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List of high courts in India
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There are 24 high courts at the state and union territory level of India, which together with the Supreme Court of India at the national level, comprise the country's judicial system. Each high court has jurisdiction over a state, a union territory or a group of states and union territories. Below the high courts is a hierarchy of subordinate courts such as the civil courts, family courts, criminal courts and various other district courts. High courts are instituted as constitutional courts under Part VI, Chapter V, Article 214 of the Indian constitution.[1]
The high courts are the principal civil courts of original jurisdiction in each state and union territory. However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of pecuniary, territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated specifically in a state or federal law.
However, the work of most high courts primarily consists of appeals from lower courts and writ petitions in terms of Article 226 of the constitution. Writ jurisdiction is also an original jurisdiction of a high court. The precise territorial jurisdiction of each high court varies. The appeal order is the following: tehsil-kotwali-criminal/civil courts → district court → high court → supreme court.
Each state is divided into judicial districts presided over by a district and sessions judge. He is known as district judge when he presides over a civil case, and sessions judge when he presides over a criminal case. He is the highest judicial authority below a high court judge. Below him, there are courts of civil jurisdiction, known by different names in different states. Under Article 141 of the constitution, all courts in India — including high courts — are bound by the judgments and orders of the Supreme Court of India by precedence.
Judges in a high court are appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the governor of the state. High courts are headed by a chief justice. The chief justices rank fourteenth (within their respective states) and seventeenth (outside their respective states) on the Indian order of precedence. The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that High Court, whichever is higher.
The Calcutta High Court is the oldest high court in the country, established on 2 July 1862. High courts that handle a large number of cases of a particular region have permanent benches established there. Benches are also present in states which come under the jurisdiction of a court outside its territorial limits. Smaller states with few cases may have circuit benches established. Circuit benches (known as circuit courts in some parts of the world) are temporary courts which hold proceedings for a few selected months in a year. Thus cases built up during this interim period are judged when the circuit court is in session. According to a study conducted by Bengaluru-based NGO, Daksh, on 21 high courts in collaboration with the Ministry of Law and Justice in March 2015, it was found that average pendency of a case in high courts in India is 3 years.[2]
Contents
1 High courts
2 High courts by states/union territories
3 Courts under a high court
4 Notes and citations
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
High courts[edit]
The Madras High Court in Chennai, Bombay High Court in Mumbai, Calcutta High Court in Kolkata and Allahabad High Court in Allahabad are the oldest four high courts in India.
The following are the 24 high courts in India sorted by name, year established, Act by which it was established, jurisdiction, principal seat (headquarters), permanent benches (subordinate to the principal seat), circuit benches (functional a few days in a month/year), the maximum number of judges sanctioned and the presiding chief justice of the high court.
Court name
Established
Act established
Jurisdiction
Principal seat
Bench
Judges
Chief justice
Allahabad High Court[3] 11 June 1866 Indian High Courts Act 1861 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad Lucknow[A] 109 D. B. Bhosale
Bombay High Court 14 August 1862 Indian High Courts Act 1861 Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Maharashtra Mumbai Aurangabad, Nagpur, Panaji[A] 73 Vijaya Kamlesh Tahilramani (Acting)
Calcutta High Court 2 July 1862 Indian High Courts Act 1861 Andaman and Nicobar Islands, West Bengal Kolkata Port Blair[B] 33 Jyotirmay Bhattacharya
(Acting)
Chhattisgarh High Court 1 November 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 Chhattisgarh Bilaspur
—
12 Mr. Justice Pritinker Diwaker
Delhi High Court[4] 31 October 1966 Delhi High Court Act, 1966 National Capital Territory of Delhi New Delhi
—
37 Gita Mittal (Acting)
Gauhati High Court[5] 1 March 1948 Government of India Act, 1935 Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland Guwahati Aizawl,[A] Itanagar,[A] Kohima[A] 18 Ajit Singh
Gujarat High Court 1 May 1960 Bombay Reorgansisation Act, 1960 Gujarat Ahmedabad
—
31 R. Subhash Reddy
High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad[6] 5 July 1954 Andhra State Act, 1953 Andhra Pradesh, Telangana Hyderabad
—
31 T. B. Radhakrishnan
(Acting)[7][8]
Himachal Pradesh High Court 1971 State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 Himachal Pradesh Shimla
—
08 Sanjay Karol (Acting)
Jammu and Kashmir High Court 28 August 1928 Letters Patent issued by then Maharaja of Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar/Jammu[C]
—
11 Badar Durrez Ahmed
Jharkhand High Court 15 November 2000 Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 Jharkhand Ranchi
—
14 Dhirubhai Naranbhai Patel
(Acting)
Karnataka High Court[9] 1884 Mysore High Court Act, 1884 Karnataka Bangalore Dharwad,[A] Gulbarga[A] 25 Dinesh Maheshwari
Kerala High Court[10] 1956 States Reorganisation Act, 1956 Kerala, Lakshadweep Kochi
—
37 Antony Dominic
(Acting)
