text:
Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
United States Supreme Court case
Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued January 6–7, 1915
Decided February 23, 1915
Full case name
Mutual Film Corporation, Appellant v. Industrial Commission of Ohio, et al.
Citations
236 U.S. 230 (more)
35 S. Ct. 387; 59 L. Ed. 552; 1915 U.S. LEXIS 1755
Holding
The free speech protection of the Ohio Constitution did not extend to motion pictures.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Edward D. White
Associate Justices
Joseph McKenna · Oliver W. Holmes Jr.
William R. Day · Charles E. Hughes
Willis Van Devanter · Joseph R. Lamar
Mahlon Pitney · James C. McReynolds
Case opinions
Majority
McKenna, joined by unanimous
Overruled by
Joseph Burstyn, Inc v. Wilson (1952)
Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio, 236 U.S. 230 (1915), was a United States Supreme Court case in 1915, in which the Court ruled by a 9-0 vote that the free speech protection of the Ohio Constitution, which was substantially similar to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, did not extend to motion pictures.
The state government of Ohio had passed a statute in 1913 forming a board of censors which had the duty of reviewing and approving all films intended to be exhibited in the state. The board charged a fee for the approval service. The board could order the arrest of anyone showing an unapproved film in the state.
The Court stated:
...the exhibition of moving pictures is a business, pure and simple, originated and conducted for profit... not to be regarded, nor intended to be regarded by the Ohio Constitution, we think, as part of the press of the country, or as organs of public opinion.
The Court described movies in some technical detail and noted their popularity but wrote that as "they may be used for evil,... We cannot regard [the censorship of movies] as beyond the power of government." The Court added that it would be equally unreasonable to grant free speech protection to the theater or the circus and noted that in many prior cases regarding government licensure of theatrical performances, the issue of freedom of opinion had not been raised.
The plaintiff was Mutual Film Corporation, a movie distributor. Mutual had also argued that in addition to the violation of its freedom of speech, the censorship board was interfering with interstate commerce in violation of the Dormant Commerce Clause and that the government had illegally delegated legislative authority to a censor board. Those arguments were dismissed by the Court more perfunctorily.
Overturned[edit]
The decision that motion pictures did not merit First Amendment protection drove an increase in regulation of movie content, which culminated in the enforcement in July 1934 of the Production Code over all Hollywood films. The Production Code, also known as the Hays Code was not law, but an agreement between studios and theaters to self-censor, partly to avoid the patchwork of local censorship laws that existed around the country. In May 1952, the Supreme Court overturned its Mutual decision in Joseph Burstyn, Inc v. Wilson, popularly known as the "Miracle Decision" since it referred to the short film The Miracle, part of the anthology film L'Amore (1948), directed by Roberto Rossellini.
The Production Code was loosened in the 1950s and 1960s and was eventually abandoned, in favor of the MPAA film rating system in 1968.
See also[edit]
Film censorship in the United States
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 236
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment
Whirlpool of Desire (1935) French film distributed by Arthur Mayer and Joseph Burstyn
Further reading[edit]
Jowett, Garth S. (1989). "'A capacity for evil': The 1915 supreme court Mutual Decision". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 9 (1): 59–78. doi:10.1080/01439688900260041.
Wertheimer, John (1993). "Mutual Film Reviewed: The Movies, Censorship, and Free Speech in Progressive America". American Journal of Legal History. Temple University. 37 (2): 158–189. doi:10.2307/845372. JSTOR 845372.
External links[edit]
Works related to Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio at Wikisource
Text of Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio, 236 U.S. 230 (1915) is available from: CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar Justia
show
v
t
e
United States First Amendment case law
show
Establishment Clause
Public funding
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
McCollum v. Board of Education (1948)
Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York (1970)
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
Mueller v. Allen (1983)
Aguilar v. Felton (1985)
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994)
Agostini v. Felton (1997)
Mitchell v. Helms (2000)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
Locke v. Davey (2004)
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn (2011)
Public displays
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Lynch v. Donnelly (1984)
Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary (1985)
County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989)
McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky (2005)
Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009)
School prayer
Zorach v. Clauson (1952)
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)
Lee v. Weisman (1992)
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004)
Creationism
Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District (M.D. Pa. 2005)
Legislature prayer
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014)
Other
McGowan v. Maryland (1961)
McDaniel v. Paty (1978)
Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc. (1985)
Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock (1989)
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2012)
show
Free Exercise Clause
Reynolds v. United States (1879)
Davis v. Beason (1890)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
United States v. Ballard (1944)
Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)
Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church (1969)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Harris v. McRae (1980)
Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division (1981)
United States v. Lee (1982)
Bob Jones University v. United States (1983)
Bowen v. Roy (1986)
Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)
Employment Division v. Smith (1990)
Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton (2002)
Cutter v. Wilkinson (2005)
Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer (2017)
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018)
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (2018)
hide
Freedom of speech (portal)
Sedition and
imminent danger
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (S.D.N.Y. 1917)
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Abrams v. United States (1919)
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Whitney v. California (1927)
Dennis v. United States (1951)
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board (1955, 1961)
Yates v. United States (1957, clear and present danger)
Bond v. Floyd (1966)
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969, imminent lawless action)
Hess v. Indiana (1973)
False speech
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964, actual malice)
United States v. Alvarez (2012)
Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus (2014)
Fighting words and
the heckler's veto
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
Terminiello v. Chicago (1949)
Feiner v. New York (1951)
Gregory v. Chicago (1969)
National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
Snyder v. Phelps (2011)
Elonis v. United States (2015)
Freedom of assembly
and public forums
Hague v. CIO (1939)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Thornhill v. Alabama (1940)
Martin v. City of Struthers (1943)
Marsh v. Alabama (1946)
Niemotko v. Maryland (1951)
Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
Brown v. Louisiana (1966)
Adderley v. Florida (1966)
Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne (1968)
Coates v. Cincinnati (1971)
Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe (1971)
Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner (1972)
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980)
Hill v. Colorado (2000)
McCullen v. Coakley (2014)
Packingham v. North Carolina (2017)
Symbolic speech
Stromberg v. California (1931)
United States v. O'Brien (1968)
Cohen v. California (1971)
Smith v. Goguen (1974)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
United States v. Eichman (1990)
Virginia v. Black (2003)
Compelled speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Wooley v. Maynard (1977)
Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc. (2013)
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (2018)
Compelled subsidy of others' speech
Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977)
Communications Workers of America v. Beck (1978)
Keller v. State Bar of California (1990)
Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n (1991)
Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000)
Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association (2005)
Davenport v. Washington Education Association (2007)
Locke v. Karass (2008)
Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000 (2012)
Harris v. Quinn (2014)
Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n (2016)
Janus v. AFSCME (2018)
Loyalty oaths
American Communications Association v. Douds (1950)
Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951)
Speiser v. Randall (1958)
Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967)
Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb (1974)
School speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969, substantial disruption)
Island Trees School District v. Pico (1982)
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995)
Morse v. Frederick (2007)
Obscenity
Rosen v. United States (1896)
United States v. One Book Called Ulysses (S.D.N.Y. 1933)
Roth v. United States (1957)
One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958)
Smith v. California (1959)
Marcus v. Search Warrant (1961)
MANual Enterprises v. Day (1962)
Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)
Quantity of Books v. Kansas (1964)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Ginzburg v. United States (1966)
Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966)
Redrup v. New York (1967)
Ginsberg v. New York (1968)
Stanley v. Georgia (1969)
Cohen v. California (1971)
United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs (1971)
Kois v. Wisconsin (1972)
Miller v. California (1973)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973)
United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film (1973)
Jenkins v. Georgia (1974)
Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville (1975)
Young v. American Mini Theatres (1976)
New York v. Ferber (1982)
American Booksellers v. Hudnut (7th Cir., 1985)
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986)
People v. Freeman (Cal. 1988)
Osborne v. Ohio (1990)
United States v. X-Citement Video (1994)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group (2000)
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002)
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2002)
Nitke v. Gonzales (S.D.N.Y., 2005)
United States v. Williams (2008)
Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations (2012)
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland (6th Cir., 2009)
United States v. Kilbride (9th Cir., 2009)
United States v. Stevens (2010)
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011)
Public employees
Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
Perry v. Sindermann (1972)
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth (1972)
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle (1977)
Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District (1979)
Connick v. Myers (1983)
Rankin v. McPherson (1987)
Waters v. Churchill (1994)
Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006)
Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
Heffernan v. City of Paterson (2016)
Hatch Act
and similar laws
Ex parte Curtis (1882)
United Public Workers v. Mitchell (1947)
United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers (1973)
Broadrick v. Oklahoma (1973)
Licensing and
restriction of speech
Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915)
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952)
NAACP v. Button (1963)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015)
Matal v. Tam (2017)
Commercial speech
Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942)
Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. (1970)
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (1973)
Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1974)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Willingboro (1977)
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980)
Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n (1980)
Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio (1985)
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California (1986)
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico (1986)
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee (1987)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996)
Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. (2011)
Campaign finance and
political speech
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978)
Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley (1981)
Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee (1982)
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington (1983)
FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life (1986)
Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990)
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission (1995)
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC (1996)
Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000)
Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002)
McConnell v. FEC (2003)
Randall v. Sorrell (2006)
FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007)
Davis v. FEC (2008)
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
McComish v. Bennett (2011)
American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock (2012)
McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (2014)
Williams-Yulee v. The Florida Bar (2015)
show
Freedom of the press
Prior restraints
and censorship
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938)
Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. (1946)
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974)
Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart (1976)
Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia (1978)
Tory v. Cochran (2005)
Privacy
Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975)
Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)
Taxation and
privileges
Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936)
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)
Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner (1983)
Defamation
Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967)
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler (1970)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976)
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1984)
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985)
McDonald v. Smith (1985)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)
Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton (1989)
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990)
Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox (9th Cir., 2014)
Broadcast media
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC (1994)
Bartnicki v. Vopper (2001)
Copyrighted materials
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. (1977)
Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985)
show
Freedom of association
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951)
Watkins v. United States (1957)
NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
NAACP v. Button (1963)
Baggett v. Bullitt (1964)
In re Primus (1978)
Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, & Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual_Film_Corp._v._Industrial_Commission_of_Ohio&oldid=849815494"
Categories:
United States Supreme Court cases
United States First Amendment case law
United States Free Speech Clause case law
1915 in United States case law
Film censorship in the United States
United States Supreme Court cases of the White Court
Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions
Hidden categories:
Articles with short description
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 July 2018, at 14:54 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: class style

