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Pebble Mine
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2014)
Pebble Mine
Pebble Mine
Location of the Pebble prospect in Alaska
Coordinates: 59°53′50″N 155°17′43″W / 59.89722°N 155.29528°W / 59.89722; -155.29528Coordinates: 59°53′50″N 155°17′43″W / 59.89722°N 155.29528°W / 59.89722; -155.29528
Countries
United States
State
Alaska
Borough
Lake and Peninsula
Time zone
Alaska (AKST) (UTC-9)
• Summer (DST)
AKDT (UTC-8)
Area code(s)
907
Exploration drill rig at the prospective site of the Pebble Mine
Pebble Mine is the common name of a mineral exploration project investigating a very large porphyry copper, gold, and molybdenum mineral deposit in the Bristol Bay region of Southwest Alaska, near Lake Iliamna and Lake Clark. The proposal to mine the ore deposit, using large-scale operations and infrastructure, is controversial. Proponents argue that the mine will create jobs, provide tax revenue to the state of Alaska, and reduce American dependence on foreign sources of raw materials. Opponents argue that the mine would adversely affect the entire Bristol Bay watershed; and that the possible consequences to fish populations, when mining effluents escape planned containments, are simply too great of a risk. Much of this debate concerns the tentative plan to impound large amounts of water, waste rock, and mine tailings behind several earthen dams at the mine site. The project is on hold after the loss of funding partners in 2013.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Geography
1.2 Geology
1.2.1 Regional
1.2.2 The ore body
1.2.3 Reserves
1.3 Fisheries
1.4 Human populations
2 History
2.1 Discovery
2.2 Project funding
3 Project particulars
3.1 Project ownership
3.2 Economics
3.3 Permits
3.4 Studies
3.5 Possible mining plan
4 Controversy
4.1 Arguments against the proposal
4.1.1 Economic
4.2 Arguments for the proposal
4.2.1 Economic
4.2.2 Environmental
5 Legal challenges
5.1 EPA action
5.2 Nondalton Tribal Council et al. v. State of Alaska DNR
5.3 Nunamta Aulukestai et al. v. State of Alaska DNR
5.4 Political actions
5.4.1 Jay Hammond State Game Refuge
5.4.2 Salmon Spawning Waters
5.4.3 2008 Alaska Clean Water Initiative
5.4.4 Property rights
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Geography[edit]
The Pebble prospect is in a remote, wild, and generally uninhabited part of the Bristol Bay watershed. The nearest communities, about 20 miles (32 km) distant, are the villages of Nondalton, Newhalen, and Iliamna. The site is 200 miles (320 km) southwest of Anchorage, Alaska.[2]
Pebble is approximately 15 miles (24 km) north of, and upstream of, Lake Iliamna. The deposit area is characterized by relatively flat land dotted by glacial ponds, interspersed with isolated mountains or ranges of hills rising one or two thousand feet above the flats. Pebble is under a broad flat valley at about 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level dividing the drainages of Upper Talarik Creek and the Koktuli River.[3]
Upper Talarik Creek flows into Lake Iliamna, which flows through the Kvichak River into Bristol Bay. Waters in the Koktuli River drain into the Mulchatna River, a tributary of the Nushagak River which empties into Bristol Bay at Dillingham. Water from Lake Clark, approximately 20 miles (32 km) east of Pebble, flows down the Newhalen River to Lake Iliamna.[4]
Geology[edit]
Regional[edit]
The Kahiltna terrane is interpreted to represent a sediment trough formed on the landward (Alaska) side of the Wrangellia volcanic arc terrane, prior to collision of Wrangellia with Alaska. The Wrangellia and Kahiltna terranes docked to Alaska in the Cretaceous Period. This part of the Kahiltna terrane is dominated by Late Triassic basalt, andesite and sedimentary rocks overlain by Jurassic-Cretaceous andesitic turbidites. Cretaceous granitic intrusive activity was widespread in the Kahiltna terrane. Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary rocks, and Quaternary glacial deposits, developed over the older rocks.[5]
The Lake Clark (Alaska) fault, or a splay, probably lies within twenty miles (32 km) of the Pebble deposits and possibly much closer. The Lake Clark fault is a major right-lateral strike-slip crustal feature, considered to be a westward expression of the Castle Mountain fault. The actual ground trace of the fault and its splays are unknown in the Pebble area, due to extensive ground cover.[6][7] A 2007 report indicates that magnitude 7.1 quakes occur on the fault on a 700-year cycle.[8] The Lake Clark fault several hundred miles to the north is sub-parallel to the Denali fault and considered to be of similar nature. A magnitude 7.9 quake struck the Denali fault in 2002. The subduction zone of the Aleutian Trench lies approximately 125 miles (200 km) south of Pebble. This zone was the source of the 1964 Good Friday earthquake of magnitude 9.2.[9]
The ore body[edit]
A contiguous body of ore is known as Pebble West where mineralization locally extends to the surface and as Pebble East where it is deeply buried. Pebble holds mostly low-grade ore, requiring a large-scale operation to economically recover it.
The Pebble deposit is hosted in porphyritic granodiorite to tonalite of Upper Cretaceous age intruded into deformed sedimentary rocks of the Jurassic to Cretaceous Kahiltna flysch terrane.[10]
The copper ore is a calc-alkali porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum deposit. The ore body extends from the surface to at least 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) depth. In the western part of the orebody, mineralization occurs in a complex of several small granodiorite cupolas, diorite sills, older intrusions, breccias, and sediments. The western part of the deposit is locally exposed at the surface; thin gossans are developed and oxidation reaches 100 feet (30 m) in depth. The orebody extends eastward across a fault contact, at depth. East of the fault mineralization occurs in abundant sills and in the intruded sediments. Farther east, and deeper, the sills coalesce into a deeply buried granodiorite pluton. Mineralization and ore continue into the pluton. The eastern part of the deposit was eroded when it was exposed at the surface millions of years ago. It has since been buried by a thickening-to-the-east wedge of post-mineralization-age Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic sedimentary rocks.[5][11]
The age of mineralization at Pebble was reported in 2001 to extend for several million years between 86 million years ago and 89.5 MYA.[12]
Metallic minerals identified at Pebble include pyrite, chalcopyrite, molybdenite, and bornite, along with minor covellite, chalcocite, digenite and magnetite.
Reserves[edit]
In 2008, Pebble was estimated to be the second-largest ore deposit of its type in the world in terms of the value of the contained metal, slightly smaller than Indonesia's Grasberg Mine, which contains more metal in a smaller amount of ore than Pebble.[13] Estimates have grown throughout the history of the project.
In February 2010, a resource estimate, based on a total of 509 drillholes and at a 0.3% copper equivalent cutoff (CuEQ), reported the combined Pebble deposit mineral resources of East and West comprise:
5.94 billion tonnes of ore as "measured and indicated mineral resources" (=proven, see Mineral resource classification) grading 0.78% CuEQ, containing 55 billion pounds of copper, 67 million ounces of gold and 3.3 billion pounds of molybdenum; and
4.84 billion tonnes of ore as "inferred mineral resources" (=estimated) grading 0.53% CuEQ, containing 25.6 billion pounds of copper, 40.4 million ounces of gold and 2.3 billion pounds of molybdenum.[14]
The 2014 resource estimate includes 6.44 billion tonnes in the measured and indicated categories containing 57 billion lb copper, 70 million oz gold, 3.4 billion lb molybdenum and 344 million oz silver; and 4.46 billion tonnes in the inferred category, containing 24.5 billion lb copper, 37 million oz gold, 2.2 billion lb molybdenum and 170 million oz silver. Quantities of palladium and rhenium also occur in the deposit.[15]
By dollar value, slightly more than half of the value is from copper, with the remainder split roughly equally between gold and molybdenum. Byproducts of silver, rhenium, and palladium metals would also be recovered.
Fisheries[edit]
Bristol Bay is home to the world's largest salmon run. All five Eastern Pacific species spawn in the bay's freshwater tributaries. Commercial fisheries include the world's largest sockeye salmon fishery. The Kvijack River has the single largest red salmon run in the world.[16] The Kvijack drains from Lake Iliamna, which is downstream of the deposit. Along with herring and other fisheries, salmon account for nearly 75% of local jobs.[17]
Sport fishing is another important local industry. Many lodges cater to sport fishermen exploiting the salmon and trout populations in the freshwater tributaries. Freshwater species include humpback whitefish (Coregonus pidschianpp), Dolly Varden trout (Salvelinus malma), and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).[18]
Seasonal subsistence harvesting of salmon and year-round subsistence harvesting of freshwater fish is a critical part of life for rural residents, most of whom live downstream of the mine site.[19]
Human populations[edit]