Madhya Pradesh High Court[11] 2 January 1936 Government of India Act, 1935 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur Gwalior,[A] Indore[A] 34 Hemant Gupta
Madras High Court 15 August 1862 Indian High Courts Act 1861 Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu Chennai Madurai[A] 60 Huluvadi G. Ramesh
Manipur High Court 25 March 2013 North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012 Manipur Imphal
—
02 Ramalingam Sudhakar
Meghalaya High Court 23 March 2013 North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012 Meghalaya Shillong
—
02 Dinesh Maheshwari
Orissa High Court[12] 3 April 1948 Orissa High Court Ordinance, 1948 Odisha Cuttack
—
17 Vineet Saran
Patna High Court 2 September 1916 Letters Patent issued by the Crown Bihar Patna
—
33 Rajendra Menon
Punjab and Haryana High Court[13] 15 August 1947 Punjab High Court Ordinance, 1947 Chandigarh, Haryana, Punjab Chandigarh
—
50 Shiavax Jal Vazifdar
Rajasthan High Court 21 June 1949 Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949 Rajasthan Jodhpur Jaipur[A] 35 Pradeep Nandrajog
Sikkim High Court 16 May 1975 The 36th Amendment to the Indian Constitution Sikkim Gangtok
—
03 Satish K. Agnihotri
Tripura High Court 26 March 2013 North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012 Tripura Agartala
—
02 Tinlianthang Vaiphei
Uttarakhand High Court[14] 9 November 2000 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 Uttarakhand Nainital
—
10 K. M. Joseph
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Permanent bench.
Jump up ^ Circuit bench.
Jump up ^ Srinagar is the summer capital; Jammu is the winter capital.
High courts by states/union territories[edit]
The Bombay High Court in Mumbai, one of the first four high courts of India
The Calcutta High Court in Kolkata, one of the first four high courts of India
The Allahabad High Court in Allahabad, one of the first four high courts of India
The Karnataka High Court in Bangalore]]
A working day view of The Kerala High Court in Kochi
The High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad in Hyderabad
The Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad
State or UT
High Court
Principal seat
Bench(es)
Official website
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Calcutta High Court Kolkata Port Blair[a] https://web.archive.org/web/20070306142046/http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/
Arunachal Pradesh Gauhati High Court
—
Itanagar[b] http://ghcitanagar.gov.in/
Andhra Pradesh High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad Hyderabad
—
http://hc.tap.nic.in/
Assam Gauhati High Court Guwahati
—
http://ghconline.nic.in/
Bihar Patna High Court Patna
—
https://web.archive.org/web/20150419064726/http://patnahighcourt.bih.nic.in/
Chandigarh Punjab and Haryana High Court Chandigarh
—
http://highcourtchd.gov.in/
Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh High Court Bilaspur
—
http://highcourt.cg.gov.in/
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Bombay High Court Mumbai
—
https://web.archive.org/web/20080130075145/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/
Daman and Diu Bombay High Court Mumbai
—
https://web.archive.org/web/20080130075145/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/
National Capital Territory of Delhi Delhi High Court New Delhi
—
http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/
Goa Bombay High Court
—
Panaji[b] http://www.hcbombayatgoa.nic.in/
Gujarat Gujarat High Court Ahmedabad
—
http://gujarathighcourt.nic.in
Haryana Punjab and Haryana High Court Chandigarh
—
http://highcourtchd.gov.in/
Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh High Court Shimla
—
http://www.hphighcourt.nic.in/
Jammu and Kashmir Jammu & Kashmir High Court Srinagar/Jammu[c]
—
http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/
Jharkhand Jharkhand High Court Ranchi
—
http://www.jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/
Karnataka Karnataka High Court Bengaluru Dharwad[b] and Kalaburagi[b] http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/ http://hck.gov.in/
Kerala Kerala High Court Kochi
—
http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/
Lakshadweep Kerala High Court Kochi
—
http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/
Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh High Court Jabalpur Gwalior[b] and Indore[b] http://www.mphc.in/
Maharashtra Bombay High Court Mumbai Aurangabad[b] and Nagpur[b] https://web.archive.org/web/20080130075145/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/
Manipur Manipur High Court Imphal
—
http://hcmimphal.nic.in/
Meghalaya Meghalaya High Court Shillong
—
http://meghalayahighcourt.nic.in/
Mizoram Gauhati High Court
—
Aizawl[b] http://ghcazlbench.nic.in/
Nagaland Gauhati High Court
—
Kohima[b] http://kohimahighcourt.gov.in/
Odisha Odisha High Court Cuttack
—
http://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/
Puducherry Madras High Court Chennai
—
http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/
Punjab Punjab and Haryana High Court Chandigarh
—
http://highcourtchd.gov.in/
Rajasthan Rajasthan High Court Jodhpur Jaipur[b] http://hcraj.nic.in/
Sikkim Sikkim High Court Gangtok
—
http://www.highcourtofsikkim.nic.in/
Tamil Nadu Madras High Court Chennai Madurai[b] http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/
Telangana High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad Hyderabad
—
http://hc.tap.nic.in/
Tripura Tripura High Court Agartala
—
http://thc.nic.in/
Uttar Pradesh Allahabad High Court Allahabad Lucknow[b] http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/
Uttarakhand Uttarakhand High Court Nainital
—
http://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/
West Bengal Calcutta High Court Kolkata
—
https://web.archive.org/web/20070306142046/http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/
Notes
Jump up ^ Circuit bench.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Permanent bench.
