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Biome
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One way of mapping terrestrial biomes around the world
A biome /ˈbaɪoʊm/ is a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in. They can be found over a range of continents. Biomes are distinct biological communities that have formed in response to a shared physical climate.[1][2] "Biome" is a broader term than "habitat"; any biome can comprise a variety of habitats.
While a biome can cover large areas, a microbiome is a mix of organisms that coexist in a defined space on a much smaller scale. For example, the human microbiome is the collection of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that are present on a human body.[3]
A 'biota' is the total collection of organisms of a geographic region or a time period, from local geographic scales and instantaneous temporal scales all the way up to whole-planet and whole-timescale spatiotemporal scales. The biotas of the Earth make up the biosphere.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of the concept
2 Classifications
2.1 Holdridge (1947, 1964) life zones
2.2 Allee (1949) biome-types
2.3 Kendeigh (1961) biomes
2.4 Whittaker (1962, 1970, 1975) biome-types
2.4.1 Key definitions for understanding Whittaker's scheme
2.4.2 Whittaker's parameters for classifying biome-types
2.4.3 Biome-types
2.5 Goodall (1974-) ecosystem types
2.6 Walter (1976, 2002) zonobiomes
2.7 Schultz (1988) ecozones
2.8 Bailey (1989) ecoregions
2.9 Olson & Dinerstein (1998) biomes for WWF / Global 200
2.9.1 Biogeographic realms (terrestrial and freshwater)
2.9.2 Biogeographic realms (marine)
2.9.3 Biomes (terrestrial)
2.9.4 Biomes (freshwater)
2.9.5 Biomes (marine)
2.9.6 Summary of the scheme
3 Other biomes
3.1 Marine biomes
3.2 Anthropogenic biomes
3.3 Microbial biomes
3.3.1 Endolithic biomes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History of the concept
The term was suggested in 1916 by Clements, originally as a synonym for biotic community of Möbius (1877).[4] Later, it gained its current definition, based on earlier concepts of phytophysiognomy, formation and vegetation (used in opposition to flora), with the inclusion of the animal element and the exclusion of the taxonomic element of species composition.[5][6] In 1935, Tansley added the climatic and soil aspects to the idea, calling it ecosystem.[7][8] The International Biological Program (1964–74) projects popularized the concept of biome.[9]
However, in some contexts, the term biome is used in a different manner. In German literature, particularly in the Walter terminology, the term is used similarly as biotope (a concrete geographical unit), while the biome definition used in this article is used as an international, non-regional, terminology - irrespectively of the continent in which an area is present, it takes the same biome name - and corresponds to his "zonobiome", "orobiome" and "pedobiome" (biomes determinated by climate zone, altitude or soil).[10]
In Brazilian literature, the term "biome" is sometimes used as synonym of "biogeographic province", an area based on species composition (the term "floristic province" being used when plant species are considered), or also as synonym of the "morphoclimatic and phytogeographical domain" of Ab'Sáber, a geographic space with subcontinental dimensions, with the predominance of similar geomorphologic and climatic characteristics, and of a certain vegetation form. Both includes many biomes in fact.[5][11][12]
Classifications
To divide the world in a few ecological zones is a difficult attempt, notably because of the small-scale variations that exist everywhere on earth and because of the gradual changeover from one biome to the other. Their boundaries must therefore be drawn arbitrarily and their characterization made according to the average conditions that predominate in them.[13]
A 1978 study on North American grasslands[14] found a positive logistic correlation between evapotranspiration in mm/yr and above-ground net primary production in g/m2/yr. The general results from the study were that precipitation and water use led to above-ground primary production, while solar irradiation and temperature lead to below-ground primary production (roots), and temperature and water lead to cool and warm season growth habit.[15] These findings help explain the categories used in Holdridge’s bioclassification scheme (see below), which were then later simplified by Whittaker. The number of classification schemes and the variety of determinants used in those schemes, however, should be taken as strong indicators that biomes do not fit perfectly into the classification schemes created.
Holdridge (1947, 1964) life zones
Main article: Holdridge life zones
Holdridge classified climates based on the biological effects of temperature and rainfall on vegetation under the assumption that these two abiotic factors are the largest determinants of the types of vegetation found in a habitat. Holdridge uses the four axes to define 30 so-called "humidity provinces", which are clearly visible in his diagram. While this scheme largely ignores soil and sun exposure, Holdridge acknowledged that these were important.
Allee (1949) biome-types
The principal biome-types by Allee (1949):[16]
Tundra
Taiga
Deciduous forest
Grasslands
Desert
High plateaus
Tropical forest
Minor terrestrial biomes
Kendeigh (1961) biomes
The principal biomes of the world by Kendeigh (1961):[17]
Terrestrial
Temperate deciduous forest
Coniferous forest
Woodland
Chaparral
Tundra
Grassland
Desert
Tropical savanna
Tropical forest
Marine
Oceanic plankton and nekton
Balanoid-gastropod-thallophyte
Pelecypod-annelid
Coral reef
Whittaker (1962, 1970, 1975) biome-types
The distribution of vegetation types as a function of mean annual temperature and precipitation.
Whittaker classified biomes using two abiotic factors: precipitation and temperature. His scheme can be seen as a simplification of Holdridge's; more readily accessible, but missing Holdridge's greater specificity.
Whittaker based his approach on theoretical assertions and empirical sampling. He was in a unique position to make such a holistic assertion because he had previously compiled a review of biome classifications.[18]
Key definitions for understanding Whittaker's scheme
Physiognomy: the apparent characteristics, outward features, or appearance of ecological communities or species.
