text:
English-speaking world
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Nations in which English is an official language (de facto or de jure). Anglosphere countries are a subset of those where English is the main native language.
Anglosphere
Official as majority language
Official as minority language
Co-official as majority language
Co-official as minority language
Unofficial
Not official as majority language
Not official as minority language
Approximately 330 to 360 million people speak English as their first language.[1] The United States has the most native speakers at 258 million. Additionally, there are 62 million native English speakers in the United Kingdom, 32 million in Canada, 20 million in Australia, and 4.5 million in New Zealand. Other countries also use English as their primary and official languages.
English is the third largest language by number of native speakers, after Mandarin and Spanish.[2]
Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly, from 470 million to more than 1 billion. David Crystal calculates that non-native speakers as of 2003 outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1.[3] When combining native and non-native speakers, English is the second most widely spoken language worldwide.
Besides the major varieties of English, such as American English, British English, Indian English, Canadian English, Australian English, Irish English, New Zealand English and their sub-varieties, countries such as South Africa, the Philippines, Jamaica and Nigeria also have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from English-based creole languages to Standard English.
Contents
[hide]
1 Majority English-speaking countries
2 Countries where English is an official language
3 English as a global language
4 Notes
5 References
6 Bibliography
Majority English-speaking countries[edit]
Countries where English is spoken natively by the majority of the population.
Main articles: List of countries by English-speaking population and Anglosphere
There are six large countries with a majority of native English speakers that are sometimes grouped under the term Anglosphere. They are, in descending order of English speakers, the United States (at least 231 million),[4] the United Kingdom (60 million),[5][6][7] Canada (at least 20 million),[8] Australia (at least 17 million),[9] Ireland (4.2 million), and New Zealand (3.7 million).[10]
Pie chart showing the percentage of native English speakers living in "inner circle" English-speaking countries. Native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second-language speakers of English (not counted in this chart[11]).
United States (64.3%)
United Kingdom (16.7%)
Canada (5.3%)
Australia (4.7%)
South Africa (1.3%)
Republic of Ireland (1.1%)
New Zealand (1%)
Other (5.6%)
English is also the primary natively spoken language in the countries and territories of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Guyana, the Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jersey, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
Other substantial communities of native speakers are found in South Africa (4.8 million)[12] and Nigeria (4 million, 5%).
Countries where English is an official language[edit]
Main article: List of territorial entities where English is an official language
In some countries where English is not the most spoken language, it is an official language; these countries include Botswana, Cameroon (co-official with French), the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Sudan, South Africa, South Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. There also are countries where in a part of the territory English became a co-official language, e.g. Colombia's San Andrés y Providencia and Nicaragua's Mosquito Coast. This was a result of the influence of British colonization in the area.
India has the largest number of second-language speakers of English (see Indian English); Crystal (2004) claims that, combining native and non-native speakers, India has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world.[13]
English is one of the eleven official languages that are given equal status in South Africa (South African English). It is also the official language in current dependent territories of Australia (Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Cocos Island) and of the United States (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico (in Puerto Rico, English is co-official with Spanish) and the US Virgin Islands),[14] and the former British colony of Hong Kong. (See List of countries where English is an official language for more details.)
Although the United States federal government has no official languages, English has been given official status by 32 of the 50 US state governments.[15][16] Although falling short of official status, English is also an important language in several former colonies and protectorates of the United Kingdom, such as Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cyprus and the United Arab Emirates.
English as a global language[edit]
See also: English in computing, International English, World Englishes, World language, and English as a second or foreign language
Countries in which English is the first language of the majority of the population.
Countries with substantial numbers of English speakers, in most cases dating back to the British Empire.[a]
Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a "world language", the lingua franca of the modern era,[17] and while it is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language.[18] It is, by international treaty, the official language for aeronautical[19] and maritime[20] communications. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations and many other international organizations, including the International Olympic Committee.
English is studied most often in the European Union, and the perception of the usefulness of foreign languages among Europeans is 67 percent in favour of English ahead of 17 percent for German and 16 percent for French (as of 2012). Among some of the non-English-speaking EU countries, the following percentages of the adult population claimed to be able to converse in English in 2012: 90 percent in the Netherlands, 89 percent in Malta, 86 percent in Sweden and Denmark, 73 percent in Cyprus and Austria, 70 percent in Finland, and over 50 percent in Greece, Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia, and Germany. In 2012, excluding native speakers, 38 percent of Europeans consider that they can speak English.[21]
Books, magazines, and newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world, and English is the most commonly used language in the sciences[17] with Science Citation Index reporting as early as 1997 that 95% of its articles were written in English, even though only half of them came from authors in English-speaking countries.
