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Fiddler on the Roof
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This article is about the 1964 musical. For the film, see Fiddler on the Roof (film).
Fiddler on the Roof
Playbill from the Original Broadway Production
Music
Jerry Bock
Lyrics
Sheldon Harnick
Book
Joseph Stein
Basis
Tevye and His Daughters by Sholem Aleichem
Productions
1964 Broadway
1967 West End
1971 film
1976 Broadway revival
1981 Broadway revival
1983 West End revival
1990 Broadway revival
1994 West End revival
2003 UK tour
2004 Broadway revival
2007 West End revival
2008 UK tour
2009 US Tour
2015 Broadway revival
Awards
Tony Award for Best Musical
Tony Award for Best Score
Tony Award for Best Book
Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in 1905. It is based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman) and other tales by Sholem Aleichem. The story centers on Tevye, the father of five daughters, and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the family's lives. He must cope both with the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters, who wish to marry for love – each one's choice of a husband moves further away from the customs of his faith – and with the edict of the Tsar that evicts the Jews from their village.
The original Broadway production of the show, which opened in 1964, had the first musical theatre run in history to surpass 3,000 performances. Fiddler held the record for the longest-running Broadway musical for almost 10 years until Grease surpassed its run. It remains the sixteenth longest-running show in Broadway history. The production was extraordinarily profitable and highly acclaimed. It won nine Tony Awards, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography. It spawned five Broadway revivals and a highly successful 1971 film adaptation, and the show has enjoyed enduring international popularity. It is also a very popular choice for school and community productions.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Synopsis
2.1 Act I
2.2 Act II
3 Musical numbers
4 Principal characters
5 Productions
5.1 Original productions
5.2 Broadway revivals
5.3 London revivals
5.4 UK tours
5.5 Australian productions
5.6 US tours
5.7 International and amateur productions
6 Film adaptation and recordings
7 Cultural influence
7.1 Parodies
7.2 Covers
7.3 Other song versions
8 Awards
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Background[edit]
Fiddler on the Roof is based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman), a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century. It is also influenced by Life Is with People, by Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog.[2] Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death, but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by the Yiddish Art Theater and made into a film in the 1930s. In the late 1950s, a musical based on the stories, called Tevye and his Daughters, was produced Off-Broadway by Arnold Perl.[3] Rodgers and Hammerstein and then Mike Todd briefly considered bringing this musical to Broadway but dropped the idea.[4]
Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered "too Jewish" to attract mainstream audiences. Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized, "middlebrow" and superficial; Philip Roth, writing in The New Yorker, called it shtetl kitsch. For example, it portrays the local Russian officer as sympathetic, instead of brutal and cruel, as Sholom Aleichem had described him. Aleichem's stories ended with Tevye alone, his wife dead and his daughters scattered; at the end of Fiddler, the family members are alive, and most are emigrating together to America.[3][4] The show found the right balance for its time, even if not entirely authentic, to become "one of the first popular post-Holocaust depictions of the vanished world of Eastern European Jewry".[3] Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director/choreographer Jerome Robbins.[5] The writers and Robbins considered naming the musical Tevye, before landing on a title suggested by various paintings by Marc Chagall that also inspired the original set design. Contrary to popular belief, the "title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting".[6] During rehearsals, one of the stars, Jewish actor Zero Mostel, feuded with Robbins, whom he held in contempt because Robbins had testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and hid his Jewish heritage from the public. Other cast members also had run-ins with Robbins, who reportedly "abused the cast, drove the designers crazy [and] strained the good nature of Hal Prince".[4]
Synopsis[edit]
Act I[edit]
Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters, explains the customs of the Jews in the Russian shtetl of Anatevka in 1905, where their lives are as precarious as the perch of a fiddler on a roof ("Tradition"). At Tevye's home, everyone is busy preparing for the Sabbath meal. His sharp-tongued wife, Golde, orders their daughters, Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze and Bielke, about their tasks. Yente, the village matchmaker, arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf, the wealthy butcher, a widower older than Tevye, wants to wed Tzeitel, the eldest daughter. The next two daughters, Hodel and Chava, are excited about Yente's visit, but Tzeitel is unenthusiastic ("Matchmaker, Matchmaker"). A girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings, but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend, Motel the tailor.
The Fiddler by Marc Chagall, from which the musical takes its name
Tevye is delivering milk, pulling the cart himself, as his horse is lame. He asks God: Whom would it hurt "If I Were a Rich Man"? Avram, the bookseller, has news from the outside world about pogroms and expulsions. A stranger, Perchik, hears their conversation and scolds them for doing nothing more than talk. The men dismiss Perchik as a radical, but Tevye invites him home for the Sabbath meal and offers him food and a room in exchange for tutoring his two youngest daughters. Golde tells Tevye to meet Lazar after the Sabbath but does not tell him why, knowing that Tevye does not like Lazar. Tzeitel is afraid that Yente will find her a husband before Motel asks Tevye for her hand. But Motel resists: he is afraid of Tevye's temper, and tradition says that a matchmaker arranges marriages. Motel is also very poor and is saving up to buy a sewing machine before he approaches Tevye, to show that he can support a wife. The family gathers for the "Sabbath Prayer."
After the Sabbath, Tevye meets Lazar at Mordcha's inn, assuming mistakenly that Lazar wants to buy his cow. Once the misunderstanding is cleared up, Tevye agrees to let Lazar marry Tzeitel – with a rich butcher, his daughter will never want for anything. All join in the celebration of Lazar's good fortune; even the Russian youths at the inn join in the celebration and show off their dancing skills ("To Life"). Outside the inn, Tevye happens upon the Russian Constable, who has jurisdiction over the Jews in the town. The Constable warns him that there is going to be a "little unofficial demonstration" in the coming weeks (a euphemism for a minor pogrom). The Constable has sympathy for the Jewish community but is powerless to prevent the violence.
