text:
Stoat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the sewing stitch, see Stoating.
"Ermine" redirects here. For other uses, see Ermine (disambiguation).
Stoat
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Mustelidae
Subfamily: Mustelinae
Genus: Mustela
Species: M. erminea
Binomial name
Mustela erminea
Linnaeus, 1758
Stoat range
native introduced
The stoat (Mustela erminea), also known as the short-tailed weasel or simply the weasel in Ireland where the least weasel does not occur, is a mammal of the genus Mustela of the family Mustelidae native to Eurasia and North America, distinguished from the least weasel by its larger size and longer tail with a prominent black tip. Originally from Eurasia, it crossed into North America some 500,000 years ago, where it naturalized and joined the notably larger, closely related native long-tailed weasel.
The name "ermine" is used for any species in the genus Mustela, especially the stoat, in its pure white winter coat, or the fur thereof.[2] In the late 19th century, stoats were introduced into New Zealand to control rabbits, where they have had a devastating effect on native bird populations.
The stoat is classed by the IUCN as least concern, due to its wide circumpolar distribution, and because it does not face any significant threat to its survival.[1] It was nominated as one of the world's top 100 "worst invaders".[3]
Ermine luxury fur was used in the 15th century by Catholic monarchs, who sometimes used it as the mozzetta cape. It was also used in capes on images such as the Infant Jesus of Prague.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Evolution
3 Subspecies
4 Physical description
4.1 Build
4.2 Fur
5 Behaviour
5.1 Reproduction and development
5.2 Territorial and sheltering behaviours
5.3 Diet
6 Communication
7 Range and population
8 Introduction to New Zealand
9 Diseases and parasites
10 Relationships with humans
10.1 Folklore and mythology
10.2 Fur use
11 References
11.1 Bibliography
12 Further reading
13 External links
Etymology[edit]
The root word for "stoat" is likely either the Dutch word stout ("naughty")[4] or the Gothic word stautan ("to push").[5] According to John Guillim, in his Display of Heraldrie, the word "ermine" is likely derived from Armenia, the nation where it was thought the species originated,[4] though other authors have linked it to the Norman French from the Teutonic harmin (Anglo-Saxon hearma). This seems to come from the Lithuanian word šarmu.[5] In Ireland (where the least weasel does not occur), the stoat is referred to as a weasel, while in North America it is called a short-tailed weasel. A male stoat is called a dog, hob or jack, while a female is called a jill. The collective noun for stoats is either gang or pack.[6]
Evolution[edit]
Skulls of a long-tailed weasel (top), a stoat (bottom left) and least weasel (bottom right), as illustrated in Merriam's Synopsis of the Weasels of North America
The stoat's direct ancestor was Mustela palerminea, a common carnivore in central and eastern Europe during the Middle Pleistocene,[7] that spread to North America during the late Blancan or early Irvingtonian.[8] The stoat is the product of a process begun 5–7 million years ago, when northern forests were replaced by open grassland, thus prompting an explosive evolution of small, burrowing rodents. The stoat's ancestors were larger than the current form, and underwent a reduction in size as they exploited the new food source. The stoat first arose in Eurasia, shortly after the long-tailed weasel arose as its mirror image in North America 2 million years ago. The stoat thrived during the Ice Age, as its small size and long body allowed it to easily operate beneath snow, as well as hunt in burrows. The stoat and the long-tailed weasel remained separated until 500,000 years ago, when falling sea levels exposed the Bering land bridge.[9]
Combined phylogenetic analyses indicate the stoat's closest living relative is the mountain weasel (Mustela altaica), though it is also closely related to the least weasel (Mustela nivalis) and long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata). Its next closest relatives are the New World Colombian weasel (Mustela felipei) and the Amazon weasel (Mustela africana).[10]
Subspecies[edit]
As of 2005[update],[11] 37 subspecies are recognized.
showSubspecies
Trinomial authority
Description
Range
Synonyms
Northern stoat
M. e. erminea
(Nominate subspecies)
Linnaeus, 1758 A small-to-subspecies, with a relatively short and broad facial region[12] Kola Peninsula, Scandinavia hyberna (Kerr, 1792)
maculata (Billberg, 1827)
Middle Russian stoat
M. e. aestiva
Kerr, 1792 A moderately sized subspecies with dark, tawny or chestnut summer fur[12] European Russia (except for the Kola Peninsula), Central and Western Europe algiricus (Thomas, 1895)
alpestris (Burg, 1920)
giganteus (Burg, 1920)
major (Nilsson, 1820)
Junean stoat
M. e. alascensis Merriam, 1896 Similar to M. e. richardsonii, but with a broader skull and more extensive white tips on the limbs[13] Juneau, Alaska
Vancouver Island stoat
M. e. anguinae Hall, 1932 Vancouver Island
Tundra stoat
M. e. arctica
Merriam, 1826 A large subspecies, with a dark-yellowish brown summer coat, a deep yellow underbelly and a massive skull, it resembles Eurasian stoat subspecies more closely than any other American subspecies.[14] Alaska, northwestern Canada, Arctic archipelago except Baffin Island audax (Barrett-Hamilton, 1904)
kadiacensis (Merriam, 1896)
kadiacensis (Osgood, 1901)
richardsonii (Bonaparte, 1838)
M. e. augustidens Brown, 1908
Western Great Lakes stoat
M. e. bangsi Hall, 1945 Region west of the Great Lakes cicognani (Mearns, 1891)
pusillus (Aughey, 1880)
Mustela e. celenda Hall, 1944
Bonaparte's stoat
M. e. cigognanii
Bonaparte, 1838 A small subspecies, with a dark brown summer coat, its skull is more lightly built than that of richardsonii.[15] Region north and east of the Great Lakes pusilla (DeKay, 1842)
vulgaris (Griffith, 1827)
M. e. fallenda Hall, 1945
Fergana stoat
M. e. ferghanae Thomas, 1895 A small subspecies, it has a very light, straw-brownish or greyish coat, which is short and soft. Light spots, sometimes forming a collar, are present on the neck. It does not turn white in winter.[16] Montane Tien Shan and Pamir-Alaisk system, Afghanistan, India, western Tibet and adjacent parts of Tien Shan China shnitnikovi (Ognev, 1935)
whiteheadi (Wroughton, 1908)
Mustela e. gulosa Hall, 1945
Queen Charlotte Islands stoat
M. e. haidarum Preble, 1898 Queen Charlotte Islands
Irish stoat
M. e. hibernica
Thomas and Barrett-Hamilton, 1895 Larger than aestiva, but smaller than stabilis, it is distinguished by the irregular pattern on the dividing line between dark and pale fur on the flanks, though 13.5% of Irish stoats exhibit the more typical straight dividing line.[17] Ireland, Isle of Man
M. e. initis Hall, 1945
M. e. invicta Hall, 1945
Kodiak stoat
M. e. kadiacensis Merriam, 1896 Kodiak Island