Jump up ^ Srinagar is the summer capital; Jammu is the winter capital.
Courts under a high court[edit]
District courts
District munsiff courts
Courts of judicial magistrates of first class
Courts of judicial magistrates of second class
E-courts
Notes and citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "Indian Courts". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Thakur, Pradeep (March 22, 2016). "HCs taking 3 years on average to decide cases: Study". The Times of India. New Delhi. OCLC 23379369. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Originally established at Agra, it shifted to Allahabad in 1875.
Jump up ^ Lahore High Court was established at Lahore on 21 March 1919 and had jurisdiction over undivided Punjab and Delhi. On 11 August 1947 a separate Punjab High Court was created with its seat at Simla under the Indian Independence Act, 1947, which had jurisdiction over Punjab, Delhi and present Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. In 1966 after the reorganisation of the State of Punjab, the High Court was designated as the Punjab and Haryana High Court at Chandigarh. The Delhi High Court was established on 31 October 1966 with its seat at Simla which was later shifted to New Delhi in 1971 after the Himachal Pradesh was granted the statehood with its own High Court at Simla.
Jump up ^ Originally known as the High Court of Assam and Nagaland, it was renamed as Gauhati High Court in 1971.
Jump up ^ Originally known as Andhra Pradesh High Court, it was renamed High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad in 2014.
Jump up ^ "THE HON'BLE THE ACTING CHIEF JUSTICE RAMESH RANGANATHAN". hc.tap.nic.in. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
Jump up ^ "Justice Ranganathan is new acting Chief Justice of Hyerabad High Court - Times of India". Retrieved 2016-09-14.
Jump up ^ Originally known as Mysore High Court, it was renamed as Karnataka High Court in 1974.
Jump up ^ The High Court of Travancore-Cochin was inaugurated at Kochi on 7 July 1949. The state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. That Act abolished the Travancore-Cochin High Court and created the Kerala High Court. The Act also extended the jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court to Lakshadweep.
Jump up ^ Under the Government of India Act, 1935, a High Court was established at Nagpur for the Central Provinces by Letters Patent dated 2 January 1936. After the reorganization of states, this High Court was moved to Jabalpur in 1956.
Jump up ^ Though the State of Orissa was renamed Odisha in March 2011, the Odissa High Court retained its original name. There has been an ongoing discussion on how to legally change the nomenclature of the High Courts to reflect the renaming of states, but so far none has changed.
Jump up ^ Originally known as Punjab High Court, it was renamed as Punjab and Haryana High Court in 1966.
Jump up ^ Originally known as Uttaranchal High Court, it was renamed as Uttarakhand High Court in 2007.
See also[edit]
List of current Indian chief justices
References[edit]
"Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts". Eastern Book Company. Retrieved 2 September 2005.
"Judge Strength in High Courts Increased". Press Information Bureau–Govt. of India. Retrieved 2 September 2005.
"Judiciary". Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original on 29 August 2005. Retrieved 2 September 2005.
"Constitution of India". Wikisource. Retrieved 31 December 2005.
"Madras High Court". Hcmadras.tn.nic.in. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
"Soon, High Courts in 3 Northeastern States". Retrieved 11 May 2012.
"New Chief Justice of Delhi High Court to Assume Charge on Wednesday". Retrieved 6 November 2012.
