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List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl
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Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII.
This article is a list of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl. The U.S. national anthem ("The Star-Spangled Banner") has been performed at all but one Super Bowl since its first year in 1967; Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful" in place of the anthem at Super Bowl XI in 1977. Since Super Bowl XVI in 1982, famous singers or music groups have performed the anthem at the vast majority of Super Bowl games.
Beginning with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem every year. Some early Super Bowls featured marching bands performing the anthem, and the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Performances
2 Multiple and hometown performances
3 Notable performances
4 Controversies
5 Other patriotic performances
6 See also
7 References
Performances[edit]
No.
Year
Venue
Performer(s)[1]
I 1967 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, California The Pride of Arizona, Michigan Marching Band, and UCLA choir
II 1968 Orange Bowl, Miami GSU Tiger Marching Band
III 1969 Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra[2]
An NFL.com reference ([1]) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem, but NBC's broadcast of game, available from the Paley Center for Media's collection, shows that Geisler performed it.
IV 1970 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans Al Hirt
V 1971 Orange Bowl, Miami Tommy Loy (trumpet)
VI 1972 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale
VII 1973 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Little Angels (children's choir) of Chicago's Holy Angels Church
VIII 1974 Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas Charley Pride
IX 1975 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans GSU Tiger Marching Band (2)
X 1976 Orange Bowl, Miami Tom Sullivan
XI 1977 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California None (Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful")
XII 1978 Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University
XIII 1979 Orange Bowl, Miami The Colgate Thirteen
XIV 1980 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Cheryl Ladd
XV 1981 Superdome, New Orleans Helen O'Connell
XVI 1982 Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac, Michigan Diana Ross
XVII 1983 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Leslie Easterbrook
XVIII 1984 Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Florida Barry Manilow
XIX 1985 Stanford Stadium, Stanford, California San Francisco Boys Chorus, San Francisco Girls Chorus, Piedmont Children's Chorus, and San Francisco Children's Chorus
XX 1986 Superdome, New Orleans Wynton Marsalis (trumpet)
XXI 1987 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Neil Diamond
XXII 1988 Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego Herb Alpert (trumpet)
XXIII 1989 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami Billy Joel
XXIV 1990 Superdome, New Orleans Aaron Neville
XXV 1991 Tampa Stadium, Tampa Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling
XXVI 1992 Metrodome, Minneapolis Harry Connick, Jr.
ASL (American Sign Language): Lori Hilary
XXVII 1993 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Garth Brooks
ASL: Marlee Matlin
XXVIII 1994 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Natalie Cole
ASL: Courtney Keel Foley
XXIX 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami Kathie Lee Gifford
ASL: Heather Whitestone
XXX 1996 Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona Vanessa L. Williams
ASL: Mary Kim Titla
XXXI 1997 Superdome, New Orleans Luther Vandross
ASL: Erika Rachael Schwarz
XXXII 1998 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego Jewel
ASL: Phyllis Frelich
XXXIII 1999 Pro Player Stadium, Miami Cher
ASL: Speaking Hands
XXXIV 2000 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Faith Hill
ASL: Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir
XXXV 2001 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa Backstreet Boys
AASL: Tom Cooney
XXXVI 2002 Superdome, New Orleans Mariah Carey
ASL: Joe Narcisse
XXXVII 2003 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego Dixie Chicks
ASL: Janet Maxwell
XXXVIII 2004 Reliant Stadium, Houston Beyoncé
ASL: Suzanna Christy
XXXIX 2005 Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy (2), and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets
ASL: Wesley Tallent
XL 2006 Ford Field, Detroit Aaron Neville (2) and Aretha Franklin,
Dr. John (piano accompaniment)
ASL: Angela LaGuardia
XLI 2007 Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida Billy Joel (2)
ASL: Marlee Matlin (2)
XLII 2008 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona Jordin Sparks
ASL: A Dreamer[3]
XLIII 2009 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida Jennifer Hudson
ASL: Kristen Santos
XLIV 2010 Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens Carrie Underwood
ASL: Kinesha Battles
XLV 2011 Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas Christina Aguilera
ASL: Candice Villesca[4]
XLVI 2012 Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis Kelly Clarkson
ASL: Rachel Mazique[5]
XLVII 2013 Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans Alicia Keys[6]
ASL: John Maucere[7]
XLVIII 2014 MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey Renée Fleming
ASL: Amber Zion
XLIX 2015 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona[8] Idina Menzel
ASL: Treshelle Edmond[9]
50 2016 Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California Lady Gaga
ASL: Marlee Matlin (3)[10]
LI 2017 NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas Luke Bryan
ASL: Kriston Lee Pumphery[11].
LII 2018 U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota Pink
ASL: Alexandria Wailes[12].
Multiple and hometown performances[edit]
Acts that have performed three times:
Marlee Matlin (ASL), (XXVII, XLI, and 50)
Acts that have performed two times:
GSU Tiger Marching Band (II and IX)
Billy Joel (XXIII and XLI)
Aaron Neville (XXIV and XL)
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale[13] (VI and XXXIX)
Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area:
Beyoncé (XXXVIII, Houston)
Aretha Franklin (XL, Detroit)
Al Hirt (IV, New Orleans)
Aaron Neville (XXIV & XL, New Orleans)
Diana Ross (XVI, Detroit)
Jordin Sparks (XLII, Phoenix)
Notable performances[edit]
The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever.[14][15][16][17][18][19] It was released as a single a few weeks later, appeared on the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks.
The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer.
Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.[20] It became popular in country radio. Following the September 11 attacks, her version entered the country singles chart at number 35, despite not being released as an official single, and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002.[citation needed]
At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an emotional and groundbreaking performance, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem,[21] scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history, and the second-highest ratings for any television program in history.
Controversies[edit]
Just days after Super Bowl XXV, a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance. It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone, but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded.[22][14][15]
Since 1993, the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track.[14] This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance. Only 45 minutes before kickoff, he refused to take the stage, due to a dispute with NBC. Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video "We Shall Be Free" during the pregame. The network chose not to air the video, due to content some felt was disturbing imagery. Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem, which meant the league had nothing to play if he left. Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands, and were prepared to use him as a replacement. After last-minute negotiations, NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game,[23] and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang.[19]
Following the "wardrobe malfunction" controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny.[24] Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist.[25] The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform. This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together.[13][26]
Two days after Super Bowl XLIII, it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced.[14]
At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV, Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly. Instead of singing "O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming", the pop star sang "What so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[27][28] According to the New York Times, she also changed "gleaming" to "reaming".[29]
Other patriotic performances[edit]
The Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus performs at Super Bowl XLVII.
