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List of valkyrie names
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"Walkyrien" (1905) by Emil Doepler
In Norse mythology, a valkyrie (from Old Norse valkyrja "chooser of the slain") is one of a host of female figures who decide who will die in battle. Selecting among half of those who die in battle (the other half go to the goddess Freyja's afterlife field Fólkvangr), the valkyries bring their chosen to the afterlife hall of the slain, Valhalla, ruled over by the god Odin. There, when the einherjar are not preparing for the events of Ragnarök, the valkyries bear them mead. Valkyries also appear as lovers of heroes and other mortals, where they are sometimes described as the daughters of royalty, sometimes accompanied by ravens, and sometimes connected to swans.
The Old Norse poems Völuspá, Grímnismál, Darraðarljóð, and the Nafnaþulur section of the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál provide lists of valkyrie names. Other valkyrie names appear solely outside these lists, such as Sigrún (who is attested in the poems Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and Helgakviða Hundingsbana II). Valkyrie names commonly emphasize associations with battle and, in many cases, with the spear—a weapon heavily associated with the god Odin.[1] Scholars such as Hilda Ellis Davidson and Rudolf Simek propose that the names of the valkyries themselves contain no individuality, but are rather descriptive of the traits and nature of war-goddesses, and are possibly the descriptive creations of skalds, a type of traditional Scandinavian poet.[2]
Some valkyrie names may be descriptive of the roles and abilities of the valkyries. The valkyrie name Herja may point to an etymological connection to Hariasa, a Germanic goddess attested on a stone from 187 CE.[3] The name Herfjötur has been theorized as pointing to the ability of the valkyries to place fetters, which would connect the valkyries to the earlier Idisi.[4] The name Svipul may be descriptive of the influence the valkyries have over wyrd or ørlog—a Germanic concept of fate.[5]
Valkyrie names[edit]
Name
Name meaning
Referred to as a valkyrie in
Brynhildr
"Armor battle" or "bright battle"[6] Skáldskaparmál
Eir
"Peace, clemency"[7] or "help, mercy"[8] Nafnaþulur
Geirahöð
Connected to the Old Norse words geirr ("spear") and höð ("battle").[9] GrímnismálAppears in some manuscripts of Grímnismál in place of the valkyrie name Geirölul[9]
Geiravör
"Spear-vör"[9] Nafnaþulur
Geirdriful
"Spear-flinger"[9] Nafnaþulur
Geirönul, Geirrönul, Geirömul, Geirölul (various spellings)
Uncertain; possibly connected to the Odinic name Geirölnir and the dwarf name Ölnir.[10] Possibly meaning "the one charging forth with the spear".[10] The form Geirölul may be connected to the runic charm word alu.[10] Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur
Geirskögul
"Spear-skögul"[11] (see Skögul entry below) Hákonarmál, Völuspá, Nafnaþulur
Göll
"Tumult"[12] or "noise, battle"[13] Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur
Göndul
"Wand-wielder"[12] Völuspá, Nafnaþulur
Guðr or Gunnr
"War"[12] or "battle"[14] Völuspá, Darraðarljóð, Gylfaginning, Nafnaþulur
Herfjötur
"Host-fetter"[12] or "fetter of the army"[4] Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur
Herja
Related to the Old Norse herja and Old High German herjón (meaning "devastate")[15] Nafnaþulur
Hlaðguðr svanhvít
"Hlaðguðr swan-white"[16] Völundarkviða
Hildr
"Battle"[17] Völuspá, Grímnismál, Darraðarljóð, Nafnaþulur
Hjalmþrimul
Possibly "Helmet clatterer" or "female warrior"[18] Nafnaþulur
Hervör alvitr
Alvitr possibly means "all-wise" or "strange creature"[19] Völundarkviða
Hjörþrimul
"The sword warrioress," derived from Old Norse hjörr ("sword") and þrima ("battle, noise")[18] Darraðarljóð, Nafnaþulur
Hlökk
"Noise, battle"[12] Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur
Hrist
Related to Old Norse hrista (meaning "shake, quake") and therefore meaning "the quaking one"[20] Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur
Hrund
"Pricker"[12] Nafnaþulur
Kára
Either "the wild, stormy one" (based on Old Norse afkárr, meaning "wild") or "curl" or "the curly one"[21] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
Mist
"Cloud" or "Mist"[22] Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur
Ölrún
Possibly "ale-rune"[23] Völundarkviða
Randgríðr, Randgrid
"Shield-truce"[12] or possibly "shield-destroyer"[24] Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur
Ráðgríðr
"Council-truce"[12] or possibly "the bossy"[25] Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur
Reginleif
"Power-trace"[12] or "daughter of the gods"[26] Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur
Róta
Possibly connected to the Old Norse noun róta (meaning "sleet and storm")[27] Gylfaginning
Sanngriðr
"Very violent, very cruel"[28] Darraðarljóð
Sigrdrífa
"Victory-urger"[12] or "inciter to victory"[29] Sigrdrífumál
Sigrún
"Victory rune"[12] Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
Skalmöld
"Sword-time"[30] Nafnaþulur
Skeggöld or Skeggjöld
"Axe-age"[12] Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur
Skögul
"Shaker"[12] or possibly "high-towering"[1] Hákonarmál, Völuspá, Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur
Skuld
Possibly "debt" or "future"[31] Völuspá, Gylfaginning, Nafnaþulur
Sveið
Unclear; possibly "vibration" or "noise"[32] Nafnaþulur
Svipul
"Changeable"[5] Darraðarljóð, Nafnaþulur
Þögn
"Silence"[33] Nafnaþulur
Þrima
"Fight"[34] Nafnaþulur
Þrúðr
"Strength"[35] or "power"[36] Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Davidson (1988:96).
Jump up ^ Examples include Davidson (1988:96–97) and Simek (2007:349).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:143). For Hariasa, Simek (2007:131).
^ Jump up to: a b Simek (2007:142).
^ Jump up to: a b Simek (2007:308).
Jump up ^ For "armor battle", see Haymes (2010:27). For "bright battle", see Orchard (1997:193).
