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Pretty Little Liars (season 1)
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Pretty Little Liars (season 1)
Season 1 DVD cover
Starring
Troian Bellisario
Ashley Benson
Holly Marie Combs
Lucy Hale
Ian Harding
Bianca Lawson
Laura Leighton
Chad Lowe
Shay Mitchell
Sasha Pieterse
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
22
Release
Original network
ABC Family
Original release
June 8, 2010 (2010-06-08) – March 21, 2011 (2011-03-21)
Season chronology
Next →
Season 2
List of Pretty Little Liars episodes
The first season of Pretty Little Liars, based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard, premiered on June 8, 2010 and concluded on March 21, 2011 on ABC Family.
The show premiered to 2.47 million viewers and retained a regular audience of 2.5 million viewers during its summer run. The summer finale scored 3.07 million viewers, achieving a series high. The show went on hiatus and returned with its winter premiere on January 3, 2011, with 4.20 million viewers, becoming one of ABC Family's top telecasts to date.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Special guest cast
2.3 Recurring cast
2.4 Guest cast
3 Episodes
4 Development and production
5 Casting
6 Ratings
6.1 Live + SD ratings
7 DVD release
8 References
Overview[edit]
Best friends Aria Montgomery, Emily Fields, Hanna Marin, and Spencer Hastings grow apart when their clique leader and 'queen bee' Alison DiLaurentis goes missing. A year later they all begin receiving messages from the mysterious "A" who threatens to reveal their darkest secrets. Aria has just returned from Iceland after a year or so with her family and still feels unable to forgive her father who cheated on her mother, who's still unaware of it; she also discovers that her new English teacher (Ezra Fitz) is the same guy she met and made out with at a bar the day before. Hanna is now the "it" girl of the school, along with former geek Mona Vanderwaal. Both girls indulge in shoplifting; later, Hanna gets in trouble, forcing her mother to sleep with a detective for her release. Spencer has feelings for her sister's fiancé (Wren Kingston). Emily befriends a girl named Maya St. Germain, who's just moved into Alison's old house. Later, Alison's body is found buried in her old backyard.
Realizing that 'A' wouldn't be Alison, the girls began searching for clues. Their initial suspect was Toby Cavanaugh, who took the fall for an incident the girls refer to as 'The Jenna Thing'. After an attack from her boyfriend, Ben, Emily bonds with Toby. Emily begins to believe Toby may not be Alison's killer, later confessing to him that she is a lesbian. Emily then starts going out with Maya, later developing a relationship with her. Emily later confesses to her parents about Maya and her sexuality, leading to a conflict between her and her mother. Maya was later sent to juvenile detention following the discovery of marijuana in her bag by Emily's mother. Toby is arrested for Alison's murder, but claims that he met Alison the night she disappeared to thank her for what she did. It is revealed that Jenna, Toby's stepsister, forced him into a sexual relationship. Emily decides to hold a memorial for Alison; however, the memorial was later destroyed, and a picture of her at its remains made her a suspect. Emily subsequently reveals her feelings towards Alison, after Detective Wilden tries to pin Alison's murder on her.
Meanwhile, Aria attempts to tell the truth about her father to her mother, but 'A' tells her mother before she could. This led to her parents' separation and her brother, Mike's, change in behavior.
Meanwhile, Melissa breaks up the engagement with Wren after seeing him kissing Spencer, leading to a conflict between the two sisters.
Hanna attempts to make her boyfriend, Sean, forget the old her, but it backfires.
The girls' next suspect was Noel, after Hanna is hit by a car while spying outside Mona's birthday party. Hanna witnesses Noel writing a message at the back of a car, owned by Ezra. Noel blackmails Ezra about his relationship with Aria, but is later framed by 'A' for cheating on exams. Hanna and Sean later break up, after Hanna dances with Lucas at the dance-a-thon fundraiser (as 'A' demanded). Ian returns in town, later reconciling and eloping with Melissa, to the surprise of the girls. Hanna later enlists Caleb's help to work on Emily's phone in order to talk to Maya. She eventually sympathizes with him after discovering his poor home life and develops a relationship with him. However, she breaks it off after she discovered that he was working for Jenna. Emily comes across Paige, a teammate of hers who began making homophobic remarks to Emily, though she later reveals herself as a lesbian. She and Emily later began dating, although Paige wants to keep things a secret. She and Emily later break up, and Emily dates Samara.