The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem. Since 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem.[30]
Pledge of Allegiance
1969: Apollo 8 crew
1970: Apollo astronauts
1973: Apollo 17 crew
"America the Beautiful"
1977: Vikki Carr (in place of the national anthem)
2001: Ray Charles
2002: Mary J. Blige, Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra
2005: Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles
2009: Faith Hill
2010: Queen Latifah
2011: Lea Michele
2012: Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert
2013: Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus[31][32]
2014: Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus
2015: John Legend [9]
2016: U.S. Armed Forces Chorus [33]
2017: Phillipa Soo, Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones.[34]
2018: Leslie Odom Jr..[35].
"God Bless America"
2003: Céline Dion
See also[edit]
Super Bowl
List of Super Bowl halftime shows
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Super Bowl – Entertainment". National Football League. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III". Paley Center for Media. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wong, Scott (January 29, 2008). "Living the dream: Prof to sign anthem for deaf". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Texan to Sign the National Anthem at the Super Bowl". National Association of the Deaf. February 6, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XLVI: PepsiCo and the NAD". National Association of the Deaf. February 5, 2012. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ King (January 19, 2013). "Alicia Keys to Perform National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVII". KING Says. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NAD, NFL, & CBS Rally to Improve the Super Bowl Experience". National Association of the Deaf. February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Tickets 2015". Ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Idina Menzel to sing National Anthem at Super Bowl". National Football League. January 16, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lady Gaga will sing national anthem at Super Bowl 50". National Football League. Associated Press. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Luke Bryan will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LI". National Football League. January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pink will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LII". National Football League. January 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Byron, Master Sgt. David (February 1, 2005). "Super Bowl goes super blue". Air Force Print News. af.mil. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hudson's Super Bowl Lip-Sync No Surprise to Insiders". ABC News. February 3, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "A fitting wartime rendition". St. Petersburg Times. February 4, 1991. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Warner can't match '07 magic vs. Steelers". Chicago Tribune. February 2, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Our National Anthem: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly". Rolling Stone. July 3, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV Highlight Film, NFL Films, 1991
^ Jump up to: a b "Oh, Say, Can She Sing". St. John's Downtown. January 31, 2004. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dunkerley, Beville; Leahhey, Andrew; Parton, Chris; Moss, Marissa R.; Shelburne, Craig (September 21, 2015). "Faith Hill's 10 Greatest Live Performances". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Opera star Renee Fleming to sing national anthem at Super Bowl". CBS Sports. January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cuomo, Chris; Paparella, Andrew (February 16, 2012). "Home > Entertainment Whitney Houston's Star-Spangled Secret". ABC News. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Discography". The Official Garth Brooks Official Website. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Collins, Scott; James, Meg (February 4, 2005). "The Nation; After '04 Fiasco, Super Bowl Wants to Avoid Going Offsides". The Los Angeles Times (Home ed.). p. A01.
Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (February 14, 2005). "Football? They Play a Game?". New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX". Air Force Print News. af.mil. January 25, 2005. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Callow, James (February 7, 2011). "Super Bowl 2011: Christina Aguilera defends national anthem gaffe". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Schabner, Dean (February 6, 2011). "Christina Aguilera Mangles 'Star-Spangled Banner' at Super Bowl". ABC News.
Jump up ^ Harris, Elizabeth A. (February 6, 2011). "Singing, Aguilera Trips O'er Ramparts". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Entertainment". Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Weseling, Chris (January 30, 2013). "Sandy Hook, Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl". National Football League. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hudson, Jennifer (January 31, 2013). "I'm blessed & honored to be singing "America The Beautiful" with Sandy Hook elementary school chorus at the Super Bowl Sunday". Twitter. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-player-team-news-features/armed-forces-chorus-will-sing-america-beautiful-super-bowl-50/
Jump up ^ Paulson, Michael (January 27, 2017). "'Hamilton' Is Coming to the Super Bowl". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ NFL.com (January 15, 2018). "Leslie Odom Jr To Sing America The Beautiful At Super Bowl". Retrieved January 15, 2018.
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Southern hairy-nosed wombat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Southern hairy-nosed wombat[1]
Conservation status

Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Vombatidae
Genus: Lasiorhinus
Gray, 1863
Species: L. latifrons
Binomial name
Lasiorhinus latifrons
(Owen, 1845)
Southern hairy-nosed wombat range
The southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) is one of three extant species of wombats. It is found in scattered areas of semiarid scrub and mallee from the eastern Nullarbor Plain to the New South Wales border area. It is the smallest of all three wombat species. The young often do not survive dry seasons. It is the state animal of South Australia.[3]
Among the oldest southern hairy-nosed wombats ever documented were a male and a female from Brookfield Zoo just outside Chicago. Their names were Carver, which lived to be 34, and his mother, Vicky, which lived to be 24.[4] In South Australia in 2010, a domesticated wombat named Wally was also reported as having reached the age of 34.[5] The oldest currently living captive southern hairy nosed wombat is Hamlet at the Toronto Zoo at age 33.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Physical description
2 Biology and ecology
2.1 Feeding and energy
2.2 Burrow system and activities
2.3 Mating and reproduction
2.4 Communication
3 Status
4 References
5 Further reading
Physical description[edit]
The southern hairy-nosed wombat is adapted to digging; it has a stocky and robust build, flattened claws, and five digits.[7] It is also plantigrade. The body length ranges from 772 to 934 mm (30.4 to 36.8 in) with a body mass ranging from 19 to 32 kg (42 to 71 lb).[7] Its short tail is hidden by its fur. The pelage is silky and is typically greyish or tan in colour. The wombat grooms itself with its second and third toes, which are fused together, except at the tips.[8][9] The head is robust and flattened and the ears are pointed.[10] The snout resembles that of a pig.[8] The animal gets its name from the hairs that cover its rhinarium.[7] The wombat's incisors resemble those of rodents, and its molars are widely spaced by the palate.[8] The teeth keep growing for the entirety of the animal’s life, which is likely an adaptation to its harsh diet.[7] Compared to the common wombat, the southern hairy-nosed wombat has a larger temporalis muscle and a smaller masseter muscle.[11] Also, unlike the northern hairy-nosed wombat, the southern hairy-nosed wombat’s nasal bone is longer than the frontal bone.[7]
Biology and ecology[edit]
Southern hairy-nosed wombats range though Western Australia, southern South Australia, and south-western New South Wales. They live in semiarid to arid grasslands and woodlands.[10]
Feeding and energy[edit]
Closeup of wombat lying down
Southern hairy-nosed wombats, along with other wombat species, select native perennial grasses and sedges, but do consume introduced pasture species, forbs, and the leaves of woody shrubs if their favoured food is not available.[12] Much of the southern hairy-nosed wombat's diet is Stipa nitida, which grows around its warren complex and is trimmed as it grazes.[12] This creates an area with a higher density of new green shoots, a sign of delayed growth of individual grass.[8] The teeth of the wombat are more effective in grinding food into small particles than the western grey kangaroo.[8] Its digestive tract has a tiny caecum and a colon divided into parts.[12] The anterior part is relatively small and serves as the site for fermentation, while the posterior part is larger and is where water is reabsorbed. The wombat conserves water by recycling more urea to the colon rather than releasing it as urine. Wombats release less than other herbivorous mammals.[13] As such, the southern hairy-nosed wombat produces very dry faeces, with water contents as low as 40%.[12]
The harsh environment in which the southern hairy-nosed wombat lives is further reflected in its energetics. In captivity, their standard metabolic rate was found to be 130 kl/kg^0.75 per day, which is very low compared to most placental animals and other marsupials.[13][14] They also have the lowest thyroid hormone levels among mammals.[12] The food wombats eat provides more than enough energy.[13] As long as enough food is available, the forage consumed by the wombat can support it during late lactation. It is more effective than a donkey at maintaining its weight on low-quality food.[15]
Burrow system and activities[edit]
Southern hairy-nosed wombats dig and live in burrows which they connect into warrens with many entrances. These warrens are their prime refuges and are shared by up to 10 individuals.[12] A wombat digs with its fore claws while sitting up.[16] It leaves its new burrow backwards and pushes out soil with all its paws.[16] The central warren is surrounded by a circle of small, simple burrows 100–15 m from it.[14] The small burrows along the outer edges is where young wombats go when they are displaced from the central warren.[12] Wombats may favour a certain burrow and not share it with others. However, there is no monopolization of burrows.[17] Wombats move between burrows and even warrens. Male wombats are territorial towards wombats from other warrens, possibly to defend food resources and the warren refuges.[12] Trails of droppings connect the burrows. The males also mark their territory with anal scent secretions by rubbing their backs and rumps on objects.[8] Fights between males over territories or mates do occur and involve bites to the ears, flanks, or rumps.[7] Also, a dominance hierarchy exists among males.[7]
Wombats sleeping in a tunnel at Melbourne Zoo.