The Pebble site is within Lake and Peninsula Borough, about 1,600 inhabitants as of United States Census, 2010, adjacent to the Bristol Bay Borough of about 1000 inhabitants and the Dillingham Census Area, 4,800 inhabitants. Some 7,500 people live largely rural lifestyles within or near the area downstream of the Pebble site. The populations of Lake Clark National Park and other parts of the Bethel Census Area are upstream of the site or in a different watershed.
The populations in the area rely heavily on wild resources for subsistence, harvesting moose, caribou and salmon. Wild resources play an important part in the region's cultural heritage.
History[edit]
Discovery[edit]
In 1987 Cominco Alaska Exploration (CAE) (which subsequently became Teck Resources) collected mineralized surface samples at the Pebble site from color anomalies visible from aircraft. The first two exploration holes were drilled in 1988; in 1989 twelve more drill holes, soil sampling, and geophysical surveys indicated that the Pebble West occurrence (originally named Pebble Beach) was part of a large copper porphyry system.[20] CAE continued drilling and other work through 1992, with a second drill campaign in 1997, with the resource doubled from 500M short tons to 1B short tons.[10]:17
In 2001, Northern Dynasty Minerals, Ltd. optioned the property from Teck Cominco, the successor to CAE's parent company. Northern Dynasty Minerals began exploration in 2002, which continued through 2013. In 2005, Northern Dynasty discovered the Pebble East deposit and acquired 100% ownership of the Pebble mining claims.[21][22]
Project funding[edit]
In 2008, 140 million dollars were budgeted and approximately 150,000 feet (46,000 m) of additional drilling was completed.[23]
In 2009, 70 million dollars were budgeted, to complete a preliminary feasibility study, or "prefeasibility" study, and to prepare the project for permitting.[24]
In 2010, 73 million dollars were budgeted towards the prefeasibility report, environmental studies, and various administrative and community-relations work. Applications for development and operations permits were not planned until after 2010.[25][26]
For 2011, 91 million dollars were budgeted to complete the prefeasibility study, leading to permit applications in 2012. Environmental and engineering studies including 45,000 feet (14,000 m) of drilling to decide on mine design and a complete environmental baseline.
Project particulars[edit]
Project ownership[edit]
The land is owned by the State of Alaska.[27] Pebble Mines Corp. holds mineral rights for 186 square miles (480 km2) of the area, an area that includes the Pebble deposits, as well as other, less explored, mineral deposits.[27] A sequence of mining companies and partnerships have owned the Alaska mining claims at and around Pebble since the initial claim staking by Cominco in 1987.
The Pebble Limited Partnership is now 100% owned by The Northern Dynasty Partnership, which is a wholly owned Canadian-based subsidiary of Northern Dynasty Minerals, Limited.
Three of the world's largest mining companies purchased shares of Northern Dynasty or became partners in the Pebble Limited Partnership through obligations to fund exploration and development. All have since divested their interests.
Mitsubishi Corporation sold its 9.1% interest in Northern Dynasty Minerals in 2011.[28]
Anglo American, a London-based mining company, struck a deal with Northern Dynasty to earn a 50% interest in a newly created Pebble Limited Partnership, the other 50% belonging to Northern Dynasty; between 2007 and 2013 Anglo American spent over half a billion dollars on the project. In December 2013 Anglo American walked away from the project, losing its 50% interest, which reverted to Northern Dynasty Minerals Limited.[29]
Rio Tinto Group, through its wholly owned subsidiary Kennecott Utah Copper purchased, for 87 million dollars, a 9.9% ownership of Northern Dynasty Minerals Limited in July, 2006, and in 2007 doubled that to 19.8% ownership, for an additional 94 million dollars.[30] In April 2014, the Rio Tinto Group gifted its shares, worth only approximately 18 million by then, to two Alaskan charitable foundations.[31][32]
Northern Dynasty is one of several public mining companies controlled by Hunter Dickinson, a Vancouver-based Canadian mining corporation.[33] All but one of Hunter Dickinson Corporation's board members are also on the Northern Dynasty board. Most of the senior management of Northern Dynasty also hold senior management positions at Hunter Dickinson Corporation.[34][35]
Economics[edit]
Pebble is the largest known undeveloped copper ore body in the world, measured by either the amount of contained metal or the amount of ore.[36]
Northern Dynasty estimated that Pebble contains over $300 billion worth of recoverable metals at early 2010 prices.[37]
A report released by Northern Dynasty in 2011 predicted profits for mine owners from a large-scale open-pit mine at Pebble, given appropriate assumptions about construction costs ($4.7 billion), scale (200,000 tons per day), lifetime (45 years), metal prices over that lifetime (2011 prices) and the mine design plan.
The study assumes a slurry pipeline will deliver ore concentrate from the mine to a new port on Cook Inlet, and that trucks will haul ore concentrates to Cook Inlet.
The plan expected the mine to return the initial capital investment in 3.2 years, employ over a thousand people for the first 25 years and provide a lifetime 23.2% pretax internal rate of return. The expected pretax cash flow was approximately $2 billion per year for much of the mine life and significantly more during the later years. The report states that 58% of the ore resource will remain at year 45.[38]
Permits[edit]
Northern Dynasty has applied for water rights permits to Upper Talarik Creek and the Koktuli River for use in mining. Altogether, Northern Dynasty has applied for rights to about 35 billion US gallons (130,000,000 m3) of ground and surface water per year,[39] about four times the annual throughput of drinking-quality water at the Anchorage Waste and Wastewater Utility.[40]
In April 2017 Northern Dynasty reported that it had received notice of approval of a Miscellaneous Land Use Permit from the Alaska Department of Natural Resources for ongoing activities at Pebble. [41]
Studies[edit]
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2017)
Site-specific baseline data and scientific studies of potential environmental and social effects have been and are being conducted by the project operators and their consultants. These studies address water quality and other concerns. Among these are: potential Acid mine drainage - the chemical stability and weathering products of the tailings (waste rock) removed from the mine and of the newly exposed and blast-fractured rocks within the proposed mine; seismic risks to the impoundment systems designed to contain the tailings and to control their chemical behavior; and the effects of road and bridge construction on fish habitat.[42][43]
Public interest in the project has also resulted in outside, and opposing, interests publishing scientific reviews of available data and comparisons with other projects. These include reports or summaries on; seismic risks,[44] acid rock drainage,[45] effects of roads and bridges on fish (roads supporting the Pebble mine could cross 20 known salmon streams),[46] and general water pollution-related concerns.[47]
The federal Environmental Protection Agency is conducting a scientific review of the Bristol Bay watershed focused on the Nushagak and Kvichak river drainages, in response to petitions from organizations opposed to Pebble. The report is expected to reach the public-comment stage in late 2011.[48]
Possible mining plan[edit]
While the exact scope of proposed mining activities have not been finalized, the general outline of the plan is known.
Pebble West would probably be mined as an open pit. The open pit might reach 2 miles (3.2 km) wide and several thousand feet deep. Most of the rock removed from the pit would become waste, amounting to as much as 10 billion tons.[49] That material, along with allowed discharge chemicals, would be stored permanently in two artificial lakes behind embankment dams. The largest would be 740 feet (230 m) tall and 4.3 miles (6.9 km) long. Pebble East would most likely be an underground mine.
Pebble would be similar to existing large copper porphyry mines such as Chuquicamata, Bingham Canyon and Ok Tedi, although the environmental setting and various technical considerations of Pebble distinguish it from these desert and tropical examples. Development and construction would consume years and cost billions of dollars.[50] Required infrastructure includes miles of roads, bridges and powerlines with pipelines for fuel and rock slurries.
Operating the mine would use and impound large amounts of surface water. The roads would carry fuel, industrial chemicals and supplies.[51]
Design possibilities include: construction of a port on Iniskin Bay of Cook Inlet with a two-lane freight road roughly 104 miles (167 km) long built along the north side of Lake Iliamna between the mine and the new port; trucks hauling ore concentrate to the port; pipelines along the road to carry fuel to the mine and a slurry of metal concentrate to the port. The slurry would be dewatered at the port before being shipped to a smelter, with a pipeline returning the water to the mine.[52][53] Power to operate the mine would possibly come from a combination of overhead powerlines and a submarine cable across Cook Inlet.[39]
