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Drunk driving law by country
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The laws of driving under the influence vary between countries. One difference is the acceptable limit of blood alcohol content before a person is charged with a crime.
Contents
1 Africa
2 Americas
2.1 North America
2.1.1 Canada
2.1.2 Mexico
2.1.3 United States
2.2 Caribbean
2.3 Central America
2.4 South America
3 Asia
3.1 Central Asia
3.2 East Asia
3.3 South Asia
3.4 Southeast Asia
3.5 Western Asia
4 Europe
4.1 Britain
4.1.1 Further rules in the United Kingdom (UK)
4.1.2 Magistrates' sentencing guidelines
5 Oceania
5.1 Australia
5.1.1 Australian Capital Territory
5.1.2 New South Wales
5.1.3 Northern Territory
5.1.4 Queensland
5.1.5 South Australia
5.1.6 Tasmania
5.1.7 Victoria
5.1.8 Western Australia
5.2 New Zealand
5.3 Other countries in Oceania
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Africa[edit]
Angola: 0.06%[1]
Algeria: 0.02%[2]
Benin: 0.05%[2]
Cape Verde: 0.08%[2]
Central African Republic: 0.08%[2]
Comoros: 0[2]
Congo: 0.01%[2]
Egypt: 0.05%[3]
Equatorial Guinea: 0.15%[2]
Eritrea: 0.03% for commercial or professional drivers, 0.05% for all other drivers.[2]
Ethiopia: 0.08[4]
The Gambia: No limit[2]
Ghana: 0.08%[2]
Guinea: 0.08%[2]
Guinea-Bissau: 0.15%[2]
Kenya: No limit[2]
Libya: 0[2]
Malawi: 0.08%[2]
Mauritius: 0.05%[2]
Morocco: 0.00%[2]
Namibia: 0.05%[2]
Niger: No limit[2]
Nigeria: 0.05%[5]
Seychelles: 0.08%[2]
South Africa: 0.05% and 0.02% for professional drivers (trucks over 3.5 tonnes, and vehicles carrying passengers for reward) National Road Traffic Act, 1996.
Togo: No limit[2]
Uganda: 0.08%[2]
Tanzania: 0 for professional or commercial drivers, 0.08% for all other drivers.[2]
Zambia: 0.08%[2]
Americas[edit]
North America[edit]
Canada[edit]
Main article: Impaired driving in Canada
Canada: 0.0–0.15%
The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69 made it a per se offense to drive with a BAC in excess of 80 mg/100 ml of blood. Refusal of a police officer's demand to provide a breath sample was made an offence at the same time and both began as summary conviction offenses , with a mandatory minimum $50 fine.[6]
Mexico[edit]
Mexico: 0.04–0.10%.[7]
United States[edit]
Main article: Drunk driving in the United States
A 1937 poster warns US drivers about the dangers of mixing alcohol and driving.
United States: Depends on state, 0.08% or 0.05% BAC by volume
In the United States, the blood alcohol level at which all states make it unlawful to operate a motor vehicle is 0.08, although it is possible to be convicted of impaired driving at a lower blood alcohol level.[8] Some states define two impaired driving offenses.[9]
The first is the traditional offense, variously called driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), driving while intoxicated/impaired (DWI),[10] operating under the influence (OUI), or operating while intoxicated/impaired (OWI).[11]
The second and more recent is the so-called illegal per se offense of driving with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) by volume (mass of alcohol/volume of blood) of 0.08% (previously 0.10%) or higher.
The first offense requires proof of intoxication, although evidence of BAC is admissible as rebuttably presumptive evidence of that intoxication; the second requires only proof of BAC at the time of being in physical control of a motor vehicle. An accused may potentially be convicted of both offenses as a result of a single incident, but may only be punished for one.[12] The differences between state penalties still varies. Wisconsin, for instance, is the only state that continues to treat first offense drunk driving arrests as forfeiture.[13]
Some states also include a lesser charge of driving with a BAC of 0.05%; other states limit this offense to drivers under the age of 21. All states and DC also now have zero tolerance laws: the license of anyone under 21 driving with any detectable alcohol in their bloodstream (BAC limits of 0.01% or 0.02% apply in some states, such as Florida.) will be suspended. In 2009, Puerto Rico joined these states, setting a limit of 0.02 for drivers under 21, despite maintaining a legal drinking age of 18.[14]
The blood alcohol limit for commercial drivers is 0.04%.[15] Pilots of aircraft may not fly within eight hours of consuming alcohol, while under the impairing influence of alcohol or any other drug, or while showing a blood alcohol concentration equal to or greater than 0.04 grams per decilitre of blood.[16]
Utah became the first U.S. state to lower the legal limit to .05% BAC by volume on March 24, 2017. The law takes effect on December 30, 2018.[17] The bill’s passage, HB155, was controversial in the state. A poll published on July 29, 2017 found 50 percent of Utahns supported the new law, but 47 percent opposed it.
In most states, the timing of the chemical test for suspected drunk driving is important because the law mandates a result within a given time period after the driving stopped, usually two hours.[citation needed]
The aftermath of a drunk driving car crash is simulated as part of an anti-drunk driving campaign for California high school students.