East Siberian stoat
M. e. kaneii Baird, 1857 A moderately sized subspecies, it is smaller than M. e. tobolica, with close similarities to M. e. arctica. The colour of the summer coat is relatively light, with varying intensities of browning-yellow tinges.[18] Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East including Kamchatka, except the Amur Oblast and Ussuriland, Transbaikalia and Sayan baturini (Ognev, 1929)
digna (Hall, 1944)
kamtschatica (Dybowski, 1922)
kanei (G. Allen, 1914)
naumovi (Jurgenson, 1938)
orientalis (Ognev, 1928)
transbaikalica (Ognev, 1928)
Karaginsky stoat
M. e. karaginensis Jurgenson, 1936 A very small subspecies with a light chestnut coloured summer coat[19] Karaginsky Island along the eastern coast of Kamchatka
Altai stoat
Mustela e. lymani Hollister, 1912 A moderately sized subspecies with less dense fur than M. e. tobolica, the colour of its summer coat consists of weakly developed reddish-brown tones. The skull is similar to that of M. e. aestiva.[18] Mountains of southern Siberia eastwards to Baikal and contiguous parts of Mongolia
M. e. martinoi Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951 birulai (Martino and Martino, 1930)
Swiss stoat
M. e. minima Cavazza, 1912 Switzerland
Gobi stoat
M. e. mongolica
Ognev, 1928 Govi-Altai Province
Southwestern stoat
M. e. muricus Bangs, 1899 Southwestern extremity of the species' American range (Nevada, Utah, Colorado and other states) leptus (Merriam, 1903)
Japanese stoat
M. e. nippon
Cabrera, 1913 Japan
M. e. ognevi
Jurgenson, 1932
Olympic stoat
M. e. olympica
Hall, 1945 Olympic Peninsula, Washington
Polar stoat
M. e. polaris Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 Greenland
Richardson's stoat
M. e. richardsonii Bonaparte, 1838 Similar to M. e. cigognanii, but larger, with a dull chocolate brown summer coat[15] Newfoundland, Labrador and nearly all of Canada save for the territories of other stoat subspecies imperii (Barrett-Hamilton, 1904)
microtis (J. A. Allen, 1903)
mortigena (Bangs, 1913)
Hebrides stoat
M. e. ricinae Miller, 1907 Hebrides
M. e. salva Hall, 1944
M. e. seclusa Hall, 1944
Baffin Island stoat
M. e. semplei
Sutton and Hamilton, 1932 Baffin Island and adjacent parts of the mainland labiata (Degerbøl, 1935)
British stoat
M. e. stabilis
Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 Larger than mainland European stoats[17] Great Britain, introduced to New Zealand
M. e. stratori Merriam, 1896
Caucasian stoat
M. e. teberdina Korneev, 1941 A small subspecies with coffee to reddish tawny summer coat[12] Northern slope of the middle part of the main Caucasus range balkarica (Basiev, 1962)
Tobolsk stoat
M. e. tobolica Ognev, 1923 A large subspecies, it is somewhat larger than aestiva, with long and dense fur.[20] Western Siberia, eastwards to the Yenisei and Altai and in Kazakhstan
Physical description[edit]
Build[edit]
Stoat (left) and least weasel (right) pelts—note the stoat's larger size and black tail-tip
Skeleton
The stoat is entirely similar to the least weasel in general proportions, manner of posture, and movement, though the tail is relatively longer, always exceeding a third of the body length,[21] though it is shorter than that of the long-tailed weasel. The stoat has an elongated neck, the head being set exceptionally far in front of the shoulders. The trunk is nearly cylindrical, and does not bulge at the abdomen. The greatest circumference of body is little more than half its length.[22] The skull, although very similar to that of the least weasel, is relatively longer, with a narrower braincase. The projections of the skull and teeth are weakly developed, but stronger than those of the least weasel.[23] The eyes are round, black and protrude slightly. The whiskers are brown or white in colour, and very long. The ears are short, rounded and lie almost flattened against the skull. The claws are not retractable, and are large in proportion to the digits. Each foot has five toes. The male stoat has a curved baculum with a proximal knob that increases in weight as it ages.[24] Fat is deposited primarily along the spine and kidneys, then on gut mesenteries, under the limbs and around the shoulders. The stoat has four pairs of nipples, though they are visible only in females.[24]
The dimensions of the stoat are variable, but not as significantly as the least weasel's.[25] Unusual among the Carnivora, the size of stoats tends to decrease proportionally with latitude, in contradiction to Bergmann's rule.[7] Sexual dimorphism in size is pronounced, with males being roughly 25% larger than females and 1.5-2.0 times their weight.[17] On average, males measure 187–325 mm (7.4–12.8 in) in body length, while females measure 170–270 mm (6.7–10.6 in). The tail measures 75–120 mm (3.0–4.7 in) in males and 65–106 mm (2.6–4.2 in) in females. In males, the hind foot measures 40.0–48.2 mm (1.57–1.90 in), while in females it is 37.0–47.6 mm (1.46–1.87 in). The height of the ear measures 18.0–23.2 mm (0.71–0.91 in) in males and 14.0–23.3 mm (0.55–0.92 in). The skulls of males measure 39.3–52.2 mm (1.55–2.06 in) in length, while those of females measure 35.7–45.8 mm (1.41–1.80 in). Males weigh 258 grams (9.1 oz), while females weigh less than 180 grams (6.3 oz).[25]
The stoat has large anal scent glands measuring 8.5 mm × 5 mm (0.33 in × 0.20 in) in males and smaller in females. Scent glands are also present on the cheeks, belly and flanks.[24] Epidermal secretions, which are deposited during body rubbing, are chemically distinct from the products of the anal scent glands, which contain a higher proportion of volatile chemicals. When attacked or being aggressive, the stoat secretes the contents of its anal glands, giving rise to a strong, musky odour produced by several sulphuric compounds. The odour is distinct from that of least weasels.[26]
Fur[edit]
A stoat in winter fur
The winter fur is very dense and silky, but quite closely lying and short, while the summer fur is rougher, shorter and sparse.[21] In summer, the fur is sandy-brown on the back and head and a white below. The division between the dark back and the light belly is usually straight, though this trait is only present in 13.5% of Irish stoats. The stoat moults twice a year. In spring, the moult is slow, starting from the forehead, across the back, toward the belly. In autumn, the moult is quicker, progressing in the reverse direction. The moult, initiated by photoperiod, starts earlier in autumn and later in spring at higher latitudes. In the stoat's northern range, it adopts a completely white coat (save for the black tail-tip) during the winter period.[24] Differences in the winter and summer coats are less apparent in southern forms of the species.[27] In the species' southern range, the coat remains brown, but is denser and sometimes paler than in summer.[24]
Behaviour[edit]
Reproduction and development[edit]
Young stoat