The next morning, after Perchik's lessons with her young sisters, Tevye's second daughter Hodel mocks Perchik's Marxist interpretation of a Bible story. He, in turn, criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism, noting that the world is changing. To illustrate this, he dances with her, defying the prohibition against opposite sexes dancing together. The two begin to fall in love. Later, a hungover Tevye announces that he has agreed that Tzeitel will marry Lazar Wolf. Golde is overjoyed, but Tzeitel is devastated and begs Tevye not to force her. Motel arrives and tells Tevye that he is the perfect match for Tzeitel and that he and Tzeitel gave each other a pledge to marry. He promises that Tzeitel will not starve as his wife. Tevye is stunned and outraged at this breach of tradition, but impressed at the timid tailor's display of backbone. After some soul-searching ("Tevye's Monologue"), Tevye agrees to let them marry, but he worries about how to break the news to Golde. An overjoyed Motel celebrates with Tzeitel ("Miracle of Miracles").
In bed with Golde, Tevye pretends to be waking from a nightmare. Golde offers to interpret his dream, and Tevye "describes" it ("Tevye's Dream"). Golde's grandmother Tzeitel returns from the grave to bless the marriage of her namesake, but to Motel, not to Lazar Wolf. Lazar's formidable late wife, Fruma-Sarah, rises from her grave to warn, in graphic terms, of severe retribution if Tzeitel marries Lazar. The superstitious Golde is terrified, and she quickly counsels that Tzeitel must marry Motel. While returning from town, Tevye's third daughter, the bookish Chava, is teased and intimidated by some gentile youths. One, Fyedka, protects her, dismissing the others. He offers Chava the loan of a book, and a secret relationship begins.
The wedding day of Tzeitel and Motel arrives, and all the Jews join the ceremony ("Sunrise, Sunset") and the celebration ("The Wedding Dance"). Lazar gives a fine gift, but an argument arises with Tevye over the broken agreement. Perchik ends the tiff by breaking another tradition: he crosses the barrier between the men and women to dance with Tevye's daughter Hodel. The celebration ends abruptly when a group of Russians rides into the village to perform the "demonstration". They disrupt the party, damaging the wedding gifts and wounding Perchik, who attempts to fight back, and wreak more destruction in the village. Tevye instructs his family to clean up the mess.
Act II[edit]
Fiddler On the Roof by Lev Segal in Netanya, Israel
Months later, Perchik tells Hodel he must return to Kiev to work for the revolution. He proposes marriage, admitting that he loves her, and says that he will send for her. She agrees ("Now I Have Everything"). They tell Tevye that they are engaged, and he is appalled that they are flouting tradition by making their own match, especially as Perchik is leaving. When he forbids the marriage, Perchik and Hodel inform him that they do not seek his permission, only his blessing. After more soul searching, Tevye relents – the world is changing, and he must change with it ("Tevye's Rebuttal"). He informs the young couple that he gives them his blessing and his permission.
Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde. "Love," he says, "it's the new style." Tevye asks Golde, despite their own arranged marriage, "Do You Love Me?" After dismissing Tevye's question as foolish, she eventually admits that, after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters, she does. Meanwhile, Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka. News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia ("The Rumor/I Just Heard"), and Hodel is determined to join him there. At the railway station, she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved, wherever he may be, although she will always love her family ("Far From the Home I Love").
Time passes. Motel has purchased a used sewing machine, and he and Tzeitel have had a baby. Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka. Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul, but marriage outside the Jewish faith is a line he will not cross. He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again. When Golde brings news that Chava has eloped with Fyedka, Tevye wonders where he went wrong ("Chavaleh Sequence"). Chava returns and tries to reason with him, but he refuses to speak to her and tells the rest of the family to consider her dead. Meanwhile, rumors are spreading of the Russians expelling Jews from their villages. While the villagers are gathered, the Constable arrives to tell everyone that they have three days to pack up and leave the town. In shock, they reminisce about "Anatevka" and how hard it will be to leave what has been their home for so long.
As the Jews leave Anatevka, Chava and Fyedka stop to tell her family that they are also leaving for Kraków, unwilling to remain among the people who could do such things to others. Tevye still will not talk to her, but when Tzeitel says goodbye to Chava, Tevye prompts her to add "God be with you." Motel and Tzeitel go to Poland as well but will join the rest of the family when they have saved up enough money. As Tevye, Golde and their two youngest daughters leave the village for America, the fiddler begins to play. Tevye beckons with a nod, and the fiddler follows them out of the village.
Musical numbers[edit]
Act I
"Prologue: Tradition" – Tevye and the Company
"Matchmaker, Matchmaker" – Tzeitel, Hodel and Chava
"If I Were a Rich Man" – Tevye
"Sabbath Prayer" – Tevye, Golde and the Company
"To Life" – Tevye, Lazar Wolf and the Company
"Tevye's Monologue" – Tevye
"Miracle of Miracles" – Motel
"Tevye's Dream" – Tevye, Golde, Grandma Tzeitel, Fruma-Sarah
and the Company
"Sunrise, Sunset" – Tevye, Golde, Perchik, Hodel and the Company
"The Bottle Dance" – Instrumental
Act II
"Entr'acte" – Orchestra
"Now I Have Everything" – Perchik and Hodel
"Tevye's Rebuttal" – Tevye
"Do You Love Me?" – Tevye and Golde
"The Rumor/I Just Heard" – Yente and villagers§
"Far From the Home I Love" – Hodel
"Chavaleh (Little Bird)" – Tevye
"Anatevka" – The Company
§ The 2004 revival featured a song for Yente and some women of the village (Rivka and Mirala) titled "Topsy Turvy", discussing the disappearing role of the matchmaker in society. The number replaced "The Rumor/I Just Heard".
Principal characters[edit]
All of the characters are Jewish, except as noted:
Tevye, a poor milkman with five daughters. A firm supporter of the traditions of his faith, he finds many of his convictions tested by the actions of his three oldest daughters.
Golde, Tevye's sharp-tongued wife.
Tzeitel, their oldest daughter, about nineteen. She loves her childhood friend Motel and marries him, even though he's poor, begging her father not to force her to marry Lazar Wolf.
