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The Big Valley
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The Big Valley
Title card
Genre
Western
Created by
A.I. Bezzerides
Louis F. Edelman
Starring
Barbara Stanwyck
Richard Long
Lee Majors
Linda Evans
Peter Breck
Composer(s)
George Duning
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
112 (list of episodes)
Production
Running time
50 minutes
Production company(s)
Levy-Gardner-Laven Productions
Four Star Television
Margate
Release
Original network
ABC
Audio format
Monaural
Original release
September 15, 1965 (1965-09-15) – May 19, 1969 (1969-05-19)
Sierra Railway Engine #3 at the old Jamestown, California Depot, for the filming of the pilot episode of The Big Valley, 1965.
The Big Valley is an American Western television series which ran on ABC from September 15, 1965 to May 19, 1969, starring Barbara Stanwyck as the widow of a wealthy 19th-century California rancher and Richard Long, Lee Majors, Peter Breck and Linda Evans as her family. The series was created by A.I. Bezzerides and Louis F. Edelman and produced by Levy-Gardner-Laven for Four Star Television.
Contents
1 Historical setting
2 Characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Minor
3 Episodes
3.1 Season 1: 1965-66
3.2 Season 2: 1966-67
3.3 Season 3: 1967-68
3.4 Season 4: 1968-69
4 Guest stars
5 Popularity
6 Awards and nominations
7 Production notes
8 Crew
9 Adaptations
9.1 Comic book
9.2 Film
10 DVD releases
11 References
12 External links
Historical setting[edit]
The TV series was based loosely on the Hill Ranch, which was located at the western edge of Calaveras County, not far from Stockton.[1] The Hill Ranch existed from 1855 until 1931, included almost 30,000 acres; and the Mokelumne River ran through it.[1] The source is from an episode in which Heath is on trial in a ghost town with another man (played by Leslie Nielsen) and tells the judge how much land they have. Lawson Hill[2][3] ran the ranch until he was murdered in 1861. His wife Euphemia (aka "Auntie Hill")[4][5] then became the matriarch. During their marriage, they had four children, one daughter and three sons.[1] Today, the location of the ranch is covered by the waters of Camanche Reservoir. A California state historical marker standing at Camanche South Shore Park mentions the historic ranch.
In the first episode, titled "Palms of Glory", the grave of Thomas Barkley (1813–1870) is shown after it is commented that he fought the railroad six years ago. Later, in the same episode, Frank Braun reminds Nicholas, Jarrod, and Eugene Barkley about how "Six years ago, your daddy and mine fought and died for this" indicating the year is 1876.
The episode "The Odyssey of Jubal Tanner" gives conflicting information. Audra states that her father died six years ago which would per "Palms of Glory" would point to 1876, but Jubal seems to imply that he has been gone 30 years since his wife Margaret Tanner's death, her grave marker showing that she had died in 1854 which would put the year around 1884.
In the second season episode "Hide the Children", Nick Barkley makes reference that President Ulysses Simpson Grant is in the White House. Grant's term of office was from March 4, 1869 to March 4, 1877.
In the fourth and final season episode "They Called Her Delilah", the telegram Jarrod received from Julia dated April 27, 1878 can be seen on screen.[6] The later "The Long Ride" In season four episode , in which a friend of Audra Barkley was killed, a newly dug grave has a marker with the year 1878. Also in the fourth season episode "The Prize", Heath buries the wife of an outlaw, adding a grave marker dated May 5, 1878.
So while the majority of episodes that give dates point to the late 1870s there are irregularities preventing that being stated definitively.
In the episode "The Jonah" aired in 1968, the band at a town dance can be heard playing Johann Strauss II's "Emperor Waltz" or "Kaiser-Waltzer". The waltz was first performed in Berlin on 21 October 1889 which, by the time it would have reached the American West, would indicate a time period of 1890 or later. However since that seems to be much later than other historical references in the show, it may well have been a simple production mistake.
Characters[edit]
Main[edit]
The Big Valley main cast.
Left to right: Long, Majors, Evans, Stanwyck and Breck
L-R: Linda Evans, Barbara Stanwyck, Richard Long, Peter Breck, Lee Majors and Charles Briles (1965)
Victoria Barkley, portrayed by Barbara Stanwyck, was the widow of Thomas Barkley. She was the head of the wealthy, influential Barkley family who lived in 19th century Stockton in California's Central Valley. She was the main character of the series. Victoria Barkley was the owner and head of the Barkley ranch. In fact, Stanwyck's refusal to portray Barkley as fragile was controversial at the time. Barkley's husband Tom had been killed six years before the beginning of the series. Victoria Barkley loved and was proud of all her children, including her late husband's illegitimate son Heath, whom she would refer to as "my son". Stanwyck, who went from the refined, elegant lady of the manor to a jean-clad cowgirl as tough as any cowboy, appeared in the most episodes for a total of 103 of the 112 episodes. Her episodes often surprisingly were hard hitting, seeing her character either locked away in a lunatic asylum to prevent her testifying as eyewitness at a murder trial ("Down Shadow Street"), taken prisoner in a prison wagon to replace a dead female convict ("Four Days to Furnace Hill"), impersonating a thief in order to go undercover at a women's prison to report on conditions there ("Alias Nellie Handley"), or trapped underground following a cave-in ("Earthquake").
Jarrod Thomas Barkley, the eldest son, was a respected attorney at law. Richard Long played the role of the educated, refined and calmer of the Barkley sons who handled all of the family's legal and business affairs. While Jarrod, a skilled lawyer, preferred the law to settle disputes, he was known to resort to frontier justice and violence when necessary. He briefly was married in one episode ("Days of Wrath") only to see his new wife murdered with a bullet intended for him. An enraged Jarrod lost his calm and genteel mannerisms, then relentlessly tracked down the killer. He was in the midst of killing him with his bare hands before he was stopped by Nick and Heath. Jarrod was a veteran of the American Civil War. He served as a Cavalry officer in the Union Army. He commanded a cavalry troop of black soldiers as referenced in the episode "The Buffalo Man." Long appeared in 96 of the 112 episodes.
Nicholas "Nick" Jonathan Barkley, the hot-tempered younger son, was portrayed by Peter Breck. Nick managed the family ranch. He wore a black leather vest, large black hat and black leather gloves, and was distinguished by his brawling ways and loud demeanor. Nick had served as a soldier in combat in the Union Army during the Civil War as referenced in the episode "Forty Rifles." He always was ready for a fight, and at times would fight with his brothers as well. Underneath his gruff exterior, he was fun-loving, had a great sense of humor, was warm, caring and loved his family deeply. Breck appeared in 101 of the 112 episodes.
Audra Barkley, played by Linda Evans, was Victoria's only daughter. Audra was somewhat self-absorbed, bold and forward. Far from demure, she performed daring stunts and rode astride, like her brothers. Like Nick and Eugene, Audra initially was leery of Heath's story that he was her father's son. Early, she attempted to seduce Heath so as to expose him as a fraud, but was unsuccessful. As the series progressed, Audra and Heath formed a very close brother-and-sister bond. Audra also had a caring side as seen by her tending to children at the local orphanage. A few episodes dealt with her romances, and one notable episode was "My Son, My Son" in which Robert Walker Jr. guests as a suitor who proves to be mentally unstable. During the series' final two seasons, Evans' appearances were reduced because she wanted to spend more time with her husband John Derek. Evans appears in 82 of the 112 episodes.