Feasibility studies (detailed mine construction and operation plans) were prepared by Pebble Mines Corp. The company expected to apply for permits in 2012 at the earliest.[54][55]
Controversy[edit]
The controversy over the proposed Pebble mine centers largely on the potential risk to the watershed, salmon and other fisheries. Mining opponents claim that the mine poses a significant and unacceptable risk to downstream fish stocks, and could cause an environmental disaster if built. Mining proponents claim that the mine can be developed and operated without significantly harming Bristol Bay area fish.
A steady stream of electoral, legislative, and legal challenges to possible future Pebble mine development are lodged in Alaska. Some of these assert that even the drilling and other scientific investigations conducted to date have caused significant adverse effects to the land and wildlife near the Pebble site.[56]
Pebble has been a major issue in Alaska politics since the mid-2000s; national environmental and sport-fishing organizations are involved, while national publications cover the issue.[57]
In 2006 one poll reported 28% of Alaskans in favor of and 53% opposed to Pebble and another reported 45% of Alaskans in favor and 31% in opposition. A poll of Bristol Bay residents reported 20% in favor and 71% opposed.[58][59][60] Fifty-seven percent of Alaskan voters in a 2008 statewide election voted against a ballot measure that would have essentially outlawed the project and perhaps similar developments elsewhere in Alaska.
Organizations including the Resource Development Council, Alaska Mining Association, and the Alaska Chamber of Commerce support the project. The proposal has strong support among statewide elected officials.
Opposition to the proposal was led by organizations including; the Renewable Resources Coalition (formed in 2005 to oppose the Pebble project),[61] local native groups (such as the Bristol Bay Native Association[62]), commercial and sport fishing organizations (such as the Alaska Independent Fishermen's Marketing Association[63] and the Alaska Wilderness Recreation and Tourism Association[64]), and environmental groups (such as American Rivers[65] and Trout Unlimited).[66] Deceased Senator Ted Stevens, a strong proponent of other resource extraction projects, in 2007 expressed opposition to the Pebble proposal.[67]
In April 2009, a Native delegation from the Bristol Bay region attended the annual shareholder's meeting of Anglo American, the major mining company behind the Pebble project. The delegation met with Cynthia Carroll, CEO of Anglo American, claiming that the Bristol Bay watershed is no place for an open-pit mine.[68]
Multiple UK jewelers[69] pledged not to buy gold from the Pebble mine if it is built, joining several American jewellery retailers and manufacturers who had done the same in 2008.[70]
Arguments against the proposal[edit]
Opponents to the mine point out that it is about jobs—current sustainable fishing (world class fishery) vs. unknown future jobs which characteristically leave.
The fish in the watershed, and the wildlife that depend on them, are too important to risk in exchange for the mine's economic benefits. (Bristol Bay is the most valuable Sockeye Salmon fishery in the world — generating $1.5 billion in annual profit.)[71]
Accidental discharge of process chemicals and byproducts, heavy metals, and acid mine drainage to the environment are realistic concerns in mine design and operation. They are dangerous to fish and other wildlife. Downstream salmon and freshwater fish species are vulnerable to mine-generated pollutants.[72] A threat to the fish would amount to a threat to the regional subsistence lifestyle.
According to the EPA, mining has contaminated portions of the headwaters of over 40 percent of watersheds in the western continental U.S., and reclamation of 500,000 abandoned mines in 32 states could cost tens of billions of dollars.[73]
A recent study of 25 modern large hard rock metal mines compared water quality outcomes with environmental impact statement () predictions from the permitting stage. 76 percent (19 mines) of the 25 mines violated water quality standards in releases to either surface or groundwater. In this study "violated water quality standards" does not necessarily mean that the mines failed to abide by their permits. When the 15 mines with high-acid drainage, high-contaminant leaching potential and proximity to ground water are considered separately, this number is 93% (14 mines).[74][75]
A report commissioned by opponents criticizes for community, worker safety, public health, and environmental problems at their mining operations in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Mali, Ireland, and Nevada and notes the difference between stated corporate goals and their actual corporate performance.[76]
Groundtruthtrekking.org claimed that earthquake hazards in the area are poorly known, and preliminary plans by the mining company do not prepare adequately for the potential risk.[77]
Economic[edit]
The mineral rights and the project are controlled by Canadian, British, Australian and Japanese corporations.[78]
The mine may not provide significant tax revenue to the state. Due to Alaska's tax structure, oil and gas drilling returns over 20% of resource value to the state and municipalities, fishing returns 1% to 5%, and mining returns approximately 1.5%.[79] However, considering the mine contains over $500 billion in resources,[80] this 1.5% tax amounts to a maximum of $7.5 Billion in tax revenue over the course of the mine's operation or $166 million/year or some four times the commercial tax budget in 2011 ($43 million).[81] The annual revenue potential of the mine is yet unknown, and consequently so is the tax revenue to the State.[79][82]
Arguments for the proposal[edit]
Economic[edit]
The mine and supporting activities would provide significant tax revenue to the state. The State of Alaska predicts that direct mining tax revenue, even without Pebble, will be one of the most important sources of non-oil tax revenue (exceeding revenue from fishing).[79]
The mine will create well-paying jobs in an increasingly poverty-stricken region[83]—roughly 2,000 jobs for construction, dropping to 1,000 permanent jobs during the 30- to 60-year expected life span of the mine.[84]
The mine would provide a domestic resource of raw materials lowering the United States reliance on foreign sources.[85]
Environmental[edit]
Protection of the environment and fisheries will be ensured by the stringent environmental review and permitting process, including an EIS, that is required before development is allowed.[citation needed]
Much of the poor environmental track record of mining occurred before current technologies and regulations.[citation needed]
Northern Dynasty has a "no net loss" policy for fisheries.[86]
Legal challenges[edit]
EPA action[edit]
In April 2013, EPA issued a draft assessment of the impact of proposed mining plans on the fisheries, wildlife and Alaska native tribes in the region.[87]
In January 2014, the final assessment was released. It questioned the future of salmon habitat should the mine be opened, but the agency did not use its authority to stop the mine.[88] Pebble Partnership CEO John Shively severely criticized the EPA assessment, saying it was unscientific and that it sought a predetermined outcome.[89] A few days after the release, Democratic U.S. Senator Mark Begich openly opposed the mine, breaking with the other members of the Alaska congressional delegation, Republican Senator Lisa Murkowski and Republican Representative Don Young.[90]
In July 2014, before the project had submitted its EIS, EPA Region 10 proposed restrictions employing Section 404 (c) of the Clean Water Act, restrictions that would effectively prohibit the project.[91][92] This was the twelfth time the clause has been employed since the Act's passage in 1971.[93]
On July 18, 2014, in a published statement, Pebble Partnership CEO Tom Collier said that the project would continue its litigation against EPA; noted that the EPA's action was under investigation by the Office of the EPA Inspector General and by the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform; and also noted that two bills were pending in the US House and Senate seeking to clarify that EPA did not have the authority to preemptively veto or otherwise restrict development projects prior to the onset of federal and state permitting. Collier's statement also said that EPA’s proposal was based on outdated mining scenarios that were not part of the project's approach.[92] On December 18, 2009, an appeal was filed in Alaska Superior Court contending that a decision in November 2009 by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources’ commissioner rejecting their challenge of a 2009 exploration permit was inappropriate. The suit contends that ADNR failed to give Alaskans adequate notice and opportunity to comment on the permit and that it failed to consider the appeal. Trustees for Alaska is pursuing the suit for Nunamta Aulukestai and two Bristol Bay residents.[94]
In May 2017 the Pebble Partnership and EPA jointly announced they had reached a settlement agreement to end the legal dispute regarding the EPA's Proposed Determination issued under CWA 404(c) in July 2014. The Agreement called for the EPA to withdraw the regulatory action while the Pebble Partnership agreed to terminate outstanding lawsuits brought against the EPA. [95]
In July 2017, the EPA sought comments on a proposal to withdraw its objections to the Pebble Mine based on the 1974 Clean Water Act.[96]
