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Historian
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For other uses, see Historian (disambiguation).
Herodotus was a Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC and one of the earliest historians whose work survives.
A historian is a person who researches, studies, and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it.[1] Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is an historian of prehistory. Although "historian" can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, it is reserved more recently for those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline. Some historians, though, are recognized by publications or training and experience.[2] "Historian" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany and elsewhere.
Contents
[hide]
1 Objectivity
2 History analysis
3 Historiography
3.1 Ancient
3.2 Enlightenment
3.3 19th century
3.4 Professionalization in Germany
3.5 20th century
4 Education and profession
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Objectivity[edit]
During the Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt trial, it became evident that the court needed to identify what was an "objective historian" in the same vein as the reasonable person, and reminiscent of the standard traditionally used in English law of "the man on the Clapham omnibus".[3] This was necessary so that there would be a legal bench mark to compare and contrast the scholarship of an objective historian against the methods employed by David Irving, as before the Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt trial, there was no legal precedent for what constituted an objective historian.[3]
Justice Gray leant heavily on the research of one of the expert witnesses, Richard J. Evans, who compared illegitimate distortion of the historical record practice by holocaust deniers with established historical methodologies.[4]
In summarising Gray's judgement, in an article published in the Yale Law Journal, Wendie E. Schneider distils these seven points for what he meant by an objective historian:[5]
The historian must treat sources with appropriate reservations;
The historian must not dismiss counterevidence without scholarly consideration;
The historian must be even-handed in treatment of evidence and eschew "cherry-picking";
The historian must clearly indicate any speculation;
The historian must not mistranslate documents or mislead by omitting parts of documents;
The historian must weigh the authenticity of all accounts, not merely those that contradict a favored view; and
The historian must take the motives of historical actors into consideration.
Schneider uses the concept of the "objective historian" to suggest that this could be an aid in assessing what makes an historian suitable as an expert witnesses under the Daubert standard in the United States. Schneider proposed this, because, in her opinion, Irving could have passed the standard Daubert tests unless a court was given "a great deal of assistance from historians".[6]
Schneider proposes that by testing an historian against the criteria of the "objective historian" then, even if an historian holds specific political views (and she gives an example of a well-qualified historian's testimony that was disregarded by a United States court because he was a member of a feminist group), providing the historian uses the "objective historian" standards, he or she is a "conscientious historian". It was Irving's failure as an "objective historian" not his right wing views that caused him to lose his libel case, as a "conscientious historian" would not have "deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence" to support his political views.[7][8]
History analysis[edit]
Main article: Historical method
The process of historical analysis involves investigation and analysis of competing ideas, facts, and purported facts to create coherent narratives that explain "what happened" and "why or how it happened". Modern historical analysis usually draws upon other social sciences, including economics, sociology, politics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and linguistics. While ancient writers do not normally share modern historical practices, their work remains valuable for its insights within the cultural context of the times. An important part of the contribution of many modern historians is the verification or dismissal of earlier historical accounts through reviewing newly discovered sources and recent scholarship or through parallel disciplines like archaeology.
Historiography[edit]
Main article: Historiography
Ancient[edit]
Reproduction of part of a tenth-century copy of Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War.
Understanding the past appears to be a universal human need, and the telling of history has emerged independently in civilizations around the world. What constitutes history is a philosophical question (see philosophy of history). The earliest chronologies date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, though no historical writers in these early civilizations were known by name.
Systematic historical thought emerged in ancient Greece, a development that became an important influence on the writing of history elsewhere around the Mediterranean region. The earliest known critical historical works were The Histories, composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484 – c. 425 BCE) who later became known as the "father of history" (Cicero). Herodotus attempted to distinguish between more and less reliable accounts, and personally conducted research by travelling extensively, giving written accounts of various Mediterranean cultures. Although Herodotus' overall emphasis lay on the actions and characters of men, he also attributed an important role to divinity in the determination of historical events. Thucydides largely eliminated divine causality in his account of the war between Athens and Sparta, establishing a rationalistic element that set a precedent for subsequent Western historical writings. He was also the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, while his successor Xenophon (c. 431 – 355 BCE) introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis.
Leonardo Bruni (c.1370–1444), the historian who first divided history into the three eras of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and Modern times.
The Romans adopted the Greek tradition. While early Roman works were still written in Greek, the Origines, composed by the Roman statesman Cato the Elder (234–149 BCE), was written in Latin, in a conscious effort to counteract Greek cultural influence. Strabo (63 BCE – c. 24 CE) was an important exponent of the Greco-Roman tradition of combining geography with history, presenting a descriptive history of peoples and places known to his era. Livy (59 BCE – 17 CE) records the rise of Rome from city-state to empire. His speculation about what would have happened if Alexander the Great had marched against Rome represents the first known instance of alternate history.[9]
In Chinese historiography, the Classic of History is one of the Five Classics of Chinese classic texts and one of the earliest narratives of China. The Spring and Autumn Annals, the official chronicle of the State of Lu covering the period from 722 to 481 BCE, is among the earliest surviving Chinese historical texts arranged on annalistic principles. Sima Qian (around 100 BCE) was the first in China to lay the groundwork for professional historical writing. His written work was the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), a monumental lifelong achievement in literature. Its scope extends as far back as the 16th century BCE, and it includes many treatises on specific subjects and individual biographies of prominent people, and also explores the lives and deeds of commoners, both contemporary and those of previous eras.[10]
A page of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People
Christian historiography began early, perhaps as early as Luke-Acts, which is the primary source for the Apostolic Age. Writing history was popular among Christian monks and clergy in the Middle Ages. They wrote about the history of Jesus Christ, that of the Church and that of their patrons, the dynastic history of the local rulers. In the Early Middle Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year, but this style tended to hamper the analysis of events and causes.[11] An example of this type of writing is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, which were the work of several different writers: it was started during the reign of Alfred the Great in the late 9th century, but one copy was still being updated in 1154.