The burrows of a southern hairy-nosed wombat can have air temperatures around of 14 °C in midwinter to 26 °C in midsummer, the wombat's preferred thermo-neutral zone, while the ambient temperatures outside range from down to around 2 °C in Winter and up to 36 °C or above during Summer.[18] Warrens can make surface conditions in habitats of low humidity and high temperatures better for the wombat.[18] A wombat retires deep in the burrow after foraging.[14] The next night, the wombat moves to the entrance to check if conditions are right before emerging again.[14] In the evening, wombats leave their burrows as the ambient temperature and burrow temperature are the same. In the early morning, when the surface temperature is lower, they retire.[19]
Mating and reproduction[edit]
The breeding of the southern hairy-nosed wombat occurs when their favoured food is at its peak growth rates. Their reproduction relies on the winter rainfall, which germinates the grasses.[8] Between August and October, when rainfall is sufficient, females enter ovulation and the males' testosterone levels and prostate gland sizes increase. In years of low rainfall, neither occurs.[12] When breeding, dominance hierarchies among males are established through aggression.[9] Copulation takes place in the warren, with males remaining in one burrow and females moving among them. Mating takes place underground and involves the male mounting the female from behind while she is on her side.[17] The gestation period of the wombat lasts 22 days and most births occur in October. When a young is born, it climbs into the pouch and clings to a teat. It stays in the pouch for six months growing to around 0.45 kg, with a light pelage and open eyes.[12] It soon leaves the pouch and starts grazing at the surface. The young is fully weaned when it is a year old and reaches full size at the age of three years,[12] which is also when it becomes sexually mature.[7]
Communication[edit]
Southern hairy-nosed wombats use vocalisations and scents for communication. While most communication between wombats occurs through olfaction and scent-marking, as they do not often encounter each other directly,[7] they emit rough, coughing noises when they pass each other, and emit a more strident call for alarm.[8]
Status[edit]
Illustration by Joseph Wolf (1865)
The southern hairy-nosed wombat was listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN in 2016, because "many subpopulations are now isolated and may be non-viable". It was previously listed as Least Concern because "While there are sporadic outbreaks of sarcoptic mange, competition with introduced herbivores, susceptibility to drought, and severe fragmentation in parts of its range, the species has a wide distribution, large population, occurs in a number of protected areas, and it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category".[2] Wombats were hunted by aboriginal people for their meat. However, capturing a wombat takes considerable time and energy, so they were not hunted too frequently.[20] The indigenous people of Australia value the wombat culturally and keep their local wombat populations healthy by hunting wombats in other areas.[20]
Wombats have been considered as agricultural pests by landholders.[21] Their digging can destroy crops and can increase the risk of livestock breaking their legs by falling though their burrow systems.[22] Competition between livestock, rabbits, and wombats can lead to overgrazing. Overgrazing and the spread of invasive weeds in some areas has led to the flora being dominated by annual grass and weed species, from which wombats cannot get enough of their metabolic needs, resulting in reports of emaciation and mass starvation.[7][23] The competition from introduced rabbits threatens the survival of wombats.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Diprotodontia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Jump up to: a b Woinarski, J. & Burbidge, A.A. (2014). "Lasiorhinus latifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat". Unique Australian Animals Website.
Jump up ^ Chicago Zoological Society > Remembering Carver: Oldest Wombat on Record Accessed 9 March 2013.
Jump up ^ AdelaideNow > Wombats living happily ever after Accessed 8 March 2013.
Jump up ^ http://t.thestar.com/#/article/news/gta/2015/02/01/worlds-oldest-wombat-turns-33-at-toronto-zoo.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Green, Emily (2006). "Lasiorhinus latifrons southern hairy-nosed wombat". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Wells, R. (1989). "Vombatidae" (PDF). In Walton, D.W. Fauna of Australia. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service. pp. 1–25.
^ Jump up to: a b Cronin, L. (2000). Australian Mammals. Annandale: Envirobook.
^ Jump up to: a b Menkhorst, P. (2001). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Nakajima, K.; Townsend, G. (1994). "A morphometric study of the skulls of two species of wombats (Vombatus ursinus and Lasiorhinus latifrons)". Australian Mammalogy. 17: 65–72.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Tyndale-Biscoe, H (2005). Life of Marsupials. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 269–285. ISBN 978-0-643-06257-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wells, RT; Green, B (1998). "Aspects of water metabolism in the southern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus latifrons". In Wells, RT; Pridmore, PA. Wombats. Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty. ISBN 0949324817.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wells, R.T. (1978). "Thermoregulation and activity rhythms in the hairly-nosed wombats, Laisorhinus latifrons (Owen), (Vombatidae)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 26 (4): 639–51. doi:10.1071/ZO9780639.
Jump up ^ Hume ID (1999). Marsupial Nutrition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 434. ISBN 052159555X.
^ Jump up to: a b Ride, W. (1970). A Guide to the Native Mammals of Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 93.