In the Northern Hemisphere, mating occurs in the April–July period. In spring, the male's testes are enlarged, a process accompanied by an increase of testosterone concentration in the plasma. Spermatogenesis occurs in December, and the males are fertile from May to August, after which the testes regress. Stoats are not monogamous, with litters often being of mixed paternity. The gestation period lasts circa 280 days. Males play no part in rearing the young, which are born blind, deaf, toothless and covered in fine white or pinkish down. The milk teeth erupt after three weeks, and solid food is eaten after four weeks. The eyes open after five to six weeks, with the black tail-tip appearing a week later. Lactation ends after 12 weeks. Prior to the age of five to seven weeks, kits have poor thermoregulation, so they huddle for warmth when the mother is absent. Males become sexually mature at 10–11 months, while females are sexually mature at the age of 2–3 weeks whilst still blind, deaf and hairless, and are usually mated with adult males before being weaned.[28]
Territorial and sheltering behaviours[edit]
Stoat territoriality has a generally mustelid spacing pattern, with male territories encompassing smaller female territories, which they defend from other males. The size of the territory and the ranging behaviour of its occupants varies seasonally, depending on the abundance of food and mates. During the breeding season, the ranges of females remain unchanged, while males either become roamers, strayers or transients. Dominant older males have territories 50 times larger than those of younger, socially inferior males. Both sexes mark their territories with urine, faeces and two types of scent marks; anal drags are meant to convey territorial occupancy, and body rubbing is associated with agonistic encounters.[26]
The stoat does not dig its own burrows, instead using the burrows and nest chambers of the rodents it kills. The skins and underfur of rodent prey are used to line the nest chamber. The nest chamber is sometimes located in seemingly unsuitable places, such as among logs piled against the walls of houses. The stoat also inhabits old and rotting stumps, under tree roots, in heaps of brushwood, haystacks, in bog hummocks, in the cracks of vacant mud buildings, in rock piles, rock clefts, and even in magpie nests. Males and females typically live apart, but close to each other.[29] Each stoat has several dens dispersed within its range. A single den has several galleries, mainly within 30 cm (12 in) of the surface.[30]
Diet[edit]
Stoat killing a European rabbit
Stoat surplus killing a family of chipmunks, as illustrated by Ernest Thompson Seton
As with the least weasel, mouse-like rodents predominate in the stoat's diet. However, unlike the least weasel, which almost exclusively feeds on small voles, the stoat regularly preys on larger rodent and lagomorph species, and will take down individuals far larger than itself. In Russia, its prey includes rodents and lagomorphs such as European water voles, common hamsters, pikas, and others, which it overpowers in their burrows. Prey species of secondary importance include small birds, fish, and shrews and, more rarely, amphibians, lizards, and insects.[31] In Great Britain, European rabbits are an important food source, with the frequency in which stoats prey on them having increased between the 1960s and mid 1990s since the end of the myxomatosis epidemic. Typically, male stoats prey on rabbits more frequently than females do, which depend to a greater extent on smaller rodent species. British stoats rarely kill shrews, rats, squirrels and water voles, though rats may be an important food source locally. In Ireland, shrews and rats are frequently eaten. In mainland Europe, water voles make up a large portion of the stoat's diet. Hares are sometimes taken, but are usually young specimens.[32] In North America, where the ecological niche for rat and rabbit sized prey is taken by the larger long-tailed weasel, the stoat preys on mice, voles, shrews, and young cottontails.[33] In New Zealand, the stoat feeds principally on birds, including the rare kiwi, kaka, mohua, yellow-crowned parakeet, and New Zealand dotterel.[32] Cases are known of stoats preying on young muskrats. The stoat typically eats about 50 grams (1.8 oz) of food a day, which is equivalent to 25% of the animal's live weight.[34]
The stoat is an opportunistic predator, which moves rapidly and checks every available burrow or crevice for food. Because of their larger size, male stoats are less successful than females in pursuing rodents far into tunnels. Stoats regularly climb trees to gain access to birds' nests, and are common raiders of nest boxes, particularly those of large species. The stoat reputedly mesmerises prey such as rabbits by a "dance" (sometimes called the weasel war dance), though this behaviour could be linked to Skrjabingylus infections.[32] The stoat seeks to immobilize large prey such as rabbits with a bite to the spine at the back of the neck. The stoat may surplus kill when the opportunity arises, though excess prey is usually cached and eaten later to avoid obesity, as overweight stoats tend to be at a disadvantage when pursuing prey into their burrows.[33] Small prey typically die instantly from a bite to the back of the neck, while larger prey, such as rabbits, typically die of shock, as the stoat's canine teeth are too short to reach the spinal column or major arteries.[32]
Communication[edit]
The stoat is a usually silent animal, but can produce a range of sounds similar to those of the least weasel. Kits produce a fine chirping noise. Adults trill excitedly before mating, and indicate submission through quiet trilling, whining and squealing. When nervous, the stoat hisses, and will intersperse this with sharp barks or shrieks and prolonged screeching when aggressive.[26]
Aggressive behaviour in stoats is categorised in these forms:[26]
Noncontact approach, which is sometimes accompanied by a threat display and vocalisation from the approached animal
Forward thrust, accompanied by a sharp shriek, which is usually done by stoats defending a nest or retreat site
Nest occupation, when a stoat appropriates the nesting site of a weaker individual
Kleptoparasitism, in which a dominant stoat appropriates the kill of a weaker one, usually after a fight
Submissive stoats express their status by avoiding higher-ranking animals, fleeing from them or making whining or squealing sounds.[26]
Range and population[edit]
The stoat has a circumboreal range throughout North America, Europe, and Asia, from Greenland and the Canadian and Siberian Arctic islands south to about 35°N. Stoats in North America are found throughout Alaska and Canada south through most of the northern United States to central California, northern Arizona, northern New Mexico, Iowa, the Great Lakes region, New England, and Pennsylvania, but are absent from most of the Great Plains, and the Southeastern United States. The stoat in Europe is found as far south as 41ºN in Portugal, and inhabits most islands with the exception of Iceland, Svalbard, the Mediterranean islands and some small North Atlantic islands. In Japan, it is present in central mountains (northern and central Japan Alps) to northern part of Honshu (primarily above 1,200 m) and Hokkaido. Its vertical range is from sea level to 3,000 m.[1]
