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Culture of Mexico
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Plaza de las Tres Culturas ("Square of the Three Cultures")
Feria Nacional de San Marcos (San Marcos National Fair)
The culture of Mexico reflects the country's complex history and is the result of the gradual blending of native culture (particularly Mesoamerican) with Spanish culture and other immigrant cultures.
First inhabited more than 10,000 years ago, the cultures that developed in Mexico became one of the cradles of civilization. During the 300-year rule by the Spanish, Mexico became a crossroad for the people and cultures of Europe, Africa and Asia. The government of independent Mexico actively promoted shared cultural traits in order to create a national identity.
The culture of an individual Mexican is influenced by their familial ties, gender, religion, location and social class, among other factors. In many ways, contemporary life in the cities of Mexico has become similar to that in neighboring United States and Europe, with provincial people conserving traditions more so than the city dwellers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Religion
2 Arts
2.1 Literature
3 Language
4 Architecture
5 Cinema
6 National holidays
7 Cuisine
8 Music and dance
9 Sport
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Religion[edit]
Main article: Religion in Mexico
See also: Holy Week in Mexico
Our Lady of Guadalupe, the patron saint of Mexico.
The Spanish arrival and colonization brought Roman Catholicism to the country, which became the main religion of Mexico. Mexico is a secular state, and the Constitution of 1917 and anti-clerical laws imposed limitations on the church and sometimes codified state intrusion into church matters. The government does not provide any financial contributions to the church, and the church does not participate in public education.
95.6% of the population were Christian in 2010.[1] Roman Catholics are 89%[2] of the total, 47% percent of whom attend church services weekly.[3] In absolute terms, Mexico has the world's second largest number of Catholics after Brazil.[4] According to the Government's 2000 census, approximately 87 percent of respondents identified themselves as at least nominally Roman Catholic.
Other religious groups for which the 2000 census provided estimates included evangelicals, with 1.71 percent of the population; other Protestant evangelical groups, 2.79 percent; members of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1.25 percent; "Historical" Protestants, 0.71 percent; Seventh-day Adventists, 0.58 percent; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 0.25 percent; Jews, 0.05 percent; and other religions, 0.31 percent. Approximately 3.52 percent of respondents indicated no religion, and 0.86 percent did not specify a religion.
Arts[edit]
Main article: Mexican art
See also: Visual arts of Mexico
Mural by Diego Rivera at the National Palace depicting the history of Mexico from the Conquest to early 20th century.
Mexico is known for its folk art traditions, mostly derived from the indigenous and Spanish crafts. Pre-Columbian art thrived over a wide timescale, from 1800 BC to AD 1500. Certain artistic characteristics were repeated throughout the region, namely a preference for angular, linear patterns, and three-dimensional ceramics.
Notable handicrafts include clay pottery from the valley of Oaxaca and the village of Tonala. Colorfully embroidered cotton garments, cotton or wool shawls and outer garments, and colorful baskets and rugs are seen everywhere. Mexico is also known for its pre-Columbian architecture, especially for public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures.
El Valle de México, s. XIX
Following the conquest, the first artistic efforts were directed at evangelization and the related task of building churches. The Spanish initially co-opted many indigenous stonemasons and sculptors to build churches, monuments and other religious art, such as altars. The prevailing style during this era was Baroque. In the period from independence to the early 20th century, Mexican fine arts continued to be largely influenced by European traditions.
After the Mexican Revolution, a new generation of Mexican artists led a vibrant national movement that incorporated political, historic and folk themes in their work. The painters Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and David Siqueiros were the main propagators of Mexican muralism. Their grand murals often displayed on public buildings, promoted social ideals. Rufino Tamayo and Frida Kahlo produced more personal works with abstract elements. Mexican art photography was largely fostered by the work of Manuel Álvarez Bravo.[5]
Literature[edit]
Main article: Mexican literature
A late 18th-century painting of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, poet and writer.