In publishing, English literature predominates considerably with 28 percent of all books published in the world [leclerc 2011] and 30 percent of web content in 2011 (from 50 percent in 2000).[22]
This increasing use of the English language globally has had a large impact on many other languages, leading to language shift and even language death,[23] and to claims of linguistic imperialism. English itself has become more open to language shift as multiple regional varieties feed back into the language as a whole.[24]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Liberia, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and the Philippines were never colonies of the British Empire, but of the United States.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Crystal 2006, pp. 424–426.
Jump up ^ "Summary by language size". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Crystal, David (2003). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3.
Jump up ^ Ryan 2013, Table 1.
Jump up ^ Office for National Statistics 2013, Key Points.
Jump up ^ National Records of Scotland 2013.
Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 2012, Table KS207NI: Main Language.
Jump up ^ Statistics Canada 2014.
Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013.
Jump up ^ Statistics New Zealand 2014.
Jump up ^ Data are from national censuses conducted in 2010 or 2011 in the reported countries.
Jump up ^ Statistics South Africa 2012, Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number).
Jump up ^ Crystal 2004b.
Jump up ^ Nancy Morris (1995). Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 62. ISBN 0-275-95228-2.
Jump up ^ "U.S. English, Inc". U.S. English. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "U.S. English Chairman Applauds West Virginia Bill to Declare English the States Official Language". U.S. English. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b David Graddol (1997). "The Future of English?" (PDF). The British Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
Jump up ^ Crystal, David (2003a). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Lay summary (PDF) – Library of Congress (sample) (4 February 2015). Northrup, David (20 March 2013). How English Became the Global Language. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-30306-6. Retrieved 25 March 2015. Lay summary (25 March 2015).
Jump up ^ "ICAO Promotes Aviation Safety by Endorsing English Language Testing". International Civil Aviation Organization. 13 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases". International Maritime Organization. Archived from the original on 27 December 2003.
Jump up ^ European Commission (June 2012). Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages (PDF) (Report). Eurobarometer Special Surveys. Retrieved 12 February 2015. Lay summary (PDF) (27 March 2015).
Jump up ^ Northrup 2013.
Jump up ^ David Crystal (2000) Language Death, Preface; viii, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Jump up ^ Jambor, Paul Z. (April 2007). "English Language Imperialism: Points of View". Journal of English as an International Language. 2: 103–123.
Bibliography[edit]
Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 March 2013). "2011 Census QuickStats: Australia". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Bao, Z. (2006). "Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English". In Brown, Keith. Encyclopedia of language & linguistics. Elsevier. pp. 377–380. ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04257-7. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Lay summary (6 February 2015). – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
Crystal, David (19 November 2004b). "Subcontinent Raises Its Voice". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
National Records of Scotland (26 September 2013). "Census 2011: Release 2A". Scotland's Census 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (11 December 2012). "Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012" (PDF). Statistics Bulletin. Table KS207NI: Main Language. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Office for National Statistics (4 March 2013). "Language in England and Wales, 2011". 2011 Census Analysis. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Ryan, Camille (August 2013). "Language Use in the United States: 2011" (PDF). American Community Survey Reports. p. 1. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Statistics Canada (22 August 2014). "Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Statistics New Zealand (April 2014). "2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity" (PDF). p. 23. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Statistics South Africa (2012). Census 2011: Census in Brief (PDF). Report No. 03-01-41. Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number). ISBN 978-0-621-41388-5. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
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List of Super Bowl broadcasters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The following is a list of Super Bowl broadcasters, that is, all of the national American television and radio networks and sports announcers that have broadcast the first four AFL-NFL World Championship Games and thereafter the championship games of the National Football League. It does not include any announcers who may have appeared on local radio broadcasts produced by the participating teams.