External links[edit]
Media related to High Courts in India at Wikimedia Commons
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Patriot movement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the U.S. "Patriot" movement. For other uses, see Patriot (disambiguation).
The "Betsy Ross" flag
The patriot movement is a collection of various conservative, independent, largely rural, small government,[1] social movements in the United States that include organized militia members, tax protesters, sovereign or state citizens, quasi-Christian apocalypticists/survivalists, and combinations thereof.[2] Adherents describe the movement as centered on a belief that individual liberties are in jeopardy due to unconstitutional actions taken by elected government officials, appointed bureaucrats, and some special interest groups outside of government, to illegally accumulate power.[citation needed] Journalists and researchers have associated the patriot movement with the right-wing militia movement[3] and some in the movement have been associated with illegal acts of violence.[1][4] United States law enforcement groups "call them dangerous, delusional and sometimes violent".[5]
Major events in America which alarm or inspire the patriot movement include the 1992 Ruby Ridge siege, the 1993 Waco siege and the 1996 Summer Olympics. After declining from 1996 to 2008, the number of patriot groups has increased dramatically following the election of Barack Obama to the presidency.[6] The movement's iconography centers on themes relating to the American Revolution, such as the colonial Minuteman, the 13-star Betsy Ross flag, Thomas Jefferson, and the Archibald Willard painting "The Spirit of '76".[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Views
3 Groups
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
History[edit]
Some date the movement back to the 1950s. The reformist wing of the patriot movement is considered to have begun in 1958 with the formation of the John Birch Society and opposition to communism, the United Nations and the civil rights movement.[7][8] An insurgent wing has been traced in origins to the Liberty Lobby active in the 1950s with promotion of themes of White supremacy and antisemitism.[9]
In the early 1990s, the patriot movement saw a surge of growth spurred by the confrontations at Ruby Ridge and Waco.[1] The 1995 Oklahoma City bombing was carried out by two patriot movement members, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols.[10][11] During the 1990s the movement organized using "gun shows and the Internet".[12] The movement was highly active in the mid-1990s, and at a peak in 1996 contained around 800 separate groups.[10] It saw decline in the late 1990s.[6][13][13][14]
In 2009, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) expressed concern about a resurgent patriot movement,[15][16] and the United States Department of Homeland Security issued a report warning of heightened "Rightwing Extremism".[17] The SPLC attributed this growth to "an angry backlash against non-white immigration and ... the economic meltdown and the climb to power of Barack Obama.[18] It reported that the number of patriot groups grew from 149 in 2008, to 824 in 2010, to 1,274 in 2011[19] and 1,360 in 2012.[20] According to the SPLC, "That explosive growth seems to have been driven by the election of our first black president and the approaching loss of a white majority in the U.S. that he represents. Another driver is the crash of the economy, which coincided neatly with the rise to national power of President Obama."[20]
The SPLC found that while "there are many people" in the patriot movement "that aren't engaged in illegal activity,” the "normalizing of conspiracy theories"—such as the belief that the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is building concentration camps; rumors of covert plans by Mexico to repatriate parts of the Southwest; and concerns about Muslim Sharia law becoming part of the US court system—has played into the growth of the groups.[19]
An extremist member of the patriot movement carried out the 2009 anti-abortion murder of George Tiller,[21][22] and some extremists within the movement also have expressed support for Joseph Stack's 2010 plane crash into an Internal Revenue Service office.[23]
The movement was connected to, and received a boost in profile from, the 2014 Bundy standoff and 2016 Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Two members of the movement, Jerad Miller and Amanda Miller, killed two police officers and a civilian during a violent shooting rampage in Las Vegas after leaving the Bundy standoff; they pinned a note to one of their victims saying "This is the beginning of the revolution."[5]
Views[edit]
Various patriot movement aligned groups have frequently been described as racist, extremist, anti-semitic, and violent by groups such as the Southern Poverty Law Center,[24][25] Anti-Defamation League,[26] and the FBI.[27]
Descriptions of the patriot movement include:
A diverse movement with as its common thread a growing dissatisfaction with and alienation from government, the willingness to use military force to defend their rights, and a conspiratorial eschatology;[2]
A brand of politics historically associated with paleoconservatives, paleolibertarians, militia groups, anti-immigration advocates, and those who argue for the abolition of the Federal Reserve;[28]