In February 2018, the EPA changed plans to withdraw restrictions on the Pebble Mine on the basis of the Clean Water Act. Instead, Administrator Pruitt offered support of the fishery. The decision is not final and is open to further public comments.[97]
Nondalton Tribal Council et al. v. State of Alaska DNR[edit]
Six federally recognized tribes filed Nondalton Tribal Council et al. v. State of Alaska DNR[98] with the Alaska Superior Court (Third Judicial District) on May 5, 2009. The suit challenged the validity of the 2005 Bristol Bay Area Plan, one of many Area Plans created and administered by the State of Alaska that, along with other State and Federal rules, define land status and the appropriate and legal uses of State land within the plan boundaries.[99]
The Bristol Bay Area Plan (BBAP) applies to about 12 million acres (49,000 km2) of state-owned uplands and lands beneath rivers and lakes in the Bristol Bay drainages, including lands at and in the vicinity of the proposed mine. The plan also covers about 7 million acres (28,000 km2) of state-owned tide and submerged lands.
The suit alleged that the 2005 BBAP, which replaced the original 1984 version, drastically altered, without legal justification, the land-use designations, classifications and acreages defined in the 1984 plan; and that the 2005 plan failed to provide adequate protection for subsistence resources, sport hunting and fishing, wildlife habitat and other renewable resources. If successful, the suit will require ADNR to write a new area plan, a many months-long process involving much public input and review of draft versions, although ultimately, approval of an area plan is decided by the Commissioner of Natural Resources, an appointee of the Governor. As of Aug. 7, 2009, DNR had not filed an answer to the complaint.
Nunamta Aulukestai et al. v. State of Alaska DNR[edit]
Nunamta Aulukestai et al. v. State of Alaska DNR,[100] was filed in Alaska Superior Court (Third Judicial District) on July 29, 2009, by Trustees for Alaska on behalf of the Bristol Bay Native organization Nunamta Aulukestai, former Alaska First Lady Bella Hammond, original Alaska Constitutional Convention delegate Victor Fischer and other individuals. The suit seeks "Declaratory and Injunctive Relief," asserting that the Alaska Department of Natural Resources repeatedly violated Section VIII of the Alaska Constitution, which specifically provides that there shall be, "...no disposals or leases of state lands...without prior public notice and other safeguards of the public's interest..."
The plaintiffs are seeking, among other things, an injunction voiding the project's existing permits, including water-use permits. The requested injunction was specific to Pebble permits and would not directly apply to other mining projects. The suit alleges that ADNR's "pattern of permitting," is defective because it was not sufficiently rigorous in determining that issuing a permit would best serve public interest, as demonstrated by a lack of documented scientific studies and by lack of public review and input, prior to issuing permits. A Declaration by one of the plaintiffs references the Commentary on Article VIII on State Lands and Natural Resources of December 15, 1955; "As requirements change and many tasks become routine, appropriate modifications can be made in procedures if rigid requirements are not specified in the Constitution itself."
The suit also alleges that significant, and documented, adverse effects on land, water, and wildlife have already occurred as a result of drilling and other exploration activities at Pebble since 1989.[101] In late 2009 the presiding judge rejected a State of Alaska motion to dismiss the case and also denied a motion for a preliminary injunction to stop mining exploration. A Petition for Review on the preliminary injunction decision was filed with the Alaska Supreme Court.
In July 2010, the Alaska Superior Court ruled that Nunamta Aulukestai et al. v. State of Alaska DNR would proceed to a non-jury trial in December 2010. The ruling dismissed one of the six claims in the lawsuit and limited the scope of the upcoming trial to the Pebble permits, rather than to the Alaska mineral exploration permitting system in general.[102]
Political actions[edit]
Two bills designed to outlaw large-scale mining in the Pebble area were introduced in the Alaska state legislature in 2007; both stalled in committee. A third attempted (by ballot measure) piece of legislation was the Alaska Clean Water Initiative, 2008. It was voted down after months of high-profile public debate, heavy advertising, and a series of judgements by the Alaska State Supreme Court. The measure remained an active public issue; in June 2009 the state of Alaska's Alaska Public Offices Commission reported violations of campaign funding laws during the contest.[103][104]
Then-Governor Sarah Palin was a strong supporter of the project and faced criticism about her opposition to the initiative, the involvement of state government and the intended use of a $7 million federal earmark to facilitate it. Ethics questions were raised about her and her husband Todd's participation.[105]
Jay Hammond State Game Refuge[edit]
A proposal to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game to create a fish refuge in the Koktuli and Talarik watersheds was supported by mine opponents and opposed by Northern Dynasty. The Alaska Board of Fisheries voted to create a panel to study the proposal (which could decide to recommend a refuge to the legislature). Both sides claimed this as a victory.[106] In March 2007 the Board voted to take no action on the proposal due to pending legislation.[107]
In January, 2007 Senate Bill 67, introduced by Senator Gary Stevens, of Kodiak, proposed the establishment of a State Fish and Game Refuge covering about 7 million acres (28,000 km2) of state land in the Kvichak and Nushagak drainages (with the refuge to be named after former Alaska Governor Jay Hammond). It proposed that no uses incompatible with: fish and wildlife populations; commercial or subsistence food gathering; or recreation would be allowed in the refuge. The bill sought to close the refuge to new mining claims. Most significantly, the bill would have made illegal the storage or disposal of any quantity of, "industrial waste," thereby making it impossible to develop any industry, including mines, within the refuge.[108] The bill died in the Senate Resources Committee.
Salmon Spawning Waters[edit]
In February 2007, a bill to stop the project by increasing protections for spawning salmon died in the Human Resources committee.[109][110][111]
2008 Alaska Clean Water Initiative[edit]
Main article: Alaska Clean Water Initiative, 2008
In August 2008, Ballot Measure 4, the "Alaska Clean Water Initiative," was voted down (approximately 57% against and 43% in favor) in that year's primary election. The measure was written to apply statewide (which the Constitution of Alaska demands). Supporters of the Measure argued that it would not affect any other mining operation. Opponents argued that it would have had serious, and unnecessary, adverse effects on the mining industry statewide.
Property rights[edit]
Pebble supporters argued that such bills and measures would constitute an illegal taking of property rights (mineral rights granted by the State of Alaska to holders of mining claims on state land).[112]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pebble Project".
Jump up ^ "Pebble Project — Northern Alaska Environmental Center".
Jump up ^ "Pebble Partnership: Location".
Jump up ^ http://www.nature.nps.gov/water/planning/management_plans/lacl_wrsr_final_screen.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b Mark Rebagliati (Northern Dynasty Minerals Canada); James Lang (Lang Geoscience Inc, Canada) (August 2008). "Geology and exploration history of the super-giant Pebble copper/gold/molybdenum". International Geological Society. Geological Survey of Brazil.
Jump up ^ Detterman, R.L.; Reed, B.L. (1980). "Stratigraphy, structure, and economic geology of the Iliamna quadrangle, Alaska" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1368-B.
Jump up ^ Peter J. Haeussler; Richard W. Saltu (2004). "26 km of Offset on the Lake Clark Fault Since Late Eocene Time" (PDF). Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2004 U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1709–A. USGS. p. 4. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Wesson, Robert L., Boyd, Oliver S., Mueller, Charles S., Bufe, Charles G., Frankel, Arthur D., Petersen, Mark D. (2007). "Revision of Time-Independent Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps for Alaska" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ David Chambers (September 2007). "Pebble Engineering Geology Discussion of Issues" (PDF). Center for Science in Public Participation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-09-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "USGS Resource Data File - Iliamna quadrangle" (PDF). USGS. 2004. pp. 1–117.
Jump up ^ Pebble Project Metal Leaching/Acid Rock Drainage Characterization DRAFT Sampling and Analysis Program, SRK Consulting for Northern Dynasty, June 2005 [1] Archived July 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Schrader, Christian M., Crowe, Doug, Turner, Kent, Stein, Holly J (8 November 2001). "40
AR
