text:
Ancient Egyptian technology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ancient Egyptian technology describes devices and technologies invented or used in Ancient Egypt. The Egyptians invented and used many simple machines, such as the ramp and the lever, to aid construction processes. They used rope trusses to stiffen the beam of ships. Egyptian paper, made from papyrus, and pottery were mass-produced and exported throughout the Mediterranean basin. The wheel was used for a number of purposes, but chariots only came into use after the Second Intermediate period. The Egyptians also played an important role in developing Mediterranean maritime technology including ships and lighthouses.
Ancient Egyptian depiction of women engaged in mechanical rope making, the first graphic evidence of the craft, shown in the two lower rows of the illustration
Contents
[hide]
1 Technology in Dynastic Egypt
1.1 Paper and writing
1.2 Structures and construction
1.2.1 Tools
1.2.2 Buildings
1.2.3 Monuments
1.2.4 Obelisks and pillars
1.3 Navigation and ship building
1.4 Irrigation and agriculture
1.5 Glassworking
1.6 Astronomy
1.7 Medicine
1.8 The Wheel
1.9 Other developments
2 Later technology in Egypt
2.1 Greco-Roman Egypt
2.2 Arabic-Islamic Egypt
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 Further reading
Technology in Dynastic Egypt[edit]
Significant advances in ancient Egypt during the dynastic period include astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. Their geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river. The 3,4,5 right triangle and other rules of thumb served to represent rectilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt also was a center of alchemy research for much of the western world.
Paper and writing[edit]
A section of the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which is written and drawn on papyrus
The word paper comes from the Greek term for the ancient Egyptian writing material called papyrus, which was formed from beaten strips of papyrus plants. Papyrus was produced in Egypt as early as 3000 BC, and was sold to ancient Greece and Rome. The establishment of the Library of Alexandria limited the supply of papyrus for others. According to the Roman historian Pliny (Natural History records, xiii.21), as a result of this, parchment was invented under the patronage of Eumenes II of Pergamon to build his rival library at Pergamon. However, this is a myth; parchment had been in use in Anatolia and elsewhere long before the rise of Pergamon.
Egyptian hieroglyphs, a phonetic writing system, served as the basis for the Phoenician alphabet from which later alphabets, such as Hebrew, Greek and Latin were derived. With this ability, writing and record keeping, the Egyptians developed one of the —if not the— first decimal system.[1][2][3]
The city of Alexandria retained preeminence for its records and scrolls with its library. This ancient library was damaged by fire when it fell under Roman rule,[4] and was destroyed completely by 642 CE.[5][6] With it, a vast supply of antique literature, history, and knowledge was lost.
Structures and construction[edit]
Tools[edit]
Some of the older tools used in the construction of Egyptian housing included reeds and clay. According to Lucas and Harris, “reeds were plastered with clay in order to keep out of heat and cold more effectually”. [7] Other tools that were used were "limestone, chiseled stones, wooden mallets, and stone hammers". [8] With these tools, ancient Egyptians were able to create more than just housing, but also sculptures of their gods, goddesses, pyramids, etc.
Buildings[edit]
Many temples from Ancient Egypt are not standing today. Some are in ruin from wear and tear, while others have been lost entirely. The Egyptian structures are among the largest constructions ever conceived and built by humans. They constitute one of the most potent and enduring symbols of Ancient Egyptian civilization. Temples and tombs built by a pharaoh famous for her projects, Hatshepsut, were massive and included many colossal statues of her. Pharaoh Tutankamun's rock-cut tomb in the Valley of the Kings was full of jewellery and antiques. In some late myths, Ptah was identified as the primordial mound and had called creation into being, he was considered the deity of craftsmen, and in particular, of stone-based crafts. Imhotep, who was included in the Egyptian pantheon, was the first documented engineer.[9]
The Lighthouse of Alexandria on the island of Pharos.
In Hellenistic Egypt, lighthouse technology was developed, the most famous example being the Lighthouse of Alexandria. Alexandria was a port for the ships that traded the goods manufactured in Egypt or imported into Egypt. A giant cantilevered hoist lifted cargo to and from ships. The lighthouse itself was designed by Sostratus of Cnidus and built in the 3rd century BC (between 285 and 247 BC) on the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Egypt, which has since become a peninsula. This lighthouse was renowned in its time and knowledge of it was never lost. A 2006 drawing of it created from the study of many references, is shown at the right.
Monuments[edit]
Main articles: Egyptian pyramids and Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
The Nile valley has been the site of one of the most influential civilizations in the world with its architectural monuments, which include the pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx—among the largest and most famous buildings in the world.
Giza Plateau, Cairo. Khafre's pyramid in the background
The most famous pyramids are the Egyptian pyramids—huge structures built of brick or stone, some of which are among the largest constructions by humans. Pyramids functioned as tombs for pharaohs. In Ancient Egypt, a pyramid was referred to as mer, literally "place of ascendance." The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world. The base is over 13 acres (53,000 m2) in area. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and the only one of the seven to survive into modern times. The Ancient Egyptians capped the peaks of their pyramids with gold and covered their faces with polished white limestone, although many of the stones used for the finishing purpose have fallen or been removed for use on other structures over the millennia.
The Red Pyramid of Egypt (c.26th century BC), named for the light crimson hue of its exposed granite surfaces, is the third largest of Egyptian pyramids. Menkaure's Pyramid, likely dating to the same era, was constructed of limestone and granite blocks. The Great Pyramid of Giza (c. 2580 BC) contains a huge granite sarcophagus fashioned of "Red Aswan Granite." The mostly ruined Black Pyramid dating from the reign of Amenemhat III once had a polished granite pyramidion or capstone, now on display in the main hall of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (see Dahshur). Other uses in Ancient Egypt,[10] include columns, door lintels, sills, jambs, and wall and floor veneer.
The ancient Egyptians had some of the first monumental stone buildings (such as in Sakkara). How the Egyptians worked the solid granite is still a matter of debate. Archaeologist Patrick Hunt[11] has postulated that the Egyptians used emery shown to have higher hardness on the Mohs scale. Regarding construction, of the various methods possibly used by builders, the lever moved and uplifted obelisks weighing more than 100 tons.
Obelisks and pillars[edit]
Obelisks were a prominent part of the architecture of the ancient Egyptians, who placed them in pairs at the entrances of various monuments and important buildings, such as temples. In 1902, Encyclopædia Britannica wrote, "The earliest temple obelisk still in position is that of Senusret I of the XIIth Dynasty at Heliopolis (68 feet high)". The word "obelisk" is of Greek rather than Egyptian origin because Herodotus, the great traveler, was the first writer to describe the objects. Twenty-nine ancient Egyptian obelisks are known to have survived, plus the unfinished obelisk being built by Hatshepsut to celebrate her sixteenth year as pharaoh. It broke while being carved out of the quarry and was abandoned when another one was begun to replace it. The broken one was found at Aswan and provides the only insight into the methods of how they were hewn. The obelisk symbolized the sky deity Ra and during the brief religious reformation of Akhenaten, was said to be a petrified ray of the Aten, the sun disk. It is hypothesized by New York University Egyptologist Patricia Blackwell Gary and Astronomy senior editor Richard Talcott that the shapes of the ancient Egyptian pyramid and Obelisk were derived from natural phenomena associated with the sun (the sun-god Ra being the Egyptians' greatest deity).[12] It was also thought that the deity existed within the structure. The Egyptians also used pillars extensively.
It is unknown whether the Ancient Egyptians had kites, but a team led by Maureen Clemmons and Mory Gharib raised a 5,900-pound, 15-foot (4.6 m) obelisk into vertical position with a kite, a system of pulleys, and a support frame.[13] Maureen Clemmons developed the idea that the ancient Egyptians used kites for work.[13] Ramps have been reported as being widely used in Ancient Egypt. A ramp is an inclined plane, or a plane surface set at an angle (other than a right angle) against a horizontal surface. The inclined plane permits one to overcome a large resistance by applying a relatively small force through a longer distance than the load is to be raised. In civil engineering the slope (ratio of rise/run) is often referred to as a grade or gradient. An inclined plane is one of the commonly-recognized simple machines. Maureen Clemmons subsequently led a team of researchers demonstrating a kite made of natural material and reinforced with shellac (which according to their research pulled with 97% the efficiency of nylon), in a 9 mph wind, would easily pull an average 2-ton pyramid stone up the 1st two courses of a pyramid (in collaboration with Cal Poly, Pomona, on a 53-stone pyramid built in Rosamond, CA).
Egyptian ship, 1250 B.C. Egyptian ship on the Red Sea, showing a board truss being used to stiffen the beam of this ship
Navigation and ship building[edit]
The Ancient Egyptians had knowledge to some extent of sail construction. This is governed by the science of aerodynamics.[14] The earliest Egyptian sails were simply placed to catch the wind and push a vessel.[15] Later Egyptian sails dating to 2400 BCE were built with the recognition that ships could sail against the wind using the lift of the sails.[15][16] Queen Hatshepsut oversaw the preparations and funding of an expedition of five ships, each measuring seventy feet long, and with several sails.[dubious – discuss][citation needed]Various others exist, also.
Egyptian ship with a loose-footed sail, similar to a longship. From the 5th dynasty (around 2700 BC)
Model ship from the Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC)
Stern-mounted steering oar of an Egyptian riverboat depicted in the Tomb of Menna (c. 1422–1411 B.C.) Note that the sail is stretched between yards.
Loading Egyptian vessels with the produce of Punt. Shows folded sails, lowered upper yard, yard construction, and heavy deck cargo.
Ancient Egyptians had experience with building a variety of ships.[17][18][19] Some of them survive to this day as Khufu Solar ship.[20] The ships were found in many areas of Egypt as the Abydos boats[21][22][23] and remnants of other ships were found near the pyramids.[22][24][25]
Sneferu's ancient cedar wood ship Praise of the Two Lands is the first reference recorded to a ship being referred to by name.[26]
Although quarter rudders were the norm in Nile navigation, the Egyptians were the first to use also stern-mounted rudders (not of the modern type but center mounted steering oars).
Irrigation and agriculture[edit]