Caribbean[edit]
Bahamas: 0.06%[18]
Cuba: 0 for young or inexperienced drivers and professional or commercial drivers, 0.05% for all other drivers.[2]
Dominican Republic: 0.03%[2]
Jamaica: The law states that the legal alcohol limit is 35 μg/100 ml alcohol in breath or a blood alcohol level of 80 mg/100 ml alcohol in blood.[19]
Trinidad and Tobago: 35 μg/100 mL BrAC, 80 mg/ml BAC[20][21]
Central America[edit]
Belize: 0.08%[2]
Costa Rica: 0.02%[2] for public transport, commercial drivers and new drivers, or 0.05% for all others results in a fine of CRC 280,000 (US$489.61 as of 27 July 2017). A BAC in excess of 0.05% for public transport, commercial drivers and new drivers or 0.075% for all others additionally results in a 1 to 3 year prison sentence, vehicle impoundment and 2 year licence suspension.[22]
El Salvador: 0.05%[2]
Guatemala: 0.08%[2]
Honduras: 0.07%[2]
Nicaragua: 0.05%[23]
Panama: 0.08%[2]
South America[edit]
Argentina: 0% for public transport and commercial vehicles, 0.02% for motorcycles, and 0.05% for all others.[24]
Bolivia: 0.05% for professional drivers only.[25]
Brazil: Since 2008 Brazil practices a zero tolerance. If a driver is found to be driving with any BAC (up to .06%), the driver is to have their license suspended for 12 months, pay a fine of BRL 2,934.70 (doubled if recurrence) and will have the car seized. Anything above 0.06% is considered a criminal offense. [26][27]
Chile: From 15 March 2012, 0.03–0.08% the driver is considered to be driving under the influence and carries a three-month suspension and a fine of US$82–410 (as of 19 March 2012[update]); over 0.08% the driver is considered to be drunk and carries a prison term of 61 to 301 days, a fine of US$164–820 (as of 19 March 2012[update]) and a two-year suspension for the first offense, a five-year suspension for a second offense, and a life suspension for a third offense.[28]
Colombia: Colombia is known to have the toughest penalties against those driving under the influence in all of Latin America and practice a zero tolerance policy on DUIs. If a driver is found to be driving with 20–39 mg/100 ml ethanol in blood (equivalent to 0.02–0.039% BAC), the driver is to have their license suspended for a year, pay a fine of US$914 (as of 22 December 2013[update]), and serve twenty hours of community service. In the most extreme cases, if a driver is found to be driving with grade three alcohol (150 mg/100 ml ethanol in blood), the driver is to have their licence confiscated for ten years, pay a fine of US$7,314 (as of 22 December 2013[update]), and serve fifty hours of community service. If the driver gets in an accident and causes injuries and or deaths, the driver is to face between 2.5 and eighteen years of prison sentence.[29]
Ecuador: 0.01% for commercial or professional drivers; 0.03% for all other drivers.[2]
Guyana: 0.08%[2]
Paraguay: 0 [30]
Peru: Drivers below a 0.05% BAC will be given a warning. At a 0.05% and over, the driver will be given a fine and a license suspension of no less than six months and no more than two years. If the driver is involved in an accident without causing death or severe injury to another individual, he or she may possibly face jail time. If the driver's causes an accident with a BAC over 0.101%, involving death or severe injury to another party, he or she will receive a mandatory prison sentence of three to five years. The driver's license will also be permanently revoked.[citation needed]
Suriname: 0.05%[2]
Uruguay: 0 tolerance for every driver, professional or not (since January 2016)[2] The driver will have to pay a fine of US$464 (as of 29 April 2015[update]) and will have their licence suspended. Depending on the concentration of alcohol in blood and the times the driver was found guilty, the suspension goes from a minimum of six months to a maximum of two years.[31] If the driver causes an accident involving death, he or she will be charged with negligent homicide and will face a minimum of six months in prison.
Venezuela: 0.08%[2]
Asia[edit]
Central Asia[edit]
Kyrgyzstan: 0.05%[2]
Mongolia: 0.05%[2]
Turkmenistan: 0[2]
East Asia[edit]
China: 0.02%. Over 0.02% but under 0.08%: CN¥ 1000–2000 fine, six months license suspension; Over 0.08%: up to three years imprisonment,[32] five years licence suspension. If the driver causes serious injuries or death, the license will be suspended for life.[33]
Hong Kong: 0.05% or BAC 0.22 mg/L or urine 0.067%. Driving under the influence of alcohol beyond legal limit is punishable with a monetary fine and up to three years imprisonment, with ten driving-offense points and mandatory Driving Improvement Course.[34]
Japan: BrAC 0.15 mg/L (equivalent to 0.03%). Additionally, regardless of alcohol readings, police may also determine the driver to be "driving drunk", which is punished more severely than exceeding the designated alcohol limits.[35]
Republic of Korea: 0.05%[36]
Taiwan: 0.05% (BrAC 0.15 mg/L). Over 0.05% but under 0.11%: TWD 15,000 to 90,000 fine.[citation needed] 0.11% and above: license suspension for one year, and charge of offenses against public safety with possible prison sentence up to two years as the maximum penalty. If the driver is convicted of causing accidents, the penalty shall be increased by half.[citation needed] If the driver causes serious injuries or death, the license will be suspended for life or even face the death penalty.
South Asia[edit]
Afghanistan: 0[2]
India: 0.03%. This is according to section 185 of Motor Vehicles Act 1988. On a first offence, the punishment is imprisonment of six months, a fine of 2000 Indian Rupees (INR) or both. If the second offense is committed within three years, the punishment is two years, a fine of 3000 Indian Rupees (INR) or both. The clause of 30 mg/dL was added by an amendment in 1994. It came into effect beginning 14 November 1994.
Nepal: 0%. Breathalyzer testing is regularly used in major cities like Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar and Highways. For more verification, driver will be taken to nearest hospitals for blood and urine test (if demanded by the driver). License will be seized instantly. Driver will get the license back after attending anti-alcoholic classes run by Nepal Traffic Police and fine will be charged NRS 1000.[citation needed]
Pakistan: Falls under Drink and Drugs, S. No 14. No Set limit. 8 Penalty Points.[37]
Sri Lanka: 0.06%.[citation needed] Breathalyzer testing is not used routinely. If suspected by police the driver is produced before the closest government medical officer who examines and determines whether the driver is under influence. If the driver refuses examination by the medical officer he is considered to have been under influence by default.
Southeast Asia[edit]
Brunei: Not applicable, alcohol is banned.
Cambodia: 0.01%[2]
Laos: 80 mg/100 ml of blood.[38][citation needed]
Indonesia: 0[2]
Malaysia: 0.08%, or 80 mg100 ml alcohol in blood.[39]
Philippines: The Republic Act 10586 or the "Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013" indicates that blood alcohol content (BAH) should be 0.05% for non-professional drivers and 0.01% for motorcycle riders and professional drivers. A traffic enforcer must first establish probable cause before directing a motorist suspected of DUI to pull over. Then, the motorist should do the following field sobriety tests – the horizontal gaze nystagmus (eye test), the walk-and-turn, and one-leg stand. A breath analyzer shall only be used after the motorist fails these three tests.[40]
Singapore: 0.08% (80 mg/100 ml alcohol blood) or BrAC: 35 μg/100 ml alcohol in breath, strictly enforced.[citation needed]
Thailand: 0 for professional or commercial drivers, 0.05% for all other drivers.[2]
Vietnam: 50 mg/100 ml alcohol in blood motorbikes and 0 for cars or larger vehicles.[41]
Western Asia[edit]
Turkey: 0.05%,[42] 0 for commercial transport and public service drivers.
Armenia: 0.04%[43]
Azerbaijan: 0[44]
Iran: Not applicable, alcohol is banned.
Israel: 0.024% 24 mg/100 ml alcohol in breath (penalties only apply above 29 mg/100 ml alcohol in breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used).[45] New drivers, drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 0.005% 5 mg/100 ml alcohol in breath.[46]
Jordan: 0.05.[2] Breathalyzer testing is not routinely used. If suspected by police the driver is produced before the closest government medical officer who examines and determines whether the driver is under influence.
Kuwait: Not applicable, alcohol is banned.
Lebanon: 0.02%, often unenforced.
Saudi Arabia: Not applicable, alcohol is banned.
Syria: often unenforced, unless heavily drunk and driving. License revoked for 1 to 3 months. 2000 Syrian pounds fine.
United Arab Emirates: 0[citation needed]
Europe[edit]
Map of Europe showing countries' blood alcohol limits as defined in g/dl for the general population
Note: Take zero to usually mean below detection limit.