Heath Barkley was the illegitimate son of Victoria's late husband, and he literally had to fight his way into the Barkley home. Lee Majors portrayed even-tempered but rough and tumble Heath, who was often angry and aggressive throughout the early episodes due to his belief that Tom Barkley had abandoned his real mother after she became pregnant as well as the resistance he initially received from some of his new siblings. In truth, Tom Barkley never knew about Heath as Heath's mother had never told him, and never told Heath until she was on her deathbed (as revealed in the third episode of Season One, "Boots with My Father's Name".) Heath gradually gained acceptance from the rest of the Barkley clan as the first season progressed until he became as much a "Barkley" as the rest of the family, and his love for them became equal. Heath came to call Victoria "Mother" when speaking to her directly and about her with his siblings. In the episode "Boots with My Father's Name", Heath told Victoria, "you know that there isn't anything that I wouldn't do for you," indicating how deeply he cared for Victoria. Although Nick initially was leery of Heath and felt he had to test Heath's mettle, Heath proved himself worthy of Nick's acceptance, and eventually Nick seemed to grow even closer to Heath than he was to Jarrod, perhaps in a sense due to Heath having more in common with him than did Jarrod. In "The Lost Treasure", the series' season-two premiere, one of a few episodes taken out of the show's initial syndication runs, Heath met Charlie Sawyer (comic Buddy Hackett in a rare dramatic turn), a con man who claimed to be his actual father (the final moments show him admitting he did romance Heath's mother, but left her years before she gave birth). In the same episode, Beah Richards returns as Hannah, the black quasi-nanny who helped raise Heath with his mother. Heath was a veteran of the Civil War as referenced in the episode "The Guilt of Matt Bentell." He served as a soldier in the Union Army in combat operations in New Mexico and was held as a prisoner of war for seven months by Confederate forces. Majors appeared in 95 of the 112 episodes.
In addition to the Barkley family members, the episode plots typically revolved around morally conflicted protagonists and antagonists, a common theme in the mythology of the American West in the 19th century.
Minor[edit]
The youngest Barkley son was Eugene, a medical student studying at Berkeley, played by Charles Briles. Like his older brothers, he was known to have a temper as seen in the Season 1 episode "Boots with My Father's Name". He was seen sporadically in eight first season episodes and then episode 21 on a return from college. Then he was drafted into the Army. Only once[citation needed] was his name ever mentioned again. Briles died June 12 2016 at age 70 of congestive heart failure.
More Barkley family lore: In one episode, when Victoria is absent, it is explained that she is visiting her unnamed sister in Denver. In the episode "Image of Yesterday", it is revealed she almost married a dreamer named David Wincup (Dan O'Herlihy) before settling with her husband.
Douglas Kennedy, formerly of Steve Donovan, Western Marshal appeared 23 times as Sheriff Fred Madden.
The regular cast was rounded out by Napoleon Whiting as Silas, the Barkleys' majordomo. In several episodes, his character showed the trauma of slavery ("Joshua Watson"), life for blacks post-Civil War ("The Buffalo Man"), and meaning in his own work for the family ("Miranda").
Episodes[edit]
Barbara Stanwyck, Michael Burns and Colleen Dewhurst in episode "A Day of Terror" (1966)
Episode In Silent Battle, Barbara Stanwyck and Adam West (1968)
Season 1: 1965-66[edit]
Ep
№
Title
Airdate
1 1 "Palms of Glory" September 15, 1965
2 2 "Forty Rifles" September 22, 1965
3 3 "Boots with My Father's Name" September 29, 1965
4 4 "Young Marauders" October 6, 1965
5 5 "The Odyssey of Jubal Tanner" October 13, 1965
6 6 "Heritage" October 20, 1965
7 7 "Winner Lose All" October 27, 1965
8 8 "My Son, My Son" November 3, 1965
9 9 "Earthquake!" November 10, 1965
10 10 "Murdered Party" November 17, 1965
11 11 "The Way to Kill a Killer" November 24, 1965
12 12 "Night of the Wolf" December 1, 1965
13 13 "The Guilt of Matt Bentell" December 8, 1965
14 14 "Brawlers" December 15, 1965
15 15 "Judgment in Heaven" December 22, 1965
16 16 "Invaders" December 29, 1965
17 17 "By Fires Unseen" January 5, 1966
18 18 "A Time to Kill" January 19, 1966
19 19 "Teacher of Outlaws" February 2, 1966
20 20 "Under a Dark Star" February 9, 1966
21 21 "Barbary Red" February 16, 1966
22 22 "Death Merchant" February 23, 1966
23 23 "Fallen Hawk" March 2, 1966
24 24 "Hazard" March 9, 1966
25 25 "Into the Widow's Web" March 23, 1966
26 26 "By Force and Violence" March 30, 1966
27 27 "River Monarch" April 6, 1966
28 28 "Midas Man" April 13, 1966
29 29 "Tunnel of Gold" April 20, 1966
30 30 "Last Train to the Fair" April 27, 1966
Season 2: 1966-67[edit]
Ep
№
Title
Airdate
1 31 "Lost Treasure" September 12, 1966
2 32 "Legend of a General (Part 1)" September 19, 1966
3 33 "Legend of a General (Part 2)" September 26, 1966
4 34 "Caesar's Wife" October 3, 1966
5 35 "Pursuit" October 10, 1966
6 36 "Martyr" October 17, 1966
7 37 "Target" October 31, 1966
8 38 "Velvet Trap" November 7, 1966
9 39 "Man from Nowhere" November 14, 1966
10 40 "The Great Safe Robbery" November 21, 1966
11 41 "The Iron Box" November 28, 1966
12 42 "Last Stage to Salt Flats" December 5, 1966
13 43 "Day of Terror" December 12, 1966
14 44 "Hide the Children" December 19, 1966
15 45 "Day of the Comet" December 26, 1966
16 46 "Wagonload of Dreams" January 2, 1967
17 47 "Image of Yesterday" January 9, 1967
18 48 "Boy into Man" January 16, 1967
19 49 "Down Shadow Street" January 23, 1967
20 50 "Stallion" January 30, 1967
21 51 "Haunted Gun" February 6, 1967
22 52 "Price of Victory" February 13, 1967
23 53 "Brother Love" February 20, 1967
24 54 "Court Martial" March 6, 1967
25 55 "Plunder" March 13, 1967
26 56 "Turn of a Card" March 20, 1967
27 57 "Showdown in Limbo" March 27, 1967
28 58 "The Lady of Mesa" April 3, 1967
29 59 "Days of Grace" April 17, 1967
30 60 "Cage of Eagles" April 24, 1967
Season 3: 1967-68[edit]
Ep
№
Title
Airdate
1 61 "Joaquin" September 11, 1967
2 62 "Ambush" September 18, 1967
3 63 "Flock of Trouble" September 25, 1967
4 64 "Time After Midnight" October 2, 1967
5 65 "Night in a Small Town" October 9, 1967
6 66 "Ladykiller" October 16, 1967
7 67 "Guilty" October 30, 1967
8 68 "The Disappearance" November 6, 1967
9 69 "A Noose Is Waiting" November 13, 1967
10 70 "Explosion (Part 1)" November 20, 1967
11 71 "Explosion (Part 2)" November 27, 1967
12 72 "Four Days to Furnace Hill" December 4, 1967
13 73 "Night of the Executioner" December 11, 1967