39AR and re-os geochronology of the Pebble Copper Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposit, outhwest Alaska". The Geological Society of America (GSA). CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Pebble's value keeps growing". Anchorage Daily News. 25 February 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Northern Dynasty Minerals Ltd. - Pebble - Thu Apr 13, 2017".
Jump up ^ "Sockeye Salmon - Species Profile, Range and Habitat". Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ OurBristolBay (2009). "Our Bristol Bay - Bristol Bay Commercial Fishing". Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ OurBristolBay (2009). "Bristol Bay Subsistence Use". Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Theodore Krieg; Molly Chytlook; Philippa Coiley-Kenner; et al. (2003). "Freshwater Fish Harvest and Use in Communities of the Kvichak Watershed, 2003, technical paper 297 see in particular, Figures 7 through 14" (PDF). Alaska Fish and Wildlife Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-10.
Jump up ^ "SEDAR Application Error / Erreur – application SEDAR" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "NDM Investor Handout" (PDF). 9 January 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Page not found - Equities Newswire".
Jump up ^ "Northern Dynasty Minerals Ltd. - News Releases - Thu Apr 13, 2017".
Jump up ^ "Northern Dynasty Minerals Ltd. - News Releases - Thu Apr 13, 2017".
Jump up ^ [3][dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Pebble Blog : Pebble won't apply for development permits in 2010 | adn.com". Archived from the original on 2010-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Northern Dynasty. "Exploration Lands". Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
Jump up ^ SEC (February 25, 2011). "SCHEDULE 13G Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934". SEC.
Jump up ^ "Northern Dynasty re-acquires 100% ownership of southwest Alaska's Pebble Project - Mon Jul 28, 2014". Northerndynastyminerals.com. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Rio Tinto Increases Investment in NDM to Near Legal Agreement Threshold".
Jump up ^ "Rio Tinto gifts stake in Northern Dynasty Minerals to Alaskan charities". 7 April 2014.
Jump up ^ In latest blow to Pebble prospect mining giant Rio Tinto pulling out, Anchorage Daily News, Sean Cockerham, 7 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Northern Dynasty Minerals Ltd. Company Overview". Northerndynastyminerals.com. 28 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Northern Dynasty Minerals Ltd. - Board - Thu Apr 13, 2017".
Jump up ^ "Hunter Dickinson - Directors - Thu Apr 13, 2017".
Jump up ^ "Sizing Up the World's Mega Copper-Gold Projects - Resource Investor".
Jump up ^ [4][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Northern Dynasty Minerals Ltd. - Thu Apr 13, 2017".
^ Jump up to: a b Alaska Department of Natural Resources. "Pebble Copper-Gold Project". Retrieved 2007-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Anchorage Water and Wastewater Utility Overview".
Jump up ^ "Northern Dynasty Minerals: State of Alaska Approves Pebble Project Miscellaneous Land Use Permit". www.juniorminingnetwork.com. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
Jump up ^ Pre-Permitting Environmental/ Socio-Economic Data Report Series
Jump up ^ Not Your Grandfather's Copper Mine Archived February 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Seismic Risk at the Pebble Mine, summary adapted from paper by Bretwood Higman, Ph.D., March 2008 (available at groundtruthtrekking.org)
Jump up ^ Acid Rock Drainage and Metal Leaching at the Pebble Project, summary prepared by Dr. Kendra Zamzow
Jump up ^ Fisheries Impacts at the Pebble Mine, text by William J. Hauser, Fish Talk Consulting
Jump up ^ Water-Related Impacts at the Pebble Mine, Robert E. Moran, Ph.D
Jump up ^ "Page not found".
Jump up ^ "Fishing for molybdenum," Economist, Nov 10 2007, 38-39.
Jump up ^ "Pebble Mine Construction Now Estimated at $6 Billion". Archived from the original on 2009-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Fact Seeht april 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Pebble Mine Project Alaska Archived August 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Alaska Journal of Commerce Online Archived May 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ adn.com | Top Stories : Pebble's prospects grow Archived 2008-02-28 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Northern Dynasty Minerals Ltd. - News Releases - Thu Apr 13, 2017".
Jump up ^ "Complaint" (PDF). Retrieved June 1, 2016. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Yardley, William (August 23, 2008). "Vote in Alaska Puts Question: Gold or Fish?". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Renewable Resources Coalition. "A Summary of Statewide Polling Results on Pebble Mine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-21. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
Jump up ^ Kenai Peninsula Clarion: "Dueling polls oppose, support Pebble Mine project." Retrieved January 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ Renewable Resources Coalition. "Bristol Bay and Lake Peninsula Boroughs Pebble Mine Survey" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-21. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
Jump up ^ Renewable Resources Coalition. "Renewable Resources Coalition Home". Retrieved 2007-01-06.
Jump up ^ Nunumta Aulukestai. "Nunumta Aulukestai" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
Jump up ^ Alaska Independent Fishermen's Marketing Association. "AIFMA Opposes the Proposed Pebble Mine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-01-01. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
Jump up ^ Alaska Wilderness Recreation and Tourism Association. "Pebble Mine Policy Statement" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-01-07. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
Jump up ^ American Rivers. "Bristol Bay on 10 Most Endangered Rivers List for 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-12-15. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
Jump up ^ Trout Unlimited. "Save Bristol Bay". Archived from the original on 2007-01-07. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
Jump up ^ Anchorage Daily News: "Stevens pledges to stall Pebble." Retrieved January 23, 2007. Archived December 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The Times & The Sunday Times".
Jump up ^ "News". iii.co.uk.
Jump up ^ SPENCE, HAL. "Major jewelers oppose Pebble - Peninsula Clarion".
Jump up ^ Institute of Social and Economic Research University of Alaska Anchorage. "The Economic Importance of the Bristol Bay Salmon Industry" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
Jump up ^ Freshwater Fish Harvest and Use in Communities of the Watershed, 2003 Archived 2009-05-10 at the Wayback Machine. See in particular Figures 15 through 36
Jump up ^ Protection Agency. "Liquid Assets 2000: Pay for Dirty Water". Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
Jump up ^ "EARTHWORKS | Comparison of Predicted and Actual Water Quality at Hardrock Mines". Earthworksaction.org. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
Jump up ^ Predicting Water Quality Problems At Hardrock Mines
Jump up ^ 's Track Record: Rhetoric or Reality? Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Ground Truth Trekking Hazard Letter
Jump up ^ Northern Dynasty's 2004 Annual Report, Pg. 9, June 30, 2004
^ Jump up to: a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved 2008-04-25. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Pebbles Prospects Grow". Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.tax.alaska.gov/programs/documentviewer/viewer.aspx?2441f
Jump up ^ Alaska Republican Party. "Percentage of Resource Production Value Paid to State Municipalities from the Oil and Gas, Mining, and Fishing Industries" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Bristol Bay Bourough Economic Overview, State of Alaska Dept Commerce and Economic Development". Archived from the original on 2004-08-24.
Jump up ^ "ndmpebblemine.com".
Jump up ^ USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2006
Jump up ^ "The Midas touch". Mother Jones. May 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ EPA,OA,OEAEE,OWC, US. "About the National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA)" (PDF). CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Sarah Childress (Director) (2014-01-16). "EPA: "Alaska Gold" Mine a Threat to Salmon Fisheries". Alaska Gold- FRONTLINE. PBS. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
Jump up ^ Bendinger, Dave Mixed Reaction to EPA Assessment Alaska Public Radio Network 1-15-2014
Jump up ^ Ruskin, Liz Begich Takes stand Against Pebble Mine Alaska Public Radio Network, 1-20-2014
Jump up ^ Region 10, Seattle, WA (July 2014). "Proposed Determination of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10 Pursuant to Section 404(c) of the Clean Water Act Pebble Deposit Area, Southwest Alaska," (PDF). US EPA. p. 14. Retrieved 25 November 2014. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "EPA Continues to Deny Pebble Due Process - Alaska Business Monthly - July 2014 - Anchorage, AK". Akbizmag.com. 2014-07-18. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Joel (10 August 2013). "Why EPA Needs to Block Alaska's Pebble Mine". RealClearPolitics.com. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Appeal" (PDF). Retrieved June 1, 2016. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Northern Dynasty Minerals: Pebble Partnership Reaches Settlement with US Environmental Protection Agency". www.juniorminingnetwork.com. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