Irrigation as the artificial application of water to the soil was used to some extent in Ancient Egypt, a hydraulic civilization (which entails hydraulic engineering).[27] In crop production it is mainly used to replace missing rainfall in periods of drought, as opposed to reliance on direct rainfall (referred to as dryland farming or as rainfed farming). Before technology advanced, the people of Egypt relied on the natural flow of the Nile River to tend to the crops. Although the Nile provided sufficient watering survival domesticated animals, crops, and the people of Egypt, there were times where the Nile would flood the area wreaking havoc amongst the land. [28] There is evidence of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Amenemhet III in the twelfth dynasty (about 1800 BCE) using the natural lake of the Fayûm as a reservoir to store surpluses of water for use during the dry seasons, as the lake swelled annually with the flooding of the Nile.[29] Construction of drainage canals reduced the problems of major flooding from entering homes and areas of crops; but because it was a hydraulic civilization, much of the water management was controlled in a systematic way. [30]
Glassworking[edit]
The earliest known glass beads from Egypt were made during the New Kingdom around 1500 BC and were produced in a variety of colors. They were made by winding molten glass around a metal bar and were highly prized as a trading commodity, especially blue beads, which were believed to have magical powers. The Egyptians made small jars and bottles using the core-formed method. Glass threads were wound around a bag of sand tied to a rod. The glass was continually reheated to fuse the threads together. The glass-covered sand bag was kept in motion until the required shape and thickness was achieved. The rod was allowed to cool, then finally the bag was punctured and the sand poured out and reused . The Egyptians also created the first colored glass rods which they used to create colorful beads and decorations. They also worked with cast glass, which was produced by pouring molten glass into a mold, much like iron and the more modern crucible steel.[31]
Astronomy[edit]
Main articles: Egyptian calendar and Archaeoastronomy
The Egyptians were a practical people and this is reflected in their astronomy[32] in contrast to Babylonia where the first astronomical texts were written in astrological terms.[33] Even before Upper and Lower Egypt were unified in 3000 BCE, observations of the night sky had influenced the development of a religion in which many of its principal deities were heavenly bodies. In Lower Egypt, priests built circular mud-brick walls with which to make a false horizon where they could mark the position of the sun as it rose at dawn, and then with a plumb-bob note the northern or southern turning points (solstices). This allowed them to discover that the sun disc, personified as Ra, took 365 days to travel from his birthplace at the winter solstice and back to it. Meanwhile, in Upper Egypt a lunar calendar was being developed based on the behavior of the moon and the reappearance of Sirius in its heliacal rising after its annual absence of about 70 days.[34]
After unification, problems with trying to work with two calendars (both depending upon constant observation) led to a merged, simplified civil calendar with twelve 30-day months, three seasons of four months each, plus an extra five days, giving a 365-year day but with no way of accounting for the extra quarter day each year. Day and night were split into 24 units, each personified by a deity. A sundial found on Seti I's cenotaph with instructions for its use shows us that the daylight hours were at one time split into 10 units, with 12 hours for the night and an hour for the morning and evening twilights.[35] However, by Seti I's time day and night were normally divided into 12 hours each, the length of which would vary according to the time of year.
Key to much of this was the motion of the sun god Ra and his annual movement along the horizon at sunrise. Out of Egyptian myths such as those around Ra and the sky goddess Nut came the development of the Egyptian calendar, time keeping, and even concepts of royalty. An astronomical ceiling in the burial chamber of Ramesses VI shows the sun being born from Nut in the morning, traveling along her body during the day and being swallowed at night.
During the Fifth Dynasty six kings built sun temples in honour of Ra. The temple complexes built by Niuserre at Abu Gurab and Userkaf at Abusir have been excavated and have astronomical alignments, and the roofs of some of the buildings could have been used by observers to view the stars, calculate the hours at night and predict the sunrise for religious festivals.[citation needed]
The Dendera Zodiac was on the ceiling of the Greco-Roman temple of Hathor at Dendera
Claims have been made that precession of the equinoxes was known in Ancient Egypt prior to the time of Hipparchus.[36] This has been disputed however on the grounds that pre-Hipparchus texts do not mention precession and that "it is only by cunning interpretation of ancient myths and images, which are ostensibly about something else, that precession can be discerned in them, aided by some pretty esoteric numerological speculation involving the 72 years that mark one degree of shift in the zodiacal system and any number of permutations by multiplication, division, and addition." [37]
Note however that the Egyptian observation of a slowly changing stellar alignment over a multi-year period does not necessarily mean that they understood or even cared what was going on. For instance, from the Middle Kingdom onwards they used a table with entries for each month to tell the time of night from the passing of constellations. These went in error after a few centuries because of their calendar and precession, but were copied (with scribal errors) long after they lost their practical usefulness or the possibility of understanding and use of them in the current years, rather than the years in which they were originally used.
Medicine[edit]
The Edwin Smith Papyrus is one of the first medical documents still extant, and perhaps the earliest document which attempts to describe and analyze the brain: given this, it might be seen as the very beginnings of neuroscience. However, medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology was largely ineffective.[38] According to a paper published by Michael D. Parkins, 72% of 260 medical prescriptions in the Hearst Papyrus had no curative elements.[39] According to Michael D. Parkins, sewage pharmacology first began in ancient Egypt and was continued through the Middle Ages,[38] and while the use of animal dung can have curative properties,[40] it is not without its risk. Practices such as applying cow dung to wounds, ear piercing, tattooing, and chronic ear infections were important factors in developing tetanus.[41] Frank J. Snoek wrote that Egyptian medicine used fly specks, lizard blood, swine teeth, and other such remedies which he believes could have been harmful.[42]
Mummification of the dead was not always practiced in Egypt. Once the practice began, an individual was placed at a final resting place through a set of rituals and protocol. The Egyptian funeral was a complex ceremony including various monuments, prayers, and rituals undertaken in honor of the deceased. The poor, who could not afford expensive tombs, were buried in shallow graves in the sand, and because of the arid environment they were often naturally mummified.
The Wheel[edit]
Evidence indicates that Egyptians made use of potter's wheels in the manufacturing of pottery from as early as the 4th Dynasty.[43] Chariots, however, are only believed to have been introduced by the invasion of the Hyksos in the Second Intermediate period;[44] during the New Kingdom era, chariotry became central to Egypt's military.
Other developments[edit]
Stained glass window from c. 1914 depicting weaving and spinning in ancient Egypt
The Egyptians developed a variety of furniture. There in the lands of ancient Egypt is the first evidence for stools, beds, and tables (such as from the tombs similar to Tutenkhamen's). Recovered Ancient Egyptian furniture includes a third millennium BC bed discovered in the Tarkhan Tomb, a c.2550 BC. gilded set from the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, and a c. 1550 BC. stool from Thebes.
Some have suggested that the Egyptians had some form of understanding electric phenomena from observing lightning and interacting with electric fish (such as Malapterurus electricus) or other animals (such as electric eels).[45] The comment about lightning appears to come from a misunderstanding of a text referring to "high poles covered with copper plates" to argue this[46] but Dr. Bolko Stern has written in detail explaining why the copper covered tops of poles (which were lower than the associated pylons) do not relate to electricity or lightning, pointing out that no evidence of anything used to manipulate electricity had been found in Egypt and that this was a magical and not a technical installation.[47]
The single representation of the image, called the "Dendera light" by some alternative suggestions, exists on the left wall of the right wing in one of the crypts of the Hathor temple
Those exploring fringe theories of ancient technology have suggested that there were electric lights used in Ancient Egypt. Engineers have constructed a working model based on their interpretation of a relief found in the Hathor temple at the Dendera Temple complex.[48] Authors (such as Peter Krassa and Reinhard Habeck) have produced a basic theory of the device's operation.[48] The standard explanation, however, for the Dendera light, which comprises three stone reliefs (one single and a double representation) is that the depicted image represents a lotus leaf and flower from which a sacred snake is spawned in accordance with Egyptian mythological beliefs. This sacred snake sometimes is identified as the Milky Way (the snake) in the night sky (the leaf, lotus, or "bulb") that became identified with Hathor because of her similar association in creation.
Later technology in Egypt[edit]
Greco-Roman Egypt[edit]
Main articles: Ancient Greek technology and Roman technology
Under Hellenistic rule, Egypt was one of the most prosperous regions of the Hellenistic civilization. The ancient Egyptian city of Rhakotis was renovated as Alexandria, which became the largest city around the Mediterranean Basin. Under Roman rule, Egypt was one of the most prosperous regions of the Roman Empire, with Alexandria being second only to ancient Rome in size.
Recent scholarship suggests that the water wheel originates from Ptolemaic Egypt, where it appeared by the 3rd century BC.[49][50] This is seen as an evolution of the paddle-driven water-lifting wheels that had been known in Egypt a century earlier.[49] According to John Peter Oleson, both the compartmented wheel and the hydraulic Noria may have been invented in Egypt by the 4th century BC, with the Sakia being invented there a century later. This is supported by archeological finds at Faiyum, Egypt, where the oldest archeological evidence of a water-wheel has been found, in the form of a Sakia dating back to the 3rd century BC. A papyrus dating to the 2nd century BC also found in Faiyum mentions a water wheel used for irrigation, a 2nd-century BC fresco found at Alexandria depicts a compartmented Sakia, and the writings of Callixenus of Rhodes mention the use of a Sakia in Ptolemaic Egypt during the reign of Ptolemy IV in the late 3rd century BC.[50]
Ancient Greek technology was often inspired by the need to improve weapons and tactics in war. Ancient Roman technology is a set of artifacts and customs which supported Roman civilization and made the expansion of Roman commerce and Roman military possible over nearly a thousand years.
Arabic-Islamic Egypt[edit]
Main articles: Inventions in medieval Islam, Muslim Agricultural Revolution, and Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world