Albania: 0.01%[42]
Austria: 0.05%.[2] 0.01% for drivers who have held a license for less than two years and drivers of vehicles over 7.5 tonnes[citation needed]
Belarus: 0.03%
Belgium: 0.05%[42] Fines and driving bans increase as the alcohol concentration in the blood increases.[47]
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 0.03% for all drivers except for drivers of C, CE, D and DE categories, public service drivers, professional drivers, driving instructors, and drivers younger than 21 years or without 3 years of experience, where limit is zero. [48]
Bulgaria: 0.05%[2]
Czech Republic: Zero[42]
Croatia: 0.05%. Zero for drivers aged 16 to 24 and professional drivers on duty.[49][50]
Cyprus: 0.05%[2]
Denmark: 0.05%, imprisonment if over 0.20%, zero if not driving safely. Fine: one month's pay after taxes × BAC × 10.[51]
Estonia: 0.019%[52]
Finland: 0.05%,[42] 0.12% (aggravated). The penalty is a fine or jail up to six months plus license suspension from one month to five years. For aggravated, also a prison sentence (sixty days to two years) is possible,[53] usually as a suspended sentence. Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and often practiced. Penalties vary by level of intoxication.
France: 0.05% or 0.02% for new drivers (under three years of driving license) and bus drivers (€135 fine and six demerit points on the driver's license, which can be suspended for three years maximum),[42] 0.08% (aggravated, criminal offense, license suspension for three years, €4,500 fine, and up to two years imprisonment)
Georgia: 0.02%[2]
Germany: Zero for beginners (less than two years' experience or under the age of 21), professional drivers, bus drivers, truck drivers, and drivers transporting passengers commercially; 0.03% in conjunction with any other traffic offense or accident; 0.05% otherwise. For cyclists, the limit is set at 0.16%, where not in conjunction with any other traffic offense or accident. From 0.16%, cyclists face the same penalties as driving a car at that limit.[54]
Penalties start at a €500 fine and one-month license suspension. From 0.11%, the penalty is a €500 fine and the withdrawal of the driver's license for at least six months, but usually about one year (penalty is set by the court); from 0.16%, reissue of the licence requires a successful Medical Psychological Assessment (MPU).[55] From 0.11% within ten years of an offense from 0.05%, there is a minimum €7003100000000000000♠1000 fine and a one-year license withdrawal; the driver has to successfully pass an MPU and is required to prove to the court that they have been sober for the last twelve months, before they can get their licence back. For repeat offenses, the fine is multiplied by the ordinal of the offence (doubled, tripled, etc.), regardless of the amount by which the driver was over the limit. These minimum penalties are usually exceeded by the German courts. From 0.11%, the courts usually also require the DUI offender to do unpaid community service.
Gibraltar: 0.05%[56]
Greece: 0.05% (BrAC 0.25 mg/L),[42] reduced to 0.02% (BrAC 0.10 mg/L) for unlicensed or new drivers who have held a license for less than two years, motor cycle and professional drivers. Above 0.11% (BrAC 0.60 mg/L) it's considered a flagrant misdemeanor punishable with up to two years of imprisonment and a hefty fine in the court plus the revoking of the drivers licence for six months. Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and practiced by the traffic police, especially on weekends and major holidays.
Hungary: Zero[2]
Iceland: 0.04%[42]
Ireland: 0.05% generally or 0.02% for learner drivers, newly qualified drivers (those who have their license for less than two years) and professional drivers, and those who do not have their driving license on them when stopped by the Gardaí (police).[57] Police do not need a reason to request a breath sample. Being convicted of drunk driving usually carries a two-year ban as well as a €1,500 fine.[58]
Italy: From 0.05% to 0.08% (€500-2,000 fine, three to six months license suspension), from 0.08% to 0.15% (aggravated, €800-3,200 fine, six to twelve months license suspension, up to six months imprisonment), over 0.15% (aggravated, €1,500-6,000 fine, one to two years license suspension, six to twelve months imprisonment, vehicle seizure and confiscation), zero for drivers with less than three years experience and professional drivers (bus, trucks, etc.). License is always revoked in case of: professional drivers, second offence committed within two years or in case of an accident. If the driver refuses examination he is considered to have been under influence by default applying the over 0.15% rules.[59] Limit is zero for newly qualified drivers (those who have their license for less than three years). Routine breath testing without a probable cause is permitted and practiced by various law enforcement agencies.
Latvia: 0.02% for drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.05% for those with more than two years of experience
Liechtenstein: 0.08%[60]
Lithuania: Zero for taxi, truck, bus, motorcycle drivers. 0.02% for drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.04% for those with more than two years of experience[42]
Luxembourg: 0.02% for professional drivers and drivers with less than two years of experience and 0.05% for the rest (€145 fine and two demerit points on the driving licence if caught). 0.08% earns you a citation, 0.12% means loss of license (since October 1, 2007)[61]
Macedonia: Zero for professional drivers, public service drivers, commercial transport and beginner drivers, 0.05% for all others[62]
Moldova: 0.03%[42]
Montenegro: 0.03%,ref name="icap" />
Malta: 0.08%[42]
Netherlands: 0.05%,[42] 0.02% for drivers with less than five years' experience (or less than seven years' experience when the driver got his/her license before reaching the age of eighteen)
Norway: 0.02%.[42] Punishment depends on the alcohol level. 0.02% (fine, but one may also risk a suspended licence if any aggravated circumstances are present.), 0.05% (fine, suspended sentence and suspended license), 0.10% (fine, suspended or mandatory sentence and suspended license), 0.15% (fine, mandatory sentence and suspended license). The guidelines state that the fine for an alcohol level of more than 0.05% should be around 1.5 months base salary and usually not lower than 10,000 NOK. For 0.02 to 0.05% the fine is lower. Prison sentences are usually around three weeks to three months with a maximum of one year. The suspension period varies from less than a year to forever, when license is suspended forever, one may apply to get it back after five years.[63]
Poland: zero
Portugal: 0.05%. 0.02% for drivers with less than three years of experience[42]
Romania: Zero. Above 0.8 mg/L imprisonment or criminal fine and suspended license. Between 0 and 0.8 mg/L civil fine and suspended license.[citation needed][64]
Russian Federation: 0.0356% since 1 September 2013,[65][66] previously zero since 2010[67][68]
Serbia: 0.03% for all, zero for motorcycle drivers, professional drivers, public service drivers, commercial transport and beginning drivers.[69] Starting in 2018, it will be 0.02% for non professional drivers.
Slovakia: Zero[42]
Slovenia: Zero for drivers with three years or less experience and professional drivers, 0.24 mg/l (0.05%) for all others.[citation needed]
Spain: 0.05% BAC (0.25 mg/l BrAC)[70] and 0.03% BAC (0.15 mg/l BrAC) for drivers with less than two years experience and drivers of freight vehicles over 3.5 tonnes, and of passenger vehicles with more than nine seats. Surpassing the limit is a serious offense, fined with €500.[71] Driving with an alcohol rate over 0.12% is a crime (up to six months imprisonment and license suspension up to one years).[72]
Sweden: 0.02%, above 0.1% is considered aggravated[73]. Annually about 2.5 million random tests are performed for alcohol and about twelve thousand tests on suspicion of drugs.[74]
Switzerland: Zero for drivers with less than three years experience, 0.05%[42] for all others.
