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Gareth Southgate
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Gareth Southgate
Southgate managing England at the 2018 FIFA World Cup
Personal information
Full name
Gareth Southgate[1]
Date of birth
(1970-09-03) 3 September 1970 (age 47)[2]
Place of birth
Watford, England
Height
6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)[3]
Playing position
Defender / Midfielder
Club information
Current team
England (manager)
Youth career
0000–1988
Crystal Palace
Senior career*
Years
Team Apps (Gls)
1988–1995
Crystal Palace 152 (15)
1995–2001
Aston Villa 191 (7)
2001–2006
Middlesbrough 160 (4)
Total
503 (26)
National team
1995–2004
England 57 (2)
Teams managed
2006–2009
Middlesbrough
2013–2016
England U21
2016–
England
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only
Gareth Southgate (born 3 September 1970) is an English football manager and former player who played as a defender or as a midfielder. He is the manager of the England national team.
He won the League Cup with both Aston Villa and Middlesbrough (in 1995–96 and 2003–04 respectively), and captained Crystal Palace to win the First Division championship in 1993–94. He also played in the 2000 FA Cup Final for Villa and the 2006 UEFA Cup Final for Middlesbrough. Internationally, Southgate made 57 appearances for the England national team between 1995 and 2004, featuring in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and both the 1996 and 2000 European Championships. His playing career ended in May 2006 at the age of 35, and after more than 500 league appearances.
He served as manager of Middlesbrough from June 2006 until October 2009, managed the England U21 team from 2013 to 2016, before becoming the England national team manager in 2016.
Contents
1 Club career
1.1 Crystal Palace
1.2 Aston Villa
1.3 Middlesbrough
2 International career
3 Management career
3.1 Middlesbrough
3.2 England
3.2.1 2013–2016: Under-21 team
3.2.2 2016–present: Senior team
3.2.2.1 Caretaker spell
3.2.2.2 2018 FIFA World Cup
4 Other roles
5 Personal life
6 Career statistics
6.1 Club
6.2 International
7 Managerial statistics
8 Honours and achievements
8.1 Player
8.2 Manager
9 References
10 External links
Club career[edit]
Crystal Palace[edit]
Born in Watford, Hertfordshire,[4] Southgate began his career at Crystal Palace, playing initially at right-back and then in central midfield. He became captain and led the club to the 1993–94 First Division title. After the South London club's relegation from the Premier League, he moved to Aston Villa for a fee of £2.5 million, having made 152 appearances over four seasons.
His nickname at Palace was 'Nord', given him because his precise way of speaking reminded one of the coaches of Denis Norden's vocal delivery.[5]
Aston Villa[edit]
At Aston Villa, he was converted into a centre-back and was part of a formidable defence. In his first season, he lifted the League Cup and Aston Villa qualified for the UEFA Cup. Southgate played in every Premier League game during the 1998–99 season. He continued to play for Villa in the 1999–2000 season as Villa reached the FA Cup Final, but handed in a transfer request just before Euro 2000, claiming that "if I am to achieve in my career, it is time to move on."[6]
Middlesbrough[edit]
On 11 July 2001, Southgate signed for Middlesbrough for a £6.5 million fee. He joined on a four-year deal and was the first signing by Steve McClaren, whom he knew as an England coach.[7][8]
In July 2002, after Paul Ince left for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Southgate was appointed the new Middlesbrough captain. On 29 February 2004, he became the first Boro skipper in their 128-year history to lift a trophy, as they defeated Bolton Wanderers in the 2004 Football League Cup Final at the Millennium Stadium.[9]
Southgate rejected media rumours that he was set to move to Manchester United following Rio Ferdinand's ban for missing a drug test in January 2004.[10] He later committed his final playing years to Middlesbrough, signing until 2007. His final appearance as a professional player was in the 2006 UEFA Cup Final against Sevilla, which Boro lost 4–0 at the Philips Stadion in Eindhoven.[9]