Under Arab rule, Egypt once again became one of the most prosperous regions around the Mediterranean. The Egyptian city of Cairo was founded by the Fatimid Caliphate and served as its capital city. At the time, Cairo was second only to Baghdad, capital of the rival Abbasid Caliphate. After the fall of Baghdad, however, Cairo overtook it as the largest city in the Mediterranean region until the early modern period.
Inventions in medieval Islam covers the inventions developed in the medieval Islamic world, a region that extended from Al-Andalus and Africa in the west to the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia in the east. The timeline of Islamic science and engineering covers the general development of science and technology in the Islamic world.
See also[edit]
List of Egypt-related topics
Egyptian chronology
History of ancient Egypt
History of technology
Egyptian mathematics
History of science in early cultures
Astrology and astronomy
Archaeoastronomy
Hand drill (hieroglyph)
Imhotep
Hero of Alexandria
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers. Page 162 (cf., "As we have seen, Sumer used a sexagesimal base; whereas the system of Ancient Egypt was strictly decimal.")
Jump up ^ Robert E Krebs, Groundbreaking scientific experiments, inventions, and discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Page 127. ISBN 0-313-32433-6
Jump up ^ Thomas Little Heath, Manual of Greek Mathematics. Page 11.
Jump up ^ Plutarch, Life of Caesar 49.3.
Jump up ^ Abd-el-latif (1203): "the library which 'Amr ibn al-'As burnt with the permission of 'Umar."
Jump up ^ Europe: A History, p 139. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1996. ISBN 0-19-820171-0
Jump up ^ A. Lucas and J. Harris, "Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries" (New York: Courier Corporation, 2012), 48.
Jump up ^ A. Lucas and J. Harris, "Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries" (New York: Courier Corporation, 2012), 64.
Jump up ^ "What is Civil Engineering: Imhotep". Archived from the original on 2008-01-12.
Jump up ^ eeescience utoledo.edu : Cairo Rocks
Jump up ^ Arce/Nc Archives Archived October 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Patricia Blackwell Gary; Richard Talcott (June 2006). "Stargazing in Ancient Egypt". Astronomy: 62–7.
^ Jump up to: a b Caltech researchers successfully raised an obelisk with a kite to test theory about ancient pyramids
Jump up ^ A primary feature of a properly designed sail is an amount of "draft", caused by curvature of the surface of the sail. When the sail is oriented into the wind, this curvature induces lift, much like the wing of an airplane.
^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopedia Of International Sports Studies. Page 31
Jump up ^ Technological Choices: Transformation in Material Cultures. Page 410.
Jump up ^ Ships and boats in Egypt
Jump up ^ Ancient Egyptian boat building
Jump up ^ Shipbuilding in Ancient Egypt
Jump up ^ Solar ships
Jump up ^ The Abydos Ship
^ Jump up to: a b Sakkara and Abydous Ship Graves Archived September 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Abydos Boat". Archived from the original on 2009-10-25.
Jump up ^ Ancient Egypt Ships
Jump up ^ Ship Minimatures at Egyptian museum Archived 2008-07-22 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Anzovin, item # 5393, page 385 Reference to a ship with a name appears in an inscription of 2613 BCE that recounts the shipbuilding achievements of the fourth-dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Sneferu. He was recorded as the builder of a cedarwood vessel called "Praise of the Two Lands."
Jump up ^ Blake L. White, Ancient Egypt Provides an Early Example of How A Society's Worldview Drives Engineering and the Development of Science. Strategic Technology Institute. Page 2.
Jump up ^ JG Manning, "Water, Irrigation, and Their Connection to State Power in Egypt" (Econ Yale 2012), 8.
Jump up ^ "Amenemhet III". Britannica Concise. Retrieved 2007-01-10. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ JG Manning, "Water, Irrigation, and Their Connection to State Power in Egypt" (Econ Yale 2012), 9.
Jump up ^ Susan Hampton. "Glassmaking in Antiquity". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 5 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
Jump up ^ Ronald A Wells, "Archaeoastronomy in Egypt", in Walker, Christopher, Ed Astronomy before the telescope, British Museum Press, 1996 p.28
Jump up ^ John Britton and Christopher Walker, Astrology and Astronomy in Mesopotamia, in Walker, Christopher, Ed Astronomy before the telescope, British Museum Press, 1996 p. 42
Jump up ^ Tyldesley, Joyce, Pyramids: The Real Story Behind Egypt's Ancient Monuments, Viking, 2003, p. 74
Jump up ^ Neugebauer, Otto (1969) [1957]. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity (2 ed.). Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-22332-2. , p.86
Jump up ^ De Santillana, G.; Von Dechend, H. (1977). Hamlet's Mill. David R. Godine. ISBN 9780879232153.
Jump up ^ Paul Jordan (2006). "Esoteric Egypt". In Garrett G. Fagan. Archaeological Fantasies:How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public. Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-415-30593-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Microsoft Word – Proceedings-2001.doc Archived April 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 10th Annual Proceedings of the History of Medicine Days Archived April 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "animal dung can have curative properties". Archived from the original on 2004-09-18.
Jump up ^ Mamtani R, Malhotra P, Gupta PS, Jain BK (June 1978). "A comparative study of urban and rural tetanus in adults". Int J Epidemiol. 7 (2): 185–8. doi:10.1093/ije/7.2.185. PMID 681065.
Jump up ^ Frank J. Snoek (August 2001). "The Mind Matters". Diabetes Spectrum. 14 (3): 116–117. doi:10.2337/diaspect.14.3.116.
Jump up ^ Doherty, Sarah (2013). The origins and the use of the potters wheel in Ancient Egypt (Thesis). Cardiff University. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Hyskos introduced chariots to ancient Egypt Archived June 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Heinrich Karl Brugsch-Bey and Henry Danby Seymour, "A History of Egypt Under the Pharaohs". J. Murray, 1881. Page 422. (cf., [... the symbol of a] 'serpent' is rather a fish, which still serves, in the Coptic language, to designate the electric fish [...])
Jump up ^ Bruno Kolbe, Francis ed Legge, Joseph Skellon, tr., "An Introduction to Electricity". Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1908. 429 pages. Page 391. (cf., "[...] high poles covered with copper plates and with gilded tops were erected 'to break the stones coming from on high'. J. Dümichen, Baugeschichte des Dendera-Tempels, Strassburg, 1877")
Jump up ^ Stern, Bolko (1998) [1896]. Ägyptische Kulturgeschichte. Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig. pp. 106–108. ISBN 978-3-8262-1908-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Krassa, P., and R. Habeck, "Das Licht der Pharaonen.". ISBN 3-548-35657-5 (Tr. The Light of the Pharaohs)
^ Jump up to: a b Örjan Wikander (2008). "Chapter 6: Sources of Energy and Exploitation of Power". In John Peter Oleson. The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–2. ISBN 0-19-518731-8
^ Jump up to: a b Adriana de Miranda (2007). Water architecture in the lands of Syria: the water-wheels. L'Erma di Bretschneider. pp. 38–9. ISBN 88-8265-433-8
References[edit]
Leslie C. Kaplan, "Technology of Ancient Egypt. 2004, 24 pages. ISBN 0-8239-6785-9
Denys Allen Stocks "Experiments in Egyptian Archaeology: Stoneworking Technology in Ancient Egypt". Routledge, 2003. 336 pages. ISBN 0-415-30664-7
Katheryn A. Bard" Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt By Katheryn A. Bard". Routledge, 1999. 968 pages. ISBN 0-415-18589-0
R. J. Forbes, "Studies in Ancient Technology". 1966.
Örjan Wikander, "Handbook of Ancient Water Technology". 2000.
Patricia Blackwell Gary; Richard Talcott (June 2006). "Stargazing in Ancient Egypt". Astronomy: 62–7.
Evans, James. The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Pannekoek, A. A History of Astronomy. New York: Dover, 1961.
Parker Richard A. "Egyptian Astronomy, Astrology, and Calendrical Reckoning". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 15: 706–727.
Budge, E. A. Wallis. Egyptian Religion. Kessinger Publishing, 1900.
Budge, E. A. Wallis. The Gods of the Egyptians Volume 1 of 2. New York: Dover Publications, 1969 (original in 1904).
Further reading[edit]
Anzovin, Steven et al., Famous First Facts (International Edition), H. W. Wilson Company, 2000, ISBN 0-8242-0958-3
David, Rosalie A.; H.G.M. Edwards & D.W. Farwell (2001). "Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Ancient Egyptian Pigments". Archaeometry. 43 (4): 461–473. doi:10.1111/1475-4754.00029.
Earl, Bryan (Summer 1995). "Tin Smelting at the Oriental Institute". The Oriental Institute News and Notes. 146.
Gourdin, W.H.; W.D. Kingery (1975). "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology: Neolithic and Egyptian Lime Plaster". Journal of Field Archaeology. 2: 133–150. doi:10.1179/009346975791491277. JSTOR 529624.
Lucas, Alfred. 1962. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 4th Edition. London: Edward Arnold Publishers.
Meyer, Carol; Bir Umm Fawakhir (1997). "Insights into Ancient Egyptian Mining". JOM. 49 (3): 64–8. Bibcode:1997JOM....49c..64M. doi:10.1007/BF02914661.
Nicholson, Paul T. and Ian Shaw, eds. 2000. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. University Press, Cambridge.
Pulak, C. A (1998). "The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Overview". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 27 (3): 188–224. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1998.tb00803.x.
Scheel, Bernd. 1989. Egyptian Metalworking and Tools. Haverfordwest, Great Britain: Shire Publications Ltd.
Shaw, Ian. Editor. 2000. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shortland, A.J. (2004). "Evaporites of the Wadi Natrun: Seasonal and Annual Variation and its Implication for Ancient Exploitation". Archaeometry. 46 (4): 497–516. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2004.00170.x.
Davis, Virginia. "Mines and Quarries of Ancient Egypt, an Introduction" Online article
Institutt for Arkeologi, Kunsthistorie og Konservering website, in English at [1]
[show]
v
t
e
History of technology
History of technology cultures
Prehistoric technology
Neolithic
Ancient Egypt
Mayan
Ancient Greek
Roman
Chinese
Indian
Byzantine
Medieval Islam
Medieval Europe
Renaissance
Ottoman
Great Divergence
Industrial Revolution
Modern
History of technology domains
History of biotechnology
History of communication
History of computing hardware
History of electrical engineering
History of materials science
History of measurement
History of medicine
History of nuclear technology
History of transport
[show]
v
t
e
Ancient Egypt topics
Outline
Index
Major topics
Glossary of artifacts
Agriculture
Architecture (Egyptian Revival architecture)
Art
Astronomy
Chronology
Cities (list)
Clothing
Cuisine
Dynasties
Funerary practices
Geography
Great Royal Wives
History
Language
Literature
Mathematics
Medicine
Military
Music
Mythology
People
Pharaohs (list)
Philosophy
Religion
Sites
Technology
Trade
Writing
Egyptology
Egyptologists
Museums
Book
Category
Ancient Egypt portal
WikiProject
Commons
Ancient Egypt portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Egyptian_technology&oldid=842384484"
Categories:
Ancient Egyptian society
Ancient Egyptian technology
History of technology
Egyptian inventions
Science and technology in Egypt
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from May 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles with inconsistent citation formats
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from July 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Català
Español
Français
Русский
Suomi
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 May 2018, at 03:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