United Kingdom
Scotland: 50 mg/100 ml (~0.05% BAC) alcohol in blood or 22 μg/100 ml alcohol in breath (legislation became effective from 5 December 2014)[75]
England and Wales: 80 mg/100 ml (~0.08% BAC) alcohol in blood, 35 μg/100 ml alcohol in breath or 107 mg/100 ml alcohol in urine.[76]
Northern Ireland: 80 mg/100 ml (~0.08% BAC) alcohol in blood. As of November 2014[update] results of a public consultation regarding reduction of this limit were being considered,[77] with a reduction to fifty being thought likely[78]
Ukraine: 0.02%[79]
Britain[edit]
In British law it is a criminal offence to be drunk in charge of a motor vehicle. The definition depends on such things as being in or near the vehicle, and having access to a means of starting the vehicle's engine and driving it away (i.e., the keys to a vehicle). A passenger in the vehicle can also be prosecuted if the police can prove that they were driving under the influence at some point.[80]
The UK's drug driving laws were updated in 2015. The changes included: a new roadside testing kit, which could detect the presence of cocaine and cannabis in a suspect's saliva; zero tolerance limits for a number of illegal drugs, Limits were also set for certain prescription medications. The laws, however, did not end the use of the field impairment test, but made them more relevant for determining driver impairment by those drugs that are not now covered by the new legislation, or cannot be identified by the limited use of a device, that currently are only authorised for cannabis and cocaine.[81]
Further rules in the United Kingdom (UK)[edit]
In the UK, driving or attempting to drive whilst above the legal limit of 0.08% BAC in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 0.05% BAC in Scotland or unfit through drink carries a maximum penalty of six months' imprisonment, a fine of up to £5,000 and a minimum twelve months' disqualification. For a second offense committed within ten years of conviction, the minimum ban is three years. Being in charge of a vehicle whilst over the legal limit or unfit through drink could result in three months' imprisonment plus a fine of up to £2,500 and a driving ban. Causing death by careless driving when under the influence of alcohol or other drugs carries a maximum penalty of fourteen years in prison, a minimum two-year driving ban and a requirement to pass an extended driving test before the offender is able to drive legally again.
It is an offense to refuse to provide a specimen of breath, blood or urine for analysis. The penalties for refusing are the same as those for actual drunk driving.
The offense of driving whilst under the influence of alcohol is one to which there is no defense, as such (although defences such as duress or automatism, which are not specific to the offense of driving with excess alcohol, may apply in certain rare circumstances). However, it may be possible to argue that special reasons exist which are such that the offender shouldn't be disqualified from driving despite having committed the offense. Special reasons are notoriously difficult to establish and the burden of proof is always upon the accused to establish them. Such reasons may include:
shortness of distance driven
unintentional commission of the offence (i.e., laced drinks)
emergencies
Magistrates' sentencing guidelines[edit]
In England and Wales, when DWI offenders appear before a magistrates' court, the magistrates have guidelines they refer to before they decide on a suitable sentence to give the offender. These guidelines are issued by the Sentencing Guidelines Council[82] and cover offenses for which sentence is frequently imposed in a magistrates' court when dealing with adult offenders.
Offenses can either be tried summarily which means they can only be heard in the magistrates' court or they can be either way offense which means magistrates may find their sentencing powers are insufficient and indict the case to crown court. The majority of drunk driving offenses are summary only offences which can only be tried in a magistrates' court. Only the most serious offences such as a collision, death or injury involved are indicted to crown court. The maximum sentence magistrates can usually impose for "being in charge of a vehicle while above the legal limit or unfit through drink" is a £2,500 fine, a three-month prison sentence or a driving ban. The maximum sentence magistrates can usually impose for "driving or attempting to drive while above the legal limit or unfit through drink" is six months’ imprisonment, an unlimited fine or a driving ban for at least 1 year (3 years if convicted twice in 10 years).[83] In theory, the fine is means tested and based on disposable income.[84]
As with England and Wales, road traffic law in Scotland is in the main framed within the Road Traffic Act 1988 as amended. Prosecution and disposal of drink-drive offenses is broadly similar to England and Wales with less serious cases prosecuted on complaint through the sheriff summary courts. Cases involving aggravations, life-changing or fatal injuries are prosecuted on indictment via the sheriff solemn or high court. As with most UK-wide legislation, the penalties and sentencing guidelines for drunk driving in Scotland mirror those in effect in England and Wales.
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]
A roadside warning in Victoria, Australia
Road laws are state or territory based, but all states and territories have set similar rules.
Australian law allow police officers to stop any driver and perform a random breath test without reason. Roadblocks can be set up (for example, leading out of town centers on Friday and Saturday nights and after football matches or other major events), where every single driver will be breath-tested.
This differs from UK and US laws where police generally need a reason to suspect that the driver is intoxicated before requesting a breath or sobriety test. It is an offence to refuse to provide a sample of breath when requested with severe penalties including prison.[85]
Australian Capital Territory[edit]
0 for drivers or riders holding a learner, provisional, restricted or probationary license and for drivers operating heavy vehicles over 15t GVM or driving a public vehicle for hire or reward (for example taxi and bus drivers).[86]
0.05% for all other drivers.
New South Wales[edit]
Zero for Learner and Provisional licences.[87]
0.02% for drivers of vehicles of "gross vehicle mass" greater than 13.9 tonnes, vehicles carrying dangerous goods or public vehicles such as a taxi or bus.
0.05% for all other drivers
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.
Northern Territory[edit]
0 for provisional (probationary) license holders and all motorcyclists.
0.05% for all other drivers.
Queensland[edit]
A 0 limit applies to the drivers of trucks, buses, articulated vehicles, vehicles carrying dangerous goods, pilot vehicles, taxis, all learner drivers and provisional drivers and RE class licensed motorcyclists in their first twelve months.[88]
0.05% for other drivers.[89]
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.[89]
South Australia[edit]
0 limit for learner, provisional, probationary, heavy (greater than fifteen tonnes) vehicle, taxis, licensed chauffeured vehicles, dangerous goods, and bus licenses.
0.05% for all other drivers.
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.
Tasmania[edit]
0 limit for learner, provisional, truck, bus, and taxi licenses.
0.05% for all other drivers.
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.
Victoria[edit]
0 limit applies for unlicensed drivers, holders of learner permits and probationary licences, "professional" drivers, and certain relicensed drunk-drivers.
0.05% for all other drivers.
0 limit for methamphetamine, Cannabis and MDMA.
