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Agora
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This article is about the ancient marketplace. For other uses, see Agora (disambiguation).
Stoa of the ancient agora of Thessaloniki
Agora of Tyre
The agora (/ˈæɡərə/; Ancient Greek: ἀγορά agorá) was a central public space in ancient Greek city-states. The literal meaning of the word is "gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the center of the athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city.[1] The Ancient Agora of Athens was the best-known example.
Contents
1 Origins
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Origins[edit]
Early in Greek history (18th century–8th century BC), free-born citizens would gather in the agora for military duty or to hear statements of the ruling king or council. Later, the Agora also served as a marketplace where merchants kept stalls or shops to sell their goods amid colonnades. This attracted artisans who built workshops nearby.[2]
From this twin function of the agora as a political and commercial space came the two Greek verbs ἀγοράζω, agorázō, "I shop", and ἀγορεύω, agoreúō, "I speak in public".
The term agoraphobia denotes a phobic condition in which the sufferer becomes anxious in environments that are unfamiliar—for instance, places where he or she perceives that they have little control. Such anxiety may be triggered by wide open spaces, by crowds, or by some public situations, and the psychological term derives from the agora as a large and open gathering place.
See also[edit]
Agorism
Platonic Academy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert; Boda, Sharon (January 1, 1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-884964-02-2.
Jump up ^ Peppas, Lynn (2005). Life in Ancient Greece. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 12. ISBN 0778720357. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
External links[edit]
Media related to Agoras at Wikimedia Commons
Official Athenian agora excavations
Agora in Athens: photos
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text:
Me and Bobby McGee
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the album entitled Me and Bobby McGee, see Kristofferson (album).
"Me and Bobby McGee"
Single by Roger Miller
from the album Roger Miller 1970
Released
July 1969
Format
7"
Recorded
May 16, 1969
Genre
Country
Length
4:02
Label
BNA 69035
Songwriter(s)
Kris Kristofferson
Fred Foster
Producer(s)
Jerry Kennedy
Roger Miller singles chronology
"Vance"
(1969) "Me and Bobby McGee"
(1969) "Where Have All the Average People Gone"
(1969)
"Vance"
(1969) "Me and Bobby McGee"
(1969) "Where Have All the Average People Gone"
(1969)
"Me and Bobby McGee" is a song written by Kris Kristofferson and Fred Foster, originally performed by Roger Miller. Others performed the song later, including Grateful Dead, Kristofferson himself,[1] Kenny Rogers and The First Edition, Gordon Lightfoot, and most famously Janis Joplin, whose posthumously released version topped the U.S. singles chart in 1971, making the song the second posthumously released No. 1 single in U.S. chart history after "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" by Otis Redding. Billboard ranked Joplin's version as the No. 11 song for 1971.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Narrative
3 Recordings and notable performances
4 Chart performance (Roger Miller version)
5 (Janis Joplin version)
5.1 Weekly singles charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 Selected list of recorded versions
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The suggestion for the title came from producer and Monument Records founder Fred Foster.[1] Kristofferson did not write the song for Joplin, but it became strongly associated with her after her death.[2]
Narrative[edit]
The song is the story of two drifters, the narrator and his girlfriend Bobby McGee. The couple hitch a ride from a truck driver and sing as they drive through the American south. They visit California and then part ways, with the song's narrator expressing his sadness after her departure.
Recordings and notable performances[edit]
"Me and Bobby McGee"
Single by Janis Joplin
from the album Pearl
B-side
"Half Moon"
Released
January 11, 1971 (1971-01-11)
Recorded
September 5 - October 1, 1970
Genre
Blues rock, country rock
Length
4:33
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Kris Kristofferson, Fred Foster
Producer(s)
Paul A. Rothchild
Roger Miller was the first artist to record the song and it appeared at No. 12 on the U.S. country chart in 1969.[citation needed] Gordon Lightfoot's version hit No. 13 on the pop music chart and No. 1 country music chart in his native country of Canada in 1970.[citation needed] The song was included on a Statler Brothers album but was not released as a single.
Kenny Rogers and The First Edition recorded the song (with Rogers on lead vocals) and released in on their album Ruby, Don't Take Your Love To Town in 1969.
Joplin recorded the song for inclusion on her Pearl album only a few days before her death in October 1970. Studio musician Stephen Ryder manned the keyboard for that session, and famously "Got a little carried away." Kristofferson had sung the song for her, and singer Bob Neuwirth taught it to her. Kristofferson did not know she had recorded it until after her death. The first time he heard her recording of it was the day after she died.[3] Joplin's version topped the charts to become her only number one single and in 2004, her version of this song was ranked No. 148 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

Chart performance (Roger Miller version)[edit]
Chart (1969)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 12
U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 22
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 3
(Janis Joplin version)[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Peak
position
Australia KMR 1
Canada RPM [4] 6
New Zealand [5] 10
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [6] 1
U.S. Cash Box Top 100 [7] 3
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Rank
Australia [8] 17
Canada 79
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [9] 11
U.S. Cash Box [10] 29
Selected list of recorded versions[edit]
1969 Roger Miller - album Roger Miller
1969 Kenny Rogers & The First Edition - album Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town
1970 Ramblin' Jack Elliott - album Bull Durham Sacks & Railroad Tracks
1970 The Statler Brothers - album Bed of Rose's
1970 Gordon Lightfoot - album Sit Down Young Stranger
1970 Kris Kristofferson - album Kristofferson (Kristofferson's version also appears in the film Two-Lane Blacktop)
1970 Bill Haley & His Comets - album Rock Around the Country. (According to the biography Bill Haley by John Swenson, Kristofferson gave Haley's version his seal of approval.)