Jump up ^ "EPA proposes to withdraw Clean Water Act restrictions for Pebble Mine in Alaska's Bristol Bay watershed". EPA. July 11, 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Wilson, M. R., & Cama, T. (2018, February 01). Uncertainty swirls around Pebble Mine after EPA surprise. Retrieved March 29, 2018, from http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/371730-uncertainty-swirls-around-pebble-mine-after-epa-surprise
Jump up ^ Nondalton Tribal Council et al v. State DNR
Jump up ^ 2005 Bristol Bay Area Plan
Jump up ^ Nunamta Aulukestai et al v. State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources[dead link]
Jump up ^ Bristol Bay Residents Assert Pebble Exploration Violates State Constitution
Jump up ^ "Page not found".
Jump up ^ "APOC staff report" (PDF). Retrieved June 6, 2009. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Report rips foes of Pebble mine prospect: Pebble | Alaska news at adn.com
Jump up ^ Palin's hand seen in battle over mine in Alaska, New York Times, Michael Powell and Jo Becker, 21 October 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Both sides laud decision on fish refuge". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved January 23, 2007. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Alaska Board of Fisheries Summary of Actions from March 07 Meeting" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Bill Text 25th Legislature".
Jump up ^ "Alaska State House Journal". Retrieved 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Pebble Backers say Fish Refuge Bill Actually Targets Mine". Alaska Journal of Commerce. Archived from the original on November 22, 2008. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ HB 134 text
Jump up ^ Alaska Law Review: Geoffrey Y. Parker, Frances M. Raskin, Carol Ann Woody and Lance Trasky, Pebble Mine: Fish, Minerals, and Testing the Limits of Alaska's "Large Mine Permitting Process".
External links[edit]
Government links
Alaska Division of Mining, Land & Water: Pebble Project
Opposition
Renewable Resources Coalition
Renewable Resources Foundation
Bristol Bay Native Corporation
Nunamta Aulukestai-Caretakers of the Land
Bristol Bay Residents Who Oppose the Mine
Save Bristol Bay
Our Bristol Bay
Alaska Trekking
Salmonstock Music and Art Festival
Proponents
Northern Dynasty Minerals
The Pebble Partnership
Northern Dynasty (NAK) Institutional Investors
Pebble education and information
PebbleWatch - a Project of Bristol Bay Native Corporation's Land Department
Pebble Science - Objective Scientific Information on the Proposed Pebble Mine
News
"Alaska Gold" video documentary July 2012 from PBS Frontline
Alaska Report (27 Dec. 2007): Pebble Mine debated in Alaska bush
Anchorage Daily News (13 Oct. 2007): Pebble mine prospect keeps getting richer
Anchorage Daily News : "The Pebble Blog"
UPI: (April 6, 2008) "Alaska's Pebble Mine worries biologist"
Seattle Times: (Feb. 12, 2008) "Jewelers oppose Alaska mine"
Peninsula Clarion: (Feb. 13, 2008) "Major jewelers oppose Pebble"
Homer News:(Feb. 26, 2009)"Tough Questions"
Anchorage Daily News: (March 18, 2009)"Spending on Pebble prospect falls this year"[permanent dead link]
National Jeweler: (April 7, 2009)"Alaska gold mine fight heads to London"[permanent dead link]
National Jeweler: (April 14, 2009) "UK jewelers join boycott of proposed Alaska mine"[permanent dead link]
Homer News: (April 15, 2009) "Leading UK jewelers say 'no' to Pebble"
Homer Tribune: (April 29, 2009) "Where's 'fault' in Pebble prospect?"[permanent dead link]
Anchorage Daily News: (May 20, 2009) "'Deadliest Catch' skipper slams Pebble mining project"
Anchorage Daily News: (July 29, 2009) Coalition sues to block Pebble mine permits"[permanent dead link]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pebble_Mine&oldid=836789535"
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text:
The Girl with All the Gifts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2016 film, see The Girl with All the Gifts (film).
The Girl with All the Gifts
Book cover from official website
Author
M.R. Carey
Language
English
Genre
Dystopia
Publisher
Orbit Books
Publication date
June 2014
Pages
460
ISBN
978-0-356-50015-7
The Girl with All the Gifts is a science-fiction novel by M.R. Carey, published in June 2014 by Orbit Books, based on his 2013 Edgar Award nominated short story Iphigenia In Aulis and written concurrently with the screenplay for the 2016 film. It deals with a dystopian future in which most of humanity is wiped out by a fungal infection.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characters
2 Plot
3 Reception
4 Film adaptation
5 References
Characters[edit]
Melanie – test subject number one, a host of the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis fungal infection. She has a brilliant intellect. Very fair skin, long hair, about ten years old.
Miss Helen Justineau – a compassionate teacher with a psychology background, who has become attached to the child subjects of the military-run experiment at Hotel Echo. She always wears one item of red in her clothing or accessories.
Sergeant Eddie Parks – a battle-hardened, non-commissioned officer who is acting as field commander of the Hotel Echo military complex. He has a wobbly, diagonal scar which makes his broad, flat face asymmetrical and inconceivably ugly.
Dr. Caroline Caldwell – the scientific leader of the study taking place at Hotel Echo. She is the teachers' boss. She wears a white coat, red lipstick and compulsively clicks her pen.
Private Kieran Gallagher – a young soldier at Hotel Echo.
Mr. Whitaker – the only male teacher at Hotel Echo.
Dr. Jean Selkirk – a teacher at Hotel Echo, and Dr. Caldwell's surgical assistant.
Miss Mailer – a teacher at Hotel Echo.
"Hungry" children: Anne, Kenny, Ronnie, Lizzie, Steven, Tom, Siobhan, Joanne, Liam, Marcia, Andrew.
Plot[edit]
Twenty years ago humanity was infected by a variant of the fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis. The infected, referred to as "hungries", quickly lose their mental powers and feed on the flesh of healthy humans. The disease spreads through blood and saliva, but can also spread through spores created by the fungus. In England, the few surviving uninfected humans either live in heavily-guarded areas such as Beacon, or roam in packs of hostile, scavenging "junkers".
The authorities in Beacon set up a remote military base for the study of a specific group of child hungries. They, unlike others, are able to retain their mental powers and only lose control when they get too close to human scent. Soldiers, led by Sergeant Eddie Parks, find such child hungries and bring them to the base, where they are educated by teachers and tested by the head scientist, Dr. Caroline Caldwell. This often means she vivisects the children, which Helen Justineau, a behavioural psychologist and teacher at the base, dislikes. Justineau sees the child hungries as people, and is especially fond of Melanie, a 10-year-old with a genius-level IQ. Melanie loves Justineau as a surrogate mother. Like the other children, Melanie does not understand that she is different from the adults.
Dr. Caldwell, who believes that she is close to a cure for the fungus, chooses to dissect Melanie. As Justineau interrupts and tries to save her the base is attacked by a group of junkers and hungries; Caldwell is badly wounded, and in saving Justineau, Melanie eats flesh for the first time, awakening the "hunger" of the fungus. The three find Parks and Private Kieran Gallagher, and flee the base together. The group decides to travel to Beacon, 74 miles away, but the adults argue over whether to bring Melanie. Parks only agrees after placing a muzzle and handcuffs on the child; Melanie cooperates, now aware of the danger she poses to the others.
Melanie proves useful to the adults; hungries do not attack her, and she can lead them away from the humans. While Caldwell still sees Melanie as a specimen, the others begin to trust the child. After several encounters with hungries, including a few adults that also retain some human-like behavior, the group finds the mobile laboratory Rosalind Franklin. It was built soon after the epidemic began with state-of-art facilities for experimentation and attack, but disappeared on its research mission. Caldwell, who is dying from sepsis, uses its equipment to urgently continue her research.
While Melanie sates her hunger away from the others by eating wild animals, she finds a group of child hungries. Melanie sees that they, too, retain their mental functions, although they have no language of their own, being uneducated. Afraid that they will be experimented on, Melanie instead tells the adults she saw a large group of junkers, but reveals the truth to Justineau. Gallagher, scared of junkers, flees the lab. He is found by the intelligent hungries, killed, and eaten.
While Parks and Justineau search for Gallagher, Caldwell—obsessed with finishing her research before dying—captures one of the intelligent hungries and experiments on him. She makes remarkable findings but does not let the others inside, fearing that they will interfere. Melanie finds a giant mass of fungal fruiting bodies that have grown in the years since the infection began; while there are enough spores to infect the entire world by air currents, the pods that contain the spores (sporangia) do not open on their own.
Melanie tricks Caldwell into letting her inside. Before dying, Caldwell shares her findings with Melanie: There is no cure or vaccine for the fungus. Intelligent hungries are second-generation ones, conceived by hungries who retained some human behavior. Those born in this way retain their mental abilities.
Outside the lab, Parks and Justineau are cornered by hungries. Melanie frightens them away, but Justineau is knocked unconscious and Parks is bitten and infected. Parks asks Melanie to shoot him before the infection cycle finishes so he does not turn into a hungry; she agrees to do so. She asks him to shoot the mass of spores with a flamethrower, deducing correctly that the environmental trigger to open the spores is fire. Before Melanie complies with Parks' request to kill him, she explains that as long as there are healthy humans, the war between them and the hungries will continue. For second-generation hungries to be born and rebuild the world, every human must first be infected.
Justineau awakens in the Rosalind Franklin. Melanie leads her to a group of intelligent hungries, to whom Justineau, wearing an environmental protection suit, starts teaching the alphabet.
Reception[edit]
The Girl with All the Gifts has received acclaim from critics, who praised its variation from typical zombie fiction as well as the depth of its characters. Torie Bosch of Slate called it a "crossover horror at its best" and wrote: "It's a welcome shift from the focus of many zombie stories ... The Girl With All the Gifts turns eating brains from the usual empty-calorie snack into a full, complex, palate-challenging meal."[1] Writing for The Guardian, James Smythe praised the book as being "original, thrilling and powerful" and wrote: "Were the characters not so strong, the book might fall apart. The plot is rather slight, and the ending feels a little rushed; but the characters are so well drawn and so human that it's impossible not to feel for them."[2] Miles of Entertainment Weekly concurred, writing: "The character at the story's heart may have no pulse, but Melanie is empathetic and sympathetic, and her deeply tragic existence is proof that zombie tales can elicit an emotion other than fear."[3] While NPR's Genevieve Valentine was critical of the protagonist's narrative, which "veer[ed] occasionally and abruptly in one direction or the other", she still found the book to be "grotesque and grimly hopeful by turns, underscored by lovingly detailed infection in both metaphorical and very literal terms: Spores and hopelessness are equally contagious."[4]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: The Girl with All the Gifts (film)
Not long after the book's release, M.R. Carey announced that the book would be made into a movie, and that the movie's title would differ from the book; it was announced as She Who Brings Gifts. The title was changed in June 2016 to match the book.
Filming began in May 2015, with newcomer Sennia Nanua in the lead role of Melanie, Gemma Arterton as Helen Justineau, Glenn Close as Caroline Caldwell, and Paddy Considine as Sergeant Parks. TV veteran Colm McCarthy directed the movie. It is McCarthy's second feature-length film. The film's screenplay was adapted by Mike Carey. The film, with its title changed back to match the novel, was released on Friday 23 September 2016.[5]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Bosch, Tori (8 July 2014). "Braaaiiins: The Girl With All the Gifts, a zombie novel of ideas". Slate. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Smythe, James (15 January 2014). "The Girl With All the Gifts by MR Carey – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Raymer, Miles (30 July 2014). "The Girl With All the Gifts (2014)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Valentine, Genevieve (11 June 2014). "'Girl With All The Gifts' Is A Thriller With (Sharp, Scary) Teeth". NPR. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Next '28 Days Later?' Watch The Trailer For 'The Girl With All The Gifts' Starring Glenn Close & Gemma Arterton". Theplaylist.net. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
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List of political ideologies
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In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions:
Goals: how society should be organized.
Methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy or autocracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system. Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[1] However, ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. opposition to European integration or the legalization of marijuana). There are several studies that show that political ideology is heritable within families.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into a number of groups and each group contains ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. They are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically and ideologically related to each other. One ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and that parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Anarchism
1.1 Classical
1.1.1 Social
1.1.2 Individualist
1.2 Post-Classical
2 Conservatism
2.1 General
2.2 Other
2.3 Regional variants
3 Environmentalism
3.1 General
4 Fascism
4.1 General
4.2 Other
5 Identity Movements
5.1 Feminism
5.2 Men's movement
5.3 LGBT social movements
5.4 Racial equality movements
6 Liberalism
6.1 General
6.2 Other
7 Libertarianism
7.1 Left
7.2 Right
8 Nationalism
8.1 General
8.2 Other
8.3 Regional variants
8.4 Religious variants
8.5 Unification movements
8.6 Zionism
9 Religious ideologies
9.1 Buddhism
9.2 Christianity
9.3 Hinduism
9.4 Islam
9.5 Judaism
9.6 Mormonism
9.7 Sikhism
10 Socialism
10.1 Authoritarian
10.1.1 Marxist–Leninist
10.1.2 Other
10.2 Libertarian
10.3 Other
10.4 Regional variants
10.5 Religious variants
11 See also
12 References
Anarchism[edit]
Main article: Anarchism
See also: Anti-authoritarianism
See also: Anti-capitalism
See also: Anti-fascism
Classical[edit]
Mutualism
Social[edit]
Main article: Social anarchism
Anarcho-communism
Anarcho-syndicalism
Collectivist anarchism
Individualist[edit]
Main article: Individualist anarchism
Egoist anarchism
Post-Classical[edit]
Anarcha-feminism
Anarchism without adjectives
Anarcho-naturism
Anarcho-pacifism
Anarcho-primitivism
Black anarchism
Christian Anarchism
Communalism
Democratic confederalism
Libertarian municipalism
Existentialist Anarchism
Free Market Anarchism
Green anarchism
Inclusive democracy
Insurrectionary anarchism
Left-wing market anarchism
National Anarchism
Platformism
Makhnovism
Post-anarchism
Post-left anarchy
Post-Colonial Anarchism
Queer anarchism
Synthesist anarchism
Veganarchism
Conservatism[edit]
Main article: Conservatism
See also: Reactionary
See also: Old Right
See also: New Right
General[edit]
Bioconservatism
Black conservatism
Civic conservatism
Compassionate conservatism
Cultural conservatism
Fiscal conservatism
Green conservatism
LGBT conservatism
Liberal conservatism
Libertarian conservatism
National conservatism
Neoconservatism
One-nation conservatism
Paternalistic conservatism
Paleoconservatism
Social conservatism
Theoconservatism
Traditionalist conservatism
Other[edit]
Carlism
Christian democracy
Communitarianism
Monarchism
Neue Rechte
Toryism
Blue Toryism
Red Toryism
Regional variants[edit]
Conservatism in Australia
Conservatism in Canada
Conservatism in Colombia
Conservatism in Germany
Conservatism in North America
Conservatism in Pakistan
Conservatism in the United Kingdom
Conservatism in the United States
Environmentalism[edit]
Main article: Environmentalism
See also: Green politics
See also: Social ecology
See also: Deep ecology
General[edit]
Bioregionalism
Bright green environmentalism
Free market environmentalism
Green left
Green municipalism
Fascism[edit]
Main article: Fascism
See also: Reactionary
See also: Dark Enlightenment
See also: Alt-right
See also: Proto-fascism
See also: Irredentism
See also: Anti-liberalism
See also: Anti-communism
General[edit]
Austrofascism
British fascism
Chilean fascism
Christofascism
Clerical fascism
Ecofascism[10]
Italian fascism
Neo-fascism
Other[edit]
Brazilian Integralism
Falangism
Identitarianism
Metaxism
Nazism
Neo-Nazism
Strasserism
Third Position
Identity Movements[edit]
Feminism[edit]
Main article: Feminism
Anarcha-feminism
Atheist feminism
Black feminism
Christian feminism
Cultural feminism
Ecofeminism
Feminist economics
Individualist feminism
Islamic feminism
Jewish feminism
Lesbian feminism
Liberal feminism
Marxist feminism
Mormon feminism
Postmodern feminism
Radical feminism
Religious feminism
Separatist feminism
Socialist feminism
Transfeminism
Womanism
Men's movement[edit]
Main article: Men's movement
Men's Rights Movement
Fathers' rights movement
Masculism
Mythopoetic men's movement
Men's liberation movement
Pro-feminism
LGBT social movements[edit]
Main article: LGBT social movements
Transfeminism
Homonationalism
Pink Capitalism
LGBT conservatism
Queer nationalism
Queer anarchism
Racial equality movements[edit]
Main article: Racial equality
Black Power
Africana womanism
Afrocentrism
Black anarchism
Black feminism
Black leftism
Black nationalism
Black Pride
Black separatism
Pan-Africanism
Black Capitalism
Liberalism[edit]
Main article: Liberalism
See also: Civic nationalism
See also: Liberal internationalism