Mexican literature has its antecedents in the literature of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica. The most well known prehispanic poet is Netzahualcoyotl. Modern Mexican literature was influenced by the concepts of the Spanish colonialization of Mesoamerica. Outstanding colonial writers and poets include Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.
Other notable writers include Alfonso Reyes, José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, Maruxa Vilalta, Carlos Fuentes, Octavio Paz (Nobel Laureate), Renato Leduc, Mariano Azuela ("Los de abajo"), Juan Rulfo ("Pedro Páramo") and Bruno Traven.
Language[edit]
Main article: Languages of Mexico
Mexico is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world.[6] Although the overwhelming majority of Mexicans today speak Spanish, there is no de jure official language at the federal level. The government recognizes 62 indigenous Amerindian languages as national languages.[7]
Some Spanish vocabulary in Mexico has roots in the country's indigenous languages, which are spoken by approximately 6% of the population.[7] Some indigenous Mexican words have become common in other languages, such as the English language. For instance, the words tomato, chocolate, coyote, and avocado are Nahuatl in origin.[8]
Architecture[edit]
Main article: Architecture of Mexico
See also: Mesoamerican architecture
Detail of the Puuc façade of a building in the Nunnery Quadrangle of Uxmal.
The Palacio de Bellas Artes is built in a primarily Art Nouveau exterior and an Art Deco interior, a result of interruptions during construction caused by the Mexican Revolution
The main façade of the Zacatecas Cathedral, considered a masterpiece of Churrigueresque
Corridor of the Luis Barragán House and Studio showing some of Barragán's characteristics; usage of natural light, geometric forms, clean colors and staircases without railings.
With thirty-four sites, Mexico has more sites on the UNESCO World Heritage list than any other country in the Americas, most of which pertain to Mexico's architectural history. Mesoamerican architecture in Mexico is best known for its public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures, several of which are the largest monuments in the world. Mesoamerican architecture is divided into three eras, Pre-Classic, Classic, and Post-Classic. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright is reputed to have declared the Puuc-style architecture of the Maya as the best in the Western Hemisphere.[9]
The New Spanish Baroque dominated in early colonial Mexico. During the late 17th century to 1750, one of Mexico's most popular architectural styles was Mexican Churrigueresque, which combined Amerindian and Moorish decorative influences.
The Academy of San Carlos, founded in 1788, was the first major art academy in the Americas. The academy promoted Neoclassicism, focusing on Greek and Roman art and architecture. Notable Neoclassical works include the Hospicio Cabañas, a world heritage site, and the Palacio de Minería, both by Spanish Mexican architect Manuel Tolsá.
From 1864 to 1867, during the Second Mexican Empire, Maximilian I was installed as emperor of Mexico. His architectural legacy lies in the redesigning of the Castillo de Chapultepec and creating the Paseo de la Reforma. This intervention, financed largely by France, was brief, but it began a period of French influence in architecture and culture. The style was emphasized during the presidency of Porfirio Diaz who was a pronounced francophile. Notable works from the Porfiriato include the Palacio de Correos and a large network of railways.
After the Mexican Revolution in 1917, idealization of the indigenous and the traditional symbolized attempts to reach into the past and retrieve what had been lost in the race toward modernization.
Functionalism, expressionism, and other schools left their imprint on a large number of works in which Mexican stylistic elements have been combined with European and American techniques, most notably the work of Pritzker Prize winner Luis Barragán. His personal home, the Luis Barragán House and Studio, is a World Heritage Site.
Enrique Norten, the founder of TEN Arquitectos, has been awarded several honors for his work in modern architecture. His work expresses a modernity that reinforces the government's desire to present a new image of Mexico as an industrialized country with a global presence.
Other notable and emerging contemporary architects include Mario Schjetnan, Michel Rojkind, Isaac Broid Zajman, Bernardo Gómez-Pimienta, and Alberto Kalach.