Muslim historical writings first began to develop in the 7th century, with the reconstruction of the Prophet Muhammad's life in the centuries following his death. With numerous conflicting narratives regarding Muhammad and his companions from various sources, scholars had to verify which sources were more reliable. To evaluate these sources, they developed various methodologies, such as the science of biography, science of hadith and Isnad (chain of transmission). They later applied these methodologies to other historical figures in the Islamic civilization. Famous historians in this tradition include Urwah (d. 712), Wahb ibn Munabbih (d. 728), Ibn Ishaq (d. 761), al-Waqidi (745–822), Ibn Hisham (d. 834), Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) and Ibn Hajar (1372–1449).
Enlightenment[edit]
During the Age of Enlightenment, the modern development of historiography through the application of scrupulous methods began.
Voltaire's works of history are an excellent example of Enlightenment era history writing. Painting by Pierre Charles Baquoy.
French philosophe Voltaire (1694–1778) had an enormous influence on the art of history writing. His best-known histories are The Age of Louis XIV (1751), and Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations (1756). "My chief object," he wrote in 1739, "is not political or military history, it is the history of the arts, of commerce, of civilization – in a word, – of the human mind."[12] He broke from the tradition of narrating diplomatic and military events, and emphasized customs, social history, and achievements in the arts and sciences. He was the first scholar to make a serious attempt to write the history of the world, eliminating theological frameworks, and emphasizing economics, culture, and political history.
Edward Gibbon's Decline of the Roman Empire (1776) was a masterpiece of late 18th-century history writing.
At the same time, philosopher David Hume was having a similar impact on history in Great Britain. In 1754, he published the History of England, a six-volume work that extended from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688. Hume adopted a similar scope to Voltaire in his history; as well as the history of Kings, Parliaments, and armies, he examined the history of culture, including literature and science, as well.[13] William Robertson, a Scottish historian, and the Historiographer Royal[14] published the History of Scotland 1542 - 1603, in 1759 and his most famous work, The history of the reign of Charles V in 1769.[15] His scholarship was painstaking for the time and he was able to access a large number of documentary sources that had previously been unstudied. He was also one of the first historians who understood the importance of general and universally applicable ideas in the shaping of historical events.[16]
The apex of Enlightenment history was reached with Edward Gibbon's, monumental six-volume work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published on 17 February 1776. Because of its relative objectivity and heavy use of primary sources, at the time its methodology became a model for later historians. This has led to Gibbon being called the first "modern historian".[17] The book sold impressively, earning its author a total of about £9000. Biographer Leslie Stephen wrote that thereafter, "His fame was as rapid as it has been lasting."
19th century[edit]
The tumultuous events surrounding the French Revolution inspired much of the historiography and analysis of the early 19th century. Interest in the 1688 Glorious Revolution was also rekindled by the Great Reform Act of 1832 in England.
Thomas Carlyle published his magnum opus, the three-volume The French Revolution: A History in 1837.[18][19] The resulting work had a passion new to historical writing. Thomas Macaulay produced his most famous work of history, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, in 1848.[20] His writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident, sometimes dogmatic, emphasis on a progressive model of British history, according to which the country threw off superstition, autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with freedom of belief and expression. This model of human progress has been called the Whig interpretation of history.[21]
Jules Michelet, later in his career.
In his main work Histoire de France, French historian Jules Michelet coined the term Renaissance (meaning "Re-birth" in French language), as a period in Europe's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages, creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world.[22] The nineteen volume work covered French history from Charlemagne to the outbreak of the Revolution. Michelet was one of the first historians to shift the emphasis of history to the common people, rather than the leaders and institutions of the country. Another important French historian of the period was Hippolyte Taine. He was the chief theoretical influence of French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practitioners of historicist criticism. Literary historicism as a critical movement has been said to originate with him.[23]
One of the major progenitors of the history of culture and art, was the Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt[24] Burckhardt's best-known work is The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860). According to John Lukacs, he was the first master of cultural history, which seeks to describe the spirit and the forms of expression of a particular age, a particular people, or a particular place.[25] By the mid-19th century, scholars were beginning to analyse the history of institutional change, particularly the development of constitutional government. William Stubbs's Constitutional History of England (3 vols., 1874–78) was an important influence on this developing field. The work traced the development of the English constitution from the Teutonic invasions of Britain until 1485, and marked a distinct step in the advance of English historical learning.[26]
Karl Marx introduced the concept of historical materialism into the study of world historical development. In his conception, the economic conditions and dominant modes of production determined the structure of society at that point. Previous historians had focused on cyclical events of the rise and decline of rulers and nations. Process of nationalization of history, as part of national revivals in the 19th century, resulted with separation of "one's own" history from common universal history by such way of perceiving, understanding and treating the past that constructed history as history of a nation.[27] A new discipline, sociology, emerged in the late 19th century and analyzed and compared these perspectives on a larger scale.
Professionalization in Germany[edit]
Ranke established history as a professional academic discipline in Germany.
