Anqing
Huangshan
Chuzhou
Fùyang
Sùzhou
Lu'an
Bozhou
Chizhou
Xuancheng
Fujian
Fúzhou*
Xiamen*
Putian
Sanming
Quanzhou
Zhangzhou
Nanping
Longyan
Ningde
Jiangxi
Nanchang*
Jingdezhen
Píngxiang
Jiujiang
Xinyu
Yingtan
Ganzhou
Jí'ān
Yíchun
Fǔzhou
Shangrao
Shandong
Jinan*
Qingdao*
Zibo*
Zaozhuang
Dongying
Yantai2
Weifang
Jĭning
Tai'an
Weihai
Rizhao
Laiwu
Linyi
Dezhou
Liaocheng
Binzhou
Heze
Henan
Zhengzhou*
Kaifeng
Luoyang*
Pingdingshan
Anyang
Hebi
Xinxiang
Jiaozuo
Puyang
Xuchang
Luohe
Sanmenxia
Nanyang
Shangqiu
Xinyang
Zhoukou
Zhumadian
Hubei
Wuhan*
Huangshi
Shiyan
Yichang
Xiangyang
Ezhou
Jingmen
Xiaogan
Jinzhou
Huanggang
Xianning
Suizhou
Hunan
Changsha*
Zhuzhou
Xiangtan
Hengyang
Shaoyang
Yueyang
Changde
Zhangjiajie
Yiyang
Chenzhou
Yongzhou
Huaihua
Loudi
Guangdong
Guangzhou*
Shaoguan
Shenzhen*
Zhuhai1
Shantou1
Foshan
Jiangmen
Zhanjiang2
Maoming
Zhaoqing
Huizhou
Meizhou
Shanwei
Heyuan
Yangjiang
Qingyuan
Dongguan
Zhongshan
Chaozhou
Jieyang
Yunfu
Guangxi
Nanning*
Liuzhou
Guilin
Wuzhou
Beihai2
Fangchenggang
Qinzhou
Guigang
Yùlin
Baise
Hezhou
Hechi
Laibin
Chongzuo
Hainan1
Haikou*
Sanya
Sansha4
Danzhou
Sichuan
Chengdu*
Zigong
Panzhihua
Luzhou
Deyang
Mianyang
Guangyuan
Suining
Neijiang
Leshan
Nanchong
Meishan
Yibin
Guang'an
Dazhou
Ya'an
Bazhong
Ziyang
Guizhou
Guiyang*
Liupanshui
Zunyi
Anshun
Bijie
Tongren
Yunnan
Kunming*
Qujing
Yuxi
Baoshan
Zhaotong
Lìjiang
Pu'er
Lincang
Tibet
Lhasa*
Shigatse
Chamdo
Nyingchi
Shannan
Shaanxi
Xi'an*
Tongchuan
Baoji
Xianyang
Weinan
Yan'an
Hanzhong
Yúlin
Ankang
Shangluo
Gansu
Lanzhou*
Jiayuguan
Jinchang
Baiyin
Tianshui
Wuwei
Zhangye
Pingliang
Jiuquan
Qingyang
Dingxi
Longnan
Qinghai
Xining*
Haidong
Ningxia
Yinchuan*
Shizuishan
Wuzhong
Guyuan
Zhongwei
Xinjiang
Ürümqi*
Karamay
Turpan
Hami
Taiwan5
(none)
[show]
Other cities (partly shown below)
Prefecture-level capitals
(County-level)
(Inner Mongolia: Ulanhot
Xilinhot)
Jiagedaqi3, Heilongjiang
Enshi, Hubei
Jishou, Hunan
(Sichuan：Xichang
Kangding
Barkam)
(Guizhou: Xingyi
Kaili
Duyun)
(Yunnan: Chuxiong
Mengzi
Wenshan
Jinghong
Dali
Mangshi
Shangri-La
Lushui)
(Gansu: Linxia
Hezuo)
(Qinghai: Yushu
Delingha)
(Xinjiang: Changji
Bole
Korla
Yining
Artux
Aksu
Kashgar1
Hotan
Tacheng
Altay)
Province-governed cities
(Sub-prefecture-level)
Jiyuan, Henan
(Hubei: Xiantao
Qiánjiang
Tianmen
Shennongjia)
(Hainan1: Wuzhishan
Qionghai
Wenchang
Wanning
Dongfang)
(Xinjiang - XPCC(Bingtuan) cities: Shihezi
Aral
Tumxuk
Wujiaqu
Beitun
Tiemenguan
Shuanghe
Kokdala
Kunyu)
Former Prefecture-level cities
Chaohu, Anhui
Yumen，Gansu
Dongchuan, Yunnan
Shashi, Hubei
(Sichuan: Fuling
Wanxian)
(Jilin: Meihekou
Gongzhuling)
Sub-prefecture-level cities
(Prefecture-governed)
Qian'an, Hebei
Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia
Erenhot, Inner Mongolia
Golmud, Qinghai
[show]
County-level cities by Province
Hebei
Xinji
Jinzhou
Xinle
Zunhua
Qian'an*
Wu'an
Nangong
Shahe
Zhuozhou
Dingzhou
Anguo
Gaobeidian
Botou
Renqiu
Huanghua
Hejian
Bazhou
Sanhe
Shenzhou
Shanxi
Gujiao
Lucheng
Gaoping
Jiexiu
Yongji
Hejin
Yuanping
Houma
Huozhou
Xiaoyi
Fenyang
Inner Mongolia
Holingol
Manzhouli*
Yakeshi
Zhalantun
Ergun
Genhe
Fengzhen
Ulanhot*
Arxan
Erenhot*
Xilinhot*
Liaoning
Xinmin
Wafangdian
Zhuanghe
Haicheng
Donggang
Fengcheng
Linghai
Beizhen
Gaizhou
Dashiqiao
Dengta
Diaobingshan
Kaiyuan
Beipiao
Lingyuan
Xingcheng
Jilin
Yushu
Dehui
Jiaohe
Huadian
Shulan
Panshi
Gongzhuling
Shuangliao
Meihekou
Ji'an
Linjiang
Fuyu
Taonan
Da'an
Yanji
Tumen
Dunhua
Hunchun
Longjing
Helong
Heilongjiang
Shangzhi
Wuchang
Nehe
Hulin
Mishan
Tieli
Tongjiang
Fujin
Fuyuan
Suifenhe
Hailin
Ning'an
Muling
Dongning
Bei'an
Wudalianchi
Anda
Zhaodong
Hailun
Jiangsu
Jiangyin
Yixing
Xinyi
Pizhou
Liyang
Changshu
Zhangjiagang
Kunshan
Taicang
Qidong
Rugao
Haimen
Dongtai
Yizheng
Gaoyou
Danyang
Yangzhong
Jurong
Jingjiang
Taixing
Xinghua
Zhejiang
Jiande
Lin'an
Yuyao
Cixi
Fenghua
Rui'an
Yueqing
Haining
Pinghu
Tongxiang
Zhuji
Shengzhou
Lanxi
Yiwu
Dongyang
Yongkang
Jiangshan
Wenling
Linhai
Longquan
Anhui
Chaohu
Jieshou
Tongcheng
Tianchang
Mingguang
Ningguo
Fujian
Fuqing
Changle
Yong'an
Shishi
Jinjiang
Nan'an
Longhai
Shaowu
Wuyishan
Jian'ou
Zhangping
Fu'an
Fuding
Jiangxi
Leping
Ruichang
Gongqingcheng
Lushan
Guixi
Ruijin
Jinggangshan
Fengcheng
Zhangshu
Gao'an
Dexing
Shandong
Zhangqiu
Jiaozhou
Jimo
Pingdu
Laixi
Tengzhou
Longkou
Laiyang
Laizhou
Penglai
Zhaoyuan
Qixia
Haiyang
Qingzhou
Zhucheng
Shouguang
Anqiu
Gaomi
Changyi
Qufu
Zoucheng
Xintai
Feicheng
Rongcheng
Rushan
Laoling
Yucheng
Linqing
Henan
Gongyi
Xingyang
Xinmi
Xinzheng
Dengfeng
Yanshi
Wugang
Ruzhou
Linzhou
Weihui
Huixian
Qinyang
Mengzhou
Yuzhou
Changge
Yima
Lingbao
Dengzhou
Yongcheng
Xiangcheng
Jiyuan*
Hubei
Daye
Danjiangkou
Yidu
Dangyang
Zhijiang
Laohekou
Zaoyang
Yicheng
Zhongxiang
Yingcheng
Anlu
Hanchuan
Shishou
Honghu
Songzi
Macheng
Wuxue
Chibi
Guangshui
Enshi*
Lichuan
Xiantao*
Qianjiang*
Tianmen*
Hunan
Liuyang
Liling
Xiangxiang
Shaoshan
Leiyang
Changning
Wugang
Miluo
Linxiang
Jinshi
Yuanjiang
Zixing
Hongjiang
Lengshuijiang
Lianyuan
Jishou*
Guangdong
Lechang
Nanxiong
Taishan
Kaiping
Heshan
Enping
Lianjiang
Leizhou
Wuchuan
Gaozhou
Huazhou
Xinyi
Sihui
Xingning
Lufeng
Yangchun
Yingde
Lianzhou
Puning
Luoding
Guangxi
Cenxi
Dongxing
Guiping
Beiliu
Jingxi
Yizhou
Heshan
Pingxiang
Hainan
Wuzhishan*
Qionghai*
Wenchang*
Wanning*
Dongfang*
Sichuan
Dujiangyan
Pengzhou
Qionglai
Chongzhou
Jianyang
Guanghan
Shifang
Mianzhu
Jiangyou
Emeishan
Langzhong
Huaying
Wanyuan
Barkam*
Kangding*
Xichang*
Guizhou
Qingzhen
Chishui
Renhuai
Xingyi*
Kaili*
Duyun*
Fuquan
Yunnan
Anning
Xuanwei
Tengchong
Chuxiong*
Mengzi*
Gejiu
Kaiyuan
Mile
Wenshan*
Jinghong*
Dali*
Ruili
Mangshi*
Lushui*
Shangri-La*
Tibet
(none)
Shaanxi
Xingping
Hancheng
Huayin
Gansu
Yumen
Dunhuang
Linxia*
Hezuo*
Qinghai
Yushu*
Golmud*
Delingha*
Ningxia
Lingwu
Qingtongxia
Xinjiang
Changji*
Fukang
Bole*
Alashankou
Korla*
Aksu*
Artux*
Kashgar*
Hotan*
Yining*
Kuytun
Korgas
Tacheng*
Wusu
Altay*
Shihezi*
Aral*
Tumxuk*
Wujiaqu*
Beitun*
Tiemenguan*
Shuanghe*
Kokdala*
Kunyu*
Taiwan5
(none)
[show]
Notes
* Indicates this city has already occurred above.