values:
/wiki/Simple_machines
mw-redirect
Simple machines

values:
/wiki/Second_Intermediate_period
mw-redirect
Second Intermediate period

values: Edit section: Technology in Dynastic Egypt

values:
/wiki/Egyptian_mathematics
mw-redirect
Egyptian mathematics

values:
/wiki/Eumenes_II_of_Pergamon
mw-redirect
Eumenes II of Pergamon

values: Edit section: Structures and construction

values:
/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon
mw-redirect
Egyptian pantheon

values:
/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt
mw-redirect
Ptolemaic Egypt

values:
/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt
mw-redirect
Alexandria, Egypt

values: Egyptian pyramid construction techniques

values:
/wiki/Pyramids_of_Giza
mw-redirect
Pyramids of Giza

values:
/wiki/Great_Sphinx
mw-redirect
Great Sphinx

values:
/wiki/Menkaure%27s_Pyramid
mw-redirect
Menkaure's Pyramid

values:
/wiki/Black_Pyramid
mw-redirect
Black Pyramid

values:
/wiki/Patrick_Hunt_(archeologist)
mw-redirect
Patrick Hunt (archeologist)

values:
/wiki/Emery_(mineral)
mw-redirect
Emery (mineral)

values: Edit section: Navigation and ship building

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2017)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Old_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Old Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Khufu_Solar_ship
mw-redirect
Khufu Solar ship

values: Ancient Egyptian Boats (First Dynasty) – Abydos

values: Edit section: Irrigation and agriculture

values:
/wiki/Hydraulic_civilization
mw-redirect
Hydraulic civilization

values:
/wiki/Amenemhet_III
mw-redirect
Amenemhet III

values:
/wiki/Twelfth_dynasty_of_Egypt
mw-redirect
Twelfth dynasty of Egypt

values:
/wiki/New_Kingdom
mw-redirect
New Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Fifth Dynasty