The modern academic study of history and methods of historiography were pioneered in 19th-century German universities. Leopold von Ranke was a pivotal influence in this regard, and is considered as the founder of modern source-based history.[28][29][30][31]
Specifically, he implemented the seminar teaching method in his classroom, and focused on archival research and analysis of historical documents. Beginning with his first book in 1824, the History of the Latin and Teutonic Peoples from 1494 to 1514, Ranke used an unusually wide variety of sources for an historian of the age, including "memoirs, diaries, personal and formal missives, government documents, diplomatic dispatches and first-hand accounts of eye-witnesses". Over a career that spanned much of the century, Ranke set the standards for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on primary sources (empiricism), an emphasis on narrative history and especially international politics (aussenpolitik).[32] Sources had to be hard, not speculations and rationalizations. His credo was to write history the way it was. He insisted on primary sources with proven authenticity.[33]
20th century[edit]
The term Whig history was coined by Herbert Butterfield in his short book The Whig Interpretation of History in 1931, (a reference to the British Whigs, advocates of the power of Parliament) to refer to the approach to historiography that presents the past as an inevitable progression towards ever greater liberty and enlightenment, culminating in modern forms of liberal democracy and constitutional monarchy. In general, Whig historians emphasized the rise of constitutional government, personal freedoms, and scientific progress. The term has been also applied widely in historical disciplines outside of British history (the history of science, for example) to criticize any teleological (or goal-directed), hero-based, and transhistorical narrative.[34] Butterfield's antidote to Whig history was "...to evoke a certain sensibility towards the past, the sensibility which studies the past 'for the sake of the past', which delights in the concrete and the complex, which 'goes out to meet the past', which searches for 'unlikenesses between past and present'."[35] Butterfield's formulation received much attention, and the kind of historical writing he argued against in generalised terms is no longer academically respectable.[36]
The 20th century saw the creation of a huge variety of historiographical approaches. Marc Bloch's focus on social history rather than traditional political history was of tremendous influence.
The French Annales School radically changed the focus of historical research in France during the 20th century by stressing long-term social history, rather than political or diplomatic themes. The school emphasized the use of quantification and the paying of special attention to geography.[37][38] An eminent member of this school, Georges Duby, described his approach to history as one that
relegated the sensational to the sidelines and was reluctant to give a simple accounting of events, but strived on the contrary to pose and solve problems and, neglecting surface disturbances, to observe the long and medium-term evolution of economy, society, and civilisation.
Marxist historiography developed as a school of historiography influenced by the chief tenets of Marxism, including the centrality of social class and economic constraints in determining historical outcomes. Friedrich Engels wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, which was salient in creating the socialist impetus in British politics from then on, e.g. the Fabian Society. R. H. Tawney's The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (1912)[39] and Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926), reflected his ethical concerns and preoccupations in economic history. A circle of historians inside the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) formed in 1946 and became a highly influential cluster of British Marxist historians, who contributed to history from below and class structure in early capitalist society. Members included Christopher Hill, Eric Hobsbawm and E. P. Thompson.
World history, as a distinct field of historical study, emerged as an independent academic field in the 1980s. It focused on the examination of history from a global perspective and looked for common patterns that emerged across all cultures. Arnold J. Toynbee's ten-volume A Study of History, written between 1933 and 1954, was an important influence on this developing field. He took a comparative topical approach to independent civilizations and demonstrated that they displayed striking parallels in their origin, growth, and decay.[40] William H. McNeill wrote The Rise of the West (1965) to improve upon Toynbee by showing how the separate civilizations of Eurasia interacted from the very beginning of their history, borrowing critical skills from one another, and thus precipitating still further change as adjustment between traditional old and borrowed new knowledge and practice became necessary.[41]
Education and profession[edit]
Further information: List of historians
Peter R.L Brown, a professional historian of Late Antiquity and the Medieval period.
An undergraduate history degree is often used as a stepping stone to graduate studies in business or law. Many historians are employed at universities and other facilities for post-secondary education.[42] In addition, it is normal for colleges and universities to require the PhD degree for new full-time hires, and a master's degree for part-timers. Publication is increasingly required by smaller schools, so graduate papers become journal articles and PhD dissertations become published monographs. The graduate student experience is difficult—those who finish their doctorate in the United States take on average 8 or more years; funding is scarce except at a few very rich universities. Being a teaching assistant in a course is required in some programs; in others it is a paid opportunity awarded a fraction of the students. Until the 1980s it was rare for graduate programs to teach how to teach; the assumption was that teaching was easy and that learning how to do research was the main mission.[43][44]
Professional historians typically work in colleges and universities, archival centers, government agencies, museums, and as freelance writers and consultants.[45] The job market for new PhDs in history is poor and getting worse, with many relegated to part-time "adjunct" teaching jobs with low pay and no benefits.[46]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Historians.
List of historians
Antiquarian
Auxiliary sciences of history
Historiography
Historical revisionism (negationism)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Historian". Wordnetweb.princeton.edu. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Herman, A. M. (1998). Occupational outlook handbook: 1998-99 edition. Indianapolis: JIST Works. Page 525.
^ Jump up to: a b Schneider 2001, p. 1531.
Jump up ^ Schneider 2001, p. 1534.
Jump up ^ Schneider 2001, pp. 1534, 1535.
Jump up ^ Schneider 2001, pp. 1534, 1538.
Jump up ^ Schneider 2001, p. 1539.