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height:1.3em; font-style: italic

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Seal of the United States Supreme Court.svg

attrs: href title

value: b

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 236

values: margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;

values: background-color: red; color: white; font-weight: bold

values:
/wiki/Joseph_Burstyn,_Inc_v._Wilson
mw-redirect
Joseph Burstyn, Inc v. Wilson

values:
infobox scotus
width:22em;line-height: 1.3em

values:
/wiki/Ohio_Constitution
mw-redirect
Ohio Constitution

values: First Amendment of the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Motion_picture
mw-redirect
Motion picture

values:
/wiki/Mutual_Film_Corporation
mw-redirect
Mutual Film Corporation

values:
/wiki/Interstate_commerce
mw-redirect
Interstate commerce

values: Motion Picture Association of America film rating system

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F845372

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/845372

values: wikisource:''Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio''

values: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York

values: Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn

values: Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary

values: County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union

values: McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union

values: Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe

values: Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow

values: Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah

values: Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton

values: Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer

values:
/wiki/Terminiello_v._Chicago
mw-redirect
Terminiello v. Chicago

values:
/wiki/Gregory_v._Chicago
mw-redirect
Gregory v. Chicago

values: Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization

values:
/wiki/Coates_v._Cincinnati
mw-redirect
Coates v. Cincinnati

values: Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe

values: West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette

values: Communications Workers of America v. Beck

values: Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association

values: Davenport v. Washington Education Association

values: American Communications Association v. Douds

values: United States v. One Book Called Ulysses

values:
/wiki/MANual_Enterprises_v._Day
mw-redirect
MANual Enterprises v. Day

values: United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs

values: United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film

values:
/wiki/Young_v._American_Mini_Theatres
mw-redirect
Young v. American Mini Theatres

values:
/wiki/American_Booksellers_v._Hudnut
mw-redirect
American Booksellers v. Hudnut

values:
/wiki/United_States_v._X-Citement_Video
mw-redirect
United States v. X-Citement Video

values: United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group

values: Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union

values: Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association

values: Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth

values: Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District

values: Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans

values:
/wiki/Rowan_v._U.S._Post_Office_Dept.
mw-redirect
Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.

values: Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission

values: Pacific Gas & Electric v. Public Utilities Commission

values: First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti

values: Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley

values: Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee

values: Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington

values: Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC

values: McConnell v. Federal Election Commission

values: Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.

values: Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

values:
/wiki/McComish_v._Bennett
mw-redirect
McComish v. Bennett

values: Western Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Montana

values: McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission

values:
/wiki/Williams-Yulee_v._The_Florida_Bar
mw-redirect
Williams-Yulee v. The Florida Bar

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Freedom of the press in the United States

values: Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia

values: Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner

values: Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.

values: Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.

values: Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton

values: Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.