There are also other restrictions for drivers in Victoria:
Limits apply within three hours of driving - that is, police can require a person to submit to an alcohol or drugs test within three hours of driving and it is an offense to fail that test, unless the drug or alcohol use occurred after driving (see Road Safety Act 1986, ss. 49, 53 and 55E).
Licenses cancelled for certain serious drunk-driving offenses may only be reissued after obtaining a court order. This is the case for repeat offenders, and first offenders above 0.15% . In such cases, the relicensed driver is subject to a 0 limit for three years following relicensing, or for as long as the person is required to use an alcohol interlock.
Alcohol interlocks must be imposed whenever a repeat drunk-driver is relicensed.
A court also has discretion to impose an alcohol interlock when relicensing a first offender in certain serious cases, generally when the offense involves a BAC of 0.15% or higher.
The law requires interlocks to be used for certain minimum periods, but the requirement to use an interlock does not automatically end at the completion of the minimum period. Once that period has expired, an individual may apply to a court to have the interlock condition removed from their driver's license. The State Police must be given notice of the application and may make submissions to the court on whether the interlock condition should be removed. The court will also take into account data recorded by the interlock itself (e.g., whether any attempts were made to start the vehicle by a person who had been drinking).
Driving without an interlock when one is required carries severe penalties, including imprisonment.
If a doctor sees any patient who is aged fifteen years or over as a result of a motor vehicle accident, the patient must allow the doctor to take a blood sample for testing for alcohol and drug content in a way that preserves the chain of evidence. If this process is skipped the doctor may not be able to discover the alcohol blood level. The results can be used as evidence in subsequent court proceedings.
The law allows a police officer to require any driver (or any person who has driven a vehicle within the last three hours) to perform a random saliva test for methamphetamine, Cannabis or MDMA, all of which are subject to a zero limit (see Road Safety Act 1986: ss. 49, 55E & 55D)
Western Australia[edit]
0 for learner and probationary license holders and persons convicted of driving under the influence or failing to comply with a request for breath, blood or urine (for three years after the offense).
0.05% for all other drivers.
Readings over 0.08% but under 0.15% BAC, and 0.15% BAC and above (legally defined as Drunk Driving) comprise separate offenses, the latter attracting heavier penalties. Persistent offenders may be barred from driving for terms up to and including life, and may also be imprisoned.
The law allows a police officer to require any driver to perform a random saliva test for methamphetamine, Cannabis or MDMA, all of which are subject to a zero limit.
New Zealand[edit]
New Zealand operates a program called Compulsory Breath Testing, which allows police to stop motorists at any time. CBT is usually carried out at roadside checkpoints but mobile patrol cars can also randomly stop motorists to administer a test. The police also carry out roadside drug tests upon motorists they suspect have used drugs.[90]
The system in New Zealand is age-based.[91] the limits are:
0 limit for people under twenty years.
0.05% BAC or 250μg/L breath for people twenty years and over.
The penalties for exceeding the limits are:
People under twenty years, up to 0.03% BAC, 150 μg/L breath: instant NZ$200 fine and fifty demerit points.
People under twenty years, 0.03–0.08% BAC, 150–400 μg/L breath: up to three months imprisonment, up to NZ$2,250 fine or both. Loss of license for three months or more.
People twenty years and over, 0.051–0.08% BAC, 251–400 μg/L breath: instant NZ$200 fine and fifty demerit points. Twelve hour prohibition from driving immediately after test.[92]
All people over 0.08% BAC, 400 μg/L breath (first and second offenses): up to three months imprisonment, up to NZ$4,500 fine or both; loss of license for six months or more.
All people over 0.08% BAC, 400 μg/L breath (third and subsequent offenses): two years imprisonment; NZ$6,000 fine; loss of license for one year or more.
Note that penalties apply to the lowest reading taken across both breath and blood tests. For example, if a driver twenty years or over has a breath test result of 426 μg/L but a subsequent blood test returns 0.077% BAC, then the driver is not charged with any drink driving offense despite the breath reading being over the breath alcohol limit. The penalty for injuring or killing someone when under the influences is the same as dangerous driving (up to five years imprisonment, up to NZ$20,000 or both. Loss of license for one year or more).
Other countries in Oceania[edit]
French Polynesia: 0.05%[citation needed]
Micronesia: 0.05%[2]
Palau: 0 for new or inexperienced drivers and commercial or professional drivers, 0.10% for all other drivers.[2]
See also[edit]
Breathalyzer
DWI court
Expungement
Sobriety checkpoints
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ In April 2010 Vientiane Traffic Police Department launched operation A+E (Awareness and Enforcement) to crack down on driving offences including drunk driving. The KPL Lao news release April 6, 2010 mentions the national legal limit as 80 mg.
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Jump up ^ (Russian) Medvedev signed the law, completely abolishing any alcohol limits. Even minimal alcohol content will lead to revoking of the driving licence [4]
Jump up ^ "Medvedev signs total drink driving ban". RIAN. 2010-07-23.
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Jump up ^ "In charge with excess alcohol/while unfit through drink or drugs". Motor Lawyers. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Drink-driving penalties - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
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Jump up ^ Wales, Transport for New South. "Blood alcohol limits". roadsafety.transport.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Alcohol limits". Queensland Government. Queensland Government.
^ Jump up to: a b "Drink Driving Lawyers Brisbane". Harper Finch Lawyers. Harper Finch Lawyers.
Jump up ^ "Alcohol and drugs limits". Wellington: New Zealand Transport Authority. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Drinking & driving, New Zealand drink drive legal alcohol limit". Alcohol.org.nz. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Land Transport Amendment Act (no 2) 2014". Ministry of Transport. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
External links[edit]
Map of Drink-driving laws by country/area in 2013
roadsafety.qld.gov.au
thinkroadsafety.gov.uk
ltsa.govt.nz
Information on Drink Driving Limit UK and Motoring Offences such as speeding, drink driving and drug driving
Break the Law, Pay the Price, Ontario Ministry of Transportation website educating drivers on the consequences of being caught driving impaired in the province
Campaign Against Drinking and Driving
Impaired Driving, MedlinePlus
Drink Driving Limits in Europe Safe Travel UK
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Limits Worldwide // IARD.org
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Annette Melton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Annette Melton
Born
Annette Melton
Sydney, Australia
Nationality
Australian
Occupation
actress, television presenter, model
Website
www.annettemelton.com.au
Annette Melton is an Australian actress, television presenter and model. She has appeared in a US Discovery Channel series about female killers, Deadly Women; in a series 6 episode as Regina DeFrancisco and in a series 8 episode as Gaile Owens. Melton has hosted televised motorsport productions such as the 2014 World Time Attack on Australia's free to air multicultural channel SBS and Motive TV on Foxtel.[1] Her mixed-race beauty has seen her featured in FHM magazine, Maxim Magazine, on the cover of T3 Magazine and Acclaim Magazine.