Introduction to New Zealand[edit]
Main article: Stoats in New Zealand
Stoats were introduced into New Zealand during the late 19th century to control rabbits and hares, but are now a major threat to native bird populations. The introduction of stoats was opposed by scientists in New Zealand and Britain, including the New Zealand ornithologist Walter Buller. The warnings were ignored and stoats began to be introduced from Britain in the 1880s, resulting in a noticeable decline in bird populations within six years.[35] Stoats are a serious threat to ground- and hole-nesting birds, since the latter have very few means of escaping predation. The highest rates of stoat predation occur after seasonal gluts in southern beechmast (beechnuts), which encourage the reproduction of rodents on which stoats also feed, encouraging stoats to increase their own numbers.[36] For instance, the endangered takahe's wild population dropped by a third between 2006 and 2007, after a stoat plague triggered by the 2005–06 mast wiped out more than half the takahe in untrapped areas.[37]
Diseases and parasites[edit]
Tuberculosis has been recorded in stoats inhabiting the former Soviet Union and New Zealand. They are largely resistant to tularemia, but are reputed to suffer from canine distemper in captivity. Symptoms of mange have also been recorded.[38]
Stoats are vulnerable to ectoparasites associated with their prey and the nests of other animals on which they do not prey. The louse Trichodectes erminea is recorded in stoats living in Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. In continental Europe, 26 flea species are recorded to infest stoats, including Rhadinospylla pentacantha, Megabothris rectangulatus, Orchopeas howardi, Spilopsyllus ciniculus, Ctenophthalamus nobilis, Dasypsyllus gallinulae, Nosopsyllus fasciatus, Leptospylla segnis, Ceratophyllus gallinae, Parapsyllus n. nestoris, Amphipsylla kuznetzovi and Ctenopsyllus bidentatus. Tick species known to infest stoats are Ixodes canisuga, I. hexagonus, and I. ricinus and Haemaphysalis longicornis. Louse species known to infest stoats include Mysidea picae and Polyplax spinulosa. Mite species known to infest stoats include Neotrombicula autumnalis, Demodex erminae, Eulaelaps stabulans, Gymnolaelaps annectans, Hypoaspis nidicorva, and Listrophorus mustelae.[38]
The nematode Skrjabingylus nasicola is particularly threatening to stoats, as it erodes the bones of the nasal sinuses and decreases fertility. Other nematode species known to infect stoats include Capillaria putorii, Molineus patens and Strongyloides martes. Cestode species known to infect stoats include Taenia tenuicollis, Mesocestoides lineatus and rarely Acanthocephala.[38]
Relationships with humans[edit]
Leonardo da Vinci's Lady with an Ermine (1489–1490).
Folklore and mythology[edit]
In Irish mythology, stoats were viewed anthropomorphically as animals with families, which held rituals for their dead. They were also viewed as noxious animals prone to thieving, and their saliva was said to be able to poison a grown man. To encounter a stoat when setting out for a journey was considered bad luck, but one could avert this by greeting the stoat as a neighbour.[39] Stoats were also supposed to hold the souls of infants who died before baptism.[40] In the folklore of the Komi people of the Urals, stoats are symbolic of beautiful and coveted young women.[41] In the Zoroastrian religion, the stoat is considered a sacred animal, as its white winter coat represented purity. Similarly, Mary Magdalene was depicted as wearing a white stoat pelt as a sign of her reformed character. One popular European legend had it that a white stoat would die before allowing its pure white coat to be besmirched. When it was being chased by hunters, it would supposedly turn around and give itself up to the hunters rather than risk soiling itself.[42] The former nation (now province) of Brittany in France uses a stylized ermine-fur pattern in forming the Coat of Arms and Flag of Brittany. Gilles Servat's song La blanche Hermine ("The White Ermine") became an anthem for Bretons (and is popular among French people in general).
Fur use[edit]
Stoat skins are prized by the fur trade, especially in winter coat, and used to trim coats and stoles. The fur from the winter coat is referred to as ermine and is the traditional ancient symbol of the Duchy of Brittany forming the earliest flag of that nation. There is also a design called ermine inspired by the winter coat of the stoat and painted onto other furs, such as rabbit.[43] In Europe these furs are a symbol of royalty and high status; the ceremonial robes of members of the UK House of Lords and the academic hoods of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge are traditionally trimmed with ermine[43] although in practice rabbit or fake fur is now often used instead due to expense or animal rights concerns. Prelates of the Catholic Church still wear ecclesiastical garments featuring ermine (a sign of their status equal to that of the nobility). Cecilia Gallerani is depicted holding an ermine in her portrait, Lady with an Ermine, by Leonardo da Vinci. Henry Peacham's Emblem 75, which depicts an ermine being pursued by a hunter and two hounds, is entitled "Cui candor morte redemptus" ("Purity bought with his own death"). Peacham goes on to preach that men and women should follow the example of the ermine and keep their minds and consciences as pure as the legendary ermine keeps its fur.[44]
Ermine were also valued by the Tlingit and other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. They could be attached to traditional regalia and cedar bark hats as status symbols, or they were also made into shirts.[45]
The stoat was a fundamental item in the fur trade of the Soviet Union, with no less than half the global catch coming from within its borders. The Soviet Union also contained the highest grades of stoat pelts, with the best grade North American pelts being comparable only to the 9th grade in the quality criteria of former Soviet stoat standards. However, stoat harvesting never became a specialty in any Soviet republic, with most stoats being captured incidentally in traps or near villages. Stoats in the Soviet Union were captured either with dogs or with box-traps or jaw-traps. Guns were rarely used, as they could damage the pelt.[46]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Reid, F. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Mustela erminea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 21 March 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