Biome: a grouping of terrestrial ecosystems on a given continent that are similar in vegetation structure, physiognomy, features of the environment and characteristics of their animal communities.
Formation: a major kind of community of plants on a given continent.
Biome-type: grouping of convergent biomes or formations of different continents, defined by physiognomy.
Formation-type:a grouping of convergent formations.
Whittaker's distinction between biome and formation can be simplified: formation is used when applied to plant communities only, while biome is used when concerned with both plants and animals. Whittaker's convention of biome-type or formation-type is simply a broader method to categorize similar communities.[19]
Whittaker's parameters for classifying biome-types
Whittaker, seeing the need for a simpler way to express the relationship of community structure to the environment, used what he called "gradient analysis" of ecocline patterns to relate communities to climate on a worldwide scale. Whittaker considered four main ecoclines in the terrestrial realm.[19]
Intertidal levels: The wetness gradient of areas that are exposed to alternating water and dryness with intensities that vary by location from high to low tide
Climatic moisture gradient
Temperature gradient by altitude
Temperature gradient by latitude
Along these gradients, Whittaker noted several trends that allowed him to qualitatively establish biome-types:
The gradient runs from favorable to extreme, with corresponding changes in productivity.
Changes in physiognomic complexity vary with how favorable of an environment exists (decreasing community structure and reduction of stratal differentiation as the environment becomes less favorable).
Trends in diversity of structure follow trends in species diversity; alpha and beta species diversities decrease from favorable to extreme environments.
Each growth-form (i.e. grasses, shrubs, etc.) has its characteristic place of maximum importance along the ecoclines.
The same growth forms may be dominant in similar environments in widely different parts of the world.
Whittaker summed the effects of gradients (3) and (4) to get an overall temperature gradient, and combined this with gradient (2), the moisture gradient, to express the above conclusions in what is known as the Whittaker classification scheme. The scheme graphs average annual precipitation (x-axis) versus average annual temperature (y-axis) to classify biome-types.
Biome-types
Tropical rainforest
Tropical seasonal rainforest
deciduous
semideciduous
Temperate giant rainforest
Montane rainforest
Temperate deciduous forest
Temperate evergreen forest
needleleaf
sclerophyll
Subarctic-subalpin needle-leaved forests (taiga)
Elfin woodland
Thorn forests and woodlands
Thorn scrub
Temperate woodland
Temperate shrublands
deciduous
heath
sclerophyll
subalpine-needleleaf
subalpine-broadleaf
Savanna
Temperate grassland
Alpine grasslands
Tundra
Tropical desert
Warm-temperate desert
Cool temperate desert scrub
Arctic-alpine desert
Bog
Tropical fresh-water swamp forest
Temperate fresh-water swamp forest
Mangrove swamp
Salt marsh
Wetland[20]
Goodall (1974-) ecosystem types
... The multiauthored series Ecosystems of the world, edited by David W. Goodall, provides a comprehensive coverage of the major "ecosystem types or biomes" on earth:[21]
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Natural Terrestrial Ecosystems
Wet Coastal Ecosystems
Dry Coastal Ecosystems
Polar and Alpine Tundra
Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor
Temperate Deserts and Semi-Deserts
Coniferous Forests
Temperate Deciduous Forests
Natural Grasslands
Heathlands and Related Shrublands
Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forests
Mediterranean-Type Shrublands
Hot Deserts and Arid Shrublands
Tropical Savannas
Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems
Wetland Forests
Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground
Managed Terrestrial Ecosystems
Managed Grasslands
Field Crop Ecosystems
Tree Crop Ecosystems
Greenhouse Ecosystems
Bioindustrial Ecosystems
Aquatic Ecosystems
Inland Aquatic Ecosystems
River and Stream Ecosystems
Lakes and Reservoirs
Marine Ecosystems
Intertidal and Littoral Ecosystems
Coral Reefs
Estuaries and Enclosed Seas
Ecosystems of the Continental Shelves
Ecosystems of the Deep Ocean
Managed Aquatic Ecosystems
Managed Aquatic Ecosystems
Underground Ecosystems
Cave Ecosystems
Walter (1976, 2002) zonobiomes
The eponymously-named Heinrich Walter classification scheme considers the seasonality of temperature and precipitation. The system, also assessing precipitation and temperature, finds nine major biome types, with the important climate traits and vegetation types. The boundaries of each biome correlate to the conditions of moisture and cold stress that are strong determinants of plant form, and therefore the vegetation that defines the region. Extreme conditions, such as flooding in a swamp, can create different kinds of communities within the same biome.[10][22][23]
Zonobiome
Zonal soil type
Zonal vegetation type
ZB I. Equatorial, always moist, little temperature seasonality Equatorial brown clays Evergreen tropical rainforest
ZB II. Tropical, summer rainy season and cooler “winter” dry season Red clays or red earths Tropical seasonal forest, seasonal dry forest, scrub, or savanna
ZB III. Subtropical, highly seasonal, arid climate Serosemes, sierozemes Desert vegetation with considerable exposed surface
ZB IV. Mediterranean, winter rainy season and summer drought Mediterranean brown earths Sclerophyllous (drought-adapted), frost-sensitive shrublands and woodlands
ZB V. Warm temperate, occasional frost, often with summer rainfall maximum Yellow or red forest soils, slightly podsolic soils Temperate evergreen forest, somewhat frost-sensitive
ZB VI. Nemoral, moderate climate with winter freezing Forest brown earths and grey forest soils Frost-resistant, deciduous, temperate forest
ZB VII. Continental, arid, with warm or hot summers and cold winters Chernozems to serozems Grasslands and temperate deserts
ZB VIII. Boreal, cold temperate with cool summers and long winters Podsols Evergreen, frost-hardy, needle-leaved forest (taiga)
ZB IX. Polar, short, cool summers and long, cold winters Tundra humus soils with solifluction (permafrost soils) Low, evergreen vegetation, without trees, growing over permanently frozen soils
Schultz (1988) ecozones
Schultz (1988) defined nine ecozones (note that his concept of ecozone is more similar to the concept of biome used in this article than to the concept of ecozone of BBC):[24]
polar/subpolar zone
boreal zone
humid mid-latitudes
arid mid-latitudes