The girls discover that Ian was the guy Alison was seeing the night she disappeared and suspect he was the one who killed her. After finding more clues, the girls, with Garett's help, set up a plan to blackmail Ian, but this backfires when Ian sends someone to meet them in his place. Spencer is confronted by Ian at the church. He corners her at the bell tower, attempting to kill Spencer. However, a mysterious figure pushes Ian off the tower, presumably killing him.
Cast and characters[edit]
See also: List of Pretty Little Liars characters
Main cast[edit]
Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings
Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin
Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery
Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery
Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz
Bianca Lawson as Maya St. Germain1
Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin
Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery
Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields
Nia Peeples as Pam Fields2
Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis3
Special guest cast[edit]
Sara Shepard as Ms. Shepard
Recurring cast[edit]
Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh
Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall
Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal
Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings
Ryan Merriman as Ian Thomas
Chuck Hittinger as Sean Ackard
Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers
Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman
Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn
Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings
Cody Allen Christian as Mike Montgomery
Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers
Bryce Johnson as Darren Wilden
Diego Boneta as Alex Santiago
Guest cast[edit]
Julian Morris as Wren Kingston
Nolan North as Peter Hastings
Jim Titus as Officer Barry Maple
Yani Gellman as Garrett Reynolds
Eric Steinberg as Wayne Fields
Jill Holden as Mrs. Welch
Amanda Schull as Meredith Sorenson
Carlson Young as Amber Victorino
Parker Bagley as Jason DiLaurentis
Anne Marie DeLuise as Jessica DiLaurentis
Roark Critchlow as Tom Marin
Tilky Jones as Logan Reed
Patrick J. Adams as Hardy
^Note 1 : Bianca Lawson is credited as a series regular up until episode 13. From episode 14 onwards she is no longer credited.
^Note 2 : Nia Peeples is credited as a series regular in episode 1. From episode 2 onwards she is credited as a guest star.
^Note 3 : Sasha Pieterse is credited as a guest star in episode 1. From episode 2 onwards she is credited as a series regular.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Pretty Little Liars episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
1
1 "Pilot" Lesli Linka Glatter I. Marlene King June 8, 2010 (2010-06-08) 2.47[1]
Friends Aria Montgomery, Emily Fields, Hanna Marin, and Spencer Hastings grow apart when their clique leader Alison DiLaurentis goes missing. A year later they all begin receiving messages from the mysterious "A", who threatens to reveal their darkest secrets. Aria has just returned from Iceland after a year with her family and still feels unable to forgive her father who cheated on her mother, who's still unaware of it; she also discovers that her new English teacher (Ezra Fitz) is the same guy she met and made out with at a bar the day before. Hanna is now the "it" girl of the school and indulges in shoplifting, which gets her in trouble and forces her mother to sleep with a detective for her release; Spencer has feelings for her sister's fiancé (Wren Kingston); Emily befriends a girl named Maya, who's just moved into Alison's house. They soon suspect that Alison is "A", until her body is finally found. There's a funeral, at which the quartet are seated together and they all get worried after seeing Jenna, a classmate who was blinded in an incident involving the four girls and Alison (multiple times through the episode, there were references to the "Jenna thing"). The girls receive one more text: I'm still here bitches. And I know everything -A.
2
2 "The Jenna Thing" Liz Friedlander I. Marlene King June 15, 2010 (2010-06-15) 2.48[2]
With Jenna's return to Rosewood and to school, the girls are forced to face an unpleasant incident from their past in which with Alison they played a terrible prank (by setting a fire on a garage) on Jenna's step-brother Toby which went horribly wrong, leaving Jenna blind. They thought this dark secret has been sealed forever but "A" won't let them forget it. Meanwhile, questions about the night of Alison's disappearance begin to arise, as the events of that fateful night continue to haunt them. Aria applies for the transference from Ezra's class but her application is rejected. They later make out in his car after Ezra drives by Aria after she gets caught in the rain. Spencer's sister breaks up with her fiancé when she catches him kissing Spencer. Hanna's mom is still reluctantly involved with the detective Wilden, who still doesn't have faith over the girls' description of that night. Maya has moved in with Emily for few days and Emily feels herself attracted to her, which makes her feel guilty because she has a boyfriend (Ben). Aria's father wants to resolve the issues between them; which actually works out positively.
3
3 "To Kill a Mocking Girl" Elodie Keene Oliver Goldstick June 22, 2010 (2010-06-22) 2.74[3]
The girls try to pay tribute to Alison's memory, but they are still faced with unresolved issues. Toby, Jenna's stepbrother, has come back to school. Aria has an unpleasant encounter with her father's former mistress. Spencer faces a vengeful Melissa after her kiss with Wren. Hanna tries to get Sean to forget the 'old Hanna'. