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2018 Commonwealth Games
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XXI Commonwealth Games
Logo of 2018 Commonwealth Games
Host city
Gold Coast, Queensland
Country
Australia
Motto
Share the Dream
Nations participating
71 Commonwealth Teams
Athletes participating
4,426
Events
275 in 19 sports
Opening ceremony
4 April
Closing ceremony
15 April
Officially opened by
Charles, Prince of Wales
Officially closed by
Edward, Earl of Wessex
Athlete's Oath
Karen Murphy
Queen's Baton Final Runner
Sally Pearson
Main venue
Carrara Stadium
Website
GC2018.com
< XX
XXII >
Part of a series on
2018 Commonwealth Games[show]
Bids
Venues (Athletes' Village)
Concerns and controversies
Queen's Baton Relay
Opening ceremony (Parade of Nations)
Participating teams
Medal table
Chronological summary
Closing ceremony
Mascot
CGF
CGA
v
t
e
The 2018 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Gold Coast 2018, were an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that were held on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, between 4 and 15 April 2018. It was the fifth time Australia had hosted the Commonwealth Games and the first time a major multi-sport event achieved gender equality by having an equal number of events for males and female athletes.[1]
More than 4,400 athletes including 300 para-athletes from 71 Commonwealth Games Associations took part in the event.[2] The Gambia which withdrew its membership from the Commonwealth of Nations and Commonwealth Games Federation in 2013, was readmitted on 31 March 2018 and participated in the event .[3] With 275 sets of medals, the games featured 19 Commonwealth sports, including beach volleyball, para triathlon and women’s rugby sevens. These sporting events took place at 14 venues in the host city, two venues in Brisbane and one venue each in Cairns and Townsville.[4]
These were the first Commonwealth Games to take place under the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) presidency of Louise Martin, CBE.[5] The host city Gold Coast was announced at the CGF General Assembly in Basseterre, Saint Kitts, on 11 November 2011.[6] Gold Coast became the seventh Oceanian city and the first regional city to host the Commonwealth Games. These were the eighth games to be held in Oceania and the Southern Hemisphere.
The host nation Australia topped the medal table for the fourth time in the past five Commonwealth Games, winning the most golds (80) and most medals overall (198). England and India finished second and third respectively.[7] Vanuatu, Cook Islands, Solomon Islands, British Virgin Islands and Dominica each won their first Commonwealth Games medals.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Host selection
2 Administration
3 Preparation
3.1 Venues
3.1.1 Venues in Gold Coast
3.1.2 Venues outside Gold Coast
3.2 Financing
3.3 Medals
3.4 Athletes village
3.5 Queen's baton relay
3.6 Transport
3.7 Anti-doping
3.8 Sustainability
4 Participating teams
4.1 Number of athletes by team
5 Calendar
6 Sports
7 Opening ceremony
7.1 Parade of Nations
8 Closing ceremony
9 Medal table
10 Broadcasting
11 Marketing
11.1 Motto
11.2 Emblem
11.3 Mascot
11.4 Sponsors
11.5 Official song
12 Concerns and controversies
12.1 Missing athletes
12.2 Criticism of the closing ceremony
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Host selection[edit]
Main article: Bids for the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Countdown clock at Surfers Paradise
On 22 August 2008, the Premier of Queensland, Anna Bligh, officially launched Gold Coast City's bid to host the Commonwealth Games in 2018. On 7 April 2009, the ABC reported a land exchange deal between Gold Coast City and State of Queensland for Carrara Stadium. According to Mayor Ron Clarke, the land would aid a potential bid for the 2018 Commonwealth Games. The land exchanged would be used as the site of an aquatics centre. In the same article, Mayor Clarke raised the question of the Australian Federal Government's commitment to a 2018 Commonwealth Games bid in light of the Government's support for Australia's 2018 FIFA World Cup Finals bid.[9] On 16 April 2009, Queensland Premier Anna Bligh told reporters that a successful Commonwealth Games bid by Gold Coast City could help the tourist strip win a role in hosting the World Cup.[10]
"Some of the infrastructure that would be built for the Commonwealth Games will be useful for Gold Coast City to get a World Cup game out of the soccer World Cup if we're successful as a nation," she said. However the decision on the venues for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups were made eleven months prior to the bid decision for the 2018 Commonwealth Games, so the potential World Cup venues had already been chosen. On 3 June 2009, Gold Coast City was confirmed as Australia's exclusive bidder vying for the 2018 Commonwealth Games.[11] "Should a bid proceed, Gold Coast City will have the exclusive Australian rights to bid as host city for 2018," Bligh stated.
"Recently I met with the president and CEO of the Australian Commonwealth Games Association and we agreed to commission a full and comprehensive feasibility study into the potential for the 2018 Commonwealth Games," she said. "Under the stewardship of Queensland Events new chair, Geoff Dixon, that study is now well advanced." On 15 March 2010, it was announced that the Queensland Government will provide initial funding of A$11 million for the 2018 Commonwealth Games bid. The Premier of Queensland has indicated the Government's support for the bid to the Australian Commonwealth Games Association.[12] On 31 March 2010, the Australian Commonwealth Games Association officially launched the bid to host the 2018 Commonwealth Games.[13] In October 2011, Gold Coast City Mayor Ron Clarke stated that the games would provide a strong legacy for the city after the games have ended.[14]
On 31 March 2010, a surprise bid was made for the 2018 Commonwealth Games by the Sri Lankan city of Hambantota. Hambantota was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, and is undergoing a major face lift. The first phase of the Port of Hambantota is nearing completion and it is funded by the government of China. The Mattala International Airport, which is the second international Airport of Sri Lanka is built close to Hambantota. A new Hambantota International Cricket Stadium had also been built, which had hosted matches in the 2011 Cricket World Cup.