tropical/subtropical arid lands
Mediterranean-type subtropics
seasonal tropics
humid subtropics
humid tropics
Bailey (1989) ecoregions
Robert G. Bailey nearly developed a biogeographical classification system of ecoregions for the United States in a map published in 1976. He subsequently expanded the system to include the rest of North America in 1981, and the world in 1989. The Bailey system, based on climate, is divided into seven domains (polar, humid temperate, dry, humid, and humid tropical), with further divisions based on other climate characteristics (subarctic, warm temperate, hot temperate, and subtropical; marine and continental; lowland and mountain).[25][26]
100 Polar Domain
120 Tundra Division (Köppen: Ft)
M120 Tundra Division – Mountain Provinces
130 Subarctic Division (Köppen: E)
M130 Subarctic Division – Mountain Provinces
200 Humid Temperate Domain
210 Warm Continental Division (Köppen: portion of Dcb)
M210 Warm Continental Division – Mountain Provinces
220 Hot Continental Division (Köppen: portion of Dca)
M220 Hot Continental Division – Mountain Provinces
230 Subtropical Division (Köppen: portion of Cf)
M230 Subtropical Division – Mountain Provinces
240 Marine Division (Köppen: Do)
M240 Marine Division – Mountain Provinces
250 Prairie Division (Köppen: arid portions of Cf, Dca, Dcb)
260 Mediterranean Division (Köppen: Cs)
M260 Mediterranean Division – Mountain Provinces
300 Dry Domain
310 Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division
M310 Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division – Mountain Provinces
320 Tropical/Subtropical Desert Division
330 Temperate Steppe Division
340 Temperate Desert Division
400 Humid Tropical Domain
410 Savanna Division
420 Rainforest Division
Olson & Dinerstein (1998) biomes for WWF / Global 200
Main article: Global 200
A team of biologists convened by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) developed a scheme that divided the world's land area into biogeographic realms (called "ecozones" in a BBC scheme), and these into ecoregions (Olson & Dinerstein, 1998, etc.). Each ecoregion is characterized by a main biome (also called major habitat type).[27][28]
This classification is used to define the Global 200 list of ecoregions identified by the WWF as priorities for conservation.[27]
For the terrestrial ecoregions, there is a specific EcoID, format XXnnNN (XX is the biogeographic realm, nn is the biome number, NN is the individual number).
Biogeographic realms (terrestrial and freshwater)
NA: Nearctic
PA: Palearctic
AT: Afrotropic
IM: Indomalaya
AA: Australasia
NT: Neotropic
OC: Oceania
AN: Antarctic[28]
The applicability of the realms scheme above - based on Udvardy (1975) - to most freshwater taxa is unresolved.[29]
Biogeographic realms (marine)
Arctic
Temperate Northern Atlantic
Temperate Northern Pacific
Tropical Atlantic
Western Indo-Pacific
Central Indo-Pacific
Eastern Indo-Pacific
Tropical Eastern Pacific
Temperate South America
Temperate Southern Africa
Temperate Australasia
Southern Ocean[30]
Biomes (terrestrial)
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (tropical and subtropical, humid)
Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (temperate, humid)
Temperate coniferous forests (temperate, humid to semihumid)
Boreal forests/taiga (subarctic, humid)
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (tropical and subtropical, semiarid)
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (temperate, semiarid)
Flooded grasslands and savannas (temperate to tropical, fresh or brackish water inundated)
Montane grasslands and shrublands (alpine or montane climate)
Tundra (Arctic)
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub or sclerophyll forests (temperate warm, semihumid to semiarid with winter rainfall)
Deserts and xeric shrublands (temperate to tropical, arid)
Mangrove (subtropical and tropical, salt water inundated)[28]
Biomes (freshwater)
According to the WWF, the following are classified as freshwater biomes:[31]
Large lakes
Large river deltas
Polar freshwaters
Montane freshwaters
Temperate coastal rivers
Temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands
Temperate upland rivers
Tropical and subtropical coastal rivers
Tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and wetlands
Tropical and subtropical upland rivers
Xeric freshwaters and endorheic basins
Oceanic islands
Biomes (marine)
Biomes of the coastal and continental shelf areas (neritic zone):
Polar
Temperate shelves and sea
Temperate upwelling
Tropical upwelling
Tropical coral[32]
Summary of the scheme
Biosphere
Biogeographic realms (terrestrial) (8)
Ecoregions (867), each characterized by a main biome type (14)
Ecosystems (biotopes)
Biosphere
Biogeographic realms (freshwater) (8)
Ecoregions (426), each characterized by a main biome type (12)
Ecosystems (biotopes)
Biosphere
Biogeographic realms (marine) (12)
(Marine provinces) (62)
Ecoregions (232), each characterized by a main biome type (5)
Ecosystems (biotopes)
Example:
Biosphere
Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
Ecoregion: Dinaric Mountains mixed forests (PA0418); biome type: temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Ecosystem: Orjen, vegetation belt between 1,100–1,450 m, Oromediterranean zone, nemoral zone (temperate zone)
Biotope: Oreoherzogio-Abietetum illyricae Fuk. (Plant list)
Plant: Silver fir (Abies alba)
Other biomes
Marine biomes
Further information: Marine habitats
Pruvot (1896) zones or "systems":[33]
Litoral zone
Pelagic zone
Abyssal zone
Longhurst (1998) biomes:[34]
Coastal
Polar
Trade wind
Westerly
Other marine habitat types (not covered yet by the Global 200/WWF scheme):[citation needed]
Open sea
Deep sea
Hydrothermal vents
Cold seeps
Benthic zone
Pelagic zone (trades and westerlies)
Abyssal
Hadal (ocean trench)
Littoral/Intertidal zone
Kelp forest
Pack ice
Anthropogenic biomes
Humans have altered global patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. As a result, vegetation forms predicted by conventional biome systems can no longer be observed across much of Earth's land surface as they have been replaced by crop and rangelands or cities. Anthropogenic biomes provide an alternative view of the terrestrial biosphere based on global patterns of sustained direct human interaction with ecosystems, including agriculture, human settlements, urbanization, forestry and other uses of land. Anthropogenic biomes offer a new way forward in ecology and conservation by recognizing the irreversible coupling of human and ecological systems at global scales and moving us toward an understanding of how best to live in and manage our biosphere and the anthropogenic biomes we live in.