14 74 "Journey into Violence" December 18, 1967
15 75 "The Buffalo Man" December 25, 1967
16 76 "The Good Thieves" January 1, 1968
17 77 "Days of Wrath" January 8, 1968
18 78 "Miranda" January 15, 1968
19 79 "Shadow of a Giant" January 29, 1968
20 80 "Fall of a Hero" February 5, 1968
21 81 "The Emperor of Rice" February 12, 1968
22 82 "Rimfire" February 19, 1968
23 83 "Bounty on a Barkley" February 26, 1968
24 84 "The Devil's Masquerade" March 4, 1968
25 85 "Run of the Savage" March 11, 1968
26 86 "The Challenge" March 18, 1968
Season 4: 1968-69[edit]
Ep
№
Title
Airdate
1 87 "In Silent Battle" September 23, 1968
2 88 "They Called Her Delilah" September 30, 1968
3 89 "Presumed Dead" October 7, 1968
4 90 "Run of the Cat" October 21, 1968
5 91 "Deathtown" October 28, 1968
6 92 "The Jonah" November 11, 1968
7 93 "Hell Hath No Fury" November 18, 1968
8 94 "The Long Ride" November 25, 1968
9 95 "The Profit and the Lost" December 2, 1968
10 96 "A Stranger Everywhere" December 9, 1968
11 97 "The Prize" December 16, 1968
12 98 "Hunter's Moon" December 30, 1968
13 99 "Top of the Stairs" January 6, 1969
14 100 "Joshua Watson" January 20, 1969
15 101 "The Secret" January 27, 1969
16 102 "The 25 Graves of Midas" February 3, 1969
17 103 "Lightfoot" February 17, 1969
18 104 "Alias Nellie Handly" February 24, 1969
19 105 "Royal Road" March 3, 1969
20 106 "A Passage of Saints" March 10, 1969
21 107 "Battle of Mineral Springs" March 24, 1969
22 108 "The Other Face of Justice" March 31, 1969
23 109 "Town of No Exit" April 7, 1969
24 110 "Danger Road" April 21, 1969
25 111 "Flight from San Miguel" April 28, 1969
26 112 "Point and Counterpoint" May 19, 1969
Guest stars[edit]
The Big Valley was well known for its many guest stars. Among others:
Julie Adams
Jack Albertson
Claude Akins
Marty Allen
Chris Alcaide
John Anderson
Richard Anderson
Tige Andrews
R. G. Armstrong
Lew Ayres
Diane Baker
Joe Don Baker
Rayford Barnes
Anne Baxter
Alan Bergmann
Milton Berle
Karen Black
Antoinette Bower
Charles Bronson
Ellen Burstyn
Joseph Campanella
John Carradine
Judy Carne
Michael Burns
Conlan Carter
Jeanne Cooper
Kelly Corcoran
Noreen Corcoran
Walter Coy
Yvonne Craig
Johnny Crawford
Dennis Cross
Royal Dano
Quentin Dean
Yvonne DeCarlo
John Dehner
Bruce Dern
Colleen Dewhurst
Bradford Dillman
Richard Dreyfuss
Don Dubbins
Maurice Evans
Richard Farnsworth
Paul Fix
Robert Fuller
Vincent Gardenia
Sean Garrison
Arlene Golonka
Harold Gould
Robert Goulet
Lee Grant
Dabbs Greer
James Gregory
Charles Grodin
Buddy Hackett
Kevin Hagen
Julie Harris
Ron Howard
Dennis Hopper
Steve Ihnat
Anthony James
Russell Johnson
I. Stanford Jolley
L. Q. Jones
Robert Karnes
Dan Kemp
George Kennedy
Sajid Khan
Yaphet Kotto
Martin Landau
Cloris Leachman
Robert Loggia
Julie London
Lynn Loring
Carol Lynley
Mako
Flip Mark
Nora Marlowe
Frank Marth
Strother Martin
Gavin MacLeod
Frank McGrath
John Milford
Read Morgan
Leslie Nielsen
Kathleen Nolan
Dan O'Herlihy
Simon Oakland
Warren Oates
Susan Oliver
Gregg Palmer
Leslie Parrish
Regis Philbin
John M. Pickard
Eve Plumb
Chips Rafferty
Ford Rainey
Lou Rawls
Beah Richards
Pernell Roberts
Wayne Rogers
Katharine Ross
Jill St. John
Albert Salmi
William Shatner
Olan Soule
Harry Dean Stanton
Warren Stevens
Susan Strasberg
Dub Taylor
Malachi Throne
Harry Townes
Fritz Weaver
Adam West
Robert Walker Jr.
James Whitmore
Van Williams
Morgan Woodward
Anthony Zerbe
Popularity[edit]
Despite the series' popularity, the series' ratings never made the top 30 in the yearly ratings charts. The Big Valley was canceled in 1969 as the TV western craze began to fade and to make room for more modern series.[7] In Ella Smith's 1973 biography, "Starring Miss Barbara Stanwyck", Smith noted that The Big Valley had been cancelled by ABC mainly due to a poor time slot. In better times, the series had been enough of a hit to outlive various time slot rivals during its run (mainly on Monday nights at 10 p.m.), including The Jean Arthur Show, Run for Your Life and I Spy. According to Broadcasting magazine (September 27, 1965), its debut episode (actually Wednesday at 9 p.m., where the series aired for half-a-season) placed 39th in the Nielsen ratings for the week of September 13–19, 1965.
The Big Valley also was ranked as one of the top five favorite new shows in viewer TVQ polling (the others were Get Smart, I Dream of Jeannie, Lost in Space and F Troop). Early into its second season, The Big Valley was still a mid-range performer, placing 47th out of just 88 series during the week of October 28, 1966, which was higher than such shows as That Girl, Daniel Boone, Petticoat Junction and The Wild Wild West. Even so, The Big Valley was popular enough to warrant at least three TV Guide covers. It also acted as a launching pad for two projected spin-offs from special episodes. A 1968 episode guest starring Van Williams was meant to lead to a Rifleman-like series titled Rimfire. A March 1969 episode, The Royal Road, guest-starring heartthrob Sajid Khan as a young rogue, was also hoped to lead to a series. But by that year the rising popularity of CBS's The Carol Burnett Show — and vocal complaints by Joey Bishop, ABC's late-night talk show host, that the show's faltering ratings weren't helping to provide his program with a proper lead-in — ultimately led to the drama's demise. In syndication, The Big Valley would prove exceptionally popular in the United States, Europe and Latin America.
In the comedy film Airplane! (1980), the wacky air traffic controller Johnny, played by Stephen Stucker, paid homage to Big Valley's penchant for big drama in one of his many asides. After Lloyd Bridges' character frets about a pilot who cracked under pressure, Johnny says: "It happened to Barbara Stanwyck!" and "Nick, Heath, Jarrod – there's a fire in the barn!"[8] The Big Valley also has seeped into the darker cinematic subconscious. In Bug, an acclaimed 2006 thriller starring Ashley Judd and Michael Shannon as drug addicts, their characters spiral into a hallucination that leads them to imagine tiny bugs have invaded their dwelling, with one referring to the little critters as "matriarchal aphids" that act "like Barbara Stanwyck in Big Valley."[9]
Awards and nominations[edit]
In 1966, for her first season as Victoria Barkley, Barbara Stanwyck won the Emmy for lead actress in a drama series. She was nominated two more times (1967 and 1968) for her work in The Big Valley and earned three Golden Globe nominations as Best TV Star for the part as well (1966, 1967, 1968). And, on March 15, 1967, Stanwyck was named favorite TV actress at the Photoplay magazine awards, which aired as a special episode of The Merv Griffin Show (David Janssen of "The Fugitive" was named favorite TV actor). Richard Long helped present Stanwyck her Gold Medal at the event.