Hodel, their daughter, about seventeen. Intelligent and spirited, she falls in love with Perchik and later joins him in Siberia.
Chava, their daughter, about fifteen. A shy book lover, who falls in love with Fyedka.
Shprintze, their daughter, about twelve.
Bielke, their youngest daughter, about nine.
Motel Kamzoil, a poor but hardworking tailor who loves, and later marries, Tzeitel.
Perchik, a scholar and Bolshevik revolutionary who comes to Anatevka and falls in love with Hodel. He leaves for Kiev and is exiled to Siberia.
Fyedka, a young Christian man. He shares Chava's passion for reading and is outraged by the Russians' treatment of the Jews.
Lazar Wolf, the wealthy village butcher. Widower of Fruma-Sarah. Attempts to arrange a marriage for himself to Tzeitel.
Yente, the gossipy village matchmaker who matches Tzeitel and Lazar.
Fruma-Sarah, Lazar Wolf's dead wife, who rises from the grave in Tevye's "nightmare".
Grandma Tzeitel, Golde's dead grandmother, also featured in the "nightmare".
Mordcha, the innkeeper.
Rabbi, the wise village rabbi.
Constable, a Christian man; the head of the local Russian police.
Productions[edit]
Original productions[edit]
Zero Mostel as Tevye in the original Broadway production, 1964
Following its tryout at Detroit's Fisher Theatre in July and August 1964,[7] then Washington in August to September,[8] the original Broadway production opened on September 22, 1964, at the Imperial Theatre, transferred in 1967 to the Majestic Theatre and in 1970 to The Broadway Theatre, and ran for a record-setting total of 3,242 performances.[9] The production was directed and choreographed by Robbins – his last original Broadway staging.[10] The set, designed in the style of Marc Chagall's paintings, was by Boris Aronson.[11] A colorful logo for the production, also inspired by Chagall's work, was designed by Tom Morrow. Chagall reportedly did not like the musical.[4]
The cast included Zero Mostel as Tevye the milkman, Maria Karnilova as his wife Golde (each of whom won a Tony for their performances), Beatrice Arthur as Yente the matchmaker, Austin Pendleton as Motel, Bert Convy as Perchik the student revolutionary, Gino Conforti as the fiddler, and Julia Migenes as Hodel. Mostel ad-libbed increasingly as the run went on, "which drove the authors up the wall."[9] Joanna Merlin originated the role of Tzeitel, which was later assumed by Bette Midler during the original run. Carol Sawyer was Fruma Sarah, Adrienne Barbeau took a turn as Hodel, and Pia Zadora played the youngest daughter, Bielke. Both Peg Murray and Dolores Wilson made extended appearances as Golde, while other stage actors who have played Tevye include Herschel Bernardi, Theodore Bikel and Harry Goz (in the original Broadway run), and Leonard Nimoy. Mostel's understudy in the original production, Paul Lipson, went on to appear as Tevye in more performances than any other actor (until Chaim Topol), clocking over 2,000 performances in the role in the original run and several revivals.[12] Florence Stanley took over the role of Yente nine months into the run.[13] The production earned $1,574 for every dollar invested in it.[14] It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography, and acting awards for Mostel and Karnilova.[9]
The original London West End production opened on February 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre and played for 2,030 performances.[15] It starred Topol as Tevye, a role he had previously played in Tel Aviv, and Miriam Karlin as Golde. Alfie Bass, Lex Goudsmit and Barry Martin eventually took over as Tevye.[citation needed] Topol later played Tevye in the 1971 film adaptation, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award, and in several revivals over the next four decades.[16] The show was revived in London for short seasons in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre and in 1994 at the London Palladium.[citation needed]
Broadway revivals[edit]
The first Broadway revival opened on December 28, 1976, and ran for 176 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre. Zero Mostel starred as Tevye. Robbins directed and choreographed. A second Broadway revival opened on July 9, 1981, and played for a limited run (53 performances) at Lincoln Center's New York State Theater. It starred Herschel Bernardi as Tevye and Karnilova as Golde. Other cast members included Liz Larsen, Fyvush Finkel, Lawrence Leritz and Paul Lipson. Robbins directed and choreographed. The third Broadway revival opened on November 18, 1990, and ran for 241 performances at the George Gershwin Theatre. Topol starred as Tevye, and Marcia Lewis was Golde. Robbins' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes. The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival.