Contents
1 Career
2 Filmography
3 External links
4 References
Career[edit]
Melton's career began in 2006 with a two-year contract travelling across Australia and New Zealand as the face and entertainment host of the Autosalon Show Series. Following was another two-year contract with Simplot as the Ambassador for the iconic Australian snack food Chiko Roll, with the ad campaign shot in Byron Bay. She also appeared on the cover of Melbourne publication Acclaim Magazine, featured in a 5-page editorial and modelled for April Marie Swimwear in their fashion campaign shot on Hamilton Island.
In July 2009 she appeared in FHM Magazine Australia in a 6-page editorial and was included in the FHM Calendar.
In 2010 she co-hosted Motive TV on Foxtel's Fuel TV and played Stan Walker's love interest in the "Choose You" music video. Melton was also cast in an international television commercial for the paracetamol brand Panadol and appeared on the cover of T3 magazine Australia and in Canadian Poker Player Magazine for her international hosting role with 888 Poker.
In 2011 Melton hosted Motive TV for Ninemsn and MSN America. She was also cast as the next 'Maximum Bass' model for Ministry of Sound appearing in their TV commercial and advertising.
In 2012 she played Johnny Ruffo's love interest in the "Take it Home" music video and was cast as Regina DeFrancisco in the television docu-drama Deadly Women. Melton also appeared in a 7-page editorial for Maxim magazine Australia and was voted into the Maxim Hot 100 most beautiful women. She also appeared in a television commercial for American clothing label Old Navy.
In 2013 Melton hosted for Loreal in a spot for Garnier and for Patron Tequila at the Fifth Annual Rolling Stone Awards.
In 2014 Melton was cast as Gaile Owens in the television series Deadly Women. She hosted 'World Time Attack' with Toshi Hayama for Special Broadcasting Service's Speedweek program. And is the only Australian cover model to be cast a second time for Ministry of Sound's 'Maximum Bass' campaign, appearing in their latest TV commercial, CD cover and advertising. Melton was the summer face and brand ambassador of Lonsdale (clothing)'s Summer 2014 campaign.
In 2015 Melton spent 4 months in Bangkok. She worked as a model and commercial actress with Elite Model Management as part of their commercial division.
In 2017 Melton is a resident host on Epicentre.TV. She was the Sideline reporter for The World Jousting Championship on Epicentre.TV's live stream and is set to air on Fox Sports (Australia).
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2017 Epicentre TV Herself; Host "Sporting Event News" (Various)
2014 Deadly Women Gaile Owens "To Have and to Kill" (Season 8: Episode 14)
2014 World Time Attack Herself; Co-Host (Episode 1035)
2013 Deadly Women Regina DeFrancisco "Bury the Boyfriend" (Season 6: Episode 18)
2012 "Take It Home" Love interest Johnny Ruffo music video
2011 Ninemsn Herself; Host/Reporter "MotorVision TV" (Various)
2010 Motive TV Herself; Co-Host (Season 1)
2010 "Choose You" Love interest Stan Walker music video
External links[edit]
Annette Melton Website
Annette Melton IMDB
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Motive TV IMDB". IMDB.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annette_Melton&oldid=853484579"
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Correspondence principle (sociology)
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The correspondence principle or correspondence thesis is a sociological theory that posits a close relationship between social standing and the educational system. Writers in this vein (notably Gary Watson and Diep Tran) are in particular interested in the relationship between a person’s social standing and the type of education that is received at school.
In its most basic form the principle states that the social relations of the school can be directly related to those in the work-place, meaning that educational institutions prepare students for their future work roles.[1] Apart from the formal curriculum that is offered by the school, the advocates of the correspondence principle argue that the structure of the school and also the personal experience given to each student (the hidden curriculum) is important to their future socialization. They also emphasize that there is a strong relationship between the child’s education and the interaction they have with their parents at home. There is a significant intergenerational replication of consciousness and socialized inequality via the linkages among the authority relations experienced by fathers at work, transferred to childrearing styles, and replicated in school interaction with teachers.[1]
Relationship to conflict theory[edit]
The correspondence principle is broadly aligned with the conflict theory approach to sociology, which originated with Karl Marx. Marx's said that there is a social class division in capitalist society, between on the one hand a small percentage of the population who are capitalists, owning the means of production, and on the other workers, who sell their labor power to the capitalists. The correspondence principle advances a neo-Marxist argument about the specific nature of the institutional linkages in the family, school, and work "chain" comprising the socio- economic life cycle.[1] Many sociologists who support this principle argue that education is just a means of maintaining social class boundaries. Many argue that schools in capitalistic societies are geared toward giving children different types of education based solely on their social standing rather than by their inherent skills. Under this principle schools are believed to give lower class children a different type of education compared to their upper class counterparts. Typically, it is said that lower class children are put on an educational track that will prepare them for blue collar jobs. It is thought that the education of lower class children is different because it prepares them to enter the work force directly after high school. Schooling teaches working class children to sit quietly at their desk, obey the teacher’s authority, and also acquaints them with becoming familiar with repetitive tasks. Similarly, the education of upper class children is thought to be geared toward upper class or white collar professions. With upper class children, instead of focusing on preparing them to enter the workforce, there is added emphasis is on preparing them to move on to four year colleges and universities after high school. Here they are trained to be professionals and capitalists by teaching them how to think critically and instilling in them a sense of responsibility and authority.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Howell, Frank M.; McBroom, Lynn W. (1982), SOCIAL RELATIONS AT HOME AND AT SCHOOL: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE, 55, American Sociological Association
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Correspondence_principle_(sociology)&oldid=724091854"
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MS Harmony of the Seas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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MS Harmony of the Seas
Harmony of the Seas in Rotterdam
History
Name: Harmony of the Seas
Owner: Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.