Jump up ^ "deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence" Justice Charles Gray (Schneider 2001, p. 1533)
Jump up ^ "Livy's History of Rome: Book 9". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
Jump up ^ Jörn Rüsen (2007). Time and History: The Variety of Cultures. Berghahn Books. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-1-84545-349-7.
Jump up ^ Warren, John (1998). The past and its presenters: an introduction to issues in historiography, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-67934-4, pp. 78–79.
Jump up ^ E. Sreedharan (2004). A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. Orient Blackswan. p. 115.
Jump up ^ Wertz, S. K. (1993). "Hume and the Historiography of Science". Journal of the History of Ideas. 54 (3): 411–436. doi:10.2307/2710021. JSTOR 2710021.
Jump up ^ The Poker Club
Jump up ^ Sher, R. B., Church and Society in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh, Princeton, 1985.
Jump up ^ "William Robertson: An 18th Century Anthropologist-Historian" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-12-17.
Jump up ^ Deborah Parsons (2007). Theorists of the Modernist Novel: James Joyce, Dorothy Richardson and Virginia Woolf. Routledge. p. 94.
Jump up ^ "Carlyle – The Sage Of Chelsea". English Literature For Boys And Girls. Farlex Free Library. Retrieved 2009-09-19. |chapter= ignored (help)
Jump up ^ Lundin, Leigh (2009-09-20). "Thomas Carlyle". Professional Works. Criminal Brief. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
Jump up ^ Macaulay, Thomas Babington, History of England. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1878. Vol. V, title page and prefatory "Memoir of Lord Macaulay".
Jump up ^ J. R. Western, Monarchy and Revolution. The English State in the 1680s (London: Blandford Press, 1972), p. 403.
Jump up ^ Brotton, Jerry (2002). The Renaissance Bazaar. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–22.
Jump up ^ Kelly, R. Gordon, "Literature and the Historian", American Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 2 (1974), 143.
Jump up ^ Jakob Burckhardt Renaissance Cultural History
Jump up ^ John Lukacs, Remembered Past: John Lukacs on History, Historians, and Historical Knowledge, ed. Mark G Malvasi and Jeffrey O. Nelson, Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2004, 215.
Jump up ^ s:A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Stubbs, William
Jump up ^ Georgiy Kasianov, Philipp Terr (2010-04-07). A Laboratory of Transnational History Ukraine and recent Ukrainian historiography. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84545-621-4. Retrieved October 18, 2010. This essay deals with, what I call, "nationalized history", meaning a way of perceiving, understanding and treating the past that requires separation of "one's own" history from "common" history and its construction as history of a nation.
Jump up ^ Frederick C. Beiser (2011) The German Historicist Tradition, p.254
Jump up ^ Janelle G. Reinelt, Joseph Roach (2007), Critical Theory and Performance, p. 193
Jump up ^ Stern (ed.), The Varieties of History, p. 54: "Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886) is the father as well as the master of modern historical scholarship."
Jump up ^ Green and Troup (eds.), The Houses of History, p. 2: "Leopold von Ranke was instrumental in establishing professional standards for historical training at the University of Berlin between 1824 and 1871."
Jump up ^ E. Sreedharan, A textbook of historiography, 500 BC to AD 2000 (2004) p 185
Jump up ^ Andreas Boldt, "Ranke: objectivity and history." Rethinking History 18.4 (2014): 457-474.
Jump up ^ Ernst Mayr, "When Is Historiography Whiggish?" Journal of the History of Ideas, April 1990, Vol. 51 Issue 2, pp 301–309 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Adrian Wilson and T. G. Ashplant, "Whig History and Present-Centred History," The Historical Journal, 31 (1988): 1–16, at p. 10.
Jump up ^ G. M. Trevelyan (1992), p. 208.
Jump up ^ Lucien Febvre, La Terre et l'évolution humaine (1922), translated as A Geographical Introduction to History (London, 1932).
Jump up ^ Editions.ehess.fr
Jump up ^ William Rose Benét (1988) p. 961
Jump up ^ William H. McNeill, Arnold J. Toynbee a Life (1989)
Jump up ^ McNeill, William H. (1995). "The Changing Shape of World History". History and Theory. 34 (2): 8–26. doi:10.2307/2505432.
Jump up ^ Bls.gov : Social Scientists, Other Archived August 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Michael Kammen, "Some Reminiscences and Reflections on Graduate Education in History, Reviews in American History Volume 36, Number 3, Sept 2008 pp. 468-484 doi:10.1353/rah.0.0027
Jump up ^ Walter Nugent, "Reflections: "Where Have All the Flowers Gone . . . When Will They Ever Learn?", Reviews in American History Volume 39, Number 1, March 2011, pp. 205-211 doi:10.1353/rah.2011.0055
Jump up ^ Anthony Grafton and Robert B. Townsend, "The Parlous Paths of the Profession" Perspectives on History (Sept. 2008) online
Jump up ^ Robert B. Townsend and Julia Brookins, "The Troubled Academic Job Market for History." Perspectives on History (2016) 54#2 pp 157-182 echoes Robert B. Townsend, "Troubling News on Job Market for History PhDs," AHA Today Jan. 4, 2010 online
References[edit]
Schneider, Wendie Ellen (June 2001). "Past Imperfect: Irving v. Penguin Books Ltd., No. 1996-I-1113, 2000 WL 362478 (Q. B. Apr. 11), appeal denied (Dec. 18, 2000)" (PDF). The Yale Law Journal. Published by: The Yale Law Journal Company. 110 (8): 1531–1545. doi:10.2307/797584. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2015.