On 10 November 2011, the Hambantota bidders claimed they had already secured enough votes to win the hosting rights.[15] However, on 11 November it was officially announced Gold Coast City had won the rights to host the games.[16][17]
2018 Commonwealth Games bidding results
City
Country
Votes
Gold Coast City Australia 43
Hambantota Sri Lanka 27
Administration[edit]
The event was overseen by the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation (GOLDOC). The GOLDOC was formed in 2012 by the Government of Queensland.[18] Its headquarters were located in Ashmore, a suburban region of Gold Coast.[19] In February 2012, Mark Peters was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the GOLDOC.[20] The Queensland Government Minister tasked with overseeing the Games was Kate Jones.[21]
Preparation[edit]
Venues[edit]
Main article: Venues of the 2018 Commonwealth Games
One of the key technical aspects of Gold Coast City's successful bid was the fact that the city had 80 percent of the planned venues in place before the bidding deadline. The vast majority of venues were located within 20-minutes driving time of the Athletes Village in Parkwood.
Venues in Gold Coast[edit]
Carrara Stadium hosted the ceremonies and the athletics
Carrara Stadium, located in the suburb of Carrara, was the main venue for Athletics, the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony. The seating capacity of the stadium was temporarily increased to 40,000 for the games by the installation of a large temporary North Stand.[22]
Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre hosted netball and the accredited media centre
The Gold Coast City Convention and Exhibition Centre, located in the suburb of Broadbeach, hosted Basketball, Netball (preliminaries) and Weightlifting events, also serving as the Main Media Centre and International Broadcast centre hosting over 3000 members of the worlds press.[23] The Broadbeach Bowls Club hosted the Bowls competition.[24]
The Hinze Dam, located in the suburb of Advancetown, was the location for the Mountain Bike competition. A new course was constructed to meet international competition requirements and temporary spectator seating for 2,000 spectators.
The newly built Coomera Sport and Leisure Centre hosted Gymnastics and Netball (finals).[25] The existing sound stages of the Village Roadshow Studios complex in the suburb of Oxenford hosted the sports of Boxing, Table Tennis and Squash.[26] During Games mode the venue was enhanced to provide for the International Sporting Federation technical venue requirements and provide spectator seating of 3,000 (boxing) and 3,200 (table tennis). The Gold Coast Hockey Centre hosted the men's and women's Hockey events during the games.[27] The Southport Broadwater Parklands hosted Triathlon and athletic events.[28] The Optus aquatic centre hosted the swimming and diving events.[29]
Robina Stadium hosted the Rugby 7s competition and upgraded to meet World Rugby standards.[30] The Elanora/Currumbin Valley area hosted the road racing elements of the cycling programme. Coolangatta Beachfront hosted the beach volleyball event.[31]
Venues outside Gold Coast[edit]
Brisbane, along with the Gold Coast, forms part of the South East Queensland conurbation. Track Cycling was held at the Sleeman Sports Complex in the suburb of Chandler, where a new indoor cycling velodrome (Anna Meares Velodrome) was built. The Velodrome's seat capacity was 4,000 during the games mode.[32]
The Shooting disciplines were held at the Belmont Shooting Centre. In Tropical North Queensland, the Cairns Convention Centre and Townsville Entertainment Centre hosted the preliminary rounds of both the men's and women's basketball competitions.[33][34][35]
Financing[edit]
The Queensland state government spent A$1.5 billion (US$1.2 billion) to deliver the event. Out of this, A$550 million (US$425 million) were spent on the procurement programme. Procurement of the security and security infrastructure included contracts for four prime suppliers which delivered around 4,200 security guards. A$34 million (US$26 million) were spent on the deployment of the armed forces to provide rapid-response squads, bomb detectors, offshore patrols and surveillance. A$657 million (US$509 million) were spent for the construction of the venues and the Games Village.[36]
Medals[edit]
At a charity gala held on 4 November 2017, the medals for the games were officially unveiled. Australian Indigenous artist Delvene Cockatoo-Collins designed the medals, while they were produced by the Royal Australian Mint. The design of the medals was inspired by the coastline of Gold Coast along with Indigenous culture.[37] Furthermore, Cockatoo-Collins mentioned, "the medal design represents soft sand lines which shift with every tide and wave, also symbolic of athletic achievement, The continual change of tide represents the evolution in athletes who are making their mark, Records are made and special moments of elation are celebrated". Approximately 1,500 medals were created to be distributed to the medallists and each measures approximately 63 millimetres in diameter. The medals weigh between 138 and 163 grams.[38]
Athletes village[edit]
2018 Commonwealth Games Village
The 2018 Commonwealth Games Athletes Village was located on 59 hectares at Southport, Gold Coast.[39] which provided accommodation and services to 6,600 athletes and officials in 1252 permanent dwellings. There are 1170 one and two bedroom apartments and 82 three bedroom townhouses which will serve as student accommodation to the nearby Griffith University. It offered services like laundry, refreshments and television and computer spaces and four residential pools. The village consisted a gym which was designed with guidance from the Australian Institute of Sport and equipment and the equipment were sponsored by Technogym. Adjoining the gym was the Athlete Recovery Area which provided services like plunge baths, including accessible baths, saunas, massage and consults from the Sports Medical personnel. The Main Dining served over 18,000 meals per day to the athletes during the games. The village also consisted of retail shops, Optus phone store, salon, bar and a games room which featured a number of arcade games, pool tables and game consoles.[40]
Queen's baton relay[edit]
Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Baton
The Gold Coast 2018 Queen’s Baton Relay was launched on Commonwealth Day, 13 March 2017, on the historic forecourt at Buckingham Palace, signalling the official countdown to the start of the Games. Accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince Edward The Earl of Wessex, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II heralded the start of the relay by placing her ‘message to the Commonwealth and its athletes’ into the distinctive loop-design Queen’s Baton which then set off on its journey around the globe. It traveled for 388 days, spending time in every nation and territory of the Commonwealth. The Gold Coast 2018 Queen’s Baton Relay was the longest in Commonwealth Games history. Covering 230,000 km over 388 days, the baton made its way through the six Commonwealth regions of Africa, the Americas, the Caribbean, Europe, Asia and Oceania.