^ Jump up to: a b Wells, R. (1995). "Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat Lasiorhinus latifrons (Owen, 1845)". In Strahan, R. Mammals of Australia. Chatswood, NSW: Reed Books. pp. 202–3.
^ Jump up to: a b Shimmin GA, Skinner J, Baudinette RV (2002). "The warren architecture and environment of the southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons)". Journal of Zoology. 258 (4): 469–77. doi:10.1017/S0952836902001620.
Jump up ^ Tayor GK. "A long term population study of the southern hairy-nosed wombat Laisorhinus latifrons at Moorude Wildlife Reserve, South Australia". pp. 198–205. Missing or empty |title= (help) (Wells & Pridmore 1998)
^ Jump up to: a b Davies J. 1998. "Who Owns the Animals? Sustainable Commercial use of Wildlife and Indigenous Rights in Australia" Presented at "Crossing Boundaries" the 7th annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 10–14 June 1998.
Jump up ^ AdelaideNow > Burrowing for the facts about wombats Accessed 8 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Nowak, R. (1991). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Jump up ^ ABC News > Weeds, overgrazing blamed for mass wombat deaths Accessed 7 March 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to: Lasiorhinus latifrons
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lasiorhinus latifrons.
Ruykys, Laura; Breed, Bill; Schultz, David; Taggart, David (April 2013). "Effects and treatment of sarcoptic mange in Southern Hairy-nosed Wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons)". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 49 (2): 312–320. doi:10.7589/2012-10-256. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
[show]
v
t
e
Extant Diprotodontia species
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Marsupialia
[hide]
Suborder Vombatiformes
Phascolarctidae
Phascolarctos
Koala (P. cinereus)
Vombatidae
(Wombats)
Vombatus
Common wombat (V. ursinus)
Lasiorhinus
Southern hairy-nosed wombat (L. latifrons)
Northern hairy-nosed wombat (L. krefftii)
[show]
Suborder Phalangeriformes (Possums) (cont. below)
Phalangeridae
(including Cuscuses)
Ailurops
(Bear cuscuses)
Talaud bear cuscus (A. melanotis)
Sulawesi bear cuscus (A. ursinus)
Phalanger
Gebe Cuscus (P. alexandrae)
Mountain cuscus (P. carmelitae)
Ground cuscus (P. gymnotis)
Eastern common cuscus (P. intercastellanus)
Woodlark cuscus (P. lullulae)
Blue-eyed cuscus (P. matabiru)
Telefomin cuscus (P. matanim)
Southern common cuscus (P. mimicus)
Northern common cuscus (P. orientalis)
Ornate cuscus (P. ornatus)
Rothschild's cuscus (P. rothschildi)
Silky cuscus (P. sericeus)
Stein's cuscus (P. vestitus)
Spilocuscus
Admiralty Island cuscus (S. kraemeri)
Common spotted cuscus (S. maculatus)
Waigeou cuscus (S. papuensis)
Black-spotted cuscus (S. rufoniger)
Blue-eyed spotted cuscus (S. wilsoni)
Strigocuscus
Sulawesi dwarf cuscus (S. celebensis)
Banggai cuscus (S. pelegensis)
Trichosurus
(Brushtail possums)
Northern brushtail possum (T. arnhemensis)
Short-eared possum (T. caninus)
Mountain brushtail possum (T. cunninghami)
Coppery brushtail possum (T. johnstonii)
Common brushtail possum (T. vulpecula)
Wyulda
Scaly-tailed possum (W. squamicaudata)
Burramyidae
(Pygmy possums)
Burramys
Mountain pygmy possum (B. parvus)
Cercartetus
Long-tailed pygmy possum (C. caudatus)
Southwestern pygmy possum (C. concinnus)
Tasmanian pygmy possum (C. lepidus)
Eastern pygmy possum (C. nanus)
[show]
Suborder Phalangeriformes (Possums) (cont. above)
Tarsipedidae
Tarsipes
Honey possum (T. rostratus)
Petauridae
Dactylopsila
Great-tailed triok (D. megalura)
Long-fingered triok (D. palpator)
Tate's triok (D. tatei)
Striped possum (D. trivirgata)
Gymnobelideus
Leadbeater's possum (G. leadbeateri)
Petaurus
Northern glider (P. abidi)
Yellow-bellied glider (P. australis)
Biak glider (P. biacensis)
Sugar glider (P. breviceps)
Mahogany glider (P. gracilis)
Squirrel glider (P. norfolcensis)
Pseudocheiridae
Hemibelideus
Lemur-like ringtail possum (H. lemuroides)
Petauroides
Greater glider (P. volans)
Petropseudes
Rock-haunting ringtail possum (P. dahli)
Pseudocheirus
Common ringtail possum (P. peregrinus)
Pseudochirulus
Lowland ringtail possum (P. canescens)
Weyland ringtail possum (P. caroli)
Cinereus ringtail possum (P. cinereus)
Painted ringtail possum (P. forbesi)
Herbert River ringtail possum (P. herbertensis)
Masked ringtail possum (P. larvatus)
Pygmy ringtail possum (P. mayeri)
Vogelkop ringtail possum (P. schlegeli)
Pseudochirops
D'Albertis' ringtail possum (P. albertisii)
Green ringtail possum (P. archeri)
Plush-coated ringtail possum (P. corinnae)
Reclusive ringtail possum (P. coronatus)
Coppery ringtail possum (P. cupreus)
Acrobatidae
Acrobates
Feathertail glider (A. pygmaeus)
Distoechurus
Feather-tailed possum (D. pennatus)
[show]
Suborder Macropodiformes (cont. below)
Macropodidae
(includes Wallabies)
Lagostrophus
Banded hare-wallaby (L. fasciatus)
Dendrolagus
(Tree-kangaroos)
Grizzled tree-kangaroo (D. inustus)
Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (D. lumholtzi)
Bennett's tree-kangaroo (D. bennettianus)
Ursine tree-kangaroo (D. ursinus)
Matschie's tree-kangaroo (D. matschiei)
Doria's tree-kangaroo (D. dorianus)
Ifola tree-kangaroo (D. notatus)
Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo (D. goodfellowi)
Lowlands tree-kangaroo (D. spadix)
Golden-mantled tree-kangaroo (D. pulcherrimus)
Seri's tree-kangaroo (D. stellarum)
Dingiso (D. mbaiso)
Tenkile (D. scottae)
Dorcopsis
Brown dorcopsis (D. muelleri)
White-striped dorcopsis (D. hageni)
Black dorcopsis (D. atrata)
Gray dorcopsis (D. luctuosa)
Dorcopsulus
Small dorcopsis (D. vanheurni)
Macleay's dorcopsis (D. macleayi)
Lagorchestes
Spectacled hare-wallaby (L. conspicillatus)
Rufous hare-wallaby (L. hirsutus)
Macropus
(includes Kangaroos
and Wallaroos)
Subgenus Notamacropus: Agile wallaby (M. agilis)
Black-striped wallaby (M. dorsalis)
Tammar wallaby (M. eugenii)
Western brush wallaby (M. irma)
Parma wallaby (M. parma)
Pretty-faced wallaby (M. parryi)
Red-necked wallaby (M. rufogriseus)
Subgenus Osphranter: Antilopine kangaroo (M. antilopinus)
Woodward's wallaroo (M. bernadus)
Eastern wallaroo (M. robustus)
Red kangaroo (M. rufus)
Subgenus Macropus: Western grey kangaroo (M. fuliginosus)
Eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus)
Onychogalea
(Nail-tail wallabies)
Bridled nail-tail wallaby (O. fraenata)
Northern nail-tail wallaby (O. unguifera)
Petrogale
(Rock-wallabies)
P. brachyotis species-group: Short-eared rock-wallaby (P. brachyotis)