Major anthropogenic biomes:
Dense settlements
Croplands
Rangelands
Forested
Indoor[35]
Microbial biomes
Further information: Habitat § Microhabitats
Endolithic biomes
The endolithic biome, consisting entirely of microscopic life in rock pores and cracks, kilometers beneath the surface, has only recently been discovered, and does not fit well into most classification schemes.[36]
See also
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Earth sciences portal
Biology portal
Sustainable development portal
Biomics
Ecosystem
Ecotope
Climate classification
Life zones
Natural environment
References
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Jump up ^ Abell, R., M. Thieme, C. Revenga, M. Bryer, M. Kottelat, N. Bogutskaya, B. Coad, N. Mandrak, S. Contreras-Balderas, W. Bussing, M. L. J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, G. R. Allen, P. Unmack, A. Naseka, R. Ng, N. Sindorf, J. Robertson, E. Armijo, J. Higgins, T. J. Heibel, E. Wikramanayake, D. Olson, H. L. Lopez, R. E. d. Reis, J. G. Lundberg, M. H. Sabaj Perez, and P. Petry. (2008). Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. BioScience 58:403-414, [15].
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Jump up ^ "Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: Major Habitat Types" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-05-13. . Accessed May 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ WWF: Marine Ecoregions of the World
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Jump up ^ "What is the Endolithic Biome? (with picture)". wiseGEEK.
External links
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Look up Biome in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Biomes". Encyclopedia of Earth.
Biomes of the world (Missouri Botanic Garden)
Global Currents and Terrestrial Biomes Map
WorldBiomes.com is a site covering the 5 principal world biome types: aquatic, desert, forest, grasslands, and tundra.
UWSP's online textbook The Physical Environment: – Earth Biomes
Panda.org's Habitats – describes the 14 major terrestrial habitats, 7 major freshwater habitats, and 5 major marine habitats.
Panda.org's Habitats Simplified – provides simplified explanations for 10 major terrestrial and aquatic habitat types.
UCMP Berkeley's The World's Biomes – provides lists of characteristics for some biomes and measurements of climate statistics.
Gale/Cengage has an excellent Biome Overview of terrestrial, aquatic, and man-made biomes with a particular focus on trees native to each, and has detailed descriptions of desert, rain forest, and wetland biomes.
Islands Of Wildness, The Natural Lands Of North America by Jim Bones, a video about continental biomes and climate change.
Dreams Of The Earth, Love Songs For A Troubled Planet by Jim Bones, a poetic video about the North American Biomes and climate change.
NASA's Earth Observatory Mission: Biomes gives an exemplar of each biome that is described in detail and provides scientific measurements of the climate statistics that define each biome.
[hide]
v
t
e
Biogeographic regionalisations
Biomes
Terrestrial
biomes
Polar/montane
Tundra
Taiga
Montane grasslands and shrublands
Temperate
Coniferous forests
Broadleaf and mixed forests
Deciduous forests
Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Tropical and
subtropical
Coniferous forests
Moist broadleaf forests
Dry broadleaf forests
Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Dry
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
Deserts and xeric shrublands
Wet
Flooded grasslands and savannas
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text:
National colours of Australia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Green and gold" redirects here. For the ornamental herb, see Green-and-gold.
Green
Gold
Pantone 348 C 116 C
RGB
(Hex) 0–135–81
(#008751) 252–209–22
(#FCD116)
CMYK 100%–4%–87%–18% 0%–12%–100%–0%
The national colours of Australia are green and gold.[1] They were established by the Governor-General of Australia, Sir Ninian Stephen, on 19 April 1984; on advice from Prime Minister Bob Hawke.[citation needed]
The gold colour represents the golden wattle (Acacia pycnantha), which is Australia's national flower. The uniforms of Australia's national sports teams are usually green and gold.[2] The golden wattle flower, and the colours green and gold, are also featured on the Coat of arms of Australia.
The Australian government states that, to be used correctly, the colours are placed side-by-side, with no other colour between them. The exact green and gold colours are specified as Pantone Matching System numbers 348C and 116C.[1] The colours are always referred to as "green and gold", respectively.[citation needed]
Before 1984 three colour combinations unofficially represented Australia:[1]
red, white and blue,
blue and gold, and
green and gold.
According to the Australian government, "green and gold have been popularly embraced as Australia’s national sporting colours" since the late 1800s.[1] Nearly every current Australian national sports team wears them (although the hues and proportions of the colours may vary between teams and across eras).[citation needed] Australia's cricket team first wore the colours in 1899, in the form of the baggy green, the cap presented to Australian cricket players.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Uses
2.1 Sports teams
2.2 Companies and organisations
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
History[edit]
The first Australian national sporting team to wear green and gold was the Australian cricket team that toured England in 1899. Their clothes were the traditional white, but the captain Joe Darling arranged for green and gold caps and blazers to be worn for the opening match of the Ashes series. Previously, the team had had no uniform cap or blazer colours but wore an assortment of club or state colours.[4] The Australian cricket team continued to use the colours thereafter, and in 1908 the colours were ratified as the official team colours for future Australian cricket teams. During subsequent discussions by members of the New South Wales Cricket Association, the colours were reportedly referred to as "gum-tree green" and "wattle-gold".
The Australasian Olympic team adopted "green and wattle" in 1908, but not every team played in the colours. In the 1912 Olympics, an official Australian uniform was adopted for the first time: green vests with gold trimming, and white shorts with green and gold trimming.
Of the football codes, the Australian national soccer team first wore green and gold in 1924 with the Australian national rugby league team and Australia national rugby union team following in 1928 and 1929 respectively.[5][6][7]
Uses[edit]
Australian marathon runners wearing green and gold at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Sports teams[edit]
Teams that wear the green and gold include:
the Australia cricket team (one day cricket and Twenty20 cricket);
the Australian Summer Olympics team;
the Wallabies (rugby union);
the Kangaroos (rugby league);
the Jillaroos (rugby league);
the Wallaroos (rugby union);
the Diamonds (netball);
the Socceroos (men's association football (soccer));
the Matildas (women's association football (soccer));
the Boomers (men's basketball);
the Opals (women's basketball);
the Kookaburras (men's field hockey);
the Hockeyroos (women's field hockey);
the Mighty Roos (ice hockey);
the Volleyroos (men's volleyball);
the Australia national baseball team in the World Baseball Classic;
the Australia national lacrosse team; the Sharks (lacrosse);
Team Australia on UFC The Smashes The Ultimate Fighter: The Smashes
the Wizards of Aus Australian men's roller derby team[8]
The Australian Outback Gridiron Team [9]
The Australian Powerlifting team
Since 1961, the Wallabies have worn a gold jersey with green lettering and trim; they changed from a primarily green jersey to avoid a colour clash with the Springboks of South Africa.
Companies and organisations[edit]
From around 1981 the colours were also used in the livery of the government railway body Australian National, formed by the 1970s merger of Commonwealth Railways with the state-run South Australian Railways and Tasmanian Government Railways. Australian National was privatised in 1997.
Australian Made logo
Australian National Line
Medicare Australia
National Party of Australia
See also[edit]
Australia portal
Australian state colours
Coat of arms of Australia
Boxing kangaroo flag
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Australian National Colours". Australian Government – Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
Jump up ^ Australian Citizenship: Our common bond (PDF). Belconnen: National Communications Branch, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Commonwealth of Australia. 2014. p. 14.
Jump up ^ "History behind sporting colours uncovered". The National Sports Museum. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
Jump up ^ The Weekend Australian, 30–31 December 2000, p. 17
Jump up ^ "To-day's Diary – Fashion and the Game". Evening News. 10 May 1924. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Fagan, Sean. "To Wattle Gold and Gum Green Jerseys". RL1908.com. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "History of Rugby". Australian Rugby Union. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.wizardsofaus.com.au/
Jump up ^ http://www.outbackgridiron.com/
Further reading[edit]
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sharpham, Peter (1994) The Origin of the Green and Gold, Sporting Traditions, 1994.
Australia's National Colours
Australian National Colours: green and gold
http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/06/11/1086749885653.html?from=storyrhs Newspaper -Sydney Morning Herald 12 June 2004
http://www.smh.com.au/national/australias-pride-greeted-by-a-sea-of-green-and-gold-20120820-24ipd.html Sydney Morning Herald 21 August 2012
http://www.australiantimes.co.uk/voices/time-for-australias-green-and-gold-to-shine-in-london.htm Australian Times
National Sports Museum July 20, 2012
Sydney Morning Herald 3 October 2012
http://www.news.com.au/sport/more-sport/matt-crowdrey-sings-praises-of-australias-swimming-at-london-paralympics/story-fndukor0-1226470993546 September 11, 2012
Australian Times 24 of January 2012
Australian Sports Commission funding Green and Gold project 1 March 2012(press release)
http://www.convictcreations.com/research/symbols.html Symbols of Australia -Defiance and Conformity Retrieved 5 October 2012
Books Australian National Identity Editor: Justin Healey Print book ISBN 978 1 921507 24 3 Year 2010 -The Spinney Press
[show]
v
t
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New Girl (season 5)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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New Girl (season 5)
DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
22
Release
Original network
Fox
Original release
January 5 (2016-01-05) – May 10, 2016 (2016-05-10)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 4
Next →
Season 6
List of New Girl episodes
The fifth season of the American comedy series New Girl premiered on January 5, 2016, on Fox in its new time slot of 8:00 pm (Eastern).[1] The show briefly aired back-to-back on April 19[2] before airing the final six episodes, beginning April 26, at 8:00 and 9:00 pm respectively.[3]
Developed by Elizabeth Meriwether under the working title Chicks & Dicks, the series revolves around offbeat teacher Jess (Zooey Deschanel) after her moving into an LA loft with three men, Nick (Jake Johnson), Schmidt (Max Greenfield), and Winston (Lamorne Morris); Jess's best friend Cece (Hannah Simone) also appears regularly. The show combines comedy and drama elements as the characters, who are in their early thirties, deal with maturing relationships and career choices.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Special guest
2.3 Recurring
2.4 Guest
3 Episodes
4 References
5 External links
Production[edit]
On March 31, 2015, New Girl was renewed for a fifth season.[4] The show remained in production after wrapping season four in order to get a jump on season 5 ahead of Deschanel's maternity leave.[5] Deschanel was absent in 6 episodes of the fifth season.[6][7] The onscreen reason for her absence being that her character was sequestered for jury duty.[8]
John Cho was the first guest announced after New Girl was renewed for season 5.[9] Fred Armisen, Stephen Rannazzisi and Ally Maki all signed up to guest star this season.[10]
Megan Fox was cast in the role of Reagan and will temporarily fill in for Zooey Deschanel after she pre-taped her episodes last spring before taking a maternity leave.[11] This did not premiere in the Fall but instead January 2016, with what Fox states to be "its first-ever season of virtually uninterrupted originals."[12] Damon Wayans, Jr. is set to make his return for a two episode arc this season.[13]
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Zooey Deschanel as Jessica "Jess" Day
Jake Johnson as Nick Miller
Max Greenfield as Schmidt
Lamorne Morris as Winston Bishop
Hannah Simone as Cece
Special guest[edit]
Damon Wayans, Jr. as Coach[13]
Recurring[edit]
Megan Fox as Reagan
Curtis Armstrong as Principal Foster
Steve Agee as Outside Dave
Meaghan Rath as May
Peter Gallagher as Gavin[14]
David Walton as Sam[15]
Nasim Pedrad as Aly Nelson
Nelson Franklin as Robby
Fred Melamed as J. Cronkite Valley-Forge
Rebecca Reid as Nadia
Guest[edit]
John Cho as Daniel Grant[9]
Anna George as Priyanka
Rob Riggle as Big Schmidt
Taran Killam as Fred[9][16]
Julie Hagerty as Nancy
Henry Winkler as Flip
Sam Richardson as Dunston[17]
Fred Armisen as Brandon[10]
Stephen Rannazzisi as Todd Ploons[10]
Ally Maki as Kumiko[10]
Busy Philipps as Connie[18]
Sonequa Martin-Green as Rhonda[19]
apl.de.ap as himself
Kiersey Clemons as KC
Bill Burr as Bob
Lennon Parham as Carol
Ian Roberts as Billy
Clea DuVall as Camilla
Demetri Martin as Juror 237B/Gary
Elizabeth Berkley Lauren as Becky Cavatappi
Lucy Punch as Genevieve
Gillian Vigman as Kim
Kal Penn as Tripp[20]
Nora Dunn as Louise[20]
Kim Wayans as Susan[20]
Caitlin FitzGerald as Diane[21]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of New Girl episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
95
1 "Big Mama P" Erin O'Malley Berkley Johnson January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05) 5ATM03 3.33[22]
Schmidt and Cece give the honor of best man and maid of honor to Nick and Jess, respectively. Jess plans an elaborate engagement party for the couple, with the intent of surprising Cece with a visit from her mother, Priyanka (Anna George). Nick is given the responsibility of picking up Cece's mother from the airport, but picks up the wrong woman. After saving a boy's life from under the weight of a car, Winston becomes tired of being labeled as a hero instead of being known for his pranking side.
96
2 "What About Fred" Eric Appel Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12) 5ATM01 3.25[23]
Jess has a hard time relating to her new boyfriend Fred (Taran Killam), and would rather spend time with his fun loving parents Flip and Nancy (Henry Winkler and Julie Hagerty). Nick and Schmidt are officially co-owners of the bar, and Schmidt's strict rules of the establishment puts pressure on Nick to be a tougher boss.
97
3 "Jury Duty" Trent O'Donnell Josh Malmuth & Nina Pedrad January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19) 5ATM02 2.95[24]
Jess is thrilled when she is called for jury duty, but an opportunity to be acting principal presents itself with her now wanting to get out of jury duty. Nick and Cece's constant bickering about the apartment rules puts Schmidt between them.
98
4 "No Girl" Elizabeth Meriwether Rob Rosell January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26) 5ATM04 2.84[25]
With Jess still in jury duty, Nick rents out the loft to pay for Schmidt's bachelor party that they plan on having in Tokyo. Winston thinks that KC is cheating on him, so he asks Cece for advice to get even with her.
99
5 "Bob & Carol & Nick & Schmidt" Jake Johnson Rob Rosell February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02) 5ATM05 2.94[26]
Nick's cousin Bob (Bill Burr) and his wife Carol (Lennon Parham) want to use Nick's sperm to have a baby. Winston helps Cece buy a wedding dress.
100
6 "Reagan" Trent O'Donnell Kim Rosenstock February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09) 5ATM06 3.10[27]
Nick tries to get Reagan (Megan Fox), an attractive bisexual pharmaceutical sales representative, to temporarily move into the loft while Jess is still in jury duty. Schmidt learns that Cece and Reagan had a sexual encounter years ago, making him uncomfortable.
101
7 "Wig" Christine Gernon David Feeney February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16) 5ATM07 2.80[28]
Nick has a hard time being comfortable around Reagan, so he spends a lot of his time in the loft in Schmidt's room, even during the time that Schmidt wants to have sex with Cece. Winston helps Reagan break up with her most recent fling Camilla (Clea DuVall).
102
8 "The Decision" Trent O'Donnell Luvh Rakhe February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23) 5ATM08 2.68[29]
When Nick and Winston are unable to make decisions on anything, Reagan puts pressure on them to decide among themselves on who should have sex with her. While searching for the perfect wedding venue, Schmidt and Cece run into his old college bully Benjamin (David Neher) and his fiancée Mimi (Angela Trimbur).