The baton landed on Australian soil in December 2017 and then spent 100 days travelling through Australia, finishing its journey at the Opening Ceremony on 4 April 2018, where the message was removed from the Baton and read aloud by Charles, Prince of Wales.[41]
Transport[edit]
Gold Coast light rail
During the games period, free public transportation within Queensland region was provided to ticket and accreditation holders. The free transportation services were available on local buses, train and Gold Coast light rail (G:link) services in Gold Coast and on TransLink and Qconnect bus services in Cairns and Townsville.[42] The Gold Coast light rail system, connected a number of the key games venues including the Optus Aquatic Centre, Broadwater Parklands and the Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre with the major accommodation centres of Surfers Paradise and Broadbeach and the Athletes Village at Parklands. An extension to the system was announced in October 2015, connecting the then current terminus at Gold Coast University Hospital to the railway line to Brisbane at Helensvale. The extension opened in December 2017, in time for the games.[43]
Anti-doping[edit]
The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority conducted an anti-doping drive in the months prior to the games, covering around 2500 tests of Australian athletes, as well as 500 tests against international athletes. Three Australians failed drug tests in this process, along with around 20 international athletes, subject to appeal. The Commonwealth Games Federation conducted in-competition testing and, matching protocol at the Olympic Games, launched a sample storage initiative to allow for future testing of samples up to ten years later, should detection technology improve.[44]
Sustainability[edit]
The Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation (GOLDOC) delivered the event with a focus on sustainability under the guidance of the ISO 20121 event sustainability management system and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework Sustainability Reporting Standards.[45] The GOLDOC received the Sustainability Award in the Australian Business Awards 2016 for focusing on sustainable practices and planning in the preparation of the games.[46] The GOLDOC headquarters received the 4 Star Green Star – Interiors PILOT rating from the Green Building Council of Australia. [47] The new Anna Meares Velodrome, built specifically for the games, is the first velodrome in the world to have full LED broadcast-quality lighting that cuts energy consumption by up to 60% and reduces running costs and carbon emissions.[48]
Participating teams[edit]
There were 71 nations competing at 2018 Commonwealth Games.[49] Maldives were scheduled to participate, but in October 2016 they withdrew from the Commonwealth.[50] The Gambia returned to the Commonwealth Games after being readmitted as a Commonwealth Games Federation member on 31 March 2018.[3]
Nations expected to compete at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast
hideParticipating Commonwealth Games Associations: country name (number of participants)
Anguilla (12)
Antigua and Barbuda (17)
Australia (469) (hosts)
Bahamas (31)
Bangladesh (23)
Barbados (45)
Belize (12)
Bermuda (8)
Botswana (26)
British Virgin Islands (10)
Brunei (8)
Cameroon (40)
Canada (282)
Cayman Islands (21)
Cook Islands (18)
Cyprus (46)
Dominica (13)
England (390)
Falkland Islands (15)
Fiji (96)
The Gambia (6)
Ghana (71)
Gibraltar (22)
Grenada (14)
Guernsey (31)
Guyana (23)
India (216)
Isle of Man (31)
Jamaica (106)
Jersey (33)
Kenya (136)
Kiribati (14)
Lesotho (20)
Malawi (19)
Malaysia (177)
Malta (24)
Mauritius (54)
Montserrat (7)
Mozambique (26)
Namibia (28)
Nauru (16)
New Zealand (251)
Nigeria (88)
Niue (19)
Norfolk Island (18)
Northern Ireland (90)
Pakistan (56)
Papua New Guinea (56)
Rwanda (17)
Saint Helena (9)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (7)
Saint Lucia (13)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (20)
Samoa (38)
Scotland (226)
Seychelles (25)
Sierra Leone (24)
Singapore (59)
Solomon Islands (14)
South Africa (194)
Sri Lanka (79)
Swaziland (10)
Tanzania (15)
Tonga (13)
Trinidad and Tobago (51)
Turks and Caicos Islands (7)
Tuvalu (7)
Uganda (69)
Vanuatu (18)
Wales (213)
Zambia (36)
Number of athletes by team[edit]
showCGF Code
Country
Athletes
AUS Australia 469
ENG England 390
CAN Canada 282
NZL New Zealand 251
SCO Scotland 226
IND India 216
WAL Wales 213
RSA South Africa 194
MAS Malaysia 177
KEN Kenya 136
JAM Jamaica 106
FIJ Fiji 96
NIR Northern Ireland 90
NGR Nigeria 88
SRI Sri Lanka 79
GHA Ghana 71
UGA Uganda 69
SIN Singapore 59
PAK Pakistan 56
PNG Papua New Guinea
MRI Mauritius 54
TTO Trinidad and Tobago 51
CYP Cyprus 46
BAR Barbados 45
CMR Cameroon 40
SAM Samoa 38
ZAM Zambia 36
JEY Jersey 33
BAH Bahamas 31
GGY Guernsey
IOM Isle of Man
NAM Namibia 28
BOT Botswana 26
MOZ Mozambique
SEY Seychelles 25
MLT Malta 24
SLE Sierra Leone
BAN Bangladesh 23
GUY Guyana
GIB Gibraltar 22
CAY Cayman Islands 21
LES Lesotho 20
SVG Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
MAW Malawi 19
NIU Niue
COK Cook Islands 18
NFI Norfolk Island
VAN Vanuatu
ANT Antigua and Barbuda 17
RWA Rwanda
NRU Nauru 16
FAI Falkland Islands 15
TAN Tanzania
GRN Grenada 14
KIR Kiribati
SOL Solomon Islands
DMA Dominica 13
LCA Saint Lucia
TGA Tonga
AIA Anguilla 12
BIZ Belize
IVB British Virgin Islands 10
SWZ Swaziland
SHN Saint Helena 9