Jump up ^ Lindow (2001:105).
Jump up ^ Orchard (1997:36).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Simek (2007:102).
^ Jump up to: a b c Simek (2007:102–103).
Jump up ^ Orchard (1997:193).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Orchard (1997:194).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:115).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:125).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:143).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:151).
Jump up ^ Orchard (1997:192).
^ Jump up to: a b Simek (2007:150).
Jump up ^ Orchard (1997:83).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:160).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:182).
Jump up ^ Orchard (1997:194) and Simek (2007:218).
Jump up ^ Ochard (1997:278).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:261).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:258).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:262).
Jump up ^ Vigfusson (1874:503).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:275).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:284).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:288).
Jump up ^ Orchard (1997:151).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:306).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:316).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:328).
Jump up ^ Lindow (2001:291).
Jump up ^ Orchard (1997:195).
References[edit]
Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis (1988). Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719025796
Lindow, John (2001). Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515382-0
Haymes, Edward (2010). Wagners Ring in 1848: New Translations of The Nibelung Myth and Siegfried's Death. Camden House.
Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 0 304 34520 2
Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer ISBN 0859915131
Cleasby, Richard; Vigfússon, Guðbrandur (1878). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Clarendon Press.
[hide]
v
t
e
Valkyries
Individual valkyries
Alruna
Brynhildr
Eir
Geiravör
Göndul
Gunnr
Herfjötur
Herja
Hlaðguðr svanhvít
Hildr
Hervör alvitr
Hlökk
Kára
Mist
Reginleif
Róta
Sigrdrífa
Sigrún
Skögul and Geirskögul
Skuld
Svipul
Þrúðr
Poems about valkyries
Völuspá
Grímnismál
Darraðarljóð
Nafnaþulur
See also
Dís
Matres and Matronae
Norns
Odin
Shield-maiden
Swan maiden
Valhalla
Völva
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Dzhokhar Tsarnaev
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs; the patronymic is Anzorovich and the family name is Tsarnaev.
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev inside the holding cell of a federal courthouse, July 2013
Native name
Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев
Born
Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnaev[note 1]
(1993-07-22) July 22, 1993 (age 24)
Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan[1]
Other names
Jahar Tsarnaev[2]
Citizenship
Kyrgyzstan, United States[3]
Alma mater
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Known for
Boston Marathon bombing, murdering a law enforcement officer, and other related crimes
Criminal charge
Using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death; malicious destruction of property resulting in death (federal);[2][4] murder (state) (of MIT police officer)[5]
Criminal penalty
Death
Criminal status
Incarcerated at ADX Florence in Fremont County, Colorado[6]
Parent(s)
Anzor Tsarnaev and Zubeidat Tsarnaeva
Relatives
1 brother (Tamerlan, deceased)
2 sisters (Ailina and Bella)
Dzhokhar Anzorovich "Jahar" Tsarnaev (/ˌdʒoʊˈxɑːr ˌtsɑːrˈnaɪɛf/; born July 22, 1993)[note 1] is a Kyrgyzstani-American convicted terrorist of Chechen descent[7][8] who was convicted of planting bombs at the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, along with his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev.[9][10][11][12] The bombings killed three people and injured approximately 280 others.[13] At the time of the bombings, Tsarnaev was a student at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Following the bombings, on April 18, there was a shootout between police and the Tsarnaev brothers. Tamerlan was killed and an MBTA police officer was critically injured in the course of Tsarnaev's escape in an SUV.[14][15] Tsarnaev was injured but escaped, and a manhunt ensued, with thousands of police searching a 20-block area of Watertown, Massachusetts. On the evening of April 19, the seriously wounded Tsarnaev was found unarmed hiding in a boat on a trailer in Watertown just outside the police perimeter, arrested, and taken to the hospital.
Tsarnaev was charged on April 22 with using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death and with malicious destruction of property resulting in death.[2][16][17] Tsarnaev later said during questioning that they next intended to detonate explosives in Times Square in New York City.[18] Tsarnaev reportedly also said to authorities that he and his brother were radicalized, at least in part, by watching lectures by Anwar al-Awlaki.[19] He was convicted on April 8, 2015, and sentenced to death on May 15, 2015.[20][21][22]
He and his family had traveled to the United States on a tourist visa and subsequently claimed asylum during their stay in 2002. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 11, 2012.[23]
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal background
1.1 Family background
1.2 Early life
1.3 Life as a university student
2 2011 Waltham triple murder
3 2013 Boston Marathon bombing
4 MIT killing, carjacking, firefight, and manhunt
5 Arrest and detention
6 Rolling Stone magazine
7 Legal proceedings
7.1 Questioning, charges and confessions
7.2 Trial
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Personal background[edit]
Family background[edit]
The Tsarnaev family was forcibly moved from Chechnya to the Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan in the years following World War II.[24] His father, Anzor Tsarnaev, is a Chechen, and his mother, Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, is an Avar.[25][26][27] The couple had two sons, Tamerlan, born in the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic[28] in 1986, and Dzhokhar, born in Kyrgyzstan in 1993.[29] The parents also have two daughters, Bella and Aliana.[30][31][32] Anzor is a traditional Muslim who shuns religious extremism[33] and raised his children as Muslims.[34][35][36] According to some, other Chechen Americans in the area apparently did not consider the American branch of the family to be "fully" Chechen because they had never lived in Chechnya.[29]