International career[edit]
Southgate made his debut for England as a substitute against Portugal in December 1995 under the management of Terry Venables.[11] Southgate played every minute of their matches as hosts England reached the semi-final of UEFA Euro 1996, in which they faced Germany. The match was determined in a penalty shoot-out; Southgate's penalty was saved, and England were eliminated.[12] The song "Southgate (Euro '96)" by The Business is a reference to this event. Southgate managed to make light of his blunder later that year by appearing in an advert for Pizza Hut, also featuring Stuart Pearce and Chris Waddle, who had missed crucial penalties at the 1990 FIFA World Cup.[13]
Southgate also played in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000.[14] His 50th cap came in a 1–1 draw with Portugal at Villa Park in September 2002.[11] On 11 June 2003, he played the full 90 minutes in a 2–1 Euro 2004 qualifying win over Slovakia at his club ground of the Riverside Stadium, competing against Middlesbrough's striker Szilárd Németh.[15]
Southgate was capped 57 times for England and scored twice.[11] His first goal came on 14 October 1998 against Luxembourg in a Euro 2000 qualifier, his second on 22 May 2003 against South Africa in a friendly.[11] He is Aston Villa's most capped England player, having played 42 of his 57 internationals whilst with Villa.[16]
Management career[edit]
Middlesbrough[edit]
Southgate was handed his first managerial role at Middlesbrough in June 2006 after Steve McClaren had left to manage England. His appointment drew controversy as he did not have the required coaching qualifications (the UEFA Pro Licence) to manage a top-flight club.[17] He was allowed to stay on as manager, however, by the Premier League in November 2006; Middlesbrough successfully argued that, because Southgate had recently been an international player, he had no opportunity to undertake the coaching courses.[18] He did go on to complete his coaching qualifications.[19]
In his first season in charge, Southgate guided Middlesbrough to 12th position in the Premier League. His biggest win as a manager was an 8–1 victory against Manchester City in May 2008. In December 2007, Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger suggested Southgate as one of several English managers who were "all good enough" to manage the national team.[20] He faced some criticism early in the 2007–08 season after Boro had a spell in the relegation zone, but they later pulled clear of the bottom three.[21]
In November 2008, Southgate took Middlesbrough up to 8th place after an away win against on-form Aston Villa; however, Boro would thereafter go 14 games without a win, finally defeating Liverpool at home 2–0 on 28 February 2009.[22] After an away defeat against Stoke City, some of the travelling supporters were calling for his dismissal after only achieving one win in 18 games and relegation survival looking unlikely. On 24 March, chairman Steve Gibson announced that sacking Southgate would not "help the situation".[23] Middlesbrough finished in 19th position and were relegated to the Championship after a 2–1 defeat at West Ham United.[24] Southgate said he was determined to get the club back into the Premier League, praised the supporters and said that he felt for them.[25]
Southgate in 2013
On 20 October 2009, shortly after a 2–0 victory over Derby County, Southgate was dismissed as manager with Middlesbrough in fourth place in the Championship. The dismissal was controversial as he had taken Boro to within one point of the top position,[26][27] but Gibson said he had made the decision weeks earlier in the best interests of the club.[28]
England[edit]
2013–2016: Under-21 team[edit]
In August 2013, Southgate was named manager of the England under-21 team, signing a three-year contract.[29] In his first game in charge, they beat Moldova 1–0 in a European Championships qualifier thanks to a goal from Saido Berahino.[30] Under Southgate England qualified for the finals of the European Under-21 Championship in 2015, where they were knocked out in the group stages, finishing last in their group.