BER Bermuda 8
BRU Brunei
MNT Montserrat 7
SKN Saint Kitts and Nevis
TCA Turks and Caicos Islands
TUV Tuvalu
GAM The Gambia 6
Calendar[edit]
OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony
April
4
Wed
5
Thu
6
Fri
7
Sat
8
Sun
9
Mon
10
Tue
11
Wed
12
Thu
13
Fri
14
Sat
15
Sun
Events
Ceremonies OC CC N/A
Aquatics Diving 3 2 3 2 10
Swimming 7 9 8 8 9 9 50
Athletics 5 6 8 7 10 9 9 4 58
Badminton ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● 5 6
Basketball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Beach volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 2
Boxing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 16 16
Cycling
Mountain biking 2 2
Road cycling 2 2 4
Track cycling 6 4 6 4 20
Gymnastics
Artistic 1 1 2 5 5 14
Rhythmic 1 1 4 6
Hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 2
Lawn bowls ● ● ● 2 2 ● 1 2 3 10
Netball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Powerlifting 4 4
Rugby sevens ● ● 2 2
Shooting 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 19
Squash ● ● ● ● 2 ● ● ● ● 1 2 5
Table tennis ● ● ● 1 1 ● ● ● 1 4 2 9
Triathlon 2 3 5
Weightlifting 3 3 3 3 4 16
Wrestling 4 4 4 12
Daily medal events
19
17
22
31
33
26
15
24
27
44
17
275
Cumulative total
19
36
58
89
122
148
163
187
214
258
275
April
4th
Wed
5th
Thu
6th
Fri
7th
Sat
8th
Sun
9th
Mon
10th
Tue
11th
Wed
12th
Thu
13th
Fri
14th
Sat
15th
Sun
Total events

Sports[edit]
The regulations stated that from the 26 approved sports administered by Commonwealth Governing Bodies, a minimum of ten core sports and maximum of seventeen sports must be included in any Commonwealth Games schedule. The approved sports included the 10 core sports: athletics, badminton, boxing, hockey, lawn bowls, netball (for women), rugby sevens, squash, swimming and weightlifting. Integrated disabled competitions were also scheduled for the Games in nine sports: swimming, athletics, cycling, table tennis, powerlifting and lawn bowls. Along with these events for the first time EAD events in triathlon were held, with the medals added to the final tally for each nation. A record 38 para events were contested at these games.[51] On 8 March 2016, beach volleyball was announced as the 18th sport.[52]
The program was broadly similar to that of the 2014 Commonwealth Games, with the major changes being the dropping of judo, the reintroduction of basketball, the debut of women's rugby sevens and beach volleyball.[53]
On 7 October 2016, it was announced seven new events for women were added to the sport program, meaning there are an equal number of events for men and women. This marks the first time in history that a major multi-sport event has equality in terms of events. In total 275 events in 18 sports are being contested.[54][55]
Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport.
Aquatics
Diving (10) (details)
Swimming (50) (details)
Athletics (58) (details)
Badminton (6) (details)
Basketball (2) (details)
Beach volleyball (2) (details)
Boxing (16) (details)
Cycling (details)
Mountain biking (2)
Road (4)
Track (20)
Gymnastics (details)
Artistic (14)
Rhythmic (6)
Hockey (2) (details)
Lawn bowls (10) (details)
Netball (1) (details)
Rugby sevens (2) (details)
Shooting (19) (details)
Squash (5) (details)
Table tennis (9) (details)
Triathlon (5) (details)
Weightlifting (16) (details)
Powerlifting (4) (details)
Wrestling (12) (details)
Opening ceremony[edit]
Main article: 2018 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony
The opening ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium in the Gold Coast, Australia, between 20:00 and 22:40 AEST, on 4 April 2018. Tickets for the ceremony started at 100 Australian dollars with half price tickets available for children.[56] The Head of the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth II, was represented by her son, Charles, Prince of Wales.[57]
Parade of Nations[edit]
Main article: 2018 Commonwealth Games Parade of Nations
Following tradition, the host of the previous games, Scotland entered first, followed by the rest of the European countries competing.[58] Following this, all countries paraded in alphabetical order from their respective regions. After the European countries entered, countries from Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Caribbean, and lastly Oceania marched in. The host nation of Australia entered last. Each nation was preceded by a placard bearer carrying a sign with the country's name.
Closing ceremony[edit]
Main article: 2018 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony
The closing ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium on Sunday 15 April and was produced by Jack Morton Worldwide at a cost of AU$30 million. Australian pop stars Guy Sebastian, Samantha Jade, Dami Im, Ricki Lee and The Veronicas were among the performers along with children's entertainers, The Wiggles.
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, declared the Games closed and passed the Commonwealth Games flag to Birmingham, England which will host the 2022 Games.[59]
Medal table[edit]
Main article: 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table
Only the top ten successful nations are displayed here.
The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a "nation" is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three-letter country code. Australia tops the medal table rank with 80 gold, second England with 45 gold and third India with 26 gold.