As children, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar lived in Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan. In 2001, the family moved to Makhachkala, Dagestan, in the Russian Federation.[37][38][39] In April 2002, the Tsarnaev parents and Dzhokhar went to the United States on a 90-day tourist visa.[40][41][42] Anzor Tsarnaev applied for asylum, citing fears of deadly persecution due to his ties to Chechnya.[43]
Tamerlan was left in the care of his uncle Ruslan in Kyrgyzstan,[24] and arrived in the U.S. around two years later.[44] In the U.S. the parents received asylum and then filed for their four children, who received "derivative asylum status".[45] They settled on Norfolk Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Tamerlan lived in Cambridge on Norfolk Street until his death.[46]
The family "was in constant transition" for the next decade.[24] Anzor and Zubeidat Tsarnaev both received welfare benefits.[47] The father worked as a backyard mechanic and the mother worked as a cosmetologist[48] until she lost her job for refusing to work in a business that served men. In March 2007, the family was granted legal permanent residence.[44]
Early life[edit]
Tsarnaev was born in Kyrgyzstan. As a child, he emigrated with his family to Russia and then, when he was eight years old, to the United States under political asylum. The family settled in Cambridge and became U.S. permanent residents in March 2007. He became a U.S. citizen on September 11, 2012, while in college.[38][42][49] His mother, Zubeidat, also became a U.S. citizen, but it is not clear if his father, Anzor, ever did. Tamerlan, his brother, was unable to naturalize expeditiously due to an investigation against him, which held up the citizenship process.[50] At Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, a public high school, he was an avid wrestler, and a Greater Boston League winter all-star.[38][46] He sometimes worked as a lifeguard at Harvard University.[51]
In 2011, he contacted a professor at UMass Dartmouth who taught a class about Chechen history, expressing his interest in the topic.[52] He graduated from high school in 2011[38] and the city of Cambridge awarded him a $2,500 scholarship that year.[46] His brother's boxing coach, who had not seen them in a few years at the time of the bombings, said that "the young brother was like a puppy dog, following his older brother".[53][54]
Life as a university student[edit]
Tsarnaev enrolled in the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in September 2011. He started with a marine biology major with the intent on becoming a dentist but later changed to nursing.[38][55]
Tsarnaev was described as "normal" and popular among fellow students. His friends said he sometimes smoked marijuana,[56] liked hip hop, and did not talk to them about politics.[57] Many friends and other acquaintances found it inconceivable that he could be one of the two bombers at first,[52] calling it "completely out of his character".[58] He was not perceived as foreign, spoke English without an accent,[57] was sociable, and was described by peers as "[not] 'them'. He was 'us.' He was Cambridge".[59]
On the Russian-language social-networking site VK, Tsarnaev described his "world view" as "Islam" and his personal priorities as "career and money".[46][60] He posted links to Islamic websites, links to videos of fighters in the Syrian civil war, and links to pages advocating independence for Chechnya.[61] Dzhokhar was also active on Twitter. According to The Economist, he seemed "to have been much more concerned with sport and cheeseburgers than with religion, at least judging by his Twitter feed";[62] however, according to The Boston Globe, on the day of the 2012 Boston Marathon, a year before the bombings, a post on Tsarnaev's Twitter feed mentioned a Quran verse often used by radical Muslim clerics and propagandists.[63]
In 2012, Arlington Police ran a warrant check on Tsarnaev and checked his green Honda when they were investigating a report of underage drinking at a party in Arlington Heights.[64]
At the time of the bombing, Tsarnaev was a sophomore living in the UMass Dartmouth's Pine Dale Hall dorm.[63][65] He was struggling academically, having received seven failing grades over three semesters, including Fs in Principles of Modern Chemistry, Introduction to American Politics, and Chemistry and the Environment[46] and had an unpaid bill of $20,000 to the university.[66] He was known to be selling marijuana to make money.[29]
2011 Waltham triple murder[edit]
Main article: 2011 Waltham triple murder
A triple homicide was committed in Waltham, Massachusetts, on the evening of September 11, 2011. After the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings, the case was re-examined, and authorities said the Tsarnaev brothers may have been responsible for the murders, that forensic evidence connected them to the scene of the killings, and that their cell phone records placed them in the area at the time of the killings.[67] In May 2013, Ibragim Todashev, a 27-year-old Chechen native and former mixed martial arts fighter who knew Tamerlan Tsarnaev, was shot and killed in Orlando, Florida, by law enforcement officers who had been interviewing him about the Waltham murders as well as the bombings. The FBI has alleged that just before he was killed, Todashev made statements implicating both himself and Tamerlan Tsarnaev in the Waltham murders—saying that the initial crime was a drug robbery, and the murders were committed to prevent being identified by the victims.[68]
2013 Boston Marathon bombing[edit]
Main article: Boston Marathon bombing
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was convicted of participating, along with his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev, in the 2013 Boston Bombing, the motivation for which was apparently religious in nature. He reportedly "told the FBI that [he and his brother] were angry about the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and the killing of Muslims there".[69]
That day, Dzhokhar was captured on CCTV near the finish line pushing his way through spectators towards the front carrying a duffel bag which contained one of two pressure cooker bombs that would detonate. Tsarnaev appeared to place the bag down without causing any suspicion amongst spectators and then appeared to watch some marathon runners cross the finish line before hurrying away moments before the bomb exploded, causing mass panic among spectators and marathon runners. Shortly after the second bomb exploded, CCTV captured both Tsarnaev brothers running among the crowd away from the scene.
Tsarnaev continued to tweet after the bombings, and sent a tweet telling the people of Boston to "stay safe".[57][70] He returned to his university after the April 15 bombing and remained there until April 18, when the FBI released pictures of him and Tamerlan at the marathon. During that time, he used the college gym and slept in his dorm; his friends said that he partied with them after the attacks and looked "relaxed".[71][72]
MIT killing, carjacking, firefight, and manhunt[edit]
Tsarnaev and his brother murdered MIT police officer Sean Collier on April 18 at the MIT campus in an attempt to steal his gun, before traveling to the Boston neighborhood of Allston. There, the brothers carjacked an SUV and robbed the owner.[73] However, the owner of the car said he managed to escape when the Tsarnaevs became momentarily distracted in the process of refueling the car at a cash-only gas station. The man (Dun Meng), who would not give his name to the media but said he goes by the name "Danny," said he fled to another nearby gas station and contacted the police. Police were then able to track the location of the car through the man's cellphone and the SUV's anti-theft tracking device.[74]
When police found the stolen SUV and a Honda being driven by the brothers in the early hours of April 19, the suspects engaged in a shootout with police in Watertown. During the gunfight, in which bombs were thrown at responding officers, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was wounded while Tamerlan was shot a number of times before being apprehended. Police say that Dzhokhar escaped by driving the stolen SUV toward the officers who were arresting his brother. Although the officers managed to avoid being hit, Tsarnaev drove over Tamerlan, dragging him under the SUV about 30 feet (9 m) in the process (Tamerlan would later die at a nearby hospital). Tsarnaev reportedly sped off, but abandoned the car about 1⁄2 mile (800 m) away and then fled on foot.[75] An unprecedented manhunt ensued involving thousands of police officers from several nearby towns as well as state police and FBI, and SWAT teams, who searched numerous homes and property inside a 10-block perimeter. Warrants were not issued, but residents reported they were told they must allow the searches to go forward. Many reported being instructed to leave their homes as well. Images of squad cars and large black armored vehicles crowding the sidestreets, and videos of residents being led out of their homes at gunpoint soon flooded social media. The Boston metro area was effectively shut down all day on April 19.[76]
After Tsarnaev's name was published in connection with the bombings, his uncle Ruslan Tsarni, who lives in Montgomery Village, Maryland, pleaded with Tsarnaev through television to turn himself in "and ask for forgiveness", and said that he had shamed the family and the Chechen ethnicity.[77]
Arrest and detention[edit]
During the manhunt for him on the evening of April 19, Tsarnaev was discovered wounded in a boat in a Watertown backyard, less than 1⁄4 mile (400 m) from where he abandoned the SUV.[75] David Henneberry, the owner of the boat, had noticed that the cover on the boat was loose and when the "shelter in place" order was lifted, went outside to investigate.[78] He lifted the tarpaulin, saw a bloodied man, retreated into his house and called 9-1-1.[79] Three Boston police officers responded and were soon joined by Waltham police. Tsarnaev's presence and movement was later verified through a forward looking infrared thermal imaging device in a State Police helicopter.[80] The suspect was observed pushing up at the tarp on the boat and Boston police began a large volume of gunfire at the suspect, stopping only after calls from the superintendent on the scene.[81][82] After initial reports of a shootout between police and Tsarnaev, two U.S. officials said on April 24 that Dzhokhar was unarmed when captured.[83]
Tsarnaev, who had been shot and was bleeding badly from wounds to his left ear, neck and thigh,[84] was taken into federal custody after the standoff. Initial reports that the neck wound was from a self-inflicted gunshot from a possible suicide attempt were later contradicted by the revelation that he was unarmed at the time of capture and a description of the neck wound by SWAT team members that it was a slicing injury, possibly caused by shrapnel from an explosion.[85]
In an image broadcast on the night of his arrest, he was shown stepping out of the boat in which he had been hiding.[86] Other sources described him "lying on his stomach, straddling the side of the boat (…) His left arm and left leg hung over the boat's side. He appeared to struggle for consciousness". Then he was "hauled down to the grassy ground" by a SWAT officer.[75] In a photograph he can be seen lying on the ground on his back with his hands cuffed behind him, being helped by medical staff.[87]
He was taken to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, where he was treated for severe injuries in the intensive-care unit. He was in serious but stable condition (updated to "fair" on April 23), and unable to speak because of the wound to his throat.[16][88] According to one of the nurses, he had cried for two days straight after waking up.[29] He responded to authorities in writing and by nodding his head,[89][90][91][92][93] although he did manage to say the word "no" when asked if he could afford a lawyer. Court documents released in August 2013, show that Tsarnaev had a skull fracture and gunshot wounds prior to being taken into custody.[94] According to a doctor that treated him, Tsarnaev had a skull-base fracture, with injuries to the middle ear, the skull base, the lateral portion of his C1 vertebra, with a significant soft tissue injury, as well as injury to the pharynx, the mouth, and a small vascular injury.[95]
Tsarnaev had written a message on the inside of the boat where he lay bleeding, reportedly saying "The [Boston] bombings were in retribution for the U.S. crimes in places like Iraq and Afghanistan [and] that the victims of the Boston bombing were collateral damage, in the same way innocent victims have been collateral damage in U.S. wars around the world."[96]
On April 26, Tsarnaev was transported by U.S. Marshals to the Federal Medical Center, Devens,[97][98] a United States federal prison near Boston for male inmates requiring specialized or long-term medical or mental health care. He was held in solitary confinement at a segregated housing unit[99] with 23-hour-per-day lockdown.[100][101]
Rolling Stone magazine[edit]
Image of Tsarnaev on the cover of Rolling Stone
Tsarnaev was the subject of a cover story for an August 2013 issue of Rolling Stone entitled "The Bomber: How a Popular, Promising Student Was Failed by His Family, Fell into Radical Islam and Became a Monster". The magazine drew large amounts of criticism for the flattering photo of Tsarnaev used for the issue's cover. Boston Mayor Tom Menino wrote that the cover "rewards a terrorist with celebrity treatment". Massachusetts State Police sergeant Sean Murphy stated that "glamorizing the face of terror is not just insulting to the family members of those killed in the line of duty, it also could be an incentive to those who may be unstable to do something to get their face on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine".[102] The New York Times used the same photo on their front page in May 2013,[103] but did not draw criticism. Rolling Stone columnist Matt Taibbi criticized those who took offense at the cover, arguing that their offense-taking was the result of their associating Rolling Stone with glamor instead of news,[104] stating that The New York Times did not draw the criticism that Rolling Stone did, "because everyone knows the Times is a news organization. Not everyone knows that about Rolling Stone… because many people out there understandably do not know that Rolling Stone is also a hard-news publication."[104]
The editors of Rolling Stone posted the following response:
Our hearts go out to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing, and our thoughts are always with them and their families. The cover story we are publishing this week falls within the traditions of journalism and Rolling Stone's long-standing commitment to serious and thoughtful coverage of the most important political and cultural issues of our day. The fact that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev is young, and in the same age group as many of our readers, makes it all the more important for us to examine the complexities of this issue and gain a more complete understanding of how a tragedy like this happens. –THE EDITORS[105]
Hours after this happened, many retailers that sold the magazine, such as CVS Pharmacy,[106] BJ's Wholesale Club (which additionally announced it will no longer sell any future Rolling Stone issues),[107] and others, announced that they would no longer sell the issue.[108]
In December 2013, the Rolling Stone Tsarnaev cover was named the "Hottest Cover Of The Year" by Adweek magazine, with newsstand sales doubling from 60,000 to 120,000.[109][110] The photo on the cover was taken by Tsarnaev himself, not a professional studio photographer.[111]
Legal proceedings[edit]
Questioning, charges and confessions[edit]
Initially, Tsarnaev was questioned without being read his Miranda rights, because the Justice Department invoked Miranda's public-safety exception.[112] He was to be questioned by a federal High-Value Interrogation Group, a special counterterrorism group created to question high-value detainees, which included members of the FBI, CIA, and Department of Defense.[113][114][115] Later, after being read his Miranda rights, Tsarnaev stopped talking and declined to continue to cooperate with the investigation.[83]
Prosecutors initially argued for the public safety exception to be applied[116] to the statements obtained before the Miranda rights were read. However, the exception was not considered by the court because the prosecutors later decided not to use any of that evidence in their case against Tsarnaev.[117]
On April 22, he was charged with "using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death" and with "malicious destruction of properties resulting in death", both in connection with the Boston Marathon attacks.[2][4] He was read his Miranda rights at his bedside by a federal magistrate of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, nodded his head to answer the judge's questions, and answered "no" when asked whether he could afford a lawyer.[112]
Once convicted, he was eligible to face the death penalty.[118] He was prosecuted by assistant U.S. attorneys William Weinreb and Aloke Chakravarty, of the Anti-Terrorism and National Security Unit of the U.S. Attorney's Office in Boston.[119] His defense team includes federal public defender Miriam Conrad,[120] William Fick,[121] and Judy Clarke.[122]
Middlesex County prosecutors also brought criminal charges against Tsarnaev for the murder of Sean Collier. A surveillance camera at MIT captured the brothers approaching Collier's car from behind.[123]
Officials said, after initial interrogations, that it was clear the attack was religiously motivated, but that so far there was no evidence that the brothers had any ties to Islamic terror organizations.[124][125] Officials also said that Dzhokhar acknowledged his role in the bombings and told interrogators that he and Tamerlan were motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs[126] and the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq to carry out the bombing.[127][128] Dzhokhar admitted during questioning that he and his brother were planning to detonate explosives in New York City's Times Square next. The brothers formed the plan spontaneously during the April 18 carjacking, but things went awry after the vehicle ran low on gas and they forced the driver to stop at a gas station, where he escaped.[129] Dzhokhar says he was inspired by online videos from Anwar al-Awlaki,[130] who also inspired Faisal Shahzad, the perpetrator of the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt.[131]
Investigators have so far found no evidence that Tsarnaev was involved in any jihadist activities, and, according to The Wall Street Journal, now believe that unlike his brother Tamerlan, Dzhokhar "was never truly radicalized".[132] Examinations of his computers did not reveal frequent visits to jihad websites, expressions of violent Islamist rhetoric or other suspicious activities. Some law enforcement officials told the WSJ that Tsarnaev "better fit[s] the psychological profile of an ordinary criminal than a committed terrorist".
On May 16, 2013, during CBS This Morning, CBS News senior correspondent John Miller said he had been told that Tsarnaev wrote a note in the boat in which he was hiding and claimed responsibility for the April 15 attack during the marathon. The note was scribbled with a pen on one of the inside walls of the cabin and said the bombings were payback for the U.S. military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq, and referred to the Boston victims as collateral damage, the same way Muslims have been in the American-led wars. He continued, "When you attack one Muslim, you attack all Muslims." He also said he did not mourn his brother's death because now Tamerlan was a martyr in paradise and that he (Dzhokhar) expected to join him in paradise. Miller's sources said the wall the note was written on had multiple bullet holes in it from the shots that were fired into the boat by police. According to Miller during the interview he gave on the morning show, he said that the note will be a significant piece of evidence in any Dzhokhar trial and that it is "certainly admissible," and paints a clear picture of the brothers' motive, "consistent with what he told investigators while he was in custody".[133][134][135]
Trial[edit]
Main article: Trial of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev
ADX Florence, the prison housing Tsarnaev
Tsarnaev's arraignment for 30 charges, including four for murder, occurred on July 10, 2013, in federal court in Boston before U.S. Magistrate Judge Marianne Bowler. It was his first public court appearance.[136] He pleaded not guilty to all 30 counts against him, which included using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death.[137] Tsarnaev was represented by Miriam Conrad, David Bruck, William Fick, Timothy G. Watkins and Judy Clarke.[138]
On January 30, 2014, United States Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the federal government would seek the death penalty against Tsarnaev.[139] A plea deal failed when the government refused to rule out the possibility of the death penalty.
The trial began on January 5, 2015; Tsarnaev pleaded not guilty to all thirty charges laid against him. The proceedings were led by Judge George O'Toole.[140][141] Tsarnaev's attorney Judy Clarke admitted in her opening statement that Tsarnaev committed the acts in question, but sought to avert the death penalty by showing that his brother Tamerlan was the mastermind behind the acts[142]. Counter terrorism expert Matthew Levitt also gave testimony.
Wikinews has related news: Dzhokhar Tsarnaev found guilty in Boston Marathon bombing trial
On April 8, 2015, Tsarnaev was found guilty on all thirty counts of the indictment. The charges of usage of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death, in addition to aiding and abetting, made Tsarnaev eligible for the death penalty.[143]
Bill and Denise Richard, parents of the youngest of the three killed in the bombings, urged against a death sentence for Tsarnaev. They stated that the lengthy appeals period would force them to continually relive that day, and would rather see him spend life in prison without possibility of release.[144]
Tsarnaev, who had displayed little emotion throughout his trial, appeared to weep when his relatives testified on May 4, 2015.[145] On May 15, 2015, the jury recommended that Tsarnaev be sentenced to death by lethal injection on six of 17 capital counts.[146]
According to the verdict forms completed by the jurors, three of 12 believed that Tsarnaev had taken part in the attack under his brother's influence; two believed that he had been remorseful for his actions;[147] two believed that Tamerlan, not Dzhokhar, had shot dead Officer Collier; three believed that his friends still care about him; one believed that Tsarnaev's mother, Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, was to be blamed for the brothers' actions; one believed that Tsarnaev would never be violent again in prison.