Cinema[edit]
Main article: Cinema of Mexico
See also: Television in Mexico
The history of Mexican cinema dates to the beginning of the 20th century when several enthusiasts of the new medium documented historical events – most particularly the Mexican Revolution. The Golden Age of Mexican cinema is the name given to the period between 1935 and 1959, where the quality and economic success of the cinema of Mexico reached its peak. An era when renowned actors such as Cantinflas and Dolores del Río appeared on the silver screen.
Present-day film makers include Alejandro González Iñárritu (Amores perros, Babel), Alfonso Cuarón (Children of Men, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), Guillermo del Toro (Pan's Labyrinth), Carlos Reygadas (Stellet Licht), screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga and owners Guillermo Navarro and Emmanuel Lubezki.
National holidays[edit]
Main article: Public holidays in Mexico
See also: Christmas in Mexico
Municipal president giving the "grito" of "Viva México" at the commencement of Independence Day festivities in 2008
Mexicans celebrate their Independence from Spain on September 16, and other holidays with festivals known as "Fiestas". Many Mexican cities, towns, and villages hold a yearly festival to commemorate their local patron saints. During these festivities, the people pray and burn candles to honor their saints in churches decorated with flowers and colorful utensils. They also hold large parades, fireworks, dance competitions, beauty pageant contest, party and buy refreshments in the marketplaces and public squares. In the smaller towns and villages, soccer, and boxing are also celebrated during the festivities.
Skulls made of amaranto, given during the Day of the Dead festival.
Revolution Day marking the start of what became the Mexican Revolution.
Other festivities include Día de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe ("Our Lady of Guadalupe Day"), Las Posadas ("The Shelters", celebrated on December 16 to December 24), Noche Buena ("Holy Night", celebrated on December 24), Navidad ("Christmas", celebrated on December 25) and Año Nuevo ("New Years Day", celebrated on December 31 to January 1).
"Guadalupe Day" is regarded by many Mexicans as the most important religious holiday of their country. It honors the Virgin of Guadalupe, the patron saint of Mexico, which is celebrated on December 12. In the last decade, all the celebrations happening from mid-December to the beginning of January have been linked together in what has been called the Guadalupe-Reyes Marathon.
Epiphany on the evening of January 5 marks the Twelfth Night of Christmas and is when the figurines of the three wise men are added to the nativity scene. Traditionally in Mexico, as with many other Latin American countries, Santa Claus doesn't hold the cachet that he does in the United States. Rather, it is the three wise men who are the bearers of gifts, who leave presents in or near the shoes of small children.[10] Mexican families also commemorate the date by eating Rosca de reyes.
The Day of the Dead incorporates pre-Columbian beliefs with Christian elements. The holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died. The celebration occurs on November 2 in connection with the Catholic holidays of All Saints' Day (November 1) and All Souls' Day (November 2). Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars honoring the deceased using sugar skulls, marigolds, and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed, and visiting graves with these as gifts.
In modern Mexico and particularly in the larger cities and in the North, local traditions are now being observed and intertwined with the greater North American Santa Claus tradition, as well as with other holidays such as Halloween, due to Americanization via film and television, creating an economy of gifting tradition that spans from Christmas Day until January 6.
A piñata is made from papier-mache. It is created to look like popular people, animals, or fictional characters. Once made it is painted with bright colors and filled with candy or small toys. It is then hung from the ceiling. The children are blindfolded and take turns hitting the piñata until it breaks open and the candy and small toys fall out. The children then gather the candy and small toys.
Cuisine[edit]
Main article: Mexican cuisine
Chiles en nogada, a popular dish from Mexico
Tacos al pastor
Mole poblano is considered Mexico's plato nacional
Bottles of artisanal mezcal
Mexican cuisine is known for its blending of Indigenous and European cultures, and to a lesser extent, African and Asian. The cuisine was inscribed in 2010 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[11] Traditionally, the main Mexican ingredients consisted of maize, beans, both red and white meats, potatoes, tomatoes, seafood, chili peppers, squash, nuts, avocados and various herbs native to Mexico.