1970 Sam The Sham - single "Me And Bobby McGee/Key To The Highway" (Atlantic #2757)
1971 John Mogensen as "Carsten Levin" Danish - single/ featured on album John (1973)
1971 Janis Joplin U.S. number-one single: parent album Pearl
1971 & 1972 Jerry Lee Lewis - album The Killer Rocks On/ B-side of "Would You Take Another Chance on Me"
1971 Dottie West - album Have You Heard...
1971 Grateful Dead - album Skull & Roses, and numerous other live recordings
1971 Loretta Lynn - album I Wanna Be Free
1971 Lalla Hansson as "Anna & mej" Swedish - album Upp till Ragvaldsträsk[11][12] scoring a Tio i topp hit.
1972 Johnny Cash - album På Österåker
1972 Charlie McCoy - album Charlie McCoy
1972 Jeannie C. Riley - album Give Myself a Party
1973 Waylon Jennings - album Lonesome, On'ry and Mean
1973 Chet Atkins - album Alone
1973 Thelma Houston - album Thelma Houston
1973 Olivia Newton-John - album Let Me Be There
1974 Lonnie Donegan - album Lonnie Donegan Meets Leinemann
1974 Cornelis Vreeswijk as "Jag och Bosse Lidén" Swedish - album Getinghonung
1979 Gianna Nannini as "Io e Bobby McGee" Italian - album California
1984 Joan Baez - album Live Europe '83 album: Baez also performed the song with the Boston Pops in 1985.
1994 Blind Melon records the song in the studio during a session in The Netherlands, appears on their B-sides collection.
1994 Melissa Etheridge - album Acoustic
1997 Loquillo - album Compañeros de viaje
1999 LeAnn Rimes - album LeAnn Rimes
1999 Barb Jungr - album Bare
2002 Anne Murray - album Country Croonin'
2002 Jennifer Love Hewitt - album Bare Naked
2002 Waterloo & Robinson as "Ich und BobbyMcGee" German - album Marianne
2003 Jerry Jeff Walker - album Too Old To Change
2004 Pink - album Live in Europe
2005 Dolly Parton - album Those Were The Days
2005 Arlo Guthrie - album Live In Sydney
2005 Tori Amos live in Hartford 10 April 2005
2006 Dale Ann Bradley - album Catch Tomorrow
2007 Angela Kalule on the soundtrack of The Last King of Scotland
2007 Caroline af Ugglas - album Joplin på Svenska
2008 Amanda Strydom - album kerse teen die donker
2010 Crystal Bowersox on American Idol iTunes release of studio version from Top 11 week, and Final 2 week, of season 9
2013 Grace Askew recorded a studio version on the fourth season of The Voice USA after defeating Trevor Davis in the Battle Round performing the same song.
2016 Matt Doyle - album Uncontrolled
Other artists
Amanda Overmyer
Reba McEntire
Joan Baez
Arlo Guthrie
Loretta Lynn
Willie Nelson
Dave Dudley
The Statler Brothers
Aaron Lewis
John Doe[13]
Charley Pride
Taylor Horn
Kenny Rogers
Brian McKnight
Celinda Pink
The Platters
Impotent Sea Snakes
Bobbie Gentry
Buck Owens
Roy Clark
Hank Snow
Jerry Lee Lewis
Preceded by
"Everything a Man Could Ever Need" by Glen Campbell RPM Country Tracks number-one single (Gordon Lightfoot version)
September 19, 1970 Succeeded by
"Countryfied" by Dick Damron
Preceded by
"One Bad Apple" by The Osmonds Billboard Hot 100 number-one single (Janis Joplin version)
March 20-March 27, 1971 Succeeded by
"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)" by The Temptations
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Kris Kristofferson's "Me and Bobby McGee" - June 22, 2013 Lydia Hutchinson".
Jump up ^ "Me And Bobby McGee by Janis Joplin Songfacts". Songfacts.com. 1968-06-06. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ Hawke, Ethan (April 16, 2009). "The Last Outlaw Poet". Rolling Stone (1076): 57. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (17 July 2013). "Image : RPM Weekly". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1971/Top 100 Songs of 1971". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Lalla Hansson - Anna & Mej (Vinyl)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Upp till Ragvaldsträsk! | Svensk mediedatabas". SMDB.kb.se. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ "John Doe — Me and Bobby McGee". Last.fm. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
External links[edit]
New Yorker cartoon quoting the song
A SecondHandSongs list of selected artists who covered "Me and Bobby McGee"
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
FILM:ACOUSTIC - Kris Kristofferson performs "Me and Bobby McGee" and relates La Strada by The Modern School of Film at ArcLight Presents...