The Big Valley was also recognized during its run for its polished production. In 1966 and 1968, the American Cinema Editors (ACE) named Valley the year's Best Edited Television Program (for the episodes "40 Rifles" and "Disappearance", respectively).
Production notes[edit]
While The Big Valley is set primarily in and near the city of Stockton, the filming of the series took place in Southern California.
A bit of Hollywood history: Nick's girlfriend in "The River Monarch" wears an open weave/knit gray coat with red trim that was worn by Olivia deHavilland as Melanie Wilkes in the Atlanta train station Christmas scene in Gone with the Wind.
Stanwyck and Evans in character in one of the later seasons.
Crew[edit]
The theme music was composed by George Duning, who also scored the pilot and four episodes; Lalo Schifrin, Elmer Bernstein and Joseph Mullendore also scored episodes. Paul Henreid, of Casablanca fame, directed a number of episodes.
Wilfred M. Cline, A.S.C., Technicolor Associate Cinematographer on Gone with the Wind (1939), was director of photography of several Big Valley episodes, together with Chas E. Burke, A.S.C.
Adaptations[edit]
Comic book[edit]
Dell Comics published a short-lived comic book for six issues in 1966-69. (The last issue reprinted the first, and came out two years after issue #5). All issues had photo covers.
Film[edit]
Film columnist Patrick Goldstein reported in the Los Angeles Times in July 2009 that filmmakers Daniel Adams and Kate Edelman Johnson were producing a feature film version of The Big Valley with production to begin in April 2010 in New Mexico and Michigan.[10] In 2012, the aforementioned film version of The Big Valley, which was to have first starred Susan Sarandon and then Jessica Lange in the role of Victoria Barkley, was put on hold indefinitely after the film's would-be director, Daniel Adams, was indicted for fraud pertaining to two previous films and sued by investors in "Valley" who claimed foul as well.[11][12][13][14]
Several episodes of the original TV series have been combined into concurrent running feature-length TV movies, while the notable two part episodes: "Legend of a General" and "Explosion!" have also been made into feature-length TV movies. These have been issued as TV movies on DVD as a box set, along with seasons one and two.
DVD releases[edit]
20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the first season on DVD in Region 1 on May 16, 2006.[15] Season 2, Volume 1 was released on January 30, 2007.[15]
On January 8, 2014, it was announced that Timeless Media Group (TMG) had acquired the rights to the series.[16] They have subsequently released seasons 2 & 3 on DVD.[17][18] The fourth and final season was released on October 28, 2014.[19]
In Germany, all four seasons have been released as individual season sets, plus a complete four season box set in region 2 PAL format.
The series is currently being aired on #Talking Pictures TV. in UK Ch 81 (2018)
In the United States, the series is currently airing on MeTV and INSP, the Inspiration Network (2018)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c http://womenwest.blogspot.com/2012/09/euphemia-hill-rancher-of-calaveras.html
Jump up ^ Hugh Lawson White "Lawson" Hill (1826 - 1861) - Find A Grave
Jump up ^ Hugh Lawson Hill 1826-1849 - Ancestry
Jump up ^ Euphemia Ann "Ellen" Hill (1830 - 1910) - Find A Grave
Jump up ^ Euphemia Hill, born 1820 - Ancestry
Jump up ^ "They Called Her Delilah." aired Sept 30, 1968, second episode in the fourth and final season.
Jump up ^ Westerns on television
Jump up ^ "The Best of Johnny from Airplane! from AirplaneFan". Funnyordie.com. 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Jump up ^ Solomons, Jason (November 10, 2007). "Bug". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ "The Remake Watch: 'Big Valley' edition". Los Angeles Times. 2009-07-15. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Jay A. "Susan Sarandon eyeing 'Big Valley'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived June 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Movie Director Indicted in $4.7 Million Tax Rebate Fraud Case". The Hollywood Reporter. December 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Courthouse News Service". Courthousenews.com. 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Big Valley DVD news: Revised Artwork No Longer Worth $12 Million". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-30. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Jump up ^ A Long-Awaited (and Complete) 'Season 2' DVD Set is Coming! Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The Big Valley DVD news: Revised Box Art for The Big Valley - Season 2". TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2014-01-31. Archived from the original on 2014-07-30. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
Jump up ^ 'Season 3' is t Scheduled: Date, Cost, Package Art Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The 4th and 'Final Season' is Scheduled for DVD this Fall Archived 2014-08-10 at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Big Valley.
The Big Valley on IMDb
The Big Valley at TV.com
The Big Valley at epguides.com
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Concurring opinion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Legal and
judicial opinions
Majority opinion
Dissenting opinion
Plurality opinion
Concurring opinion
Memorandum opinion
Per curiam opinion
Seriatim opinion
v
t
e
In law, a concurring opinion is in certain legal systems a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons as the basis for his or her decision. When no absolute majority of the court can agree on the basis for deciding the case, the decision of the court may be contained in a number of concurring opinions, and the concurring opinion joined by the greatest number of judges is referred to as the plurality opinion.
As a practical matter, concurring opinions are slightly less useful to lawyers than majority opinions. Having failed to receive a majority of the court's votes, concurring opinions are not binding precedent and cannot be cited as such. But concurring opinions can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive precedent (assuming the point of law is one on which there is no binding precedent already in effect). The conflict in views between a majority opinion and a concurring opinion can assist a lawyer in understanding the points of law articulated in the majority opinion. Occasionally, a judge will use a concurring opinion to signal that he or she is open to certain types of test cases that would facilitate the development of a new legal rule, and in turn, such a concurring opinion may become more famous than the majority opinion in the same case. A well-known example of this phenomenon is Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. (1944).
Concurring opinions may be held by courts but not expressed: in many legal systems the court "speaks with one voice" and thus any concurring or dissenting opinions are not reported.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of concurring opinions
2 Concurring opinions by region
3 Terminology at the various courts
4 Notable concurring opinions
5 References
6 External links
Types of concurring opinions[edit]
There are several kinds of concurring opinion. A simple concurring opinion arises when a judge joins the decision of the court but has something to add. Concurring in judgment means that the judge agrees with the majority decision (the case's ultimate outcome in terms of who wins and who loses) but not with the reasoning of the majority opinion (why one side wins and the other loses).
Concurring opinions by region[edit]
In some courts, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the majority opinion may be broken down into numbered or lettered parts, and then concurring justices may state that they join some parts of the majority opinion, but not others, for the reasons given in their concurring opinion.[1] In other courts, such as the Supreme Court of California, the same justice may write a majority opinion and a separate concurring opinion to express additional reasons in support of the judgment (which are joined only by a minority).[2]
In some jurisdictions (e.g., California), the term may be abbreviated in certain contexts to conc. opn.