2016–present: Senior team[edit]
Caretaker spell[edit]
Southgate was put in temporary charge of the senior England team on 27 September 2016, when Sam Allardyce resigned after one game due to the 2016 English football scandal.[31] England were in the early stages of qualifying for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After winning his first game in charge 2–0 against Malta,[32] under Southgate's leadership, England went on to draw 0–0 with Slovenia,[33] beat Scotland 3–0,[34] and in his last game in temporary charge, drew 2–2 with Spain, despite leading 2–0 and conceding goals in the 89th and 96th minutes.[35] Southgate's spell as caretaker manager ended on 15 November.[36]
On 30 November 2016, Southgate was appointed as England manager on a four-year contract.[37]
2018 FIFA World Cup[edit]
The England team qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 5 October 2017, with a 1–0 home win over Slovenia.[38]
Southgate with England at the 2018 FIFA World Cup
After wins against Tunisia and Panama saw England qualify behind Belgium in their 2018 FIFA World Cup group, Southgate's England side beat Colombia 4–3 on penalties in the round of 16 after a 1–1 draw on 3 July 2018 to claim his nation's first ever World Cup penalty shoot-out victory and a place in the quarter-final.[39] On 7 July 2018, Southgate's England side beat Sweden in a 2–0 win in the 2018 FIFA World Cup quarter finals, with Southgate becoming the first England manager to reach the semi-finals of the World Cup since Sir Bobby Robson's side at the 1990 FIFA World Cup.[40] This success bought Southgate significant admiration from England fans.[41] For the semi-final with Croatia, fans dressed up in waistcoats in tribute to Southgate's iconic waistcoat, which he wore during England's matches: retailer Marks & Spencer reported a 35% increase in sales of waistcoats,[42][43][44] and the hashtag 'WaistcoatWednesday' trended on Twitter.[44][45] A week after the end of the tournament, Southgate tube station in Enfield, London, was renamed to "Gareth Southgate" for two days in recognition of Southgate's achievement.[46][47] Southgate was also lauded for personal qualities shown in the World Cup, including consoling an opposition player whose missed penalty had seen England win.[48]
On 11 July 2018, Southgate's England side suffered a 2–1 defeat to Croatia after extra time in the semi-finals of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Kieran Trippier opened the scoring for England with a free kick, before a goal from Ivan Perišić sent the tie into extra time. Mario Mandžukić scored the winner for Croatia in the second half of extra time. With England trailing, the match also saw England play the final ten minutes of extra time with ten men as Trippier suffered an injury after Southgate had already made his permitted substitutions.[49] Following a 2-0 defeat to Belgium in the third place play-off, England ended the World Cup in fourth place.[50] Harry Kane, a striker and the England team captain, also won the Golden Boot as the tournament's top goal-scorer.[47]
Other roles[edit]
In 2003, Southgate and close friend and current Crystal Palace goalkeeping coach Andy Woodman co-wrote Woody & Nord: A Football Friendship. This book describes an enduring friendship forged in the Crystal Palace youth team that has survived Southgate and Woodman's wildly differing fortunes in the professional game. The book won the Sports Book of the Year award for 2004 from the National Sporting Club (now the British Sports Book Awards).[51][52]
Southgate was also a co-commentator for ITV at the 2006 World Cup, covering group games alongside Clive Tyldesley.[53] His appointment as Middlesbrough manager two days before the start of the tournament meant that he left Germany before the knockout phase began, with David Pleat replacing him as Tyldesley's co-commentator.[citation needed] He resumed a role as pundit and co-commentator after he finished his tenure at Middlesbrough in 2010, working on FA Cup and UEFA Champions League matches for ITV as well as acting as a pundit on England games.[54][55]
In January 2011, Southgate was appointed as the FA's head of elite development, to work with Sir Trevor Brooking.[56] He left the post in July 2012, and ruled himself out of consideration for the role of technical director,[57] for which he had been a leading candidate.[58]
Personal life[edit]
Southgate attended Hazelwick School in Crawley, West Sussex. Southgate is married to Alison; the couple have two children.[59]
Career statistics[edit]
Club[edit]
Source:[60]
Club
Season
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Crystal Palace 1990–91 First Division 1 0 0 0 1 0 1[a] 0 3 0
1991–92 First Division 30 0 0 0 6 0 3[a] 0 39 0
1992–93 Premier League 33 3 0 0 6 2 0 0 39 5
1993–94 First Division 46 9 1 0 4 3 2[b] 0 53 11
1994–95 Premier League 42 3 8 0 7 2 0 0 57 5
Total
152
15
9
0
24
7
6
0
191
22
Aston Villa 1995–96 Premier League 31 1 4 0 8 1 0 0 43 2
1996–97 Premier League 28 1 3 0 1 0 2[c] 0 34 1