A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26, 2004, and ran for 36 previews and 781 performances at the Minskoff Theatre. Alfred Molina, and later Harvey Fierstein, starred as Tevye, and Randy Graff, and later Andrea Martin and Rosie O'Donnell, was Golde. Barbara Barrie and later Nancy Opel played Yente, Laura Michelle Kelly played Hodel and Lea Michele played Sprintze.[17] It was directed by David Leveaux. This production replaced Yente's song "The Rumor" with a song for Yente and two other women called "Topsy-Turvy". The production was nominated for six Tonys but did not win any. In June 2014, to celebrate the show's 50th anniversary, a gala celebration and reunion was held at The Town Hall in New York City to benefit The National Yiddish Theatre – Folksbiene, with appearances by many of the cast members of the various Broadway productions and the 1971 film.[8]
The fifth Broadway revival began previews on November 20 and opened on December 20, 2015 at the Broadway Theatre, with concept and choreography based on the original by Jerome Robbins. Bartlett Sher directed, and Hofesh Shechter choreographed. The cast starred Danny Burstein as Tevye, with Jessica Hecht as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Tzeitel, Adam Kantor as Motel, Ben Rappaport as Perchik, Samantha Massell as Hodel and Melanie Moore as Chava. Judy Kuhn replaced Hecht as Golde on November 22, 2016, for the last five weeks of the run.[18] Designers include Michael Yeargan (sets), Catherine Zuber (costumes) and Donald Holder (lighting).[19] Initial reviews were mostly positive, finding Burstein and the show touching.[20] The production was nominated for three Tony Awards but won none. It closed on December 31, 2016 after 463 performances.[21]
London revivals[edit]
Fiddler was first revived in London in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre (a four-month season starring Topol) and again in 1994 at the London Palladium for two months and then on tour, again starring Topol, and directed and choreographed by Sammy Dallas Bayes, recreating the Robbins production.[22]
After a two-month tryout at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, a London revival opened on May 19, 2007, at the Savoy Theatre starring Henry Goodman as Tevye, Beverley Klein as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Hodel, Damian Humbley as Perchik and Victor McGuire as Lazar Wolf. The production was directed by Lindsay Posner. Robbins' choreography was recreated by Sammy Dallas Bayes (who did the same for the 1990 Broadway revival), with additional choreography by Kate Flatt.[23]
UK tours[edit]
A 2003 national tour played for seven months, with a radical design, directed by Julian Woolford and choreographed by Chris Hocking. The production's minimalist set and costumes were monochromatic, and Fruma-Sarah was represented by a 12-foot puppet. This production was revived in 2008 starring Joe McGann.[24]
The show toured the UK again in 2013 and 2014 starring Paul Michael Glaser as Tevye with direction and choreography by Craig Revel Horwood.[25]
Australian productions[edit]
The original Australian production opened on June 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre in Sydney. It starred Hayes Gordon as Tevye and Brigid Lenihan as Golde.[26] The production ran for two years.[27] The first professional revival tour was staged by the Australian Opera in 1984 with Gordon again playing Tevye. A young Anthony Warlow played Fyedka.[28]
For two years, beginning in 2005, Topol recreated his role as Tevye in an Australian production, with seasons in Sydney,[29] Brisbane,[30] Melbourne,[31] Perth, Wellington and Auckland.[32] The musical was revived in Melbourne in December 2015 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye, Sigrid Thornton as Golde and Lior as Motel. The production is scheduled to move to Sydney in March 2016.[33]
US tours[edit]
Topol in 'Fiddler on the Roof': The Farewell Tour opened on January 20, 2009, in Wilmington, Delaware. Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles in his arms. He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein.[34]
International and amateur productions[edit]
2006 production at the Brno City Theatre in the Czech Republic
The musical was an international hit, with early productions playing throughout Europe, in South America, Africa and Australia; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical's premiere, and within five years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, 23 productions were staged in the former East Germany; and it was the longest-running musical ever seen in Tokyo.[35]
A Hebrew language staging was produced in Tel Aviv by the Israeli impresario Giora Godik in the 1960s.[36] This version was so successful that Godik soon produced a Yiddish version translated by Shraga Friedman.[37] A 2008 Hebrew language production ran at the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv for more than six years. It was directed by Moshe Kepten, choreographed by Dennis Courtney and starred Natan Datner.[38][39]
Un violon sur le toît was produced in French at Paris's théâtre Marigny from November 1969 to May 1970, resuming from September to January 1971 (a total of 292 performances) with Ivan Rebroff as Tevye and Maria Murano as Golde. Another adaptation was produced in 2005 at the théâtre Comédia in Paris with Franck Vincent as Tevye and Isabelle Ferron as Golde.[40] The Stratford Shakespeare Festival produced the musical from April to October 2013 at the Festival Theatre directed and choreographed by Donna Feore. It starred Scott Wentworth as Tevye.[41]
The musical receives about 500 amateur productions a year in the US alone.[42]
Film adaptation and recordings[edit]
Main article: Fiddler on the Roof (film)
The film version was released in 1971, directed and produced by Norman Jewison, and Stein adapted his own book for the screenplay. The casting of Chaim Topol over Zero Mostel for the role of Tevye caused controversy at first.[citation needed] The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics[43] and became the highest-grossing film of 1971.[44] Fiddler received eight Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director for Jewison, Best Actor in a Leading Role for Topol, and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Leonard Frey (as Motel; in the original Broadway production, Frey was the rabbi's son). It won three, including best score/adaptation for arranger-conductor John Williams.[45]
In the film version, the character of Yente is reduced, and Perchik's song to Hodel "Now I Have Everything" is cut and replaced by a scene in Kiev. The "Chagall color palette" of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier, more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka.[46][47]
Theatre writer John Kenrick writes that the original Broadway cast album released by RCA Victor in 1964, "shimmers – an essential recording in any show lover's collection", praising the cast. The remastered CD includes two recordings not on the original album, the bottle dance from the wedding scene and "Rumor" performed by Beatrice Arthur. Kenrick writes that while the original Broadway cast version is the clear first choice among recordings of this musical, he also likes the Columbia Records studio cast album with Bernardi as Tevye; the film soundtrack, although he feels that the pace drags a bit; and some of the numerous foreign versions, including the Israeli, German and Japanese casts.[48]
Cultural influence[edit]
Statue of Tevye, his horse, wagon, and passenger in Birobidzhan, Russia
The musical's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media and elsewhere.[49] The show or its songs have been parodied and covered widely:
Parodies[edit]
Parodies relating to the show have included Antenna on the Roof (Mad Magazine #156, January 1973), which speculated about the lives of Tevye's descendants living in an assimilated 1970s suburban America.[49] The H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society published a musical theatre and album parody of Fiddler on the Roof called A Shoggoth on the Roof, which incorporates the works of H. P. Lovecraft.[50] In the film Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Robin Williams parodies "Matchmaker".[51]
References to the musical on television have included a 2005 episode of Gilmore Girls titled "Jews and Chinese Food", involving a production of the musical.[52] A skit by The Electric Company about a village fiddler with a fear of heights, so he is deemed "Fiddler on the Chair". In the Family Guy episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" (2003), William Shatner is depicted as playing Tevye in a scene from Fiddler.[53] The second episode of Muppets Tonight, in 1996, featured Garth Brooks doing a piece of "If I were a Rich Man" in which he kicks several chickens off the roof. "The Rosie Show", a 1996 episode of The Nanny, parodied the dream scene, when Mr. Sheffield fakes a dream to convince Fran not to be a regular on a TV show. A 2011 episode of NBC's Community, entitled "Competitive Wine Tasting", included a parody of Fiddler titled, "Fiddler, Please!", with an all-black cast dressed in Fiddler on the Roof costumes singing "It's Hard to Be Jewish in Russia, Yo". Chabad.org kicked off their 2008 "To Life" Telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical.[54]
Broadway references have included Spamalot, where a "Grail dance" sends up the "bottle dance" in Fiddler's wedding scene.[55] The Producers (2001) includes a musical number in the style of Jerry Bock that features an actual fiddler on a roof. Also in 2001, Chicago's Improv Olympic produced a well-received parody, "The Roof Is on Fiddler", that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980's pop songs.[56] The original Broadway cast of the musical Avenue Q and the Broadway 2004 revival cast of Fiddler on the Roof collaborated for a Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10-minute-long show, "Avenue Jew", that incorporated characters from both shows, including puppets.