[show]
v
t
e
Janis Joplin
Studio albums
Big Brother & the Holding Company (1967)
Cheap Thrills (1968)
I Got Dem Ol' Kozmic Blues Again Mama! (1969)
Pearl (1971)
Live albums
In Concert (1972)
Live at Winterland '68 (1998)
The Woodstock Experience (2009)
Live at the Carousel Ballroom 1968 (2012)
Compilations
Janis Joplin's Greatest Hits (1973)
Janis (1975)
Wicked Woman (1976)
Farewell Song (1982)
Janis (1993)
This Is Janis Joplin (1995)
18 Essential Songs (1995)
Love, Janis (2001)
The Lost Tapes (2008)
Move Over! (2011)
Blow All My Blues Away (2012)
Songs
"Ball 'n' Chain"
"Careless Love"
"Cry Baby"
"Down on Me"
"Flower in the Sun"
"Hesitation Blues"
"Kozmic Blues"
"Mary Jane"
"Me and Bobby McGee"
"Mercedes Benz"
"Move Over"
"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out"
"Piece of My Heart"
"See See Rider"
"Silver Threads and Golden Needles"
"Summertime"
"Tell Mama"
"To Love Somebody"
"Trouble in Mind"
"What Good Can Drinkin' Do"
"Work Me, Lord"
Related
Big Brother and the Holding Company
Full Tilt Boogie Band
Janis (1974 documentary)
Love, Janis (2001 musical)
Nine Hundred Nights (2001 documentary)
Festival Express (2003 documentary)
Janis: Little Girl Blue (2015 documentary)
Sam Andrew
Jorma Kaukonen
Gabriel Mekler
Michael Monarch
Monterey Pop Festival
Woodstock Festival
Port Arthur, Texas
Book:Janis Joplin
[show]
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Jerry Lee Lewis
Studio albums
Jerry Lee Lewis
Jerry Lee's Greatest
Soul My Way
The Golden Cream of the Country
Who's Gonna Play This Old Piano?
Southern Roots: Back Home to Memphis
Last Man Standing
Mean Old Man
Collaborations
Class of '55 (with Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison)
Million Dollar Quartet (with Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins and Elvis Presley)
Live albums
Live at the Star Club, Hamburg
The Survivors Live
Last Man Standing Live
Soundtrack albums
Jamboree (1957)
American Hot Wax (1978)
Great Balls of Fire! (1989)
Dick Tracy (1990)
Compilation albums
All Killer, No Filler: The Anthology
Songs
"Baby Baby Bye Bye"
"Baby, Hold Me Close"
"Breathless"
"Chantilly Lace"
"Cold, Cold Heart"
"Come as You Were"
"Crazy Arms"
"Don't Let Me Cross Over" (with Linda Gail Lewis)
"Down the Line"
"End of the Road"
"Great Balls of Fire"
"Hi Heel Sneakers"
"High School Confidential"
"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"
"In the Mood"
"Invitation to Your Party"
"It'll Be Me"
"Jackson" (with Linda Gail Lewis)
"Lewis Boogie"
"Me and Bobby McGee"
"One Has My Name (The Other Has My Heart)"
"One Minute Past Eternity"
"She Even Woke Me Up to Say Goodbye"
"She Still Comes Around (to Love What's Left of Me)"
"Sixteen Candles"
"Somewhere Over the Rainbow"
"Sweet Little Sixteen"
"There Must Be More to Love Than This"
"To Make Love Sweeter For You"
"Turn On Your Love Light"
"What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made a Loser Out of Me)"
"What'd I Say"
"When He Walks on You (Like You Have Walked On Me)"
"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"
"Would You Take Another Chance on Me"
"You Win Again"
Filmography
Jamboree (1957)
High School Confidential (1958)
American Hot Wax (1978)
Family
Mickey Gilley
Linda Gail Lewis
Carl McVoy
Jimmy Swaggart
Related articles
Discography
Great Balls of Fire!
Walk the Line
Kenny Lovelace
Mack Vickery
[show]
v
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Bill Haley & His Comets
Bill Haley
Joey Ambrose
Franny Beecher
David Byrd
Danny Cedrone
Johnny Grande
Jackson Haney
Ralph Jones
John "Bam-Bam" Lane
Lenny Longo
Marshall Lytle
Nick Nastos
Rudy Pompilli
Al Rappa
Al Rex
Dick Richards
Billy Williamson
Albums
Rock 'n Roll Stage Show
Rockin' the Oldies
Rockin' Around the World
Bill Haley's Chicks
Strictly Instrumental
Bill Haley and His Comets
Haley's Juke Box
Compilations
Rock with Bill Haley and the Comets
Shake, Rattle and Roll
Rock Around the Clock
Rockin' the Joint
Songs
"Rocket 88"
"Jukebox Cannonball"
"Rock the Joint"
"Real Rock Drive"
"Crazy Man, Crazy"
"Fractured"
"Live It Up"
"Chattanooga Choo Choo"
"Rock Around the Clock"
"Shake, Rattle and Roll"
"Birth of the Boogie"
"Two Hound Dogs"
"Rock-A-Beatin' Boogie"
"See You Later, Alligator"
"Hot Dog Buddy Buddy"
"Rudy's Rock"
"Rip It Up"
"Don't Knock the Rock"
"Skinny Minnie"
"Corrine, Corrina"
"I Got a Woman"
"Charmaine"
"Joey's Song"
"Skokiaan"
"Music! Music! Music!"
"La Paloma"
"Yakety Sax"
"Green Door"
"Land of a Thousand Dances"
"Me and Bobby McGee"
Related
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me_and_Bobby_McGee&oldid=803590617"
Categories:
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Massacre of the Innocents
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For paintings of this event, see Massacre of the Innocents § Paintings with articles.