Jump up ^ Shorter Oxford English dictionary. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 0199206872.
Jump up ^ "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Species". Invasive Species Specialist Group.
^ Jump up to: a b Coues 1877, pp. 124–125
^ Jump up to: a b Johnston 1903, p. 160
Jump up ^ Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 456
^ Jump up to: a b Kurtén 1968, pp. 101–102
Jump up ^ Kurtén 1980, p. 150
Jump up ^ Macdonald 1992, p. 205
Jump up ^ Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 458
Jump up ^ Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Jump up to: a b c Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1010
Jump up ^ Merriam 1896, pp. 12–13
Jump up ^ Merriam 1896, p. 15
^ Jump up to: a b Merriam 1896, pp. 11–12
Jump up ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1014
^ Jump up to: a b c Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 459
^ Jump up to: a b Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1012
Jump up ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1013
Jump up ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1011
^ Jump up to: a b Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 997
Jump up ^ Coues 1877, pp. 117–121
Jump up ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 999
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 457
^ Jump up to: a b Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1002
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Harris & Yalden 2008, pp. 460–461
Jump up ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 998
Jump up ^ Harris & Yalden 2008, pp. 464–465
Jump up ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 1021–1022
Jump up ^ Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 461
Jump up ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1018
^ Jump up to: a b c d Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 463
^ Jump up to: a b Verts & Carraway 1998, p. 417
Jump up ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 1020
Jump up ^ King, Carolyn (1984). Immigrant Killers. Auckland, NZ: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-558121-0.
Jump up ^ Purdey, D. C.; King, C. M.; Lawrence, B. (2004). "Age structure, dispersion and diet of a population of stoats (Mustela erminea) in southern Fiordland during the decline phase of the beechmast cycle" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Zoology. The Royal Society of New Zealand. 31 (3): 205–225. doi:10.1080/03014223.2004.9518373. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
Jump up ^ "Stoats decimating takahe in Fiordland". stuff.co.nz. 4 March 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Harris & Yalden 2008, p. 466
Jump up ^ Monaghan, Patricia (2004) The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore: Facts on File library of religion and mythology, page 426, Infobase Publishing, ISBN 0-8160-4524-0
Jump up ^ Daniels, Cora Linn & Stevans, C. M. Encyclopedia of Superstitions, Folklore, and the Occult Sciences of the World, Volume 2 (2003), The Minerva Group, Inc., ISBN 1-4102-0915-6
Jump up ^ Laakso, Johanna (2005) Our otherness: Finno-Ugrian approaches to women's studies, or vice versa, Volume 2 of Finno-Ugrian studies in Austria, LIT Verlag Münster, ISBN 3-8258-8626-3
Jump up ^ Sax, Boria (2001) The mythical zoo: an encyclopedia of animals in world myth, legend, and literature, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-612-1
^ Jump up to: a b "A house of traditions". BBC News. January 19, 1999.
Jump up ^ The Minerva Britanna Project Archived 2003-04-18 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Tlingit Ermine-Skin Shirt (Daa dugu k'oodas')".
Jump up ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, pp. 1029–1030
Bibliography[edit]
Ahern, Albert (1922). Fur Facts. St. Louis: C. P. Curran printing company.
Coues, Elliott (1877). Fur-bearing Animals: A Monograph of North American Mustelidae. Government Printing Office.
Harris, Stephen; Yalden, Derek (2008). Mammals of the British Isles (4th Revised ed.). Mammal Society. ISBN 0-906282-65-9.
Johnston, Harry Hamilton (1903). British mammals; an attempt to describe and illustrate the mammalian fauna of the British islands from the commencement of the Pleistocene period down to the present day. London, Hutchinson.
Kurtén, Björn (1968). Pleistocene mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Kurtén, Björn (1980). Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03733-3.
Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (2002). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 1b, Carnivores (Mustelidae and Procyonidae). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. ISBN 90-04-08876-8.
Macdonald, David (1992). The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores. New York: Parkwest. ISBN 0-563-20844-9.
Merriam, Clinton Hart (1896). Synopsis of the weasels of North America. Washington, D.C.: Govt. Print. Off.
Verts, B. J.; Carraway, Leslie N. (1998). Land Mammals of Oregon. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21199-5.
Further reading[edit]
King, Carolyn M.; Roger A. Powell (2007). The Natural History of Weasels and Stoats: Ecology, Behavior, and Management. Illustrations by Consie Powell (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530056-7. OCLC 228781387.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mustela erminea and Ermine (clothing).
Wikispecies has information related to Mustela erminea
ARKive
Mustela erminea taxonomy
Stoat control information
Stoat 'playing'(?) in snow
Fiordland Islands NZ stoat eradication
BBC Wildlife finder including video footage and sound files
Stoat images
Smithsonian Institution—North American Mammals: Mustela erminea
Smithsonian Wild: Mustela erminea
show
v
t
e
Extant Carnivora species
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
show
Suborder Feliformia
Nandiniidae
Nandinia
African palm civet (N. binotata)
Herpestidae
(Mongooses)
Atilax
Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bdeogale
Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)
Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)
Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Crossarchus
Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)
Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)
Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)
Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)
Cynictis
Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)
Dologale
Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)
Galerella
Angolan slender mongoose (G. flavescens)
Black mongoose (G. nigrata)
Somalian slender mongoose (G. ochracea)
Cape gray mongoose (G. pulverulenta)
Slender mongoose (G. sanguinea)
Helogale
Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)
Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Herpestes
Short-tailed mongoose (H. brachyurus)
Indian gray mongoose (H. edwardsii)
Indian brown mongoose (H. fuscus)
Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)
Small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus)
Long-nosed mongoose (H. naso)
Collared mongoose (H. semitorquatus)
Ruddy mongoose (H. smithii)
Crab-eating mongoose (H. urva)
Stripe-necked mongoose (H. vitticollis)
Ichneumia
White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)
Liberiictus
Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)
Mungos
Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)
Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Paracynictis
Selous' mongoose (P. selousi)
Rhynchogale
Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)
Suricata
Meerkat (S. suricatta)
Hyaenidae
(Hyenas)
Crocuta
Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)
Hyaena
Brown hyena (H. brunnea)
Striped hyena (H. hyaena)
Proteles
Aardwolf (P. cristatus)
Felidae
Large family listed below
Viverridae
Large family listed below
Eupleridae
Small family listed below
show
Family Felidae
Felinae
Acinonyx
Cheetah (A. jubatus)
Caracal
Caracal (C. caracal)
African golden cat (C. aurata)
Catopuma
Bay cat (C. badia)
Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
Felis
European wildcat (F. silvestris)
African wildcat (F. lybica)
Jungle cat (F. chaus)
Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
Sand cat (F. margarita)
Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
Domestic cat (F. catus)
Leopardus
Ocelot (L. pardalis)
Margay (L. wiedii)
Pampas cat (L. colocola)
Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
Kodkod (L. guigna)
Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
Oncilla (L. tigrinus)
Southern tigrina (L. guttulus)
Leptailurus
Serval (L. serval)
Lynx
Canadian lynx (L. canadensis)
Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
Bobcat (L. rufus)
Otocolobus
Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Pardofelis
Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Prionailurus
Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)
Sundaland leopard cat (P. javanensis)
Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)
Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)
Puma
Cougar (P. concolor)
Herpailurus
Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)
Pantherinae
Panthera
Lion (P. leo)
Jaguar (P. onca)
Leopard (P. pardus)
Tiger (P. tigris)
Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Neofelis
Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
show
Family Viverridae (includes Civets)
Paradoxurinae
Arctictis
Binturong (A. binturong)
Arctogalidia
Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)
Macrogalidia
Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)
Paguma
Masked palm civet (P. larvata)
Paradoxurus
Golden wet-zone palm civet (P. aureus)
Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)
Jerdon's palm civet (P. jerdoni)
Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)
Hemigalinae
Chrotogale
Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)
Cynogale
Otter civet (C. bennettii)
Diplogale
Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)
Hemigalus
Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)
Prionodontinae
(Asiatic linsangs)
Prionodon
Banded linsang (P. linsang)
Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)
Viverrinae
Civettictis
African civet (C. civetta)
Genetta
(Genets)
Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
Common genet (G. genetta)
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
Pardine genet (G. pardina)
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)
King genet (G. poensis)
Servaline genet (G. servalina)
Haussa genet (G. thierryi)
Cape genet (G. tigrina)
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)
Poiana
African linsang (P. richardsonii)
Leighton's linsang (P. leightoni)
Viverra
Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)
Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)
Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)
Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)
Viverricula
Small Indian civet (V. indica)
show
Family Eupleridae
Euplerinae
Cryptoprocta
Fossa (C. ferox)
Eupleres
Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)
Western falanouc (E. major)
Fossa
Malagasy civet (F. fossana)
Galidiinae
Galidia
Ring-tailed mongoose (G. elegans)
Galidictis
Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)
Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Mungotictis
Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Salanoia
Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)
Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)
show
Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)
Ursidae
(Bears)
Ailuropoda
Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)
Helarctos
Sun bear (H. malayanus)
Melursus
Sloth bear (M. ursinus)
Tremarctos
Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)
Ursus
American black bear (U. americanus)
Brown bear (U. arctos)
Polar bear (U. maritimus)
Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)
Mephitidae
Conepatus
(Hog-nosed
skunks)
Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)
Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)
American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)
Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Mephitis
Hooded skunk (M. macroura)
Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Mydaus
Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)
Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale
(Spotted skunks)
Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)
Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)
Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)
Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)
Procyonidae
Bassaricyon
(Olingos)
Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)
Northern olingo (B. gabbii)
Western lowland olingo (B. medius)
Olinguito (B. neblina)
Bassariscus
Ring-tailed cat (B. astutus)
Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
Nasua
(Coatis inclusive)
White-nosed coati (N. narica)
South American coati (N. nasua)
Nasuella
(Coatis inclusive)
Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)
Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)
Potos
Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Procyon
Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)
Raccoon (P. lotor)
Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)
Ailuridae
Ailurus
Red panda (A. fulgens)
show
Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)
Otariidae
(Eared seals)
(includes fur seals
and sea lions)
(Pinniped inclusive)
Arctocephalus
South American fur seal (A. australis)
Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)
Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)
Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)
Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)
Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)
Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)
Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)