A movement outspoken regarding the U.S. Constitution, particularly the Second and Fourteenth Amendments;[29] as a result, some members refuse to pay their income taxes,[29] and some groups operate their own common-law legal system.[12]
In addition, the patriot movement has been associated with the following views:
Support of the paramilitary militia movement, such as the Michigan Militia[1][4][10][12]
Religious views focused on finding "signs of the end of times"[1]
Suspicion regarding surveillance[29]
Elements of the patriot movement have expressed support for various conspiracy theories:
Federal government involvement in the Oklahoma City bombing[30][31] (Convicted bomber Timothy McVeigh was "heavily involved in the patriot movement" and the bombing was modeled after one of the missions in a white supremacist novel The Turner Diaries, "one of McVeigh's favorite books".[2])
Federal government involvement in the John F. Kennedy assassination[30]
9/11 conspiracy theories[32]
Numerous Sandy Hook conspiracy theories[33]
A New World Order,[1][29] possibly in the form of a United Nations takeover.[30]
In addition to the militia movement, which is said to have come out of the patriot movement, the patriot movement is often associated with the sovereign citizen movement, whose adherents believe that "most US law doesn't apply to them."[2][19]
Groups[edit]
Groups that have been mentioned in association with the patriot movement include
Idaho Light Foot Militia
John Birch Society
League of the South[19]
Militia of Montana[2]
Michigan Militia[1]
"The Oath Keepers" was founded in March 2009 by Stewart Rhodes in Lexington, Massachusetts. The organization consists of current and former U.S. military personnel and law enforcement officials who have taken an oath to refuse to obey and/or enforce orders and/or federal laws which they deem unconstitutional. The Oath Keepers as a group have grown to include chapters in many states across America.[34]
See also[edit]
All-American Protectorate, Inc.
Christian Patriot movement
Constitutional militia movement
Domestic terrorism in the United States
List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups
Militia organizations in the United States
Oath Keepers
Radical right
Second American Revolution
Sovereign citizen movement
Tea Party movement
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Right-wing Counterculture Uses Waco as Rallying Cry| Herald-Journal April 24, 1995
^ Jump up to: a b c d e AMERICAN MILITIAS: Rebellion, Racism & Religion by Richard Abanes, review by Dennis L. Feucht in American Scientific Affiliation.
Jump up ^ Parish, Jane; Parker, Martin (December 3, 2001). "The Age of Anxiety: Conspiracy Theory and the Human Sciences". Wiley – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b Winerip, Michael (June 23, 1996). "Ohio Case Typifies the Tensions Between Militia Groups and Law". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, Kevin. "Primed to Fight The Government". Washington Post.
^ Jump up to: a b Report: 'Explosive' Growth Of 'Patriot Movement' And Militias Continues by Mark Memmott npr.org March 13, 2012
Jump up ^ Wright, Stuart T. (2007). Patriots, politics, and the Oklahoma City bombing. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0-521-87264-2. ...marking the genesis of a Patriot narrative. The Birch Society was founded in 1958 by Robert Welch,...
Jump up ^ Michael, George C. (2003). Confronting right-wing extremism and terrorism in the USA. New York: Routledge. pp. 44–47. ISBN 0-415-31500-X.
Jump up ^ Matthew Lyons; Chip Berlet (2000). Right-wing populism in America: too close for comfort. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 288–289. ISBN 1-57230-562-2. The Patriot movement was bracketed on the reformist side by the Birch Society and the conspiracist segment of the Christian Right and on the insurgent side by the Liberty Lobby and groups promoting themes historically associated with White supremacy and antisemitism.
^ Jump up to: a b c Janofsky, Michael (April 11, 1996). "Closer Watch of Paramilitary Groups Is Urged". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Michel, Lou. "American Terrorist", 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b c Online NewsHour:Militia Movement - April 3, 1997
^ Jump up to: a b "Militias 'in retreat'". BBC News. May 11, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Patriots No More". CBS News. April 19, 2001.
Jump up ^ Militia movement on the rise - 22 August 2009 - MiamiHerald.com
Jump up ^ Bright, Arthur (August 14, 2009). "Report: militia activity on the rise in US" – via Christian Science Monitor.
Jump up ^ Carty, Daniel (April 16, 2009). "Homeland Security Chief Defends Report On Right Wing Extremists". CBS News.
Jump up ^ Gaynor, Tim (March 4, 2010). "U.S. right-wing groups, militias surge: study". Reuters.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Right-wing 'patriot' groups girding for actual class warfare, report says By Patrik Jonsson | csmonitor.com | 8 March 2012
^ Jump up to: a b Potok, Mark (November 2, 2013). "Hatewatch Exclusive: Alleged LAX Shooter Referenced 'Patriot' Conspiracy Theories". Southern Poverty Law Center.
Jump up ^ Berlet, Chip (June 3, 2009). "Anti-Abortion Violence and the Right-Wing Patriot Movement". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Saulny, Susan; Davey, Monica (June 2, 2009). "Seeking Clues on Suspect in Shooting of Doctor" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ News, A. B. C. (September 7, 2010). "Extremists in 'Patriot' Movement Calling Joe Stack a Hero".
Jump up ^ "Key Events and Crimes of the Patriot Movement". SPLCenter.org. April 15, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "THE 'PATRIOT' MOVEMENT TIMELINE". SPLCenter.org. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Oath Keepers: Anti-Government Extremists Recruiting Military and Police". ADL.org. September 16, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Terrorism in the United States 1996". FBi.gov. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tea Party Lights Fuse for Rebellion on Right By DAVID BARSTOW| nyt.com February 15, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c d Patriot Movement is Alive and Well in the US Los Angeles Daily News December 26, 1994 |(Wilmington NC, Star-News Google News Archive Search
^ Jump up to: a b c Janofsky, Michael (May 31, 1995). "Demons and Conspiracies Haunt a 'Patriot' World". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search".
Jump up ^ Zaitchik, Alexander (2010). "'Patriot' Paranoia: A Look at the Top Ten Conspiracy Theories". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Fall 2010 (139). Retrieved May 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lampart, Andrew (July 4, 2013). "Sandy Hook Massacre: Did It Really Happen? A Look at the Conspiracies". Patriot News Organization (PNO). Retrieved May 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nugent, Karen (October 23, 2009). "Ready to Protect: Former Bolton Chief Focuses On Constitution". Telegram & Gazette. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
Further reading[edit]
Mason, Lorna L. (July 31, 2008). The New World Order: The American Patriot Movement, Globalization and Resistance. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Sheraton Boston and the Boston Marriott Copley Place, Boston, Massachusetts.
External links[edit]
Active groups listed by Southern Poverty Law Center
Patriot Movement page on the Southern Poverty Law Center website.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriot_movement&oldid=817878382"
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21 Jump Street
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the television series. For the film adaptation of the same name, see 21 Jump Street (film).
21 Jump Street
Genre
Police crime drama
Created by
Patrick Hasburgh
Stephen J. Cannell
Starring
Johnny Depp
Holly Robinson
Peter DeLuise
Dustin Nguyen
Richard Grieco
Steven Williams
Michael Bendetti
Michael DeLuise
Sal Jenco
Frederic Forrest
Theme music composer
Liam Sternberg
Opening theme
"21 Jump Street Theme" performed by Holly Robinson
Composer(s)
Peter Bernstein
Jay Gruska
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
103 (list of episodes)
Production
Production location(s)
Vancouver, British Columbia
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
45–48 minutes
Production company(s)
20th Century Fox Television
Patrick Hasburgh Productions
Stephen J. Cannell Productions
Distributor
LBS Communications
(1990-1991)
(season 5)
20th Television
Release
Original network
Fox (seasons 1–4)
Syndication (season 5)
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
April 12, 1987 (1987-04-12) – April 27, 1991 (1991-04-27)
Chronology
Related shows
Booker (1989–90)
21 Jump Street is an American police procedural television series that aired on the Fox network and in first run syndication from April 12, 1987, to April 27, 1991, with a total of 103 episodes. The series focuses on a squad of youthful-looking undercover police officers investigating crimes in high schools, colleges, and other teenage venues.[1] It was originally going to be titled Jump Street Chapel, after the deconsecrated church building in which the unit has its headquarters, but was changed at Fox's request so as not to mislead viewers into thinking it was a religious program.
Created by Patrick Hasburgh and Stephen J. Cannell, the series was produced by Patrick Hasburgh Productions and Stephen J. Cannell Productions in association with 20th Century Fox Television. Executive Producers included Hasburgh, Cannell, Steve Beers and Bill Nuss. The show was an early hit for the fledgling Fox network, and was created to attract a younger audience.[2] The final season aired in first-run syndication mainly on local Fox affiliates. It was later rerun on the FX cable network from 1996 to 1998.
The series provided a spark to Johnny Depp's nascent acting career, garnering him national recognition as a teen idol. Depp found this status irritating,[3] but he continued on the series under his contract and was paid $45,000 per episode. Eventually he was released from his contract after the fourth season.[3][4]
A spin-off series, Booker, was produced for the character of Dennis Booker (Richard Grieco); it ran one season, from September 1989 to June 1990.
A film adaptation directed by Phil Lord and Chris Miller was released on March 16, 2012. The film is set in the same continuity as the series, with Johnny Depp, Holly Robinson and Peter DeLuise reprising their characters in cameo appearances. Richard Grieco and Dustin Nguyen also have cameos in the 2014 film sequel 22 Jump Street.