values: Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:United States Supreme Court cases

values: Category:United States First Amendment case law

values: Category:United States Free Speech Clause case law

values: Category:Film censorship in the United States

values: Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the White Court

values: Category:Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio – Serbo-Croatian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mutual_Film_Corp_v_Industrial_Commission_of_Ohio rootpage-Mutual_Film_Corp_v_Industrial_Commission_of_Ohio skin-vector action-view


text:
Fashion capital
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Escada Sport at Berlin Fashion Week Spring/Summer 2013
A fashion capital is a city which has a major influence on international fashion trends and in which the design, production and retailing of fashion products – plus events such as fashion weeks, awards and trade fairs – generate significant economic output.
The cities considered the global "Big Four" fashion capitals of the 21st century are Milan, London, New York and Paris.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition of a fashion capital
2 History
2.1 20th century and beyond
3 Annual fashion capital rankings
3.1 Commentary from Global Language Monitor About the 2017 edition of its annual fashion capital rankings
3.1.1 Commentary from Global Language Monitor individual cities in the 2017 edition
4 See also
5 References
Definition of a fashion capital[edit]
A fashion capital assumes leadership role in clothing and design. In addition, fashion capitals usually have a broad mix of business, artistic, entertainment, cultural and leisure activities and are internationally recognised for having a unique and strong identity.[2] It has also been noted that the status of a fashion capital has become increasingly linked to a city's domestic and international profile.[3] Fashion capitals are also likely be part of a wider design scene, with design schools, fashion magazines and a local market of affluent consumers.[3]
Often the term fashion capital is used to describe the cities that hold fashion weeks, most prominently Milan, Paris, London and New York,[4][5][6][7][8] to showcase their industry.[9][10] Also various other cities host notable fashion events and are influential in global fashion.[11]
History[edit]
Historically, several cities have been, in turn, fashion capitals. During the Renaissance era, different city-states in what would become modern-day Italy were Europe's main trendsetters,[12] due to the cultural power they exerted in that period of time; this includes cities such as Florence, Milan, Rome, Naples, Genoa, and Venice.
Progressing into the late-16th century, with influence of the English Royal Court, London became a major city in European fashion. Similarly, due to the power of Spain at the period, the Spanish court started to influence fashion, making it a major centre. In the 17th century, as the Renaissance started to fade away, with the power of the French court under Louis XIV, Paris established itself as Europe's main fashion centre.[13]
During the 19th century, with the powerful British Empire and a young Queen Victoria on the throne (from 1837), London once again became a major fashion leader.[14] However, it continued to look to Paris for stylistic inspiration, and the British 'father of haute couture' Charles Frederick Worth relocated to Paris in 1846 to perfect and then commercialise his craft, also holding the first fashion shows and launching the concept of fashion labels there.[15]
20th century and beyond[edit]
New York's Garment District, 1955
During the Golden Twenties, Berlin was considered the vanguard fashion capital.[16]
Throughout the 20th century – but particularly after World War II – New York City rose in stature as a fashion capital, challenging the dominance of Paris with a different approach, especially in its development and popularisation of sportswear as fashion during the 1940s and '50s.[17]
During the 1950s Italy rose in prominence again.[18] Florence re-emerged as a leading city in fashion,[19] although focus shifted to Milan from the 1970s on as leading design houses moved to the city.[20]
"Swinging London," Carnaby Street, c1966
In the 1980s, Tokyo claimed its place as a fashion capital with a new generation of avant-garde designers, including Issey Miyake or Rei Kawakubo of Comme des Garçons gaining worldwide attention, even if the fashion show were all in Paris. The fashion was radically different in both its use of textiles and in the way designers cut and draped.[21][22]
More recently, new fashion hubs have emerged worldwide, and the old order has faced challenges from all corners of the globe, including Africa, Australasia and South America.[23] Since 2007, Berlin has again been highlighted as an increasingly important centre for global fashion trends.[24][25]
A 2011 issue of Fashion Theory: Journal of Dress, Body and Culture explored the move away from the traditional dominance of five key cities (London, Milan, New York, Paris, Tokyo), with co-editor Lise Skov suggesting what she described as a "poly-centric" fashion industry developing in the 21st century.[17]
A 2010 Milan Fashion Week event
Annual fashion capital rankings[edit]
An annual ranking of the leading fashion capitals is produced by Global Language Monitor, a US-based company that tracks trends through language use worldwide. The 2017 top-sixty three fashion capitals, according to its rankings, are listed below.[26]
Current (2017)
City
Previous (2016)
Rank
1 New York City 2 1
2 Paris 1 1
3 Barcelona 7 4
4 Milan 6 2
5 Rome 5
6 London 3 3
7 Amsterdam 23 15
8 Berlin 8
9 Las Vegas 26 14
10 Dubai 17 7
11 Singapore 14 3
12 Hong Kong 12
13 Florence 11 2
14 Los Angeles 4 10
15 Madrid 9 6
16 Bali 40 24
17 Seoul 56 39
18 Prague 33 15
19 Rio de Janeiro 18 1
20 Buenos Aires 29 9
21 Washington, D.C. 54 33
22 Moscow 22
23 Tokyo 10 13
24 Santiago 43 19
25 Vienna 34 9
26 Shanghai 15 11
27 Mumbai 38 11
28 Melbourne 49 21
29 Stockholm 46 23
30 Bangkok 50 20
31 Warsaw 42 11
32 Copenhagen 36 4
33 San Francisco 37 4
34 Sydney 13 21
35 São Paulo 16 19
36 Antwerpen 25 11
37 Johannesburg 48 11
38 Dallas 20 18
39 Austin 45 6
40 Abu Dhabi Debut
41 St Petersburg 35 6
42 Cape Town 41 1
43 Mexico City 53 10
44 Portland, Oregon Debut
45 Frankfurt 51 6
46 Boston 24 18
47 Kuala Lumpur Debut
48 Johannesburg 37 11
49 Monaco 21 28
50 Montreal 47 3
51 New Delhi 39 12
52 Vancouver 52
53 Chicago, Illinois 27 26
54 Houston, Texas 30 24
55 Montreal 47 8
56 Dakar Debut
57 Beirut Debut
58 Kraków 44 14
59 Toronto 28 31
60 Lagos Debut
61 Columbus Debut
62 Accra Debut
63 Caracas Hiatus
Commentary from Global Language Monitor About the 2017 edition of its annual fashion capital rankings[edit]
The current 2017 rankings now include 63 fashion capitals. There are three new fashion capitals from West Africa: Accra, Ghana; Dakar, Senegal; and Lagos, Nigeria. There is one new fashion capital from East Asia: Kuala Lumpur. There is one new fashion capital from the Middle East: Beirut, Lebanon. Before the various insurgencies in the region, Beirut was known as the Paris of the Middle East. There are two new fashion capitals from North America: Portland, Oregon known for its ‘weird’ culture, much like Austin, Texas and Columbus, Ohio known in the fashion world as the manufacturing headquarters of Henri Bendel, Victoria’s Secret, the Bath & Body Works, Abercrombie & Fitch (A&F), and others.
Commentary from Global Language Monitor individual cities in the 2017 edition[edit]
No. 3 Barcelona — Moving into Big Four Territory is Big News by definition.
No. 4 Milano — Reclaiming its Big Four status; hmm, perhaps all that re-thinking and revamping just might be having an impact (we’ll see in 2018).
No. 6 London — Had a great run earlier in the decade, but not so great lately (If you consider the No. 6 spot not so great).
No. 7 Amsterdam — Moving up 15 spots is quite a move.
No. 9 Vegas — Back in the Top Ten, more evidence that the Red Carpet experience does indeed have an impact.
No. 10 Dubai — More evidence that billions of dollars Do, indeed, have an impact.
No. 17 Seoul — Finally making the move in Asia, not No. 1, but a respectable No. 3 regionally.
No. 21 Washington, DC — A move into respectability!?
No. 28 Melbourne and No. 34 Sydney — Trading Places
No. 44 Portland, OR — A very nice debut.
No. 47 Kuala Lumpur — Another solid debut.
No. 46 Boston, No. 48 Miami, No.53 Chicago, No. 54 Houston, and No. 59 Toronto — All down by twenty spots, or more.
No. 63 Caracas — On Hiatus due to Insurrection.
See also[edit]
Fashion week, for a partial list of cities with fashion weeks.
Fashion tourism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The big four fashion capitals of the world
Jump up ^ Gemperli, Natalia. "Fashion World Mapper: Your City on the Trend Radar". Master Thesis, University of the Arts Zürich. June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Florida, Richard (7 September 2012). "The World's Leading Cities for Fashion". The Atlantic Cities. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Lisa (22 September 2013). "Is there a future for Fashion Week?". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Bradford, Julie (2014). Fashion Journalism. Routledge. p. 129.
Jump up ^ Dillon, Susan (2011). The Fundamentals of Fashion Management. A&C Black. p. 115.
Jump up ^ Godart, Frédéric (2012). Unveiling Fashion: Business, Culture, and Identity in the Most Glamorous Industry. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 57.
Jump up ^ "The Big Four : Fashion Capitals of the World". Fashion Days. 5 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Big Four: Fashion capitals of the World". Fashion Days. 5 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Heyman, Stephen (1 October 2014). "The Figures Behind the Catwalk". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Top fashion weeks around the world". The Independent. 2 January 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Renaissance Fashion". Renaissance-spell.com. 9 May 2007. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
Jump up ^ Godart, Frédéric (2014), "The power structure of the fashion industry: Fashion capitals, globalization and creativity", International Journal of Fashion Studies, 1 (1): 39–57
Jump up ^ Johnstone, Lucy. "Corsets & Crinoline in Victorian Fashion". V&A. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ staff. "Worth". Vogue. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Schreiber, Mathias. "The Age of Excess: Berlin in the Golden Twenties". SPIEGEL. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fashioning the City: Exploring Fashion Cultures, Structures and Systems". Royal College of Art. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Fearon, Francesca (31 March 2014). "Exhibition at London's V&A Museum to chronicle rise of Italian Fashion". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "the birth of italian fashion". Gbgiorgini.it. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
Jump up ^ Bruzzi, Stella; et al. (2013). Fashion Cultures Revisited 2013. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 23.
Jump up ^ "Japan Fashion Now". 2010–11. Fashion Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Miyake, Kawakubo, and Yamamoto: Japanese Fashion in the Twentieth Century". Metrolopolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ staff (2 January 2011). "2011 top fashion weeks around the world: Paris, New York, Milan, Tokyo..." The Independent. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Staff. "Germany's fashion capital: the improbable rise of Berlin". 17 January 2012. Fashion United. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Scholz, Kay-Alexander (18 January 2012). "The Phoenix of Fashion Rises in Berlin". Die Welt. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "New York Bests Paris for 2017 Top Global Fashion Capital Title". Languagemonitor.com. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_capital&oldid=843404687"
Categories:
Fashion
City
History of fashion
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from September 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Español
Esperanto
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Português
ไทย
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 23:08.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