Covers[edit]
Songs from the musical have been covered by notable artists. For example, in 1964, jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album Fiddler on the Roof, which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical. AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars and states "Cannonball plays near his peak; this is certainly the finest album by this particular sextet".[57] That same year, Eydie Gormé released a single of "Matchmaker".[58] In 1999, Knitting Factory Records released Knitting on the Roof, a compilation CD featuring covers of Fiddler songs by alternative bands such as The Residents, Negativland, and The Magnetic Fields.[59][60] Indie rock band Bright Eyes recorded an adaptation of "Sunrise, Sunset" on their 2000 album Fevers and Mirrors. Allmusic gave the album a favorable review,[61] and the online music magazine Pitchfork Media ranked it at number 170 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s.[62] In 2005, Melbourne punk band Yidcore released a reworking of the entire show called Fiddling on Ya Roof.[63]
Gwen Stefani and Eve covered "If I Were a Rich Man" as "Rich Girl" for Stefani's 2004 debut solo album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. in 2004. The song was inspired by the 1993 British Louchie Lou & Michie One ragga version of the same name.[64] Stefani's version reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it remained for over six months.[65] It was certified gold by the RIAA[66] and nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.[67] It was also covered in 2008 and 2009 by the Capitol Steps, poking fun at Illinois politics, especially then-Governor Rod Blagojevich.[68] The Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps performs the "Bottle Dance" from Fiddler as a "recurring trademark", including at the Drum Corps International World Championships.[69]
Other song versions[edit]
The song "Sunrise, Sunset" is often played at weddings,[citation needed] and in 2011 Sheldon Harnick wrote two versions of the song, suitable for same-sex weddings, with minor word changes. For example, for male couples, changes include "When did they grow to be so handsome".[70]
Awards[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations for the musical Fiddler on the Roof
Fiddler's original Broadway production in 1964 was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, and book, and Robbins won for best direction and choreography. Mostel and Karnilova won as best leading actor and best featured actress. In 1972, the show won a special Tony on becoming the longest-running musical in Broadway history.
Its revivals have also been honored. At the 1981 Tony Awards, Bernardi was nominated as best actor. Ten years later, the 1991 revival won for best revival, and Topol was nominated as best actor. The 2004 revival was nominated for six Tony Awards and three Drama Desk Awards but won none. The 2007 West End revival was nominated for Olivier Awards for best revival, and Goodman was nominated as best actor.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ TIME magazine reported in its May 26, 2008, issue, p. 51, that this musical ranked as the seventh most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007.
Jump up ^ Joselit, Jenna Weissman. "Fiddler on the Roof Distorted Sholem Aleichem", The New Republic, June 7, 2014, accessed November 3, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c Solomon, Alisa. "How Fiddler Became Folklore", The Jewish Daily Forward, September 1, 2006, accessed January 29, 2015
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brustein, Robert. "Fiddle Shtick", The New York Review of Books, December 18, 2014, vol. 61, No. 20, pp. 82–83
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^ Jump up to: a b Henneberger, Melinda. "50th anniversary of Fiddler on the Roof reunites Tevye's many daughters", The Washington Post, June 14, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c Hernandez, Ernio. "Fiddler on the Roof – 1964" Archived 2004-06-03 at the Wayback Machine., Playbill, February 26, 2004, accessed June 17, 2015
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Jump up ^ Kantor, p. 302: "The 1960s was the decade that nurtured long-running blockbusters in unprecedented quantities: ten musicals passed the rarefied 1,000 performance mark, three of them passed the 2,000 mark (Hello, Dolly!, a Merrick smash, grossed $27 million on Broadway), and one, Fiddler on the Roof, passed the 3,000 mark, earning back $1,574 for every dollar put into it."
