text:
Coyote
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 2602:30a:c039:6c50:40fa:69e9:31a:e6b (talk) at 03:45, 25 August 2017 (→Attacks on humans). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 03:45, 25 August 2017 by 2602:30a:c039:6c50:40fa:69e9:31a:e6b (talk) (→Attacks on humans)
(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Coyote (disambiguation).
Coyote
Temporal range: 0.7–0 Ma
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Middle Pleistocene – recent
Mountain coyote (C. l. lestes)
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species: C. latrans
Binomial name
Canis latrans
Say, 1823
Modern range of Canis latrans
Synonyms[2]
List[show]
Canis andersoni Merriam, 1910
Canis caneloensis Skinner, 1942
Canis clepticus Eliot, 1903
Canis estor Merriam, 1897
Canis frustror Woodhouse, 1851
Canis goldmani Merriam, 1904
Canis hondurensis Goldman, 1936
Canis impavidus Allen, 1903
Canis irvingtonensis Savage, 1951
Canis jamesi Townsend, 1912
Canis lestes Merriam, 1897
Canis mearnsi Merriam, 1897
Canis microdon Merriam, 1897
Canis nebrascensis Merriam, 1898
Canis ochropus Eschscholtz, 1829
Canis orcutti Merriam, 1910
Canis pallidus Merriam, 1897
Canis peninsulae Merriam, 1897
Canis riviveronis Hay, 1917
Canis vigilis Merriam, 1897
Lyciscus cagottis Hamilton-Smith, 1839
The coyote (US: /kaɪˈoʊti, ˈkaɪoʊt/;[a] Canis latrans; from Nahuatl pronunciation (help·info)) is a canid native to North America. It is smaller than its close relative, the gray wolf, and slightly smaller than its other close relatives, the eastern wolf and the red wolf. It fills much of the same ecological niche as the golden jackal does in Eurasia, though it is larger and more predatory. It is listed as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature due to its wide distribution and abundance throughout North America, southwards through Mexico, and into Central America. The species is versatile and able to adapt to environments modified by humans. As human activity has altered the landscape, the coyote's range has expanded. In 2013, coyotes were sighted in eastern Panama (across the Panama Canal from their home range) for the first time. The coyote is more closely related to the common ancestor of wolves and other canids (more "basal") than the gray wolf. As of 2005[update], 19 coyote subspecies are recognized.
The average male coyote weighs 8 to 20 kg (18 to 44 lb) and the average female 7 to 18 kg (15 to 40 lb). Their fur color is predominantly light gray and red or fulvous interspersed with black and white, though it varies somewhat with geography. It is highly flexible in social organization, living either in a family unit or in loosely knit packs of unrelated individuals. It has a varied diet consisting primarily of animal meat, including deer, rabbits, hares, rodents, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates, though it may also eat fruits and vegetables on occasion. The coyote's characteristic vocalization is a howl made by solitary individuals. Humans aside, cougars and gray wolves are the coyote's only serious enemies. Nevertheless, coyotes do sometimes mate with gray, eastern, or red wolves, producing hybrids colloquially called "coywolves". In northeastern United States and eastern Canada, a larger species of coyote (although still smaller than the three types of wolves), called the eastern coyote is the result on various historical and recent mating of the various types of wolves and coyotes. Most recent studies show that most wolves contain some level of coyote DNA.
The coyote is a prominent character in Native American folklore, mainly in the Southwestern United States and Mexico, usually depicted as a trickster that alternately assumes the form of an actual coyote or a man. As with other trickster figures, the coyote uses deception and humor to rebel against social conventions. The animal was especially respected in Mesoamerican cosmology as a symbol of military might. After the European colonization of the Americas, it was reviled in Anglo-American culture as a cowardly and untrustworthy animal. Unlike wolves (gray, eastern, or red), which have undergone an improvement of their public image, attitudes towards the coyote remain largely negative.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Taxonomy and evolution
2.1 History
2.2 Naming and etymology
2.3 Evolution
2.3.1 Fossil record
2.3.2 DNA evidence
2.4 Subspecies
2.5 Hybridization
3 Behavior
3.1 Social and reproductive behaviors
3.2 Territorial and sheltering behaviors
3.3 Hunting and feeding behaviors
3.4 Communication
3.4.1 Body language
3.4.2 Vocalizations
4 Ecology
4.1 Habitat
4.2 Diet
4.3 Enemies and competitors
5 Range
6 Diseases and parasites
7 Relationships with humans
7.1 In folklore and mythology
7.2 Attacks on humans
7.3 Livestock and pet predation
7.4 Uses
7.5 Tameability
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 Further reading
12 External links
Description
Closeup of a mountain coyote's (C. l. lestes) head
Coyote males average 8 to 20 kg (18 to 44 lb) in weight, while females average 7 to 18 kg (15 to 40 lb), though size varies geographically. Northern subspecies, which average 18 kg (40 lb), tend to grow larger than the southern subspecies of Mexico, which average 11.5 kg (25 lb). Body length ranges on average from 1.0 to 1.35 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 5 in), and tail length 40 cm (16 in), with females being shorter in both body length and height.[3] The largest coyote on record was a male killed near Afton, Wyoming, on November 19, 1937, which measured 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) from nose to tail, and weighed 34 kg (75 lb).[4] Scent glands are located at the upper side of the base of the tail and are a bluish-black color.[5]
The color and texture of the coyote's fur varies somewhat geographically.[3] The hair's predominant color is light gray and red or fulvous, interspersed around the body with black and white. Coyotes living at high elevations tend to have more black and gray shades than their desert-dwelling counterparts, which are more fulvous or whitish-gray.[6] The coyote's fur consists of short, soft underfur and long, coarse guard hairs. The fur of northern subspecies is longer and denser than in southern forms, with the fur of some Mexican and Central American forms being almost hispid (bristly).[7] Generally, adult coyotes (including coywolf hybrids) have a sable coat color, dark neonatal coat color, bushy tail with an active supracaudal gland, and a white facial mask.[8] Albinism is extremely rare in coyotes; out of a total of 750,000 coyotes harvested by federal and cooperative hunters between March 22, 1938, and June 30, 1945, only two were albinos.[6]
The coyote is typically smaller than the gray wolf, but has longer ears and a relatively larger braincase,[3] as well as a thinner frame, face, and muzzle. The scent glands are smaller than the gray wolf's, but are the same color.[5] Its fur color variation is much less varied than that of a wolf.[9] The coyote also carries its tail downwards when running or walking, rather than horizontally as the wolf does.[10]
Coyote tracks can be distinguished from those of dogs by their more elongated, less rounded shape.[11][12] Unlike dogs, the upper canines of coyotes extends past the mental foramina.[3]
Taxonomy and evolution
History
At the time of the European colonization of the Americas, coyotes were largely confined to open plains and arid regions of the western half of the continent.[13] In early post-Columbian historical records, distinguishing between coyotes and wolves is often difficult. One record from 1750 in Kaskaskia, Illinois, written by a local priest, noted that the "wolves" encountered there were smaller and less daring than European wolves. Another account from the early 1800s in Edwards County mentioned wolves howling at night, though these were likely coyotes.[14] This species was encountered several times during the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806), though it was already well known to European traders on the upper Missouri. Lewis, writing on May 5, 1805, in northeastern Montana, described the coyote in these terms:[15]
Toltec pictograph of coyote.
the small woolf or burrowing dog of the prairies are the inhabitants almost invariably of the open plains; they usually ascociate in bands of ten or twelve sometimes more and burrow near some pass or place much frequented by game; not being able alone to take deer or goat they are rarely ever found alone but hunt in bands; they frequently watch and seize their prey near their burrows; in these burrows they raise their young and to them they also resort when pursued; when a person approaches them they frequently bark, their note being precisely that of the small dog. they are of an intermediate size between that of the fox and dog, very active fleet and delicately formed; the ears large erect and pointed the head long and pointed more like that of the fox; tale long; . . . the hair and fur also resembles the fox tho' is much coarser and inferior. they are of a pale redish brown colour. the eye of a deep sea green colour small and piercing. their tallons [claws] are reather longer than those of the ordinary wolf or that common to the atlantic states, none of which are to be found in this quarter, nor I believe above the river Plat.
The coyote was first scientifically described by Thomas Say, a naturalist, in September 1819 on the site of Lewis and Clark's Council Bluffs, 15 miles up the Missouri River from the mouth of the Platte during a government-sponsored expedition with Major Stephen Long. He had the first edition of the Lewis and Clark journals in hand, which contained Biddle's edited version of Lewis's observations dated May 5, 1805. His account was published in 1823.[16][17]
Naming and etymology
The earliest written reference to the species comes from the naturalist Francisco Hernández's Plantas y Animales de la Nueva España (1651), where it is described as a "Spanish fox" or "jackal". The first published usage of the word "coyote" (which is a Spanish borrowing of its Nahuatl name coyōtl) comes from the historian Francisco Javier Clavijero's Historia de México in 1780.[18] The first time it was used in English occurred in William Bullock's Six months' residence and travels in Mexico (1824), where it is variously transcribed as cayjotte and cocyotie. The word's spelling was standardized as "coyote" by the 1880s.[15][19] Alternative English names for the coyote include "prairie wolf", "brush wolf", "cased wolf",[20][b] "little wolf"[21] and "American jackal".[22] Its binomial name Canis latrans translates to "barking dog", a reference to the many vocalizations they produce.[23]
[show]Local and indigenous names for Canis latrans
Linguistic group or area
Indigenous name
Arikara Stshirits pukatsh[24]
Canadian French Coyote[20]
Chinook Italipas[24]
Chipewyan Nu-ní-yĕ=̑ts!ế-lĕ[25]
Cocopah Ṭxpa[26]
Xṭpa[26]
Northern Cree
Plains Cree ᒣᐢᒐᒑᑲᓂᐢ (Mîscacâkanis)[27]
ᒣᐢᒐᒑᑲᓂᐢ (Mescacâkanis)[27]
Creek Yv•hu•ce (archaic)[28]
Yv•hv•la•nu•ce (modern)[28]
Dakota Mica[24]
Micaksica[24]
Flathead Sinchlep[24]
Hidatsa Motsa[24]
Hopi Iisawu[29]
Isaw[29]
Karuk Pihnêefich[30]
Klamath Ko-ha-a[24]
Mandan Scheke[24]
Mayan Pek'i'cash[31]
Nez Perce ʔiceyé•ye[32]
Nahuatl Coyōtl[18]
Navajo Ma'ii[33]
Ogallala Sioux Mee-yah-slay'-cha-lah[20]
Ojibwe Mes-ta-cha'-gan-es[20]
Omaha Mikasi[24]
Osage Šómįhkasi[34]
Pawnee Ckirihki[35]
Piute Eja-ah[24]
Spanish Coyote[31]
Perro de monte[31]
Yakima Telipa[24]
Timbisha Isa(ppü)[36]
Isapaippü[36]
Itsappü[36]
Wintu Ćarawa[37]
Sedet[37]
Yankton Sioux Song-toke-cha[20]
Yurok Segep[38]
Evolution