Terminology at the various courts[edit]
At the International Court of Justice, the term "separate opinion" is used and judges can also add declarations to the judgment.
The term concurring opinion is used at the Supreme Court of the United States.
The European Court of Human Rights uses the term concurring opinion and calls both concurring and dissenting opinions separate opinions. Judges very rarely add declarations to the judgment.[3]
Historically the Law Lords of the United Kingdom gave each an opinion of their own and no aggregated judgment was provided. However, the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom allows for such aggregated judgements, and it is theoretically possible for such concurring opinions to now arise.
Notable concurring opinions[edit]
Whitney v. California (1927), Justice Louis Brandeis+1, free speech, became precedent 50 years later in Brandenburg v. Ohio.
Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. (1944), Justice Roger Traynor, strict liability for manufacturers, became precedent 19 years later in Greenman v. Yuba Power.
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), Justice Robert H. Jackson, definitive test for the limits of Presidential power.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See, e.g., McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, 540 U.S. 93 (2003).
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Cheong v. Antablin, 16 Cal. 4th 1063 (1997). Justice Ming Chin's concurrence began with these words: "Obviously, I concur in the majority opinion I have authored. I write separately to state another reason to reject plaintiff's argument."
Jump up ^ According to Professor Frédéric Rolin, ECHR judges added declarations in only two cases: Papon v. France (25 July 2002) and Martinie v. France (12 April 2006) ("Note sous CEDH 12 avril 2006, Martinie c/ France", 18 April 2006 Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.)
External links[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concurring_opinion&oldid=817024619"
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Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Blenheim Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Origin
United Kingdom
hideTraits
Weight
13–18 lb (5.9–8.2 kg)
Height
12–13 inches (30–33 cm)
Colour
Blenheim, Black and Tan, Ruby, and Tri-Colour
Life span
Average 9 to 14 years[1]
hideClassification / standards
FCI
Group 9, Section 7 English Toy Spaniels #136 standard
AKC
Toy standard
ANKC
Group 1 (Toys) standard
CKC
Group 5 – Toys standard
KC (UK)
Toy standard
NZKC
Toy standard
UKC
Companion Breeds standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small spaniel classed as a toy dog by The Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club.[2] It originated in the United Kingdom and is one of the more popular breeds in many countries. Since 2000, it has grown in popularity in the United States and ranks as the 18th most popular pure-breed in the United States (2013 Registration Statistics).[2] It has a silky, smooth coat and commonly a smooth undocked tail. The breed standard recognises four colours: Blenheim (chestnut and white), Tricolour (black/white/tan), Black and Tan, and Ruby.[2] The breed is generally friendly, affectionate and good with both children and other animals; however, they require a lot of human interaction. Since they are a family dog, it is recommended to not leave them alone for long periods at a time. The expected average lifespan of a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is under ten years.[3]
The Cavalier King Charles changed dramatically in the late 17th century, when it was interbred with flat-nosed breeds. Until the 1920s, the Cavalier shared the same history as the smaller King Charles Spaniel. Breeders attempted to recreate what they considered to be the original configuration of the breed, a dog resembling Charles II's King Charles Spaniel of the Restoration. Various health issues affect this particular breed.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Divergence from King Charles Spaniel
2 Description
2.1 Colour
2.2 Popularity
3 Temperament
4 Health
4.1 Mitral valve disease
4.2 Syringomyelia
4.3 Episodic Falling (EF)
4.4 Thrombocytopenia and macrothrombocytopenia
4.5 Hip and knee disorders
4.6 Eye problems
4.7 Ear disorders
5 Urban legend
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel; lesser stop; skull not inclined to be domed with spot in centre of skull on the Blenheim. A white blaze between the eyes is standard of the Tricolour variety.
Correct Ruby Cavalier King Charles Spaniel; uniform chestnut colour, with no white markings; ears and slippers are often slightly lighter but dark chestnut colour should predominate
During the early part of the 18th century, John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, kept red and white King Charles type spaniels for hunting. The duke recorded that they were able to keep up with a trotting horse. His estate was named Blenheim in honour of his victory at the Battle of Blenheim. Because of this influence, the red and white variety of the King Charles Spaniel and thus the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel became known as the Blenheim.[4]
Attempts were made to recreate the original Cavalier King Charles Spaniel as early as the turn of the 20th century, using the now extinct Toy Trawler Spaniels. These attempts were documented by Judith Blunt-Lytton, 16th Baroness Wentworth, in the book "Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors Including the History And Management of Toy Spaniels, Pekingese, Japanese and Pomeranians" published under the name of the "Hon. Mrs Neville Lytton" in 1911.[5]
Divergence from King Charles Spaniel[edit]
In 1926, the American Roswell Eldridge offered a dog show class prize of twenty-five pounds each as a prize for the best male and females of "Blenheim Spaniels of the old type, as shown in pictures of Charles II of England's time, long face, no stop, flat skull, not inclined to be domed, with spot in centre of skull."[6] The breeders of the era were appalled, although several entered what they considered to be sub-par Cavalier King Charles Spaniels in the competition. Eldridge died before seeing his plan come to fruition, but several breeders believed in what he said and in 1928 the first Cavalier club was formed.[6] The first standard was created, based on a dog named "Ann's Son" owned by Mostyn Walker,[7] and the Kennel Club recognised the variety as "King Charles Spaniels, Cavalier type".[6]
The Second World War caused a drastic setback to the emerging breed, with the vast majority of breeding stock destroyed because of wartime hardship and food shortages. For instance, in the Ttiweh Cavalier Kennel, the population of sixty dogs dropped to three during the 1940s.[8] Following the war, just six dogs would survive as the new beginning from which all present-day Cavaliers descend.[6] These dogs were Ann's Son, his litter brother Wizbang Timothy, Carlo of Ttiweh, Duce of Braemore, Kobba of Kuranda and Aristide of Ttiweh.[9] The numbers increased gradually, and in 1945[10] the Kennel Club first recognised the breed in its own right as the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.[6]
The history of the breed in America is relatively recent. The first recorded Cavalier living in the United States was brought from the United Kingdom in 1956 by W. Lyon Brown, together with Elizabeth Spalding and other enthusiasts, she founded the Cavalier King Charles Club USA which continues to the present day. In 1994, the American Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club was created by a group of breeders to apply for recognition by the American Kennel Club. The Cavalier would go on to be recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1995,[2] and the ACKCSC became the parent club for Cavaliers.[11]
Description[edit]
Ruby Cavalier in the snow
Historically the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was a lap dog and is small for a spaniel, with fully grown adults comparable in size to adolescents of other larger spaniel breeds. Breed standards state that height of a Cavalier should be between 12 to 13 inches (30 to 33 cm) with a proportionate weight between 13 to 18 pounds (5.9 to 8.2 kg). The tail is usually not docked,[12] and the Cavalier should have a silky coat of moderate length. Standards state that it should be free from curl, although a slight wave is allowed. Feathering can grow on their ears, feet, legs and tail in adulthood. Standards require this be kept long, with the feathering on the feet a particularly important aspect of the breed's features.[12]
The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and the English Toy Spaniel can be often confused with each other. In the United Kingdom, the English Toy Spaniel is called the King Charles Spaniel while in the United States, one of the colours of the Toy Spaniel is known as King Charles. The two breeds share similar history and only diverged from each other about 100 years ago. There are several major differences between the two breeds, with the primary difference being the size. While the Cavalier weighs on average between 13 to 18 pounds (5.9 to 8.2 kg), the King Charles is smaller at 9 to 15 pounds (4.1 to 6.8 kg). In addition their facial features while similar, are different; the Cavalier's ears are set higher and its skull is flat while the King Charles's is domed. Finally the muzzle length of the Cavalier tends to be longer than that of its King Charles cousin.[6][13]
Colour[edit]
Tricolour Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Blenheim variety, with chestnut brown markings on a white background on its back, patches over eyes and all brown ears
The breed has four recognized colours. Cavaliers which have rich chestnut markings on a pearly white background are known as Blenheim in honour of Blenheim Palace, where John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, raised the predecessors to the Cavalier breed in this particular colour. In some dogs there is a chestnut spot in the middle of the forehead: this is called the "Blenheim" spot.[14] The Blenheim spot is also known as the mark of the "Duchess Thumb Print", based on the legend that Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough while awaiting news of her husband's safe return from the Battle of Blenheim, pressed the head of an expecting dam with her thumb, resulting in five puppies bearing the lucky mark after news that the battle had been won.[15] Black and Tan are dogs with black bodies with tan highlights, particularly eyebrows, cheeks, legs and beneath the tail.[16] Black and Tan is referred to as "King Charles" in the King Charles Spaniel.[6] Ruby Cavaliers should be entirely chestnut all over,[1] although some can have some white in their coats which is considered a fault under American Kennel Club conformation show rules.[17] The fourth colour is known as Tricolour, which is black and white with tan markings on cheeks, inside ears, on eyebrows, inside legs, and on underside of tail.[16] This colour is referred to as "Prince Charles" in the King Charles Spaniel.[6]
Rich chestnut markings on a white pearly coat
Black-and-tan Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Front and top view of Blenheim Spot
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel in the window
Portrait of a young female
Two Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Popularity[edit]
According to statistics released by The Kennel Club, Cavaliers were the sixth most popular dog in the United Kingdom in 2007 with 11,422 registrations in a single year. Labrador Retrievers were the most popular with 45,079 registrations in that year.[18] Their popularity is on the rise in America; in 1998 they were the 56th most popular breed but in both 2007 and 2008 they were the 25th most popular.[19] They ranked higher in some individual US cities in the 2008 statistics, being eighth in both Nashville and Minneapolis-St.Paul,[20] seventh in Boston, Atlanta[21] and Washington D.C.,[22] and sixth in both New York City[20] and San Francisco.[22] The breed's popularity has continued to grow, ranking in 18th place in 2013.[23] In 2009, the Cavalier was the fourth most popular breed in Australia with 3,196 registrations behind only Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherd Dogs and Staffordshire Bull Terriers.[24] In addition, there are also national breed clubs in Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Spain and Sweden.[25]
Temperament[edit]
Blenheim markings
The breed is highly affectionate, playful, extremely patient and eager to please. As such, dogs of the breed are good with children and other dogs.[2] Cavaliers are not shy about socialising with much larger dogs.[26] They will adapt quickly to almost any environment, family, and location and suit city and country life.[2] Their ability to bond with larger and smaller dogs makes them ideal in houses with more than one breed of dog as long as the other dog is trained. Cavaliers rank 44th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, being of average intelligence in working or obedience. Cavaliers are naturally curious and playful, but also enjoy simply cuddling up on a cushion or lap, making them excellent companion or lap dogs for medical patients and the elderly.[27]
Cavaliers are active and sporting. Cavaliers are successful in conformation shows, obedience and agility and they also make wonderful therapy dogs due to their sweet, gentle natures.[2] The breed is adaptable in their need for exercise, happy with either sleeping on the couch or taking long walks.[2]
The breed is well known for its loving temperament
They have an instinct to chase most things that move including vehicles on busy streets, and so most Cavaliers will never become "street-wise".[28] As they tend to regard all strangers as friends, members of the breed will usually not make good guard dogs. Spaniels have a strong hunting instinct and may endanger birds and small animals. However, owners have reported that through training their Cavaliers live happily with a variety of small animals including hamsters and gerbils.[29]
The Cavalier's coat requires weekly brushing, but no trimming.[2] However, some owners prefer to trim their Cavalier's long feathers and slippers which can become very dirty when walking or playing outside.
Health[edit]
Blenheim, Tricolour and Ruby
Black-and-tan Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Cavaliers can notably be prone to mitral valve disease, which leads to heart failure. This appears in many Cavaliers at some point in their lives and is the most common cause of death. Some serious genetic health problems, including early-onset mitral valve disease (MVD), the potentially severely painful syringomyelia (SM), hip dysplasia, luxating patellas, and certain vision and hearing disorders are health problems for this breed.[30] As today's Cavaliers all descend from only six dogs, any inheritable disease present in at least one of the original founding dogs can be passed on to a significant proportion of future generations. This is known as the founder effect and is the likely cause of the prevalence of MVD in the breed.[31] The health problems shared with this breed include mitral valve disease, luxating patella, and hereditary eye issues such as cataracts and retinal dysplasia.[32] Cavaliers are also affected by ear problems, a common health problem among spaniels of various types, and they can have such other general conditions as hip dysplasia, which are common across many types of dog breeds.