Jump up ^ Fiddler On The Roof, Guide to Musical Theatre, accessed July 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Heller, Aron. "Iconic Israeli Actor Chaim Topol Reflects Upon His Long Career", Haaretz, April 21, 2015, accessed August 4, 2016; and Propst, Andy. "Harvey Fierstein Replaces Topol in Fiddler on the Roof Tour", TheaterMania.com, November 11, 2009, accessed July 24, 2016
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Jump up ^ Simoes, Monica. "To Life! Watch Danny Burstein, Alexandra Silber and Company Give a Spirited Sneak Peek at Fiddler on the Roof", Playbill, October 15, 2015
Jump up ^ "Review Roundup: L'Chaim! Danny Burstein Leads Fiddler on the Roof Revival", broadwayworld.com, December 20, 2015
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Jump up ^ "Contrasts for opening of Australian Opera season". The Canberra Times. 58, (17,792). Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 15 June 1984. p. 13. Retrieved 25 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ "'Fiddler' received with enthusiasm". The Canberra Times. 58, (17,799). Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 22 June 1984. p. 13. Retrieved 25 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ Nye, Monica (24 August 2005). "Topol's Model Role". The Age. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Munro-Wallis, Nigel (7 April 2006). "Fiddler on the Roof". ABC Radio Brisbane. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chaim Topol". AusStage. 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Manning, Selwyn (10 May 2007). "Topol – Auckland Has In Its Midst A Champion". Scoop News. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Bennet, Sally. "Anthony Warlow returns to Australian stage for Fiddler on the Roof", Herald-Sun, September 12, 2015
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Harvey Fierstein to Replace Topol in Touring Fiddler on the Roof", playbill.com, November 11, 2009
Jump up ^ Whitfield, pp. 107–108
Jump up ^ Nahshon, Edna. "Israeli Theater: The revival of the Hebrew Language" Archived 2014-11-04 at the Wayback Machine., All About Jewish Theatre, accessed January 14, 2011
Jump up ^ Almagor, Dan (translated to English by Jay Shir). "Musical Plays on the Hebrew Stage"]. All About Jewish Theater, Ariel 103 (1996), pp. 19–25
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Jump up ^ Kae, Helen. "Theatre Review: Fiddler On The Roof", Jerusalem Post, 2008, accessed July 26, 2015; Izso, Lauren. "L'Chaim! Fiddler on the Roof to return to Broadway", Jerusalem Post, March 10, 2014, accessed July 26, 2015
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Jump up ^ Tino Balio, United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry, University of Wisconsin Press (1987), p. 194
Jump up ^ "The 44th Academy Awards (1972) Nominees and Winners", Oscars.org, accessed August 27, 2011
Jump up ^ Huttner, Jan Lisa. "Fiddler: Stage versus Screen", JUF.org, November 14, 2011, accessed September 7, 2015
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof, AFI.com, accessed September 7, 2015
Jump up ^ Kenrick, John. "Comparative Cast CD Reviews II: Fiddler on the Roof", Musicals101.com, accessed June 5, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Solomon, Alisa. "Tevye, Today and Beyond", Part 2 of 2, The Jewish Daily Forward, September 8, 2006, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ A Shoggoth on the Roof Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine., H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society, March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Willistein, Paul. "Mrs. Doubtfire Offers Williams At His Best", The Morning Call, November 25, 1993, accessed March 30, 2012
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Jump up ^ "The Amazing Bottle Dancers Kick Off the 2008 Chabad Telethon!", Bottledancers.com, 2008, accessed October 19, 2015
Jump up ^ Demers, Ben. "Monty Python’s Spamalot", DCTheatreScene.com, March 15, 2012
Jump up ^ Jones, Chris. "Parody hits the Roof", Chicago Tribune, June 28, 2001, accessed January 25, 2012
Jump up ^ Yanow, S. "Cannonball Adderley's Fiddler on the Roof", Allmusic, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Sobel, Robert. "For Eydie and Steve, It's Fun and Songs – Marriage Style", Billboard magazine, October 15, 1966, p. 18, accessed October 28, 2016
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Jump up ^ "The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s: 200–151", Pitchfork Media, September 28, 2009, accessed March 30, 2012
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Jump up ^ Boo, Michael. "Fanfare: Five great DCI color guard moments", Drum Corps International News, April 6, 2011, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Jones, Arnold Wayne. "'Sunrise, Sunset' gets gay lyric", Dallas Voice, October 6, 2011, accessed August 5, 2013
References[edit]
Kantor, Michael; Laurence Maslon (2004). Broadway: the American musical. New York, New York: Bulfinch Press. ISBN 0-8212-2905-2.
Rich, Frank. The Theatre Art of Boris Aronson (1987), Knopf ISBN 0-394-52913-8
Whitfield, Stephen J (2003). "Fiddling with Sholem Aleichem: A History of Fiddler on the Roof". Key texts in American Jewish culture. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3221-3.
Further reading[edit]
Altman, Richard (1971). The Making of a Musical: Fiddler on the Roof. Crown Publishers.
Isenberg, Barbara (2014). Tradition!: The Highly Improbable, Ultimately Triumphant Broadway-to-Hollywood Story of Fiddler on the Roof, the World’s Most Beloved Musical. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 978-0-312-59142-7.
Solomon, Alisa (2013). Wonder of Wonders: A Cultural History of Fiddler on the Roof. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0805092609.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Fiddler on the Roof
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fiddler on the Roof.
Fiddler on the Roof at the Internet Broadway Database
Fiddler on the Roof JR. at the Music Theatre International website
Fiddler on the Roof at Ovrtur
YouTube video: "Sunrise, Sunset," from the Japanese stage production.
Longest-running plays on Broadway, Off-Broadway, London, Toronto, Melbourne, Paris, Vienna, and Berlin
List of longest-running Broadway productions from Playbill.com
Preceded by
Life with Father Longest-running Broadway show
1970–1979 Succeeded by
Grease
[show]
v
t
e
Fiddler on the Roof
Characters
Tevye
Inspiration
Sholem Aleichem's Tevye and his Daughters
Adaptations
Fiddler on the Roof (1964 musical)
Fiddler on the Roof (1971 film)
Songs
Act 1
Tradition
Matchmaker, Matchmaker
If I Were a Rich Man
Sabbath Prayer
To Life
Miracle of Miracles
Tevye's Dream
Sunrise, Sunset
Act 2
Now I Have Everything
Do You Love Me?
The Rumor/I Just Heard
Far From the Home I Love
Chavaleh (Little Bird)
Anatevka
Any Day Now
Miscellaneous
List of awards and nominations for the musical Fiddler on the Roof
A Shoggoth on the Roof (parody musical)
[show]
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Bye Bye Birdie (1961)
How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (1962)
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1963)
Hello, Dolly! (1964)
Fiddler on the Roof (1965)
Man of La Mancha (1966)
Cabaret (1967)
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1776 (1969)
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Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick (1965)
Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion (1966)
Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb (1967)
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[show]
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Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 180236915
LCCN: n83042589
GND: 300022344
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiddler_on_the_Roof&oldid=826232271"
Categories:
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text:
Wet Hot American Summer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Wet Hot American Summer
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Wain
Produced by
Howard Bernstein
Written by
David Wain
Michael Showalter
Starring
Janeane Garofalo
David Hyde Pierce
Molly Shannon
Paul Rudd
Christopher Meloni
Michael Showalter
Music by
Theodore Shapiro
Craig Wedren
Cinematography
Ben Weinstein
Edited by
Meg Reticker
Production
company
Eureka Pictures
North Coast Group
Distributed by
USA Films
Release date
July 27, 2001 (2001-07-27) (New York City)
Running time
97 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1.8 million[1]
Box office
$295,206 (United States)[2]
Wet Hot American Summer is a 2001 American satirical comedy film directed by David Wain from a screenplay written by Wain and Michael Showalter. The film features an ensemble cast, including Janeane Garofalo, David Hyde Pierce, Molly Shannon, Paul Rudd, Christopher Meloni, Michael Showalter (and various other members of MTV's sketch comedy group The State), Elizabeth Banks, Ken Marino, Michael Ian Black, Bradley Cooper, Amy Poehler, Zak Orth, and A. D. Miles. The film takes place during the last full day at a fictional summer camp in 1981, and spoofs the sex comedies aimed at teen audiences of that era.