Callorhinus
Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)
Eumetopias
Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)
Neophoca
Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)
Otaria
South American sea lion (O. flavescens)
Phocarctos
New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)
Zalophus
California sea lion (Z. californianus)
Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)
Odobenidae
(Pinniped inclusive)
Odobenus
Walrus (O. rosmarus)
Phocidae
(Earless seals)
(Pinniped inclusive)
Cystophora
Hooded seal (C. cristata)
Erignathus
Bearded seal (E. barbatus)
Halichoerus
Gray seal (H. grypus)
Histriophoca
Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)
Hydrurga
Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)
Leptonychotes
Weddell seal (L. weddellii)
Lobodon
Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)
Mirounga
(Elephant seals)
Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)
Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)
Monachus
Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)
Hawaiian monk seal (M. schauinslandi)
Ommatophoca
Ross seal (O. rossi)
Pagophilus
Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)
Phoca
Spotted seal (P. largha)
Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa
Caspian seal (P. caspica)
Ringed seal (P. hispida)
Baikal seal (P. sibirica)
Canidae
Large family listed below
Mustelidae
Large family listed below
show
Family Canidae (includes dogs)
Atelocynus
Short-eared dog (A. microtis)
Canis
Side-striped jackal (C. adustus)
African golden wolf (C. anthus)
Golden jackal (C. aureus)
Coyote (C. latrans)
Gray wolf (C. lupus)
Black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas)
Red wolf (C. rufus)
Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)
Cerdocyon
Crab-eating fox (C. thous)
Chrysocyon
Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)
Cuon
Dhole (C. alpinus)
Lycalopex
Culpeo (L. culpaeus)
Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)
South American gray fox (L. griseus)
Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)
Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)
Hoary fox (L. vetulus)
Lycaon
African wild dog (L. pictus)
Nyctereutes
Raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)
Otocyon
Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)
Speothos
Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Urocyon
Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)
Island fox (U. littoralis)
Vulpes
(Foxes)
Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)
Blanford's fox (V. cana)
Cape fox (V. chama)
Corsac fox (V. corsac)
Tibetan sand fox (V. ferrilata)
Arctic fox (V. lagopus)
Kit fox (V. macrotis)
Pale fox (V. pallida)
Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)
Swift fox (V. velox)
Red fox (V. vulpes)
Fennec fox (V. zerda)
hide
Family Mustelidae
Lutrinae
(Otters)
Aonyx
African clawless otter (A. capensis)
Oriental small-clawed otter (A. cinerea)
Enhydra
Sea otter (E. lutris)
Hydrictis
Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)
Lontra
North American river otter (L. canadensis)
Marine otter (L. felina)
Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)
Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Lutra
Eurasian otter (L. lutra)
Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale
Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Pteronura
Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)
Mustelinae
(including badgers)
Arctonyx
Hog badger (A. collaris)
Eira
Tayra (E. barbara)
Galictis
Lesser grison (G. cuja)
Greater grison (G. vittata)
Gulo
Wolverine (G. gulo)
Ictonyx
Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca)
Striped polecat (I. striatus)
Lyncodon
Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)
Martes
(Martens)
American marten (M. americana)
Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)
Beech marten (M. foina)
Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)
European pine marten (M. martes)
Japanese marten (M. melampus)
Sable (M. zibellina)
Pekania
Fisher (P. pennanti)
Meles
Japanese badger (M. anakuma)
Asian badger (M. leucurus)
European badger (M. meles)
Mellivora
Honey badger (M. capensis)
Melogale
(Ferret-badgers)
Bornean ferret-badger (M. everetti)
Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)
Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)
Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)
Mustela
(Weasels and Ferrets)
Amazon weasel (M. africana)
Mountain weasel (M. altaica)
Stoat (M. erminea)
Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)
Colombian weasel (M. felipei)
Long-tailed weasel (M. frenata)
Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)
Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)
European mink (M. lutreola)
Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)
Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)
Least weasel (M. nivalis)
Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)
European polecat (M. putorius)
Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)
Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)
Egyptian weasel (M. subpalmata)
Neovison
(Minks)
American mink (N. vison)
Poecilogale
African striped weasel (P. albinucha)
Taxidea
American badger (T. taxus)
Vormela
Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q25345
Wikispecies: Mustela erminea
ADW: Mustela_erminea
ARKive: mustela-erminea
EoL: 328587
EPPO: MUSTER
Fauna Europaea: 305315
Fossilworks: 48848
GBIF: 5219019
iNaturalist: 41808
IRMNG: 10198729
ITIS: 180555
IUCN: 29674
MSW: 14001334
NBN: NBNSYS0000005127
NCBI: 36723
NZOR: 7b6da1f9-4498-4453-bb24-4048bcca3285
Authority control
GND: 4356525-6
NDL: 00576198
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoat&oldid=854372043"
Categories:
IUCN Red List least concern species
Animals that can change color
Arctic land animals
Fauna of Italy
Holarctic fauna
Mammals described in 1758
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Canada
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of New Zealand
Mammals of the Arctic
Mammals of the United States
Weasels
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles with 'species' microformats
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
Адыгэбзэ
Afrikaans
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
تۆرکجه
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Diné bizaad
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Iñupiak
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Коми
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Олык марий
پنجابی
Перем Коми
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Удмурт
Українська
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Võro
Walon
Winaray
粵語
中文
80 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 August 2018, at 21:09 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Ermine_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Ermine (disambiguation)

