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Hominidae
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Not to be confused with Hominoidea.
"Great apes" and "Hominid" redirect here. For other uses, see Great apes (disambiguation) and Hominid (disambiguation).
Hominidae[1]
Temporal range: Miocene-Present, 23.03–0 Ma
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Two hominids: A human (Homo sapiens) and a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Superfamily: Hominoidea
Family: Hominidae
Gray, 1825
Type genus
Homo
Linnaeus, 1758
Subfamily
Ponginae
Homininae
Ouranopithecus†
Kenyapithecinae†
Synonyms
Pongidae Elliot, 1913
The Hominidae (/hɒˈmɪnɪdiː/), whose members are known as great apes[note 1] or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes seven extant species in four genera: Pongo, the Bornean and Sumatran orangutan; Gorilla, the eastern and western gorilla; Pan, the common chimpanzee and the bonobo; and Homo, which includes modern Humans and its extinct relatives (e.g., the Neanderthal), and ancestors, such as Homo erectus.[1]
Several revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term "hominid" to vary over time. Its original meaning referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest non-extant relatives. That restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term "hominin", which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (Pan). (See below, for a fuller discussion of related and very similar terms, at Terminology.) The current, 21st-century meaning of "hominid" includes all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use "hominid" in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until around the turn of the 21st century.[4]
Within the taxon Hominidae, a number of extant and known extinct, that is, fossil, genera are grouped with the humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas in the subfamily Homininae; others with orangutans in the subfamily Ponginae (see classification graphic below). The most recent common ancestor of all Hominidae lived roughly 14 million years ago,[5] when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestral line of the other three genera.[6] Those ancestors of the family Hominidae had already speciated from the family Hylobatidae (the gibbons), perhaps 15 million to 20 million years ago.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Taxonomic history
1.1.1 Terminology
1.1.2 Extant and fossil relatives of humans
1.2 Classification
1.2.1 Evolutionary tree
1.2.2 Extant
1.2.3 Fossil
2 Physical description
3 Legal status
4 Conservation
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
See also: Human evolution
Human timeline
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Human-like
apes
Nakalipithecus
Ouranopithecus
Sahelanthropus
Orrorin
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Neanderthal
Homo sapiens
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Earlier apes
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Separation from gorillas
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Possibly bipedal
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Separation from chimpanzees
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Earliest bipedal
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Earliest stone tools
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Earliest exit from Africa
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Earliest fire use
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Earliest in Europe
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Earliest cooking
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Earliest clothes
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Modern speech
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Modern humans

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Axis scale: millions of years.
Also see: Life timeline and Nature timeline
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)
In the early Miocene, about 22 million years ago, there were many species of arboreally adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa; the variety suggests a long history of prior diversification. Fossils at 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to Victoriapithecus, the earliest Old World monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Dendropithecus, Limnopithecus, Nacholapithecus, Equatorius, Nyanzapithecus, Afropithecus, Heliopithecus, and Kenyapithecus, all from East Africa.
At sites far distant from East Africa, the presence of other generalized non-cercopithecids, that is, non-monkey primates, of middle Miocene age—Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austria—is further evidence of a wide diversity of ancestral ape forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene. The most recent of these far-flung Miocene apes (hominoids) is Oreopithecus, from the fossil-rich coal beds in northern Italy and dated to 9 million years ago.
Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons (family Hylobatidae), the lesser apes, diverged from that of the great apes some 18–12 million years ago, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverged from the other great apes at about 12 million years. There are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a still-unknown South East Asian hominoid population; but fossil proto-orangutans, dated to around 10 million years ago, may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey.[8]
A reconstruction of a female Australopithecus afarensis (National Museum of Natural History)
Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans may be represented by Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and Ouranopithecus found in Greece. Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas (genus Gorilla), and then the chimpanzees (genus Pan) split off from the line leading to the humans. Human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see human evolutionary genetics).[9] The fossil record, however, of gorillas and chimpanzees is limited; both poor preservation—rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve bone—and sampling bias probably contribute most to this problem.
Other hominins probably adapted to the drier environments outside the African equatorial belt; and there they encountered antelope, hyenas, elephants and other forms becoming adapted to surviving in the East African savannas, particularly the regions of the Sahel and the Serengeti. The wet equatorial belt contracted after about 8 million years ago, and there is very little fossil evidence for the divergence of the hominin lineage from that of gorillas and chimpanzees—which split was thought to have occurred around that time. The earliest fossils argued by some to belong to the human lineage are Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma) and Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma), followed by Ardipithecus (5.5–4.4 Ma), with species Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus.
Taxonomic history[edit]
Terminology[edit]
Humans are one of the four extant hominid genera.
The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades; these revisions have led to a varied use of the word "hominid" over time. The original meaning of the term referred to only humans and their closest relatives—what is now the modern meaning of the term "hominin". And the meaning of the taxon Hominidae changed gradually, leading to a different (modern) usage of "hominid" that today includes all the great apes including humans.
The term hominid is easily confused with a number of very similar words:
A hominoid, commonly called an ape, is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: extant members are the gibbons (lesser apes, family Hylobatidae) and the hominids.
A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae, the great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.
A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans (excludes orangutans).
A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: Chimpanzees and humans.
A homininan is a member of the subtribe Hominina of the tribe Hominini: that is, modern humans and their closest relatives after their split from chimpanzees.
A human is a member of the genus Homo, of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species, and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies.
(See below, a graphic of the taxonomic classifications at Evolutionary tree of the Hominoidea.)