Originally alternated between the AFL network (then NBC) and the NFL network (then CBS), the network that televises each Super Bowl game is currently determined by the TV contracts that the league negotiates with all of its broadcasters about every 4–8 years. Currently (beginning with the 2006 season), the rights to televise the Super Bowl are rotated on an annual basis by CBS, Fox and NBC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Television
1.1 Notes
1.2 See also
2 Radio
3 References
4 External links
Television[edit]
Game
Date
Network
Play-by-play announcers
Color commentators
Sideline reporters
Pregame hosts
Pregame analysts
Trophy presentation
I* January 15, 1967 CBS Ray Scott
(first half)
Jack Whitaker
(second half) Frank Gifford Pat Summerall Pat Summerall
NBC Curt Gowdy Paul Christman Charlie Jones Jim Simpson George Ratterman George Ratterman
II January 14, 1968 CBS Ray Scott Pat Summerall and Jack Kemp Frank Gifford and Jack Whitaker Frank Gifford
III January 12, 1969 NBC Curt Gowdy Kyle Rote and Al DeRogatis Jim Simpson Curt Gowdy Kyle Rote and Al DeRogatis Jim Simpson
IV January 11, 1970 CBS Jack Buck Pat Summerall Frank Gifford and Jack Whitaker Frank Gifford
V January 17, 1971 NBC Curt Gowdy Kyle Rote Bill Enis Curt Gowdy Joe Namath Bill Enis
VI January 16, 1972 CBS Ray Scott Pat Summerall Tom Brookshier Jack Whitaker Tom Brookshier
VII January 14, 1973 NBC Curt Gowdy Al DeRogatis Bill Enis Curt Gowdy Joe Namath Bill Enis
VIII January 13, 1974 CBS Ray Scott Pat Summerall and Bart Starr Tom Brookshier Jack Whitaker Tom Brookshier
IX January 12, 1975 NBC Curt Gowdy Al DeRogatis and Don Meredith Charlie Jones Jack Perkins Joe Namath and Don Meredith Charlie Jones
X January 18, 1976 CBS Pat Summerall Tom Brookshier
Hank Stram (fourth quarter) Brent Musburger Irv Cross, Phyllis George and Jack Whitaker Tom Brookshier and Sonny Jurgensen
XI January 9, 1977 NBC Curt Gowdy Don Meredith Lee Leonard and Bryant Gumbel John Brodie Bryant Gumbel
XII January 15, 1978 CBS Pat Summerall Tom Brookshier Paul Hornung and Nick Buoniconti Brent Musburger Irv Cross, Phyllis George and Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder Gary Bender
XIII January 21, 1979 NBC Curt Gowdy John Brodie and Merlin Olsen Dick Enberg Bryant Gumbel, Mike Adamle, Donna De Varona and Fran Tarkenton Mike Adamle
XIV January 20, 1980 CBS Pat Summerall Tom Brookshier Brent Musburger Irv Cross, Jayne Kennedy, Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder, John Madden and George Allen Brent Musburger
XV January 25, 1981 NBC Dick Enberg Merlin Olsen John Brodie and Len Dawson Bryant Gumbel Mike Adamle, Pete Axthelm, and Bob Trumpy Bryant Gumbel
XVI January 24, 1982 CBS Pat Summerall John Madden Irv Cross and Phyllis George Brent Musburger Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder, Terry Bradshaw and Roger Staubach Brent Musburger
XVII January 30, 1983 NBC Dick Enberg Merlin Olsen Bill Macatee Len Berman Mike Adamle, Pete Axthelm and Ahmad Rashād Mike Adamle
XVIII January 22, 1984 CBS Pat Summerall John Madden Irv Cross and Jim Hill Brent Musburger Pat O'Brien, Phyllis George, Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder, Dick Vermeil, Charlsie Cantey, and Tom Brookshier Brent Musburger
XIX[1] January 20, 1985 ABC Frank Gifford Don Meredith and Joe Theismann Al Michaels and Jim Lampley O. J. Simpson and Tom Landry Jim Lampley
XX January 26, 1986 NBC Dick Enberg Merlin Olsen and Bob Griese Bill Macatee Bob Costas Pete Axthelm and Ahmad Rashād Bob Costas