103
9 "Heat Wave" Erin O'Malley Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01) 5ATM09 2.62[30]
A heat wave hits the city, with Nick stubbornly refusing Reagan's offer of hanging out in her air-conditioned room. The back and forth ultimately leads to Nick and Reagan to finally express their romantic feelings for each other. Winston finds that people take him a lot more seriously when he uses his "cop voice". Cece refuses to go to a news broadcasting audition, which forces Schmidt to use his own "cop voice" to make her go.
104
10 "Goosebumps Walkaway" Trent O'Donnell Berkley Johnson March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08) 5ATM10 2.65[31]
Jess finally comes home from jury duty. Reagan's last day in town closely arrives, however she is reluctant to fully express her romantic feelings for Nick. Schmidt and Cece accompany Winston to his freestyle dancing group.
Note: Despite Fox promoting this episode as the 100th episode, it is actually the 104th episode produced and aired. "Reagan" is the actual 100th episode of the series.
105
11 "The Apartment" Christine Gernon Nina Pedrad March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15) 5ATM11 2.30[32]
Jess becomes overwhelmed by the workload given by her new principal Becky Cavatappi (Elizabeth Berkley Lauren), while also helping Cece move out of her apartment to move into the loft with Jess and the guys. While Cece packs up her things, she begins to have second thoughts about marrying Schmidt. Winston becomes tired of hearing Aly talk about her boyfriend, so he is given a new partner named Dunston (Sam Richardson), who has similar interests as him, but is way more incompetent. A flasher comes in and out of the bar, with Nick not really having a problem with him, which has Schmidt concerned.
106
12 "D-Day" Michael Schultz Josh Malmuth March 22, 2016 (2016-03-22) 5ATM12 2.25[33]
When Schmidt becomes highly stressed from planning the wedding, and with Cece getting a new job, Jess decides take over with some of the wedding preparations. When getting champagne for the wedding, Jess falls for Gavin (Peter Gallagher), a charming wine store owner, who she later finds out is Schmidt's father. Nick and Winston argue over who has the tougher profession.
107
13 "Sam, Again" Steve Welch Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29) 5ATM13 2.21[34]
Jess applies for a new teaching job at a more subdued, free-spirited school run by Genevieve (Lucy Punch), who she later learns is dating Sam (David Walton). Schmidt has Nick and Cece quarantined, when they both get sick, so he doesn't get sick himself right before he plans on doing a big presentation at work. Winston is nervous about going on a date, to get over being heartbroken by Aly.
108
14 "300 Feet" Trent O'Donnell Sophia Lear April 12, 2016 (2016-04-12) 5ATM14 2.65[35]
Sam gets a restraining order on Jess. Presh, a fancy bar across the street owned by Connie (Busy Philipps), becomes competition for The Griffin, Nick and Schmidt's bar.
109
15 "Jeff Day" Jay Chandrasekhar Joe Wengert April 19, 2016 (2016-04-19) 5ATM15 1.92[36]
Jess and Sam are back together, which causes tension between him and Nick. When buying a new car, Jess creates a male alter-ego named "Jeff Day" to deal with Billy (Ian Roberts), a sexist salesman. Schmidt and Cece become worried that Winston's newest girlfriend Rhonda (Sonequa Martin-Green), is way too much into pulling pranks, and wanting Winston to revoke his plus one invitation for her to come to their wedding.
110
16 "Helmet" Josh Greenbaum Sarah Nevada Smith April 19, 2016 (2016-04-19) 5ATM18 1.92[36]
Jess has a sex dream about Nick, which involved an old Chicago Bears helmet that Nick gave her when they dated. This is especially stressful for Jess as she is about to meet Sam's parents. Aly's boyfriend Tripp (Kal Penn), an agent for animal actors, competes with Winston and his cat Furguson to get his own prized cat Patches a role in the next Avatar film.
111
17 "Road Trip" Trent O'Donnell Noah Garfinkel April 26, 2016 (2016-04-26) 5ATM16 2.42[37]
Schmidt questions his manhood, after being too scared to protect Cece from a hostile driver during a traffic run-in. To come off as more manly, Schmidt, Nick and Winston along with Big Schmidt (Rob Riggle), Robby (Nelson Franklin) and J. Cronkite Valley-Forge (Fred Melamed), take a road trip to the desert for Schmidt's bachelor party.
112
18 "A Chill Day In" Erin O'Malley Sarah Tapscott April 26, 2016 (2016-04-26) 5ATM17 1.87[37]
While the guys are at their bachelor party, Jess and Cece stay in and smoke marijuana. After destroying a bread maker given by Schmidt's mother, Jess and Cece go to the store to get it replaced. In doing so the run into Aly and Tripp, who are having difficulties in their relationship.
113
19 "Dress" Trent O'Donnell David Feeney & Josh Malmuth May 3, 2016 (2016-05-03) 5ATM19 2.27[38]
Jess procrastinates when tasked to alter Cece's wedding dress, so Schmidt helps Jess by having her make alterations to it in the unused men's room at his job. With Winston and Aly now dating, they have difficulty keeping their relationship a secret from the other police officers. Nick awaits a response from Reagan after asking her in a text to be his plus one for Schmidt and Cece's wedding.
114
20 "Return to Sender" Russ Alsobrook Veronica McCarthy May 3, 2016 (2016-05-03) 5ATM20 1.88[38]
Sam reunites with Diane (Caitlin FitzGerald), an old medical school colleague, who has unresolved romantic feelings for him, putting Jess in the middle. Nick is worried for Schmidt, fearing that Gavin hasn't stopped his "deadbeat dad" ways. Winston's feelings are hurt when Sam refuses to wear a bird shirt that Winston gave him.