value: p

values: Edit section: Definition of a fashion capital

values:
/wiki/Renaissance_era
mw-redirect
Renaissance era

values: Edit section: Annual fashion capital rankings

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg

values:
/wiki/St_Petersburg
mw-redirect
St Petersburg

values:
/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois
mw-redirect
Chicago, Illinois

values:
/wiki/Houston,_Texas
mw-redirect
Houston, Texas

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:center

values: Edit section: Commentary from Global Language Monitor About the 2017 edition of its annual fashion capital rankings

values: Edit section: Commentary from Global Language Monitor individual cities in the 2017 edition

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Worth

values:
nofollow
external text
http://fitnyc.edu/8726.asp

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2015

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Fashion_capital
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: عاصمة موضة – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_mode
Kota mode – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: Престолнина на модата – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modestad
Modestad – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ファッションの都 – Japanese

values: เมืองหลวงแฟชั่น – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Fashion_capital rootpage-Fashion_capital skin-vector action-view


text:
English-speaking world
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Nations in which English is an official language (de facto or de jure). Anglosphere countries are a subset of those where English is the main native language.
Anglosphere
Official as majority language
Official as minority language
Co-official as majority language
Co-official as minority language
Unofficial[clarification needed]
Not official as majority language
Not official as minority language
Approximately 330 to 360 million people speak English as their first language.[1] The United States has the most native speakers at 258 million. Additionally, there are 60 million native English speakers in the United Kingdom, 19 million in Canada, 16.5 million in Australia, 4.8 million in Ireland, and 4.8 million in New Zealand. Other countries also use English as their primary and official languages.
English is the third largest language by number of native speakers, after Mandarin and Spanish.[2]
Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly, from 470 million to more than 1 billion. David Crystal calculates that, as of 2003, non-native speakers outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1.[3] When combining native and non-native speakers, English is the most widely spoken language worldwide.
Besides the major varieties of English, such as American English, British English, Canadian English, Australian English, Irish English, New Zealand English and their sub-varieties, countries such as South Africa, India, the Philippines, Jamaica and Nigeria also have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from English-based creole languages to Standard English.
Contents
1 Majority English-speaking countries
2 Countries where English is an official language
3 English as a global language
4 References
5 Bibliography
Majority English-speaking countries[edit]
Countries where English is spoken natively by the majority of the population.
Main articles: List of countries by English-speaking population and Anglosphere
There are six large countries with a majority of native English speakers that are sometimes grouped under the term Anglosphere. In numbers of English speakers they are: the United States (at least 231 million),[4] the United Kingdom (60 million),[5][6][7] Canada (at least 20 million),[8] Australia (at least 17 million),[9] Ireland (4.8 million) and New Zealand (4.8 million). [10]
Pie chart showing the percentage of native English speakers living in "inner circle" English-speaking countries. Native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second-language speakers of English (not counted in this chart[11]).
United States (64%)
United Kingdom (16.6%)
Canada (5.3%)
Australia (4.7%)
South Africa (1.3%)
Ireland (1.3%)
New Zealand (1.3%)
Other (5.5%)
English is also the primary natively spoken language in the countries and territories of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Guyana, the Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jersey, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
Other substantial communities of native speakers are found in South Africa (4.8 million)[12] and Nigeria (4 million, 5%).
Countries where English is an official language[edit]
Main article: List of territorial entities where English is an official language
In some countries where English is not the most spoken language, it is an official language; these countries include Botswana, Cameroon (co-official with French), the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Sudan, South Africa, South Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. There also are countries where in a part of the territory English became a co-official language, e.g. Colombia's San Andrés y Providencia and Nicaragua's Mosquito Coast. This was a result of the influence of British colonization in the area.
India has the largest number of second-language speakers of English (see Indian English); Crystal (2004) claims that, combining native and non-native speakers, India has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world. However, most scholars and research that has been conducted dispute his assertions.[13]
English is one of the eleven official languages that are given equal status in South Africa (South African English). It is also the official language in current dependent territories of Australia (Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Cocos Island) and of the United States (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico (in Puerto Rico, English is co-official with Spanish) and the US Virgin Islands),[14] and the former British colony of Hong Kong. (See List of countries where English is an official language for more details.)
Although the United States federal government has no official languages, English has been given official status by 32 of the 50 US state governments.[15][16] Although falling short of official status, English is also an important language in several former colonies and protectorates of the United Kingdom, such as Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cyprus and the United Arab Emirates.
English as a global language[edit]
See also: English in computing, International English, World Englishes, World language, and English as a second or foreign language
States and territories in which English is the first language of the majority of the population.
States and territories in which English is an official, but not the majority language.
Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a "world language", the lingua franca of the modern era,[17] and while it is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language.[18] It is, by international treaty, the official language for aeronautical[19] and maritime[20] communications. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations and many other international organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. It is also one of two co-official languages for astronauts (besides the Russian language) serving on board the International Space Station.[citation needed]
English is studied most often in the European Union, and the perception of the usefulness of foreign languages among Europeans is 67 percent in favour of English ahead of 17 percent for German and 16 percent for French (as of 2012). Among some of the non-English-speaking EU countries, the following percentages of the adult population claimed to be able to converse in English in 2012: 90 percent in the Netherlands, 89 percent in Malta, 86 percent in Sweden and Denmark, 73 percent in Cyprus and Austria, 70 percent in Finland, and over 50 percent in Greece, Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia, and Germany. In 2012, excluding native speakers, 38 percent of Europeans consider that they can speak English.[21]
Books, magazines, and newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world, and English is the most commonly used language in the sciences[17] with Science Citation Index reporting as early as 1997 that 95% of its articles were written in English, even though only half of them came from authors in English-speaking countries.
In publishing, English literature predominates considerably with 28 percent of all books published in the world [leclerc 2011] and 30 percent of web content in 2011 (down from 50 percent in 2000).[22]
This increasing use of the English language globally has had a large impact on many other languages, leading to language shift and even language death,[23] and to claims of linguistic imperialism. English itself has become more open to language shift as multiple regional varieties feed back into the language as a whole.[24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Crystal 2006, pp. 424–426.
Jump up ^ "Summary by language size". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Crystal, David (2003). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3.
Jump up ^ Ryan 2013, Table 1.
Jump up ^ Office for National Statistics 2013, Key Points.
Jump up ^ National Records of Scotland 2013.
Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 2012, Table KS207NI: Main Language.
Jump up ^ Statistics Canada 2014.
Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013.
Jump up ^ Statistics New Zealand 2014.
Jump up ^ Data are from national censuses conducted in 2010 or 2011 in the reported countries.
Jump up ^ Statistics South Africa 2012, Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number).
Jump up ^ Crystal 2004b.
Jump up ^ Nancy Morris (1995). Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 62. ISBN 0-275-95228-2.
Jump up ^ "U.S. English, Inc". U.S. English. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "U.S. English Chairman Applauds West Virginia Bill to Declare English the States Official Language". U.S. English. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b David Graddol (1997). "The Future of English?" (PDF). The British Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
Jump up ^ Crystal, David (2003a). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Lay summary (PDF) – Library of Congress (sample) (4 February 2015). Northrup, David (20 March 2013). How English Became the Global Language. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-30306-6. Retrieved 25 March 2015. Lay summary (25 March 2015).
Jump up ^ "ICAO Promotes Aviation Safety by Endorsing English Language Testing". International Civil Aviation Organization. 13 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases". International Maritime Organization. Archived from the original on 27 December 2003.
Jump up ^ European Commission (June 2012). Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages (PDF) (Report). Eurobarometer Special Surveys. Retrieved 12 February 2015. Lay summary (PDF) (27 March 2015).
Jump up ^ Northrup 2013.
Jump up ^ David Crystal (2000) Language Death, Preface; viii, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Jump up ^ Jambor, Paul Z. (April 2007). "English Language Imperialism: Points of View". Journal of English as an International Language. 2: 103–123.
Bibliography[edit]
Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 March 2013). "2011 Census QuickStats: Australia". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Bao, Z. (2006). "Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English". In Brown, Keith. Encyclopedia of language & linguistics. Elsevier. pp. 377–380. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04257-7. ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Lay summary (6 February 2015). – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
Crystal, David (19 November 2004b). "Subcontinent Raises Its Voice". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
Crystal, David (2006). "Chapter 9: English worldwide". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. A History of the English language. Cambridge University Press. pp. 420–439. ISBN 978-0-511-16893-2.
National Records of Scotland (26 September 2013). "Census 2011: Release 2A". Scotland's Census 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (11 December 2012). "Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012" (PDF). Statistics Bulletin. Table KS207NI: Main Language. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Office for National Statistics (4 March 2013). "Language in England and Wales, 2011". 2011 Census Analysis. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Ryan, Camille (August 2013). "Language Use in the United States: 2011" (PDF). American Community Survey Reports. p. 1. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Statistics Canada (22 August 2014). "Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Statistics New Zealand (April 2014). "2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity" (PDF). p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number). ISBN 9780621413885. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.
hide
v
t
e
Language speaker -phone terms
Anglophone
Arabophone
Germanophone
Francophone
Hispanophone
Lusophone
Russophone
Sinophone
Ukrainophone
English portal
Australia portal
Canada portal
New Zealand portal
South Africa portal
United Kingdom portal
United States portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English-speaking_world&oldid=851954651"
Categories:
English language
Country classifications
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017
Pages containing links to subscription-or-libraries content
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Galego
한국어
Ирон
ქართული
Magyar
日本語
Português
Русский
ไทย
Українська
中文
7 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 July 2018, at 17:22 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: span

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00d921; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #088a4b; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #16c46d; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #045fb4; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #5599ff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #f1ff59; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ffc34a; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ffffff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: List of languages by number of native speakers

values: List of languages by total number of speakers

values: List of dialects of the English language

values:
/wiki/Irish_English
mw-redirect
Irish English

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Majority English-speaking countries

values: Map highlighting countries where English is spoken natively by the majority of the population.