Dog

Gray wolf

Coyote

African golden wolf

Golden jackal

Ethiopian wolf

Dhole

African wild dog

Side-striped jackal

Black-backed jackal

Phylogenetic relationships between the extant wolf-like clade of canids based on mDNA.[39][40]
Fossil record
See also: Evolution of the wolf § Fossil record
Skeleton of Pleistocene coyote (C. l. orcutti)
Xiaoming Wang and Richard H. Tedford, one of the foremost authorities on carnivore evolution,[41] proposed that the genus Canis was the descendant of the coyote-like Eucyon davisi and its remains first appeared in the Miocene 6 million years ago (Mya) in the southwestern USA and Mexico. By the Pliocene (5 Mya), the larger Canis lepophagus[42] appeared in the same region and by the early Pleistocene (1 Mya) C. latrans (the coyote) was in existence. They proposed that the progression from Eucyon davisi to C lepophagus to the coyote was linear evolution.[43]:p58 Additionally, C. edwardii, C. latrans, and C. aureus form together a small clade and because C. edwardii appeared earliest spanning the mid-Blancan (late Pliocene) to the close of the Irvingtonian (late Pleistocene), it is proposed as the direct ancestor of the coyote.[44]:p175,180 Johnston describes C. lepophagus as having a more slender skull and skeleton than the modern coyote.[45]:385 Ronald Nowak found that the early populations had small, delicate, narrowly proportioned skulls that resemble small coyotes and appear to be ancestral to C. latrans.[46]:p241
C. lepophagus was a similar in weight to modern coyotes, but had shorter limb bones that indicates a less cursorial lifestyle. The coyote represents a more primitive form of Canis than the gray wolf, as shown by its relatively small size and its comparatively narrow skull and jaws, which lack the grasping power necessary to hold the large prey in which wolves specialize. This is further corroborated by the coyote's sagittal crest, which is low or totally flattened, thus indicating a weaker bite than the wolf's. The coyote is not a specialized carnivore as the wolf is, as shown by the larger chewing surfaces on the molars, reflecting the species' relative dependence on vegetable matter. In these respects, the coyote resembles the fox-like progenitors of the genus more so than the wolf.[47]
Modern coyotes arose 1,000 years after the Quaternary extinction event.[48] Compared to their modern Holocene counterparts, Pleistocene coyotes (C. l. orcutti) were larger and more robust, likely in response to larger competitors and prey.[48] Pleistocene coyotes were likely more specialized carnivores than their descendants, as their teeth were more adapted to shearing meat, showing fewer grinding surfaces suited for processing vegetation.[49] Their reduction in size occurred within 1000 years of the Quaternary extinction event, when their large prey died out.[48] Furthermore, Pleistocene coyotes were unable to exploit the big-game hunting niche left vacant after the extinction of the dire wolf (C. dirus), as it was rapidly filled by gray wolves, which likely actively killed off the large coyotes, with natural selection favoring the modern gracile morph.[49]
DNA evidence
In 1993, a study proposed that the wolves of North America display skull traits more similar towards the coyote than those wolves from Eurasia.[50] In 2016, a whole-genome DNA study proposed, based on the assumptions made, that all of the North American wolves and coyotes diverged from a common ancestor less than 6,000–117,000 years ago. The study also indicated that all North America wolves have a significant amount of coyote ancestry and all coyotes some degree of wolf ancestry, and that the red wolf and eastern wolf are highly admixed with different proportions of gray wolf and coyote ancestry. One test indicated a wolf/coyote divergence time of 51,000 years before present that matched other studies indicating that the extant wolf came into being around this time. Another test indicated that the red wolf diverged from the coyote between 55,000 and 117,000 years before present and the Great Lakes region wolf 32,000 years before present. Other tests and modelling showed various divergence ranges and the conclusion was a range of less than 6,000 and 117,000 years before present. The study found that coyote ancestry was highest in red wolves from the southeastern United States and lowest among the Great Lakes region wolves. The theory proposed was that this pattern matched the south to north disappearance of the wolf due to European colonization and its resulting loss of habitat. Bounties led to the extirpation of wolves initially in the southeast, and as the wolf population declined, wolf-coyote admixture increased. Later, this process occurred in the Great Lakes region with the influx of coyotes replacing wolves, followed by the expansion of coyotes and their hybrids across the wider region.[51][52] The proposed timing of the wolf/coyote divergence conflicts with the finding of a coyote-like specimen in strata dated to 1 Mya.[43]
Subspecies
As of 2005[update], 19 subspecies are recognized.[22][53] Geographic variation in coyotes is not great, though taken as a whole, the eastern subspecies (C. l. thamnos and C. l. frustor) are large, dark-colored animals, with a gradual paling in color and reduction in size westward and northward (C. l. texensis, C. l. latrans, C. l. lestes, and C. l. incolatus), a brightening of ochraceous tones–deep orange or brown–towards the Pacific coast (C. l. ochropus, C. l. umpquensis), a reduction in size in the Southwestern United States (C. l. microdon, C. l. mearnsi) and a general trend towards dark reddish colors and short muzzles in Mexican and Central American populations.[54]
[show]Subspecies
Trinomial authority
Description
Range
Synonyms
Image
Plains coyote
C. l. latrans
nominate subspecies
Say, 1823 The largest subspecies, it has rather pale fur and bears large molars and carnassials.[55] Great Plains from Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan south to New Mexico and the Texas Panhandle [56] C. l. nebracensis (Merriam, 1898)
C. l. pallidus (Merriam, 1897)
Mexican coyote
C. l. cagottis
C. E. H. Smith, 1839 Similar to C. l. peninsulae, but larger and redder in color, it has shorter ears, larger teeth, and a broader muzzle.[55] States of Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Puebla, and Veracruz in Mexico [56]
San Pedro Martir coyote
C. l. clepticus
Elliot, 1903 A small subspecies, it has reddish summer fur and a short, broad skull.[57] Northern Baja California and southwestern California [56]
Salvador coyote
C. l. dickeyi
Nelson, 1932 A large subspecies, it equals C. l. lestes in size, but has smaller teeth and darker fur.[58] Originally only known from Cerro Mogote, 3.2 km (2 mi) west of the Goascorán River in La Unión, El Salvador,[58] in January 2013, it expanded its range southward to southern Panama.[59]
Southeastern coyote
C. l. frustor
Woodhouse, 1851 This subspecies is similar to C. l. peninsulae, but larger and paler, with shorter ears and a longer muzzle.[55] Southeastern and extreme eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, and Arkansas [56]
Belize coyote
C. l. goldmani
Merriam, 1904 The largest of the Mexican coyotes, it approaches C. l. latrans in size, but has a shorter muzzle.[60] Known only from San Vicente, Chiapas, Mexico, near the Guatemalan border, though it could be the coyote of western Guatemala.[56]
Honduras coyote
C. l. hondurensis
Goldman, 1936 A small, rufous-colored subspecies, it has coarse, thin fur and a broad skull.[61] Known only from the open country northeast of Archaga, north of Tegucigalpa [56]
Durango coyote
C. l. impavidus
Allen, 1903 This canid is similar to C. l. cagottis in color, but much larger.[57] Southern Sonora, extreme southwestern Chihuahua, western Durango, western Zacatecas, and Sinaloa [56]
Northern coyote
C. l. incolatus
Hall, 1934 A medium-sized subspecies, it has cinnamon-colored fur and a more concave skull than C. l. latrans.[62] Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, northern British Columbia, and northern Alberta [56]
Tiburón Island coyote
C. l. jamesi
Townsend, 1912 Much paler than C. l. mearnsi, it has heavier teeth, a large skull, and long ears.[63] Tiburón Island [63]
Mountain coyote
C. l. lestes
Merriam, 1897 Similar in size and color to C. l. latrans, this subspecies has a large tail and ears.[55] southern British Columbia and southeastern Alberta, Washington east of the Cascade Range, Oregon, northern California, western Montana, Wyoming, Colorado (except the southeastern corner), north-central Nevada, and north-central Utah [56]
Mearns' coyote
C. l. mearnsi
Merriam, 1897 A small subspecies with medium-sized ears, a small skull and small teeth, its fur is richly and brightly colored. The fulvous tints are exceedingly bright, and cover the hind and fore feet.[55] southwestern Colorado, extreme southern Utah and Nevada, southeastern California, northeastern Baja California, Arizona, west of the Rio Grande in New Mexico, northern Sonora and Chihuahua [56] estor (Merriam, 1897)
Lower Rio Grande coyote
C. l. microdon
Merriam, 1897 A small subspecies, it has small teeth and rather dark fur. The upper surface of the hind foot is whitish, while the belly is sprinkled with black-tipped hairs.[55] Southern Texas and northern Tamaulipas [56]
California Valley coyote
C. l. ochropus
von Eschscholtz, 1829 Similar to C. l. latrans and C. l. lestes, but smaller, darker, more brightly colored, it has larger ears and smaller skull and teeth.[55] California west of the Sierra Nevada [56]
Peninsula coyote
C. l. peninsulae
Merriam, 1897 It is similar to C. l. ochropus in size and features, but has darker, redder fur. The underside of the tail is blacker than that of C. l. ochropus, and the belly has more black-tipped hairs.[55] Baja California [56]
Eastern coyote
C. l. var.
Lawrence and Bossert, 1969 It is a hybrid of C. lupus, but smaller than the eastern wolf and holds smaller territories, but is larger and holds more extensive home ranges than the typical western coyote. It ranges in New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia. They also range in the eastern Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador.[56]
Texas Plains coyote
C. l. texensis
Bailey, 1905 Smaller than C. l. latrans, it has brighter, more fulvous fur closely approaching the richness found in C. l. ochropus, though C. l. texensis lacks that subspecies' large ears.[64] most of Texas, eastern New Mexico, and northeastern Mexico [56]
Northeastern coyote
C. l. thamnos
Jackson, 1949 About the same size as C. l. latrans, or larger, but darker in color, it has a broader skull.[65] north-central Saskatchewan, Manitoba (except the extreme southwestern corner), east to southern Quebec, south to eastern North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri (north of the Missouri River), Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois (except the extreme southern portion), and northern Indiana [56]
Northwest Coast coyote
C. l. umpquensis
Jackson, 1949 A small subspecies, it has dark, rufous-tinged fur, a comparatively small skull, and weak dentition.[65] Coast of Washington and Oregon [56]
Colima coyote
C. l. vigilis
Merriam, 1897 Similar to C. l. peninsulae, but darker and more extensively colored, it has more black on the forearm, and no black on the underside of the tail (excepting the tip).[55] Pacific coast of Mexico from Jalisco south to Guerrero [56]
Hybridization
Melanistic coyotes owe their color to a mutation that first arose in domestic dogs.[66]
Coyotes have occasionally mated with dogs, sometimes producing crosses colloquially known as "coydogs".[67] Such matings are rare in the wild, as the mating cycles of dogs and coyotes do not coincide, and coyotes are usually antagonistic towards dogs. Hybridization usually only occurs when coyotes are expanding into areas where conspecifics are few, and dogs are the only alternatives. Even then, pup survival rates are lower than normal, as dogs do not form pair bonds with coyotes, thus making the rearing of pups more difficult.[68] In captivity, F1 hybrids (first generation) tend to be more mischievous and less manageable as pups than dogs, and are less trustworthy on maturity than wolf-dog hybrids.[67] Hybrids vary in appearance, but generally retain the coyote's usual characteristics. F1 hybrids tend to be intermediate in form between dogs and coyotes, while F2 hybrids (second generation) are more varied. Both F1 and F2 hybrids resemble their coyote parents in terms of shyness and intrasexual aggression.[8][69] Hybrids are fertile and can be successfully bred through four generations.[67] Melanistic coyotes owe their black pelts to a mutation that first arose in domestic dogs.[66] A population of nonalbino white coyotes in Newfoundland owe their coloration to a melanocortin 1 receptor mutation inherited from Golden Retrievers.[70]
Coywolf hybrid conceived in captivity between a male gray wolf and a female coyote
Coyotes have hybridized with wolves to varying degrees, particularly in the Eastern United States and Canada. The so-called "eastern coyote" of northeastern North America probably originated in the aftermath of the extermination of gray and eastern wolves in the northeast, thus allowing coyotes to colonize former wolf ranges and mix with remnant wolf populations. This hybrid is smaller than either the gray or eastern wolf, and holds smaller territories, but is in turn larger and holds more extensive home ranges than the typical western coyote. As of 2010, the eastern coyote's genetic makeup is fairly uniform, with minimal influence from eastern wolves or western coyotes.[71] Adult eastern coyotes are larger than western coyotes, with female eastern coyotes weighing 21% more than male western coyotes.[71][72] Physical differences become more apparent by the age of 35 days, with eastern coyote pups having longer legs than their western counterparts. Differences in dental development also occurs, with tooth eruption being later, and in a different order in the eastern coyote.[73] Aside from its size, the eastern coyote is physically similar to the western coyote. The four color phases range from dark brown to blond or reddish blond, though the most common phase is gray-brown, with reddish legs, ears, and flanks.[74] No significant differences exist between eastern and western coyotes in aggression and fighting, though eastern coyotes tend to fight less, and are more playful. Unlike western coyote pups, in which fighting precedes play behavior, fighting among eastern coyote pups occurs after the onset of play.[73] Eastern coyotes tend to reach sexual maturity at two years of age, much later than in western coyotes.[71]
Eastern and red wolves are also products of varying degrees of wolf-coyote hybridization. The eastern wolf probably was a result of a wolf-coyote admixture, combined with extensive backcrossing with parent gray wolf populations. The red wolf may have originated during a time of declining wolf populations in the southeastern United States, forcing a wolf-coyote hybridization as well as backcrossing with local parent coyote populations to the extent that about 75–80% of the modern red wolf's genome is of coyote derivation.[51][75]
Behavior
Social and reproductive behaviors
Mearns' coyote (C. l. mearnsi) pups playing
A pack of coyotes in Yellowstone National Park