"Holy Innocents" redirects here. For churches dedicated to this group, see Holy Innocents Church.
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The Massacre of the Innocents is the biblical account of infanticide by Herod the Great, the Roman-appointed King of the Jews. According to the Gospel of Matthew,[1] Herod ordered the execution of all young male children in the vicinity of Bethlehem, so as to avoid the loss of his throne to a newborn King of the Jews whose birth had been announced to him by the Magi. In typical Matthean style, it is understood as the fulfillment of an Old Testament prophecy:[2]
Then was fulfilled that which was spoken through Jeremiah the prophet, saying, "A voice is heard in Ramah, mourning and great weeping, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because her children are no more."[3]
The number of infants killed is not stated. The Holy Innocents, although Jewish, have been claimed as martyrs for Christianity,[4] and the Feast of the Holy Innocents has long been celebrated.
Since the sole evidence for the event occurs in the Gospel of Matthew, New Testament scholars treat its historicity as an open question;[5] and biographers of Herod deny that the event occurred.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical account
2 Historicity
3 Later writings
4 Coventry Carol
5 In the arts
5.1 Paintings with articles
6 Feast day
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Biblical account[edit]
10th century illuminated manuscript
In Matthew's account, Magi from the east go to Judea in search of the newborn king of the Jews, having "seen his star in the east". The King, Herod the Great, directs them to Bethlehem, and asks them to let him know who this king is when they find him. They find Jesus and honor him, but an angel tells them not to alert Herod, and they return home by another way.
The Massacre of the Innocents is at Matthew 2:16–18, although the preceding verses form the context:
When [the Magi] had gone, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream. Get up, he said, take the child and his mother and escape to Egypt. Stay there until I tell you, for Herod is going to search for the child to kill him. So he got up, took the child and his mother during the night, and left for Egypt, where he stayed until the death of Herod. And so was fulfilled what the Lord had said through the prophet: "Out of Egypt I called my son."[7] When Herod realised that he had been outwitted by the Magi, he was furious, and he gave orders to kill all the boys in Bethlehem and its vicinity who were two years old or under, in accordance with the time he had learned from the Magi. Then what was said through the prophet Jeremiah was fulfilled: "A voice is heard in Ramah, weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because they are no more."[3]
Historicity[edit]
The massacre is reported only in the Gospel of Matthew (2:16) and other later Christian writings likely based on that gospel. The Roman Jewish historian Josephus does not mention it in his history, Antiquities of the Jews (c. 94 AD), which reports many of Herod's misdeeds, including murdering three of his own sons,[8] his mother-in-law (Antiquities 15:247–251; LCL 8:117–119), and his second wife (Antiquities 15:222–236; LCL 8:107–113).
Among those historians who doubt the massacre's historicity, Geza Vermes and E. P. Sanders regard the story as part of a creative hagiography.[9] Some scholars argue that the story is an apologetic device or a contrived fulfillment of prophecy,[10] while others point to the silence of Josephus, who records several examples of Herod's use of violence to protect his power, including the murder of his own sons.[11] Robert Eisenman argues that the story may have its origins in Herod's murder of his sons, an act which made a deep impression at the time.[12] David Hill acknowledges that the episode "contains nothing that is historically impossible," but adds that Matthew's "real concern is ... with theological reflection on the theme of [Old Testament] fulfillment".[13] Stephen Harris and Raymond Brown similarly contend that Matthew's purpose is to present Jesus as the Messiah, and the Massacre of the Innocents as the fulfillment of passages in Hosea (referring to the exodus), and in Jeremiah (referring to the Babylonian exile).[14][15] Brown also sees the story as patterned on the Exodus account of the birth of Moses and the killing of the Hebrew firstborn by Pharaoh.[15]
Brown and others argue that, based on Bethlehem's estimated population of 1,000 at the time, the largest number of infants that could have been killed would have been about twenty,[15][16] and R. T. France, addressing the story's absence in Antiquities of the Jews, argues that "the murder of a few infants in a small village [is] not on a scale to match the more spectacular assassinations recorded by Josephus".[17]
Later writings[edit]
The Massacre of the Innocents at Bethlehem, by Matteo di Giovanni
The story's first appearance in any source other than the Gospel of Matthew is in the apocryphal Protoevangelium of James of c.150 AD, which excludes the Flight into Egypt and switches the attention of the story to the infant John the Baptist:
"And when Herod knew that he had been mocked by the Magi, in a rage he sent murderers, saying to them: Slay the children from two years old and under. And Mary, having heard that the children were being killed, was afraid, and took the infant and swaddled Him, and put Him into an ox-stall. And Elizabeth, having heard that they were searching for John, took him and went up into the hill-country, and kept looking where to conceal him. And there was no place of concealment. And Elizabeth, groaning with a loud voice, says: O mountain of God, receive mother and child. And immediately the mountain was cleft, and received her. And a light shone about them, for an angel of the Lord was with them, watching over them."[18]
The first non-Christian reference to the massacre is recorded four centuries later by Macrobius (c. 395–423), who writes in his Saturnalia:
"When he [emperor Augustus] heard that among the boys in Syria under two years old whom Herod, king of the Jews, had ordered killed, his own son was also killed, he said: it is better to be Herod's pig, than his son."[19]
The story assumed an important place in later Christian tradition; Byzantine liturgy estimated 14,000 Holy Innocents while an early Syrian list of saints stated the number at 64,000. Coptic sources raise the number to 144,000 and place the event on 29 December.[20] Taking the narrative literally and judging from the estimated population of Bethlehem, the Catholic Encyclopedia (1907–12) more soberly suggested that these numbers were inflated, and that probably only between six and twenty children were killed in the town, with a dozen or so more in the surrounding areas.[21]
Coventry Carol[edit]
The "Coventry Carol" is a Christmas carol dating from the 16th century. The carol was performed in Coventry in England as part of a mystery play called The Pageant of the Shearmen and Tailors. The play depicts the Christmas story from chapter two in the Gospel of Matthew. The carol refers to the Massacre of the Innocents, in which Herod ordered all male infants two years old and under in Bethlehem to be killed.[22] The lyrics of this haunting carol represent a mother's lament for her doomed child. It is the only carol that has survived from this play. The author is unknown. The oldest known text was written down by Robert Croo in 1534, and the oldest known printing of the melody dates from 1591.[23] The carol is traditionally sung a cappella.