Popular dishes include tacos, enchiladas, mole sauce, atole, tamales, and pozole. Popular beverages include water flavored with a variety of fruit juices, and cinnamon-flavored hot chocolate prepared with milk or water and blended until it becomes frothed using a traditional wooden tool called a molinillo. Alcoholic beverages native to Mexico include mescal, pulque, and tequila. Mexican beer is also popular in Mexico and are exported. There are international award-winning Mexican wineries that produce and export wine.[12]
The most important and frequently used spices in Mexican cuisine are chili powder, cumin, oregano, cilantro, epazote, cinnamon, and cocoa. Chipotle, a smoked-dried jalapeño pepper, is also common in Mexican cuisine. Many Mexican dishes also contain onions and garlic, which are also some of Mexico's staple foods.
Next to corn, rice is the most common grain in Mexican cuisine. According to food writer Karen Hursh Graber, the initial introduction of rice to Spain from North Africa in the 14th century led to the Spanish introduction of rice to Mexico at the port of Veracruz in the 1520s. This, Graber says, created one of the earliest instances of the world's greatest Fusion cuisine's.[citation needed]
In southeastern Mexico, especially in the Yucatán Peninsula, spicy vegetable and meat dishes are common. The cuisine of Southeastern Mexico has quite a bit of Caribbean influence, given its geographical location. Seafood is commonly prepared in the states that border the Pacific Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico, the latter having a famous reputation for its fish dishes, à la veracruzana.
In contemporary times, various world cuisines have become popular in Mexico, thus adopting a Mexican fusion. For example, sushi in Mexico is often made by using a variety of sauces based on mango and tamarind, and very often served with serrano-chili blended soy sauce, or complemented with vinegar, habanero peppers, and chipotle peppers.[citation needed]
Chocolate originated in Mexico and was prized by the Aztecs. It remains an important ingredient in Mexican cookery.[citation needed]
Music and dance[edit]
Main articles: Music of Mexico and Folk dance of Mexico
Danza de los Voladores, a ritual dance performed by the Totonacs.
The foundation of Mexican music comes from its indigenous sounds and heritage. The original inhabitants of the land used drums (such as the teponaztli), flutes, rattles, conches as trumpets and their voices to make music and dances. This ancient music is still played in some parts of Mexico. However, much of the traditional contemporary music of Mexico was written during and after the Spanish colonial period, using many old world influenced instruments. Many traditional instruments, such as the Mexican vihuela used in Mariachi music, were adapted from their old world predecessors and are now considered very Mexican.
Mexican society enjoys a vast array of music genres, showing the diversity of Mexican culture. Traditional music includes Mariachi, Banda, Norteño, Ranchera and Corridos. Mexicans also listen to contemporary music such as pop and Mexican rock. Mexico has the largest media industry in Latin America, producing Mexican artists who are famous in the Americas and parts of Europe.
Folk songs called corridos have been popular in Mexico since the early nineteen hundreds. It may tell the story of the Mexican Revolution, pride, Mestizaje, romance, poverty, politics or crime. Notable Afro-Mexican contributions to the country's music are the Son Jarocho and the marimba.
Jarabe Tapatío in the traditional China Poblana dress.
Mariachis perform along streets, festivals and restaurants. A common Mariachi group can include singers, violins, a guitarrón, a guitarra de golpe, vihuela, guitars, and trumpets. The most prominent Mariachi group is Vargas de Tecalitlán, which was originally formed in 1897.
Other styles of traditional regional music in México: Huapango or Son Huasteco (Huasteca, northeastern regions, violin and two guitars known as quinta huapanguera and jarana), Tambora (Sinaloa, mainly brass instruments) Duranguense, Jarana (most of the Yucatán peninsula) and Norteña (North style, redoba and accordion).
Folk dances are a feature of Mexican culture. Significant in dance tradition is the "Jarabe Tapatío", known as "Mexican hat dance". Traditional dancers perform a sequence of hopping steps, heel and toe-tapping movements.