Operator: Royal Caribbean International
Port of registry: Nassau, Bahamas
Route: Caribbean
Ordered: 27 December 2012[1][2]
Builder: STX France SA[1]
Cost: US$1.35 billion (2015)[3]
Yard number: A34[2]
Laid down: 9 May 2014[2]
Launched: 19 June 2015 (float-out)[2][4]
Acquired: 12 May 2016[5]
Maiden voyage: 29 May 2016[6]
In service: 15 May 2016[7]
Identification:
Call sign: C6BX8
IMO number: 9682875
MMSI number: 311000396
DNV GL ID: 33249
Status: In service
General characteristics
Class and type: Oasis-class cruise ship
Tonnage:
226,963 GT[2]
257,566 NT[2]
20,236 DWT[2]
Displacement: Approximately 120,000 t (132,000 short tons)[8]
Length: 362.12 metres (1,188.1 ft)[2]
Beam:
47.42 m (155.6 ft) waterline[2]
66 m (217 ft) max beam[9]
Draught: 9.322 m (30.6 ft)[2]
Depth: 22.6 m (74 ft)[10]
Decks: 18; 16 passenger decks[11]
Installed power:
4 × 14,400 kW (19,300 hp) Wärtsilä 12V46F[2]
2 × 19,200 kW (25,700 hp) Wärtsilä 16V46F[2]
Propulsion:
3 × 20 MW (27,000 hp) ABB Azipod,
all azimuthing[2]
4 × 5.5 MW (7,400 hp) Wärtsilä CT3500
bow thrusters[2]
Speed:
>25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph) maximum[12]
22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) cruising[11]
Capacity:
5,479 passengers at double occupancy[13]
6,780 maximum[13]
Crew: 2,300[11]
MS Harmony of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship built by STX France at the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France[14] for Royal Caribbean International. With a gross tonnage of 226,963 GT,[2] she is the largest passenger ship in the world, surpassing her older sisters Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Routing
3 Accommodations
4 Amenities
5 Technology
6 Incidents
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Harmony of the Seas under construction at STX France
The success of the first two Oasis-class ships led Royal Caribbean Cruises to order a third ship of the type in December 2012.[1] Harmony of the Seas was floated out on 19 June 2015, began her first sea trials on 10 March 2016,[15] and was delivered to Royal Caribbean on 12 May 2016.[5][16] After a construction time of 32 months, the ship first set sail on 15 May 2016 from the STX France docks in Saint-Nazaire, viewed by some 70,000 people.[17] Her first destination was Southampton, England, although her home port was Barcelona until 23 October 2016 when she crossed the Atlantic.[18]
Harmony of the Seas took two short "preview cruises", three nights to Cherbourg and four nights to Rotterdam, after reaching port in Southampton on 17 May.[19] During these voyages, passengers complained of ongoing construction, a lack of hot water, unopened attractions, excessive waits at restaurants, and other issues.[20] The ship's maiden voyage departed from Southampton on 29 May and arrived at its summer home port of Barcelona on 5 June. According to passengers on this cruise, construction had finished and the ship was ready to sail.[21]
On 10 November 2016, the vessel was officially christened by her godmother, Miami-Dade County teacher Brittany Affolter.[22]
Routing[edit]
For the inaugural season, Harmony of the Seas offered seven-night western Mediterranean cruises originating from Barcelona and Civitavecchia.[23] In late October 2016, the ship crossed the Atlantic to the United States, where she offers seven-night eastern and western Caribbean cruises departing from Port Everglades, Florida.
Accommodations[edit]
The aft of Harmony of the Seas, with the Aqua Theater and "Ultimate Abyss" slides visible
Harmony of the Seas has 2,747 staterooms, with a wide variety of types, to accommodate (at double occupancy) 5,479 guests[24] ranging from small interior rooms to larger rooms and suites, some of which are fitted with wall-mounted 80-inch (200 cm) screens, covering nearly the floor to ceiling,[25] that show the ship's environment as if through a window, named 'virtual balconies'. These screens were first fitted on the Quantum class of cruise ships.[26] A full 43 categories of stateroom types are offered, starting at a size of 180 square feet (17 m2); several types of suites are available, including the new "Royal Class" suites.[27]
Amenities[edit]
As the third member of the Oasis class, Harmony of the Seas is very similar to her two sister ships. However, there are some design changes and extra amenities, most noticeably the "Ultimate Abyss" dry slide at the stern of the ship and the "Perfect Storm" water slides.[28] Harmony of the Seas is the second Royal Caribbean ship to feature water slides, after Liberty of the Seas underwent a refurbishment in January 2016 that added water slides and Splashaway Bay. The ship is divided into seven neighborhoods, including Central Park and Boardwalk, like her Oasis-class sisters.[29] Amenities include:[30]
"Vitality" Spa and fitness center
"Splashaway Bay" water play area for young children
"Perfect Storm" water slide complex, featuring three slides
"Ultimate Abyss" dry slide complex, with two ten-story tall enclosed slides[31]
4 swimming pools and 10 hot tubs, including two hot tubs cantilevered over the edge of the ship[32]
2 Flowrider surf simulators[33]
"Casino Royale" casino with a full selection of slot machines and table games
"Puzzle Break: Escape the Rubicon" escape room game designed by Seattle-based Puzzle Break and ShowFX[34]
20 dining venues,[35] including "Wonderland" molecular gastronomy restaurant[33]
11,252 works of art[33]
Studio B Ice Rink
The Aqua Theatre, an open-air stage which hosts diving, aerial and acrobatics shows
The Bionic Bar, where drinks are made solely by two robotic arms[36]
The Royal Theatre, a 1,400 seat venue for Broadway-style shows such as Grease, Royal Caribbean's original show Columbus, and 3D movies[37]
DreamWorks Experience, with characters from Shrek, Kung Fu Panda, etc.
Two rock climbing walls[36]
Full-size basketball court, miniature golf course and ping pong tables[36]
Zip line[36]
Adventure Ocean programs for children and youth; also Royal Babies and Royal Tots programs[32]
"Voom" high-speed Internet[38]
Optional RFID enabled wristbands (WOWbands) which will provide the same functions as the SeaPass cards[38]
Promenade shopping mall featuring jewelry, fashion and accessories
Rising Tides Bar, a bar platform that raises and lowers three floors between the Promenade level and the Central Park level
Carousel, Johnny Rockets, Starbucks, snacks and entertainment on the Boardwalk area
Central Park, an open air garden path with food and shops
Technology[edit]
Harmony of the Seas is 20% more energy efficient than her sister ships Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas. Small air bubbles from the keel reduce drag and thus fuel consumption by 7-8%, and a smooth hull surface further reduces resistance. The bubble system also reduces propeller noise, and is used on Celebrity Reflection and Quantum of the Seas. LED and fluorescent lamps replace incandescent light bulbs, reducing power consumption and need for air conditioning. The engine system uses a waste heat recovery system, and drives three Azipod propellers.[39][40][41]
Incidents[edit]
On 13 September 2016, one employee was killed and four were injured when a life boat broke loose and dropped from the fifth deck during a security drill.[42][43]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Royal Caribbean Orders Third Oasis-Class Ship from STX France". 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Harmony of the Seas (33249)". DNV GL Vessel Register. Det Norske Veritas. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Smith, Oliver (26 February 2015). "New cruise ship will be world's largest". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Royal Caribbean Orders Fourth Oasis-Class Vessel". Marinelink.com. 9 May 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Pemberton, Becky (12 May 2016). "The €1billion floating town is finally delivered: World's biggest cruise ship Harmony of the Seas with 18 decks and a 10-storey water slide is handed over to owners". Daily Mail. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vacations Reinvented as the World's Largest Cruise Ship Sails Into Southampton" (Press release). Royal Caribbean International. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "World's largest cruise ship, costing $1B, sets sail". CBS News. Associated Press. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Bracken, Matt (24 May 2016). "Largest cruise ship ever sets sail for maiden voyage". The Baltimore Sun. The Dark Room. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Harmony of the Seas - Oasis 4". STX France. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ship Detail, Harmony of the Seas". Sea-web.com. IHS Global. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Plush, Hazel (16 May 2016). "The world's largest cruise ship in numbers". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sloan, Gene (21 May 2016). "Royal Caribbean's giant new ship also is its fastest". USA Today. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Saunders, Aaron (16 May 2016). "Five Reasons You Should Sail Aboard Harmony of the Seas". The Avid Cruiser. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Kitching, Chris (16 May 2016). "The $1 billion boat: World's largest cruise ship - which boasts a 10-storey slide and capacity for 5,500 passengers - sets sail for the UK ahead of its maiden voyage". Daily Mail. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sloan, Gene (11 March 2016). "World's largest cruise ship takes to sea for first time". USA Today. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Harmony of the seas". 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Biggest-Ever Cruise Ship Harmony Of The Seas Is Longer Than Eiffel Tower's Height". NDTV. Agence France-Presse. 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "World's largest cruise ship sets sail from France". CTV News. Agence France-Presse. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016. The ship is headed for Southampton in southern England and is to embark on its official maiden voyage on May 22 to its new home port of Barcelona.