1997–98 Premier League 32 0 3 0 1 0 7[c] 0 43 0
1998–99 Premier League 38 1 2 0 0 0 4[c] 0 44 2
1999–2000 Premier League 31 2 6 1 6 0 0 0 43 3
2000–01 Premier League 31 2 2 0 1 0 2[d] 0 36 2
Total
191
7
20
1
17
0
15
0
243
8
Middlesbrough 2001–02 Premier League 37 1 6 0 1 0 0 0 44 1
2002–03 Premier League 36 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 37 2
2003–04 Premier League 27 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 34 1
2004–05 Premier League 36 0 1 0 0 0 10[c] 0 47 0
2005–06 Premier League 24 0 7 0 2 0 9[c] 0 42 0
Total
160
4
16
0
9
0
19
0
204
4
Career Total
503
26
45
1
50
8
40
0
638
35
^ Jump up to: a b Appearances in Full Members' Cup
Jump up ^ Appearances in Anglo-Italian Cup
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Appearances in UEFA Cup
Jump up ^ Appearances in UEFA Intertoto Cup
International[edit]
Source:[61]
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
England 1995 1 0
1996 11 0
1997 10 0
1998 8 1
1999 3 0
2000 8 0
2001 3 0
2002 7 0
2003 4 1
2004 2 0
Total
57
2
Managerial statistics[edit]
As of match played 14 July 2018
Managerial record by team and tenure
Team
From
To
Record
Ref.
P
W
D
L
Win %
Middlesbrough 7 June 2006 21 October 2009 7002151000000000000♠151 7001450000000000000♠45 7001430000000000000♠43 7001630000000000000♠63 07001298000000000000♠29.8 [27][62]
England U21 22 August 2013 27 September 2016 7001330000000000000♠33 7001270000000000000♠27 7000300000000000000♠3 7000300000000000000♠3 07001818000000000000♠81.8 [62][63][64]
England 27 September 2016 Present 7001250000000000000♠25 7001130000000000000♠13 7000700000000000000♠7 7000500000000000000♠5 07001520000000000000♠52.0 [31][37][62]
Total
7002209000000000000♠209 7001850000000000000♠85 7001530000000000000♠53 7001710000000000000♠71 07001407000000000000♠40.7
—
Honours and achievements[edit]
Player[edit]
Crystal Palace
Football League First Division: 1993–94
Football League play-offs: 1988–89
Aston Villa
Football League Cup: 1995–96
Middlesbrough
Football League Cup: 2003–04[65][66]
Manager[edit]
England U21
Toulon Tournament: 2016[67]
England
FIFA World Cup fourth place: 2018[50]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Gareth Southgate". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
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Jump up ^ Fifield, Dominic (11 June 2018). "'He was the posh boy with a toughness in him': Gareth Southgate as a player". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Southgate wants to quit Villa". BBC Sport. 8 June 2000. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Ley, John (11 July 2001). "James and Southgate leave fans dismayed". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
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Jump up ^ Tallentire, Philip (21 December 2012). "Southgate admits Boro hotseat was too soon". Evening Gazette. Middlesbrough. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Richard (7 December 2007). "Wenger – The candidates for the England job". Arsenal F.C. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Gareth Southgate is keen to prove doubters wrong". Daily Mirror. 23 February 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
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Jump up ^ Usher, Tom (10 July 2018). "Museum Of London wants to add Gareth Southgate's waistcoat to its collection". Metro. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Sheldrick, Giles (12 July 2018). "Fans follow suit and don dapper waistcoat to salute hero Gareth". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Richards, Alexandra (11 July 2018). "Fans hail 'Waistcoat Wednesday' to honour Gareth Southgate – but fail to spot their glaring error". Evening Standard. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
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Jump up ^ Wallace, Sam (5 April 2012). "Gareth Southgate favourite to be first FA technical director in years". The Independent. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Young, Colin (9 February 2007). "Order of the boot gives boss Gareth his worry lines". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Gareth Southgate profile at the English National Football Archive (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Southgate, Gareth at National-Football-Teams.com
^ Jump up to: a b c "Managers: Gareth Southgate". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "England's matches: The under 21s: 2010–20". England Football Online. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Veevers, Nicholas (28 September 2016). "Aidy Boothroyd set to take on England under-21s position". The Football Association. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
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Jump up ^ Veevers, Nicholas (29 May 2016). "England under-21s lift Toulon title after win over France". The Football Association. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gareth Southgate.