Wilkins' rock-wallaby (P. wilkinsi)
Monjon (P. burbidgei)
Nabarlek (P. concinna)
P. xanthopus species-group: Proserpine rock-wallaby (P. persephone)
Rothschild's rock-wallaby (P. rothschildi)
Yellow-footed rock-wallaby (P. xanthopus)
P. lateralis/penicillata species-group: Allied rock-wallaby (P. assimilis)
Cape York rock-wallaby (P. coenensis)
Godman's rock-wallaby (P. godmani)
Herbert's rock-wallaby (P. herberti)
Unadorned rock-wallaby (P. inornata)
Black-flanked rock-wallaby (P. lateralis)
Mareeba rock-wallaby (P. mareeba)
Brush-tailed rock-wallaby (P. penicillata)
Purple-necked rock-wallaby (P. purpureicollis)
Mount Claro rock-wallaby (P. sharmani)
Setonix
Quokka (S. brachyurus)
Thylogale
(Pademelons)
Tasmanian pademelon (T. billardierii)
Brown's pademelon (T. browni)
Dusky pademelon (T. brunii)
Calaby's pademelon (T. calabyi)
Mountain pademelon (T. lanatus)
Red-legged pademelon (T. stigmatica)
Red-necked pademelon (T. thetis)
Wallabia
Swamp wallaby (W. bicolor)
[show]
Suborder Macropodiformes (cont. above)
Potoroidae
Aepyprymnus
Rufous rat-kangaroo (A. rufescens)
Bettongia
(Bettongs)
Eastern bettong (B. gaimardi)
Boodie (B. lesueur)
Woylie (B. penicillata)
Northern bettong (B. tropica)
Potorous
(Potoroos)
Long-footed potoroo (P. longipes)
Long-nosed potoroo (P. tridactylus)
Gilbert's potoroo (. gilbertii)
Hypsiprymnodontidae
Hypsiprymnodon
Musky rat-kangaroo (H. moschatus)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_hairy-nosed_wombat&oldid=799817404"
Categories:
IUCN Red List near threatened species
Vombatiforms
Mammals described in 1845
Mammals of Western Australia
Mammals of South Australia
Mammals of New South Wales
Marsupials of Australia
Emblems of South Australia
Taxa named by Richard Owen
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Browser wars
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2017)
Browser Market Share Worldwide July 2017[1]
Google Chrome
Firefox
Safari
UC Browser
Internet Explorer
Opera
No info
A timeline of web browsers
A browser war is competition for dominance in the usage share of web browsers. The First Browser War was Microsoft's Internet Explorer against Netscape's Navigator during the late 1990s. Browser wars continued with the decline of Internet Explorer's market share since 2003 and the increasing popularity of other browsers including Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, and Opera.
With the introduction of HTML5, CSS 3, a new generation of browser war began, this time adding extensive client-side scripting to the World Wide Web, as well as more widespread use of smartphones and other mobile devices for browsing the web. These newcomers have ensured that browser battles continue among enthusiasts, while the average web user is less affected by their choice of browser.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Mosaic Wars
3 First Browser War
3.1 Internet Explorer 5 & 6
4 Second Browser War
4.1 Updated Browsers Released and the Rise of Mobile
4.2 HTML5 beginnings and Presto rendering engine deprecation
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Background[edit]
Usage share as of Q2 2009 by percent of layout engines/web browsers
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The World Wide Web is an Internet-based hypertext system invented in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser WorldWideWeb, later renamed Nexus, and released it for the NeXTstep platform in 1991.
By the end of 1992 other browsers had appeared, many of them based on the libwww library. These included Unix browsers such as Line Mode Browser, ViolaWWW, Erwise, and MidasWWW, and MacWWW/Samba for the Mac. Even though these browsers tended to be simple HTML viewers, relying on external helper applications to view multimedia content, they provided choice to users both in browsers and platforms.
Mosaic Wars[edit]
Further browsers were released in 1993, including Cello, Arena, Lynx, tkWWW, and Mosaic. The most influential of these was Mosaic, a multiplatform browser developed at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). By October 1994, Mosaic was "well on its way to becoming the world's standard interface", according to Gary Wolfe of Wired.[3]
Several companies licensed Mosaic to create their own commercial browsers, such as AirMosaic and Spyglass Mosaic. One of the Mosaic developers, Marc Andreessen, co-founded the Mosaic Communications Corporation and created a new web browser named Mosaic Netscape.
There are two ages of the Internet - before Mosaic, and after. The combination of Tim Berners-Lee's Web protocols, which provided connectivity, and Marc Andreesen's browser, which provided a great interface, proved explosive. In twenty-four months, the Web has gone from being unknown to absolutely ubiquitous.[4]
To resolve legal issues with NCSA, the company was renamed Netscape Communications Corporation and the browser Netscape Navigator. The Netscape browser improved on Mosaic's usability and reliability and was able to display pages as they loaded. By 1995, helped by the fact that it was free for non-commercial use, the browser dominated the emerging World Wide Web.
Other browsers launched during 1994 included IBM Web Explorer, Navipress, SlipKnot, MacWeb, and Browse.[5]
In 1995, Netscape faced new competition from OmniWeb, WebRouser, UdiWWW, and Microsoft's Internet Explorer 1.0, but continued to dominate the market.
First Browser War[edit]
Market share for several browsers between 1995 and 2010. Firefox was originally named "Phoenix", a name which implied that it would rise like a Phoenix after Netscape Navigator was killed off by Microsoft.
By mid-1995 the World Wide Web had received a great deal of attention in popular culture and the mass media. Netscape Navigator was the most widely used web browser and Microsoft had licensed Mosaic to create Internet Explorer 1.0,[6][7] which it had released as part of the Microsoft Windows 95 Plus! Pack in August.[8]
Internet Explorer 2.0 was released as a free download three months later. Unlike Netscape Navigator it was available to all Windows users for free, even commercial companies.[9] Other companies later followed and gave their browsers away for free.[10] Both Netscape Navigator and competitor products like InternetWorks, Quarterdeck Browser, InterAp, and WinTapestry were bundled with other applications to full Internet suites.[10] New versions of Internet Explorer and Netscape (branded as Netscape Communicator) were released at a rapid pace over the following few years.