Mitral valve disease[edit]
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with bandaged paw
Further information: Mitral valve disease
Nearly all Cavaliers eventually have mitral valve disease, with heart murmurs which may progressively worsen, leading to heart failure. This condition is polygenic (affected by multiple genes), and therefore all lines of Cavaliers worldwide are susceptible. It is the leading cause of death in the breed. A survey by The Kennel Club of the United Kingdom showed that 42.8% of Cavalier deaths are cardiac related. The next most common causes are cancer (12.3%) and old age (12.2%).[33] The condition can begin to emerge at an early age and statistically may be expected to be present in more than half of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels by age 5. It is rare for a 10-year-old Cavalier not to have a heart murmur. While heart disease is common in dogs generally – one in 10 of all dogs will eventually have heart problems – mitral valve disease is generally (as in humans) a disease of old age. The "hinge" on the heart's mitral valve loosens and can gradually deteriorate, along with the valve's flaps, causing a heart murmur (as blood seeps through the valve between heartbeats) then congestive heart failure. The Cavalier is particularly susceptible to early-onset heart disease, which may be evident in dogs as young as one or two years of age.[34]
Veterinary geneticists and cardiologists have developed breeding guidelines to eliminate early-onset mitral valve disease in the breed, but it is unclear if a statistically significant number of breeders follow these guidelines.[35] The chairperson of the UK CKCS Club said in 2009: "There are many members who are still not prepared to health check their breeding stock, and of those who do, it would appear that many would not hesitate to breed from affected animals."[36] The MVD breeding protocol recommends that parents should be at least 2.5 years old and heart clear, and their parents (i.e., the puppy's grandparents) should be heart clear until age 5.[37]
Syringomyelia[edit]
Further information: Syringomyelia
Syringomyelia (SM) is a condition affecting the brain and spine, causing symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe pain and partial paralysis. It is caused by a malformation, commonly known as Chiari Malformation, in the lower back of the skull which reduces the space available to the brain, compressing it and often forcing it out (herniating it) through the opening into the spinal cord. This blocks the flow of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) around the brain and spine and increases the fluid's pressure, creating turbulence which in turn is believed to create fluid pockets, or syrinxes (hence the term syringomyelia), in the spinal cord. Syringomyelia is rare in most breeds but has become widespread in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, with international research samples in the past few years consistently showing over 90% of Cavaliers have the malformation, and that between 30–70% have syrinxes.[38] However, most dogs with syrinxes are not symptomatic. Although symptoms of syringomyelia can present at any age, they typically appear between six months and four years of age in 85% of symptomatic dogs, according to Clare Rusbridge, a research scientist. Symptoms include sensitivity around the head, neck, or shoulders, often indicated by a dog whimpering or frequently scratching at the area of his neck or shoulder. Scratching is often unilateral – restricted to one side of the body. Scratching motions are frequently performed without actually making physical contact with the body ("air scratching"). The scratching behavior appears involuntary and the dog frequently scratches while walking – without stopping – in a way that is very atypical of normal scratching ("bunny hopping"). Scratching typical of SM is usually worse when the dog is wearing a collar, is being walked on leash, or is excited, and first thing in the morning or at night.[39]
Not all dogs with SM show scratching behavior. Not all dogs who show scratching behavior appear to be in pain, though several leading researchers, including Dr Clare Rusbridge in the UK and Drs Curtis Dewey and Dominic Marino in the US, believe scratching in SM cavaliers is a sign of pain and discomfort and of existing neurological damage to the dorsal horn region of the spine. If onset is at an early age, a first sign may be scratching and/or rapidly appearing scoliosis. If the problem is severe, there is likely to be poor proprioception (awareness of body position), especially with regard to the forelimbs. Clumsiness and falling results from this problem. Progression is variable though the majority of dogs showing symptoms by age four tend to see progression of the condition.[39]
A veterinarian will rule out basic causes of scratching or discomfort such as ear mites, fleas, and allergies, and then, primary secretory otitis media (PSOM – glue ear), as well as spinal or limb injuries, before assuming that a Cavalier has SM. PSOM can present similar symptoms but is much easier and cheaper to treat.[40] Episodic Falling Syndrome can also present similar symptoms. An MRI scan is normally done to confirm diagnosis of SM (and also will reveal PSOM). If a veterinarian suspects SM he or she will recommend an MRI scan. Neurologists give scanned dogs a signed certificate noting its grade.[39]
Episodic Falling (EF)[edit]
Ruby Cavalier King Charles Spaniel puppy
Episodic Falling causes "exercise-induced paroxysmal hypertonicity" meaning that there is increased muscle tone in the dog and the muscles cannot relax. Previously thought to be a muscular disorder, it is now known to be neurological. EF is caused by a single recessive gene, and a genetic test is available.[41] Except for severe cases, episodes will be in response to exercise, excitement or similar exertions. Although EF is often misdiagnosed as epilepsy, which typically results in loss of consciousness, the dog remains conscious throughout the episode.[42] Severity of symptoms can range from mild, occasional falling to freezing to seizure-like episodes lasting hours. Episodes can become more or less severe as the dog gets older and there is no standard pattern to the attacks. The onset of symptoms usually occurs when a dog is between 4 months and 4 years of age.[41] It is similar to Scotty Cramp, a genetic disorder in Scottish Terriers.[43] About 1% of Cavaliers are affected by the condition, with 19% being carriers. Dogs with whole coloured coats were more likely to be affected than dogs with parti-coloured coats.[44]
Thrombocytopenia and macrothrombocytopenia[edit]
As many as half of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels may have a congenital blood disorder called idiopathic asymptomatic thrombocytopenia, an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood, according to recent studies in Denmark and the United States. Platelets, or thrombocytes, are disk-shaped blood elements which aid in blood clotting. Excessively low numbers are the most common cause of bleeding disorders in dogs. The platelets in the blood of many Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are a combination of those of normal size for dogs and others that are abnormally oversized, or macrothrombocytes. Macrothrombocytosis also is a congenital abnormality found in at least a third of CKCSs. These large platelets function normally, and the typical Cavalier does not appear to experience any health problems due to either the size or fewer numbers of its platelets.[45]
Hip and knee disorders[edit]
Hip dysplasia is a common genetic disease that affects Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. It is not present at birth but develops with age. Hip dysplasia is diagnosed by X-rays, but it is not usually evident in X-rays of Cavaliers until they mature. Even in adult spaniels with severe hip dysplasia, X-rays may not always indicate the disease.[46] In a series of evaluations by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, the Cavalier was ranked 78th worst out of 157 breeds. The worst affected breeds were the Bulldog, Pug and Dogue de Bordeaux.[47]
Cavaliers can be subject to a genetic defect of the femur and knee called luxating patella. This condition is most often observed when a puppy is 4 to 6 months old. In the most serious cases, surgery may be indicated. The grading system for the patella runs from 1 (a tight knee), to 4 (a knee so loose that its cap is easily displaced). If a cavalier has a grade 1–2, physical rehabilitation therapy and exercise may reduce the grading and potentially avoid surgery. The grades 3–4 are most severe where surgery will most likely be needed to correct the problem to avoid the development of arthritis and lameness in the limb.[48]
Eye problems[edit]
A disorder commonly found in Cavaliers is keratoconjunctivitis sicca, colloquially known as "dry eye". The usual cause of this condition is an autoimmune reaction against the dog's lacrimal gland (tear gland), reducing the production of tears. According to the Canine Inherited Disorders Database, the condition requires continual treatment and if untreated may result in partial or total blindness.[49] This disorder can decrease or heal over time.[50]
A 1999 study of Cavaliers conducted by the Canine Eye Registration Foundation showed that an average of 30% of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels evaluated had eye problems.[51] They include hereditary cataracts, corneal dystrophy, distichiasis, entropion, microphthalmia, progressive retinal atrophy, and retinal dysplasia.[52]
Ear disorders[edit]
Primary Secretory Otitis Media (PSOM), also known as glue ear, consists of a highly viscous mucus plug which fills the dog's middle ear and may cause the tympanic membrane to bulge. PSOM has been reported almost exclusively in Cavaliers, and it may affect over half of them. Because the pain and other sensations in the head and neck areas, resulting from PSOM, are similar to some symptoms caused by syringomyelia (SM), some examining veterinarians have mis-diagnosed SM in Cavaliers which actually have PSOM and not SM.[53]
Cavalier King Charles Spaniels may be predisposed to a form of congenital deafness, which is present at birth, due to a lack of formation or early degeneration of receptors in the inner ear, although this is relatively rare. In addition, more recent studies have found Cavaliers that develop a progressive hearing loss, which usually begins during puppyhood and progresses until the dog is completely deaf, usually between the ages of three and five years. The progressive nature of this form of deafness in Cavaliers is believed to be caused by degeneration of the hearing nerve rather than the lack of formation or early degeneration of the inner ear receptors.[54]
Urban legend[edit]
An urban legend claims that Charles II issued a special decree granting King Charles Spaniels permission to enter any establishment in the UK,[55][56] overriding "no dog except guide dogs" rules. A variant of this myth relates specifically to the Houses of Parliament.[57][58] This myth is sometimes instead applied to the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.[59]
The UK Parliament website states: "Contrary to popular rumour, there is no Act of Parliament referring to King Charles spaniels being allowed anywhere in the Palace of Westminster. We are often asked this question and have thoroughly researched it."[57] Similarly, there is no proof of any such law covering the wider UK. A spokesman for the Kennel Club said: "This law has been quoted from time to time. It is alleged in books that King Charles made this decree but our research hasn't tracked it down."[55]
See also[edit]
Companion dog
Companion Dog Group
Toy Group
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Lambert (2008): p. 16
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Get to Know the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel", 'The American Kennel Club', Retrieved 20 May 2014
Jump up ^ D G O'Neill; D B Church; P D McGreevy; P C Thomson; D C Brodbelt (2013). "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England". The Veterinary Journal. Veterinary Journal;2013;189(3):638-643. 198 (3): 638–643. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Moffat (2006): p. 19
Jump up ^ Lytton, Mrs. Neville (1911). Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors Including the History And Management of Toy Spaniels, Pekingese, Japanese and Pomeranians. London, England: Duckworth & Co. pp. 81–82. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Coile (2008): p. 9
Jump up ^ Moffat (2006): p. 22
Jump up ^ "A Potted History". The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club. 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "History". The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club of BC. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Kennel Club". Retrieved 26 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Moffat (2006): p. 23
^ Jump up to: a b "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierKingCharlesSpanielClub.co.za. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Dog Breed Information". American Kennel Club.