Gareth Southgate profile at the Football Association website
Gareth Southgate at Soccerbase
Gareth Southgate management career statistics at Soccerbase
Gareth Southgate at National-Football-Teams.com
Gareth Southgate on IMDb
Profile on englandfootballonline
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Middlesbrough F.C. – Player of the Year
1966: Jones
1968: Rooks
1969: Rooks
1970: Smith
1971: Jones
1972: Platt & Boam
1973: Maddren
1974: Souness
1979: Boam
1980: Armstrong
1981: Platt
1985: Mowbray
1986: Mowbray
1989: Slaven
1990: Slaven
1991: Baird
1997: Juninho
1999: Ricard
2002: Southgate
2004: Boateng
2005: Downing
2006: Yakubu
2007: Woodgate
2008: Wheater
2009: Tuncay
2010: Robson
2011: Bennett
2012: Robson
2013: Leadbitter
2014: Friend
2015: Friend
2016: Clayton
2017: Gibson
2018: Adama
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England squads
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v
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England squad – UEFA Euro 1996 Semi-finalists
1 Seaman
2 G. Neville
3 Pearce
4 Ince
5 Adams (c)
6 Southgate
7 Platt
8 Gascoigne
9 Shearer
10 Sheringham
11 Anderton
12 Howey
13 Flowers
14 Barmby
15 Redknapp
16 Campbell
17 McManaman
18 Ferdinand
19 P. Neville
20 Stone
21 Fowler
22 Walker
Coach: Venables
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England squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup
1 Seaman
2 Campbell
3 Le Saux
4 Ince
5 Adams
6 Southgate
7 Beckham
8 Batty
9 Shearer (c)
10 Sheringham
11 McManaman
12 Neville
13 Martyn
14 Anderton
15 Merson
16 Scholes
17 Lee
18 Keown
19 L. Ferdinand
20 Owen
21 R. Ferdinand
22 Flowers
Coach: Hoddle
show
v
t
e
England squad – UEFA Euro 2000
1 Seaman
2 G. Neville
3 P. Neville
4 Campbell
5 Adams
6 Keown
7 Beckham
8 Scholes
9 Shearer (c)
10 Owen
11 McManaman
12 Southgate
13 Martyn
14 Ince
15 Barry
16 Gerrard
17 Wise
18 Barmby
19 Heskey
20 Phillips
21 Fowler
22 Wright
Coach: Keegan
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England squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup
1 Seaman
2 Mills
3 A. Cole
4 Sinclair
5 Ferdinand
6 Campbell
7 Beckham (c)
8 Scholes
9 Fowler
10 Owen
11 Heskey
12 Brown
13 Martyn
14 Bridge
15 Keown
16 Southgate
17 Sheringham
18 Hargreaves
19 J. Cole
20 Vassell
21 Butt
22 James
23 Dyer
Coach: Eriksson
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England squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place
1 Pickford
2 Walker
3 Rose
4 Dier
5 Stones
6 Maguire
7 Lingard
8 Henderson
9 Kane (c)
10 Sterling
11 Vardy
12 Trippier
13 Butland
14 Welbeck
15 Cahill
16 Jones
17 Delph
18 Young
19 Rashford
20 Alli
21 Loftus-Cheek
22 Alexander-Arnold
23 Pope
Coach: Southgate
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Managerial positions