Key
* Host nation (Australia)
2018 Commonwealth Games medal table
Rank
CGA
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Australia (AUS)* 80 59 59 198
2 England (ENG) 45 45 46 136
3 India (IND) 26 20 20 66
4 Canada (CAN) 15 40 27 82
5 New Zealand (NZL) 15 16 15 46
6 South Africa (RSA) 13 11 13 37
7 Wales (WAL) 10 12 14 36
8 Scotland (SCO) 9 13 22 44
9 Nigeria (NGR) 9 9 6 24
10 Cyprus (CYP) 8 1 5 14
Total (43 CGAs)
275
276
289
840
Broadcasting[edit]
NEP Australia was the host broadcaster of the event. It produced high definition coverage of the event and delivered to the rights-holding broadcasters of other nations.[60][61] In Australia, the games were broadcast live on three Seven Network channels - 7HD, 7TWO and 7Mate.[62] In the United Kingdom, BBC provided Commonwealth Games coverage of more than 200 hours across BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Red Button, BBC Sport website, BBC iPlayer and BBC radio.[63] ESPN provided the games coverage for viewers in the USA.[64] Sony Pictures Networks India broadcast the games for the viewers in India on three channels - Sony Six, Sony Ten 2 in English and Sony Ten 3 in Hindi.[65]
Flow Sports provided games coverage in the Caribbean countries such as Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Aruba, The Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Kitts & Nevis, St. Martin, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago and Turks & Caicos. Flow Sports provided coverage of the event on Flow Sports 1, Flow Sports 2 and up to three additional “Flow Sports Extra” channels.[66]
The New Zealand government funded Pacific Cooperation Broadcasting Limited (PCBL) broadcast the event on Pasifika TV in the Oceanian countries such as Cook Islands, Fiji, Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Kiribati and Tuvalu.[67]
Territory
Rights holder
Ref
Australia Seven Network [62]
Canada DAZN [68]
Caribbean Flow [66]
India Sony Pictures Networks India [65]
Malaysia Astro Arena [69]
New Zealand TVNZ [70]
Oceania PCBL [67]
Singapore Mediacorp [71]
South Africa SuperSport [72]
United Kingdom BBC [63]
United States ESPN [64]
Marketing[edit]
Motto[edit]
The official motto for the 2018 Commonwealth Games was "Share the Dream". It was chosen to highlight the dreams and experience at the games that were shared by participants of the games, ranging from athletes to volunteers and the host country Australia to the world including the Commonwealth nations.[73]
Emblem[edit]
The emblem was launched on 4 April 2013, which marked exactly five years until its opening ceremony.[74] It was unveiled at the Southport Broadwater Parklands. It was designed by the New South Wales based brand consultancy WiteKite.[75] The emblem of the 2018 Commonwealth Games was a silhouette of the skyline and landscape of Gold Coast, the host city of the games.[76] Nigel Chamier OAM, who served as the Chairman of the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation till the end of the games, said that it was the result of months of market research.[77]
Mascot[edit]
Borobi, the mascot of the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Main article: Borobi (mascot)
Borobi was named as the mascot of the 2018 Commonwealth Games in 2016. Borobi is a blue koala, with indigenous markings on its body. The term "borobi" means koala in the Yugambeh language, spoken by the indigenous Yugambeh people of the Gold Coast and surrounding areas.[78] The song ''Days of Gold'' composed by the Australian Duo band Busby Marou, which was released on 17 October 2014, was considered as the official song of the Mascot Borobi.[79]
Sponsors[edit]
The official partners of the games were The Star Gold Coast, Griffith University, TAFE Queensland, Longines, Optus, Atos and Woolworths Supermarkets.[80] Griffith University was also also the Creative Arts partner of the games and Presenting partner of the Gold Coast Marathon.[81] TAFE Queensland was responsible for providing vocational education and training program for the volunteers of the games.[82] Longines served as the official timekeeper of the games.[83]
Official song[edit]
The official song of the 2018 Commonwealth Games ''Welcome to Earth'' was recorded by the Australian Singer Delta Goodrem. The song was performed for the first time by Goodrem during the opening ceremony of the games.[84] The song was worldwide released on 5 April 2018 in Delta Goodrem's official Youtube channel.[85]
Concerns and controversies[edit]
Missing athletes[edit]
At least 13 athletes from four countries - Cameroon, Uganda, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone - absconded during or immediately after the Games. Some missed their competitions.[86] Athletes regularly abscond during major sporting events, and many subsequently claim asylum in their host countries. Most hold nationalities that are deemed high-risk by immigration authorities and find it impossible to get visas outside of exceptional events, such as major games.[87]
A month after the games ended, officals estimated that fifty athletes had remained in Australia illegally, with another 200 staying in the country on visas.[88][89]
Criticism of the closing ceremony[edit]
The organising committee decided to bring in the athletes before the start of the closing ceremony. This caused an uproar on social media as, contrary to public expectations, none of the athletes were shown entering the stadium during the ceremony. Broadcast rights holders Channel 7 complained on air about the decision and concluded that, "it hasn't really lived up to expectations". Many spectators and athletes left during the ceremony, resulting in a half-empty stadium for much of the event.[90] Following this, the ABC claimed that Channel 7 was briefed on the closing ceremony schedule,[91] a claim which Channel 7 later refuted.[92]

See also[edit]
Gold Coast 2018 Queen's Baton Relay
2018 Asian Games
2018 European Championships
2019 Pan American Games
2019 European Games
2019 Pacific Games
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "This Commonwealth Games will be remembered as a year of 'firsts', on and off the field". ABC News. 2018-04-13. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Gambia to compete at Gold Coast 2018 after readmitted as CGF member". www.insidethegames.biz/. Dunsar Media. 31 March 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Anna Meares Velodrome / Cox Architecture". ArchDaily. 2017-09-04. Retrieved 2018-06-12.
Jump up ^ "71 Nations and Territories. 6 Continents. 2 Billion citizens. 1 commonwealth family". www.gc2018.com/. Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Gold Coast 2018 to host largest Commonwealth para-sport programme". www.paralympic.org/. International Paralympic Committee. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Beach volleyball to be played at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games". Gold Coast Bulletin. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Women's rugby added to Commonwealth Games". www.sportsnet.ca/. Rogers Media. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Level playing field for women at 2018 Commonwealth Games". The Scotsman. Edinburgh, Scotland. 7 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
Jump up ^ McKay, Duncan (7 October 2016). "Gold Coast 2018 to offer same amount of medals for men and women after seven events added". Insidethegames.biz. Dunsar Media. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Almost 200 Commonwealth Games athletes and officials seek asylum in Australia". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth Games closing ceremony slammed on social media as Channel Seven hosts open fire". Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Sydney, Australia. 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Seven was briefed on closing ceremony". ABC News. 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Melissa (2018-04-16). "Griggs hits back at claims Channel Seven knew plan to snub athletes". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
External links[edit]
Gold Coast 2018 official website
Embracing 2018 official website
Official results

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Traditional African religions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"African religion" redirects here. For an overview of other religious traditions in Africa, see Religion in Africa.