XXI January 25, 1987 CBS Pat Summerall John Madden Irv Cross and Will McDonough Brent Musburger Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder, Dan Dierdorf, Terry Bradshaw and Joe Theismann Brent Musburger
XXII January 31, 1988 ABC Al Michaels Frank Gifford and Dan Dierdorf Jack Whitaker, Jim Hill and Becky Dixon Keith Jackson Lynn Swann and Mike Adamle Keith Jackson
XXIII[2] January 22, 1989 NBC Dick Enberg Merlin Olsen Jim Gray Bob Costas and Gayle Gardner Paul Maguire and Don Shula Bob Costas
XXIV[3] January 28, 1990 CBS Pat Summerall John Madden Irv Cross and Will McDonough Brent Musburger Terry Bradshaw, Mike Ditka, Ken Stabler and Dan Fouts Brent Musburger
XXV[4] January 27, 1991 ABC Al Michaels Frank Gifford and Dan Dierdorf Lynn Swann and Jack Arute Brent Musburger Dick Vermeil and Bob Griese Brent Musburger
XXVI**[5] January 26, 1992 CBS Pat Summerall John Madden Lesley Visser and Pat O'Brien and Jim Gray Greg Gumbel Terry Bradshaw, Dan Fouts and Randy Cross Lesley Visser
XXVII[6] January 31, 1993 NBC Dick Enberg Bob Trumpy O. J. Simpson and Todd Christensen Bob Costas Mike Ditka and Joe Gibbs Bob Costas
XXVIII*** January 30, 1994 NBC Dick Enberg Bob Trumpy O. J. Simpson and Will McDonough Jim Lampley and Bob Costas Mike Ditka and Joe Gibbs Jim Lampley
XXIX January 29, 1995 ABC Al Michaels Frank Gifford and Dan Dierdorf Lynn Swann and Lesley Visser Brent Musburger Dick Vermeil and Boomer Esiason Brent Musburger
XXX[7] January 28, 1996 NBC Dick Enberg Phil Simms and Paul Maguire Jim Gray and Will McDonough Greg Gumbel and Ahmad Rashād Mike Ditka, Joe Gibbs and Joe Montana Greg Gumbel
XXXI[8] January 26, 1997 Fox Pat Summerall John Madden Ron Pitts and Bill Maas James Brown Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long and Ronnie Lott Terry Bradshaw
XXXII[9] January 25, 1998 NBC Dick Enberg Phil Simms and Paul Maguire Jim Gray and John Dockery Greg Gumbel and Ahmad Rashād Cris Collinsworth, Sam Wyche and Joe Gibbs Greg Gumbel
XXXIII[10] January 31, 1999 Fox Pat Summerall John Madden Ron Pitts and Bill Maas James Brown Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long and Cris Collinsworth Terry Bradshaw
XXXIV[11] January 30, 2000 ABC Al Michaels Boomer Esiason Lesley Visser and Lynn Swann Chris Berman Steve Young Mike Tirico
XXXV[12] January 28, 2001 CBS Greg Gumbel Phil Simms Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein Jim Nantz Mike Ditka, Craig James, Randy Cross and Jerry Glanville Jim Nantz
XXXVI[13] February 3, 2002 Fox Pat Summerall John Madden Pam Oliver and Ron Pitts James Brown Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long and Cris Collinsworth Terry Bradshaw
XXXVII[14] January 26, 2003 ABC Al Michaels John Madden Melissa Stark and Lynn Swann Chris Berman Steve Young, Michael Strahan and Brian Billick Mike Tirico
XXXVIII February 1, 2004 CBS Greg Gumbel Phil Simms Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein Jim Nantz Dan Marino, Deion Sanders and Boomer Esiason Jim Nantz
XXXIX February 6, 2005 Fox Joe Buck Troy Aikman and Cris Collinsworth Pam Oliver and Chris Myers James Brown Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long and Jimmy Johnson Terry Bradshaw
XL February 5, 2006 ABC Al Michaels John Madden Michele Tafoya and Suzy Kolber Chris Berman (main set) and Mike Tirico (2nd set) Steve Young, Michael Irvin and Tom Jackson (main set); Bill Belichick (2nd set) Mike Tirico
XLI February 4, 2007 CBS Jim Nantz Phil Simms Lesley Visser, Sam Ryan, Steve Tasker and Solomon Wilcots James Brown Dan Marino, Shannon Sharpe and Boomer Esiason Jim Nantz
XLII February 3, 2008 Fox Joe Buck Troy Aikman Pam Oliver and Chris Myers Curt Menefee Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long and Jimmy Johnson Terry Bradshaw