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Middlesbrough F.C. – managers
J. Robson (1899–1905)
Mackie (1905–06)
Aitken (1906–09)
Gunter (1909–10)
Walker (1910–11)
McIntoshs (1911–19)
Howie (1920–23)
Bamlett (1923–26)
McWilliam (1927–34)
Gillow (1934–44)
Jack (1944–52)
Rowley (1952–54)
Dennison (1954–63)
Carter (1963–66)
Anderson (1966–73)
Shepherdsonc (1973)
Charlton (1973–77)
Neal (1977–81)
Murdoch (1981–82)
Allison (1982–84)
Charltonc (1984)
Maddren (1984–86)
Rioch (1986–90)
Todd (1990–91)
Lawrence (1991–94)
B. Robson (1994–2001)
Venables (2001)
McClaren (2001–06)
Southgate (2006–09)
Strachan (2009–10)
Agnewc (2010)
Mowbray (2010–13)
Venusc (2013)
Karanka (2013–17)
Agnewc (2017)
Monk (2017)
Pulis (2017–)
(s) = secretary; (c) = caretaker manager
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England national under-21 football team – managers
Sexton (1977–90)
McMenemy (1990–93)
Sexton (1993–96)
Taylor (1996–99)
Reid (1999)
Wilkinson (1999–2001)
Platt (2001–04)
Taylor (2004–07)
Pearce (2007–13)
Hodgsonc (2013)
Southgate (2013–16)
Boothroyd (2016–)
(c) = caretaker manager
show
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England national football team – managers
Winterbottom (1946–62)
Ramsey (1963–74)
Mercerc (1974)
Revie (1974–77)
Greenwood (1977–82)
Robson (1982–90)
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Evolution of primates
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Phylogenetic tree of the primates
The evolutionary history of the primates can be traced back 65 million years.[1] One of the oldest known primate-like mammal species, the Plesiadapis, came from North America;[2] another, Archicebus, came from China.[3] Other similar basal primates were widespread in Eurasia and Africa during the tropical conditions of the Paleocene and Eocene. Purgatorius is the genus of the four extinct species believed to be the earliest example of a primate or a proto-primate, a primatomorph precursor to the Plesiadapiformes, dating to as old as 66 million years ago.
Notharctus
David Begun[4] concluded that early primates flourished in Eurasia and that a lineage leading to the African apes and humans, including Dryopithecus, migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. The surviving tropical population of primates, which is seen most completely in the upper Eocene and lowermost Oligocene fossil beds of the Faiyum depression southwest of Cairo, gave rise to all living species—lemurs of Madagascar, lorises of Southeast Asia, galagos or "bush babies" of Africa, and the anthropoids: platyrrhine or New World monkeys, catarrhines or Old World monkeys, and the great apes, which share common ancestors with Homo sapiens.