Massachusetts had ended the death penalty for state crimes in 1984. However, Tsarnaev, tried on federal charges, was eligible for execution.[148]
Tsarnaev's lawyer, Judy Clarke, indicated two strong lines of likely appeal: that on prejudicial grounds the trial should never have been held in Boston; and that the defense was given insufficient time to mount a full argument in mitigation that might have convinced the jury to spare Tsarnaev's life.[149] The appeal process could last years or decades.[150]
On June 24, Tsarnaev faced his victims in court as his death sentence was formally imposed. Victims and their families were able to present impact statements to the court, and Tsarnaev, who had been silent throughout his month-long trial, apologized to the injured and the bereaved in the bombings.[151]
The following morning, on June 25, Tsarnaev was transferred to the United States Penitentiary, Florence High in Colorado; as of July 17, he had been transferred to ADX Florence.[152][153] A Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) spokesperson stated that "unique security management requirements" caused the agency to place Tsarnaev in Colorado instead of United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, where male death-row inmates are normally held.[154]
According to The Guardian, in June 2016, Al-Qaeda leader Ayman Al Zawahri issued a threat to the United States of the "gravest consequences" if Tsarnaev should be harmed.[155]
See also[edit]
Capital punishment by the United States federal government
Capital punishment in Massachusetts
List of death row inmates in the United States
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Russian: Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев [dʐɐˈxar ɐnˈzorəvʲɪtɕ tsɐrˈnajɪf]; Chechen: Царнаев Анзор-кIант ДжовхӀар or ЖовхӀар[1] Carnayev Anzor-khant Dƶovhar
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Jump up ^ McGovern, Ray (May 17, 2013). "Boston Suspect's Writing on the Wall". consortiumnews.com.
Jump up ^ Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator: Dzhokhar Anzorovi Tsarnaev, #95079-038. Viewed August 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Canada (April 24, 2013). "Boston bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev moved from hospital to medical detention centre". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Boston bomb suspect in small cell with steel door - CBS News". CBS News.
Jump up ^ "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in Solitary at Devens' Segregated Housing Unit - TalkLeft: The Politics Of Crime". talkleft.com.
Jump up ^ Ford, Beverly. "Boston Bombing Suspect Spends 23 Hours a Day Alone in Jail Cell". RIA Novosti.
Jump up ^ Wolfson, John (July 18, 2013). "The Real Face of Terror: Behind the Scenes Photos of the Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Manhunt". Boston.
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone puts Boston bombing suspect on cover, ignites firestorm". CNN. July 18, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Explaining the Rolling Stone Cover, by a Boston Native". Jul 19, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jahar's World Rolling Stone
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone's controversial Dzhokhar Tsarnaev cover ignites heated debate". The Guardian. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "BJ's Wholesale Club does not have the... - BJ's Wholesale Club". Facebook. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Several Stores Decide Not to Carry Rolling Stone Featuring Bombing Suspect". WGGB-TV. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 'Rolling Stone' Cover Won Adweek's 'Hottest Cover of the Year'". Dec 4, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Controversial Rolling Stone Tsarnaev cover named 'Hottest' of the year". Dec 11, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gandelman, Joe (July 17, 2013). "Does Rolling Stone Cover Glamorize Boston Bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev?". The Moderate Voice. San Diego, CA, US: The Moderate Voice. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, Luke (April 22, 2013). "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Receives Miranda Rights after Delay for Public Safety Exception". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Suspected bombers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, plot difficult for law enforcement to detect". Bloomberg. April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kaleem, Jaweed (April 20, 2013). "Boston Bomber Suspects Had Attended Cambridge Mosque, Officials Say". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'We Got Him!': Boston Bombing Suspect Captured Alive". NBC News. April 21, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2902472/tsarnaev1.0.pdf
Jump up ^ https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-mad-1_13-cr-10200/pdf/USCOURTS-mad-1_13-cr-10200-6.pdf
Jump up ^ Sari Horwitz, Jenna Johnson and Kathy Lally (April 22, 2011). "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Charged with Using 'Weapon of Mass Destruction'". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Markon, Jerry; Horwitz, Sari; Johnson, Jenna (April 23, 2013). "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Charged with Using 'Weapon of Mass Destruction'". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Boston Bomb Suspect Gets Public Defender as Charges Loom". Bloomberg.
Jump up ^ Rozen, Laura (April 29, 2013). "Justice for Dzokhar Tsarnaev — and the Rest of Us". The Jewish Daily Forward.
Jump up ^ "Prominent death penalty lawyer Judy Clarke appointed for Boston Marathon bombing suspect". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. April 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Feathers, Todd (April 25, 2013). "Middlesex County prosecutors building murder case against Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in officer's slaying". Boston.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Source: Suspects in Boston Marathon Bombings, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev, Motivated by Religion". Newsday. April 16, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bombers 'motivated by religion'". 3 News NZ. April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Michael; Schmidt, Michael S.; Schmitt, Eric (April 23, 2013). "Boston Suspects Are Seen as Self-Taught and Fueled by Web". The New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Scott; et al. (April 23, 2013). "Boston bombing suspect cites U.S. wars as motivation, officials say". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Pearson, Michael (April 23, 2013). "Official: Suspect says Iraq, Afghanistan drove Boston bombings". CNN. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brumfield, Ben; Levs, Josh (April 25, 2013). "Boston bombing suspects planned Times Square blasts, NYC mayor says". CNN. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Boston Suspects Inspired by Muslim Cleric", May 4, 2013
Jump up ^ McElroy, Damien (May 7, 2010). "Times Square bomb suspect had links to terror preacher". Telegraph. London. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Suspect Raised No Red Flags, Wall Street Journal, May 15, 2013
Jump up ^ "Boston bombings suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev left note in boat he hid in, sources say". CBS News. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Suspect: Boston payback for hits on Muslims". CNN. May 17, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bombing suspect left note inside boat". WPRI TV. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, G. Jeffrey; Bacon, John (July 10, 2013). "Tsarnaev pleads not guilty". USA Today. McLean, VA, US: Gannett Satellite Information Network, Inc. Retrieved May 4, 2015. Boston Marathon bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, appearing disheveled and fidgety, pleaded not guilty Wednesday to 30 counts of using a weapon of mass destruction stemming from the Boston Marathon bombing.