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)

values:
/wiki/Dendera_Zodiac
mw-redirect
Dendera Zodiac

values:
/wiki/Precession_of_the_equinoxes
mw-redirect
Precession of the equinoxes

values:
/wiki/4th_Dynasty
mw-redirect
4th Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Hathor_temple
mw-redirect
Hathor temple

values:
/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization
mw-redirect
Hellenistic civilization

values:
/wiki/History_of_Roman_Egypt
mw-redirect
History of Roman Egypt

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology
mw-redirect
Ancient Roman technology

values:
/wiki/Inventions_in_medieval_Islam
mw-redirect
Inventions in medieval Islam

values:
/wiki/Muslim_Agricultural_Revolution
mw-redirect
Muslim Agricultural Revolution

values:
/wiki/History_of_Arab_Egypt
mw-redirect
History of Arab Egypt

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(1258)
mw-redirect
Battle of Baghdad (1258)

values: Timeline of Islamic science and engineering

values:
/wiki/List_of_Egypt-related_topics
mw-redirect
List of Egypt-related topics

values: Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)

values:
/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-A%27as
mw-redirect
Amr ibn al-A'as

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hebsed.home.comcast.net/hunt.htm

values:
/wiki/Draft_(sailing)
mw-redirect
Draft (sailing)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2F7.2.185

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/681065

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiaspect.14.3.116

values:
nofollow
http://orca.cf.ac.uk/45612/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Budge,_E._A._Wallis
mw-redirect
Budge, E. A. Wallis

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/529624

values:
/wiki/Alfred_Lucas
mw-redirect
Alfred Lucas

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02914661

values: History of science and technology in China

values: History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent

values:
/wiki/Islamic_technology
mw-redirect
Islamic technology

values: Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire

values:
/wiki/Modern_technology
mw-redirect
Modern technology

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities

values:
/wiki/Writing_in_Ancient_Egypt
mw-redirect
Writing in Ancient Egypt

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Science and technology in Egypt

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from July 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: التكنولوجيا في مصر القديمة – Arabic

values: Техника в Древнем Египте – Russian

values: Технології Стародавнього Єгипту – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ancient_Egyptian_technology rootpage-Ancient_Egyptian_technology skin-vector action-view