115
21 "Wedding Eve" Trent O'Donnell Nina Pedrad & Kim Rosenstock May 10, 2016 (2016-05-10) 5ATM21 2.34[39]
Jess finds a wedding ring in Sam's jacket pocket and becomes nervous thinking that Sam will propose to her. On the day before the Schmidt and Cece's wedding, Schmidt's mom Louise (Nora Dunn) and her life partner Susan (Kim Wayans) stay over at the loft. Winston fears that he may scared off Aly by referring to her as a "bride". Coach (Damon Wayans, Jr.) is back from New York to visit for the wedding.
116
22 "Landing Gear" Erin O'Malley Luvh Rakhe May 10, 2016 (2016-05-10) 5ATM22 2.17[39]
On the day of Schmidt and Cece's wedding, Schmidt travels to Portland to get Cece's mom, Priyanka to come. However, he ends up stuck on the plane, still on the tarmac, missing the wedding. Reagan visits for the wedding with Nick wanting to make the move of having a steady relationship. Jess, who reveals that Sam broke up with her the day before, realizes that she still may have romantic feelings for Nick. While Schmidt is missing the wedding, Jess asks Winston to revert back to his pranking ways in an attempt to stall the wedding until the groom arrives.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (November 10, 2015). "'New Girl' Season 5 Premiere Date, 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' Moves to Tuesdays". TVLine. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Iannucci, Rebecca (March 30, 2016). "TVLine Items: New Girl Doubles Down, Moonbeam City Cancelled and More". TVLine.
Jump up ^ Anop, Nina (April 16, 2016). "FOX Upcoming Episode Press Releases - Various Shows - 16th April 2016". SpoilerTV. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (March 31, 2015). "'New Girl' Season 5 Renewal: Fox Renews Comedy for Fifth Year". TVLine. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly (January 29, 2015). "'New Girl' Star Zooey Deschanel Pregnant — Will Pregnancy Be Written Into Series?". TVLine. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Kiefer (May 6, 2015). "New Girl Season Four Finale Zooey Deschanel Leaving". Refinery29.com. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "What to Watch Tonight: Zooey Deschanel returns for 100th 'New Girl' episode". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
Jump up ^ "Zooey Deschanel's last New Girl for a while is a tribute to the power of Jess". www.avclub.com. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c Michael Ausiello (March 31, 2015). "New Girl Renewed for Season 5 at Fox as John Cho Joins Guest Cast". TVLine. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Goldberg, Lesley (April 7, 2015). "'New Girl' Enlists Fred Armisen, Stephen Rannazzisi, Ally Maki (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 17, 2015). "New Girl: Megan Fox Set to Join Season 5 Cast as the New Roommate!". TVLine. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 11, 2015). "Fox Fall TV Schedule 2015: 'Scream Queens' Tuesday, 'X-Files,' Midseason". TVLine. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Ausiello, Michael (March 24, 2016). "New Girl: Damon Wayans Jr. Returning as Coach for Season-Ending Arc". TV Line. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (November 4, 2015). "New Girl: Peter Gallagher Cast as Schmidt's Father in Awesome O.C. Wink". TVLine. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly (January 4, 2016). "New Girl: Which of Jess' Guys Is Back? Plus — Watch a Premiere Sneak Peek". TVLine.
Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly (January 11, 2016). "New Girl Sneak Peek: Taran Killam Is Jess' Meh-tastic Man of the Week". TVLine. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Iannucci, Rebecca (December 7, 2015). "'New Girl': Sam Richardson Joins Season 5 Cast". TVLine. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Iannucci, Rebecca (January 14, 2016). "TVLine Items: New Girl Gets Busy, Amazon Offers Free Mozart and More". TVLine.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (January 25, 2016). "New Girl taps Walking Dead star as Winston love interest". Entertainment Weekly.
^ Jump up to: a b c King, Chris (April 12, 2016). "New Girl Renewed for Season 6 at FOX". TV Overmind.
Jump up ^ Iannucci, Rebecca (April 13, 2016). "New Girl Taps Masters of Sex Star Caitlin FitzGerald for 'Important' Role". TV Line. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 6, 2015). "Tuesday final ratings: 'NCIS' and 'NCIS: New Orleans' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 13, 2015). "Tuesday final ratings: 'New Girl' adjusts up, 'Hollywood Game Night' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 21, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'Chicago Fire' and 'Hollywood Game Night' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 27, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'Chicago Med' adjusts up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 3, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'The Muppets' adjusts up, 'iZombie' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 10, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'Muppets,' 'iZombie,' 'NCIS: New Orleans' and 'Grinder' all adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 17, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'Hollywood Game Night' and 'iZombie' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 24, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'Agent Carter' adjusts up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 2, 2016). "Tuesday Final Ratings: 'New Girl' adjusts up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 9, 2016). "Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Limitless' and 'NCIS: New Orleans' rerun adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 16, 2016). "Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Crowded' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 23, 2016). "Tuesday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' adjusts up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 30, 2016). "Tuesday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' adjusts up, 'Chicago Fire' and 'Beyond the Tank' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 13, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'The Voice' adjusts up, 'Game of Silence' and 'Beyond the Tank' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 20, 2016). "Tuesday Final Ratings: 'NCIS' and 'The Flash' adjust up, 'Containment' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 27, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'The Voice' adjusts up, 'Containment' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 4, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'The Flash' and 'Beyond the Tank' adjust up, 'The Real O'Neals' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 11, 2015). "Tuesday final ratings: 'NCIS' and 'NCIS: New Orleans' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
External links[edit]
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