Contents
1 Premise
2 Cast
2.1 Guest stars
3 Production
3.1 Filming
3.2 Reception
4 Broadcast history
5 Home media
6 Film adaptation
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
See also: List of 21 Jump Street episodes
The series focuses on a group of police officers headquartered at the eponymous address. These officers are all young and have especially youthful appearances, which allows them to pass for teenagers. Their assignments generally consist of undercover work in high schools or, less commonly, colleges, where they generally investigate drug trafficking and abuse. The show's plots cover issues such as alcoholism, hate crimes, drug abuse, homophobia, AIDS, child abuse and sexual promiscuity. Similarly, each problem is often solved by the end of the hour-long episode, giving an implicit moral about the impact of a particular activity. When the show originally aired, some episodes were followed immediately by public service announcements featuring cast members.
Cast[edit]
The show starred:
Johnny Depp as Patrolman/Officer Tom Hanson (1987–1990)
Holly Robinson as Sergeant Judith "Judy" Hoffs (1987–1991)
Peter DeLuise as Officer Douglas "Doug" Penhall (1987–1990)
Dustin Nguyen as Sergeant Harry Truman Ioki/Vinh Van Tran (H.T. Ioki) (1987–1990)
Frederic Forrest as Captain Richard Jenko (season 1, first 6 episodes)
Steven Williams as Captain Adam Fuller (1987–1991)
Sal Jenco as Sal "Blowfish" Banducci (1987–1990)
Richard Grieco as Detective Dennis Booker (1988–1989)
Yvette Nipar as Jackie Garrett (1988-1989)
David Barry Gray as Officer Dean Garrett (1990)
Alexandra Powers as Officer Kati Rocky (1990)
Michael DeLuise as Officer Joseph "Joey" Penhall (1990–1991)
Michael Bendetti as Officer Anthony "Mac" McCann (1990–1991)
Jeff Yagher was originally cast as Officer Tom Hanson in the pilot. He was replaced after the original pilot episode was filmed, and his scenes were reshot with Johnny Depp. Midway through the first season, Frederic Forrest was replaced by Steven Williams. On the show, Forrest's character Richard Jenko is killed by a drunk driver.
Johnny Depp left the series at the end of the fourth season, but was credited in the first two episodes of the fifth season, despite not having appeared.
David Barry Gray's character was introduced at the end of the fourth season and starred in two episodes of season five with Alexandra Powers. Both episodes were filmed before the fourth season had ended but were not shown until the start of season five. Neither actor was approached in regards to portraying their character in the show's fifth and final season. Michael DeLuise joined the cast part way through the fifth season and stayed on until late in the season.
Guest stars[edit]
Main article: List of guest stars on 21 Jump Street
Some notable guest stars on the series include: Dom DeLuise, Josh Brolin, Mindy Cohn, Bridget Fonda, Bobby Rodriguez, Jada Pinkett Smith, Brad Pitt, Vince Vaughn, Barney Martin, Dann Florek, Blair Underwood, Shannen Doherty, John Waters, Rosie Perez, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Mario Van Peebles, Christina Applegate, Pauly Shore, David DeLuise, Bradley Gregg, Jason Priestley, Christopher Titus, Kurtwood Smith, Peri Gilpin, Sarah Buxton, David Paymer, Diedrich Bader, Russell Wong, Kelly Hu, Shannon Tweed, Tim Russ, Thomas Haden Church, Sherilyn Fenn, Rob Estes, Ray Walston, Robyn Lively and Peter Berg.
Production[edit]
Filming[edit]
Set in a fictional city and state (Metropolis, Evergreen State) in the United States, the series was primarily filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia. It was one of the first major television series to use Vancouver as a filming location and helped to establish the city as a center for film production.
Reception[edit]
21 Jump Street, along with Married... with Children and The Tracey Ullman Show, debuted in the spring of 1987. All three shows were hits with audiences and helped to establish the then-newly launched Fox network.[5] 21 Jump Street was the first hit series for the Fox network.[6] In August, 21 Jump Street became the first Fox series to win its timeslot against a Big three network series.[7] In the United Kingdom, it was shown on the similarly nascent, and interrelated, Sky One, which had yet to reach a sizeable audience.[8]
Broadcast history[edit]
Season
Time
1986–87 Sunday at 7:00-8:00 on FOX
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90 Monday at 8:00-9:00 on FOX
1990–91 Syndication
Season 4 was the last season to air on the Fox network. In commentary on the Season 5 DVD set, Peter DeLuise said that Fox had decided to cancel the show after Season 4 because the ratings had fallen below a set limit. Following this season Johnny Depp and Dustin Nguyen left the show. The departure of their characters was never explained in the narrative of the TV series, but in the movie it is explained that Hanson was transferred to the DEA and was later joined by Officer Penhall. The Booker spin-off crossover episode, "Wheels and Deals Part One", is included with 21 Jump Street's syndication package, and is also included on the fourth season DVD set.