Hominoidea (hominoids) (20.4 Mya)

Hylobatidae

Hominidae (hominids) (15.7 Mya)

Ponginae

Homininae (hominines) (8.8 Mya)

Gorillinae

Hominini (hominins) (6.3 Mya)

Panina

Hominina (homininans)

For each clade it is indicated approximately when newer extant clades emerged. Some (older) texts will refer to Homonini as the Hominina branch. Many scientists, including paleoanthropologists, continue to use the term "hominid" to mean humans and their direct and near-direct bipedal ancestors.
Extant and fossil relatives of humans[edit]
A model of a modern human hominid skull (or hominin skull)
A fossil hominid exhibit at The Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
As mentioned, Hominidae was originally the name given to the family of humans and their (extinct) close relatives, with the other great apes (that is, the orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees) all being placed in a separate family, the Pongidae. However, that definition eventually made Pongidae paraphyletic because at least one great ape species (the chimpanzees) proved to be more closely related to humans than to other great apes. Most taxonomists today encourage monophyletic groups—this would require, in this case, the use of Pongidae to be restricted to just one closely related grouping. Thus, many biologists now assign Pongo (as the subfamily Ponginae) to the family Hominidae. The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings according to the modern understanding of human and great ape relationships.
Humans and close relatives including the tribes Hominini and Gorillini form the subfamily Homininae (see classification graphic below). (A few researchers go so far as to refer the chimpanzees and the gorillas to the genus Homo along with humans.) [10][11][12] But, it is those fossil relatives more closely related to humans than the chimpanzees that represent the especially close members of the human family, and without necessarily assigning subfamily or tribal categories.[13]
Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus.[14]
The exact criteria for membership in the tribe Hominini under the current understanding of human origins are not clear, but the taxon generally includes those species that share more than 97% of their DNA with the modern human genome, and exhibit a capacity for language or for simple cultures beyond their 'local family' or band. The theory of mind concept—including such faculties as empathy, attribution of mental state, and even empathetic deception—is a controversial criterion; it distinguishes the adult human alone among the hominids. Humans acquire this capacity after about four years of age, whereas it has not been proven (nor has it been disproven) that gorillas or chimpanzees ever develop a theory of mind.[15] This is also the case for some New World monkeys outside the family of great apes, as, for example, the capuchin monkeys.
However, even without the ability to test whether early members of the Hominini (such as Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, or even the australopithecines) had a theory of mind, it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins. Orangutans have shown the development of culture comparable to that of chimpanzees,[16] and some[who?] say the orangutan may also satisfy those criteria for the theory of mind concept. These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of great ape personhood.
Below is a cladogram with extinct species.[17] It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.
Hominidae (16)
Ponginae (14)

Kenyapithecus (†13 Mya)

Sivapithecus (†9)

Crown Ponginae

Ankarapithecus (†9)

Giganthopithecus (†0.1)

Khoratpithecus (†7)

(13)
(12)

Pierolapithecus (†11)

Hispanopithecus (†10)

Lufengpithecus (†7)

Homininae (10)

Ouranopithecus (†8)

Crown Homininae (6)

Hominini

Gorilla

Crown Gorilla

Chororapithecus (†)

Nakalipithecus (†10)

Samburupithecus (†9)