The earliest known catarrhine is Kamoyapithecus from uppermost Oligocene at Eragaleit in the northern Kenya Rift Valley, dated to 24 million years ago.[5] Its ancestry is thought to be species related to Aegyptopithecus, Propliopithecus, and Parapithecus from the Fayum, at around 35 million years ago.[6] In 2010, Saadanius was described as a close relative of the last common ancestor of the crown catarrhines, and tentatively dated to 29–28 million years ago, helping to fill an 11-million-year gap in the fossil record.[7] Notable species also include Nsungwepithecus gunnelli and Rukwapithecus fleaglei, dubiously taxonomized catarrhines of the Oligocene.[8]
Reconstructed tailless Proconsul skeleton
In the early Miocene, about 22 million years ago, the many kinds of arboreally adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa suggest a long history of prior diversification. Fossils at 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to Victoriapithecus, the earliest Old World Monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Dendropithecus, Limnopithecus, Nacholapithecus, Equatorius, Nyanzapithecus, Afropithecus, Heliopithecus, and Kenyapithecus, all from East Africa.
The presence of other generalized non-cercopithecids of middle Miocene age from sites far distant—Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austria—is evidence of a wide diversity of forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene. The youngest of the Miocene hominoids, Oreopithecus, is from coal beds in Italy that have been dated to 9 million years ago.
Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons (family Hylobatidae) diverged from Great Apes some 18-12 million years ago, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverged from the other Great Apes at about 12 million years; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown South East Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 million years ago.[9]
Contents
1 Evolution of lemurs
2 Human evolution
3 Evolution of color vision
4 Evolution of the pelvis
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Evolution of lemurs[edit]
Life timeline
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Also see: Human timeline and Nature timeline
Main article: Evolution of lemurs
Lemurs, in the suborder Strepsirrhini, had been isolated on the island of Madagascar between 42 and 50 mya, allowing for their independent evolution.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014)
Human evolution[edit]
Main article: Human evolution
See also: Homo sapiens § Evolutionary history of Primates
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014)
Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates – in particular genus Homo – and leading to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, the great apes. This process involved the gradual development of traits such as human bipedalism and language.[10]
The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[11] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[12]
Within the Hominoidea (apes) superfamily, the Hominidae family diverged from the Hylobatidae (gibbon) family some 15–20 million years ago; African great apes (subfamily Homininae) diverged from orangutans (Ponginae) about 14 million years ago; the Hominini tribe (humans, Australopithecines and other extinct biped genera, and chimpanzee) parted from the Gorillini tribe (gorillas) between 9 million years ago and 8 million years ago; and, in turn, the subtribes Hominina (humans and biped ancestors) and Panina (chimps) separated about 7.5 million years ago to 5.6 million years ago.[13]
Evolution of color vision[edit]
Main article: Evolution of color vision in primates
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014)
Evolution of the pelvis[edit]
In primates, the pelvis consists of four parts - the left and the right hip bones which meet in the mid-line ventrally and are fixed to the sacrum dorsally and the coccyx. Each hip bone consists of three components, the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis, and at the time of sexual maturity these bones become fused together, though there is never any movement between them. In humans, the ventral joint of the pubic bones is closed.
The most striking feature of evolution of the pelvis in primates is the widening and the shortening of the blade called the ilium. Because of the stresses involved in bipedal locomotion, the muscles of the thigh move the thigh forward and backward, providing the power for bi-pedal and quadrupedal locomotion.[14]
See also[edit]
Evolution of mammals
List of fossil primates
Primate#Evolution
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Maxwell 1984, p. 296
Rui Zhang; Yin-Qiu Wang; Bing Su (July 2008). "Molecular Evolution of a Primate-Specific microRNA Family" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1493–1502. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn094. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 18417486. Retrieved 2015-04-27. Pdf
Willoughby, Pamela R. (2005). "Palaeoanthropology and the Evolutionary Place of Humans in Nature". International Journal of Comparative Psychology. International Society for Comparative Psychology. 18 (1): 60–91. ISSN 0889-3667. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
Martin 2001, pp. 12032–12038
Tavaré, Simon; Marshall, Charles R.; Will, Oliver; et al. (April 18, 2002). "Using the fossil record to estimate the age of the last common ancestor of extant primates". Nature. London: Nature Publishing Group. 416 (6882): 726–729. doi:10.1038/416726a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11961552.