Jump up ^ McPhee, Michele; Haskell, Josh; Radia, Kirit (July 10, 2013). "Accused Boston Marathon Bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Smiles in Court, Pleads Not Guilty". ABC News, abcnews.go.com. Burbank, CA 91521, US: ABC News Internet Ventures (The Walt Disney Company). Archived from the original on March 27, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015. Accused Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev smiled and, at one point, appeared to smirk during a hearing today as he pleaded not guilty to all 30 counts against him.
Jump up ^ http://images.politico.com/global/2013/04/29/tsarnaevclarkeord.html
Jump up ^ Goldman, Adam; Horwitz, Sari (January 30, 2014). "U.S. to seek death penalty in Boston bombing case". The Washington Post. 1150 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20071, US: WP Company LLC. Retrieved May 4, 2015. 'The nature of the conduct at issue and the resultant harm compel this decision,' Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. said in a short statement.
Jump up ^ Martinez, Michael (January 2, 2015). "A tale of two Tsarnaevs on eve of trial in Boston Marathon bombing". Cable News Network, cnn.com. Atlanta, GA, US: Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015. Jury selection is scheduled to begin Monday in a trial that could last months.
Jump up ^ BBC Staff (January 6, 2015). "Boston bombing: Jury selection begins in Tsarnaev case". BBC Online. Portland Place, London, England, UK: BBC. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015. Jury selection alone is expected to take several weeks as Judge George O'Toole selects 12 jurors and six alternates from about 1,200 prospective jurors who have been summoned to the court in Boston.
Jump up ^ https://jimmysllama.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/boston-trial-transcript-day-1-27-defense.pdf U.S. vs Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, court transcripts
Jump up ^ O'Neill, Ann (April 8, 2015). "Tsarnaev guilty of all 30 counts in Boston bombing". Cable News Network, cnn.com. Atlanta, GA, US: Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015. From start to finish, it took 26 minutes for the jury to announce its verdict in the Boston Marathon bombing trial: Tsarnaev didn't skate on a single charge. He now stands guilty of all 30 counts, 17 of which could send him to death row.
Jump up ^ BBC Staff (April 17, 2015). "Boston bombing: Parents of youngest victim oppose execution". BBC Online. Portland Place, London, England, UK: BBC. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015. The parents of youngest victim in the Boston marathon bombing have called on federal authorities to drop the death penalty as a possible punishment for bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.
Jump up ^ Seelye, Katherine Q. (May 4, 2015). "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Weeps as Relatives Try to Spare Him". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Alan, Yuhas (May 15, 2015). "Tsarnaev faces death penalty sentence for Boston bombing – live updates". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Gets Death Penalty in Boston Marathon Bombing". The New York Times. The New York Times, May 15, 2015. Web. May 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Boston Bombing Trial: Death Sentence for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev". BBC News. N.p., May 16, 2015. Web. May 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Erica Hellerstein. "Jurors In The Boston Bombing Case Had To Agree To Consider The Death Penalty Before Being Selected". ThinkProgress, May 16, 2015. Web. May 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Winter, Tom, Andy Thibault, and Jon Schuppe. "Tsarnaev Sentenced to Death in Boston Bombing Trial". NBC News. N.p., n.d. Web. May 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ann O'Neill; Aaron Cooper and Ray Sanchez; CNN (June 24, 2015). "Boston bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev says he's sorry". CNN.
Jump up ^ "Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev transferred to Colorado prison". June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dzhokhar Tsarnaev transferred to Supermax prison, Milton J. Valencia, Boston Globe, July 17, 2015. Accessed on line July 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Why Tsarnaev was not sent to Terre Haute". WTHI-TV. June 26, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Al-Qaida leader: 'grave consequences' for US if Boston bomber executed, Anan Yuhas, July 1, 2016 (The Guardian website)
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Sister chromatids
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The paternal (blue) chromosomal and the maternal (pink) chromosome are homologous chromosomes. Following chromosomal replication, the blue chromosome is composed of two identical sister chromatids and the pink chromosome is composed of two identical sister chromatids. In mitosis, the sister chromatids separate into the daughter cells, but are now referred to as chromosomes (rather than chromatids) much in the way that one child is not referred to as a single twin.
A sister chromatid refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. In other words, a sister chromatid may also be said to be 'one-half' of the duplicated chromosome. A pair of sister chromatids is called a dyad. A full set of sister chromatids is created during the synthesis (S) phase of interphase, when all the chromosomes in a cell are replicated. The two sister chromatids are separated from each other into two different cells during mitosis or during the second division of meiosis.
Compare sister chromatids to homologous chromosomes, which are the two different copies of a chromosome that diploid organisms (like humans) inherit, one from each parent. Sister chromatids are by and large identical (since they carry the same alleles, also called variants or versions, of genes) because they derive from one original chromosome. An exception is towards the end of meiosis, after crossing over has occurred, because sections of each sister chromatid may have been exchanged with corresponding sections of the homologous chromatids with which they are paired during meiosis. Homologous chromosomes might or might not be the same as each other because they derive from different parents.