Classification[edit]
Evolutionary tree[edit]
Evolutionary tree of the Hominoidea (emphasis on family Hominidae): after an initial separation from the main line by the Hylobatidae (gibbons) some 18 million years ago, the line of Ponginae broke away, leading to the orangutan; later, the Homininae split into the tribes Hominini (led to humans and chimpanzees) and Gorillini (led to gorillas).
Extant[edit]
Skulls of an orangutan and a gorilla
Human and chimp skulls and brains (not to scale), as illustrated in Gervais' Histoire naturelle des mammifères
There are seven living species of great ape which are classified in four genera. The following classification is commonly accepted:[1]
Family Hominidae: humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded[1]
Subfamily Ponginae
Tribe Pongini
Genus Pongo
Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus
Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
Pongo pygmaeus morio
Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii
Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii
Subfamily Homininae
Tribe Gorillini
Genus Gorilla
Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla
Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli
Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei
Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei
Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri
Tribe Hominini
Subtribe Panina
Genus Pan
Chimpanzee (common chimpanzee), Pan troglodytes
Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus
Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti
Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
Bonobo (pygmy chimpanzee), Pan paniscus
Subtribe Hominina
Genus Homo
Human, Homo sapiens
Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens
Fossil[edit]
A reconstruction of Pierolapithecus catalaunicus
Replica of the skull sometimes known as "Nutcracker Man", found by Mary Leakey.
In addition to the extant species and subspecies, archaeologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists have discovered and classified numerous extinct great ape species as below, based on the taxonomy shown.[18]
Family Hominidae
Ouranopithecus)†
Ouranopithecus macedoniensis
Otavipithecus†
Otavipithecus namibiensis
Morotopithecus†
Morotopithecus bishopi
Subfamily Ponginae[19]
Tribe Lufengpithecini †
Lufengpithecus
Lufengpithecus lufengensis
Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis
Lufengpithecus hudienensis
Tribe Sivapithecini†
Ankarapithecus
Ankarapithecus meteai
Sivapithecus
Sivapithecus brevirostris
Sivapithecus punjabicus
Sivapithecus parvada
Sivapithecus sivalensis
Sivapithecus indicus
Gigantopithecus
Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis
Gigantopithecus blacki
Gigantopithecus giganteus
Tribe Pongini
Khoratpithecus†
Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis
Khoratpithecus piriyai
Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis
Pongo (orangutans)
Pongo hooijeri†
Subfamily Homininae[20][21]
Pierolapithecus†
Pierolapithecus catalaunicus
Udabnopithecus†
Udabnopithecus garedziensis
Tribe Dryopithecini †
Oreopithecus (placement disputed)
Oreopithecus bambolii
Nakalipithecus
Nakalipithecus nakayamai
Anoiapithecus
Anoiapithecus brevirostris
Hispanopithecus
Hispanopithecus laietanus
Hispanopithecus crusafonti
Dryopithecus
Dryopithecus wuduensis
Dryopithecus fontani
Dryopithecus brancoi
Dryopithecus laietanus
Dryopithecus crusafonti
Rudapithecus†
Rudapithecus hungaricus
Samburupithecus†
Samburupithecus kiptalami
Tribe Gorillini
Chororapithecus † (placement debated)
Chororapithecus abyssinicus
Tribe Hominini
Graecopithecus †[22]
Graecopithecus freybergi
Sahelanthropus†
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin†
Orrorin tugenensis
Subtribe Hominina
Ardipithecus†
Ardipithecus ramidus
Ardipithecus kadabba
Kenyanthropus†
Kenyanthropus platyops
Praeanthropus†[23]
Praeanthropus bahrelghazali
Praeanthropus anamensis
Praeanthropus afarensis
Australopithecus†
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus garhi
Australopithecus sediba
Australopithecus deyiremeda
Paranthropus†
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Paranthropus robustus
Paranthropus boisei
Homo – immediate ancestors of modern humans
Homo gautengensis†
Homo rudolfensis†
Homo naledi†
Homo habilis†
Homo floresiensis†
Homo erectus†
Homo ergaster†
Homo antecessor†
Homo heidelbergensis†
Homo cepranensis†
Homo helmei†
Homo palaeojavanicus†
Homo tsaichangensis†
Denisovans (scientific name has not yet been assigned)†
Homo neanderthalensis†
Homo rhodesiensis†
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens idaltu†
Archaic Homo sapiens†
Red Deer Cave people † (scientific name has not yet been assigned; perhaps a race of modern humans or a hybrid[24] of modern humans and Denisovans[25])
Physical description[edit]
The great apes are large, tailless primates, with the smallest living species being the bonobo at 30–40 kilograms in weight, and the largest being the eastern gorillas, with males weighing 140–180 kilograms. In all great apes, the males are, on average, larger and stronger than the females, although the degree of sexual dimorphism varies greatly among species. Although most living species are predominantly quadrupedal, they are all able to use their hands for gathering food or nesting materials, and, in some cases, for tool use.[26]
Most species are omnivorous,[citation needed] but fruit is the preferred food among all but some human groups. Chimpanzees and orangutans primarily eat fruit. When gorillas run short of fruit at certain times of the year or in certain regions, they resort to eating shoots and leaves, often of bamboo, a type of grass. Gorillas have extreme adaptations for chewing and digesting such low-quality forage, but they still prefer fruit when it is available, often going miles out of their way to find especially preferred fruits. Humans, since the neolithic revolution, consume mostly cereals and other starchy foods, including increasingly highly processed foods, as well as many other domesticated plants (including fruits) and meat. Hominid teeth are similar to those of the Old World monkeys and gibbons, although they are especially large in gorillas. The dental formula is 2.1.2.32.1.2.3. Human teeth and jaws are markedly smaller for their size than those of other apes, which may be an adaptation to eating cooked food since the end of the Pleistocene.[27][28]
Gorilla
Gestation in great apes lasts 8–9 months, and results in the birth of a single offspring, or, rarely, twins. The young are born helpless, and require care for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals, great apes have a remarkably long adolescence, not being weaned for several years, and not becoming fully mature for eight to thirteen years in most species (longer in humans). As a result, females typically give birth only once every few years. There is no distinct breeding season.[26]
The gorillas and the common chimpanzee live in family groups of around five to ten individuals, although much larger groups are sometimes noted. Chimpanzees live in larger groups that break up into smaller groups when fruit becomes less available. When small groups of female chimpanzees go off in separate directions to forage for fruit, the dominant males can no longer control them and the females often mate with other subordinate males. In contrast, groups of gorillas stay together regardless of the availability of fruit. When fruit is hard to find, they resort to eating leaves and shoots. Because gorilla groups stay together, the male is able to monopolize the females in his group. This fact is related to gorillas' greater sexual dimorphism than chimpanzees'. In both chimpanzees and gorillas, the groups include at least one dominant male, and females leave the group at maturity.
Legal status[edit]
Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and should be given basic human rights. Some countries have instituted a research ban to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.
On June 25, 2008, the Spanish parliament supported a new law that would make "keeping apes for circuses, television commercials or filming" illegal.[29]
On September 8, 2010, the European Union banned the testing of great apes.[30]
Conservation[edit]
The following table lists the estimated number of great ape individuals living outside zoos.
Species
Estimated
number
Refs
Sumatran orangutan 6,667 [31]
Bornean orangutan 61,234 [31]
Western gorilla 200,000 [32]
Eastern gorilla 6,000 [32]
Common chimpanzee 100,000 [33]
Bonobo 10,000 [33]
Human 7,405,745,000 [34]
See also[edit]
Bili ape
Dawn of Humanity (2015 PBS film)
Great ape language
Great ape research ban
Great Apes Survival Partnership
Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
List of human evolution fossils
List of individual apes
Oldest apes
Prehistoric Autopsy (2012 BBC documentary)
Primate cognition
The Mind of an Ape
Timeline of human evolution
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Great ape" is a common name rather than a taxonomic label, and there are differences in usage, even by the same author. The term may or may not include humans, as when Dawkins writes "Long before people thought in terms of evolution ... great apes were often confused with humans"[2] and "gibbons are faithfully monogamous, unlike the great apes which are our closer relatives."[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 181–184. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
Jump up ^ Dawkins, R. (2005). The Ancestor's Tale (p/b ed.). London: Phoenix (Orion Books). p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7538-1996-8.
Jump up ^ Dawkins (2005), p. 126.
Jump up ^ Morton, Mary. "Hominid vs. hominin". Earth Magazine. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Andrew Hill; Steven Ward (1988). "Origin of the Hominidae: The Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4 My". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 31 (59): 49–83. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505.
^ Jump up to: a b Dawkins R (2004) The Ancestor's Tale.
Jump up ^ "Query: Hominidae/Hylobatidae". Time Tree. 2009. Retrieved December 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Srivastava (2009). Morphology Of The Primates And Human Evolution. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 87. ISBN 978-81-203-3656-8. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Chen, Feng-Chi; Li, Wen-Hsiung (2001-01-15). "Genomic Divergences between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Humans and Chimpanzees". American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 444–456. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1235277  . PMID 11170892.
Jump up ^ Pickrell, John (20 May 2003). "Chimps Belong on Human Branch of Family Tree, Study Says". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Relationship Humans-Gorillas.
Jump up ^ Watson, E. E.; et al. (2001). "Homo genus: a review of the classification of humans and the great apes". In Tobias, P. V.; et al. Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia. Florence: Firenze Univ. Press. pp. 311–323.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, J.H. (1986) Primate systematics and a classification of the order. Comparative primate biology volume 1: Systematics, evolution, and anatomy (ed. by D.R. Swindler, and J. Erwin), pp. 1-41, Alan R. Liss, New York.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, J.H. (2004b) Issues in hominid systematics. Zona Arqueología 4, 360–371.
Jump up ^ Heyes, C. M. (1998). "Theory of Mind in Nonhuman Primates". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 21 (1): 101–14. PMID 10097012. doi:10.1017/S0140525X98000703. bbs00000546. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Van Schaik C.P.; Ancrenaz, M; Borgen, G; Galdikas, B; Knott, CD; Singleton, I; Suzuki, A; Utami, SS; Merrill, M (2003). "Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture". Science. 299 (5603): 102–105. PMID 12511649. doi:10.1126/science.1078004.
Jump up ^ Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D. "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution". Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. doi:10.1038/nature23456.
Jump up ^ Haaramo, Mikko (14 January 2005). "Hominoidea". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.
Jump up ^ Haaramo, Mikko (4 February 2004). "Pongidae". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.
Jump up ^ Haaramo, Mikko (14 January 2005). "Hominoidea". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.
Jump up ^ Haaramo, Mikko (10 November 2007). "Hominidae". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.
Jump up ^ Fuss, J; Spassov, N; Begun, DR; Böhme, M (2017). "Potential hominin affinities of Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe". PLoS ONE. 12 (5).
Jump up ^ Paleodb
Jump up ^ Barras, Colin (14 March 2012). "Chinese human fossils unlike any known species". New Scientist. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "National Geographic". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Harcourt, A.H., MacKinnon, J. & Wrangham, R.W. (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 422–439. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Brace, C. Loring; Mahler, Paul Emil (1971). "Post-Pleistocene changes in the human dentition". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 34 (2): 191–203. PMID 5572603. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330340205.
Jump up ^ Richard Wrangham (2007). "Chapter 12: The Cooking Enigma". In Charles Pasternak. What Makes Us Human?. Oxford: Oneworld Press. ISBN 978-1-85168-519-6.
Jump up ^ "Spanish parliament to extend rights to apes". Reuters. 25 June 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "New EU rules on animal testing ban use of apes". 12 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b An estimate of the number of wild orangutans in 2004: "Orangutan Action Plan 2007–2017" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Government of Indonesia. 2007. p. 5. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gorillas on Thin Ice". United Nations Environment Programme. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Linda Vigilant (2004). "Chimpanzees". Current Biology. 14 (10): R369–R371. PMID 15186757. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.006.
Jump up ^ "U.S. and World Population Clock". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hominidae.
Wikispecies has information related to: Hominidae
The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of: Hominidae
The Animal Legal and Historical Center at Michigan State University College of Law, Great Apes and the Law
Renderings of Hominid Exemplars at the Smithsonian
Additional information on great apes
NPR News: Toumaï the Human Ancestor
Hominid Species at TalkOrigins Archive
For more details on Hominid species, including excellent photos of fossil hominids
New Scientist 19 May 2003 – Chimps are human, gene study implies
Scientific American magazine (April 2006 Issue) Why Are Some Animals So Smart?
A new mediterranean hominoid-hominid link discovered, Anoiapithecus brevirostris, "Lluc": A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade Link to graphical reconstruction
Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).
[show]
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Extant primate families by suborder
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Eutheria
Superorder Euarchontoglires
Strepsirrhini
Cheirogaleidae
Lemuridae
Lepilemuridae
Indriidae
Daubentoniidae
Lorisidae
Galagidae
Haplorhini
Tarsiidae
Cebidae
Callitrichidae
Aotidae
Pitheciidae
Atelidae
Cercopithecidae
Hylobatidae
Hominidae