In the arts[edit]
Medieval liturgical drama recounted Biblical events, including Herod's slaughter of the innocents. The Pageant of the Shearmen and Tailors, performed in Coventry, England, included a haunting song about the episode, now known as the Coventry Carol. The Ordo Rachelis tradition of four plays includes the Flight into Egypt, Herod's succession by Archelaus, the return from Egypt, as well as the Massacre all centred on Rachel weeping in fulfillment of Jeremiah's prophecy. These events were likewise in one of the Medieval N-Town Plays.[citation needed]
The theme of the "Massacre of the Innocents" has provided artists of many nationalities with opportunities to compose complicated depictions of massed bodies in violent action. It was an alternative to the Flight into Egypt in cycles of the Life of the Virgin. It decreased in popularity in Gothic art, but revived in the larger works of the Renaissance, when artists took inspiration for their "Massacres" from Roman reliefs of the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs to the extent that they showed the figures heroically nude.[24] The horrific subject matter of the Massacre of the Innocents also provided a comparison of ancient brutalities with early modern ones during the period of religious wars that followed the Reformation – Bruegel's versions show the soldiers carrying banners with the Habsburg double-headed eagle (often used at the time for Ancient Roman soldiers).[citation needed]
The 1590 version by Cornelis van Haarlem also seems to reflect the violence of the Dutch Revolt. Guido Reni's early (1611) Massacre of the Innocents, in an unusual vertical format, is at Bologna.[25] The Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens painted the theme more than once. One version, now in Munich, was engraved and reproduced as a painting as far away as colonial Peru.[26] Another, his grand Massacre of the Innocents is now at the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto, Ontario. The French painter Nicolas Poussin painted The Massacre of the Innocents (1634) at the height of the Thirty Years' War.[citation needed]
The Childermass, after a traditional name for the Feast of the Holy Innocents, is the opening novel of Wyndham Lewis's trilogy The Human Age. In the novel The Fall (La Chute) by Albert Camus, the incident is argued by the main character to be the reason why Jesus chose to let himself be crucified—as he escaped the punishment intended for him while many others died, he felt responsible and died in guilt. A similar interpretation is given in José Saramago's controversial The Gospel According to Jesus Christ, but there attributed to Joseph, Jesus' stepfather, rather than to Jesus himself. As depicted by Saramago, Joseph knew of Herod's intention to massacre the children of Bethlehem, but failed to warn the townspeople and chose only to save his own child. Guilt-ridden ever after, Joseph finally expiates his sin by letting himself be crucified (an event not narrated in the New Testament).[citation needed]
The Massacre is the opening plot used in the 2006 movie The Nativity Story.[citation needed]
The Cornish poet Charles Causley used the subject for his poem The Innocents' Song, which as a folk song has been performed by Show of Hands with music by Johnny Coppin (on their album Witness); by Keith Kendrick and Sylvia Needham; and by Keith Kendrick and Lynne Heraud (as Herod on their Album Stars in my Crown).[citation needed]
Giotto, Massacre of the Innocents
Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Massacre of the Innocents
Cornelis van Haarlem, Massacre of the Innocents, 1590, Rijksmuseum
Rubens, Massacre of the Innocents, 1610–11, Toronto
Guido Reni, Massacre of the Innocents
Jacopo Tintoretto, Massacre of the Innocents
François-Joseph Navez, The massacre of the innocents, 1824
The scream from Ramah, 2001 stamp of the Faroe Islands
Paintings with articles[edit]
Massacre of the Innocents by the Bruegels. Several versions of The Massacre of the Innocents were painted by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c. 1565-67) and his son Pieter Brueghel the Younger (into the 17th century).