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FF0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: List of countries by English-speaking population

values: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 277.76068539151px; border-left-color:#000066

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#000066

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#000066

values: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 219.63310880999px; border-left-color:#009A49

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#009A49

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#009A49

values: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 179.22262277716px; border-left-color:#FCB514

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FCB514

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FCB514

values: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 149.15285830502px; border-left-color:#002B7F

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#002B7F

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#002B7F

values: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 81.674326987271px; border-left-color:#CC0000

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#CC0000

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#CC0000

values: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 36.713592501699px; border-left-color:#00247D

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#00247D

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#00247D

values: position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:77.051324277579px 63.742398974869px 0 0; border-top-color:#BB133E

values: position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#BB133E

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #BB133E; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00247D; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #CC0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #002B7F; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FCB514; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #009A49; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #000066; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:white; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: PieChartTemplate thumb tright thumbinner

values: Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

values: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

values: Edit section: Countries where English is an official language

values:
/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia
mw-redirect
San Andrés y Providencia

values: List of countries where English is an official language

values: Edit section: English as a global language

values: background-color:#004288; color:white; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#79c1ff; color:black; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.us-english.org/view/1028

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Geographical distribution of German speakers

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-or-libraries content

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/English-speaking_world
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: العالم الناطق بالإنجليزية – Arabic

values: Англафоны – Belarusian

values: کشورهای انگلیسی‌زبان – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: Англофонтæ – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values: ანგლოფონები – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Англофоны – Russian

values: โลกที่พูดภาษาอังกฤษ – Thai

values: Англофони – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-English-speaking_world rootpage-English-speaking_world skin-vector action-view