There is evidence that, in some species, sister chromatids are the preferred template for DNA repair.[1] Sister chromatid cohesion is essential for the correct distribution of genetic information between daughter cells and the repair of damaged chromosomes. Defects in this process may lead to aneuploidy and cancer, especially when checkpoints fail to detect DNA damage or when incorrectly attached mitotic spindles don't function properly.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mitosis
2 Meiosis
3 See also
4 References
Mitosis[edit]
Mitotic recombination is primarily a result of DNA repair processes responding to spontaneous or induced damages.[2][3] (Also reviewed in Bernstein and Bernstein, pp 220–221).[4] Homologous recombinational repair during mitosis is largely limited to interaction between nearby sister chromatids that are present in a cell subsequent to DNA replication but prior to cell division. Due to the special nearby relationship they share, sister chromatids are not only preferred over distant homologous chromatids as substrates for recominational repair, but have the capacity to repair more DNA damage than do homologs.[1]
Meiosis[edit]
Studies with the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae[5] indicate that inter-sister recombination occurs frequently during meiosis, and up to one-third of all recombination events occur between sister chromatids.
See also[edit]
Biorientation
Sister chromatid exchange
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kadyk, Lc; Hartwell, Lh (Oct 1992). "Sister chromatids are preferred over homologs as substrates for recombinational repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae" (Free full text). Genetics. 132 (2): 387–402. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1205144  . PMID 1427035.
Jump up ^ Moynahan ME, Jasin M (2010). "Mitotic homologous recombination maintains genomic stability and suppresses tumorigenesis". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 11 (3): 196–207. doi:10.1038/nrm2851. PMC 3261768  . PMID 20177395.
Jump up ^ Symington LS, Rothstein R, Lisby M (2014). "Mechanisms and regulation of mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Genetics. 198 (3): 795–835. doi:10.1534/genetics.114.166140. PMC 4224172  . PMID 25381364.
Jump up ^ Bernstein C, Bernstein H. (1991) Aging, Sex, and DNA Repair. Academic Press, San Diego. ISBN 978-0120928606 partly available at https://books.google.com/books?id=BaXYYUXy71cC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=Aging,+Sex,+and+DNA+Repair&source=bl&ots=9E6VrRl7fJ&sig=kqUROJfBM6EZZeIrkuEFygsVVpo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z8BqUpi7D4KQiALC54Ew&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Aging%2C%20Sex%2C%20and%20DNA%20Repair&f=false
Jump up ^ Goldfarb T, Lichten M (2010). "Frequent and efficient use of the sister chromatid for DNA double-strand break repair during budding yeast meiosis". PLoS Biol. 8 (10): e1000520. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000520. PMC 2957403  . PMID 20976044.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sister_chromatids&oldid=821314420"
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Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit
First edition
Author
Jeanette Winterson
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Semi-autobiographical
Publisher
Pandora Press
Publication date
21 March 1985
Media type
Print (Paperback)
ISBN
0-8021-3516-1
OCLC
15792328
Followed by
Boating for Beginners
Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit is a novel by Jeanette Winterson published in 1985, which she subsequently adapted into a BBC television drama of the same name. It is a coming-of-age story about a lesbian girl who grows up in an English Pentecostal community. Key themes of the book include transition from youth to adulthood, complex family relationships, same sex relationships, and religion.
In England and Wales, it has been included on both GCSE and A Level curricula, such as the OCR English Literature A Level, Literature Post 1900.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Plot
3 Reception
4 Adaptations
5 References
6 Further reading
Background[edit]
The book is semi-autobiographical and is generally based on Winterson's life in Accrington, Lancashire, where she lived after moving from her birth town Manchester. "I wrote about some of these things in Oranges, and when it was published, my mother sent me a furious note."[2] A parallel non-fictional account of her life at this time is given in her 2011 memoir, Why Be Happy When You Could Be Normal?[3] Although the protagonist of Oranges bears the author's first name, John Mullan has argued that it is neither an autobiography nor a memoir, but a Künstlerroman.[4]
Plot[edit]
The main character is a young girl named Jeanette, who is adopted by evangelists from the Elim Pentecostal Church. She believes she is destined to become a missionary. The book depicts religious enthusiasm as an exploration of the power of love. As an adolescent, Jeanette finds herself attracted to another girl, and her mother's group of religious friends subject her and her partner to exorcisms.[5]
Reception[edit]
The novel won Winterson the Whitbread Award for a First Novel in 1985.
Although it is sometimes referred to as a "lesbian novel",[6] Winterson has objected to this label, arguing, "I've never understood why straight fiction is supposed to be for everyone, but anything with a gay character or that includes gay experience is only for queers."[5]
Adaptations[edit]
A television adaptation of the book was made and aired by the BBC in 1990, starring Charlotte Coleman and Geraldine McEwan, which won the Prix Italia in 1991.[7]
The book was released on cassette by BBC Audiobooks in 1990, also read by Coleman.[8]
A two-part dramatisation, adapted by Winterton and starring Lesley Sharp, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in April 2016.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 68995-unit-f662-literature-post-1900-coursework-guidance
Jump up ^ Jeanette Winterson.'Why be Happy When You could be normal.'ISBN 9780099556091
Jump up ^ Brightwell, Laura (July 30, 2012). "Why Be Happy When You Could Be Normal? (review)". Retrieved April 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ 'True stories', John Mullan, The Guardian, 27 October 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Winterson, Jeanette. "Interview on Jeanette Winterson's official site". Retrieved August 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Beirne, Rebecca (2008). Lesbians in television and text after the millennium. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 39. ISBN 0230606741.
Jump up ^ Prix Italia, Winners 1949 - 2010, RAI Archived 2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ ISBN 978-0-563-41070-6
Jump up ^ "Radio 4 adaptation". Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Bentley, Nick. "Jeanette Winterson, Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit". In Contemporary British Fiction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), 108-117. ISBN 978-0-7486-2420-1.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Jeanette Winterson
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oranges_Are_Not_the_Only_Fruit&oldid=817232130"
Categories:
1985 British novels
Costa Book Award-winning works
Debut novels
Roman à clef novels
Novels by Jeanette Winterson
British bildungsromans
Elim Pentecostal Church
Prix Italia winners
Novels set in Lancashire
Novels with lesbian themes
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This page was last edited on 27 December 2017, at 02:02.
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values: Orangen sind nicht die einzige Frucht – German

values: 오렌지만이 과일은 아니다 – Korean

values: Det finns annan frukt än apelsiner – Swedish

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