Part of a series on
Traditional African religions
Doctrines[show]
Divination
Dogon astronomy (the star Sirius)
Dogon astronomy (Nommo)
Index of African mythology and creation narratives
Philosophy
Serer astronomy (the star Sirius)
Deities[show]
Index of African deities
List of African deities and mythical figures
Sacred places[show]
Benin City
Dahomey
Fatick
Ife
Igbo-Ukwu
Kanem-Bornu
Nri-Igbo
Nsukka
Ouidah
Oyo
Point of Sangomar
Sine
River Sine
Somb
Tattaguine
Tukar
Yaboyabo
Education[show]
Ndut
Okuyi
Priesthood[show]
Hogon
Houngans
Mambo
Saltigue
Relation with other religions[show]
Persecution
Traditional African Religion and other religions
Traditional African religion category
WikiProject
Traditional African religion portal
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The traditional beliefs and practices of African people are highly diverse and include various ethnic religions.[1][2] Generally, these traditions are oral rather than scriptural,[3][4] include belief in a supreme creator, belief in spirits, veneration of the dead, use of magic and traditional medicine.[5][6] The role of humanity is generally seen as one of harmonising nature with the supernatural.[6][7]
While adherence to traditional religion in Africa is hard to estimate, due to syncretism with Christianity, Islam and Judaism, practitioners are estimated to number over 100 million, or at least 10 percent of the population of the continent.[8] Afro-American religions are practiced in the Americas and include Candomblé, Santería and Haitian Vodou.[3][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Statistics
2 Ceremonies
3 Spirits
4 Practices and rituals
4.1 Divination
5 Virtue and vice
6 Sacred places
7 Religious persecution
8 Traditions by region
8.1 Central Africa
8.2 East African
8.3 Southern Africa
8.4 West Africa
8.5 African Diaspora
8.6 North Africa
8.7 Horn of Africa
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Statistics[edit]
An early 20th century Igbo medicine man in Nigeria, West Africa
Practitioners of traditional religions in Sub-Saharan Africa are distributed among 43 countries, and were estimated to number over 100 million,[8] although the largest religions in Africa are Christianity and Islam.
Ceremonies[edit]
West and Central African religious practices generally manifest themselves in communal ceremonies or divinatory rites in which members of the community, overcome by force (or ashe, nyama, etc.), are excited to the point of going into meditative trance in response to rhythmic or mantric drumming or singing. One religious ceremony practiced in Gabon and Cameroon is the Okuyi, practiced by several Bantu ethnic groups. In this state, depending upon the region, drumming or instrumental rhythms played by respected musicians (each of which is unique to a given deity or ancestor), participants embody a deity or ancestor, energy or state of mind by performing distinct ritual movements or dances which further enhance their elevated consciousness.[10] When this trance-like state is witnessed and understood, practitioners are privy to a way of contemplating the pure or symbolic embodiment of a particular mindset or frame of reference. This builds skills at separating the feelings elicited by this mindset from their situational manifestations in daily life. Such separation and subsequent contemplation of the nature and sources of pure energy or feelings serves to help participants manage and accept them when they arise in mundane contexts. This facilitates better control and transformation of these energies into positive, culturally appropriate behavior, thought, and speech. Further, this practice can also give rise to those in these trances uttering words which, when interpreted by a culturally educated initiate or diviner, can provide insight into appropriate directions which the community (or individual) might take in accomplishing its goal.[11]
Spirits[edit]
Main article: List of African mythological figures
Followers of traditional African religions pray to various spirits as well as to their ancestors. These secondary spirits serve as intermediaries between humans and the primary God. Most African societies believe in a single Supreme Creator God (Chukwu, Nyame, Olodumare, Ngai, Roog, etc.).[12] Some recognize a dual God and Goddess such as Mawu-Lisa.[13]
Practices and rituals[edit]
Bakongo masks from the Kongo Central
There are more similarities than differences in all traditional African religions.[14] Often, the supreme God is worshiped through consultation or communion with lesser deities and ancestral spirits. The deities and spirits are honored through libation, sacrifice (of animals, vegetables, cooked food, flowers, semi-precious stones, precious metals, etc.). The will of God is sought by the believer also through consultation of oracular deities, or divination.[15] In many traditional African religions, there is a belief in a cyclical nature of reality. The living stand between their ancestors and the unborn. Traditional African religions embrace natural phenomena – ebb and tide, waxing and waning moon, rain and drought – and the rhythmic pattern of agriculture. According to Gottlieb and Mbiti:
The environment and nature are infused in every aspect of traditional African religions and culture. This is largely because cosmology and beliefs are intricately intertwined with the natural phenomena and environment. All aspects of weather, thunder, lightning, rain, day, moon, sun, stars, and so on may become amenable to control through the cosmology of African people. Natural phenomena are responsible for providing people with their daily needs.[16]
For example, in the Serer religion, one of the most sacred stars in the cosmos is called Yoonir the (Star of Sirius).[17] With a long farming tradition, the Serer high priests and priestesses (Saltigue) deliver yearly sermons at the Xoy Ceremony (divination ceremony) in Fatick before Yoonir's phase in order to predict winter months and enable farmers to start planting.[18]
Divination[edit]
Main article: African divination
Early 20th century Yoruba divination board
Since Africa is a large continent with many ethnic groups and cultures, there is not one single technique of casting divination. The practice of casting may be done with small objects, such as bones, cowrie shells, stones, strips of leather, or flat pieces of wood.
Traditional healer of South Africa performing a divination by reading the bones
Some castings are done using sacred divination plates made of wood or performed on the ground (often within a circle).
In traditional African societies, many people seek out diviners on a regular basis. There are generally no prohibitions against the practice. Those who divine for a living are also sought for their wisdom as counselors in life and for their knowledge of herbal medicine.