Development was rapid and new features were routinely added, including Netscape's JavaScript (subsequently replicated by Microsoft as JScript) and proprietary HTML tags such as <blink> and <marquee>.
Internet Explorer began to approach feature parity with Netscape with version 3.0 (1996), which offered scripting support and the market's first commercial Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) implementation.
In October 1997, Internet Explorer 4.0 was released. The release party in San Francisco featured a ten-foot-tall letter "e" logo. Netscape employees showing up to work the following morning found the giant logo on their front lawn, with a sign attached that read "From the IE team ... We Love You". The Netscape employees promptly knocked it over and set a giant figure of their Mozilla dinosaur mascot atop it, holding a sign reading "Netscape 72, Microsoft 18" representing the market distribution.[11]
Internet Explorer 4 changed the tides of the browser wars. It was integrated into Microsoft Windows, which gave it a large installation base.
During these releases, it was common for web designers to display 'best viewed in Netscape' or 'best viewed in Internet Explorer' logos. These images often identified a specific browser version and were commonly linked to a source from which the stated browser could be downloaded. These logos generally recognized the divergence between the standards supported by the browsers and signified which browser was used for testing the pages. In response, supporters of the principle that web sites should be compliant with World Wide Web Consortium standards and hence viewable with any browser started the "Viewable With Any Browser" campaign, which employed its own logo similar to the partisan ones. Most mainstream web sites, however, specified one of Netscape or IE as their preferred browser while making some attempt to support minimal functionality on the other.
Internet Explorer 5 & 6[edit]
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Microsoft had three strong advantages in the browser wars.
One was resources: Netscape began with about 80% market share and a good deal of public goodwill, but as a relatively small company deriving the great bulk of its income from what was essentially a single product (Navigator and its derivatives), it was financially vulnerable. Netscape's total revenue never exceeded the interest income generated by Microsoft's cash on hand. Microsoft's vast resources allowed them to make IE available without charge, as the enormous revenues from Windows were used to fund its development and marketing. Netscape was commercial software for businesses but provided free for home and educational use; Internet Explorer was provided free for all Windows and Macintosh users, cutting off a significant revenue stream: As it was told by Jim Barksdale, President and CEO of Netscape Communications: "Very few times in warfare have smaller forces overtaken bigger forces...".[12]
Another advantage was that Microsoft Windows had over 90% share of the desktop operating system market. Internet Explorer was bundled with every copy of Windows, therefore Microsoft was able to dominate the market share easily as customers had it as the default browser. In this time period, many new computer purchases were first computer purchases for home users or offices, and many of the users had never extensively used a web browser before, so had nothing to compare with and little motivation to consider alternatives; the great set of abilities they had gained with access to the Internet and the World Wide Web made any difference in browser features or ergonomics pale in comparison.
During the United States Microsoft antitrust case in 1998, Intel vice president Steven McGeady, a witness called by the government, said on the stand that a senior executive at Microsoft told him in 1995 of his company's intention to "cut off Netscape's air supply". A Microsoft attorney said that McGeady's testimony is not credible.[13] That same year, Netscape, the company, was acquired by America Online for US$4.2 billion. Internet Explorer became the new dominant browser, attaining a peak of about 96% of the web browser usage share during 2002, more than Netscape had at its peak.
The first browser war ended with Internet Explorer having no remaining serious competition for its market share. This also brought an end to the rapid innovation in web browsers; until 2006 there was only one new version of Internet Explorer since version 6.0 had been released in 2001. Internet Explorer 6.0 Service Pack 1 was developed as part of Windows XP Service Pack 1 and was also integrated into Windows Server 2003. Further enhancements were made to Internet Explorer in Windows XP Service Pack 2 (released in 2004), including a pop-up blocker and stronger default security settings regarding the installation of ActiveX controls.
Second Browser War[edit]
Firefox 2.0, shown here, was released in October 2006.
At the start of Navigator's decline, Netscape open-sourced their browser code, and later entrusted it to the newly formed non-profit Mozilla Foundation—a primarily community-driven project to create a successor to Netscape. Development continued for several years with little widespread adoption until a stripped-down browser-only version of the full suite, which included new features such as a separate search bar (which had previously only appeared in the Opera browser), was created. The browser-only version was initially named Phoenix, but because of trademark issues that name was changed, first to Firebird, then to Firefox. This browser became the focus of the Mozilla Foundation's development efforts and Mozilla Firefox 1.0 was released on November 9, 2004. It then continued to gain an increasing share of the browser market until a peak in 2010.
In 2003, Microsoft announced that Internet Explorer 6 Service Pack 1 would be the last standalone version of its browser. Future enhancements would be dependent on Windows Vista, which would include new tools such as the WPF and XAML to enable developers to build web applications.
In response, in April 2004, the Mozilla Foundation and Opera Software joined efforts to develop new open technology standards which add more capability while remaining backward-compatible with existing technologies.[14] The result of this collaboration was the WHATWG, a working group devoted to the fast creation of new standard definitions that would be submitted to the W3C for approval.
The growing number of device/browser combinations in use, legally-mandated web accessibility, as well as the expansion of expected web functionality to essentially require DOM and scripting abilities, including AJAX, made web standards of increasing importance during this era. Instead of touting their proprietary extensions, browser developers began to market their software based on how closely it adhered to the behavior as specified by the standard.[15]
Updated Browsers Released and the Rise of Mobile[edit]
Usage share of web browsers according to StatCounter
On February 15, 2005, Microsoft announced that Internet Explorer 7 would be available for Windows XP SP2 and later versions of Windows by mid-2005.[16] The announcement introduced the new version of the browser as a major upgrade over Internet Explorer 6 SP1.
Opera had been a long-time small player in the browser wars, known for introducing innovative features such as tabbed browsing and mouse gestures, as well as being lightweight but feature-rich. The software, however, was commercial, which hampered its adoption compared to its free rivals until 2005, when the browser became freeware. On June 20, 2006, Opera Software released Opera 9 including an integrated source viewer, a BitTorrent client implementation, and widgets. It was the first Windows browser to pass the Acid2 test. Opera Mini, a mobile browser, has significant mobile market share. Editions of Opera are also available for the Nintendo DS and the Wii.