Vidor, Gian Marco (2015). "Emotions and writing the history of death. An interview with Michel Vovelle, Régis Bertrand and Anne Carol". Mortality. Routledge. 20 (1). doi:10.1080/13576275.2014.984485.
Further reading[edit]
The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature ed. by Mary Beth Norton and Pamela Gerardi (3rd ed. 2 vol, Oxford U.P. 1995) 2064 pages; annotated guide to 27,000 of the most important English language history books in all fields and topics vol 1 online, vol 2 online
Allison, William Henry. A guide to historical literature (1931) comprehensive bibliography for scholarship to 1930. online edition
Barnes, Harry ElmerA history of historical writing (1962)
Barraclough, Geoffrey. History: Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences, (1978)
Bentley, Michael. ed., Companion to Historiography, Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0415030846 pp; 39 chapters by experts
Bender, Thomas, et al. The Education of Historians for Twenty-first Century (2003) report by the Committee on Graduate Education of the American Historical Association
Breisach, Ernst. Historiography: Ancient, Medieval and Modern, 3rd edition, 2007, ISBN 0-226-07278-9
Boia, Lucian et al., eds. Great Historians of the Modern Age: An International Dictionary (1991)
Cannon, John, et al., eds. The Blackwell Dictionary of Historians. Blackwell Publishers, 1988 ISBN 0-631-14708-X.
Gilderhus, Mark T. History an Historiographical Introduction, 2002, ISBN 0-13-044824-9
Iggers, Georg G. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (2005)
Kelly, Boyd, ed. Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing. (1999). Fitzroy Dearborn ISBN 1-884964-33-8
Kramer, Lloyd, and Sarah Maza, eds. A Companion to Western Historical Thought Blackwell 2006. 520pp; ISBN 978-1-4051-4961-7.
Todd, Richard B. ed. Dictionary of British Classicists, 1500–1960, (2004). Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004 ISBN 1-85506-997-0.
Woolf D. R. A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities) (2 vol 1998) excerpt and text search
External links[edit]
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Look up historian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Selected texts by the most known historians
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Blue Springs, Missouri
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
City in Missouri, United States
Blue Springs, Missouri
City
Motto(s): City of Cooperation

Location of Blue Springs, Missouri
Coordinates: 39°1′4″N 94°16′28″W / 39.01778°N 94.27444°W / 39.01778; -94.27444Coordinates: 39°1′4″N 94°16′28″W / 39.01778°N 94.27444°W / 39.01778; -94.27444
Country
United States
State
Missouri
County
Jackson
Incorporated
1880
Government
• Mayor
Carson Ross (R)
Area[1]
• Total
22.35 sq mi (57.89 km2)
• Land
22.27 sq mi (57.68 km2)
• Water
0.08 sq mi (0.21 km2)
Elevation
974 ft (297 m)
Population (2010)[2]
• Total
52,575
• Estimate (2017)[3]
54,945
• Density
2,400/sq mi (910/km2)
Time zone
Central (CST) (UTC-6)
• Summer (DST)
CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP codes
64013-64015,64064,64029
Area code(s)
816
FIPS code
29-06652[4]
GNIS feature ID
0714434[5]
Website
www.bluespringsgov.com
Blue Springs is a city located in the U.S. state of Missouri and within Jackson County. Blue Springs is located 19 miles (31 km) east of downtown Kansas City, Missouri and is the eighth largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. As of the 2010 United States Census[update][4] the population was 52,575, tying it for 10th largest city in the state of Missouri with St. Peters. In 2010, CNN/Money Magazine ranked Blue Springs 49th on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Past Mayors of Blue Springs[10]
2 Geography
3 Demographics
3.1 2010 census
3.2 2000 census
4 Economy
4.1 Top employers
5 Government
5.1 Public safety
6 Transportation
6.1 Major highways and roadways
7 Culture/parks and recreation
7.1 Private clubs or organizations
7.2 Newspapers
8 Education
9 Climate
10 Infrastructure
10.1 Utilities
10.2 Hospital
10.3 Public libraries
11 Notable people
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
Blue Springs’ history is tied to the migration of settlers on their westward journey. Pioneers found the area to be an ideal stopover due to the abundance of cool, clean water from a spring of the Little Blue River - hence the name Blue Springs. The presence of water and a need for pioneer supplies led to the construction of a grist mill and permanent settlement at the current site of the City’s Burrus Old Mill Park, on Woods Chapel Road.
The Jackson County Court granted the incorporation of Blue Springs on September 7, 1880, making the City the fourth settlement in the county. An early settler, Franklin Smith, arrived in Blue Springs from Virginia in 1838 and became a leading figure in the community’s development. He established the first post office in 1845,[7] naming it after the well-known springs.
The settlement continued to grow near the springs until 1878, when the Chicago and Alton Railroad announced plans to build a station about one mile east of the original settlement. To take advantage of the commerce the railroad would bring, the town moved its center to the site of the new station and continued its development as a rural trading center.[8] The Chicago & Alton Hotel built in 1878, located on Main Street west of the railroad tracks is the oldest business in the City of Blue Springs.
Historical attractions near or in Blue Springs include: Missouri Town 1855, Fort Osage National Historic Landmark, Dillingham-Lewis House Museum, Chicago & Alton Hotel Museum, and the Lone Jack Civil War Museum.
Until 1965, the Blue Springs City Hall was located in a very small block building under the old water tower on the northwest corner of 11th and Walnut Streets. City Hall and the water tower were torn down not long after vacating the buildings. From 1965 to 1968, the second City Hall was a metal building located in the 200 block of 11th Street, across the street from the former Blue Springs Post Office. It also has since been torn down. In 1968 the current City Hall was built at 903 W. Main Street as the Blue Springs Municipal Building. The Blue Springs Municipal Building held the Blue Springs Police Department in the lower level and city hall functions on the main level until 1988, when the Police Department moved to a new police station at 1100 SW Smith Street. The Municipal Building was remodeled in 1989 and was renamed the Blue Springs City Hall.
After the old water tower was torn down, a new water tower was built in nearly the same location. The new water tower was torn down in April 2014, to make way for an expansion of the police department building.[9]
The June 1911 issue of Technical World magazine published an article claiming that Blue Springs "boasts of possessing the world's champion marble players," and published a picture of a competition. It named Dan Stanley, George Webb, George Binger and Lynn Pryor as the best.
On May 24, 2012, Chris Oberholtz and Dave Jordan of KCTV5 reported that several residents had seen strange lights in the evening sky above Blue Springs.
Past Mayors of Blue Springs[10][edit]
1881 John A. Webb (Deceased) elected 1st Mayor of Blue Springs
Term Unknown John K. Dodson (Deceased)
Term Unknown D. C. Herrinton (Deceased)
1910-1918 Benjamin Franklin Boley (Deceased)
1918-1924 Joseph Edward Quinn (Deceased)
1924-1940 R. J. Lowe (Deceased)
1940-1944 J. L. Wells (Deceased)
1944-1948 Hansel Lowe (Deceased)
1948-1950 W. E. Calloway (Deceased)
1950-1952 G. G. "Chief" Garrett (Deceased)
1952-1954 W. C. Hatfield (Deceased)
1954-1955 W. E. Galloway (Deceased)
1955-1956 G. G. "Chief" Garrett (Deceased)
1956-1958 Wilson P. Edmonds (Deceased)
1958-1960 William H. Risler (Deceased)
1960-1962 G. G. "Chief" Garrett (Deceased)
1962-1966 J. O. Jackson (Deceased)
1966-1970 Virgil L. Wills (Deceased)
1970-1978 Dale Baumgardner (Deceased)
1979-1982 Thomas E. Woods
1982-1990 John R. Michael
1990-2004 Gregory Grounds
2004-2008 Steve Steiner
2008–Present Carson Ross
Geography[edit]
Blue Springs is located at 39°1′4″N 94°16′28″W / 39.01778°N 94.27444°W / 39.01778; -94.27444 (39.017778, -94.274444).[11] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.35 square miles (57.89 km2), of which 22.27 square miles (57.68 km2) is land and 0.08 square miles (0.21 km2) is water.[1]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1880 129 —
1890 506 292.2%
1900 468 −7.5%
1910 561 19.9%
1920 551 −1.8%
1930 706 28.1%
1940 788 11.6%
1950 1,068 35.5%
1960 2,555 139.2%
1970 6,779 165.3%
1980 25,936 282.6%
1990 40,153 54.8%
2000 48,080 19.7%
2010 52,575 9.3%
Est. 2017 54,945 [3] 4.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[12]
2017 Estimate[3]
2010 census[edit]
As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 52,575 people, 19,522 households, and 14,468 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,360.8 inhabitants per square mile (911.5/km2). There were 20,643 housing units at an average density of 926.9 per square mile (357.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 87.6% White, 6.2% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.3% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.0% of the population.
There were 19,522 households of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.9% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.09.
The median age in the city was 34.7 years. 27.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.8% were from 25 to 44; 26.4% were from 45 to 64; and 9.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.
2000 census[edit]
As of the census of 2000[update],[4] there were 48,080 people, 17,286 households, and 13,362 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,642.7 people per square mile (1,020.5/km²). There were 17,733 housing units at an average density of 974.7 per square mile (376.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 93.18% White, 2.93% African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.97% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 0.83% from other races, and 1.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.76% of the population.
There were 17,286 households out of which 42.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 18.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.16. In the city the population was spread out with 29.5% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $55,402, and the median income for a family was $61,008. Males had a median income of $41,373 versus $29,688 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,444. About 3.9% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.
Economy[edit]
Top employers[edit]
According to the town's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[13] the top employers in the city are:
#
Employer
# of Employees
1 Blue Springs School District 1,998
2 St. Mary's Hospital of Blue Springs 545
3 Fike Corporation 460
4 Hy-Vee 460
5 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. 355
6 Price Chopper 335
7 City of Blue Springs 289
8 Home Depot 147
9 Target 135
10 Texas Roadhouse 130
Government[edit]
The City of Blue Springs has a Mayor-Council-Administrator form of government as set forth in the Home Rule City Charter. The City Council is the governing body of the City, elected by the public. The City of Blue Springs employs a workforce of more than 285 employees who serve the City and its residents under the leadership and direction of the City Administrator. The City Administrator is appointed by the City Council and is responsible for the implementation of policies and decisions made by the Mayor and City Council. The elected governing body for the City of Blue Springs is composed of a Mayor and six Councilpersons. The current elected officials (as of March 7, 2012[update]) are: Mayor Carson Ross, District 1 Councilman Dale Carter, District 1 Councilman Jerry Kaylor, District 2 Councilman Chris Lievsay, District 2 Councilman Kent Edmondson, District 3 Councilman Susan Culpepper, District 3 Councilman Ron Fowler.