text:
Borders of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Strangely formatted text in sections below. Please help improve this article if you can. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Borders of India
India shares international land borders with six sovereign countries.
Contents
1 Land borders of India
2 Maritime borders of India
3 Designated crossings with ICP & LCS
3.1 Integrated Check Posts (ICP)
3.1.1 India–Bangladesh border
3.1.2 India-Bhutan border
3.1.3 India–Myanmar border
3.1.4 India-Nepal border
3.1.5 India–Pakistan border
3.2 Land Customs Stations (LCS)
3.2.1 India–Bangladesh border
3.2.2 India–Pakistan border
4 Border bazaars and haats
4.1 India–Myanmar border
4.2 India–Bangladesh border
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Land borders of India[edit]
Land Border Country
Length (km) and (mi) [1]
Force
Comments
Afghanistan 106 kilometres (66 mi)[2] N/A Pakistan Administered Kashmir border with Wakhan Corridor
Bhutan 600 kilometres (370 mi)[3] Sashastra Seema Bal
Myanmar 1,643 kilometres (1,021 mi) Assam Rifles and Indian Army
Nepal 1,758 kilometres (1,092 mi)[3] Sashastra Seema Bal
Pakistan 3,323 kilometres (2,065 mi) Border Security Force
China 3,380 kilometres (2,100 mi) Indo-Tibetan Border Police and Special Frontier Force
Bangladesh 4,097 kilometres (2,546 mi) Border Security Force India–Bangladesh enclaves exchanged
Sri Lanka 30 kilometres (19 mi) Indian Coast Guard On a Ram Sethu sand dune.
Maritime borders of India[edit]
Maritime borders of India are the maritime boundary recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea entails boundaries of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones. India, with its claim of 12 nautical mile territorial sea and 200 nautical miles exclusive economic zone, has more than 7000 km maritime border shared with 7 nations.
Land Border Country
Length (km) and (mi) [4]
Force
Comments
Bangladesh Indian Navy
Indonesia Indian Navy Indira Point
Myanmar Indian Navy Coco Islands
Pakistan Indian Navy Sir Creek
Thailand Indian Navy
Sri Lanka >400 kilometres (250 mi)[5] Indian Navy
Maldives Indian Navy
Designated crossings with ICP & LCS[edit]
The map of ICP and LCS.
Integrated Check Posts (ICP)[edit]
India has 7 functional ICPs, and plans are underway to upgrade 13 more LCS to ICP, including 7 at borders taking total of border ICP to 14, at the cost of ₹3,000 crore (US$420 million) (c. Oct 2017).[6][7] Designated Integrated Check Posts (ICP), with both customs and immigration facilities are:[8]
India–Bangladesh border[edit]
Assam
Karimganj-Gopalganj District, Bangladesh via Sutarkandi integrated checkpost crossing on NH37(India) and Sheola post (Sylhet division, Bangladesh), plan announced c. Oct 2017.[6]
Meghalaya
Shillong-Sylhet via Dawki ICP integrated checkpost crossing (Jaintia Hills, India) and Tambil post (Bangladesh). Dawki ICP foundation stone laid in January 2017 and will become operation in 2018.[9]
Mizoram
Kawarpuchiah/Kawripuichhuah, plan announced c. Oct 2017.[6]
Tripura
Agartala-Dhaka via Agartala integrated checkpost (India) and Akhaura checkpost crossing, already functional (c. 2017).[7]
Santirbazar-Feni via Santirbazar integrated border checkpost road and railway crossing in South Tripura district
West Bengal
Kolkata–Dhaka via Petrapole integrated checkpost crossing, already functional (c. 2017).[7]
Malda-Rajshahi via Mahadipur crossing
Changrabandha railway station
Hili, plan announced c. Oct 2017.[6]
Ghojadanga, plan announced c. Oct 2017.[6]
Mahadipur, plan announced c. Oct 2017.[6]
Fulbari, plan announced c. Oct 2017.[6]
India-Bhutan border[edit]
Jaigaon at Alipurduar district of West Bengal, plan approved c. 2016.[10]
India–Myanmar border[edit]
Moreh ICP, already operational.[11]
Zorinpui in Lawngtlai district, already operational in Oct 2017 for Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project.[11]
India-Nepal border[edit]
Jogbani, Bihar[10]
Raxaul, Bihar[10]
Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh[citation needed]
Rupaidiha, Uttar Pradesh[10]
Taulihawa-Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh[10]
Panitanki, Darjeeling district of West Bengal.[10]
India–Pakistan border[edit]
See also: Transport between India and Pakistan
Attari at Wagah in Punjab, already operational (2017) (see Samjhauta Express).
Munabao in Barmer district in Rajasthan (see Thar Express)
Land Customs Stations (LCS)[edit]
India–Bangladesh border[edit]
Designated Land Customs Stations (LCS) are (no immigration facilities):[12]
Assam
Mankachar Land Customs Stations (India) - Rowmari post (Natun Bandar, Rongpur division, Bangladesh)
Karimganj Steamer and Ferry Station (KSFS) (India) - Zakiganj post (Sylhet division, Bangladesh)
Guwahati Steamer Ghat (Dhubri district, India) -
Dhubri Steamer Ghat (Dhubri district, India) - Rowmati (Maymansingh division, Bangladesh)
Assam non-functional LCS are:
Mahisasan railway station (Karimganj district, India) - Shahbazpur (Sylhet division)
Golokganj (Dhubri district) - Sonahaat (Rongpur Division)
Silchar Railway Mail Service (India) - independent of border (no border, inland LCS)
West Bengal
Meghalaya
Baghmara (South Garo Hills, India) - Bijoyour post (Bangladesh)
Bholaganj (East Khasi Hills district) - Chatak (Sunamganj division)
Borsara Land Customs Stations (West Khasi Hills, India) - Borsara post (Bangladesh)
West Garo Hills - Bakshiganj via Mahendraganj crossing on NH12
Tura-Nalitabari via Dalu crossing on NH217 (West Garo Hills, India) and Nakugaon post (Bangladesh)
Shellabazar (West Khasi Hills district) - Sunamganj(Sylhet division)
Gasuapara (South Garo Hills district)- Karoitol (Mymansing division)
Meghalaya non-functional LCS are:
Ryngku (East Khasi Hills district) - Kalibari (Sonamganj division)
Balat (East Khasi Hills district) - Dolura (Sylhet division)
Tripura
Srimantapur (Sipahijala district) - Bibir Bazar (Comilla division), became operational in January 2016.[13]
Dhalaighat (Dhalai district) - Kumarghat (Sunamganj division)
Khowaighat (West Tripura district) - Balla (Habiganj division)
Manu (Dhalai district) - Chatlapur (Sylhet division )
Muhurighat (South Tripura district) - Belonia (Feni division )
Old Ragnabazar (North Tripura district) - Betul (Fultali) (Sylhet division)
Mizoram
Kawarpuchiah integrated checkpost, opened in Oct 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[14]
Non-functional LCS in Mizoram:
Demagiri (Lunglei district) - Rangamati (Sylhet division)
India–Pakistan border[edit]
Longewala in Jaisalmer district of Rajsthan
Border bazaars and haats[edit]
This proposed list of border bazaars and haats in varying stages of implementation, as suggested by State Governments to Ministry of External Affairs for setting up Border Haats.[15]
India–Myanmar border[edit]
As of April 2012, India and Myanmar have approved two locations – Pangsau Pass, Arunachal Pradesh and Somrai in Ukhrul District. These are likely to be finalised soon during a forthcoming visit of Hon’ble Prime Minister to Myanmar.[15]
Arunachal Pradesh Border Haats
Pangsau Pass (Nampong), Changlang - Pangsau, Kachin Province
Chingsa (Khimiyang Circle), Changlang - Langhong, Kachin Province
Makantong (Khimiyang Circle), Changlang - Ngaimong, Kachin Province
Wakka/Pongchao/Lazu - Tirap, Kachin Province
Manipur Border Haats
Kongkan Thana, Ukhrul - Aungci Suggested by State Government
New Somtal, Chandel - Thenjen, or Khampat
Behiang, Churachandpur - Khenman, or Chikha
Mizoram Border Haats