Like the golden jackal, the coyote is gregarious, but not as dependent on conspecifics as more social canid species like wolves are. This is likely because the coyote is not a specialized hunter of large prey as the latter species is.[76] The basic social unit of a coyote pack is a family containing a reproductive female. However, unrelated coyotes may join forces for companionship, or to bring down prey too large to attack singly. Such "nonfamily" packs are only temporary, and may consist of bachelor males, nonreproductive females and subadult young. Families are formed in midwinter, when females enter estrus.[21] Pair bonding can occur 2–3 months before actual copulation takes place.[77] The copulatory tie can last 5–45 minutes.[78] A female entering estrus attracts males by scent marking[79] and howling with increasing frequency.[22] A single female in heat can attract up to seven reproductive males, which can follow her for as long as a month. Although some squabbling may occur among the males, once the female has selected a mate and copulates, the rejected males do not intervene, and move on once they detect other estrous females.[21] Unlike the wolf, which has been known to practice both monogamous and bigamous matings,[80] the coyote is strictly monogamous, even in areas with high coyote densities and abundant food.[81] Females that fail to mate sometimes assist their sisters or mothers in raising their pups, or join their siblings until the next time they can mate. The newly mated pair then establishes a territory and either constructs their own den or cleans out abandoned badger, marmot, or skunk earths. During the pregnancy, the male frequently hunts alone and brings back food for the female. The female may line the den with dried grass or with fur pulled from her belly.[21] The gestation period is 63 days, with an average litter size of six, though the number fluctuates depending on coyote population density and the abundance of food.[22]
Coyote pups are born in dens, hollow trees, or under ledges, and weigh 200 to 500 g (0.44 to 1.10 lb) at birth. They are altricial, and are completely dependent on milk for their first 10 days. The incisors erupt at about 12 days, the canines at 16, and the second premolars at 21. Their eyes open after 10 days, by which point the pups become increasingly more mobile, walking by 20 days, and running at the age of six weeks. The parents begin supplementing the pup's diet with regurgitated solid food after 12–15 days. By the age of four to six weeks, when their milk teeth are fully functional, the pups are given small food items such as mice, rabbits, or pieces of ungulate carcasses, with lactation steadily decreasing after two months.[21] Unlike wolf pups, coyote pups begin seriously fighting (as opposed to play fighting) prior to engaging in play behavior. A common play behavior includes the coyote "hip-slam".[69] By three weeks of age, coyote pups bite each other with less inhibition than wolf pups. By the age of four to five weeks, pups have established dominance hierarchies, and are by then more likely to play rather than fight.[82] The male plays an active role in feeding, grooming, and guarding the pups, but abandons them if the female goes missing before the pups are completely weaned. The den is abandoned by June to July, and the pups follow their parents in patrolling their territory and hunting. Pups may leave their families in August, though can remain for much longer. The pups attain adult dimensions at eight months, and gain adult weight a month later.[21]
Territorial and sheltering behaviors
Individual feeding territories vary in size from 0.4 to 62 km2 (0.15 to 24 sq mi), with the general concentration of coyotes in a given area depending on food abundance, adequate denning sites, and competition with conspecifics and other predators. The coyote generally does not defend its territory outside of the denning season,[21] and is much less aggressive towards intruders than the wolf is, typically chasing and sparring with them, but rarely killing them.[83] Conflicts between coyotes can arise during times of food shortage.[21]
Like wolves, coyotes use a den (usually the deserted holes of other species) when gestating and rearing young, though they may occasionally give birth under sagebrushes in the open. Coyote dens can be located in canyons, washouts, coulees, banks, rock bluffs, or level ground. Some dens have been found under abandoned homestead shacks, grain bins, drainage pipes, railroad tracks, hollow logs, thickets, and thistles. The den is continuously dug and cleaned out by the female until the pups are born. Should the den be disturbed or infested with fleas, the pups are moved into another den. A coyote den can have several entrances and passages branching out from the main chamber.[84] A single den can be used year after year.[22]
Hunting and feeding behaviors
While the popular consensus is that olfaction is very important for hunting,[85] two studies that experimentally investigated the role of olfactory, auditory, and visual cues found that visual cues are the most important ones for hunting in red foxes[86] and coyotes.[87][88]
When hunting large prey, the coyote often works in pairs or small groups.[3] Success in killing large ungulates depends on factors such as snow depth and crust density. Younger animals usually avoid participating in such hunts, with the breeding pair typically doing most of the work.[22] Unlike the wolf, which attacks large prey from the rear, the coyote approaches from the front, lacerating its prey's head and throat. Like other canids, the coyote caches excess food.[89] Coyotes catch mouse-sized rodents by pouncing, whereas ground squirrels are chased. Although coyotes can live in large groups, small prey is typically caught singly.[22] Coyotes have been observed to kill porcupines in pairs, using their paws to flip the rodents on their backs, then attacking the soft underbelly. Only old and experienced coyotes can successfully prey on porcupines, with many predation attempts by young coyotes resulting in them being injured by their prey's quills.[90] Coyotes sometimes urinate on their food, possibly to claim ownership over it.[91]
Coyotes may occasionally form mutualistic hunting relationships with American badgers, assisting each other in digging up rodent prey.[92] The relationship between the two species may occasionally border on apparent "friendship", as some coyotes have been observed laying their heads on their badger companions or licking their faces without protest. The amicable interactions between coyotes and badgers were known to pre-Columbian civilizations, as shown on a Mexican jar dated to 1250–1300 CE depicting the relationship between the two.[93]
Communication
A coyote howling
Body language
Being both a gregarious and solitary animal, the variability of the coyote's visual and vocal repertoire is intermediate between that of the solitary foxes and the highly social wolf.[76] The aggressive behavior of the coyote bears more similarities to that of foxes than it does that of wolves and dogs. An aggressive coyote arches its back and lowers its tail.[94] Unlike dogs, which solicit playful behavior by performing a "play-bow" followed by a "play-leap", play in coyotes consists of a bow, followed by side-to-side head flexions and a series of "spins" and "dives". Although coyotes will sometimes bite their playmates' scruff as dogs do, they typically approach low, and make upward-directed bites.[95] Pups fight each other regardless of sex, while among adults, aggression is typically reserved for members of the same sex. Combatants approach each other waving their tails and snarling with their jaws open, though fights are typically silent. Males tend to fight in a vertical stance, while females fight on all four paws. Fights among females tend to be more serious than ones among males, as females seize their opponents' forelegs, throat, and shoulders.[94]
Vocalizations
The coyote has been described as "the most vocal of all [wild] North American mammals".[96][97] Its loudness and range of vocalizations was the cause for its binomial name Canis latrans, meaning "barking dog". At least 11 different vocalizations are known in adult coyotes. These sounds are divided into three categories: agonistic and alarm, greeting, and contact. Vocalizations of the first category include woofs, growls, huffs, barks, bark howls, yelps, and high-frequency whines. Woofs are used as low-intensity threats or alarms, and are usually heard near den sites, prompting the pups to immediately retreat into their burrows. Growls are used as threats at short distances, but have also been heard among pups playing and copulating males. Huffs are high-intensity threat vocalizations produced by rapid expiration of air. Barks can be classed as both long-distance threat vocalizations and as alarm calls. Bark howls may serve similar functions. Yelps are emitted as a sign of submission, while high-frequency whines are produced by dominant animals acknowledging the submission of subordinates. Greeting vocalizations include low-frequency whines, 'wow-oo-wows', and group yip howls. Low-frequency whines are emitted by submissive animals, and are usually accompanied by tail wagging and muzzle nibbling. The sound known as 'wow-oo-wow' has been described as a "greeting song". The group yip howl is emitted when two or more pack members reunite, and may be the final act of a complex greeting ceremony. Contact calls include lone howls and group howls, as well as the previously mentioned group yip howls. The lone howl is the most iconic sound of the coyote, and may serve the purpose of announcing the presence of a lone individual separated from its pack. Group howls are used as both substitute group yip howls and as responses to either lone howls, group howls, or group yip howls.[23]
Ecology
Habitat
Urban coyote in Bernal Heights, San Francisco
Prior to the near extermination of wolves and cougars, the coyote was most numerous in grasslands inhabited by bison, antelope, elk, and other deer, doing particularly well in short-grass areas with prairie dogs, though it was just as much at home in semiarid areas with sagebrush and jackrabbits or in deserts inhabited by cactus, kangaroo rats, and rattlesnakes. As long as it was not in direct competition with the wolf, the coyote ranged from the Sonoran Desert to the alpine regions of adjoining mountains or the plains and mountainous areas of Alberta. With the extermination of the wolf, the coyote's range expanded to encompass broken forests from the tropics of Guatemala and the northern slope of Alaska.[21]
Coyotes walk around 5–16 kilometres (3.1–9.9 mi) per day, often along trails such as logging roads and paths; they may use iced-over rivers as travel routes in winter. They are often crepuscular, being more active around evening and the beginning of the night than during the day. Like many canids, coyotes are competent swimmers, reported to be able to travel at least 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) across water.[98]
A Sonoran Desert coyote at the Sonora Desert Museum in Tucson Arizona
Diet
The coyote is roughly the North American equivalent to the Old World golden jackal.[99] Likewise, the coyote is highly versatile in its choice of food, but is primarily carnivorous, with 90% of its diet consisting of meat. Prey species include bison, deer, sheep, rabbits, rodents, birds, amphibians (except toads), lizards, snakes, fish, crustaceans, and insects. Coyotes may be picky over the prey they target, as animals such as shrews, moles, and brown rats do not occur in their diet in proportion to their numbers.[21] More unusual prey include fishers,[100] young black bear cubs,[101] harp seals[102] and rattlesnakes. Coyotes kill rattlesnakes mostly for food (but also to protect their pups at their dens) by teasing the snakes until they stretch out and then biting their heads and snapping and shaking the snakes.[103] In Death Valley, coyotes may consume great quantities of hawkmoth caterpillars or beetles in the spring flowering months.[104] Although coyotes prefer fresh meat, they will scavenge when the opportunity presents itself. Excluding the insects, fruit, and grass eaten, the coyote requires an estimated 600 g (1.3 lb) of food daily, or 250 kg (550 lb) annually.[21] The coyote readily cannibalizes the carcasses of conspecifics, with coyote fat having been successfully used by coyote hunters as a lure or poisoned bait.[5] The coyote's winter diet consists mainly of large ungulate carcasses, with very little plant matter. Rodent prey increases in importance during the spring, summer, and fall.[3]
The coyote feeds on a variety of different produce, including blackberries, blueberries, peaches, pears, apples, prickly pears, chapotes, persimmons, peanuts, watermelons, cantaloupes, and carrots. During the winter and early spring, the coyote eats large quantities of grass, such as green wheat blades. It sometimes eats unusual items such as cotton cake, soybean meal, domestic animal droppings, beans, and cultivated grain such as corn, wheat, and sorghum.[21]
Enemies and competitors
Comparative illustration of coyote and gray wolf
Mountain coyotes (C. l. lestes) cornering a juvenile cougar
In areas where the ranges of coyotes and gray wolves overlap, interference competition and predation by wolves has been hypothesized to limit local coyote densities. Coyote ranges expanded during the 19th and 20th centuries following the extirpation of wolves, while coyotes were driven to extinction on Isle Royale after wolves colonized the island in the 1940s. One study conducted in Yellowstone National Park, where both species coexist, concluded that the coyote population in the Lamar River Valley declined by 39% following the reintroduction of wolves in the 1990s, while coyote populations in wolf inhabited areas of the Grand Teton National Park are 33% lower than in areas where they are absent.[105][106] Wolves have been observed to not tolerate coyotes in their vicinity, though coyotes have been known to trail wolves to feed on their kills.[93]
Coyotes rarely kill healthy adult red foxes, and have been observed to feed or den alongside them, though they often kill foxes caught in traps. Coyotes may kill fox kits, but this is not a major source of mortality.[107] In southern California, coyotes frequently kill gray foxes, and these smaller canids tend to avoid areas with high coyote densities.[108]
Coyotes may compete with cougars in some areas. In the eastern Sierra Nevadas, coyotes compete with cougars over mule deer. Cougars usually outcompete coyotes, and may kill them occasionally, thus reducing coyote predation pressure on smaller carnivores such as foxes and bobcats.[109]
In some areas, coyotes share their ranges with bobcats. These two similarly sized species rarely physically confront one another, though bobcat populations tend to diminish in areas with high coyote densities.[110] However, several studies have demonstrated interference competition between coyotes and bobcats, and in all cases coyotes dominated the interaction.[111][112] Multiple researchers[113][114][115][112][116] reported instances of coyotes killing bobcats, whereas bobcats killing coyotes is more rare.[111] Coyotes attack bobcats using a bite-and-shake method similar to what is used on medium-sized prey. Coyotes (both single individuals and groups) have been known to occasionally kill bobcats – in most cases, the bobcats were relatively small specimens, such as adult females and juveniles.[112] However, coyote attacks (by an unknown number of coyotes) on adult male bobcats have occurred. In California, coyote and bobcat populations are not negatively correlated across different habitat types, but predation by coyotes is an important source of mortality in bobcats.[108] Biologist Stanley Paul Young noted that in his entire trapping career, he had never successfully saved a captured bobcat from being killed by coyotes, and wrote of two incidents wherein coyotes chased bobcats up trees.[93] Coyotes have been documented to directly kill Canadian lynx on occasion,[117][118][119] and compete with them for prey, especially snowshoe hares.[117] In some areas, including central Alberta, lynx are more abundant where coyotes are few, thus interactions with coyotes appears to influence lynx populations more than the availability of snowshoe hares.[120]
Range