XLIII February 1, 2009 NBC Al Michaels John Madden Andrea Kremer and Alex Flanagan Bob Costas, Dan Patrick and Keith Olbermann Cris Collinsworth, Jerome Bettis, Tiki Barber, Matt Millen, Tony Dungy, Mike Holmgren and Rodney Harrison Dan Patrick
XLIV February 7, 2010 CBS Jim Nantz Phil Simms Steve Tasker and Solomon Wilcots James Brown Dan Marino, Bill Cowher, Shannon Sharpe and Boomer Esiason Jim Nantz
XLV February 6, 2011 Fox Joe Buck Troy Aikman Pam Oliver and Chris Myers Curt Menefee Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long, Michael Strahan and Jimmy Johnson Terry Bradshaw
XLVI February 5, 2012 NBC Al Michaels Cris Collinsworth Michele Tafoya Bob Costas and Dan Patrick Tony Dungy, Rodney Harrison, Aaron Rodgers and Hines Ward Dan Patrick
XLVII February 3, 2013 CBS Jim Nantz Phil Simms Steve Tasker, Solomon Wilcots and Tracy Wolfson James Brown and Greg Gumbel Dan Marino, Bill Cowher, Shannon Sharpe, Boomer Esiason, Clay Matthews and Larry Fitzgerald Jim Nantz
XLVIII February 2, 2014 Fox Joe Buck Troy Aikman Pam Oliver and Erin Andrews Curt Menefee Howie Long, Michael Strahan and Jimmy Johnson Michael Strahan****
XLIX February 1, 2015 NBC Al Michaels Cris Collinsworth Michele Tafoya Bob Costas and Dan Patrick Tony Dungy, Rodney Harrison, Hines Ward and John Harbaugh Dan Patrick
50 February 7, 2016 CBS Jim Nantz Phil Simms Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn James Brown, Ian Eagle and Greg Gumbel Tony Gonzalez, Bill Cowher, Bart Scott, Boomer Esiason, Sean Payton, Brandon Marshall, Trent Green, Steve Smith Sr. and Amy Trask Jim Nantz
LI February 5, 2017 Fox Joe Buck Troy Aikman Erin Andrews and Chris Myers Curt Menefee Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long, Michael Strahan and Jimmy Johnson Terry Bradshaw
LII February 4, 2018 NBC Al Michaels Cris Collinsworth Michele Tafoya Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh Tony Dungy, Rodney Harrison and John Harbaugh Dan Patrick
Notes[edit]
(*) Note 1: Super Bowl I was simulcast on both CBS (at the time the sole NFL network) and NBC[15] (the AFL network). From Super Bowl II onward, the networks began rotating exclusive coverage of the game on an annual basis. Super Bowls I–VI were blacked out in the television markets of the host cities, due to league restrictions then in place.
(**) Note 2: The 1989 television contract (which was in effect) gave CBS Super Bowl XXVI instead of Super Bowl XXVII, which was in their rotation. The NFL swapped the CBS and NBC years in an effort to give CBS enough lead-in programming for the upcoming 1992 Winter Olympics two weeks later.
(***) Note 3: The television contract for 1990-1993 had each network having one Super Bowl telecast of the first three games as part of the package. The fourth Super Bowl (XXVIII) was up for a separate sealed bid. NBC won the bid, and since they were last in the rotation for Super Bowl coverage in the regular contract, ended up with two straight Super Bowls. CBS is the only other network to televise two Super Bowls (I and II) in a row. It is also of note that those two Super Bowls are the only back-to-back Super Bowls to feature the same two teams (Dallas Cowboys and Buffalo Bills).
(****) Note 4: Michael Strahan was a last-minute substitute for the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation ceremony; as Terry Bradshaw (who has normally covered the Lombardi Trophy presentation ceremonies for Super Bowls airing on Fox) left the New Jersey/New York area the day before Super Bowl XLVIII to fly home due to the death of his father.