Massacre of the Innocents by Guido Reni, created in 1611 for the Basilica of San Domenico in Bologna, but now in the Pinacoteca Nazionale in that city
Two versions by Peter Paul Rubens, painted in 1611-12 and 1636–38
Feast day[edit]
Triumph of the Innocents by William Holman Hunt
The commemoration of the massacre of these "Holy Innocents", traditionally regarded as the first Christian martyrs, if unknowingly so,[27] first appears as a feast of the Western church in the Leonine Sacramentary, dating from about 485. The earliest commemorations were connected with the Feast of the Epiphany, 6 January: Prudentius mentions the Innocents in his hymn on the Epiphany. Leo in his homilies on the Epiphany speaks of the Innocents. Fulgentius of Ruspe (6th century) gives a homily De Epiphania, deque Innocentum nece et muneribus magorum ("On Epiphany, and on the murder of the Innocents and the gifts of the Magi").[28]
Today, the date of Holy Innocents' Day, also called The Innocents' Day[29] or Childermas or Children's Mass, varies. It is 27 December for West Syrians (Syriac Orthodox Church, Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, and Maronite Church) and 10 January for East Syrians (Chaldeans and Syro-Malabar Catholic Church), while 28 December is the date in the Church of England, the Lutheran Church and the Roman Catholic Church (in which, except on Sunday, violet vestments were worn before 1961, instead of red, the normal liturgical colour for celebrating martyrs).[citation needed] In these latter Western Christian denominations, Childermas is the fourth day of Christmastide.[30] The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates the feast on 29 December.[31]
From the time of Charlemagne, Sicarius of Bethlehem was venerated at Brantôme, Dordogne as one of the purported victims of the Massacre.[32]
In the 1962 Roman Catholic calendar, the violet vestments for Holy Innocents were eliminated, with red used instead, and if 28 December fell on Sunday, this feast was commemorated on the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas. This was changed in a later revision of the Church calendar.[citation needed]
In the Middle Ages, especially north of the Alps, the day was a festival of inversion involving role reversal between children and adults such as teachers and priests, with boy bishops presiding over some church services.[33] This was perhaps a Christianized version of the Roman annual feast of the Saturnalia (when even slaves played "masters" for a day). In some regions, such as medieval England and France, it was said to be an unlucky day, when no new project should be started.[34]
In addition, there was a medieval custom of refraining where possible from work on the day of the week on which the feast of "Innocents Day" had fallen for the whole of the following year until the next Innocents Day. This was presumably mainly observed by the better-off. Philippe de Commynes, the minister of King Louis XI of France tells in his memoirs how the king observed this custom, and describes the trepidation he felt when he had to inform the king of an emergency on the day.[35]
In Spain, Hispanic America, and the Philippines,[citation needed] December 28 is still a day for pranks, equivalent to April Fool's Day in many countries. Pranks (bromas) are also known as inocentadas and their victims are called inocentes; alternatively, the pranksters are the "inocentes" and the victims should not be angry at them, since they could not have committed any sin. Media like newspapers, radio, and TV often give fake content or distort news as well. One of the more famous of these traditions is the annual "Els Enfarinats" festival of Ibi in Alacant, where the inocentadas dress up in full military dress and incite a flour fight.[36]
In Trinidad and Tobago, Roman Catholic children had their toys blessed at a church service.[37]
See also[edit]
Seven Sorrows of Mary
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Matthew 2:16–18
Jump up ^ Matthew 2:17: "Then was fulfilled that being declared by Jeremiah the prophet so-saying."
^ Jump up to: a b Compare Jeremiah 31:15. See also Jesus and Messianic prophecy#Jeremiah 31:15
Jump up ^ Bill Doggett, Gordon W. Lathrop, New Proclamation Commentary on Feasts, Holy Days, and Other Celebrations, (Fortress Press, 2007) page 43.
Jump up ^ 'The Gospel of Matthew', Daniel J. Harrington. p 47: Liturgical Press, 1991
Jump up ^ "most recent biographies of Herod the Great deny it entirely." Paul L. Maier, "Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem", in Chronos, Kairos, Christos II, Mercer University Press (1998), p.170
Jump up ^ Compare Hosea 11:1. See also Jesus and Messianic prophecy#Hosea 11:1
Jump up ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XV (at Wikisource)
Jump up ^ Geza Vermes, The Nativity: History and Legend, London, Penguin, 2006, p22; E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, Penguin, 1993, p.85
Jump up ^ Paul L. Maier, "Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem", in Chronos, Kairos, Christos II, Mercer University Press (1998), p.172-175
Jump up ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XV (at Wikisource).
Jump up ^ Robert Eisenman, James The Brother of Jesus, 1997, I.3 "Romans, Herodians and Jewish sects," p.49; see also E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, 1993, p.87-88
Jump up ^ David Hill: The Gospel of Matthew, p84;Marshall Morgan and Scott; 1972.
Jump up ^ Stephen L. Harris, Understanding the Bible, 2nd Ed. Palo Alto: Mayfield, 1985, p.274
^ Jump up to: a b c Raymond E. Brown, The Birth of the Messiah, pp.104–121.
Jump up ^ Donald A. Hagner, World Biblical Commentary, Matthew 1–13, page 37
Jump up ^ R. T. France, "The Gospel of Matthew", NICNT (2007)
Jump up ^ Protoevangelium of James at newadvent.org.
Jump up ^ "Cum audisset inter pueros quos in Syria Herodes rex Iudaeorum intra bimatum iussit interfici filium quoque eius occisum, ait: Melius est Herodis porcum esse quam filium," (Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius, Saturnalia, book II, chapter IV:11).
Jump up ^ E. Porcher, ed. and tr., Histoire d'Isaac, patriarche Jacobite d'Alexandrie de 686 à 689, écrite par Mina, évêque de Pchati, volume 11. 1915. Texts in Arabic, Greek and Syriac, p. 526.