Range of coyote subspecies as of 1978, (1) Mexican coyote, (2) San Pedro Martir coyote, (3) Salvador coyote, (4) southeastern coyote, (5) Belize coyote, (6) Honduras coyote, (7) Durango coyote, (8) northern coyote, (9) Tiburón Island coyote, (10) plains coyote, (11) mountain coyote, (12) Mearns' coyote, (13) Lower Rio Grande coyote, (14) California valley coyote, (15) peninsula coyote, (16) Texas plains coyote, (17) northeastern coyote, (18) northwest coast coyote, (19) Colima coyote, (20) eastern coyote[56]
Due to the coyote's wide rage and abundance throughout North America, it is listed as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[1] The coyote's pre-Columbian range was limited to the Southwest and Plains regions of the United States and Canada, and northern and central Mexico. By the 19th century, the species expanded north and east, expanding further after 1900, coinciding with land conversion and the extirpation of wolves. By this time, its range encompassed all of the United States and Mexico, southward into Central America, and northward into most of Canada and Alaska. This expansion is ongoing, and the species now occupies the majority of areas between 8°N (Panama) and 70°N (northern Alaska).[1]
Although it was once widely believed that coyotes are recent immigrants to southern Mexico and Central America, aided in their expansion by deforestation, Pleistocene and Early Holocene records, as well as records from the pre-Columbian period and early European colonization show that the animal was present in the area long before modern times. Nevertheless, range expansion did occur south of Costa Rica during the late 1970s and northern Panama in the early 1980s, following the expansion of cattle-grazing lands into tropical rainforests. The coyote is predicted to appear in northern Belize in the near future, as the habitat there is favorable to the species.[121] Concerns have been raised of a possible expansion into South America through the Panamanian Isthmus, should the Darién Gap ever be closed by the Pan-American Highway.[122] This fear was partially confirmed in January 2013, when the species was recorded in eastern Panama's Chepo District, beyond the Panama Canal.[59]
Diseases and parasites
California valley coyote (C. l. ochropus) suffering from sarcoptic mange
Among large North American carnivores, the coyote probably carries the largest number of diseases and parasites, likely due to its wide range and varied diet.[123] Viral diseases known to infect coyotes include rabies, canine distemper, infectious canine hepatitis, four strains of equine encephalitis, and oral papillomatosis. By the late 1970s, serious rabies outbreaks in coyotes had ceased to be a problem for over 60 years, though sporadic cases every 1–5 years did occur. Distemper causes the deaths of many pups in the wild, though some specimens can survive infection. Tularemia, a bacterial disease, infects coyotes through their rodent and lagomorph prey, and can be deadly for pups.[124]
Coyotes can be infected by both demodectic and sarcoptic mange, the latter being the most common. Mite infestations are rare and incidental in coyotes, while tick infestations are more common, with seasonal peaks depending on locality (May–August in the Northwest, March–November in Arkansas). Coyotes are only rarely infested with lice, while fleas infest coyotes from puphood, though they may be more a source of irritation than serious illness. Pulex simulans is the most common species to infest coyotes, while Ctenocephalides canis tends to occur only in areas where coyotes and dogs (its primary host) inhabit the same area. Although coyotes are rarely host to flukes, they can nevertheless have serious effects on coyotes, particularly Nanophyetus salmincola, which can infect them with salmon poisoning disease, a disease with a 90% mortality rate. Trematode Metorchis conjunctus can also infect coyotes.[125] Tapeworms have been recorded to infest 60–95% of all coyotes examined. The most common species to infest coyotes is Taenia pisiformis and T. crassiceps, which uses cottontail rabbits as intermediate hosts. The largest species known in coyotes is T. hydatigena, which enters coyotes through infected ungulates, and can grow to lengths of 80 to 400 cm (31 to 157 in). Though once largely limited to wolves, Echinococcus granulosus has expanded to coyotes since the latter began colonizing former wolf ranges. The most frequent ascaroid roundworm in coyotes is Toxascaris leonina, which dwells in the coyote's small intestine and has no ill effects, except for causing the host to eat more frequently. Hookworms of the genus Ancylostoma infest coyotes throughout their range, being particularly prevalent in humid areas. In areas of high moisture, such as coastal Texas, coyotes can carry up to 250 hookworms each. The blood-drinking A. caninum is particularly dangerous, as it damages the coyote through blood loss and lung congestion. A 10-day-old pup can die from being host to as few as 25 A. caninum worms.[124]
Relationships with humans
Further information: Urban coyote
In folklore and mythology
Main article: Coyote (mythology)
Spirit shield fashioned from coyote skull and crow feathers
The coyote features prominently as a trickster figure in the folktales of America's indigenous peoples, alternately assuming the form of an actual coyote or a man. As with other trickster figures, the coyote acts as a picaresque hero which rebels against social convention through deception and humor.[126] The coyote was likely given its trickster role in light of the actual animal's intelligence and adaptability; pre-Columbian American people observed its behavior, and their folkloric representations reflected its attributes.[127] After the European colonization of the Americas, it was reviled in Anglo-American culture as a cowardly and untrustworthy animal.[128] Unlike the gray wolf, which has undergone a radical improvement of its public image, cultural attitudes towards the coyote remain largely negative.[129]
The coyote plays a role in various mythologies and creation myths of Native American folklore. It is variously credited for having brought fire to humanity, releasing the bison into the world, and of having slain monsters by petrifying them. The Maidu creation myth has the coyote introducing work, suffering, and death to the world. Zuni folklore has the coyote bringing winter into the world by stealing light from the kachinas. Some tribes, such as the Chinook, Maidu, Paiute, Pawnee, Tohono O'odham, and Ute portray the coyote as the companion of the creator. In the Paiute creation myth, the coyote was created by the wolf as a companion, and the two created land by piling soil on the water-covered world. A Tohono O'odham flood myth has the coyote helping Montezuma survive a global deluge that destroys humanity. After the Great Mystery creates humanity, the coyote and Montezuma teach people how to live. The Crow creation myth portrays Old Man Coyote as the creator. In Navajo mythology, the coyote was present in the First World with First Man and First Woman, though a different version has it being created in the Fourth World. The Navajo coyote brings death into the world, explaining that without death, too many people would exist, thus no room to plant corn.[130]
Mural from Atetelco, Teotihuacán depicting coyote warriors.
Prior to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, the coyote played a significant role in Mesoamerican cosmology. The coyote symbolized military might in Classic era Teotihuacan, with warriors dressing up in coyote costumes to call upon its predatory power. The species continued to be linked to Central Mexican warrior cults in the centuries leading up to the post-Classic Aztec rule.[131] In Aztec mythology, Huehuecóyotl (meaning "old coyote"), the god of dance, music and carnality, is depicted in several codices as a man with a coyote's head.[132] He is sometimes depicted as a womanizer, responsible for bringing war into the world by seducing Xochiquetzal, the goddess of love.[133] Epigrapher David H. Kelley argued that the god Quetzalcoatl owed its origins to pre-Aztec Uto-Aztecan mythological depictions of the coyote, which is portrayed as mankind's "Elder Brother", a creator, seducer, trickster, and culture hero linked to the morning star.[134]
Attacks on humans
Main article: Coyote attacks on humans
A sign discouraging people from feeding coyotes, which can lead to them habituating themselves to human presence, thus increasing the likelihood of attacks
Coyote attacks on humans are uncommon and rarely cause serious injuries, due to the relatively small size of the coyote, but have been increasingly frequent, especially in California. There have been two confirmed fatal attacks: one on a three-year-old named Kelly Keen in Glendale, California[135] and another on a nineteen-year-old named Taylor Mitchell in Nova Scotia, Canada.[136] In the 30 years leading up to March 2006, at least 160 attacks occurred in the United States, mostly in the Los Angeles County area.[137] Data from United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Wildlife Services, the California Department of Fish and Game, and other sources show that while 41 attacks occurred during the period of 1988–1997, 48 attacks were verified from 1998 through 2003. The majority of these incidents occurred in Southern California near the suburban-wildland interface.[135]
In the absence of the harassment of coyotes practiced by rural people, urban coyotes are losing their fear of humans, which is further worsened by people intentionally or unintentionally feeding coyotes. In such situations, some coyotes have begun to act aggressively toward humans, chasing joggers and bicyclists, confronting people walking their dogs, and stalking small children.[135] Non-rabid coyotes in these areas sometimes target small children, mostly under the age of 10, though some adults have been bitten.[138]
Although media reports of such attacks generally identify the animals in question as simply "coyotes", research into the genetics of the eastern coyote indicates those involved in attacks in northeast North America, including Pennsylvania, New York, New England, and eastern Canada, may have actually been coywolves, hybrids of Canis latrans and C. lupus, not fully coyotes.[139]
Livestock and pet predation
Coyote confronting a dog
Coyotes are presently the most abundant livestock predators in western North America, causing the majority of sheep, goat, and cattle losses.[140] For example, according to the National Agricultural Statistics Service, coyotes were responsible for 60.5% of the 224,000 sheep deaths attributed to predation in 2004.[141] The total number of sheep deaths in 2004 comprised 2.22% of the total sheep and lamb population in the United States,[142] which, according to the National Agricultural Statistics Service USDA report, totaled 4.66 million and 7.80 million heads respectively as of July 1, 2005.[143] Because coyote populations are typically many times greater and more widely distributed than those of wolves, coyotes cause more overall predation losses. The United States government agents routinely shoot, poison, trap, and kill about 90,000 coyotes each year to protect livestock.[144] An Idaho census taken in 2005 showed that individual coyotes were 5% as likely to attack livestock than individual wolves.[145]
Livestock guardian dogs are commonly used to aggressively repel predators and have worked well in both fenced pasture and range operations.[146] A 1986 survey of sheep producers in the USA found that 82% reported the use of dogs represented an economic asset.[147]
Re-wilding cattle, which involves increasing the natural protective tendencies of cattle, is a method for controlling coyotes discussed by Temple Grandin of Colorado State University.[148] This method is gaining popularity among producers who allow their herds to calve on the range and whose cattle graze open pastures throughout the year.[149]
Coyotes typically bite the throat just behind the jaw and below the ear when attacking adult sheep or goats, with death commonly resulting from suffocation. Blood loss is usually a secondary cause of death. Calves and heavily fleeced sheep are killed by attacking the flanks or hindquarters, causing shock and blood loss. When attacking smaller prey, such as young lambs, the kill is made by biting the skull and spinal regions, causing massive tissue and bone damage. Small or young prey may be completely carried off, leaving only blood as evidence of a kill. Coyotes usually leave the hide and most of the skeleton of larger animals relatively intact, unless food is scarce, in which case they may leave only the largest bones. Scattered bits of wool, skin, and other parts are characteristic where coyotes feed extensively on larger carcasses.[140]
Coyote with a typical throat hold on domestic sheep
Tracks are an important factor in distinguishing coyote from dog predation. Coyote tracks tend to be more oval-shaped and compact than those of domestic dogs, and their claw marks are less prominent and the tracks tend to follow a straight line more closely than those of dogs. With the exception of sighthounds, most dogs of similar weight to coyotes have a slightly shorter stride.[140] Coyote kills can be distinguished from wolf kills by less damage to the underlying tissues in the former. Also, coyote scat tends to be smaller than wolf scat.[150][151]
Coyotes are often attracted to dog food and animals that are small enough to appear as prey. Items such as garbage, pet food, and sometimes feeding stations for birds and squirrels attract coyotes into backyards. About three to five pets attacked by coyotes are brought into the Animal Urgent Care hospital of South Orange County (California) each week, the majority of which are dogs, since cats typically do not survive the attacks.[152] Scat analysis collected near Claremont, California, revealed that coyotes relied heavily on pets as a food source in winter and spring.[135] At one location in Southern California, coyotes began relying on a colony of feral cats as a food source. Over time, the coyotes killed most of the cats, and then continued to eat the cat food placed daily at the colony site by people who were maintaining the cat colony.[135] Coyotes usually attack smaller-sized dogs, but they have been known to attack even large, powerful breeds such as the Rottweiler in exceptional cases.[153] Dogs larger than coyotes, such as greyhounds, are generally able to drive them off, and have been known to kill coyotes.[154] Smaller breeds are more likely to suffer injury or death.[138]
Uses
Prior to the mid-19th century, coyote fur was considered worthless. This changed with the diminution of beavers, and by 1860, the hunting of coyotes for their fur became a great source of income (75 cents to $1.50 per skin) for wolfers in the Great Plains. Coyote pelts were of significant economic importance during the early 1950s, ranging in price from $5 to $25 per pelt, depending on locality.[155] The coyote's fur is not durable enough to make rugs,[156] but can be used for coats and jackets, scarves, or muffs. The majority of pelts are used for making trimmings, such as coat collars and sleeves for women's clothing. Coyote fur is sometimes dyed black as imitation silver fox.[155]
Coyotes were occasionally eaten by trappers and mountain men during the western expansion. Coyotes sometimes featured in the feasts of the Plains Indians, and coyote pups were eaten by the indigenous people of San Gabriel, California. The taste of coyote meat has been likened to that of the wolf, and is more tender than pork when boiled. Coyote fat, when taken in the fall, has been used on occasion to grease leather or eaten as a spread.[157]
Tameability