Public safety[edit]
Blue Springs has a Municipal Police Department. The Blue Springs School District has a department of public safety. There are two Fire Districts providing public safety services to resident's Blue Springs.
Blue Springs Law Enforcement duties are performed by the Blue Springs Police Department. B.S.P.D. was formed by the City of Blue Springs in 1966 and started with just three employees. Today (BSPD) has grown to 138 employees, 100 sworn law enforcement personnel and 38 civilian support personnel. (BSPD) is located at 1100 SW Smith Street.
Fire and ambulance service for most of Blue Springs is performed by Central Jackson County Fire Protection District(CJCFPD). CJC was formed in 1961 and is an Accredited Fire Agency by the Commission on Fire Accreditation International. It is 1 of only 4 agencies in the state of Missouri to be accredited.[14] CJCFPD has 5 fire stations that serve the community. CJCFPD Headquarters is located at 805 NE Jefferson St.
Fire and ambulance service for the very southern portion of Blue Springs, roughly south of Liggett Road, is served by Prairie Township Fire Protection District (PTFD) which was established in 1954 and has 1 fire station to serve the community located in unincorporated Jackson County at 11010 Milton Thompson Road.
The Blue Springs School District Department of Public Safety (BSSD DPS) has 14 commissioned officers and an administrative assistant which serves as the departments dispatcher, records keeper, and public face of the department to the customers. The commissioned officers service the schools as School Resource Officers (SRO), providing public safety classes to students and staff members, and conduct residency/truancy investigations. BSSD DPS is located at the Paul Consiglio Education Center at 1501 NW Jefferson Street in Blue Springs.
Transportation[edit]
The Kansas City Area Transportation Authority, KCATA provides public bus services to Blue Springs.
Major highways and roadways[edit]
Interstate 70 - Major east/west interstate highway, connecting Blue Springs to Kansas City, Columbia, and St. Louis
US 40 -Connects Kansas City to Independence and then enters Blue Springs at Bolin Road to the west, then east of Adams Dairy Parkway enters Grain Valley.
Route 7 - Links U.S. 24 Hwy with Blue Springs by first traveling through Independence entering Blue Springs at Pink Hill Road and is the main north/south Highway through Blue Springs, leaving Blue Springs at Colbern Road and entering Lake Lotawana then Pleasant Hill and Harrisonville.
Adams Dairy Parkway is an important trafficway that runs from the north to south through Blue Springs.
Culture/parks and recreation[edit]
Fleming Park is home to Blue Springs Lake and Lake Jacomo. The park is operated by Jackson County. Fleming Park offers many recreational features. Fleming Park's total land area is 7,809-acre (32 km2) of which 1,690-acre (7 km2) is water.
Blue Springs also has 22 city parks which offer a vast array of recreational activities. They are:
Adams Pointe Golf Course
Baumgardner Park
Blue Springs Park
Burrus Old Mill Park
Burrus Old Mill Skate Parks
Central Park
Dog Park at Gregory O. Grounds Park
Franklin Smith School Park
Gregory O. Grounds Park
Hidden Valley Sports Complex
James Walker School Park
James Walker Skate Park
Keystone Park
Pink Hill Park
Rotary Park at Railroad Lake
Ward Park
Wilbur Young Park
Wood Chapel Park
Undeveloped Parks or Green Spaces without amenities include the following:
Northeast Park Site, Valley View Park, Stone Creek Park, and Rosco Righter Park.
Blue Springs City owned or ran recreational facilities are:
Centennial Pool Plex
Vesper Hall
Private clubs or organizations[edit]
Blue Springs Family YMCA
Elks Lodge #2509
The American Legion Stanley-Pack
Metro East Tennis Center
Newspapers[edit]
The Examiner, Eastern Jackson County Daily Newspaper. Also known as the Blue Springs Examiner.
The Blue Springs Journal (No longer published.)
The Kansas City Star
Education[edit]
Blue Springs is served by three public schools districts and three private schools. Public Schools are as follows:
Blue Springs R-IV School District, has two high schools, which are Blue Springs High School and Blue Springs South High School, as well as a Freshmen Center.
Lee's Summit R-VII School District, has three high schools, but the only one that serves Blue Springs and it is Lee's Summit North High School.
Grain Valley R-V School District, has one high school, which is Grain Valley High School.
The private schools are as follows:
Timothy Lutheran Schools, K-8, North Campus
St. John La Lande Catholic School, K-8
Plaza Heights Christian Academy, K-12
Climate[edit]
Blue Springs experiences a colder variation of a four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with mild days and cold nights during the winter, and hot days and muggy nights during the summer.
[hide]Climate data for Blue Springs, MO
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
73
(23) 80
(27) 87
(31) 91
(33) 91
(33) 103
(39) 108
(42) 107
(42) 105
(41) 95
(35) 82
(28) 73
(23) 108
(42)
Average high °F (°C)
41
(5) 46
(8) 53
(12) 63
(17) 74
(23) 82
(28) 87
(31) 86
(30) 78
(26) 68
(20) 51
(11) 44
(7) 64
(18)
Average low °F (°C)
23
(−5) 26
(−3) 37
(3) 45
(7) 53
(12) 61
(16) 66
(19) 64
(18) 55
(13) 44
(7) 35
(2) 26
(−3) 45
(7)
Record low °F (°C)
−19
(−28) −15
(−26) −5
(−21) 11
(−12) 28
(−2) 35
(2) 48
(9) 43
(6) 29
(−2) 7
(−14) −3
(−19) −25
(−32) −25
(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.30
(33) 1.51
(38.4) 2.81
(71.4) 3.78
(96) 5.06
(128.5) 5.47
(138.9) 4.19
(106.4) 3.82
(97) 4.89
(124.2) 3.54
(89.9) 2.95
(74.9) 1.86
(47.2) 41.18
(1,046)
Source: [15]
Infrastructure[edit]
Utilities[edit]
Blue Springs is served by the following utilities:
Natural Gas Service-Missouri Gas Energy, MGE.