See also[edit]
The NFL Today
Fox NFL Sunday
The NFL on NBC pregame show
Football Night in America
Radio[edit]
Game
Date
Network
Play-by-play announcers
Color commentators
Sideline reporters
Studio hosts
I January 15, 1967 CBS Jack Drees Tom Hedrick
NBC Jim Simpson George Ratterman
II January 14, 1968 CBS Jack Drees Tom Hedrick
III January 12, 1969 NBC Charlie Jones George Ratterman and Pat Summerall
IV January 11, 1970 CBS Bob Reynolds Tom Hedrick
V January 17, 1971 NBC Jay Randolph Al DeRogatis
VI January 16, 1972 CBS Andy Musser Ray Geracy
VII January 14, 1973 NBC Jim Simpson Kyle Rote
VIII January 13, 1974 CBS Andy Musser Bob Tucker
IX January 12, 1975 NBC Jim Simpson John Brodie
X January 18, 1976 CBS Ed Ingles Jim Kelly
XI January 9, 1977 NBC Jim Simpson John Brodie
XII January 15, 1978 CBS Jack Buck Jim Kelly and Sonny Jurgensen
XIII January 21, 1979 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Brent Musburger Pat Summerall
XIV January 20, 1980 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Dick Stockton
XV January 25, 1981 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Irv Cross Dick Stockton and Brent Musburger
XVI January 24, 1982 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Dick Stockton
XVII January 30, 1983 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Dick Stockton and Brent Musburger
XVIII January 22, 1984 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Dick Stockton
XIX January 20, 1985 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Irv Cross Brent Musburger
XX January 26, 1986 NBC Don Criqui Bob Trumpy Stan Martyn
XXI January 25, 1987 NBC Don Criqui Bob Trumpy Bob Costas
XXII January 31, 1988 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Brent Musburger
XXIII January 22, 1989 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Irv Cross and Will McDonough Brent Musburger
XXIV January 28, 1990 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram
Randy Cross (fourth quarter) Brent Musburger
XXV January 27, 1991 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Greg Gumbel
XXVI January 26, 1992 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Greg Gumbel
XXVII January 31, 1993 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Greg Gumbel
XXVIII January 30, 1994 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Greg Gumbel
XXIX January 29, 1995 CBS Jack Buck Hank Stram Jim Hunter
XXX January 28, 1996 CBS/Westwood One Jack Buck Hank Stram Jim Hunter
XXXI January 26, 1997 CBS/Westwood One Howard David Matt Millen Jim Hunter
XXXII January 25, 1998 CBS/Westwood One Howard David Matt Millen Jim Hunter
XXXIII January 31, 1999 CBS/Westwood One Howard David Matt Millen John Dockery Tommy Tighe
XXXIV January 30, 2000 CBS/Westwood One Howard David Matt Millen John Dockery Tommy Tighe
XXXV January 28, 2001 CBS/Westwood One Howard David Matt Millen and Boomer Esiason John Dockery and James Lofton Tommy Tighe
XXXVI February 3, 2002 CBS/Westwood One Howard David Boomer Esiason and Lesley Visser John Dockery and James Lofton Jim Gray and Tommy Tighe
XXXVII January 26, 2003 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery and Warren Moon Jim Gray
XXXVIII February 1, 2004 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery, John Riggins, and Bonnie Bernstein Jim Gray and Beasley Reece
XXXIX February 6, 2005 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery and Bonnie Bernstein Jim Gray and Dave Sims
XL February 5, 2006 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery and Bonnie Bernstein Jim Gray, Beasley Reece, and Josh Elliott
XLI February 4, 2007 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery and Bonnie Bernstein Jim Gray
XLII February 3, 2008 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery and Kevin Kiley Jim Gray and Tommy Tighe
XLIII February 1, 2009 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason John Dockery and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Tommy Tighe
XLIV February 7, 2010 CBS/Westwood One Marv Albert Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
XLV February 6, 2011 CBS/Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
XLVI February 5, 2012 Dial Global Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
XLVII February 3, 2013 Dial Global Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
XLVIII February 2, 2014 Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
XLIX February 1, 2015 Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
50 February 7, 2016 Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts James Lofton and Mark Malone Jim Gray and Scott Graham
LI February 5, 2017 Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason James Lofton and Tony Boselli Jim Gray and Scott Graham
LII February 4, 2018 Westwood One Kevin Harlan Boomer Esiason and Mike Holmgren Ed Werder and Tony Boselli Jim Gray and Scott Graham
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXIX (1995) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXIII (1989) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXIV (1990) home page at Hollywood.com". Archived from the original on July 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-06. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV (1991) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXVI (1992) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXVII (1993) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXX (1996) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ The Fox Sports Special: XXXI Superbowl (sic) Green Bay vs. New England (1997)
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXII (1998) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXIII (1999) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXXIV (2000) home page at Hollywood.com". Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-06. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXXV (2001) home page at Hollywood.com". Archived from the original on April 3, 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-06. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXVI (2002) home page at Hollywood.com
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXXVII (2003) home page at Hollywood.com". Archived from the original on July 19, 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-06. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "NBC presents Super Bowl I". NBC Sports History Page.
External links[edit]
Tom Hoffarth of the Los Angeles Daily News breaks down the Super Bowl by play-by-play announcer.