Among the most known "classical" composers: Manuel M. Ponce ("Estrellita"), Revueltas, Jordá (Elodia), Ricardo Castro, Juventino Rosas ("Sobre las olas"), Carrillo (Sonido 13), Ibarra, Pablo Moncayo (Huapango) and Carlos Chávez.
Popular composers includes: Agustín Lara, Consuelo Velázquez ("Bésame mucho"), José Alfredo Jiménez, Armando Manzanero, Álvaro Carrillo, Joaquín Pardavé and Alfonso Ortiz Tirado.
Traditional Mexican music has influenced the evolution of the Mexican pop and Mexican rock genre. Some well-known Mexican pop singers are Luis Miguel and Alejandro Fernández. Latin rock musicians such as Carlos Santana, Café Tacuba and Caifanes have incorporated Mexican folk tunes into their music. Traditional Mexican music is still alive in the voices of artists such as Lila Downs.
Sport[edit]
Club América vs Cruz Azul at the Estadio Azteca.
Main article: Sport in Mexico
The traditional national sport of Mexico is Charreria, which consists of a series of equestrian events. The national horse of Mexico, used in Charreria, is the Azteca. Bullfighting, a tradition brought from Spain, is also popular. Mexico has the largest venue for bullfighting in the world - the Plaza México in Mexico City which seats 48,000 people.
Football is the most popular team sport in Mexico. Most states have their own representative football teams. Among the country's significant teams include Chivas de Guadalajara, Club América, Cruz Azul, and Pumas de la UNAM. Notable players include Hugo Sánchez, Claudio Suárez, Luis Hernández, Francisco Palencia, Cuauhtémoc Blanco, Memo Ochoa, Jared Borgetti, Rafael Márquez, Pável Pardo, and Javier Hernández.
The country hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1968 and the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1986, and was the first country to host the FIFA World Cup twice.
See also[edit]
National symbols of Mexico
List of museums in Mexico
Folktales of Mexico
Ghosts in Mexican culture
Festivals in Mexico
Mexican handcrafts and folk art
Textiles of Mexico
Mexican ceramics
Traditional Mexican handcrafted toys
China Poblana
Vaquero
Rodeo
Quinceañera, celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday
Alebrije, folk art sculptures
El Chavo del Ocho, sitcom
Conquian, card game
Lotería, game
Serape, shawl
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
Jump up ^ "Religión" (PDF). Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2000. INEGI. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2005. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Church attendance". Study of worldwide rates of religiosity. University of Michigan. 1997. Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
Jump up ^ "The Largest Catholic Communities". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Mexican muralists: the big three - Orozco, Rivera, Siqueiros. : Mexico Culture & Arts". www.mexconnect.com.
Jump up ^ "Learn Spanish in Mexico - Spanish Courses in Mexico - Spanish Schools in Mexico". Spanish-Language.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-17. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mexico - General country information". MoveOnNet.eu. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
Jump up ^ "Amerindian Words in English". Zompist.com. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
Jump up ^ "Betraying the Maya". Archeology Magazine. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ricardo Botto. "Dia de Reyes, the story of Los Tres Reyes Magos". Mexonline.com. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Traditional Mexican cuisine - ancestral, ongoing community culture, the Michoacán paradigm". UNESCO. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mexico Wine Routes & Regions - Vineyards & Wineries of Baja". chiff.com. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
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Spotted lanternfly
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Spotted lanternfly
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Superfamily: Fulgoroidea
Family: Fulgoridae
Genus: Lycorma
Species: L. delicatula
Binomial name
L. delicatula
(White, 1845)
The spotted lanternfly or Lycorma delicatula (order Hemiptera, family Fulgoridae) is a planthopper native to China, India, and Vietnam. Although it has two pairs of wings, it jumps more than it flies. Its host plants are grapes, pines, stone fruits, and Malus spp. In its native habitat it is kept in check by natural predators or pathogens. It was accidentally introduced in Korea in 2006 and is since considered a pest. In September 2014, it was first spotted in the U.S..