Electrical Service-Kansas City Power and Light, KC&PL.
Water & Sewer Service-City of Blue Springs Missouri supplies most of water to Blue Springs and sewer service to the entire city.
Water Service Only-Jackson County Public Water Supply District #13 is the supplier of water for the southernmost portion of Blue Springs.
Cable Television-Comcast Cable, and AT&T U-verse
Telephone Service-AT&T, and Embarq south of Mason School Road.
Hospital[edit]
St. Mary's Medical Center
Public libraries[edit]
Mid-Continent Public Library operates two library branches in Blue Springs[16]
Notable people[edit]
Ladell Betts, NFL player for New Orleans Saints
David Cook, winner of American Idol Season 7
Jim Eisenreich, Major League Baseball player for Twins, Royals, Phillies, and Marlins and 1997 World Series champion
Terry Gautreaux, taekwondo, bronze medalist in 1992 Summer Olympics, co-owner with husband Oren of Gautreaux's Martial Arts Center; graduate of Blue Springs High School and Rockhurst University[17]
Steve Harris, NBA player and University of Tulsa basketball standout, record holder at Blue Springs High School (class of 1981), most points in a game (54) and most rebounds (28)
Denise Grover Swank USA Todsy and New York Times Best selling author
Ivana Hong, alternate Olympic gymnast, Beijing 2008
Terin Humphrey, Olympic gymnast, Athens 2004
Tonya Knight, IFBB professional bodybuilder
Brandon Lloyd, NFL player for San Francisco 49ers
Courtney McCool, Olympic gymnast, Athens 2004
Jeff Mittie, women's basketball head coach, Kansas State
Jon Sundvold, NBA player and University of Missouri basketball standout
Nick Tepesch, baseball player, Blue Springs High School graduate, pitcher in Minnesota Twins organization
Doug Terry, football player for Kansas City Chiefs and University of Kansas
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c "City and Town Population Totals: 2010-2017". Retrieved May 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Best Places to Live 2010". CNN.
Jump up ^ Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named. The State Historical Society of Missouri. p. 177.
Jump up ^ Earngey, Bill (1995). Missouri Roadsides: The Traveler's Companion. University of Missouri Press. p. 18.
Jump up ^ "Demolition begins on Blue Springs water tower". Retrieved 7 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Past Mayors". City of Blue Springs, MO. BlueSpringsGov.com. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved January 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Blue Springs 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report" (PDF). Retrieved February 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Home - Center for Public Safety Excellence". Center for Public Safety Excellence. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Average Weather for Blue Springs, MO - Temperature and Precipitation". Weather.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Missouri Public Libraries". PublicLibraries.com. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Rockhurst.edu University Community News, Feb 21, 2014
External links[edit]
Geographic data related to Blue Springs, Missouri at OpenStreetMap
City of Blue Springs Official City Website
Blue Springs Economic Development Corporation
Central Jackson County Fire Protection District
Prairie Township Fire Protection District
Blue Springs Historical Society
Blue Springs R-IV School District
Historic maps of Blue Springs in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri
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Municipalities and communities of Jackson County, Missouri, United States
County seats: Independence and Kansas City
Cities
Blue Springs
Buckner
Grain Valley
Grandview
Greenwood‡
Independence‡
Kansas City‡
Lake Lotawana
Lake Tapawingo
Lee's Summit‡
Levasy
Lone Jack
Oak Grove‡
Raytown
Sugar Creek‡
Villages
River Bend
Sibley
Unity Village
Townships
Blue
Brooking
Fort Osage
Kaw
Prairie
Sni-A-Bar
Van Buren
Washington
Unincorporated
communities
Atherton
Blue Mills
Blue Summit
Cobbler
Cockrell
Courtney
Hicks City
Hiler
Pink Hill
Sni Mills
Tarsney
Footnotes
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
[show]
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Kansas City metropolitan area's cities and counties
Central city
Kansas City, Missouri
Largest cities
(over 100,000 in 2000)
Independence
Kansas City, Kansas
Olathe
Overland Park
Medium-sized cities
(10,000 to 100,000 in 2000)
Blue Springs
Belton
Excelsior Springs
Gladstone
Grandview
Lansing
Leawood
Leavenworth
Lee's Summit
Lenexa
Liberty
Merriam
Ottawa
Prairie Village
Raymore
Raytown
Shawnee
Smaller Cities
(between 5,000 and 9,900 in 2010)
De Soto
Bonner Springs
Basehor
Edgerton
Paola
Counties
Jackson
Clay
Cass
Platte
Lafayette
Ray
Clinton
Bates
Caldwell
Johnson
Wyandotte
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Miami
Franklin
Linn
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Counties and
independent cities
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Ray
Reynolds
Ripley
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Texas
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Wright
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Springs,_Missouri&oldid=843016734"
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