aDirect-controlled Municipalities. bSub-provincial cities as provincial capitals. cSeparate state-planning cities. 1Special Economic Zone Cities. 2Coastal development cities.
3Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it.
4Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China.
5The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Template:Administrative divisions of the Republic of China instead.
All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture-level cities by province.
v
t
e
Largest cities or towns in China
Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2010)
Rank
Name
Province
Pop.
Rank
Name
Province
Pop.

Shanghai

Beijing 1 Shanghai Shanghai 20,217,700 11 Foshan Guangdong 6,771,900
Chongqing

Guangzhou
2 Beijing Beijing 16,858,700 12 Nanjing Jiangsu 6,238,200
3 Chongqing Chongqing 12,389,500 13 Shenyang Liaoning 5,890,700
4 Guangzhou Guangdong 10,641,400 14 Hangzhou Zhejiang 5,849,500
5 Shenzhen Guangdong 10,358,400 15 Xi'an Shaanxi 5,399,300
6 Tianjin Tianjin 10,007,700 16 Harbin Heilongjiang 5,178,000
7 Wuhan Hubei 7,541,500 17 Dalian Liaoning 4,222,400
8 Dongguan Guangdong 7,271,300 18 Suzhou Jiangsu 4,083,900
9 Chengdu Sichuan 7,112,000 19 Qingdao Shandong 3,990,900
10 Hong Kong Hong Kong 7,055,071 20 Zhengzhou Henan 3,677,000
[show]
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Guangdong topics
Guangzhou (capital)
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Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King
Temple of Madam Xian
Category
Commons
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Provincial capitals of China
Changchun (Jilin)
Changsha (Hunan)
Chengdu (Sichuan)
Fuzhou (Fujian)
Guangzhou (Guangdong)
Guiyang (Guizhou)
Haikou (Hainan)
Hangzhou (Zhejiang)
Harbin (Heilongjiang)
Hefei (Anhui)
Hohhot (Inner Mongolia)
Jinan (Shandong)
Kunming (Yunnan)
Lanzhou (Gansu)
Lhasa (Tibet)
Nanchang (Jiangxi)
Nanjing (Jiangsu)
Nanning (Guangxi)
Shenyang (Liaoning)
Shijiazhuang (Hebei)
Taiyuan (Shanxi)
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Wuhan (Hubei)
Xi'an (Shaanxi)
Xining (Qinghai)
Yinchuan (Ningxia)
Zhengzhou (Henan)
[show]
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World's fifty most-populous urban areas
Tokyo–Yokohama (Keihin)
Jakarta (Jabodetabek)
Delhi
Manila (Metro Manila)
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New York City
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Lima
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Greater London
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Lahore
Chennai
Bengaluru
Chicago
Bogotá
Ho Chi Minh City
Hyderabad
Dongguan
Johannesburg–East Rand
Wuhan
Taipei-Taoyuan
Hangzhou
Hong Kong
Chongqing
Ahmedabad
Kuala Lumpur (Klang Valley)
Quanzhou
[show]
v
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Host cities of Asian Games
Summer
1951: Delhi
1954: Manila
1958: Tokyo
1962: Jakarta
1966: Bangkok
1970: Bangkok
1974: Tehran
1978: Bangkok
1982: Delhi
1986: Seoul
1990: Beijing
1994: Hiroshima
1998: Bangkok
2002: Busan
2006: Doha
2010: Guangzhou
2014: Incheon
2018: Jakarta/Palembang
2022: Hangzhou
Winter
1986: Sapporo
1990: Sapporo
1996: Harbin
1999: Kangwon
2003: Aomori
2007: Changchun
2011: Astana-Almaty
2017: Sapporo
[show]
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3 Became constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; Suriname gained full independence in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the Netherlands Antilles, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
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Karachi
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Dhaka
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Taipei-Taoyuan
Hangzhou
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Quanzhou
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 233695911
GND: 4073204-6
BNF: cb11963210p (data)
NDL: 00633806
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guangzhou&oldid=806903423"
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Guangzhou
214 BC
210s BC establishments
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Treaty of Nanking
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