Jump up ^ Lambert (2008): p. 14
Jump up ^ "The Legendary Blenheim Spot". Charming Cache Cavaliers. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Lambert (2008): p. 15
Jump up ^ "AKC MEET THE BREEDS: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "2007 Top 20 Breed Registrations". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top 10 Most Popular Breeds in the 50 Largest U.S. Cities Page 3". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Most Popular Breeds in the 50 Largest U.S. Cities Page 1". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top 10 Most Popular Breeds in the 50 Largest U.S. Cities Page 5". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
Jump up ^ American Kennel Club 2013 Dog Registration Statistics Historical Comparisons & Notable Trends, The American Kennel Club, Retrieved 30 April 2014
Jump up ^ "ANKC: National Animal Registration Analysis". Australian National Kennel Club. Retrieved 5 April 2010. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Overseas Cavalier Clubs". The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club. 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Training and Cavalier Dog Breed Info". Puppy-Training-at-Home.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cavalier King Charles Spaniels". TerrificPets.com. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "General Information". Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club – USA. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cavalier FAQ". Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club – USA. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Alex., Gough (2010). Breed predispositions to disease in dogs and cats. Thomas, Alison, 1964- (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405180788. OCLC 467711662.
Jump up ^ Coile (2008): p. 69
Jump up ^ "Breed Profile: The English Toy Spaniel or King Charles Spaniel". English Toy Spaniel Club of America. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Summary Results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for Cavalier King Charles Spaniels" (PDF). Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee Summary results. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Mitral Valve Disease and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Mitral Valve Disease Breeding Protocol for the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Wedderburn, Pete (27 March 2009). "Dog breeders in denial". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Important Findings At CKCSC, USA'S Heart Symposium" (PDF). Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Syringomyelia (SM) and the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rusbridge, Clare (2007). Chiari-Like Malformation and Syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (PhD thesis). Utrecht University. ISBN 978-90-393-4456-9. OCLC 123300926. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Primary Secretory Otitis Media (PSOM) in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Gill, Jennifer L.; Tsai, Kate L.; Krey, Christa; Noorai, Rooksana E.; Vanbellinghen, Jean-François; Garosi, Laurent S.; Shelton, G. Diane; Clark, Leigh Anne; Harvey, Robert J. (January 2012). "A canine BCAN microdeletion associated with episodic falling syndrome". Neurobiology of Disease. 45 (1): 130–136. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2011.07.014.
Jump up ^ "Episodic Falling Syndrome (Muscle Hypertonicity): Cavaliers Collapse Suddenly After Exercise". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Slatter, Douglas H. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery (3rd ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. p. 1094. ISBN 978-0-7216-8607-3.
Jump up ^ "Frequency of two disease-associated mutations in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels" (PDF). Animal Health Trust. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Blood Platelets in Cavaliers: Too Few (Thrombocytopenia) and Too Large (Macrothrombocytopenia)". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hip Dysplasia in Cavaliers: Painful and Expensive". Cavalier Health.org. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hip Dysplasia Statistics". Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Patellar Luxation in Cavaliers: Genetic and Degenerative". Cavalier Health.org. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dry Eye Syndrome: A Life-Long Irritating Defect for Cavaliers". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)?". Canine Inherited Disorders Database. 11 May 2000. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Wheeler, Cynthia A. (1999). Ocular Disorders Presumed to be Inherited in Purebred Dogs. American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. ISBN 0-9635163-2-9.
Jump up ^ "Corneal Dystrophy and the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Primary Secretory Otitis Media (PSOM) in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Deafness in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels can be Congenital or Progressive". CavalierHealth.org. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Shops centre ban for 'royal' dog". Manchester Evening News (Jan 2007). Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "King Charles and a point of law". Dogcast Radio.
^ Jump up to: a b "I want the act saying that King Charles spaniels have special rights in the Houses of Parliament". Parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Feeding your small breed puppy". Kennel Club.
Jump up ^ "The Cavalier". Buchlyvie chapter No 513 Order of The Eastern Star.
References[edit]
"AKC MEET THE BREEDS: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
"AKC Dog Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
"A Potted History". The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club. 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
"Cavalier King Charles Spaniel". CavalierKingCharlesSpanielClub.co.za. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
Coile, D. Caroline (2008). Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (2nd ed.). Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-7641-3771-6.
"Cavalier King Charles Spaniels". Blenheim Company. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
Dupre, Malcolm. "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel History". Barkbytes.com. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
Lambert, Cathy (2008). Getting to Know Cavaliers. AnimalInfo Publications. ISBN 978-1-921537-13-4.
"2007 Top 20 Breed Registrations". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
Lytton, Mrs. Neville (1911). Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors Including the History And Management of Toy Spaniels, Pekingese, Japanese and Pomeranians. London, England: Duckworth & Co. pp. 81–82. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
Moffat, Norma (2006). Cavalier King Charles Spaniel: Your Happy Healthy Pet (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-74823-4.
Wheeler, Cynthia A. (1999). Ocular Disorders Presumed to be Inherited in Purebred Dogs. American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. ISBN 0-9635163-2-9.
Youatt, William (1852). The Dog. Blanchard and Lea.
External links[edit]
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values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

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values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Кавалер Кинг Чарлз шпаньол – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Cavalier King Charlesi spanjel – Estonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
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values: Κάβαλιερ Κινγκ Τσαρλς Σπάνιελ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
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values: 카발리에 킹 찰스 스패니얼 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
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values: קבליר קינג צ'ארלס ספנייל – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
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values: Kavaliera karaļa Čārlza spaniels – Latvian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values: Cavalier King Charles spániel – Hungarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Кавалерски шпаниел на кралот Чарлс – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
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values: キャバリア・キング・チャールズ・スパニエル – Japanese

values: Cavalier king charles spaniel – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
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values: کیویلیر کنگ چارلس سپینیل – Western Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
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values: Cavalier king charles spaniel – Portuguese

values: Кавалер-кинг-чарльз-спаниель – Russian

values: Cavalier King Charles spaniel – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
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values: Кавалирски шпанијел краља Чарлса – Serbian

values:
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interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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values: แควาเลียร์คิงชาลส์สแปเนียล – Thai

values:
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values: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel – Vietnamese

values:
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