Virtue and vice[edit]
Virtue in traditional African religion is often connected with carrying out obligations of the communal aspect of life. Examples include social behaviors such as the respect for parents and elders, raising children appropriately, providing hospitality, and being honest, trustworthy, and courageous.
In some traditional African religions, morality is associated with obedience or disobedience to God regarding the way a person or a community lives. For the Kikuyu, according to their primary supreme creator, Ngai, acting through the lesser deities, is believed to speak to and be capable of guiding the virtuous person as one's conscience. Traditionally, as now, the Kikuyu were monotheists, believing in a unique and omnipotent God whom they called Ngai. The word, is related to the Maasai word Enkai, and was borrowed by both the Kikuyu and Kamba. God is also known as Mungu, Murungu, or Mulungu (a variant of a word meaning God which is found as far south as the Zambesi of Zambia), and is sometimes given the title Mwathani or Mwathi (the greatest ruler), which comes from the word gwatha, meaning to rule or reign with authority. Ngai is the creator and giver of all things, 'the Divider of the Universe and Lord of Nature'. He gave birth to the human community, created the first Kikuyu communities, and provided them with all the resources necessary for life: land, rain, plants and animals. He - for Ngai is male - cannot be seen, but is manifest in the sun, moon, stars, comets and meteors, thunder and lighting, rain, in rainbows and in the great fig trees ( mugùmò ) that served as places of worship and sacrifice, and which marked the spot at Mukurue wa Gathanga where Gikuyu and Mumbi - the ancestors of the Kikuyu in the oral legend - first settled. Yet Ngai is not the distant God that we know in the West. He had human characteristics, and although some say that he lives in the sky or in the clouds, they also say that he comes to earth from time to time to inspect it, bestow blessings and mete out punishment. When he comes he rests on Mount Kenya and four other sacred mountains. Thunder is interpreted to be the movement of God, and lightning is God's weapon by means of which he clears the way when moving from one sacred place to another. Other people believed that Ngai's abode was on Mount Kenya, or else 'beyond' its peaks. Ngai, says one legend, made the mountain his resting place while on an inspection tour of earth. He then took the first man, Gikuyu, to the top to point out the beauty of the land he was giving him.In traditional African religions, such as the Azande religion, a person is said to have a good or bad conscience, depending on whether he does the bidding of God or malevolent spirits.
In many cases, Africans who have converted to other religions have still kept up their traditional customs and practices, combining them in a syncretic way.[19]
Sacred places[edit]
Some sacred or holy locations for traditional religions include Nri-Igbo, the Point of Sangomar, Ife, Oyo, Dahomey, Benin City, Ouidah, Nsukka, Kanem-Bornu, and Igbo-Ukwu among others.
Religious persecution[edit]
Main article: Persecution of traditional African religion
Traditions by region[edit]
This list is limited to a few well-known traditions.
Central Africa[edit]
Bantu mythology (Central, Southeast, Southern Africa)
Bushongo mythology (Congo)
Lugbara mythology (Congo)
Baluba mythology (Congo)
Mbuti mythology (Congo)
Dinka religion (South Sudan)
Hausa animism (Chad, Gabon)
Lotuko mythology (South Sudan)
East African[edit]
Bantu mythology (Central, Southeast, Southern Africa)
Akamba mythology (Kenya)
Maasai mythology (Kenya, Tanzania, Ouebian)
Kalenjin Religion(Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania)
Dini Ya Msambwa(Bungoma, Trans Nzoia, Kenya)
Southern Africa[edit]
Bantu mythology (Central, Southeast, Southern Africa)
Lozi mythology (Zambia)
Tumbuka mythology (Malawi)
Zulu mythology (South Africa)
San religion (South Africa)
Traditional healers of South Africa
Manjonjo Healers of Chitungwiza of Zimbabwe
West Africa[edit]
Akan religion (Ghana, Ivory Coast)
Dahomean religion (Benin, Togo)
Efik mythology (Nigeria, Cameroon)
Edo religion (Benin kingdom, Nigeria)
Hausa animism (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Togo)
Odinani (Igbo people, Nigeria)
Serer religion (Senegal, Gambia)
Yoruba religion (Nigeria, Benin, Togo)
West African Vodun (Ghana, Benin, Togo, Nigeria)
Dogon religion (Mali)
African Diaspora[edit]
Main article: Afro-American religion
North Africa[edit]
Ancient Egyptian religion (Egypt, Sudan)
Traditional Berber religion (Morocco (including Western Sahara), Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Burkina Faso)
Hausa animism (Sudan)
Horn of Africa[edit]
Cushitic mythology (Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, Djibouti)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Dr J.O. Awolalu, Studies in Comparative Religion Vol. 10, No. 2. (Spring, 1976). Archived September 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "African religions".
^ Jump up to: a b Juergensmeyer, Mark (2006). The Oxford Handbook Of Global Religions. ISBN 0-19-513798-1.
Jump up ^ S. Mbiti, John (1991). Introduction to African religion. ISBN 0-435-94002-3.
Jump up ^ An African Story BBC Archived November 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopedia of African Religion (Sage, 2009) Molefi Kete Asante
Jump up ^ What is religion? An African understanding Archived May 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Britannica Book of the Year (2003), Encyclopædia Britannica (2003) ISBN 978-0-85229-956-2 p.306
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 480,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. Ian S. Markham, A World Religions Reader (1996) Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture (see Amadu Jacky Kaba). The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, (June 2005), discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopediae, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed on figure. Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions, Foreign Policy, May 2007.
Jump up ^ Anthony Appiah, Kwame; Louis Gates, Henry (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. ISBN 0-19-533770-0.