The film was a critical and commercial failure, but has since developed a cult following,[3] as many of its cast members have gone on to high-profile work. Netflix released an eight-episode prequel series starring most of the film's original cast on July 31, 2015. An eight-episode sequel series, set ten years after the original film, was released on August 4, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Background
3.2 Development
3.3 Filming
3.4 Music
3.5 Songs in the film
4 Release
5 Reception
6 Home media
7 Follow-ups
8 Legacy
8.1 Anniversary celebrations
8.2 Undeveloped TV series
8.3 Documentary
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1981, Camp Firewood, a summer camp located near Waterville, Maine, is preparing for its last day of camp. Counselors have one last chance to have a romantic encounter with another person at Camp Firewood. The summer culminates in a talent show.
Beth (Janeane Garofalo), the camp director, struggles to keep her counselors in order—and her campers alive—while falling in love with Henry (David Hyde Pierce), an astrophysics associate professor at Colby College. Henry has to devise a plan to save the camp from a piece of NASA's Skylab, which is falling to Earth.
Coop (Michael Showalter) has a crush on Katie (Marguerite Moreau), his fellow counselor, but has to pry her away from her rebellious, obnoxious, and obviously unfaithful boyfriend, Andy (Paul Rudd). Only Gene (Christopher Meloni), the shell-shocked Vietnam war veteran and camp chef, can help Coop win Katie—with some help from a talking can of mixed vegetables (voiced by H. Jon Benjamin).
All the while, Gary (A.D. Miles), Gene's unfortunately chosen apprentice, and J.J. (Zak Orth) attempt to figure out why McKinley (Michael Ian Black) hasn't been with a woman, the reason being that McKinley is in love with Ben (Bradley Cooper), whom he marries in a ceremony in the lake; Victor (Ken Marino) attempts to lose his virginity with the resident loose-girl Abby (Marisa Ryan); and Susie (Amy Poehler) and Ben attempt to produce and choreograph the greatest talent show Camp Firewood has ever seen.
Cast[edit]
Janeane Garofalo as Beth
David Hyde Pierce as Professor Henry Newman
Molly Shannon as Gail von Kleinenstein
Paul Rudd as Andy
Christopher Meloni as Gene
Michael Showalter as Gerald "Coop" Cooperberg/Alan Shemper
Marguerite Moreau as Katie Finnerty
Ken Marino as Victor Pulak
Michael Ian Black as McKinley
Zak Orth as J.J.
A.D. Miles as Gary
Amy Poehler as Susie
Bradley Cooper as Ben
Marisa Ryan as Abby Bernstein
Kevin Sussman as Steve
Elizabeth Banks as Lindsay
Joe Lo Truglio as Neil
Gideon Jacobs as Aaron
Judah Friedlander as Ron Von Kleinenstein
H. Jon Benjamin as a Can of Mixed Vegetables
Production[edit]
Background[edit]
The film is based on the experiences Wain had while attending Camp Modin, a Jewish camp, located in Belgrade, Maine, and Showalter had at Camp Mohawk in the Berkshires in Cheshire, Massachusetts.[4] During one scene, the counselors take a trip into Waterville, Maine, which is not far from the camp. It is also a parody of, and homage to, other films about summer camp such as Meatballs (1979), Sleepaway Camp (1983),[5] and Indian Summer (1993). According to Wain, they wanted to make a film structured like films such as Nashville, Dazed and Confused and Do the Right Thing—"films that take place in one contained time period that have lots of different characters."[1]
Development[edit]
The film's financing took three years to assemble; in a June 2011 interview, Wain revealed the film's budget was $1.8 million; he noted that during the 2001 Sundance Film Festival,[6] the film had been promoted as costing $5 million, in an attempt to attract a better offer from a distributor.[1] Because of the film's relatively small budget, the cast was paid very little; Paul Rudd has stated that he is uncertain that he received any compensation at all for the film.[7]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography lasted 28 days, and, according to director David Wain, it rained on every day of shooting.[1] Exterior shots were filmed when possible, sometimes under covers or umbrellas, but some scenes were moved indoors instead. In many interior scenes, rain seen outside turns into sun as soon as characters step outside. Due to the cold, the actors' breath can be seen in some outdoor scenes.[1] The film was shot at Camp Towanda in Honesdale, Pennsylvania.[8]
Music[edit]
As the film is set in the early 1980s, the film's soundtrack features songs from many popular bands of the era, most notably Jefferson Starship, Rick Springfield, Loverboy, and KISS.