[show]
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Extant species of family Hominidae (great apes)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Hominidae
Ponginae
Pongo
(Orangutans)
Bornean orangutan (P. pygmaeus)
Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii)
Homininae
Gorilla
(Gorillas)
Western gorilla (G. gorilla)
Eastern gorilla (G. beringei)
Hominini
Pan
(Chimpanzees)
Common chimpanzee (P. troglodytes)
Bonobo (P. paniscus)
Homo
(Humans)
Human
H. s. sapiens
Category
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Ape-related articles
Extant ape species
Human (Homo sapiens)
Chimpanzee (Pan spp.)
Bonobo (Pan paniscus)
Common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Gorilla (Gorilla spp.)
Western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
Eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei)
Orangutan (Pongo spp.)
Bornean orangutan (Pongo abelii)
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Gibbon (family: Hylobatidae)
Study of apes
Ape language
Dian Fossey
Birutė Galdikas
Jane Goodall
Chimpanzee genome project
Human genome project
Neanderthal genome project
Willie Smits
Lone Drøscher Nielsen
Ian Redmond
Elgin Center
Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
Borneo Orangutan Survival
Legal and social status
Personhood
Research ban
Kinshasa Declaration
Great Ape Project
Survival Project
See also
List of individual apes (non-human)
Apes in space (non-human)
Bigfoot
Bushmeat
Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
List of fictional primates (non-human)
Great apes
Human evolution
Mythic humanoids
Yeren
Yeti
Authority control
GND: 4169430-2
Anthropology portal
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Science portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hominidae&oldid=801248904"
Categories:
Apes
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Extant Miocene first appearances
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Human fertilization
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The acrosome reaction for a sea urchin, a similar process. Note that the picture shows several stages of one and the same spermatozoon - only one penetrates the ovum
Illustration depicting ovulation and fertilization.
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development. Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century.[1]
The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum. The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation, follows with ovulation, and finishes with fertilization. Various exceptions to this sequence are possible, including artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, external ejaculation without copulation, or copulation shortly after ovulation.[2][3][4] Upon encountering the secondary oocyte, the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg. The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg's plasma membrane, the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb, in vitro.
Contents
[hide]
1 Anatomy
1.1 Corona radiata
1.2 Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane
1.3 Sperm preparation
1.4 Zona pellucida
1.4.1 Cortical reaction
2 Fusion
2.1 Cell membranes
2.2 Transformations
2.3 Replication
2.4 Mitosis
3 Fertilization age
4 Diseases
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Anatomy[edit]
Corona radiata[edit]
The sperm binds through the corona radiata, a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte. Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of both a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid cell, known as zygote. The successful fusion of gametes forms a new organism.
Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane[edit]
Where the spermatozoon is about to pierce, the yolk (ooplasm) is drawn out into a conical elevation, termed the cone of attraction or reception cone. Once the spermatozoon has entered, the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane, the perivitelline membrane, which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa.[5]
Sperm preparation[edit]
Further information: Acrosome reaction
At the beginning of the process, the sperm undergoes a series of changes, as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize.[6] The sperm must undergo capacitation in the female's reproductive tract over several hours, which increases its motility and destabilizes its membrane, preparing it for the acrosome reaction, the enzymatic penetration of the egg's tough membrane, the zona pellucida, which surrounds the oocyte.
Zona pellucida[edit]
After binding to the corona radiata the sperm reaches the zona pellucida, which is an extra-cellular matrix of glycoproteins. A special complementary molecule on the surface of the sperm head binds to a ZP3 glycoprotein in the zona pellucida. This binding triggers the acrosome to burst, releasing enzymes that help the sperm get through the zona pellucida.
Some sperm cells consume their acrosome prematurely on the surface of the egg cell, facilitating the penetration by other sperm cells. As a population, sperm cells have on average 50% genome similarity so the premature acrosomal reactions aid fertilization by a member of the same cohort.[7] It may be regarded as a mechanism of kin selection.
Recent studies have shown that the egg is not passive during this process.[8][9]
Cortical reaction[edit]
Once the sperm cells find their way past the zona pellucida, the cortical reaction occurs. Cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell, causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida. This in turn causes the glyco-proteins in the zona pellucida to cross-link with each other — i.e. the enzymes cause the ZP2 to hydrolyse into ZP2f — making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm. This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm. The cortical reaction and acrosome reaction are both essential to ensure that only one sperm will fertilize an egg.[10]
Fusion[edit]
Fertilization and implantation in humans.
After the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte (also called ovocyte), the tail and the outer coating of the sperm disintegrate and the cortical reaction takes place, preventing other sperm from fertilizing the same egg. The oocyte now undergoes its second meiotic division producing the haploid ovum and releasing a polar body. The sperm nucleus then fuses with the ovum, enabling fusion of their genetic material.
Cell membranes[edit]
The fusion of cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm takes place.
Transformations[edit]
In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes.
The oocyte completes its second meiotic division. This results in a mature ovum. The nucleus of the oocyte is called a pronucleus in this process, to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization.
The sperm's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus. This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin. Still, a considerable amount of RNA from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring.[11]
Replication[edit]
The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte, rapidly replicating their DNA as they do so to prepare the zygote for its first mitotic division.[12]
Mitosis[edit]
Usually 23 chromosomes from spermatozoon and 23 chromosomes from egg cell fuse (half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome[13]). Their membranes dissolve, leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes. During this dissolution, a mitotic spindle forms between them. The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm. Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis (which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together. Thus, the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes.[12]
Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis has one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage. Thus, they are genetically identical.
Fertilization age[edit]
Fertilization is the event most commonly used to mark the zero point in descriptions of prenatal development of the embryo or fetus. The resultant age is known as fertilization age, fertilizational age, embryonic age, fetal age or (intrauterine) developmental (IUD)[14] age.
Gestational age, in contrast, takes the beginning of the last menstrual period (LMP) as the zero point. By convention, gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa.[15] In fact, however, fertilization usually occurs within a day of ovulation, which, in turn, occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation (LMP).[16] There is also considerable variability in this interval, with a 95% prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP-to-ovulation time of 14.6.[17] In a reference group representing all women, the 95% prediction interval of the LMP-to-ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days.[16]
The average time to birth has been estimated to be 268 days (38 weeks and two days) from ovulation, with a standard deviation of 10 days or coefficient of variation of 3.7%.[18]
Fertilization age is sometimes used postnatally (after birth) as well to estimate various risk factors. For example, it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.[19]
Diseases[edit]
Various disorders can arise from defects in the fertilization process.
Polyspermy results from multiple sperm fertilizing an egg.
However, some researchers have found[citation needed] that in rare pairs of fraternal twins, their origin might have been from the fertilization of one egg cell from the mother and eight sperm cells from the father. This possibility has been investigated by computer simulations of the fertilization process.
See also[edit]
Spontaneous conception, the unassisted conception of a subsequent child after prior use of assisted reproductive technology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Garrison, Fielding. An Introduction to the History of Medicine, pages 566-567 (Saunders 1921).
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-12-22. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
Jump up ^ http://www.americanpregnancy.org/preventingpregnancy/pregnancyfaqmyths.html
Jump up ^ Lawyers Guide to Forensic Medicine SBN 978-1-85941-159-9 By Bernard Knight - Page 188 "Pregnancy is well known to occur from such external ejaculation ..."
Jump up ^ "Fertilization of the Ovum". Gray's Anatomy. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Fertilization". Retrieved 28 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Angier, Natalie (2007-06-12). "Sleek, Fast and Focused: The Cells That Make Dad Dad". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Suzanne Wymelenberg, Science and Babies, National Academy Press, page 17
Jump up ^ Richard E. Jones and Kristin H. Lopez, Human Reproductive Biology, Third Edition, Elsevier, 2006, page 238
Jump up ^ "Fertilization: The Cortical Reaction". Boundless. Boundless. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Jodar, M.; Selvaraju, S.; Sendler, E.; Diamond, M. P.; Krawetz, S. A.; for the Reproductive Medicine Networks (2013). "The presence, role and clinical use of spermatozoal RNAs". Human Reproduction Update. 19 (6): 604–624. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt031. PMC 3796946  . PMID 23856356.
^ Jump up to: a b Marieb, Elaine M. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 5th ed. pp. 1119-1122 (2001). ISBN 0-8053-4989-8
Jump up ^ https://www.genderselectionauthority.com/blog/five-facts-about-xx-or-xy
Jump up ^ Wagner F, Erdösová B, Kylarová D (December 2004). "Degradation phase of apoptosis during the early stages of human metanephros development". Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 148 (2): 255–6. doi:10.5507/bp.2004.054. PMID 15744391.
Jump up ^ Robinson, H. P.; Fleming, J. E. E. (1975). "A Critical Evaluation of Sonar "crown-Rump Length" Measurements". BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 82 (9): 702–710. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1975.tb00710.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Geirsson RT (May 1991). "Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1 (3): 212–9. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1991.01030212.x. PMID 12797075.
Jump up ^ Derived from a standard deviation in this interval of 2.6, as given in: Fehring RJ, Schneider M, Raviele K (2006). "Variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle". J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 35 (3): 376–84. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00051.x. PMID 16700687.
Jump up ^ Jukic AM, Baird DD, Weinberg CR, McConnaughey DR, Wilcox AJ (2013). "Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation". Hum. Reprod. 28 (10): 2848–55. doi:10.1093/humrep/det297. PMC 3777570  . PMID 23922246.
Jump up ^ Jobe, Alan H (2004). "Post-conceptional age and IVH in ECMO patients". The Journal of Pediatrics. 145 (2): A2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.07.010.
External links[edit]
Fertilization (Conception)
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Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)
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Yellowstone
Genre
Drama
Created by
Taylor Sheridan
John Linson
Written by
Taylor Sheridan
Directed by
Taylor Sheridan
Starring
Kevin Costner
Luke Grimes
Kelly Reilly
Wes Bentley
Cole Hauser
Kelsey Asbille
Brecken Merrill
Jefferson White
Danny Huston
Gil Birmingham
Composer(s)
Brian Tyler
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
7 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
John Linson
Art Linson
Taylor Sheridan
Kevin Costner
David C. Glasser
Producer(s)
John Vohlers
Cinematography
Ben Richardson
Editor(s)
Gary D. Roach
Evan Ahlgren
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
42–92 minutes
Production company(s)
Linson Entertainment
Bosque Ranch Productions
Treehouse Films
Release
Original network
Paramount Network
Original release
June 20, 2018 (2018-06-20) – present (present)
External links
Official website
Yellowstone is an American drama television series created by Taylor Sheridan and John Linson that premiered on June 20, 2018 on Paramount Network. It stars Kevin Costner, Wes Bentley, Kelly Reilly, Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser, Dave Annable and Gil Birmingham. The series follows the conflicts along the shared borders of a large cattle ranch, an Indian reservation, land developers and Yellowstone National Park. On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season.
Contents
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Casting
4.3 Filming
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Premiere
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Ratings
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Premise[edit]
Yellowstone follows "the Dutton family, led by John Dutton, who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States, under constant attack by those it borders — land developers, an Indian reservation, and America’s first National Park. It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny — where land grabs make developers billions, and politicians are bought and sold by the world’s largest oil and lumber corporations. Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news: they are a consequence of living in the new frontier. It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both."[1]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Kevin Costner as John Dutton, the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States. He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer. Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role.
Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton, a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn's sons. He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son. Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role.
Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton, a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn. She is educated, highly intelligent, and a master manipulator. She is also, however, very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem. Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role.
Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton, an attorney, aspiring politician, and one of John and Evelyn's sons. Although completely loyal to his father and family, he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family. He also has an intense love/hate relationship with his sister Beth.
Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler, the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John's right-hand man and enforcer. Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Beth.
Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton, Kayce's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation. She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation.
Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton, the son of Kayce and Monica and John's only grandchild.
Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom, a ranch hand at Yellowstone.
Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins, a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone.
Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater, the chief of the nearby Indian reservation.
Recurring[edit]
Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry, the Governor of Montana.
Ian Bohen as Ryan, a cowboy wrangler
Denim Richards as Colby, a cowboy wrangler
Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd
Atticus Todd as Ben Waters
Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart
Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers
Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone
Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh
Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds
Rudy Ramos as Felix Long
Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl
Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield
Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott
John Aylward as Father Bob
Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long
Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene
Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz
Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton, the late wife of John Dutton and mother to Kayce, Beth, Jamie, and Lee.
Ryan Bingham as Walker
Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen
Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins, the wife of Dan Jenkins.
Golden Brooks as Geraldine Rainwater, wife of Thomas Rainwater.
Guest[edit]
Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ("Daybreak")
Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ("Daybreak"), an ally of Chief Rainwater.
Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ("Daybreak")
Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ("No Good Horses")
Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ("Coming Home")
Ryan Bingham as Walker ("Coming Home")
Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title [2]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [2]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"Daybreak" Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson
Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 20, 2018 (2018-06-20) 2.83[3]
2
"Kill the Messenger" Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson
Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 27, 2018 (2018-06-27) 2.07[4]
3
"No Good Horses" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 11, 2018 (2018-07-11) 2.17[5]
4
"The Long Black Train" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 18, 2018 (2018-07-18) 1.89[6]
5
"Coming Home" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 25, 2018 (2018-07-25) 1.95[7]
6
"The Remembering" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 1, 2018 (2018-08-01) 2.10[8]
7
"A Monster Is Among Us" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 8, 2018 (2018-08-08) 2.08[9]
8
"The Unravelling: Pt. 1" TBA TBA August 15, 2018 (2018-08-15) TBD
9
"The Unravelling: Pt. 2" TBA TBA August 22, 2018 (2018-08-22) TBD
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In 2013, Taylor Sheridan began work on the series, having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays. Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming, Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston.[10]
On May 3, 2017, it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series, Yellowstone. Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was set to be written, directed, and executive-produced by Sheridan. Other executive producers were to include John Linson, Art Linson, Harvey Weinstein, and David Glasser. Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company.[1]
On October 12, 2017, it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein, his name would be removed from the series' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well.[11] On January 15, 2018, Kevin Kay, president of Paramount Network, clarified during the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company's credits or logo on them, even though that company was involved in production. Furthermore, he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company’s new name in the show's credits when available.[12] That same day, it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20, 2018.[13]
On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season.[14]
Casting[edit]
On May 15, 2017, it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton.[15] In June 2017, it was reported that Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley, and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars.[16][17] On July 13, 2017, it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role.[18] In August 2017, it was reported that Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham, and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz, Gretchen Mol, Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, Ian Bohen, Denim Richards, and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[19][20][21][22] In November 2017, it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles.[23][24] On December 19, 2017, it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[25] On June 13, 2018, it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role.[26]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby, Montana, which stands in as the home of John Dutton. Filming also took place that month near Park City, Utah. The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City, which is a total of 45,000 square feet. The building also houses offices, editing, a huge wardrobe department and construction shops. By November 2017, the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah, including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork. Additionally, filming also took place at various locations in Montana. Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017.[27][28]
Release[edit]
Marketing[edit]
On February 28, 2018, a teaser trailer for the series was released.[29] On April 26, 2018, the first full trailer was released.[30]
Premiere[edit]
On June 25, 2018, the series held a screening at Seriesfest, an annual international television festival, at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver, Colorado.[31][32]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 50% approval rating with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 34 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously, diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops."[33] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[34]