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Lifecycle
3 Host plant signs of infestation
4 Accidental introduction
4.1 In South Korea
4.2 In the US
5 Pest control
6 See also
7 References
Description[edit]
The spotted lanternfly is originally native to parts of China, India, Vietnam and eastern Asia.[1] It is an 1 inch long and a half inch wide planthopper belonging to the family of the fulgorid insects. The lantern analogy stems from the inflated front portion of the head, that was thought to be luminous.[2] It was first described by Adam White in 1845 as Aphaena delicatula with habitat outside of Nankin, China.[3] Adult lantern flies have a black head and grayish wings adorned with the name giving black spots and their body seems to glow red. Their wing tips look like they are covered with tiny black bricks and grey mortar in between. In flight it displays red hind wings with black spots on the proximal third, a white wedge in the middle of the wing and a solid black wing tip. The abdomen is yellowish with black and white bands on the top and bottom. [4] The lanternfly is a strong jumper and hops from location to location more than it flies.[5] In Chinese medicine the spotted lanternfly is regarded poisonous and used for relief from swelling.[2] It feeds on woody plants and non-woody plants, piercing the phloem tissue of foliage and young stems with its specialized mouth parts, and sucking its sap.[2] The sugary fluid leaks and coats leaves and stems, which can encourage mold growth.[1] It does not feed on fruit or the leaves per se.[5] The lantern fly has a wide host range and innumerable host plants are known, including grapes, pines, the Rosaceae with stone fruits, and apple species.[2]
Lifecycle[edit]
Beginning in late April to early May, nymphs hatch from their egg cases. A nymph passes through several immature stages. In the first stage it is wingless and looks black with white spots. It then grows red patches in addition to the white spots. Next, it has red wing pads and a red upper body, before assuming the adult look of black head and grayish wings with black spots.[2] Nymphs cannot fly, so they hop or crawl to search for plants to feed on.[4] Young nymphs appear to have a wider host range early on, which narrows as they grow older.[2] As early as July, adults can be seen. In the fall, adults mate and lay eggs from late September through the onset of winter. In their native Indomalayan habitat they will lay their eggs preferably on the Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima), which is an introduced invasive tree with toxic metabolites. This host choice is thought to have evolved as mechanism of protection from natural enemies.[2] The lanternfly will lay eggs upon any smooth trunked tree, stone or vertical smooth surface, including man made items like vehicles, campers, yard furniture, farm equipment or other items stored outside.[4] The egg masses contain 30-50 eggs,[6] covered in a yellowish brown waxy deposit, the egg case.[2] The lanternfly's life expectancy, is one year.[2]
The minimum temperature that will kill eggs was estimated by South Korean researchers to be between −3.4°C and −12.7°C on the basis of mean daily temperatures during their winter of 2009/2010.[7] This estimate contrasts with eggs having survived the much colder winter 2013/14 temperatures in Pennsylvania, United States.[8]
Host plant signs of infestation[edit]
Trees can develop weeping wounds of sap on their trunks. Heavy infestations can cause honey dew secretions to build up at the base of the tree, blackening the soil with fungal mats around the base of the tree. The sap may attract ants, bees, hornets and wasps to feed on.[4] The plant may be stunted or even die.[2]
Accidental introduction[edit]
In South Korea[edit]
In 2006, the spotted lanternfly was accidentally introduced in Korea and has been considered a pest since about 2007, as it expanded its range, attacking at least 65 plant species, uninhibited by a natural enemy.[5]
In the US[edit]