Coyotes were probably semidomesticated by various pre-Columbian cultures. Some 19th-century writers wrote of coyotes being kept in native villages in the Great Plains. The coyote is easily tamed as a pup, but can become destructive as an adult.[158] Both full-blooded and hybrid coyotes can be playful and confiding with their owners, but are suspicious and shy of strangers,[67] though coyotes being tractable enough to be used for practical purposes like retrieving[159] and pointing have been recorded.[160] A tame coyote named "Butch", caught in the summer of 1945, had a short-lived career in cinema, appearing in Smoky and Ramrod before being shot while raiding a henhouse.[158]
Notes
Jump up ^ Respelled US ky-OHT-ee, KY-oht
Jump up ^ The name "cased wolf" originates from the fact that the coyote's skin was historically cased like that of the muskrat, whereas the wolf's was spread out flat like the beaver's.[20]
References
^ Jump up to: a b c Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2008). "Canis latrans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Canis latrans". Fossilworks.org. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bekoff M. (1977). "Canis latrans" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 79 (79): 1–9. ISSN 1545-1410. JSTOR 3503817. OCLC 46381503. doi:10.2307/3503817.
Jump up ^ Young & Jackson 1978, p. 48
^ Jump up to: a b c Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 63–4
^ Jump up to: a b Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 50–53
Jump up ^ Young & Jackson 1978, p. 247
^ Jump up to: a b Fox 1978, p. 105
Jump up ^ "Sharing the Land with Wolves" (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cartaino 2011, p. 16
Jump up ^ Young & Jackson 1978, p. 59
Jump up ^ Vantassel, Stephen (2012). "Coyotes". Wildlife Damage Inspection Handbook (3rd ed.). Lincoln, Nebraska: Wildlife Control Consultant. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-9668582-5-9. OCLC 794471798.
Jump up ^ Nowak 1979, p. 14
Jump up ^ Hoffmeister, Donald F. (2002). Mammals of Illinois. University of Illinois Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-252-07083-9. OCLC 50649299.
^ Jump up to: a b Mussulman, Joseph (November 2004). "Coyote". Discovering Lewis & Clark. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ James, Edwin; Long, Stephen H.; Say, Thomas; Adams, John (1823). Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20. 1. London: Longman, Hurst, Pees, Orre & Brown. pp. 168–174.
Jump up ^ Mussulman, Joseph (November 2004). "Thomas Say, Canis latrans". Discovering Lewis & Clark. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Clavijero, Francisco Javier; Cullen, Charles (1817). The history of Mexico : collected from Spanish and Mexican historians, from manuscripts and ancient paintings of the Indians : together with the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards : illustrated by engravings with critical dissertations on the land, the animals, and inhabitants of Mexico. 1. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson. p. 57. OCLC 13601464.
Jump up ^ Bullock, W. (1824). Six months' residence and travels in Mexico: containing remarks on the present state of New Spain, its natural productions, state of society, manufactures, trade, agriculture, and antiquities, &c. : with plates and maps. London: John Murray, Albemarle-Street. pp. 119, 261.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Seton 1909, p. 789
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Gier, H.T. (1974). "Ecology and Behavior of the Coyote (Canis latrans)". In Fox, M. W. The Wild Canids: Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology, and Evolution. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 247–262. ISBN 978-0-442-22430-1. OCLC 1093505.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Bekoff, Marc; Gese, Eric M. (2003). "Coyote". In Feldhamer, George A.; Thompson, Bruce C.; Chapman, Joseph A. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 467–470. ISBN 978-0-8018-7416-1. OCLC 51969059.
^ Jump up to: a b Lehner, Philip N. (1978). "Coyote Communication". In Bekoff, M. Coyotes: Biology, Behavior, and Management. New York: Academic Press. pp. 127–162. ISBN 978-1-930665-42-2. OCLC 52626838.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 6–7
Jump up ^ Curtis, E. S. (1928). The North American Indian. Volume 18 – The Chipewyan. The Western woods Cree. The Sarsi. Classic Books Company. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-7426-9818-5
^ Jump up to: a b Crawford, J. M. (1989). Cocopa Dictionary. University of California Press. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-520-09749-0. OCLC 20012309.
^ Jump up to: a b LeClire, N.; Cardinal, G. (1998). Alberta Elders' Cree Dictionary. University of Alberta. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-88864-284-4. OCLC 659111819.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, J. P.; Mauldin, M. M. (2004). A Dictionary of Creek/Muskogee. University of Nebraska Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8032-8302-2. OCLC 43561668.
^ Jump up to: a b Albert, R.; Shaul, D. L. (1985). A Concise Hopi and English Lexicon. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-90-272-2015-8. OCLC 777549431.
Jump up ^ Bright, William; Gehr, Susan. "Dictionary entry for coyote". Karuk Dictionary and Texts. Karuk Tribe & UC Berkeley. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Reid, F. A. (2009). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico. Oxford University Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-19-534322-9. OCLC 237402526.
Jump up ^ Aoki, Haruo (1994). Nez Percé dictionary. University of California Press. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-520-09763-6. OCLC 463788185.
Jump up ^ Neundorf, A. (1983). A Navajo/English Bilingual Dictionary: Áłchíní Bi Naaltsoostsoh. University of New Mexico Press. p. 512. ISBN 978-0-8263-3825-9. OCLC 57357517.
Jump up ^ Quintero, C. (2004). Osage Grammar. University of Nebraska Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-8032-3803-9. OCLC 57614396.
Jump up ^ Parks, R. P.; Pratt, L. N. (2008). A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee. University of Nebraska Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8032-1926-7. OCLC 940905155.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dayley, J. P. (1989). Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary. University of California Press. p. 436. ISBN 978-0-520-09754-4. OCLC 489876664.
^ Jump up to: a b Pitkin, H. (1985). Wintu Dictionary. University of California Press. pp. 65, 573. ISBN 978-0-520-09613-4. OCLC 12313411.
Jump up ^ "Dictionary entry for coyote". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, C. M.; Mikkelsen, T. S.; Karlsson, E. K.; Jaffe, D. B.; Kamal, M.; Clamp, M.; Chang, J. L.; Kulbokas, E. J.; Zody, M. C.; Mauceli, E.; Xie, X.; Breen, M.; Wayne, R. K.; Ostrander, E. A.; Ponting, C. P.; Galibert, F.; Smith, D. R.; Dejong, P. J.; Kirkness, E.; Alvarez, P.; Biagi, T.; Brockman, W.; Butler, J.; Chin, C. W.; Cook, A.; Cuff, J.; Daly, M. J.; Decaprio, D.; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. PMID 16341006. doi:10.1038/nature04338.
Jump up ^ Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.; Godinho, R.; Robinson, J.; Lea, A.; Hendricks, S.; Schweizer, R. M.; Thalmann, O.; Silva, P.; Fan, Z.; Yurchenko, A. A.; Dobrynin, P.; Makunin, A.; Cahill, J. A.; Shapiro, B.; Álvares, F.; Brito, J. C.; Geffen, E.; Leonard, J. A.; Helgen, K. M.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Wayne, R. K. (2015-08-17). "Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–65. PMID 26234211. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060.
Jump up ^ "Natural History: Canid Family Ties". The Magazine of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 117 no. 6. New York: American Museum of Natural History. 2008. p. 22.
Jump up ^ "Canis lepophagus". Fossilworks. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13528-3. OCLC 185095648.
Jump up ^ Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1.
Jump up ^ Johnston, C. S. (1938). "Preliminary report on the vertebrate type locality of Cita Canyon and the description of an ancestral coyote". American Journal of Science. 5. 35 (209): 383–390. doi:10.2475/ajs.s5-35.209.383.
Jump up ^ Nowak, R. M. (2003). "Wolf evolution and taxonomy". In Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi. Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. pp. 239–258. ISBN 978-0-226-51696-7.
Jump up ^ Nowak, R. M. (1978). "Evolution and taxonomy of coyotes and related Canis". In Bekoff, M. Coyotes: Biology, Behavior, and Management. New York: Academic Press. pp. 3–16. ISBN 978-1-930665-42-2. OCLC 52626838.
^ Jump up to: a b c Meachen, J. A.; Samuels, J. X. (2012). "Evolution in coyotes (Canis latrans) in response to the megafaunal extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (11): 4191–6. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.4191M. ISSN 1091-6490. OCLC 475396714. PMC 3306717  . PMID 22371581. doi:10.1073/pnas.1113788109.
^ Jump up to: a b Meachen, J. A.; Janowicz, A. C.; Avery, J. E.; Sadleir, R. W. (2014). "Ecological Changes in Coyotes (Canis latrans) in Response to the Ice Age Megafaunal Extinctions". PLoS ONE. 9 (12): e116041. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k6041M. PMC 4281224  . PMID 25551387. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116041.
Jump up ^ Goulet, G.D. (1993). "Comparison of temporal and geographical skull variation among Nearctic, modern, Holocene, and late Pleistocene gray wolves (Canis lupus) and selected Canis (Master's thesis)". University of Manitoba, Winnipeg: 1–116.
^ Jump up to: a b Vonholdt, B. M.; Cahill, J. A.; Fan, Z.; Gronau, I.; Robinson, J.; Pollinger, J. P.; Shapiro, B.; Wall, J.; Wayne, R. K. (2016). "Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf". Science Advances. 2 (7): e1501714. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501714.
Jump up ^ Morell, Virginia (2016). "How do you save a wolf that's not really a wolf?". Science. 353 (6300). doi:10.1126/science.aag0699.
Jump up ^ Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Jump up ^ Young & Jackson 1978, p. 249
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Merriam, C. H. (1897). "Revision of the coyotes or prairie wolves, with descriptions of new forms". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 11: 19–33.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Nowak, Ronald M. (1979). "History and Statistical Analysis of Recent Populations". In Wiley, E. O. North American Quaternary Canis. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Printing Service. pp. 9–10.
^ Jump up to: a b Elliot, D. G. (1904). The land and sea mammals of Middle America and the West Indies, vol. II, pp. 467–8. Chicago.
^ Jump up to: a b Nelson, E. W. (1932). "Remarks on coyotes, with description of a new subspecies from Salvador". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 45: 223–225.
^ Jump up to: a b Méndez-Carvajal, P. (2014). "Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae, Canis latrans (Say, 1823): actual distribution in Panama". Check List. 10 (2): 376–379. ISSN 1809-127X. OCLC 828104819. doi:10.15560/10.2.376.
Jump up ^ Merriam, C. H. (1904). "A new coyote from southern Mexico". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 17: 157. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Goldman, E. A. (1936). "A new coyote from Honduras". Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 26: 32–34.
Jump up ^ Young & Jackson 1978, p. 263
^ Jump up to: a b Townsend, C. H. (1912). "Mammals collected by the 'Albatross' expedition in Lower California in 1911, with descriptions of new species". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 31: 117–130.
Jump up ^ Bailey, V. (1905). "Biological survey of Texas". North American Fauna. 25: 1–222. ISSN 1944-4575. OCLC 273060038. doi:10.3996/nafa.25.0001.
^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, H. H. T. (1949). "Two new coyotes from the United States". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 62: 31–32.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, T. M.; Vonholdt, B. M.; Candille, S. I.; Musiani, M.; Greco, C.; Stahler, D. R.; Smith, D. W.; Padhukasahasram, B.; Randi, E.; Leonard, J. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Ostrander, E. A.; Tang, H.; Wayne, R. K.; Barsh, G. S. (2009). "Molecular and Evolutionary History of Melanism in North American Gray Wolves". Science. 323 (5919): 1339–1343. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1339A. ISSN 1095-9203. OCLC 34298537. PMC 2903542  . PMID 19197024. doi:10.1126/science.1165448.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 121–24
Jump up ^ Cartaino 2011, pp. 61–3
^ Jump up to: a b Fox 1978, p. 136
Jump up ^ Zimmer, Carl (January 21, 2013). "Snow Coyotes and Spirit Bears". National Geographic Magazine. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Way, J.G.; Rutledge, L.; Wheeldon, T.; B.N. White (2010). "Genetic characterization of Eastern "Coyotes" in eastern Massachusetts" (PDF). Northeastern Naturalist. 17 (2): 189–204. ISSN 1938-5307. JSTOR 40664873. OCLC 46381506. doi:10.1656/045.017.0202.
Jump up ^ Way, J. G. (2007). "A comparison of body mass of Canis latrans (Coyotes) between eastern and western North America" (PDF). Northeastern Naturalist. 14 (1): 111–24. ISSN 1938-5307. JSTOR 4499900. OCLC 46381506. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[111:ACOBMO]2.0.CO;2.
^ Jump up to: a b Bekoff, M. (1978). "Behavioral Development in Coyotes and Eastern Coyotes". Coyotes: Biology, Behavior, and Management. New York: Academic Press. pp. 97–127. ISBN 978-1-930665-42-2. OCLC 52626838.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Henry (1978). "Systematics and Ecology of the Eastern Coyote". In Bekoff, M. Coyotes: Biology, Behavior, and Management. New York: Academic Press. pp. 210–28. ISBN 978-1-930665-42-2. OCLC 52626838.
Jump up ^ Vonholdt, B. M.; Pollinger, J. P.; Earl, D. A.; Knowles, J. C.; Boyko, A. R.; Parker, H.; Geffen, E.; Pilot, M.; Jedrzejewski, W.; Jedrzejewska, B.; Sidorovich, V.; Greco, C.; Randi, E.; Musiani, M.; Kays, R.; Bustamante, C. D.; Ostrander, E. A.; Novembre, J.; Wayne, R. K. (2011). "A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids". Genome Research. 21 (8): 1294–1305. ISSN 1549-5469. OCLC 37589079. PMC 3149496  . PMID 21566151. doi:10.1101/gr.116301.110.
^ Jump up to: a b Fox, M. W. (1974). "Evolution of Social Behavior in Canids". The Wild Canids: Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology, and Evolution. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 429–60. ISBN 978-0-442-22430-1. OCLC 1093505.
Jump up ^ Bekoff, Marc; Diamond, Judy (1976). "Precopulatory and copulatory behavior in coyotes". Journal of Mammalogy. 57 (2): 372–375. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1379696. OCLC 1800234. doi:10.2307/1379696.
Jump up ^ Carlson, Debra A., and Eric M. Gese. "Reproductive biology of the coyote (Canis latrans): integration of mating behavior, reproductive hormones, and vaginal cytology." Journal of mammalogy 89.3 (2008): 654-664.
Jump up ^ Gese, Eric M.; Ruff, Robert L. (1997). "Scent-marking by coyotes, Canis latrans: the influence of social and ecological factors" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 54 (5): 1155–1166. doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0561.
Jump up ^ Mech, D. L. (2003). The Wolves of Minnesota: Howl in the Heartland. Voyageur Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-89658-509-6. OCLC 43694482.
Jump up ^ Hennessy, C. A.; Dubach, J.; Gehrt, S. D. (2012). "Long-term pair bonding and genetic evidence for monogamy among urban coyotes (Canis latrans)". Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (3): 732–742. ISSN 1545-1542. OCLC 39098574. doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-184.1.
Jump up ^ Fox 1978, p. 33
Jump up ^ Mlot, Chris (1998). "The Coyotes of Lamar Valley: In Yellowstone, the master adapter learns to deal with wolves". Science News. 153 (5): 76–78. JSTOR 4010114. doi:10.2307/4010114.