Jump up ^ "Harmony of the Seas: World's largest cruise ship in Southampton". BBC News. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Finnigan, Lexi; Mendick, Robert (28 May 2016). "Harmony of the Seas maiden voyage to go ahead despite complaints over 'chaotic' test trip". The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Harmony of the Seas - Our Last Few Days". Cruise Muses. 9 June 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Herrera, Chabeli (26 October 2016). "The world’s biggest cruise ship’s new godmother is a 23-year-old Miami teacher". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Uria, Daniel (14 May 2016). "Royal Caribbean completes construction of world's largest cruise ship Harmony of the Seas". United Press International. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Frisco, Eleena (15 May 2016). "World's biggest cruise ship sets sail from France". Tribu Magazine. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Staterooms". Royal Caribbean International. 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Estes, Adam Clark (5 November 2014). "A Look at How Royal Caribbean's New Virtual Balconies Work". Gizmodo. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Harmony Of The Seas Review and Specifications". Cruise Mapper. May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016. Most Harmony of the Seas staterooms are 180-270-sq.foot Balcony rooms (1772). There are a total of 2744 staterooms in 43 categories. 46 are the wheelchair accessible rooms. The largest aboard Harmony of the Seas are the Royal Loft Suites (142 m2).
Jump up ^ Brady, Nicola (29 May 2016). "Harmony of the Seas: What's it like on board the world's biggest cruise ship?". Independent.ie. Travel Cruise. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Smith, Oliver (11 March 2016). "The world's largest cruise ships sets sail on first sea trial". The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Stieghorst, Tom (18 December 2015). "New world's largest cruise ship to have monster slide". USA Today. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Plunging into Adventure on the Tallest Slide at Sea: Royal Caribbean Reveals 10 story Ultimate Abyss". Royal Caribbean International. 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Harmony of the Seas". RoyalCaribbean.com. Royal Caribbean International. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Royal Caribbean shows off Harmony of the Seas, world's largest cruise ship". Travelweek. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Leppert, Jason (12 January 2016). "Harmony of the Seas Loads Up on Entertainment and Activities". Travel Pulse. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Koumelis, Theodore (16 May 2016). "Royal Caribbean International conducts delivery ceremony and honors crew of Harmony Of The Seas". Travel Daily News. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bleier, Evan (19 June 2015). "World's largest cruise ship - which will boast seven neighborhoods and carry 5,500 passengers - starts to take shape". Daily Mail. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Inside the world's largest cruise ship, Harmony of the Seas". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Iannucci, Lisa (11 May 2016). "Va Va VOOM – Royal Caribbean Utilizes Fastest Internet At Sea". Travel Pulse. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Micro-bubble system helps Quantum to whopping 20% efficiency gain on Oasis". Seatrade Cruise News. 28 August 2014. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Harmony of the Seas: World's Biggest Cruise Ship 20% More Fuel Efficient than Her Sister Ships". Ship & Bunker. 27 May 2016. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Oliver, Alexandra Jane (24 May 2016), Harmony of the Seas joins DNV GL fleet, DNV GL, archived from the original on 17 September 2016, retrieved 17 September 2016
Jump up ^ Quioc, Marqaid (13 September 2016). "Cruise ship crewmember dies in lifeboat drill in France". Business Insider. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Harmony of the Seas accident: One dead, four hurt in lifeboat crash". BBC News. 13 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harmony of the Seas (ship, 2016).
Official website
Harmony of the Seas at RoyalCaribbean.com
[show]
v
t
e
Timeline of the world's largest passenger ships
Syracusia (240 BC)
Thalamegos (200 BC)
Caravel ships (1400s)
SS Royal William (1831)
SS Great Western (1837)
SS British Queen (1839)
SS President (1840)
SS Great Britain (1845)
HMS Himalaya (1854)
RMS Atrato (1854)
SS Great Eastern (1858)
RMS Celtic (1901)
RMS Baltic (1903)
RMS Empress of Scotland (1906)
RMS Lusitania (1907)
RMS Mauretania (1907)
RMS Olympic (1911)
RMS Titanic (1912)
SS Imperator (1913)
SS Leviathan (1913)
RMS Majestic (1914)
SS Normandie (1935)
RMS Queen Mary (1936)
RMS Queen Elizabeth (1940)
MS Sovereign of the Seas (1987)
MS Sun Princess (1995)
MS Carnival Sunshine (1996)
MS Grand Princess (1997)
MS Voyager of the Seas (1999)
MS Explorer of the Seas (2000)
MS Navigator of the Seas (2002)
RMS Queen Mary 2 (2004)
MS Freedom of the Seas / MS Liberty of the Seas / MS Independence of the Seas (2006)
MS Oasis of the Seas (2009)
MS Allure of the Seas (2010)
MS Harmony of the Seas (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Royal Caribbean International fleet
Sovereign class
Majesty of the Seas
Vision class
Grandeur of the Seas
Rhapsody of the Seas
Enchantment of the Seas
Vision of the Seas
Voyager class
Voyager of the Seas
Explorer of the Seas
Adventure of the Seas
Navigator of the Seas
Mariner of the Seas
Radiance class
Radiance of the Seas
Brilliance of the Seas
Serenade of the Seas
Jewel of the Seas
Freedom class
Freedom of the Seas
Liberty of the Seas
Independence of the Seas
Oasis class
Oasis of the Seas
Allure of the Seas
Harmony of the Seas
Symphony of the Seas (2018)
TBA (2021)
Quantum class
Quantum of the Seas
Anthem of the Seas
Ovation of the Seas
Spectrum of the Seas (2019)
TBA (2020)
Empress class
Empress of the Seas
Project Icon
Icon of the Seas (2022)
TBA (2024)
Former ships
Song of Norway
Nordic Prince
Sun Viking
Song of America
Viking Serenade
Sovereign of the Seas
Monarch of the Seas
Splendour of the Seas
Legend of the Seas
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This page was last edited on 16 October 2017, at 16:24.
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