text:
Robin Hood (1973 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Robin Hood (Disney)" redirects here. For the character, see Robin Hood (Disney character).
Robin Hood
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Wolfgang Reitherman
Produced by
Wolfgang Reitherman
Story by
Larry Clemmons
Ken Anderson
Vance Gerry
Frank Thomas
Eric Cleworth
Julius Svendsen
David Michener
Based on
The legend of Robin Hood
Starring
Phil Harris
Andy Devine
Peter Ustinov
Terry-Thomas
Brian Bedford
Monica Evans
Carole Shelley
Pat Buttram
Roger Miller
Narrated by
Roger Miller
Music by
George Bruns
Production
company
Walt Disney Productions
Distributed by
Buena Vista Distribution
Release date
November 8, 1973 (1973-11-08)
Running time
83 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$5 million[1]
Box office
$32 million[2]
Robin Hood is a 1973 American animated musical comedy-adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions which was first released in the United States on November 8, 1973.
The 21st Disney animated feature film, it is based on the legend of Robin Hood, but uses anthropomorphic animals rather than people. The story follows the adventures of Robin Hood, Little John and the inhabitants of Nottingham as they fight against the excessive taxation of Prince John, and Robin Hood wins the hand of Maid Marian.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Critical reaction
5.2 Box office
5.3 Awards and honors
6 Soundtrack
7 Live-action remake
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Plot
Alan-a-Dale introduces the story of Robin Hood and Little John, two outlaws living in the Sherwood Forest, where they rob from the rich and give to the poor townsfolk of Nottingham, despite the efforts of the Sheriff of Nottingham to stop them. Meanwhile, Prince John and his assistant Sir Hiss arrive in Nottingham on a tour of the kingdom. Knowing the royal coach is laden with riches, Robin and Little John rob Prince John by disguising themselves as fortune tellers. The embarrassed Prince John then puts a bounty on their heads and makes the Sheriff his personal tax collector, who takes pleasure in collecting funds from the townsfolk, including hidden money from the crippled blacksmith Otto and a single farthing from a young rabbit, Skippy, who had just received it as a birthday present. However, Robin Hood, disguised as a beggar, sneaks in and gives back some money to the family, as well as his hat and a bow to Skippy in honor of his birthday.
Skippy, his two sisters, and Skippy's friend Toby test out the bow, but Skippy fires an arrow into the grounds of Maid Marian's castle. The children sneak inside, meeting Maid Marian and her attendant Lady Kluck. Skippy "rescues" Marian from Lady Kluck, who pretends to be a pompous Prince John. Later, when she is alone with Kluck, Maid Marian reveals she and Robin were childhood sweethearts, but they have not seen one another for years; Kluck consoles her not to give up on her love for Robin. Meanwhile, Friar Tuck visits Robin and Little John, explaining that Prince John is hosting an archery tournament, and the winner will receive a kiss from Maid Marian. Robin decides to participate in the tournament disguised as a stork whilst Little John disguises himself as the Duke of Chutney to get near Prince John. Robin wins the tournament, but Prince John exposes him and has him arrested for execution despite Maid Marian's pleas. Little John threatens Prince John in order to release Robin, which leads to a fight between Prince John's soldiers and the townsfolk, all of whom escape to Sherwood Forest.
As Robin and Maid Marian fall in love again, the townsfolk have a troubadour festival spoofing Prince John, describing him as the "Phony King of England", and the song soon becomes popular with John's soldiers. Enraged by the insult, Prince John triples the taxes, imprisoning most of the townsfolk who cannot pay. A paltry coin gets deposited into the poor box at Friar Tuck's church, which gets seized by the Sheriff. Enraged that government has meddled in his church, Friar Tuck lashes out at the Sheriff, for which he is quickly arrested. Prince John orders Friar Tuck hung, knowing Robin Hood will come out of hiding to rescue his friend and give the potential for Robin to be caught.
Robin and Little John learn of the plot and sneak in during the night, with Little John managing to free all of the prisoners whilst Robin steals Prince John's taxes, but Sir Hiss awakens to find Robin fleeing. Chaos follows as Robin and the others try to escape to Sherwood Forest. The Sheriff corners Robin after he is forced to return to rescue Tagalong, Skippy's little sister. During the chase, Prince John's castle catches fire and Robin jumps into the moat, where he is seemingly skewered by the soldiers' arrows. Little John and Skippy fear Robin is lost, but he surfaces safely after using a reed as a breathing tube. Later, King Richard returns to England, placing his brother, Sir Hiss and the Sheriff under arrest and allows his niece Maid Marian to marry Robin Hood.
Cast
Brian Bedford as Robin Hood (a fox)
Monica Evans as Maid Marian (a vixen)
Phil Harris as Little John (a bear)
Roger Miller as Alan-a-Dale (a rooster)
Andy Devine as Friar Tuck (a badger)
Peter Ustinov as Prince John and King Richard (lions)
Terry-Thomas as Sir Hiss (a snake)
Carole Shelley as Lady Kluck (a chicken)
Pat Buttram as The Sheriff of Nottingham (a wolf)
George Lindsey and Ken Curtis as Trigger and Nutsy, respectively (vultures)
John Fiedler and Barbara Luddy as Friar Tuck's Sexton and his wife, respectively (church mice)
Billy Whitaker, Dana Laurita and Dori Whitaker as Skippy, Sis, and Tagalong, respectively (rabbits)
Richie Sanders as Toby (a turtle)
Barbara Luddy as Mother Rabbit (a rabbit)
Candy Candido as the Captain of the Guard (a crocodile)
J. Pat O'Malley as Otto (a dog)
Production
"As director of story and character concepts, I knew right off that sly Robin Hood must be a fox. From there it was logical that Maid Marian should be a pretty vixen. Little John, legendarily known for his size, was easily a big overgrown bear. Friar Tuck is great as a badger, but he was also great as a pig, as I had originally planned. Then I thought the symbol of a pig might be offensive to the Church, so we changed him. Richard the Lion-hearted, of course, had to be a regal, proud, strong lion; and his pathetic cousin [historically, and in the movie, his brother] Prince John, the weak villain, also had to be a lion, but we made him scrawny and childish. I originally thought of a snake as a member of the poor townspeople but one of the other men here suggested that a snake would be perfect as a slithering consort [Sir Hiss] to mean Prince John."
Ken Anderson[3]
Around the time of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937, Walt Disney became interested in adapting the twelfth-century legend of Reynard the Fox.[3] However, the project languished due to Walt's concern that Reynard was an unsuitable choice for a hero.[4] In a meeting held on February 12, 1938, Disney commented "I see swell possibilities in 'Reynard', but is it smart to make it? We have such a terrific kid audience...parents and kids together. That's the trouble – too sophisticated. We'll take a nosedive doing it with animals."[5] For Treasure Island, Walt seriously considered three animated sections, each one of the Reynard tales, to be told by Long John Silver to Jim Hawkins as moral fables. Ultimately, the idea was nixed as Treasure Island would become the studio's first fully live-action film. Over the years, the studio decided to make Reynard the villain of a musical feature film named Chanticleer and Reynard (based on Edmond Rostand's Chanticleer) but the production was scrapped in the early 1960s in favor of The Sword in the Stone (1963).[3]
While The Aristocats was in production, Ken Anderson began exploring possibilities for the next film. Studio executives favored a "classic" tale as the subject for the next film, in which Anderson suggested the tale of Robin Hood, which was received enthusiastically.[6] He blended his ideas of Robin Hood by incorporating that the fox character could be slick but still use his skills to protect the community.[7] Additionally, Anderson wanted to set the film in the Deep South desiring to recapture the spirit of Song of the South. However, the executives were wary of the reputation of Song of the South which was followed by Wolfgang Reitherman's decision to set the film in its traditional English location inspired by The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men.[8] Veteran writer Larry Clemmons came on board the project by writing a script with dialogue that was later storyboarded by other writers.[7]
As production went further along, Robin Allan wrote in his book Walt Disney and Europe, that "Ken Anderson wept when he saw how his character concepts had been processed into stereotypes for the animation on Robin Hood."[9] According to Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston, one such casualty was the concept of making the Sheriff of Nottingham a goat as an artistic experiment to try different animals for a villain, only to be overruled by the director who wanted to keep to the villainous stereotype of a wolf instead.[10] Additionally, Anderson wanted to include the Merry Men into the film, which was again overridden by Reitherman because he wanted a "buddy picture" reminiscent of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, so Little John was the only Merry Man who remained in the film, while Friar Tuck was put as a friend of Robin's who lived in Nottingham, and Alan-a-Dale was turned into the narrator.[11] Because of the time spent on developing several settings and auditioning actors to voice Robin Hood, production fell behind schedule.[8] In order to meet its deadline, the animators decided to recycle dance sequences from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, The Jungle Book, and The Aristocats.[12]
Casting
By October 1970, most of the voice actors were confirmed, with the exception of Tommy Steele cast in the title role.[13] Steele himself was chosen because of his performance in The Happiest Millionaire while Peter Ustinov was cast because Reitherman enjoyed his presence on the set of Blackbeard's Ghost. However, Steele was unable to make his character sound more heroic,[8] and his replacement came down to final two candidates which were Bernard Fox and Brian Bedford,[14] with the latter being chosen. Meanwhile, Louis Prima was so angered by not being considered for a role that he personally paid the recording expenses for the subsequent album, Let's "Hear" it For Robin Hood, which he sold to Disneyland Records.[15]
Release
The film premiered at the Radio City Music Hall on November 9, 1973.[16] The film was re-released on March 26, 1982. It was released to videocassette on December 4, 1984 becoming the first installment of the Walt Disney Classics home video label.[17] Disney thought the idea of releasing any of its animated classics (known as the "untouchables") might threaten future theatrical reissue revenue. However, Robin Hood was viewed as the first choice since it was not held in such high esteem as some of the other titles, and was less likely to get another theatrical release as its 1982 reissue proved to be disappointing.[18] It was later re-released becoming the first 1991 (as part of Walt Disney Classics Collection), 1994, and 1998 (as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection). It was first released on UK VHS in 1987 followed by a 1989 re-issue. It was re-released in 1992.
In January 2000, Walt Disney Home Video launched the Gold Classic Collection, with Robin Hood re-issued on VHS and DVD on July 4, 2000.[19] The DVD contained the film in its 1.33:1 aspect ratio, and was accompanied with special features including a trivia game and the cartoon short "Ye Olden Days".[20] The remastered "Most Wanted Edition" DVD ("Special Edition" in the UK) was released in 2006 and featured a deleted scene/alternate ending, as well as a 16:9 matted transfer to represent its original theatrical screen ratio. On August 6, 2013, the film was released as the 40th Anniversary Edition on a Blu-ray/DVD/Digital Copy combo pack.
Reception
Critical reaction
Robin Hood has received mixed to positive reviews from film critics.[21] Praise went to the characters, action scenes and music, while criticism was aimed at the recycled scenes of animation.[22] Judith Crist said it was "nicely tongue-in-cheek without insult to the intelligence of either child or adult." She also stated that it "has class – in the fine cast that gives both voice and personality to the characters, in the bright and brisk dialogue, in its overall concept."[23] Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that it "should ... be a good deal of fun for toddlers whose minds have not yet shriveled into orthodoxy" and he called the visual style "charmingly conventional".[24] The Montreal Gazette said that when "Disney cartoon films ... are good, they are very good" and that "there are not many films around these days which an entire family can attend and enjoy. Robin Hood is one of them."[25] New York magazine called it "a sweet, funny, slam-bang, good-hearted Walt Disney feature cartoon with a fine cast" and said it was "a feast for the eyes for kiddies and Disney nostalgics."[26]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 52% approval rating with an average rating of 5.4/10 based on 25 reviews. The website's consensus states that "One of the weaker Disney adaptations, Robin Hood is cute and colorful but lacks the majesty and excitement of the studio's earlier efforts."[27]
Box office
On its initial release, Robin Hood grossed $9 million in the United States.[28] However, it has been reported that the film grossed $35 million during its initial release.[29][30]
Awards and honors
The song "Love" was nominated for Best Original Song at the 46th Academy Awards but lost to "The Way We Were" from the film of the same name.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
Nominated Animation Film
Soundtrack
Robin Hood
Studio album by Various artists
Released
1973
Recorded
1972–73
Genre
Children's, Classical
Label
Disneyland Records
"Whistle-Stop" written and sung by Roger Miller
"Oo-De-Lally" written and sung by Roger Miller
"Love" written by Floyd Huddleston and George Bruns and sung by Nancy Adams
"The Phony King of England" written by Johnny Mercer and sung by Phil Harris
"The Phony King of England Reprise" sung by Terry-Thomas and Pat Buttram
"Not in Nottingham" written and sung by Roger Miller
"Love"/"Oo-De-Lally Reprise" sung by Chorus
The music played in the background while Lady Kluck fights off Prince John's soldiers in an American football manner, following the archery tournament, is an arrangement of "Fight On" and "On, Wisconsin", the respective fight songs of the University of Southern California and the University of Wisconsin.