Songs in the film[edit]
"Jane" by Jefferson Starship
"Juke Box Hero" by Foreigner
"Backwards from Three" by Craig Wedren and Theodore Shapiro
"Wet Hot American Summer" by Craig Wedren
"Love is Alright Tonight" by Rick Springfield
"Danny's Song" by Loggins & Messina
"Turn Me Loose" by Loverboy
"Beth" by Kiss
"Day By Day" from Godspell
"Harden My Heart" by Quarterflash
"Higher and Higher" by Craig Wedren and Theodore Shapiro
"When It's Over" by Loverboy
"Wet Hot American Dream" by Peter Salett
"Summer in America" by Mr. Blue & Chubb Rock
Release[edit]
Wet Hot American Summer premiered at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival, where it was screened four times to sold-out crowds,[9] though it failed to attract a distributor.[1] Months later, USA Films offered the filmmakers $100,000 for the film, with virtually no participation for the filmmakers, an offer the film's investors accepted. It premiered in New York City on July 27, 2001, then received a theatrical release limited to fewer than 30 cities.[9]
Reception[edit]
Wet Hot American Summer received mostly negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 32%, based on 66 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, "As comedy, Wet Hot American Summer is a slapdash, fragmented affair that misses more often than hits. As parody, it fails because it attempts to satirize something ridiculous and self-parodying in itself."[10] Metacritic gives the film a score of 42 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[11]
Roger Ebert rated the film with one star out of four. His review took the form of a tongue-in-cheek parody of Allan Sherman's "Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh".[12]
In contrast, Entertainment Weekly's Owen Gleiberman awarded the film an "A" and named it as one of the ten best films of the year. Newsweek's David Ansen also lauded it, calling it a "gloriously silly romp" that "made me laugh harder than any other movie this summer. Make that this year."[13] Numerous other critics have praised the film as a witty pop satire and it has gone on to achieve a cult following.[citation needed]
Actress Kristen Bell stated on NPR on September 2, 2012, that this was her favorite film of all time, having watched it "hundreds of times". NPR host Jesse Thorn said on the April 29, 2014, episode of Bullseye, "When someone has an open enough heart to accept this silliness - and that's what it's about for me, an open heart - if someone's heart is open to Wet Hot American Summer, they love it. And that's when I know that me and them, we've got an unbreakable bond. Together forever. Like camp counselors."[14]
Home media[edit]
The film was released in both VHS and DVD formats on January 15, 2002.[9] In 2011, Wain tried to convince Universal Studios to do either a 10th anniversary home video re-release with extra features, or perhaps a Blu-ray release, but Universal rejected the idea. The film was released on Blu-ray on May 12, 2015.[15]
Follow-ups[edit]
See also: Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp and Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later
The film is followed by two Netflix series with one serving as a prequel and one as a sequel. The prequel, First Day of Camp, was released on July 31, 2015,[16] while the sequel, Ten Years Later, was released on August 4, 2017.[17]
Legacy[edit]
Anniversary celebrations[edit]
Events were held around the country to celebrate the film's 10-year anniversary in 2011 and 2012, including a screening of the film in Boston,[18] an art show in Santa Monica of works inspired by the film with a reception hosted by Wain,[19] a screening at the Los Angeles Film School with a Q&A with Wain,[20] a midnight screening in Cleveland, Ohio,[21] a 10th anniversary celebration event with the members of Stella in Brooklyn,[22] and a reading of the script at the San Francisco Comedy Festival with much of the original cast.[23]
Undeveloped TV series[edit]
During an interview with Variety, Wain and Showalter confirmed that they wrote a pilot to Fox for a possible TV series based on the film. Wain described the series as a "22-minute Fox sitcom with commercials and nothing Rated R, so it was a little bit odd."[24] The pilot was not picked up for a series.
Documentary[edit]
Alongside the prequel series, a making-of documentary, Hurricane of Fun: The Making of Wet Hot, was released on Netflix on July 24, 2015, consisting of behind-the-scenes interviews and footage shot during the filming of the movie.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jeff Goldsmith (2011-06-17). "David Wain – Wet Hot American Summer". Q&A with Jeff Goldsmith (Podcast). Blogger/Liberated Syndication. Retrieved 2011-06-23. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ "Wet Hot American Summer (2001)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
Jump up ^ Tobias, Scott (2008-06-11). "The New Cult Canon: Wet Hot American Summer". The AV Club. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
Jump up ^ "The Rumpus". Retrieved 2009-09-02.
Jump up ^ Scheer, Paul (October 30, 2012). "Sleepaway Camp, episode #48 of How Did This Get Made?". Earwolf. Retrieved 2015-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Wet Hot American Summer". Sundance Institute. Archives. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
Jump up ^ Collis, Clark (July 30, 2015). "'Wet Hot American Summer': The crazy story behind the cult classic". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Full Credit List". Wet Hot American Summer official website. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Wet Hot history". Wet Hot American Summer official website. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Wet Hot American Summer (2001)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Wet Hot American Summer (2001)". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Wet Hot American Summer". Chicago Sun-Times. Roger Ebert Reviews. 2001-08-31. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Review". Wet Hot American Summer official website. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
Jump up ^ "Bullseye with Jesse Thorn: Jim Rash, Bob Saget, Jessica St. Clair and Lennon Parham". Maximum Fun. 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
Jump up ^ "From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment: Wet Hot American Summer - UNIVERSAL CITY, Calif., April 13, 2015 /PRNewswire/". Prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp: Season 1".
Jump up ^ "Netflix is going back to camp with Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later". April 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Coolidge Corner Theatre – Wet Hot American Summer". Retrieved 2012-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Wet Hot American Summer 6.10.11 – 6.29.11". Nao Live. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Wet Hot American Summer 10th Anniversary Q&A Screening with co-writer/director David Wain!". Retrieved 2012-12-23.
Jump up ^ Arcade Staff (2011-06-03). "Cult movie classics get big-screen showings". The Morning Journal. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
Jump up ^ Collis, Clark (2011-08-02). "Wet Hot American Summer 10th anniversary: David Wain, Michael Showalter, and Joe Lo Truglio remember their days at Camp Firewood". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
Jump up ^ "The Cast Of Wet Hot American Summer Reunited At SF Sketchfest". Retrieved 2012-12-23.
Jump up ^ Seabaugh, Julie (July 29, 2015). "‘Wet Hot American Summer’: Oral History Details False Starts, Faking Camp Firewood".
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Wet Hot American Summer
Official website
Wet Hot American Summer on IMDb
Wet Hot American Summer at Box Office Mojo
Wet Hot American Summer at Rotten Tomatoes
Wet Hot American Summer at Metacritic
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Films directed by David Wain
Wet Hot American Summer (2001)
The Ten (2007)
Role Models (2008)
Wanderlust (2012)
They Came Together (2014)
A Futile and Stupid Gesture (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wet_Hot_American_Summer&oldid=797449626"
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