Only 11 have called TV's biggest game - Times Union
The best and worst analysts in the booth
Super Bowl 2015 Online Live Broadcasters - "Super Bowl 2015 Live" - XLIX
Pat Summerall and John Madden top list of greatest broadcast booths in Super Bowl history - NY Daily News
SUPER BOWL BROADCASTERS HISTORY (1967-2013)
NBC and WESTWOOD ONE Network: Official broadcasters of Super Bowl XLIX
Ranking the best and worst Super Bowl announcers, from John Madden to Phil Simms
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Shot heard round the world
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"The shot heard round the world" is a phrase referring to several historical incidents, particularly the opening of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914.
Contents
[hide]
1 Skirmish at the North Bridge
2 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
3 Widespread idiomatic use
4 References
Skirmish at the North Bridge[edit]
Main article: Battles of Lexington and Concord
The opening stanza of "Concord Hymn" is inscribed at the base of The Minute Man statue by Daniel Chester French, located at the North Bridge in Concord, Massachusetts.
By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world.
− Emerson, "Concord Hymn"
The phrase comes from the opening stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Concord Hymn" (1837) and refers to the first shot of the American Revolution. According to Emerson's poem, this pivotal shot occurred at the Old North Bridge in Concord, Massachusetts, where the first British soldiers fell in the battles of Lexington and Concord.
Historically, no single shot can be cited as the first shot of the battle or the war. Shots were fired earlier at Lexington, Massachusetts where eight Americans were killed and a British soldier was slightly wounded, but accounts of that event are confused and contradictory, and it has been characterized as a massacre rather than a battle.[1] The North Bridge skirmish did see the first shots by Americans acting under orders, the first organized volley by Americans, the first British fatalities, and the first British retreat.
The towns of Lexington and Concord and their partisans have debated over the point of origin for the Revolutionary War since 1824, when the Marquis de Lafayette visited the towns. He was welcomed to Lexington hearing it described as the "birthplace of American liberty", but he was then informed in Concord that the "first forcible resistance" was made there. President Grant considered not attending the 1875 centennial celebrations in the area to evade the issue. In 1894, Lexington petitioned the state legislature to proclaim April 19 as "Lexington Day", to which Concord objected; the current name for the holiday is Patriots' Day.[1]
Emerson lived in a house known as the Old Manse at the time when he was composing the "Concord Hymn," from which his grandfather and father (then a young child) had witnessed the skirmish. The house is located approximately 300 feet (91 m) from the North Bridge.
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand[edit]
Main article: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
The phrase "shot heard round the world" has taken on a different meaning in Europe and in the Commonwealth of Nations, countries that were part of the British Empire and formerly known as the British Commonwealth. It has become associated with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, an event considered to be one of the immediate causes of World War I. Serbian Gavrilo Princip fired two shots, the first hitting Franz Ferdinand's wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, and the second hitting the Archduke himself. The death of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, propelled Austria-Hungary and the rest of Europe into World War I.
Widespread idiomatic use[edit]
"Shot heard round the world" continues to be a stock phrase in the 21st century, widely used to refer to unusual events in general,[2] and has been applied to numerous dramatic moments in sports. For example, it refers to the winning goal of Paul Henderson in the final seconds of the 8th and final match to secure Team Canada's victory in the 1972 Canada-USSR Summit-series. The goal was made famous by a Frank Lennon photograph.[3]
In American baseball, the "Shot Heard 'Round the World" (usually spelled with an apostrophe) denotes the game-winning walk-off home run by New York Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca at the Polo Grounds to win the National League pennant on October 3, 1951. The Giants won the game 5-4 as a result of the home run, defeating their traditional rivals in their pennant playoff series, though they eventually lost the World Series to the Yankees.[4]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Parker, Brock (April 28, 2014). "The old tavern debate: Which town fired first?". Boston Globe. Boston Globe Media Partners LLC. 285 (118): B1, B13.
Jump up ^ Candy Spelling (October 2, 2013). "Shot Heard 'Round the World". HuffPost Entertainment - The Blog. Huffington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lucas, Dean (2013). "1972 Canada-Soviet Hockey Goal". famouspictures.org. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Peretz, Howard G. (1999). It Ain't Over 'Till The Fat Lady Sings: The 100 Greatest Sports Finishes of All Time. New York: Barnes and Nobles Books. pp. 4–5. ISBN 0-7607-1707-9.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shot_heard_round_the_world&oldid=836875293"
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