A record of the film was made at the time of its release in 1973, which included its songs, score, narration, and dialogue. Both "Oo-De-Lally" and "Love" appear on the CD collection, Classic Disney: 60 Years of Musical Magic. The full soundtrack of the film was released to the general public on August 4, 2017 as part of the Walt Disney Records: The Legacy Collection series on compact disc and digital, and was a timed exclusive to the 2017 D23 Expo.[31]
The song "Love" is featured in the 2009 feature film Fantastic Mr. Fox.[32] The song "Whistle-Stop" was sped up and used in the Hampster Dance, one of the earliest internet memes,[33] and later used at normal speed in the Super Bowl XLVIII commercial for T-Mobile.[34] The song "Oo De Lally" is featured in a 2015 commercial for Android which shows animals of different species playing together.[35]
Live-action remake
In December 2014, it was announced that Disney had bought a spec script for a live-action film titled Nottingham & Hood with hopes that it would spawn a new film franchise. The tone is said to be similar to the Pirates of the Caribbean film series.[36]
See also
Cultural depictions of John of England
List of American films of 1973
References
Jump up ^ Huddy, John (November 7, 1973). "Disney Coming Out with "Robin Hood"". Toledo Blade. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Robin Hood, Box Office Information". The Numbers. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Grant 1998, p. 290.
Jump up ^ Harty, Kevin (2012). "Walt in Sherwood, or the Sheriff of Disneyland: Disney and the film legend of Robin Hood.". The Disney Middle Ages: A Fairy-Tale and Fantasy Past. The New Middle Ages (2012 ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230340077. eds. Tison Pugh, Susan Aronstein
Jump up ^ Solomon, Charles (November 9, 1995). The Disney That Never Was. Hyperion Books. p. 81. ISBN 978-0786860371.
Jump up ^ Finch, Christopher. "The Making of Robin Hood". The Art of Walt Disney: From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdom (1st ed.). Harry N. Abrams. pp. 319–32. ISBN 978-0810990074.
^ Jump up to: a b Simpson, Wade (May 27, 2009). "Taking Another Look at Robin Hood". Mouse Planet. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hill, Jim (March 17, 2005). "Why For?". Jim Hill Media. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Robin, Allan (1999). Walt Disney and Europe. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 253. ISBN 0-253-21353-3.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Frank; Johnston, Ollie (1981). Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life. Abbeville Press. p. 344. ISBN 978-0786860708.
Jump up ^ Koenig 2001, p. 149–50.
Jump up ^ Maltin, Leonard (1987). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons. New American Library. p. 76. ISBN 0-452-25993-2.
Jump up ^ "Animals Portray Parts in Disney's "Robin Hood"". Toledo Blade. October 18, 1970. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Milt Kahl. Milt in Dallas. YouTube. Google. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Koenig 2001, p. 152.
Jump up ^ "Bear Facts". The Village Voice. November 1, 1973. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Collins, Glenn (February 17, 1985). "New Cassettes: From Disney To Mussorgsky's 'Boris'". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Desmond (December 4, 1984). "Disney classic on video?". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Walt Disney Home Video Debuts the "Gold Classic Collection"". The Laughing Place. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Robin Hood — Disney Gold Collection". Disney.go.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2000. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.empireonline.com/movies/robin-hood-2/review/
Jump up ^ <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/19/how-disney-reuses-the-same-footage-in-different-films/
Jump up ^ Crist, Judith (Nov 12, 1973). New York Magazine. p.91
Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (December 20, 1973). "Screen: 'Robin Hood':Animals and Birds Star in Disney Version The Program". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Billington, Dave (Dec 22, 1973). The Montreal Gazette. p.23
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Ruth (November 26, 1973). "Movies Around Town". New York. Vol. 6 no. 8. p. 13. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Robin Hood on Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Robb, Brian (December 9, 2014). A Brief History of Walt Disney. Running Press. ISBN 978-0762454754. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chase, Chris (June 23, 1991). "Robin Hood Adds Up To a Thief for the Ages". The New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Spain, Tom (May 9, 1991). "Robin Hood's Classic Debut". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Jordan Fisher, Auli'i Cravalho, and Oscar®-Winning Composer Michael Giacchino to Meet Fans at the Disney Music Emporium During D23 Expo 2017, July 14–16" (Press release). PR Newswire. Burbank, California. May 23, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 180. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
Jump up ^ We Killed the Long-Term Contract – T-Mobile on YouTube
Jump up ^ Android: Friends Furever on YouTube
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr., Mike (December 4, 2014). "Robin Hood Now A Race As Disney Acquires Spec 'Nottingham & Hood'". Deadline Hollywood.
Bibliography
Grant, John (April 30, 1998). The Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's Animated Characters: From Mickey Mouse to Hercules. Disney Editions. ISBN 978-0-7868-6336-5.
Koenig, David (January 28, 2001). Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks. Irvine, California: Bonaventure Press. ISBN 978-0964060517.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Robin Hood (1973 film)
Disney portal
Film in the United States portal
1970s portal
Cartoon portal
Official website
Robin Hood on IMDb
Robin Hood at the TCM Movie Database
Robin Hood at The Big Cartoon DataBase
Robin Hood at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
v
t
e
Disney theatrical animated features
Walt Disney
Animation Studios
films
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (2018)
Frozen 2 (2019)
Live-action films
with animation
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1948)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Enchanted (2007)
DisneyToon Studios
films
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)
A Goofy Movie (1995)
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Return to Never Land (2002)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)
Bambi II (2006)
Planes (2013)
Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)
Other Disney units films
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Doug's 1st Movie (1999)
Recess: School's Out (2001)
Teacher's Pet (2004)
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Mars Needs Moms (2011)
Frankenweenie (2012)
Strange Magic (2015)
Related lists
Unproduced films
Book
[show]
v
t
e
Robin Hood
Characters
Robin Hood
Maid Marian
Merry Men
Much the Miller's Son
Little John
Friar Tuck
Alan-a-Dale
Will Scarlet
Will Stutely
Gilbert Whitehand
Arthur a Bland
David of Doncaster
The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield
Sheriff of Nottingham
Guy of Gisbourne
Prince John
Bishop of Hereford
Richard at the Lee
King Richard
Settings
Sherwood Forest
Nottingham
Loxley
Barnsdale
Wentbridge
Screen
Film
Robin Hood (1912)
Robin Hood (1922)
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
The Bandit of Sherwood Forest (1946)
The Prince of Thieves (1948)
The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952)
The Men of Sherwood Forest (1954)
Sword of Sherwood Forest (1960)
A Challenge for Robin Hood (1967)
The Scalawag Bunch (1971)
Wolfshead: The Legend of Robin Hood (1973)
The Arrows of Robin Hood (1975)
Robin and Marian (1976)
Aaj Ka Robin Hood (1988)
O Mistério de Robin Hood (1990)
Robin Hood (1991)
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991)
Robin Hood (2010)
Robin Hood (2018)
TV
Robin Hood (1953)
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1955)
The Legend of Robin Hood (1968)
The Legend of Robin Hood (1975)
Robin of Sherwood (1984)
The New Adventures of Robin Hood (1997)
Robin Hood (2006)
Animated
Robin Hood Makes Good (1939)
Rabbit Hood (1949)
Robin Hood Daffy (1958)
Robin Hoodwinked (1958)
Robin Hood (1973)
Robin Hood (1990)
Young Robin Hood (1991)
Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse (2012)
Parody
When Things Were Rotten (1975)
The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood (1984)
Maid Marian and Her Merry Men (1989)
Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993)
Alternate
settings
Mexicali Rose (1939 film)
Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964 film)
Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 Tamil film)
Nyayam Meere Cheppali (1985 Telugu film)
Catch Me Now (2008 Chinese TV series)
Alyas Robin Hood (2016 Philippines TV series)
Popular culture
Robin Hood (Disney character)
Robin Hood (Once Upon a Time character)
Robin Hood (DC Comics character)
Child ballads
8: Erlinton
102: Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter
103: Rose the Red and White Lily
115: Robyn and Gandeleyn
117: A Gest of Robyn Hode
118: Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne
119: Robin Hood and the Monk
120: Robin Hood's Death
121: Robin Hood and the Potter
123: Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar
124: The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield
126: Robin Hood and the Tanner
127: Robin Hood and the Tinker
128: Robin Hood Newly Revived
129: Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon
130: Robin Hood and the Scotchman
131: Robin Hood and the Ranger
132: The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood
136: Robin Hood's Delight
138: Robin Hood and Allan-a-Dale
139: Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham
140: Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires
141: Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly
142: Little John a Begging
143: Robin Hood and the Bishop
144: Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford
145: Robin Hood and Queen Katherine
146: Robin Hood's Chase
147: Robin Hood's Golden Prize
148: The Noble Fisherman
149: The Noble Fisherman
151: The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood
152: Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow
153: Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight
154: A True Tale of Robin Hood
Stage / theatre
The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (1598 and 1601 plays)
The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest (1871 operetta)
Robin Hood (1890 opera)
The Foresters (1892 play)
Twang!! (1965 musical parody)
Robin Hood (1934 opera)
Robin Hood (1998 ballet)
Robin des Bois (2013 musical)
Video games
Robin of the Wood (1985)
The Curse of Sherwood (1987)
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1991)
Conquests of the Longbow: The Legend of Robin Hood (1991)
Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood (2002)
Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown (2003)
Volume (2015)
Literature
Ivanhoe (1819)
Maid Marian (1822)
The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (1883)
Bows against the Barons (1934)
The Once and Future King (1958)
The Outlaws of Sherwood (1988)
Through a Dark Mist (1991)
Lady of the Forest (1992)
In the Shadow of Midnight (1994)
The Last Arrow (1997)
Lady of Sherwood (1999)
Ronin Hood of the 47 Samurai (2005)
King Raven Trilogy (2006)
Music
Legend (1984 soundtrack)
Robin Hood (2006 soundtrack)
Robin Hood – czwarta strzała (1997)
"Love" (song)
"Not in Nottingham" (song)
"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" (song)
The Tale of Gamelyn
Alan Dale
Outlaw (2009)
Holy Warrior (2010)
King's Man (2011)
Warlord (2012)
Grail Knight (2013)
The Iron Castle (2014)
The King's Assassin (2015)
The Death of Robin Hood (2016)
Related
Miss Robin Hood
Son of the Guardsman
The Son of Robin Hood
The Bandit of Sherwood Forest
Princess of Thieves
Robin Hood Morality Test
"Robot of Sherwood"
"Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men"
Once Upon a Time
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman
Features
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
Shorts and featurettes
The Truth About Mother Goose (1957)
Goliath II (1960)
Aquamania (1961)
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966)
Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968)
[show]
v
t
e
Walt Disney Animation Studios
[show]
List of feature films
Released
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Upcoming films
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (2018)
Frozen 2 (2019)
Associated
productions
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1949)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Enchanted (2007)
[show]
People
Executives
Edwin Catmull
Roy Conli
Roy E. Disney
Walt Disney
Don Hahn
Jeffrey Katzenberg
John Lasseter
Peter Schneider
Thomas Schumacher
David Stainton
Disney's Nine Old Men
Les Clark
Marc Davis
Ollie Johnston
Milt Kahl
Ward Kimball
Eric Larson
John Lounsbery
Wolfgang Reitherman
Frank Thomas
[show]
Related topics
History
Disney animators' strike
Disney Renaissance
Methods and
technologies
12 basic principles of animation
Computer Animation Production System
Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life
Multiplane camera
Documentaries
Frank and Ollie (1995)
The Sweatbox (2001)
Dream On Silly Dreamer (2005)
Waking Sleeping Beauty (2009)
Other Disney
animation units
Disney Television Animation
DisneyToon Studios (WDAS unit)
Lucasfilm Animation
Marvel Animation
Pixar Animation Studios
Circle 7 (defunct)
Miscellaneous
Alice Comedies
Laugh-O-Gram Studio
List of Disney animated shorts
List of Disney theatrical animated features
unproduced
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Mickey Mouse (film series)
Silly Symphonies
Once Upon a Time
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Hood_(1973_film)&oldid=843276554"
Categories:
1973 films
English-language films
1973 animated films
1970s adventure films
1970s American animated films
1970s fantasy films
1970s musical comedy films
American adventure comedy films
American animated films
American buddy films
American children's animated adventure films
American children's animated fantasy films
American musical comedy films
Animated adventure films
Animated buddy films
Animated comedy films
Animated musical films
Animated films about foxes
Films about outlaws
Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman
Films featuring anthropomorphic characters
Films featuring hypnosis
Films set in England
Films set in the Middle Ages
Robin Hood films
Walt Disney Animation Studios films
Walt Disney Pictures films
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Articles with hAudio microformats
Album infoboxes lacking a cover
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latina
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Scots
Simple English
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
ייִדיש
中文
42 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 02:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values: List of Walt Disney Animation Studios films