Jump up ^ Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 82–90
Jump up ^ Asa, C. S.; Mech, D. (1995). "A review of the sensory organs in wolves and their importance to life history". In Carbyn, L. D.; Fritts, S. H.; Seip, D. R. Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta. pp. 287–291. ISBN 978-0-919058-92-7. OCLC 35162905.
Jump up ^ Österholm, H. (1964). "The significance of distance reception in the feeding behaviour of fox (Vulpes vulpes L.)". Acta Zoologica Fennica. 106: 1–31.
Jump up ^ Wells, M. C. (1978). "Coyote senses in predation – environmental influences on their relative use". Behavioural Processes 3. 3 (2): 149–158. PMID 24924653. doi:10.1016/0376-6357(78)90041-4.
Jump up ^ Wells, M. C.; Lehner, P. N. (1978). "Relative importance of distance senses in coyote predatory behavior". Animal Behaviour. 26: 251–258. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(78)90025-8.
Jump up ^ Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 91–92
Jump up ^ Young & Jackson 1978, p. 97
Jump up ^ Young & Jackson 1978, p. 98
Jump up ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2016). "Spotted! A Coyote and Badger Hunting Together".
^ Jump up to: a b c Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 93–96
^ Jump up to: a b Silver, H.; Silver, W. T. (1969). "Growth and Behavior of the Coyote-like Canid of Northern New England and Observations on Canid Hybrids". The Wildlife Society, Wildlife Monographs. 17: 24–25. ISSN 1938-5455. JSTOR 3830473. OCLC 60618095.
Jump up ^ Fox 1978, pp. 134–135
Jump up ^ Bee, James (1981). Mammals in Kansas. University of Kansas. p. 165.
Jump up ^ Michael A. Mares; Oklahoma Museum of Natural History (Norman, Okla.) (1999). Encyclopedia of Deserts. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 137–8. ISBN 978-0-8061-3146-7.
Jump up ^ Saunders, D.A. "Adirondack Ecological Center: Coyote". College of Environmental Science and Forestry, SUNY.
Jump up ^ Hall, Robert L.; Sharp, Henry S. (1978). Wolf and man: Evolution in Parallel. New York: Academic Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-12-319250-9. OCLC 3607816.
Jump up ^ Brundige, G. C. (1993). "Predation ecology of the eastern coyote Canis latrans "var.", in the central Adirondacks, New York". State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse.
Jump up ^ Boyer, R. H. (1949). "Mountain coyotes kill yearling black bear in Sequoia National Park". Journal of Mammalogy. 30: 75. ISSN 1545-1542. OCLC 39098574. doi:10.1093/jmammal/30.1.75.
Jump up ^ Way, J. G.; Horton, J. (2004). "Coyote kills harp seal" (PDF). Canid News. 7 (1). ISSN 1545-1542. OCLC 39098574. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2006.
Jump up ^ Klauber, Lawrence Monroe (1997). Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. 1 (2nd ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 1072–4. ISBN 978-0-520-21056-1. OCLC 39523012.
Jump up ^ Cordey, Huw (2013). North America: A World in One Continent. Philadelphia: Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-4843-2. OCLC 808413615.
Jump up ^ Berger, K. M.; Gese, E. M. (2007). "Does interference competition with wolves limit the distribution and abundance of coyotes?". Journal of Animal Ecology. 76 (6): 1075–1085. PMID 17922704. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01287.x.
Jump up ^ Stains, H. J. (1974). "Distribution and Taxonomy of the Canidae". In Fox, M. W. The Wild Canids: Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology, and Evolution. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 3–26. ISBN 978-0-442-22430-1. OCLC 1093505.
Jump up ^ Sargeant, Alan B.; Allen, Stephen H. (1989). "Observed interactions between coyotes and red foxes". Journal of Mammalogy. 70 (3): 631–633. ISSN 1545-1542. JSTOR 1381437. OCLC 39098574. doi:10.2307/1381437.
^ Jump up to: a b Fedriani, J. M.; Fuller, T. K.; Sauvajot, R. M.; York, E. C. (2000). "Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores" (PDF). Oecologia. 125 (2): 258–270. ISSN 1432-1939. OCLC 76327396. PMID 24595837. doi:10.1007/s004420000448. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hornocker, M.; Negri, S. (2009). Cougar: Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-226-35347-0. OCLC 609634655.
Jump up ^ Litvaitis, J. A.; D. J. Harrison (1989). "Bobcat-coyote niche relationships during a period of coyote population increase". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 67 (5): 1180–1188. doi:10.1139/z89-170.
^ Jump up to: a b Bunnell, Kevin D.; Flinders, Jerran T.; Wolfe, Michael L. (2006). "Potential Impacts of Coyotes and Snowmobiles on Lynx Conservation in the Intermountain West". Wildlife Society Bulletin. 34 (3): 828–838. ISSN 1938-5463. JSTOR 3784713. OCLC 60353682. doi:10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[828:PIOCAS]2.0.CO;2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gipson, P. S.; Kamler, J. F (2002). "Bobcat Killed by a Coyote". The Southwestern Naturalist. 47 (3): 511–513. ISSN 0038-4909. JSTOR 3672519. OCLC 525604174. doi:10.2307/3672519.
Jump up ^ Anderson, E. M. (1986). Bobcat behavioral ecology in relation to resource use in southeastern Colorado. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
Jump up ^ Jackson, D. H. (1986). Ecology of bobcats in east-central Colorado. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
Jump up ^ Toweill, D. E. (1986). Resource partitioning by bobcats and coyotes in a coniferous forest. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
Jump up ^ Knick, S. T. (1990). "Ecology of bobcats relative to exploitation and a prey decline in southeastern Idaho". Wildlife Monographs. 108 (108): 1–42. JSTOR 3830671.
^ Jump up to: a b Ripple, W. J.; Wirsing, A. J.; Beschta, R. L.; Buskirk, S. W. (2011). "Can restoring wolves aid in lynx recovery?" (PDF). Wildlife Society Bulletin. 35 (4): 514–518. doi:10.1002/wsb.59.
Jump up ^ O'Donoghue, M.; Hofer, E. J.; Doyle, F. I. (1995). "Predator versus predator". Natural History. 104: 6–9.
Jump up ^ Rockwood, Larry L. (2015). Introduction to Population Ecology. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-118-94755-5. OCLC 899267730.
Jump up ^ Bushkirk, S. W.; Ruggiero, L. F.; Krebs, C. J. (2000). "Habitat Fragmentation and Interspecific Competition: Implications for Lynx Conservation". In Ruggiero, L. F.; Aubry, K. B.; Buskirk, S. W.; Koehler, G. M.; Krebs, C. J.; McKelvey, K. S.; Squires, J. R. Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (PDF). Denver: University of Colorado Press. pp. 91–92.
Jump up ^ Hidalgo-Mihart, M. G. (2004). "Historical and present distribution of coyote (Canis latrans) in Mexico and Central America". Journal of Biogeography. 31 (12): 2025–2038. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01163.x.
Jump up ^ De la Rosa, C. L.; Nocke, C. C. (2010). "Carnivore Evolution: Central America and the Great North-South Migrations". A Guide to the Carnivores of Central America: Natural History, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78951-7.
Jump up ^ Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 107–114
^ Jump up to: a b Gier, H. T.; Kruckenberg, S. M.; Marler, R. J. (1978). "Parasites and diseases of coyotes". In Bekoff, M. Coyotes: biology, behavior, and management. New York: Academic Press. pp. 37–71. ISBN 978-1-930665-42-2. OCLC 52626838.
Jump up ^ Chai, J. Y.; Darwin, Murrell K.; Lymbery, A. J. (2005). "Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues". International Journal for Parasitology. 35 (11–12): 1233–1254. PMID 16143336. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.013.
Jump up ^ Watts, L. S. (2006). Encyclopedia of American Folklore. Infobase Publishing. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-1-4381-2979-2. OCLC 465438817.
Jump up ^ Harris, M. (1979). Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture. New York: AltaMira Press. pp. 200–1. ISBN 978-0-7591-0135-7. OCLC 47100657.
Jump up ^ Gillespie, Angus K.; Mechling, Jay (1987). American Wildlife in Symbol and Story. University of Tennessee Press. pp. 225–230. ISBN 978-0-87049-522-9. OCLC 14165533.
Jump up ^ Way, J. G. (2012). "Love wolves and hate coyotes? A conundrum for canid enthusiasts" (PDF). International Wolf. 22 (4): 8–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lynch, P. A.; Roberts, J. (2010). Native American Mythology A to Z. Infobase Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4381-3311-9. OCLC 720592939.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, M. (1998). A History of Dogs in the Early Americas. Yale University Press. pp. 146–149. ISBN 978-0-300-07519-9.
Jump up ^ Miller, M. E.; Taube, K. A. (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. Thames and Hudson. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-500-05068-2. OCLC 27667317.
Jump up ^ Olivier, G. (2003). Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, "Lord of the Smoking Mirror". University Press of Colorado. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-87081-745-8. OCLC 52334747.
Jump up ^ Kelley, D. H. (1955). "Quetzalcoatl and his Coyote Origins". El México Antiguo. 8: 397–416.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Coyote Attacks: An Increasing Suburban Problem" (PDF). March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ Attack in the Wild: Coyote Mystery (documentary). National Geographic Channel. October 27, 2009. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Dell'Amore, Christine (March 2006). "City Slinkers". Smithsonian. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Rex O. (2007). "A Review of Successful Urban Coyote Management Programs Implemented to Prevent or Reduce Attacks on Humans and Pets in Southern California". Wildlife Damage Management Conferences – Proceedings: 382–392.
Jump up ^ Kays, R.; Curtis, A.; Kirchman, J. J. (2009). "Rapid adaptive evolution of northeastern coyotes via hybridization with wolves" (PDF). Biology Letters. 6 (1): 89–93. PMC 2817252  . PMID 19776058. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0575.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Coyote Predation – Description". A. Wade, Dale & E. Bowns, James. Procedures for Evaluating Predation on Livestock and Wildlife. Archived from the original on August 6, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Sheep and Goats Death Loss" (PDF). National Agricultural Statistics Service. May 6, 2005. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Sheep and Lamb Predator and Nonpredator Death Loss in the United States, 2015" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sheep and lamb inventory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Controlling wily coyotes? Still no easy answers". NBC News. December 7, 2009. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Collinge, Mark; Timm, R. M.; Madon, M. B. (2008). "Relative risks of predation on livestock posed by individual wolves, black bears, mountain lions and coyotes in Idaho". Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference: 129–133. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ "Livestock Protection Dogs" (PDF). Wildlife Services. October 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Livestock guarding dogs fact sheet". Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://beefmagazine.com/pasture-range/experts-say-ranching-done-right-improves-environment-and-wildlife-habitat
Jump up ^ https://kansas-grass-fed.com/bred-cows-bred-heifers-feeder-calves-products-in-the-pipeline/
Jump up ^ "Ranchers' Guide to Wolf Depredation". Montana State University. 2006. Archived from the original on April 9, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2016. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Rollins, Dale. "Coping With Coyotes: Management Alternatives for Minimizing Livestock Losses" (PDF). Texas Agricultural Extension Service. pp. 4–7. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hardesty, Greg (May 5, 2005). "For coyotes, pets are prey". Greg Hardesty. Orange County Register. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ "A coyote attacks in Weymouth and kills a dog". WHDH-TV – New England News. May 14, 2007
Jump up ^ Macur, Juliet (2010). "Coyote vs. Greyhound: The Battle Lines Are Drawn". New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 115–116
Jump up ^ Seton 1909, p. 816
Jump up ^ Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 119–21
^ Jump up to: a b Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 64–9
Jump up ^ Schultz, J. W. (1962). Blackfeet and Buffalo: Memories of Life Among the Indians. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 141–3. ISBN 978-0-8061-1700-3. OCLC 248716.
Jump up ^ Etter, J. (February 15, 1998). "Coyote Blends In as Best Bird Dog for Durham Man". The Oklahoman. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
Bibliography
Cartaino, Carol (2011). Myths & Truths about Coyotes: What You Need to Know about America's Most Misunderstood Predator. Readhowyouwant.com. ISBN 978-1-4587-2668-1. OCLC 876517032.
Fox, M. W. (1978). The Dog: Its Domestication and Behavior. Garland STPM Press. ISBN 978-0-8240-9858-2. OCLC 3223381.
Nowak, R. M. (1979). North American Quaternary Canis. Lawrence, Kans. : Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas.
Seton, E. T. (1909). Life-histories of northern animals : an account of the mammals of Manitoba. New York City: Scribner.
Young, S. P.; Jackson, H. H. T. (1978). The Clever Coyote. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-5893-8. OCLC 3294630.
Further reading
Books
Dixon, J. S. (1920). Control of the coyote in California. Berkeley, Cal. : Agricultural Experiment Station
Flores, D. (2016). Coyote America: A Natural and Supernatural History. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-05299-8
Harding, A. R. (1909). Wolf and coyote trapping; an up-to-date wolf hunter's guide, giving the most successful methods of experienced "wolfers" for hunting and trapping these animals, also gives their habits in detail. Columbus, Ohio, A. R. Harding pub. co.
Kurtén, B (1974). "A history of coyote-like dogs (Canidae, Mammalia)". Acta Zoologica Fennica. 140: 1–38.
Leydet, François (1988). The Coyote: Defiant Songdog of the West. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2123-9. OCLC 17106424.
Morey, Paul (2004). Landscape use and diet of coyotes, Canis latrans, in the Chicago metropolitan area (Thesis). Utah State University.
Murie, A. (1940). Ecology of the coyote in the Yellowstone. Washington, D.C. : U.S. G.P.O.
Parker, Gerry. (1995). "Eastern Coyote: Story of Its Success", Nimbus Publishing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Van Nuys, Frank (2015). Varmints and Victims: Predator Control in the American West. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
Wagner, M. M. (c. 1920). The autobiography of a tame coyote. San Francisco, Harr Wagner pub. co.
Video
Shelly, Priya (June 2016). Living with Coyote (18 minutes). Aeon (digital magazine).
Audiobook
Olson, Jack (May 2015). "The Last Coyote" (8 hours). Narrated by Gary MacFadden. Originally published as Slaughter The Animals, Poison The Earth, Simon & Schuster, Oct. 11, 1971.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to: Canis latrans
Look up coyote in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Coyote at Wikimedia Commons
"Coyote". Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). 1911.
"Canis latrans". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved March 23, 2006.
Western coyote, Wolf and Coyote DNA Bank @ Trent University
View occurrences of "Canis latrans" in the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
[show]
v
t
e
Extant Carnivora species
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
[show]
Suborder Feliformia
Nandiniidae
Nandinia
African palm civet (N. binotata)
Herpestidae
(Mongooses)
Atilax
Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bdeogale
Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)
Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)
Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Crossarchus
Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)
Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)
Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)
Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)
Cynictis
Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)
Dologale
Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)
Galerella
Angolan slender mongoose (G. flavescens)
Black mongoose (G. nigrata)
Somalian slender mongoose (G. ochracea)
Cape gray mongoose (G. pulverulenta)
Slender mongoose (G. sanguinea)
Helogale
Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)
Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Herpestes
Short-tailed mongoose (H. brachyurus)
Indian gray mongoose (H. edwardsii)
Indian brown mongoose (H. fuscus)
Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)
Small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus)
Long-nosed mongoose (H. naso)
Collared mongoose (H. semitorquatus)
Ruddy mongoose (H. smithii)
Crab-eating mongoose (H. urva)
Stripe-necked mongoose (H. vitticollis)
Ichneumia
White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)
Liberiictus
Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)
Mungos
Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)
Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Paracynictis
Selous' mongoose (P. selousi)
Rhynchogale
Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)
Suricata
Meerkat (S. suricatta)
Hyaenidae
(Hyenas)
Crocuta
Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)
Hyaena
Brown hyena (H. brunnea)
Striped hyena (H. hyaena)
Proteles
Aardwolf (P. cristatus)
Felidae
Large family listed below
Viverridae
Large family listed below
Eupleridae
Small family listed below
[show]
Family Felidae
Felinae
Acinonyx
Cheetah (A. jubatus)
Caracal
Caracal (C. caracal)
African golden cat (C. aurata)
Catopuma
Bay cat (C. badia)
Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
Felis
Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
Domestic cat (F. catus)
Jungle cat (F. chaus)
Sand cat (F. margarita)
Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
Wildcat (F. silvestris)
Leopardus
Pantanal cat (L. braccatus)
Colocolo (L. colocolo)
Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
Kodkod (L. guigna)
Southern tigrina (L. guttulus)
Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
Pampas cat (L. pajeros)
Ocelot (L. pardalis)
Oncilla (L. tigrinus)
Margay (L. wiedii)
Leptailurus
Serval (L. serval)
Lynx
Canadian lynx (L. canadensis)
Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
Bobcat (L. rufus)
Otocolobus
Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Pardofelis
Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Prionailurus
Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)
Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)
Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)
Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Puma
Cougar (P. concolor)
Jaguarundi (P. yagouaroundi)
Pantherinae
Panthera
Lion (P. leo)
Jaguar (P. onca)
Leopard (P. pardus)
Tiger (P. tigris)
Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Neofelis
Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
[show]
Family Viverridae (includes Civets)
Paradoxurinae
Arctictis
Binturong (A. binturong)
Arctogalidia
Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)
Macrogalidia
Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)
Paguma
Masked palm civet (P. larvata)
Paradoxurus
Golden wet-zone palm civet (P. aureus)
Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)
Jerdon's palm civet (P. jerdoni)
Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)
Hemigalinae
Chrotogale
Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)
Cynogale
Otter civet (C. bennettii)
Diplogale
Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)
Hemigalus
Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)
Prionodontinae
(Asiatic linsangs)
Prionodon
Banded linsang (P. linsang)
Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)
Viverrinae
Civettictis
African civet (C. civetta)
Genetta
(Genets)
Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
Common genet (G. genetta)
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
Pardine genet (G. pardina)
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)
King genet (G. poensis)
Servaline genet (G. servalina)
Haussa genet (G. thierryi)
Cape genet (G. tigrina)
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)
Poiana
African linsang (P. richardsonii)
Leighton's linsang (P. leightoni)
Viverra
Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)
Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)
Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)
Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)
Viverricula
Small Indian civet (V. indica)
[show]
Family Eupleridae
Euplerinae
Cryptoprocta
Fossa (C. ferox)
Eupleres
Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)
Western falanouc (E. major)
Fossa
Malagasy civet (F. fossana)
Galidiinae
Galidia
Ring-tailed mongoose (G. elegans)
Galidictis
Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)
Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Mungotictis
Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Salanoia
Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)
Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)
[show]
Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)
Ursidae
(Bears)
Ailuropoda
Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)
Helarctos
Sun bear (H. malayanus)
Melursus
Sloth bear (M. ursinus)
Tremarctos
Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)
Ursus
American black bear (U. americanus)
Brown bear (U. arctos)
Polar bear (U. maritimus)
Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)
Mephitidae
(Skunks)
Conepatus
(Hog-nosed
skunks)
Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)
Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)
American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)
Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Mephitis
Hooded skunk (M. macroura)
Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Mydaus
Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)
Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale
(Spotted skunks)
Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)
Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)
Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)
Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)
Procyonidae
Bassaricyon
(Olingos)
Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)
Northern olingo (B. gabbii)
Western lowland olingo (B. medius)
Olinguito (B. neblina)
Bassariscus
Ring-tailed cat (B. astutus)
Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
Nasua
(Coatis inclusive)
White-nosed coati (N. narica)
South American coati (N. nasua)
Nasuella
(Coatis inclusive)
Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)
Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)
Potos
Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Procyon
Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)
Raccoon (P. lotor)
Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)
Ailuridae
Ailurus
Red panda (A. fulgens)
[show]
Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)
Otariidae
(Eared seals)
(includes fur seals
and sea lions)
(Pinniped inclusive)
Arctocephalus
South American fur seal (A. australis)
Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)
Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)
Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)
Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)
Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)
Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)
Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)
Callorhinus
Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)
Eumetopias
Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)
Neophoca
Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)
Otaria
South American sea lion (O. flavescens)
Phocarctos
New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)
Zalophus
California sea lion (Z. californianus)
Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)
Odobenidae
(Pinniped inclusive)
Odobenus
Walrus (O. rosmarus)
Phocidae
(Earless seals)
(Pinniped inclusive)
Cystophora
Hooded seal (C. cristata)
Erignathus
Bearded seal (E. barbatus)
Halichoerus
Gray seal (H. grypus)
Histriophoca
Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)
Hydrurga
Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)
Leptonychotes
Weddell seal (L. weddellii)
Lobodon
Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)
Mirounga
(Elephant seals)
Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)
Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)
Monachus
Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)
Hawaiian monk seal (M. schauinslandi)
Ommatophoca
Ross seal (O. rossi)
Pagophilus
Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)
Phoca
Spotted seal (P. largha)
Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa
Caspian seal (P. caspica)
Ringed seal (P. hispida)
Baikal seal (P. sibirica)
Canidae
Large family listed below
Mustelidae
Large family listed below
[hide]
Family Canidae (includes dogs)
Atelocynus
Short-eared dog (A. microtis)
Canis
Side-striped jackal (C. adustus)
African golden wolf (C. anthus)
Golden jackal (C. aureus)
Coyote (C. latrans)
Gray wolf (C. lupus)
Black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas)
Red wolf (C. rufus)
Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)
Cerdocyon
Crab-eating fox (C. thous)
Chrysocyon
Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)
Cuon
Dhole (C. alpinus)
Lycalopex
Culpeo (L. culpaeus)
Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)
South American gray fox (L. griseus)
Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)
Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)
Hoary fox (L. vetulus)
Lycaon
African wild dog (L. pictus)
Nyctereutes
Raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)
Otocyon
Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)
Speothos
Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Urocyon
Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)
Island fox (U. littoralis)
Vulpes
(Foxes)
Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)
Blanford's fox (V. cana)
Cape fox (V. chama)
Corsac fox (V. corsac)
Tibetan sand fox (V. ferrilata)
Arctic fox (V. lagopus)
Kit fox (V. macrotis)
Pale fox (V. pallida)
Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)
Swift fox (V. velox)
Red fox (V. vulpes)
Fennec fox (V. zerda)
[show]
Family Mustelidae
Lutrinae
(Otters)
Aonyx
African clawless otter (A. capensis)
Oriental small-clawed otter (A. cinerea)
Enhydra
Sea otter (E. lutris)
Hydrictis
Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)
Lontra
North American river otter (L. canadensis)
Marine otter (L. felina)
Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)
Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Lutra
Eurasian otter (L. lutra)
Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale
Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Pteronura
Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)
Mustelinae
(including badgers)
Arctonyx
Hog badger (A. collaris)
Eira
Tayra (E. barbara)
Galictis
Lesser grison (G. cuja)
Greater grison (G. vittata)
Gulo
Wolverine (G. gulo)
Ictonyx
Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca)
Striped polecat (I. striatus)
Lyncodon
Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)
Martes
(Martens)
American marten (M. americana)
Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)
Beech marten (M. foina)
Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)
European pine marten (M. martes)
Japanese marten (M. melampus)
Fisher (M. pennanti)
Sable (M. zibellina)
Meles
Japanese badger (M. anakuma)
Asian badger (M. leucurus)
European badger (M. meles)
Mellivora
Honey badger (M. capensis)
Melogale
(Ferret-badgers)
Bornean ferret-badger (M. everetti)
Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)
Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)
Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)
Mustela
(Weasels and Ferrets)
Amazon weasel (M. africana)
Mountain weasel (M. altaica)
Stoat (M. erminea)
Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)
Colombian weasel (M. felipei)
Long-tailed weasel (M. frenata)
Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)
Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)
European mink (M. lutreola)
Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)
Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)
Least weasel (M. nivalis)
Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)
European polecat (M. putorius)
Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)
Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)
Egyptian weasel (M. subpalmata)
Neovison
(Minks)
American mink (N. vison)
Poecilogale
African striped weasel (P. albinucha)
Taxidea
American badger (T. taxus)
Vormela
Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)
[show]
v
t
e
Game animals and shooting in the United States
Game birds
Bobwhite quail
Chukar
Hungarian partridge
Prairie chicken
Mourning dove
Ring-necked pheasant
Ptarmigan
Ruffed grouse
Sharp-tailed grouse
Snipe (common snipe)
Spruce grouse
Turkey
Woodcock
Waterfowl
Black duck
Canada goose
Canvasback
Gadwall
Greater scaup
Lesser scaup
Mallard
Northern pintail
Redhead
Ross's goose
Snow goose
Wood duck
Big game
Bighorn sheep
Black bear
Razorback
Brown bear
Bison (buffalo)
Caribou
Cougar (mountain lion)
Elk
Moose
White-tailed deer
Gray wolf
Mountain goat
Mule deer
Pronghorn
Muskox
Dall sheep
Polar bear
Other quarry
American alligator
Bobcat
Coyote
Fox squirrel
Gray fox
Gray squirrel
Human
Opossum
Rabbit
Red fox
Snowshoe hare
See also
Bear hunting
Big game hunting
Bison hunting
Deer hunting
Human hunting
Waterfowl hunting
Whaling
Fishing
Wolf hunting
Upland hunting
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q44299
ADW: Canis_latrans
BioLib: 1856
EoL: 328608
Fossilworks: 44854
GBIF: 5219153
iNaturalist: 42051
ITIS: 180599
IUCN: 3745
MSW: 14000718
NCBI: 9614
Authority control
GND: 4175548-0
NDL: 00566875
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coyote&oldid=797130135"
Categories:
IUCN Red List least concern species
Coyotes
Carnivorans of Central America
Carnivorans of North America
Mammals of Central America
Mammals of North America
Megafauna of North America
Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
Fauna of the Western United States
Mammals of Canada
Mammals of Costa Rica
Mammals of Honduras
Mammals of Mexico
Mammals of Panama
Mammals of the United States
Urban animals
Animals described in 1823
Pleistocene carnivorans
Quaternary carnivorans
Pleistocene mammals of North America
Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 maint: Unfit url
Good articles
Use mdy dates from January 2015
Articles with 'species' microformats
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Авар
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Diné bizaad
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Iñupiak
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Кыргызча
Кырык мары
Ladino
Лезги
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
മലയാളം
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Мокшень
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Олык марий
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Tsetsêhestâhese
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
Zazaki
中文
Edit links
This version of the page has been revised. Besides normal editing, the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies, vandalism, or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Click here for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

value: bdi

attrs: href class title

attrs: class href

value: b

value: td

value: tr

values:
revision-info
plainlinks fmbox fmbox-warning
presentation

values:
/wiki/Coyote_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Coyote (disambiguation)

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.816307692308px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.65015384615px; width:17.217538461538px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px

values: margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100; position:absolute; left:219.76307692308px; font-size:50% position:relative; left:-0.42em

values: margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

values:
/wiki/Least_Concern
mw-redirect
Least Concern

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

values: font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;

values: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Least_concern
mw-redirect
Least concern

values: International Union for Conservation of Nature

values:
plainlinks noprint asof-tag update
display:none;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Supracaudal_gland
mw-redirect
Supracaudal gland

values:
/wiki/Mental_foramina
mw-redirect
Mental foramina

values:
/wiki/Binomial_name
mw-redirect
Binomial name

values: background: #F0F2F5; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:left;

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Creek_language
mw-redirect
Creek language

values:
/wiki/Mayan_language
mw-redirect
Mayan language

values:
/wiki/Nahuatl_language
mw-redirect
Nahuatl language

values:
/wiki/Paiute_people
mw-redirect
Paiute people

values:
/wiki/Yankton_Sioux
mw-redirect
Yankton Sioux

values: wikitable collapsed sortable jquery-tablesorter

values: border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background: white;

values: background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;

values: Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXVII).jpg

values: border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;

values: Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg

values: Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg

values: Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg

values: Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg

values: Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg

values: Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg

values: Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg

values: Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg

values: Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg

values: text-align: left; font-size: 88%; width: 248px; border: 0; padding: 0;

values: border: 1px solid #ccc; background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0em; width: 248px; float: right; clear: right; vertical-align: middle;

values:
/wiki/Eucyon_davisi
mw-redirect
Eucyon davisi

values:
/wiki/Late_Pliocene
mw-redirect
Late Pliocene

values:
/wiki/Nominate_subspecies
mw-redirect
Nominate subspecies

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. latrans ♂.png

values: Canis latrans latrans Pennington County SD.jpg

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. cagottis.png

values:
/wiki/San_Luis_Potosi
mw-redirect
San Luis Potosi

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. clepticus.png

values:
/wiki/Baja_California_(state)
mw-redirect
Baja California (state)

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. dickeyi.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. frustor.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. goldmani.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. hondurensis.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. impavidus.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. incolatus.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. jamesi.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. lestes.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. mearnsi.png

values:
/wiki/Southeastern_California
mw-redirect
Southeastern California

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. microdon.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. ochropus.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. peninsulae.png

values: Canis latrans texensis vs Canis latrans "var.".jpg

values: Coyote-face-snow - Virginia - ForestWander.jpg

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. texensis.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. thamnos.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. umpquensis.png

values: The Clever Coyote (1951) C. l. vigilis.png

values:
/wiki/Copulatory_tie
mw-redirect
Copulatory tie

values:
/wiki/Gestation_period
mw-redirect
Gestation period

values:
/wiki/Canine_teeth
mw-redirect
Canine teeth

values:
/wiki/Current_era
mw-redirect
Current era

values:
/wiki/Bernal_Heights
mw-redirect
Bernal Heights

values:
/wiki/Sonora_Desert_Museum
mw-redirect
Sonora Desert Museum

values:
/wiki/Canadian_lynx
mw-redirect
Canadian lynx

values:
/wiki/Sarcoptic_mange
mw-redirect
Sarcoptic mange

values:
/wiki/Viral_diseases
mw-redirect
Viral diseases

values:
/wiki/Bacterial_disease
mw-redirect
Bacterial disease

values:
/wiki/Ctenocephalides_canis
mw-redirect
Ctenocephalides canis

values:
/wiki/Zuni_people
mw-redirect
Zuni people

values:
/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham_people
mw-redirect
Tohono O'odham people

values:
/wiki/Great_Mystery
mw-redirect
Great Mystery

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles_County
mw-redirect
Los Angeles County

values: National Agricultural Statistics Service

values:
/wiki/South_Orange_County
mw-redirect
South Orange County

values:
/wiki/American_beaver
mw-redirect
American beaver

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/3745

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-1410

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3503817

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/46381503

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3503817

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/794471798

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50649299

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/13601464

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1093505

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/51969059

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52626838

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/20012309

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/659111819

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43561668

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/777549431

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/237402526

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/463788185

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/57357517

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/57614396

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/940905155

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/489876664

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/12313411

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16341006

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04338

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26234211

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.06.060

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/185095648

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1206%2F574.1

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.s5-35.209.383

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/475396714

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22371581

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1113788109

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25551387

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1501714

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aag0699

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494

values:
nofollow
external text
http://biostor.org/reference/82756

values:
nofollow
external text
http://biostor.org/reference/82997

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1809-127X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/828104819

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.15560%2F10.2.376

values:
nofollow
external text
http://biostor.org/reference/82977.text

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-4575

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/273060038

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3996%2Fnafa.25.0001

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1095-9203

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/34298537

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197024

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1165448

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1938-5307

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/40664873

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/46381506

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1656%2F045.017.0202

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4499900

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1549-5469

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/37589079

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21566151

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.116301.110

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2372

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1379696

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1800234

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1379696

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbe.1997.0561

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43694482

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-1542

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39098574

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1644%2F11-MAMM-A-184.1

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4010114

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F4010114

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/35162905

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24924653

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1938-5455

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3830473

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/60618095

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3607816

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmammal%2F30.1.75

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39523012

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/808413615

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17922704

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1381437

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1381437

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1939

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/76327396

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24595837

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004420000448

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/609634655

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1139%2Fz89-170

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1938-5463

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3784713

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/60353682

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-4909

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3672519

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/525604174

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3672519

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3830671

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fwsb.59

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/899267730

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ots.ac.cr/bnbt/27408.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16143336

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/465438817

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/47100657

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/14165533

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/720592939

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/27667317

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52334747

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19776058

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0575

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.lgd.org/usdafacts.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/248716

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/876517032

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3223381

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3294630

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17106424

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
nofollow
external text
http://wolf.nrdpfc.ca/westerncoyote.htm

values:
/wiki/Indian_gray_mongoose
mw-redirect
Indian gray mongoose

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Southern_tigrina
mw-redirect
Southern tigrina

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Oriental_small-clawed_otter
mw-redirect
Oriental small-clawed otter

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/File:BgforhuntingCrop.JPG
image
Waterfowl hunters

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Big_game_hunting
mw-redirect
Big game hunting

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;"letter-spacing: .1px;"

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1856

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/328608

values: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gbif.org/species/5219153

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/42051

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4175548-0

values: Category:IUCN Red List least concern species

values: Category:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands

values: Category:Fauna of the Western United States

values: Category:Pleistocene mammals of North America

values: Category:Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Use mdy dates from January 2015

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Coyote
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Койот – Avaric

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyyot
Koyyot – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: Каёт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiot
Koiot – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coiot
Coiot – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojote
Kojote – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiott
Koiott – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Κογιότ – Greek

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojoto
Kojoto – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiote
Koiote – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote
Coyote – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coiote
Coiote – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: कायोटी – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojot
Kojot – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyoto
Koyoto – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyote
Koyote – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote
Coyote – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values: זאב ערבות – Hebrew

values: Шалғын қасқыры – Kazakh

values: Койот – Kyrgyz

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyot
Koyot – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coiotes
Coiotes – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koijots
Koijots – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojotas
Kojotas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyote
Koyote – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: Койот – Moksha

values: ကွိုင်းယုတ် – Burmese

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote
Coyote – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: ᒪᐦᐃᐦᑲᓐᑖᔥᑎᒥᒄ – Cree

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coiote
Coiote – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coiot
Coiot – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyuti
Kuyuti – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote
Coyote – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojota
Kojota – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojot
Kojot – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojot
Kojot – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojootti
Kojootti – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyote
Koyote – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: கயோட்டி கோநாய் – Tamil

values: หมาป่าไคโยตี – Thai

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Coyote rootpage-Coyote skin-vector action-view