Microsoft released Internet Explorer 7 on October 18, 2006. It included tabbed browsing, a search bar, a phishing filter, and improved support for web standards (including full support for PNG) — all features already long familiar to Opera and Firefox users. Microsoft distributed Internet Explorer 7 to genuine Windows users (WGA) as a high-priority update through Windows Update.[17] Typical market share analysis showed only a slow uptake of Internet Explorer 7 and Microsoft decided to drop the requirement for WGA and made Internet Explorer 7 available to all Windows users in October 2007.[18] Throughout the two following years, Microsoft worked on Internet Explorer 8. On December 19, 2007, the company announced that an internal build of that version had passed the Acid2 CSS test in "IE8 standards mode" — the last of the major browsers to do so. Internet Explorer 8 was released on March 19, 2009. New features included accelerators, improved privacy protection, a compatibility mode for pages designed for older browsers,[19] and improved support for various web standards. It was the last version of Internet Explorer to be released for Windows XP. Internet Explorer 8 scored 20/100 in the Acid3 test, which was much worse than all major competitors at the time.[20]
On October 24, 2006, Mozilla released Mozilla Firefox 2.0. It included the ability to reopen recently closed tabs, a session restore feature to resume work where it had been left after a crash, a phishing filter, and a spell-checker for text fields. Mozilla released Firefox 3.0 on June 17, 2008,[21] with performance improvements and other new features. Firefox 3.5 followed on June 30, 2009, with further performance improvements, native integration of audio and video, and more privacy features.[22]
Apple created forks of the open-source KHTML and KJS layout and JavaScript engines from the KDE Konqueror browser in 2002. They explained that those provided a basis for easier development than other technologies by virtue of being small (fewer than 140,000 lines of code), cleanly designed, and standards-compliant.[23] The resulting layout engine became known as WebKit and it was incorporated into the Safari browser that first shipped with Mac OS X v10.3. On June 13, 2003, Microsoft said it was discontinuing Internet Explorer on the Mac platform and on June 6, 2007, Apple released a beta version of Safari for Microsoft Windows. On April 29, 2010, Steve Jobs wrote open letter regarding his Thoughts on Flash, and the place it would hold on Apple's iOS devices and web browsers. Web developers were tasked with updating their web sites to be mobile friendly, and while many disagreed with Steve Jobs's assessment on Adobe Flash, history would soon prove his case and point with notable mentions of poor performance of Flash on Android devices. HTML4 and CSS2 were the standard in most browsers in 2006. However, new features being added to browsers from HTML5 and CSS3 specifications were quickly making their mark by 2010, especially in the emerging mobile browser market where new ways of animating and rendering for various screen sizes were to become the norm. Accessibility would also become a key player for the mobile web.[24][25][26]
On December 28, 2007, Netscape announced that support for its Mozilla-derived Netscape Navigator would be discontinued on February 1, 2008, suggesting its users migrate to Mozilla Firefox.[27] However, on January 28, 2008, Netscape announced that support would be extended to March 1, 2008, and mentioned Flock alongside Firefox as alternatives to its users.
Google released the Chrome browser for Microsoft Windows on December 11, 2008, using the same WebKit rendering engine as Safari and a faster JavaScript engine called V8. Shortly after, an open-sourced version for the Windows, OS X, and Linux platforms was released under the name Chromium. According to Net Applications, Chrome had gained a 3.6% usage share by October 2009. After the release of the beta for Mac OS X and Linux, the market share had increased rapidly.[28]
During December 2009 and January 2010, StatCounter reported that its statistics indicated that Firefox 3.5 was the most popular browser, when counting individual browser versions, passing Internet Explorer 7 and 8 by a small margin.[29][30] This was the first time a global statistic has reported that a non-Internet Explorer browser version had exceeded the top Internet Explorer version in usage share since the fall of Netscape Navigator. This feat, which GeekSmack called the "dethroning of Microsoft and its Internet Explorer 7 browser,"[31] could largely be attributed to the fact that it came at a time when version 8 was replacing version 7 as the dominant Internet Explorer version. No more than two months later Internet Explorer 8 had established itself as the most popular browser version, a position which it still held as of March 2011. It should also be noted that other major statistics, such as Net Applications, never reported any non-Internet Explorer browser version as having a higher usage share than the most popular Internet Explorer version, although Firefox 3.5 was reported as the third most popular browser version between December 2009 and February 2010, to be replaced by Firefox 3.6 since April 2010, each ahead of Internet Explorer 7 and behind Internet Explorer 6 and 8.[32]
HTML5 beginnings and Presto rendering engine deprecation[edit]
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On January 21, 2010, Mozilla released Mozilla Firefox 3.6, which allows support for a new type of theme display, 'Personas', which allows users to change Firefox's appearance with a single click. Version 3.6 also improves JavaScript performance, overall browser responsiveness, and startup times.[33]
In October 2010, StatCounter reported that Internet Explorer had for the first time dropped below 50% market share to 49.87% in their figures.[34] Also, StatCounter reported Internet Explorer 8's first drop in usage share in the same month.[35]
Google released Google Chrome 9 on February 3, 2011. New features introduced included support for WebGL, Chrome Instant, and the Chrome Web Store.[36] The company created another seven versions of Chrome that year, finishing with Chrome 16 on December 15, 2011. The first version of Chrome available to the public in 2012 was Chrome 17, which was released on February 15, 2012. In April 2012, Google browsers (Chrome and Android) became the most used browsers on Wikimedia Foundation sites.[37] By May 21, 2012, StatCounter reported Chrome narrowly overtaking Internet Explorer as the most used browser in the world.[38] However, troughs and peaks in the market share between Internet Explorer and Chrome meant that Internet Explorer was slightly ahead of Chrome on weekdays up until July 4.[39] At the same time, Net Applications reported Internet Explorer firmly in first place, with Google Chrome almost overtaking Firefox as the second.[40] In 2012, responding to Chrome's popularity, Apple discontinued Safari for Windows.[41]
Microsoft released Internet Explorer 9 on March 14, 2011. It featured a revamped interface, support for the basic SVG feature set, and partial HTML5 video support, among other new features. It only runs on Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows Phone 7. The company later released Internet Explorer 10 along with Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8 in 2012, and an update compatible with Windows 7 followed in 2013. This version drops Vista and Phone 7 support. The release preview of Internet Explorer 11 was released on September 17, 2013. It supports the same desktops as its predecessor.
The concept of rapid releases established by Google Chrome prompted Mozilla to do the same for its Firefox browser. On June 21, 2011, Firefox 5.0 was the first rapid release for this browser, finished a mere six weeks after the previous edition.[42] Mozilla created four more whole-number versions throughout the year, finishing with Firefox 9 on December 20, 2011. For those desiring long term support, Mozilla made an Extended Support Release (ESR) version of Firefox 10 on January 31, 2012. Contrary to the regular version, a Firefox ESR receives regular security updates plus occasional new features and performance updates for approximately one year, after which a 12-week grace period is given before discontinuing that version number.[citation needed] Those who continued to use the rapid releases with an active Internet connection were automatically updated to Firefox 11 on March 15, 2012.[citation needed]
During this era, all major web browsers implemented support for HTML5 video.[citation needed] Supported codecs, however, varied from browser to browser. Current versions[when?] of Android, Chrome, and Firefox support Theora, H.264, and the VP8 version of WebM. Older versions of Firefox omitted H.264 due to it being a proprietary codec, but it was made available beginning in version 17 for Android and version 20 for Windows. Internet Explorer and Safari support H.264 exclusively,[when?] but the Theora and VP8 codecs can be manually installed on the desktop versions.[citation needed]
Given the popularity of WebKit for mobile browsers, Opera Software discontinued its own Presto engine in February 2013. The Opera 12 series of browsers were the last to use Presto with its successors using WebKit instead.