Ratings[edit]
The two-hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most-watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network (or its predecessor Spike). The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in. The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network’s first scripted drama series, Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network's new comedy series, American Woman.[35] It was later reported that the premiere's Live+3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in.[36] By the series' third episode, it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad-supported cable to air in 2018, only behind AMC's The Walking Dead.[37]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Daybreak" June 20, 2018 0.4 2.83[3] 0.5 2.48 0.9 5.31[38]
2 "Kill the Messenger" June 27, 2018 0.3 2.07[4] 0.4 2.22 0.7 4.29[39][a]
3 "No Good Horses" July 11, 2018 0.4 2.17[5] 0.5 3.05 0.9 5.22[40]
4 "The Long Black Train" July 18, 2018 0.3 1.89[6] 0.5 2.75 0.8 4.64[41]
5 "Coming Home" July 25, 2018 0.3 1.95[7] 0.6 3.03 0.9 4.98[42]
6 "The Remembering" August 1, 2018 0.4 2.10[8] TBD TBD TBD TBD
7 "A Monster Is Among Us" August 8, 2018 0.4 2.08[9] TBD TBD TBD TBD
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (May 3, 2017). "Paramount Network Orders First Scripted Drama Series: Family Saga 'Yellowstone' From Taylor Sheridan & Weinstein Co". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Yellowstone: Episode Guide". Zap2it. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (June 21, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.20.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (June 28, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.27.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 12, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.11.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 19, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.18.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 26, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.25.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 2, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.1.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 9, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.8.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Cory (December 10, 2017). "Costner: 'Yellowstone' TV series will be 'postcard for Montana'". Missoulian. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (October 12, 2017). "Harvey Weinstein's name removed from credits as made-in-Utah TV show 'Yellowstone' kicks off cast auditions". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 15, 2018). "Paramount Network Boss Addresses Harvey Weinstein's Involvement In TWC Series 'Waco' & 'Yellowstone'". Deadline. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 15, 2018). "'Yellowstone': Taylor Sheridan On Working After 'Wind River' & Paramount Network Boss On Moving Away From Weinstein Co". Deadline. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 24, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Renewed For Second Season By Paramount Network". Deadline. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (May 15, 2017). "Kevin Costner To Topline Par Network Drama Series 'Yellowstone' From Taylor Sheridan & The Weinstein Co". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (June 23, 2017). "Luke Grimes Starring in 'Yellowstone' With Kevin Costner (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 28, 2017). "Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley & Kelly Reilly Join Paramount Network's 'Yellowstone'". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (July 13, 2017). "Kelsey Asbille Joins Paramount Network's 'Yellowstone' In Reteam With Taylor Sheridan". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 3, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham Set As Leads, Wendy Moniz To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 11, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Jefferson White Cast As Regular, Gretchen Mol To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 14, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, More Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (August 10, 2017). "Paramount Network's 'Yellowstone' Casts 'Girlfriends' Alum Golden Brooks (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 3, 2017). "Michaela Conlin Joins 'Yellowstone'; 'Carnival Row' Casts Ariyon Bakare". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 30, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Josh Lucas Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (December 19, 2017). "'Yellowstone' Casts Heather Hemmens; Mike Dopud Joins 'The 100'". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (June 13, 2018). "Barret Swatek Joins 'Yellowstone'; Tony Curran In 'Ray Donovan'". Deadline. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (August 17, 2017). "Kevin Costner's new TV series begins production in Utah". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (November 17, 2017). "Kevin Costner's new TV series 'Yellowstone' is filming, and spending tons of money, all over Utah". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (February 28, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Trailer: Kevin Costner Navigates The Best And Worst Of Frontier Life In Paramount Network Drama". Deadline. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (April 26, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Trailer: Kevin Costner's Back Home On The Range In Paramount Network's Neo-Western Drama". Deadline. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wenzel, John (May 15, 2018). "Lady Antebellum will make its Red Rocks debut as part of this year's SeriesFest". The Know. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (May 30, 2018). "SeriesFest Unveils Initial Lineup, Sets World Premiere Of NBC Drama 'New Amsterdam'". Deadline. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone: Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone: Season 1 - Metacritic". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 22, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Premiere Draws All-Time High Viewership For Paramount Network". Deadline. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (June 25, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Premiere Ratings Nearly Double in Delayed Viewing". Variety. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 16, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Becomes Second Most Watched Scripted Series On Basic Cable, Hits New Ratings Highs". Deadline. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 5, 2018). "'Yellowstone' premiere scores in cable Live +7 ratings for June 18-24". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (July 6, 2018). "Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'Code Black' Leads All Telecasts in Viewer Lifts; 'Big Brother 20' Debuts in Three of Top 4 Among Adults 18-49 Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (July 29, 2018). "'Yellowstone' and 'Preacher' score big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 9-15". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 2, 2018). "'Teen Mom II' doubles in 18-49, 'Snowfall' gets big viewers boost cable Live +7 ratings for July 16-22". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 11, 2018). "'American Woman' scores big viewer gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 23-29". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Yellowstone on IMDb
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