Jump up ^ Holy Innocents in the Catholic Encyclopedia: "The Greek Liturgy asserts that Herod killed 14,000 boys (ton hagion id chiliadon Nepion), the Syrians speak of 64,000, many medieval authors of 144,000, according to Apocalypse 14:3. Writers who accept the historicity of the episode reduce the number considerably, since Bethlehem was a rather small town. Joseph Knabenbauer brings it down to fifteen or twenty (Evang. S. Matt., I, 104), August Bisping to ten or twelve (Evang. S. Matt.), Lorenz Kellner to about six (Christus und seine Apostel, Freiburg, 1908); cf. "Anzeiger kath. Geistlichk. Deutschl.", 15 Febr., 1909, p. 32."
Jump up ^ "Coventry Carol - Bramley & Stainer".
Jump up ^ Studwell, W. E. (1995). The Christmas Carol Reader. Haworth Press. pp. 15 ISBN 978-1-56023-872-0
Jump up ^ "Getty Collection". Getty.edu. 2009-05-07. Archived from the original on 2005-12-05. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Reni's painting at the Web Gallery of Art". Wga.hu. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
Jump up ^ The Massacre of the Innocents in Cuzco Cathedral is clearly influenced by Rubens. See CODART Courant, Dec 2003, 12. (2.5 MB pdf download)
Jump up ^ Sir William Smith and Samuel Cheetham, A dictionary of Christian antiquities, s.v. "Innocents, Festival of the" notes Irenaeus (Adv. Haer. iii.16.4) and Cyprian (Epistle 56) at the head of an extensive list.
Jump up ^ Prudentius, Leo, and Fulgentius are noted in Sir William Smith and Samuel Cheetham, A dictionary of Christian antiquities, s.v. "Innocents, Festival of the".
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Day Four: December 28, Feast of the Holy Innocents". Catholic Culture. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lives of the Saints".
Jump up ^ Patricia Healy Wasyliw, Martyrdom, Murder, and Magic: Child Saints and Their Cults in Medieval Europe: Volume 2 of Studies in church history (Peter Lang, 2008), 46.
Jump up ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Holy Innocents".
Jump up ^ Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford-Strevens, Oxford Companion to the Year, pp. 537–8, 1999, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-214231-3
Jump up ^ Philippe de Commynes trans. Michael Jones, Memoirs, pp. 253–4, 1972, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-044264-2
Jump up ^ BBC News report of the 2010 festival.
Jump up ^ "Feast of Holy Innocents", Trinity and Tobago Newsday, December 30, 213
References[edit]
Albright, W. F. and C. S. Mann. "Matthew." The Anchor Bible Series. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1971.
Clarke, Howard W. The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers: A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.
Robert Eisenman, 1997. James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Viking/Penguin.
Goulder, M. D. Midrash and Lection in Matthew. London: SPCK, 1974.
Jones, Alexander. The Gospel According to St. Matthew. London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1965.
Schweizer, Eduard. The Good News According to Matthew. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975.
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List of tablet PC dimensions and case sizes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2016)
Below is a list of currently available tablet PCs grouped by their width, depth, height, screen size, and appropriate tablet case sizes.
The most popular presently available tablet computers are compared in the following table:
Tablet Cases Sizes
Tablet PC
Height
Width
Depth
Screen
Case size
Acer Iconia Tab A500[1]
10.2 in (260 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 0.52 in (13 mm) 10.1 in (260 mm) 10 in (250 mm)
Amazon Kindle Fire[citation needed][2]
7.5 in (190 mm) 4.7 in (120 mm) 0.45 in (11 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 7 in (180 mm)
Apple iPad[3]
9.6 in (240 mm) 7.5 in (190 mm) 0.51 in (13 mm) 9.7 in (250 mm) 10 in (250 mm)
Apple iPad 2[4]
9.5 in (240 mm) 7.3 in (190 mm) 0.35 in (8.9 mm) 9.7 in (250 mm) 10 in (250 mm)
Apple ‘New iPad’ 3[5]
9.5 in (240 mm) 7.3 in (190 mm) 0.37 in (9.4 mm) 9.7 in (250 mm) 10 in (250 mm)
Apple iPad Mini 4
8 in (200 mm) 5.31 in (135 mm) 0.24 in (6.1 mm) 7.9 in (200 mm)
ASUS Eee Pad Transformer[6]
10.7 in (270 mm) 6.9 in (180 mm) 0.5 in (13 mm) 10.1 in (260 mm) 11 in (280 mm)
ASUS Eee Pad Transformer Prime[7]
10.4 in (260 mm) 7.1 in (180 mm) 0.29 in (7.4 mm) 10.1 in (260 mm) 11 in (280 mm)
Barnes & Noble Nook Color[8]
8.1 in (210 mm) 5 in (130 mm) 0.48 in (12 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 8 in (200 mm)
Barnes & Noble Nook Tablet
8.1 in (210 mm) 5 in (130 mm) 0.48 in (12 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 8 in (200 mm)
Blackberry PlayBook[9]
7.6 in (190 mm) 5.1 in (130 mm) 0.4 in (10 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 8 in (200 mm)
Dell Streak 7[10]
7 in (180 mm) 4.7 in (120 mm) 0.5 in (13 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 7 in (180 mm)
Dell Streak 10 Pro[11]
10.3 in (260 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 0.51 in (13 mm) 10 in (250 mm) 10 in (250 mm)
HTC Flyer[12]