value: p

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

value: img

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Least_Concern
mw-redirect
Least Concern

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

values: border:gray solid 1px;; background-color:green; color:green

values: margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px; font-size:90%; text-align:left; display:block;

values: border:gray solid 1px;; background-color:red; color:red

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values: International Union for Conservation of Nature

values:
/wiki/Least_concern
mw-redirect
Least concern

values:
/wiki/Catholic_monarch
mw-redirect
Catholic monarch

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Norman_French
mw-redirect
Norman French

values:
/wiki/Teutonic_language
mw-redirect
Teutonic language

values:
/wiki/Anglo_Saxon_language
mw-redirect
Anglo Saxon language

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Bering_land_bridge
mw-redirect
Bering land bridge

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Nominate_subspecies
mw-redirect
Nominate subspecies

values:
/wiki/Arctic_archipelago
mw-redirect
Arctic archipelago

values:
/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Islands
mw-redirect
Queen Charlotte Islands

values: wikitable collapsible collapsed mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Edit section: Reproduction and development

values:
/wiki/Gestation_period
mw-redirect
Gestation period

values: Edit section: Territorial and sheltering behaviours

values:
/wiki/Territorial_marking
mw-redirect
Territorial marking

values:
/wiki/Common_hamster
mw-redirect
Common hamster

values:
/wiki/New_Zealand_dotterel
mw-redirect
New Zealand dotterel

values:
/wiki/North_Atlantic
mw-redirect
North Atlantic

values: Edit section: Introduction to New Zealand

values:
/wiki/Northern_rat_flea
mw-redirect
Northern rat flea

values:
/wiki/Haemaphysalis_longicornis
mw-redirect
Haemaphysalis longicornis

values:
/wiki/Nasal_sinus
mw-redirect
Nasal sinus

values:
/wiki/Capillaria_(genus)
mw-redirect
Capillaria (genus)

values:
/wiki/Taenia_(tapeworm)
mw-redirect
Taenia (tapeworm)

values:
/wiki/Komi_people
mw-redirect
Komi people

values: Academic dress of the University of Oxford

values: Academic dress of the University of Cambridge

values: Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/228781387

values:
*_Kingdom:_Animalia
*_Phylum:_Chordata
*_Class:_Mammalia
*_Infraclass:_Eutheria
*_Superorder:_Laurasiatheria

values:
/wiki/Indian_gray_mongoose
mw-redirect
Indian gray mongoose

values:
/wiki/Small_Asian_mongoose
mw-redirect
Small Asian mongoose

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Southern_tigrina
mw-redirect
Southern tigrina

values:
/wiki/Prionailurus_javanensis
mw-redirect
Prionailurus javanensis

values: Prionodon row navbox-group width:8.5em;height:4em;

values: Odobenus row navbox-group width:9em;height:4em;

values:
/wiki/Oriental_small-clawed_otter
mw-redirect
Oriental small-clawed otter

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
Taxon_identifiers
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/328587

values:
nofollow
external text
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MUSTER

values: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.gbif.org/species/5219019

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/41808

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4356525-6

values: Category:IUCN Red List least concern species

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Stoat
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Stoat&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: Ужьэ кlэ кlыхь – Kabardian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd
display: none;

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermelyn
Hermelyn – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Гарнастай – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Хермелин – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermelin
Hermelin – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erminig
Erminig – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermini
Ermini – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermelin
Hermelin – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nv
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rp
Kärp – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ερμίνα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeno
Ermeno – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermine
Hermine – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmeling
Harmeling – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 북방족제비 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermelin
Hermelin – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermino
Ermino – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ik
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: הרמין – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ყარყუმი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Ақкіс – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Сьӧдбӧж – Komi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banevank
Banevank – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Арыс, агас – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermulis
Sermulis – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermelin
Hermelin – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Голема ласица – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: မြွေပါဖြူ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: बहुरुपी मलसाँप्रो – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-koi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminho
Arminho – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Горностай – Russian

values: Кырынаас – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoat
Stoat – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Велика ласица – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermelin
Hermelin – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermelin
Hermelin – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: குறுவால் மரநாய் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: เออร์มิน – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Ӵӧжмер – Udmurt

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-udm
display: none;

values: Горностай – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: ئاق ئاغمىخان – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erminete
Erminete – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Stoat rootpage-Stoat skin-vector action-view