values: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:33%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;

values: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)

values: The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men

values: List of Walt Disney and Buena Vista video releases

values:
/wiki/The_Montreal_Gazette
mw-redirect
The Montreal Gazette

values:
/wiki/Best_Original_Song
mw-redirect
Best Original Song

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: lightsteelblue

values:
/wiki/On,_Wisconsin
mw-redirect
On, Wisconsin

values: Classic Disney: 60 Years of Musical Magic

values: Walt Disney Records: The Legacy Collection

values:
/wiki/Hampster_Dance
mw-redirect
Hampster Dance

values:
/wiki/Hyperion_Books
mw-redirect
Hyperion Books

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
http://movies.disney.com/robin-hood

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070608/
external text

values: Template:Disney theatrical animated features

values: Template talk:Disney theatrical animated features

values: List of Disney theatrical animated features

values: Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2

values: List of animation studios owned by The Walt Disney Company

values: List of unproduced Disney animated shorts and feature films

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Book:Disney theatrical animated features

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of films and television series featuring Robin Hood

values: The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)

values: Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse

values:
/wiki/The_Curse_of_Sherwood
mw-redirect
The Curse of Sherwood

values: The Adventures of Robin Hood (video game)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Walt Disney Animation Studios

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Pixar_Animation_Studios
mw-redirect
Pixar Animation Studios

values:
/wiki/Silly_Symphonies
mw-redirect
Silly Symphonies

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:American adventure comedy films

values: Category:American children's animated adventure films

values: Category:American children's animated fantasy films

values: Category:Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman

values: Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic characters

values: Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Album infoboxes lacking a cover

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1973_film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: روبن هود (فيلم 1973) – Arabic

values: Robin Hud (cizgi filmi, 1973) – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values: Robin Hood (pel·lícula de 1973) – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ο Ρομπέν των Δασών (ταινία, 1973) – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: رابین هود (فیلم ۱۹۷۳) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Ռոբին Հուդ (մուլտֆիլմ, 1973) – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: რობინ ჰუდი (1973 წლის ფილმი) – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Robin Hood (kuyuchisqa siq'isqa) – Quechua

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Робин Гуд (мультфильм) – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values: Robin Hood (1973 movie) – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: ڕۆبین ھوود (فیلم ١٩٧٣) – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Робин Худ (филм из 1973) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Robin Hood (film, 1973) – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: Robin Hood (vuoden 1973 elokuva) – Finnish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: โรบินฮู้ด – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Робін Гуд (мультфільм, 1973) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values: ראבין הוד (1973 פילם) – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Robin_Hood_1973_film rootpage-Robin_Hood_1973_film skin-vector action-view