Hruitezawl, Lawngtlai - Varang
Hnahlan, Champhai - Darkhai
Vaphai, Champhai - Leilet
Chakhang, Saiha - Nviaphia
Nagaland Border Haats
Avakhung, Phek - Layshi are 32 km from each other
Pangsha, Tuensang - Lahe/Hkamti District HQ are 60 km from each other
Chemoho/Longwa, Mon - Lahe are 60 km from each other
Molhe, Phek - Pansat are 10 km from each other
India–Bangladesh border[edit]
Meghalaya
Kalaichar, West Garo Hills
Balat, West Khasi Hills
Mizoram
Marpara, Mamit - Longkor
Sillsury, Lunglei - Mahmuam
Tuipuibari, Mamit - Not provided
Nunsuri, Lunglei - Not provided
Tripura: Decision on Tripura Haats will be subsequent to the completion of agreement w.r.t. Meghalaya Haats.
Kamalasagar, West Tripura
Boxanagar
Bamutia
Srinagar, South Tripura
Ekimpur
Pal Basti (Raghna), North Tripura
Hiracherra (Kailasahar)
Kamalpur, Dhalai
See also[edit]
Look East policy
Look-East connectivity
Northeast India connectivity projects
References[edit]
Jump up ^ eJyoti Discovering facts, Information website
Jump up ^ The Times of India, News website
^ Jump up to: a b SSB to strengthen presence on India-Bhutan border, Times of India, 20 Dec 2017.
Jump up ^ eJyoti Discovering facts, Information website
Jump up ^ India-Sri Lanka fishing rights dispute
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g [1], Indian Express, Oct 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c 7 border ICP and total 13 ICP coming up
Jump up ^ http://www.mdoner.gov.in/node/1483 ICP of India]
Jump up ^ Dawki ICP foundation stone laid.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan border to have more ICP, Oct 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Times of India, 1 Oct 2o17.
Jump up ^ ICP and LCS
Jump up ^ Srimantapur LCS opens
Jump up ^ India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh
^ Jump up to: a b Border haats of India
Further reading[edit]
Orton, Anna (2010). India's Borderland Disputes: China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Epitome Books. ISBN 9789380297156.
External links[edit]
MDoNER Northeast India and SAARC Trade Assessment report
List of countries that have ratified Law of the Sea Conventions
show
v
t
e
Borders of India
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
China
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
show
v
t
e
Borders of Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with
limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and
other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
Book
Category
Asia portal
show
v
t
e
India topics
show
History
Overviews
Timeline
Years
Astronomy
Economics
Linguistics
Maritime
Mathematics
Metallurgy
Military
Postal
Science and technology
Pre-colonial
Stone Age
Indus Valley Civilization
Vedic period
Mahajanapadas
Mauryas
Middle kingdoms
Hoysala
Chola
Pala
Kakatiya
Delhi Sultanate
Vijayanagara
Mughals
Marathas
European trade
Colonial
Princely
East India Company
Plassey
1857 rebellion
British Raj
Railways
Economy
Army
Zamindari
Bengali renaissance
Political reforms
Princely states
Partition of Bengal
Independence movement
1943 famine
World War II
Partition
Republic
Integration
Non-Aligned Movement
Five-Year Plans
Sino-Indian War
Indo-Pakistani wars
Green Revolution
White Revolution
Naxal Insurgency
Smiling Buddha
Space programme
The Emergency
Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)
Economic liberalisation
Pokhran-II
show
Geography
Environment
Biosphere reserves
Climate
Climatic regions
Earthquakes
Ecoregions
Environmental issues
Fauna
Flora
Geology
National parks
Protected areas
Wildlife
sanctuaries
Landforms
Beaches
Desert
Extreme points
Glaciers
Islands
Lakes
Mountains
Plains
Indo-Gangetic
Eastern coastal
Western coastal
Rivers
Valleys
Volcanoes
Waterfalls
Regions
East
North
Northeast
South
West
Subdivisions
Autonomous administrative divisions
Cities
Districts
Municipalities
States and territories
show
Politics
Government
Agencies
Energy policy
Foreign relations
Parliament
President
Vice President
Prime Minister
Union Council of Ministers
Civil Services
Cabinet Secretary
State governments
Law
Chief Justice
Constitution
District Courts
Fundamental rights, principles and duties
High Courts
Human rights
Supreme Court
Enforcement
Federal
Border Security Force (BSF)
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
National Security Guard (NSG)
Railway Protection Force (RPF)
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
Special Protection Group (SPG)
Intelligence
Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
Enforcement Directorate
Intelligence Bureau (IB)
Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
National Investigation Agency (NIA)
Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)
Military
Army
Navy
Air Force
Politics
Censorship
Elections
Nationalism
Parliament
Lok Sabha
Rajya Sabha
Political parties
INC
BJP
BSP
CPI
CPM
NCP
Reservations
Scandals
Scheduled groups
Secularism
show
Economy
Companies
BSE SENSEX
CNX Nifty
Government-owned companies
List of companies
Governance
Ministry of Finance
Finance ministers
Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Commerce ministers
Finance Commission
Planning Commission
Economic Advisory Council
Central Statistical Office
Securities and Exchange Board of India
Enforcement Directorate
Foreign trade
Remittances
Taxation
Subsidies
Industrial licensing
Voluntary guidelines
NITI Aayog
Make in India
FDI in India
Currency
Indian rupee
History
Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee
Coinage
Reserve Bank of India
Governors
India Government Mint
Financial services
Banking
Banks
Insurance
Foreign exchange reserves
Bombay Stock Exchange
National Stock Exchange
Multi Commodity Exchange
Bullion
Black money
History
Economic Development
Economic liberalisation
Licence Raj
Green revolution
Government initiatives
Numbering system
People
Billionaires
Businesspeople
Demography
Income
Poverty
Labour law
Pensions
EPFO
NPS
PPF
States
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Sectors
Agriculture
Livestock
Fishing
Automotive
Defence
Construction
Education
Energy
Nuclear
Solar
Wind
Entertainment
Forestry
Gambling
Healthcare
Information technology
Media
Cinema
Television
Printing
Mining
Pharmaceuticals
Retail
Science and technology
Biotechnology
Telecommunications
Textiles
Tourism
Transport
Aviation
Civil
Ports
Rail
Utilities
Electricity
Water
show
Society
Culture
Society
Caste system
Corruption
Demographics
Women
Education
Universities in India
Medical colleges in India
Law colleges in India
Engineering colleges in India
Ethnic relations
Healthcare
Hospitals in India
Languages
Literacy
Poverty
Prisons
Religion
Socio-economic issues
Standard of living
Water supply and sanitation
Sexuality
Crime
Culture
Arts and entertainment
Architecture
Blogging
Cinema
Comics
Webcomics
Cuisine
wine
Dance
Dress
Folklore
Festivals
Literature
Media
television
Martial arts
Music
Public holidays
Sport
Indian cuisine portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borders_of_India&oldid=862326130"
Categories:
Borders of India
Hidden categories:
Articles needing cleanup from January 2018
All pages needing cleanup
Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2018
Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2018
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
भोजपुरी
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 October 2018, at 17:16 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Pakistan_Administered_Kashmir
mw-redirect
Pakistan Administered Kashmir