The spotted lanternfly was first recognized in the US in Berks County, northwest of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On 22 September 2014, the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, and the Pennsylvania Game Commission, confirmed its presence. It is a threat to the state’s grape, fruit tree and logging industries. The greatest risk of spread comes from people transporting materials containing egg masses laid on smooth bark, stone, and other vertical surfaces.[4] On November 1, 2014 the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture banned transport of items that could harbor it, like firewood, lawn mowers, outdoor chairs, trucks and RVs from seven municipalities. [4] Given the presence of old egg masses the insect is estimated to have been in the area since at least 2012, having survived the 2013/14 winter's unusual cold.[8] A national working group led by the U.S. Department of Agriculture,consisting of university and USDA scientists, was organized “to determine what is known about the lanternfly and what research is needed, including DNA analysis to pinpoint where the infestation originated.[5]
Pest control[edit]
The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture recommends (based on information from PennState Extension [9]):
1) Kill eggs October through May by scraping them off of surfaces, “Double bag them and throw them in the garbage,"[4] or scrape the eggs directly into a ziploc bag of alcohol or hand sanitizer to kill them. [10]
2) Removing/killing 90% Ailanthus altissima trees (Chinese Sumac or Tree of Heaven) saving only male species to use as "trap" trees, since the spotted lanternfly requires a meal from this tree before laying eggs. To kill the tree of heaven, it can be cut down and the stump sprayed with 44% triclopyr-in-water solution, for example Garlon 3A Herbicide. Otherwise, it will send out new shoots. DO NOT MOVE CUT TREES OCT-MAY when they might contain egg masses. Or you can leave the tree standing and kill it with 12% triclopyr-in-oil solution as a basal bark application. You may have to mix the triclopyr-in-oil. The two components are Triclopyr 4 and basil oil with dye.
3) The remaining male "trap" trees should be wrapped with sticky bands starting in early spring to catch any nymphs. These trees should also be treated with systemic pesticides June-August. The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture recommends applying pesticides containing Dinotefuran or Imidacloprid as a basal bark spray.[11] One example would be Zylam Liquid.
Neonicotinoids, pyrethrins, and organophosphates are effective against spotted lanternfly. Adults and 2nd-4th instar nymphs appear to be attracted to spearmint oil which could be used in their control. Sticky traps at the base of tree trunks have also been used. A parasitic wasp, Anastatus orientalis was found to parasitize up to 69 percent of spotted lanternfly eggs in China and is candidate biological pest control agent in South Korea.[2]
See also[edit]
Invasive species
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Bill Chapell (3 November 2014). "Invasive Bug Prompts Quarantine In Pennsylvania Townships". The Two Way Breaking News from NPR.org. NPR.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Western Farm Press (10 November 2014). "Spotted lanternfly - a new threat to grapes, stone fruit?". Western Farm Press. Penton Agriculture Market.
Jump up ^ Adam White. "Descriptions of a new genus and some new species of Homopterous Insects from the East in the collection of the British Museum". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Biodiversity Heritage Library. 15 (95): 34–37. doi:10.1080/037454809495244.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Spotted Lanternfly". Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. n.d.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Chuck Gill (17 November 2014). "Entomologists hope vigilance, research stop newly discovered spotted lanternfly". phys.org. Science X network.
Jump up ^ Department of Entomology (10 November 2014). "The Spotted Lanternfly, a New Insect Pest Detected in Pennsylvania". Entomology News 2014. Penn State's College of Agricultural Sciences.
Jump up ^ "Impact of minimum winter temperature on Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) egg mortality". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 14 (1): 123–125. January 2011. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2010.09.004.
^ Jump up to: a b Kris Maher (18 November 2014). "New Invasive Pest Has Pennsylvania Towns on Alert". WSJ.