Jump up ^ Karade, B. The Handbook of Yoruba Religious Concepts, pages 39–46. Samuel Weiser Inc, 1994
Jump up ^ Annemarie De Waal Malefijt (1968) Religion and Culture: an Introduction to Anthropology of Religion, p 220–249, Macmillan
Jump up ^ Willie F. Page (2001) Encyclopedia of African History and Culture, Volume 1, p55. Published by Facts on File, ISBN 0-8160-4472-4
Jump up ^ Peter C. Rogers (2009) Ultimate Truth, Book 1, p100. Published by AuthorHouse, ISBN 1-4389-7968-1
Jump up ^ John S. Mbiti (1990) African Religions & Philosophy 2nd Ed., p 100–101, Heinemann, ISBN 0-435-89591-5
Jump up ^ John S. Mbiti (1992) Introduction to African Religion 2nd Ed., p. 68, Published by East African Publishers ISBN 9966-46-928-1
Jump up ^ Roger S. Gottlieb (2006) The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology, p. 261, Oxford Handbooks Online ISBN 0-19-517872-6
Jump up ^ Henry Gravrand (1990) La Civilisation Sereer Pangool, PP 21, 152, Published by Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Sénégal, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1
Jump up ^ Simone Kalis (1997) Médecine Traditionnelle, Religion et Divination Chez les Seereer Siin du Sénégal: La Coonaissance de la Nuit, L'Harmattan, ISBN 2-7384-5196-9
Jump up ^ Resolving the Prevailing Conflicts Between Christianity and African (Igbo) Traditional Religion Through Inculturation, by Edwin Anaegboka Udoye
References[edit]
Information presented here was gleaned from World Eras Encyclopaedia, Volume 10, edited by Pierre-Damien Mvuyekure (New York: Thomson-Gale, 2003), in particular pp. 275–314.
Baldick, J (1997) Black God: The Afroasiatic Roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Religions. New York: Syracuse University Press.
Doumbia, A. & Doumbia, N (2004) The Way of the Elders: West African Spirituality & Tradition. Saint Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications.
Ehret, Christopher, (2002) The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Ehret, Christopher, An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400, page 159, University of Virginia Press, ISBN 0-8139-2057-4
Karade, B (1994) The Handbook of Yoruba Religious Concepts. York Beach, MA: Samuel Weiser Inc.
P'Bitek, Okot. African Religions and Western Scholarship. Kampala: East African Literature Bureau, 1970.
Princeton Online, History of Africa
Wiredu, Kwasi Toward Decolonizing African Philosophy And Religion in African Studies Quarterly, The Online Journal for African Studies, Volume 1, Issue 4, 1998
Further reading[edit]
Encyclopedia of African Religion, - Molefi Asante, Sage Publications, 1412936365
Abimbola, Wade (ed. and trans., 1977). Ifa Divination Poetry NOK, New York).
Baldick, Julian (1997). Black God: the Afroasiatic roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions. Syracuse University Press:ISBN 0-8156-0522-6
Barnes, Sandra. Africa's Ogun: Old World and New (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989).
Beier, Ulli, ed. The Origins of Life and Death: African Creation Myths (London: Heinemann, 1966).
Bowen, P.G. (1970). Sayings of the Ancient One - Wisdom from Ancient Africa. Theosophical Publishing House, U.S.
Chidester, David. "Religions of South Africa" pp. 17–19
Cole, Herbert Mbari. Art and Life among the Owerri Igbo (Bloomington: Indiana University press, 1982).
Danquah, J. B., The Akan Doctrine of God: A Fragment of Gold Coast Ethics and Religion, second edition (London: Cass, 1968).
Gbadagesin, Segun. African Philosophy: Traditional Yoruba Philosophy and Contemporary African Realities (New York: Peter Lang, 1999).
Gleason, Judith. Oya, in Praise of an African Goddess (Harper Collins, 1992).
Griaule, Marcel; Dietterlen, Germaine. Le Mythe Cosmogonique (Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie, 1965).
Idowu, Bolaji, God in Yoruba Belief (Plainview: Original Publications, rev. and enlarged ed., 1995)
LaGamma, Alisa (2000). Art and oracle: African art and rituals of divination. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87099-933-8. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10.
Mbiti, John African Religions and Philosophy (1969) African Writers Series, Heinemann ISBN 0-435-89591-5
Opoku, Kofi Asare (1978). West African Traditional Religion Kofi Asare Opoku | Publisher: FEP International Private Limited. ASIN: B0000EE0IT
Parrinder, Geoffrey. African Traditional Religion, Third ed. (London: Sheldon Press, 1974). ISBN 0-85969-014-8 pbk.
Parrinder, Geoffrey. "Traditional Religion", in his Africa's Three Religions, Second ed. (London: Sheldon Press, 1976, ISBN 0-85969-096-2), p. [15-96].
Peavy, D., (2009)."Kings, Magic & Medicine". Raleigh, NC: SI.
Peavy, D., (2016). The Benin Monarchy, Olokun & Iha Ominigbon. Umewaen: Journal of Benin & Edoid Studies: Osweego, NY.
Popoola, S. Solagbade. Ikunle Abiyamo: It is on Bent Knees that I gave Birth (2007 Asefin Media Publication)
Soyinka, Wole , Myth, Literature and the African World (Cambridge University Press, 1976).
Umeasigbu, Rems Nna. The Way We Lived: Ibo Customs and Stories (London: Heinemann, 1969).
External links[edit]
African Comparative Belief
Afrika world.net A website with extensive links and information about traditional African religions[dead link]
Baba Alawoye.com Baba'Awo Awoyinfa Ifaloju, showcasing Ifa using web media 2.0 (blogs, podcasting, video & photocasting)[dead link]
Traditional African religion portal
Religion portal
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traditional_African_religions&oldid=801014594"
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values: الديانات الأفريقية التقليدية – Arabic

values: Religions africanes tradicionals – Catalan

values: Religiones tradicionales africanas – Spanish

values: Religions traditionnelles africaines – French

values: აფრიკული მითოლოგია – Georgian

values: Hagyományos afrikai vallások – Hungarian

values: Religiões tradicionais africanas – Portuguese

values: Religia tradițională africană – Romanian

values: Африканские традиционные религии – Russian

values: African traditional religion – Simple English

values: Африканські традиційні релігії – Ukrainian

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