values: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

values:
/wiki/Contiguous_zone
mw-redirect
Contiguous zone

values:
/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zones
mw-redirect
Exclusive economic zones

values: Edit section: Designated crossings with ICP & LCS

values: Edit section: Integrated Check Posts (ICP)

values: Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Land Customs Stations (LCS)

values: -moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;

values: Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.mdoner.gov.in/node/1483

values:
/wiki/Times_of_India
mw-redirect
Times of India

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mdoner.gov.in/node/1485

values: Afghanistan–India border (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_border
mw-redirect
China–India border

values: India–Myanmar border (page does not exist)

values: India–Nepal border (page does not exist)

values: India–Sri Lanka border (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Borders of Afghanistan (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Armenia (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Bahrain (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Bangladesh (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Cambodia (page does not exist)

values: Borders of East Timor (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Indonesia (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Borders_of_Iran
mw-redirect
Borders of Iran

values: Borders of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)

values: Borders of North Korea (page does not exist)

values: Borders of South Korea (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Lebanon (page does not exist)

values: Borders of the Maldives (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Mongolia (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Myanmar (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Borders_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Borders of Pakistan

values: Borders of Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Singapore (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Tajikistan (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Thailand (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)

values: Borders of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Vietnam (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Abkhazia (page does not exist)

values: Borders of the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)

values: Borders of South Ossetia (page does not exist)

values: Borders of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Christmas Island (page does not exist)

values: Borders of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)

values: Borders of Hong Kong (page does not exist)

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
2
font-weight:bold;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent

values: History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent

values: Postage stamps and postal history of India

values: History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent

values:
/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization
mw-redirect
Indus Valley Civilization

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Eastern_coastal_plains
mw-redirect
Eastern coastal plains

values:
/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India
mw-redirect
List of regions of India

values: Autonomous administrative divisions of India

values:
/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_India
mw-redirect
List of cities and towns in India

values:
/wiki/List_of_Indian_agencies
mw-redirect
List of Indian agencies

values:
/wiki/District_Courts_of_India
mw-redirect
District Courts of India

values: Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India

values:
/wiki/List_of_High_Courts_of_India
mw-redirect
List of High Courts of India

values: Bureau of Police Research and Development

values: Category:Government-owned companies of India

values: Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)

values: Minister of Commerce and Industry (India)

values:
/wiki/Finance_Commission_of_India
mw-redirect
Finance Commission of India

values: National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business

values: Tables of historical exchange rates to the india rupee

values: List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India

values: List of Indian government initiatives focusing on economic development

values: Employees' Provident Fund Organisation of India

values:
/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme
mw-redirect
National Pension Scheme

values: Category:Economy of India by state or union territory

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Goa
mw-redirect
Economy of Goa

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir
mw-redirect
Economy of Jammu and Kashmir

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Manipur
mw-redirect
Economy of Manipur

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Nagaland
mw-redirect
Economy of Nagaland

values:
/wiki/Civil_Aviation_in_India
mw-redirect
Civil Aviation in India

values:
SocietyCulture
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/Socio-economic_issues_in_India
mw-redirect
Socio-economic issues in India

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from January 2018

values: Category:Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2018

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Borders_of_India
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: भारत के सीमा – Bhojpuri

values: بھارت کی سرحدیں – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Borders_of_India rootpage-Borders_of_India skin-vector action-view