7.7 in (200 mm) 4.8 in (120 mm) 0.52 in (13 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 8 in (200 mm)
Huawei Ideos S7[13]
8.2 in (210 mm) 4.3 in (110 mm) 0.61 in (15 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 8 in (200 mm)
Lenovo IdeaPad A1[14]
7.7 in (200 mm) 4.9 in (120 mm) 0.47 in (12 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 8 in (200 mm)
Lenovo IdeaPad K1[15]
10.4 in (260 mm) 7.4 in (190 mm) 0.52 in (13 mm) 10.1 in (260 mm) 11 in (280 mm)
LG Optimus Pad[16]
9.6 in (240 mm) 5.9 in (150 mm) 0.49 in (12 mm) 8.9 in (230 mm) 10 in (250 mm)
Motorola Droid XYBoard 10.1[17]
10 in (250 mm) 6.8 in (170 mm) 0.35 in (8.9 mm) 10.1 in (260 mm) 10 in (250 mm)
Motorola Xoom[18]
9.8 in (250 mm) 6.6 in (170 mm) 0.5 in (13 mm) 10.1 in (260 mm) 10 in (250 mm)
Motorola Xoom 2[19]
10 in (250 mm) 6.8 in (170 mm) 0.35 in (8.9 mm) 10.1 in (260 mm) 10 in (250 mm)
Samsung Galaxy Note[20]
5.8 in (150 mm) 3.3 in (84 mm) 0.38 in (9.7 mm) 5.3 in (130 mm) 5 in (130 mm)
Samsung Galaxy Tab P1000
7.5 in (190 mm) 4.7 in (120 mm) 0.47 in (12 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 7 in (180 mm)
Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.0 Plus[21]
7.6 in (190 mm) 4.8 in (120 mm) 0.39 in (9.9 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 7 in (180 mm)
Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 7.0[22]
7.7 in (200 mm) 4.8 in (120 mm) 0.41 in (10 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 7 in (180 mm)
Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.7[23]
7.7 in (200 mm) 5.2 in (130 mm) 0.31 in (7.9 mm) 7.7 in (200 mm) 8 in (200 mm)
Samsung Galaxy Tab 8.9[24]
9 in (230 mm) 6.2 in (160 mm) 0.35 in (8.9 mm) 8.9 in (230 mm) 9 in (230 mm)
Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1[25]
9.7 in (250 mm) 6.9 in (180 mm) 0.34 in (8.6 mm) 10.1 in (260 mm) 10 in (250 mm)
Sony Tablet P[26]
7.1 in (180 mm) 6.2 in (160 mm) 0.55 in (14 mm) 2x 5.5 in (140 mm) 7 in (180 mm)
Sony Tablet S[27]
9.5 in (240 mm) 6.9 in (180 mm) 0.4 in (10 mm) 9.4 in (240 mm) 10 in (250 mm)
Sony Xperia Tablet Z[28]
10.47 in (266 mm) 6.8 in (170 mm) 0.24 in (6.1 mm) 10.1 in (260 mm) 11 in (280 mm)
Toshiba Thrive[29]
10.8 in (270 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 0.62 in (16 mm) 10.1 in (260 mm) 11 in (280 mm)
ViewSonic ViewPad 7[30]
7 in (180 mm) 4.3 in (110 mm) 0.45 in (11 mm) 7 in (180 mm) 7 in (180 mm)
ViewSonic ViewPad 10[31]
10.8 in (270 mm) 6.7 in (170 mm) 0.57 in (14 mm) 10.1 in (260 mm) 11 in (280 mm)
See also[edit]
List of iPad accessories
Mobile phone case
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Acer Iconia Tab A500". acer.com. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
Jump up ^ Kindle Fire HDX 7", HDX Display.
Jump up ^ "iPad Available in US on April 3". Apple. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Apple iPad 2". Apple. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Apple 'New iPad' 3". Apple. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Asus Eee Pad Transformer". Asus. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Asus Eee Pad Transformer Prime". Asus. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Barnes & Noble Nook Color". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "BlackBerry PlayBook". BlackBerry. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dell Streak 7 review". Dell.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dell Streak Pro Honeycomb tablet pictured, likely to be with us in June". Engadget. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "HTC Flyer". HTC. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Huawei Ideos S7". Huawei. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lenovo IdeaPad A1". Lenovo. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lenovo IdeaPad K1". Lenovo. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "LG Optimus Pad". LG. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Motorola Droid XYBoard 10.1". Motorola. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Motorola Xoom". Motorola. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Motorola Xoom 2". Motorola. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Samsung Galaxy Note". Samsung. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.0 Plus". Samsung. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 7.0". Samsung. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.7". Samsung. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Samsung Galaxy Tab 8.9". Samsung. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1". Samsung. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sony Tablet P". Sony. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sony Tablet S". Sony. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sony Xperia Tablet Z". Sony. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Toshiba Thrive". Toshiba. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "ViewSonic ViewPad 7". ViewSonic. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "ViewSonic ViewPad 10". ViewSonic. Archived from the original on 16 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tablet_PC_dimensions_and_case_sizes&oldid=823879699"
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