Officer Dean Garrett (David Barry Gray) makes his first appearance in "Everyday is Christmas". As it became harder for the original cast members to plausibly pass as high school students, his character and Officer Kati Rocky (Alexandra Powers) were intended to be "youthful" replacements, so the show could maintain its original premise of younger looking cops posing as high school students.
Home media[edit]
Anchor Bay Entertainment released all five seasons of 21 Jump Street on DVD in Region 1 between 2004 and 2006. The releases contain extensive music substitutions and inaccurate cover art (Johnny Depp appears on the season 5 cover, despite having left the series after the previous season. This is due to the finale 3 episode's being held over to season 5, including Depp's finale episode "blackout"). As of 2010, these releases have been discontinued and are now out of print.
On October 14, 2009, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to several Stephen J. Cannell series, including 21 Jump Street,[9] and subsequently re-released the first four seasons. In addition, Mill Creek also released 21 Jump Street - The Complete Series, an 18-disc collection featuring all 103 episodes of the series on DVD on July 27, 2010.[10]
In Region 2, Anchor Bay Entertainment has released all 5 seasons on DVD in the UK. They also released a complete series set on March 5, 2012.[11]
In Region 4, Madman Entertainment has released all five seasons on DVD in Australia. They also released a complete series collection on May 1, 2013.[12]
DVD name
Ep #
Release dates
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
The Complete First Season 13 October 26, 2004
January 19, 2010 (re-release) January 31, 2005 September 7, 2006
The Complete Second Season 22 March 8, 2005
May 18, 2010 (re-release) June 20, 2005 September 7, 2006
The Complete Third Season 20 September 6, 2005
July 27, 2010 (re-release) January 23, 2006 September 7, 2006
The Complete Fourth Season 26 November 1, 2005
January 18, 2011 (re-release) April 10, 2006 September 7, 2006
The Complete Fifth Season 23 March 21, 2006 September 18, 2006 June 7, 2007
The Complete Series 103 July 27, 2010 March 5, 2012 May 1, 2013
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: 21 Jump Street (film)
On March 16, 2012, a feature film sequel to the television series from Sony Pictures was released starring Jonah Hill and Channing Tatum (who are also executive producers) and directed by Phil Lord and Chris Miller with the screenplay written by Michael Bacall from a story by both Hill and Bacall. Johnny Depp, Peter DeLuise, and Holly Robinson briefly reprise their roles as Tom Hanson, Doug Penhall, and Judy Hoffs, respectively.[citation needed] The film proved to be a critically hailed box office success.[citation needed]
Described in concept by Hill as an "R-rated, insane, Bad Boys-meets-John Hughes-type movie,"[13] the film departs from the dramatic style of the series and instead features a comedic tone. The film and series are also set in the same continuity. A sequel titled 22 Jump Street was released in 2014.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Howard (11 April 1987). "Weekend Tv : 'Jump Street' Bows On Fox Network". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 501. ISBN 0-7407-5118-2. OCLC 57316726.
^ Jump up to: a b Blitz, Michael; Krasniewicz, Louise (2008). Johnny Depp: A Biography. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-313-34300-4. OCLC 166290770. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Horowitz, Josh (14 May 2008). "Jonah Hill To Adapt '21 Jump Street' For The Big Screen: Report". mtv.com. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
Jump up ^ Hilmes, Michele (2010). Only Connect: A Cultural History of Broadcasting in the United States (3 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 348. ISBN 0-495-57051-6.
Jump up ^ Lapin, Claudia (October 1988). "The Message of 21 Jump Street". Orange Coast Magazine. Emmis Communications. 41 (41): 192. ISSN 0279-0483.
Jump up ^ Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 507. ISBN 0-740-75118-2.
Jump up ^ Advert in The Times, 29 August 1989, page 9
Jump up ^ "Cannell and Mill Creek Ink New Distribution Deal" (Press release). TVShowsOnDVD.com. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (21 May 2010). "21 Jump Street - Mill Creek to Roll Out 'Season 3' and 'The Complete Series' on DVD". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "21 Jump Street - Seasons 1-5". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
Jump up ^ "21 Jump Street: The Complete Series Collection". Ezydvd.com.au. 2013-04-22. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
Jump up ^ Coll, Kevin (28 May 2009). "Jonah Hill Talks 21 Jump Street Remake Movie". Fused Film. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012.
External links[edit]
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