See also: Liberal democracy
See also: Progressivism
See also: Anti-fascism
See also: Anti-communism
General[edit]
Conservative liberalism
Classical liberalism
Cultural liberalism
Democratic liberalism
Economic liberalism
Green liberalism
Green liberalism
Muscular liberalism
National liberalism
Neoliberalism
Ordoliberalism
Religious liberalism
Secular liberalism
Social liberalism
Technoliberalism
Other[edit]
Centrism
Radical centrism
Christian democracy
Popolarismo
Distributism
Social Democracy
Libertarianism[edit]
Main article: Libertarianism
Left[edit]
Main article: Left-libertarianism
See also: Libertarian socialism
See also: Democratic socialism
See also: Libertarian Marxism
See also: Gandhian economics
See also: Participatory economics
See also: Anti-Stalinist left
Agrarian socialism
Autonomism
Anarcho-communism
Council communism
Democratic socialism
De Leonism
Guild socialism
Luxemburgism
Participism
Right[edit]
Main article: Right-libertarianism
See also: Civil libertarianism
Autarchism
Anarcho-capitalism
Corporatism
Fusionism
Paleolibertarianism
Panarchism
Voluntaryism
Agorism
Christian libertarianism
Free market environmentalism
Libertarian paternalism
Libertarian conservatism
Minarchism
Nationalism[edit]
Main article: Nationalism
See also: Civic nationalism
See also: Patriotism
See also: Irredentism
See also: Euroscepticism
General[edit]
Eco-nationalism
Expansionist nationalism
Homonationalism
Integral nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Liberal nationalism
Neo-nationalism
Pan-nationalism
Queer nationalism
Religious nationalism
Romantic nationalism
Ultranationalism
Other[edit]
National anarchism
National Bolshevism
National communism
National radicalism (pl)
National syndicalism
Producerism
Right-wing populism
Regional variants[edit]
Baathism
Bengali nationalism
Chinese nationalism
Gaullism
Golus nationalism
Irish nationalism
Irish republicanism
Kemalism
Nasserism
Neo-Confederate
Peronism
Portuguese integralism
Scottish nationalism
Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
Spanish nationalism
Welsh nationalism
Religious variants[edit]
Christian nationalism
Hindu nationalism
Muslim nationalism
Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
Unification movements[edit]
Black nationalism
Pan-Africanism
Pan-Arabism
Pan-Asianism
Pan-Celticism
Pan-Iranism
Pan-Islamism
Pan-European nationalism
Pan-nationalism
Pan-Slavism
Pan-Somalism
Pan-Turkism
Scandinavianism
White nationalism
Zionism[edit]
Main article: Zionism
Christian Zionism
Green Zionism
Labor Zionism
Neo-Zionism
Religious Zionism
Revisionist Zionism
Religious ideologies[edit]
Main article: Religion and politics
See also: Theocracy
Buddhism[edit]
Buddhist anarchism
Buddhist socialism
Christianity[edit]
Caesaropapism
Christian libertarianism
Christian anarchism
Christian communism
Christian democracy
Popolarismo
Distributism
Christian feminism
Christian left
Christian right
Christian socialism
Christian libertarianism
Christian reconstructionism
Christian Zionism
Christofascism
Clerical fascism
Dominionism
Liberation theology
Political Catholicism
Ultramontanism
Hinduism[edit]
Hindu nationalism
Hindutva
Islam[edit]
Islamic anarchism
Islamic democracy
Islamic socialism
Islamic fundamentalism
Islamism
Islamofascism
Khilafat movement
Panislamism
Judaism[edit]
Homaranismo
Jewish anarchism
Jewish feminism
Mormonism[edit]
Theodemocracy
United Order
Sikhism[edit]
Khalistan movement
Socialism[edit]
Main article: Socialism
See also: Marxism
See also: Communism
See also: Communization
See also: Primitive communism
See also: Agrarian socialism
See also: Old Left
See also: New Left
See also: Anti-capitalism
See also: Anti-fascism
Authoritarian[edit]
Main article: Authoritarian socialism
Marxist–Leninist[edit]
Main article: Marxism–Leninism
See also: Anti-revisionism
See also: Socialism in One Country
See also: Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Foco
Guevarism
Ho Chi Minh Thought
Hoxhaism
Husakism
Juche[11]
Goulash communism
Khrushchevism
Maoism
Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path
Neo-Stalinism
Titoism
Stalinism
Xi Jinping Thought
Other[edit]
National Bolshevism
National communism
Libertarian[edit]
Main article: Left-libertarianism
See also: Libertarian socialism
See also: Democratic socialism
See also: Libertarian Marxism
See also: Gandhian economics
See also: Participatory economics
See also: Anti-Stalinist left
Agrarian socialism
Autonomism
Anarcho-communism
Council communism
Democratic socialism
De Leonism
Guild socialism
Luxemburgism
Participism
Other[edit]
See also: Fabian Society
See also: Johnson–Forest Tendency
Agrarian socialism
Austromarxism
Blanquism
Classical Marxism
Eurocommunism
Ethical socialism
Fourierism
Freudo-Marxism
Green socialism
Left communism
Left-wing populism
Left-wing nationalism
Liberal socialism
Market socialism
Marxist humanism
Neo-Marxism
Orthodox Marxism
Revolutionary socialism
Right-wing socialism
Post-Marxism
Scientific socialism
Situationist International
Structural Marxism
Western Marxism
Workerism
World communism
Yellow socialism
Regional variants[edit]
African socialism
Arab socialism
Ba'athism
Bolivarianism
Chinese socialism
Ezker abertzalea
Labor Zionism
Melanesian socialism
Nehruism
Pancasila
Revolutionary democracy
Sankarism
Zapatismo
Magonism
Neozapatismo
Religious variants[edit]
Buddhist socialism
Christian socialism
Hutterism
Liberation theology
Islamic socialism
Religious socialism
Religious communism
See also[edit]
LGBT social movements
List of communist ideologies
List of ideologies named after people
List of forms of government
Ethics
Morality
Agrarianism
Isolationism
Non-interventionism
Protectionism
Racial segregation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Bouchard, T. J., and McGue, M. (2003). Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences. Journal of Neurobiology, 54 (1), 44–45.
Jump up ^ Cloninger, et al. (1993).[citation not found]
Jump up ^ Eaves, L. J., Eysenck, H. J. (1974). Genetics and the development of social attitudes. Nature, 249, 288–289.
Jump up ^ Alford, (2005).[citation not found]
Jump up ^ Hatemi, P. K., Medland, S. E., Morley, K. I., Heath, A. C., Martin, N.G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics, 37 (3), 435–448.
Jump up ^ Hatemi, P. K., Hibbing, J., Alford, J., Martin, N., Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly, 62 (3), 584–600.
Jump up ^ Settle, J. E., Dawes, C. T., and Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly, 62 (3), 601–613.
Jump up ^ Anonymous Conservative. The Evolutionary Psychology Behind Politics.
Jump up ^ Ecofascism was the Ideology of the minor parties: The Greens of Austria (DGÖ), Green Party of Hungary (MZP) and the Liberal Ecologist Party in Switzerland (Griffin, p. 171).
Jump up ^ Han S. Park, Han S. (1996). North Korea: Ideology, Politics, Economy. Prentice Hall. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-13-102161-7.
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Intergovernmental organisation

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Political ideology

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Power (sociology)

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Forms of government

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Christian Anarchism

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Democratic confederalism

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Libertarian municipalism

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Free market anarchism

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National Anarchism

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Synthesist anarchism

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Blue Toryism

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Red Toryism

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British fascism

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Italian fascism

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Religious feminism

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Men's Rights Movement

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Black leftism

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Black Pride

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Black Capitalism

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Autonomist Marxism

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Liberal nationalism

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Neo nationalism

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Diaspora nationalism

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Muslim nationalism

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Religion and politics

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Buddhist anarchism

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Political Catholicism

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Islamic anarchism

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Green socialism

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Socialist nationalism

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Right-wing socialism

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International communism

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Chinese socialism

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Ezker abertzalea

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Revolutionary democracy

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