Jump up ^ Rose, Kenneth D. (1994). "The earliest primates". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 3 (5): 159–173. doi:10.1002/evan.1360030505. ISSN 1060-1538.
Fleagle, John; Gilbert, Chris (2011). Rowe, Noel; Myers, Marc, eds. "Primate Evolution". All The World's Primates. Charlestown, RI: Primate Conservation, Inc. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
Roach, John (March 3, 2008). "Oldest Primate Fossil in North America Discovered". National Geographic News. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
McMains, Vanessa (December 5, 2011). "Found in Wyoming: New fossils of oldest American primate". The Gazette. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
Caldwell, Sara B. (May 19, 2009). "Missing link found, early primate fossil 47 million years old". Digital Journal. Toronto, Canada: digitaljournal.com. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
Watts, Alex (May 20, 2009). "Scientists Unveil Missing Link In Evolution". Sky News Online. London: BSkyB. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
Jump up ^ Wilford, J. N. (June 5, 2013). "Palm-size fossil resets primates' clock, scientists say". The New York Times. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kordos, László; Begun, David R. (January 2001). "Primates from Rudabánya: allocation of specimens to individuals, sex and age categories". Journal of Human Evolution. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. 40 (1): 17–39. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0437. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 11139358.
Jump up ^ Cameron 2004, p. 76
Jump up ^ Wallace 2004, p. 240
Jump up ^ Zalmout, Iyad S.; Sanders, William J.; MacLatchy, Laura M.; et al. (15 July 2010). "New Oligocene primate from Saudi Arabia and the divergence of apes and Old World monkeys". Nature. London: Nature Publishing Group. 466 (7304): 360–364. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..360Z. doi:10.1038/nature09094. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20631798.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Chris (2013-05-16). "Fossils Indicate Common Ancestor for Old World Monkeys and Apes". Scientific American. Retrieved 2017-09-13.
Jump up ^ Srivastava 2009, p. 87
Jump up ^ Brian K. Hall; Benedikt Hallgrímsson (2011). Strickberger's Evolution. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 488. ISBN 978-1-4496-6390-2.
Jump up ^ Heng, Henry H. Q. (May 2009). "The genome-centric concept: resynthesis of evolutionary theory". BioEssays. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 31 (5): 512–525. doi:10.1002/bies.200800182. ISSN 0265-9247. PMID 19334004.
Jump up ^ Tyson, Peter (July 1, 2008). "Meet Your Ancestors". NOVA scienceNOW. PBS; WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
Jump up ^ Dawkins 2004
"Find Time of Divergence: Hominidae versus Hylobatidae". TimeTree. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
Jump up ^ Campbell 1998, p. 170
Bibliography[edit]
Cameron, David W. (2004). Hominid Adaptations and Extinctions. Sydney: UNSW Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-716-6. LCCN 2004353026. OCLC 57077633.
Campbell, Bernard (1998). Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations (4th ed.). New York: Aldine de Gruyter. ISBN 0-202-02042-8. LCCN 98008760. OCLC 39323020.
Srivastava, R. P. (2009). Morphology Of The Primates And Human Evolution. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-203-3656-8. OCLC 423293609.
Wallace, David Rains (2004). Beasts of Eden: Walking Whales, Dawn Horses, and Other Enigmas of Mammal Evolution. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 240. ISBN 0-520-23731-5. LCCN 2003022857. OCLC 56733801.
Further reading[edit]
John Buettner-Janusch (2 December 2012). Evolutionary and Genetic Biology of Primates. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-323-15510-6.
John G. Fleagle (8 March 2013). Primate Adaptation and Evolution. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-378633-3.
Van Schaik, Carel P., and Peter M. Kappeler. "The evolution of social monogamy in primates." Monogamy: mating strategies and partnerships in birds, humans and other mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003): 59-80.
External links[edit]
Human evolution at Encyclopædia Britannica
The First Primates at anthro.palomar.edu
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