See also[edit]
After the Software Wars
Comparison of web browsers
Usage share of web browsers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top Browsers Per Country, July 2017". Statcounter. 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Did the browser wars finally end in 2014?". Over the past decade, a lot has changed: Mobile devices now outnumber traditional PCs, and the desktop browser has become much less important than mobile web clients and apps. Apple's mobile Safari and Google's Chrome are now major players, Mozilla is in a time of major transition, and Microsoft is still paying for its past sins with Internet Explorer.
And in 2014, all those players seem to have dug in to well-entrenched positions.
Jump up ^ Wolfe, Gary (October 1994). "The (Second Phase of the) Revolution Has Begun". Wired Magazine. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
Jump up ^ Pesce, Mark (October 15, 1995). "A Brief History of Cyberspace". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Berghel, Hal (2 April 1996). "Hal Berghel's Cybernautica". Retrieved 14 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Elstrom, Peter (22 January 1997). "MICROSOFT'S $8 MILLION GOODBYE TO SPYGLASS". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 29 June 1997. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Thurrott, Paul (22 January 1997). "Microsoft and Spyglass kiss and make up". WindowsITPro. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Windows History: Internet Explorer History". Microsoft.com. 2003-06-30. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Internet Explorer Web Browser Available on All Major Platforms, Offers Broadest International Support" (Press release). Microsoft. 30 April 1996. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Berst, Jesse (20 February 1995). "Web-Wars". PC Week. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mozilla stomps IE". Home.snafu.de. 1997-10-02. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Roads and Crossroads of the Internet History". NetValley.com. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
Jump up ^ Chandrasekaran, Rajiv (November 1998). "Microsoft Attacks Credibility of Intel Exec". Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Position Paper for the W3C Workshop on Web Applications and Compound Documents". W3.org. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ "The Business Benefits of Web Standards". In such an increasingly heterogeneous environment, testing each web page in every configuration is impossible. Coding to standards is then the only practical solution.
Jump up ^ "IEBlog : IE7". Blogs.msdn.com. 2005-02-15. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ Evers, Joris. "Microsoft tags IE 7 'high priority' update | CNET News.com". News.com.com. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ "IEBlog: Internet Explorer 7 Update". Blogs.msdn.com. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Window Internet Explorer 8 Fact Sheet" (Press release). Microsoft. March 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Presto and WebKit-based browsers scored 100 in 2008, with Firefox scoring 93 in June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Coming Tuesday, June 17th: Firefox 3". Mozilla Developer Center. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Mozilla Advances the Web with Firefox 3.5". Mozilla Europe and Mozilla Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
Jump up ^ KDE KFM-Devel mailing list "(fwd) Greetings from the Safari team at Apple Computer", January 7, 2003.
Jump up ^ "Web Content Accessibility and Mobile Web: Making a Website Accessible Both for People with Disabilities and for Mobile Devices". W3C. Retrieved 2012-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Mobile Product Accessibility Testing Resources". Digital.gov. Retrieved 2013-07-31.
Jump up ^ "When it comes to accessibility, Apple continues to lead in awareness and innovation". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
Jump up ^ "The Netscape Blog". Netscape, AOL. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Browser market share". Net Applications. December 30, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
Jump up ^ Firefox 3.5 is world's most popular browser, StatCounter says, Nick Eaton. seattlepi blogs. 2009-12-21. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
Jump up ^ "StatCounter global stats – Top 12 browser versions". StatCounter. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Firefox 3.5 surpasses IE7 market share". Geeksmack.net. 2009-12-22. Archived from the original on 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
Jump up ^ "Browser market share trend". Marketshare.hitslink.com. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Mozilla Firefox 3.6 Release Notes". Mozilla.com. 2010-01-21. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Internet Explorer browser falls below 50% of worldwide market for first time". StatCounter. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "StatCounter Browser Versions form Oct 09 to Oct 10". StatCounter. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Google Chrome Blog". chrome.blogspot.com. 2011-02-03. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report - Browsers e.a". Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Google Chrome Overtakes Internet Explorer". Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share". Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Browser market share". Netmarketshare.com. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
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Bibliography[edit]
DOJ/Antitrust: U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division. Civil Action No. 98-1232 (Antitrust) Complaint, United States of America v. Microsoft Corporation. May 18, 1998. Press release: Justice Department Files Antitrust Suit Against Microsoft for Unlawfully Monopolizing Computer Software Markets
External links[edit]
A March 1998 Interview with Marc Andreessen about Microsoft antitrust litigation and browser wars
The Roads and Crossroads of Internet History: Chapter 4. Birth of the World Wide Web by Gregory R. Gromov
Browser Statistics – Month by month comparison spanning from 2002 and onward displaying the usage share of browsers among web developers
Browser Stats – Chuck Upsdell's Browser Statistics
Browser Stats – Net Applications' Browser Statistics
StatCounter Global Stats – tracks the market share of browsers including mobile from over 4 billion monthly page views
Browser war, RIA and future of web development
Browser Wars II: The Saga Continues – an article about the development of the browser wars
Web Browsers' War – 2012 – An article about web browsers' war in 2012
Thomas Haigh, "Protocols for Profit: Web and Email Technologies as Product and Infrastructure" in The Internet & American Business, eds. Ceruzzi & Aspray, MIT Press, 2008– business & technological history of web browsers, online preprint
stephenbrooks.org – browserwars – a multiplayer browser game, shows the logo of the browsers used
Browser Market Share – current market share of browsers and their versions, desktop and mobile
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1999
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2000
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2001
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2002
Avant Browser 7
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2003
GreenBrowser
Maxthon
Opera 7–7.3
Safari
SlimBrowser
2004
Avant Browser 9
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2005
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2006
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2007
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2008
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2016
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Browser_wars&oldid=817774632"
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Software wars
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This page was last edited on 30 December 2017, at 14:06.
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values: حرب المتصفحات – Arabic

values: جنگ مرورگرها – Persian

values: Évolution de l'usage des navigateurs web – French

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values: ဘရောက်ဆာ စစ်ပွဲများ – Burmese

values: Война браузеров – Russian

values: Ратови прегледача – Serbian

values: Війна браузерів – Ukrainian

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