Jump up ^ Swackhamer, Emelie. "Extension Educator, Green Industry". Penn State Extension. Penn State Extension. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Swackhamer, Emelie. "How To Remove Spotted Lanternfly Eggs". PennState Extension. Penn State Extension. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Protect/PlantIndustry/spotted_lanternfly/Documents/Spotted%20Lanternfly%20%20Property%20Management.pdf
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spotted_lanternfly&oldid=814594167"
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List of NFL quarterbacks with seven touchdown passes in a game
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Drew Brees, the most recent to throw seven touchdown passes in an NFL game
In the National Football League (NFL), eight quarterbacks share the record of having thrown seven touchdown passes in a single game. As of the end of the 2016 NFL season, no player had ever thrown more than seven in one game and no player had done it more than once. Sid Luckman was the first player to accomplish the feat, doing so on November 14, 1943, while playing for the Chicago Bears. The most recent seven-touchdown game occurred on November 1, 2015, when Drew Brees did so with the New Orleans Saints. During that game the two teams' quarterbacks combined for 13 passing touchdowns, setting another NFL record.[1] Three quarterbacks on the list are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: Luckman, George Blanda, and Y. A. Tittle. Peyton Manning and Nick Foles each had a seven-touchdown game in 2013. Manning also holds the NFL records for touchdown passes in a season and in a career, with 55 and 539, respectively.[2]
Key[edit]
^
Player in Pro Football Hall of Fame
*
Player active as of 2017 NFL season
List[edit]
Player
Date
Team
Opponent
Result
Ref
Luckman, SidSid Luckman^ 000000001943-11-14-0000November 14, 1943 Chicago Bears New York Giants W, 56–7 [3]
Burk, AdrianAdrian Burk 000000001954-10-17-0000October 17, 1954 Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins W, 49–21 [4]
Blanda, GeorgeGeorge Blanda^ 000000001961-11-19-0000November 19, 1961 Houston Oilers Titans of New York W, 49–13 [5]
Tittle, Y. A.Y. A. Tittle^ 000000001962-10-28-0000October 28, 1962 New York Giants Washington Redskins W, 49–34 [6]
Kapp, JoeJoe Kapp 000000001969-09-28-0000September 28, 1969 Minnesota Vikings Baltimore Colts W, 52–14 [7]
Manning, PeytonPeyton Manning 000000002013-09-05-0000September 5, 2013 Denver Broncos Baltimore Ravens W, 49–27 [8]
Foles, NickNick Foles* 000000002013-11-03-0000November 3, 2013 Philadelphia Eagles Oakland Raiders W, 49–20 [9]
Brees, DrewDrew Brees* 000000002015-11-01-0000November 1, 2015 New Orleans Saints New York Giants W, 52–49 [10]
See also[edit]
List of National Football League season passing touchdowns leaders
List of National Football League passing touchdowns leaders
List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating
List of NFL quarterbacks who have passed for 400 or more yards in a game
List of Major League Baseball hitters with four home runs in a game
References[edit]
General
"NFL Single Game Passing Touchdowns Leaders". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
"Seven TD passes in a game". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
"NFL quarterbacks to throw 7 TDs in a single game". Newsday. November 2, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Greenberg, Neil (November 1, 2015). "Drew Brees threw for 511 yards and 7 TDs. Best game ever by a QB? Nope". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Peyton Manning NFL records: By the Numbers". The Denver Post. March 6, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sid Luckman Tops Pro Passing Marks as Bears Swamp Giants". St. Petersburg Times. International News Service. November 15, 1943. p. 8. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wright, Earl (October 18, 1954). "Adrian Burk Ties Record Passing Mark for League". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. United Press. p. 8. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "George Blanda Leads Oilers To, 49–7, Win". The Tuscaloosa News. November 20, 1961. p. 9. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tittle's Aerials Rip Skins". The Milwaukee Sentinel. United Press. October 29, 1962. p. 3. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kapp throws 7 TD passes – Simpson leads Bills". Montreal Gazette. The Canadian Press. September 29, 1969. p. 21. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brinson, Will (September 6, 2013). "Peyton Manning throws 7 TD passes, ties single-game record". CBS Sports. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nick Foles ties NFL record with 7 TDs as Eagles roll". USA Today. November 3, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pennington, Bill (November 1, 2015). "Drew Brees Throws Seven Touchdown Passes as Saints Beat Giants in Final Seconds". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
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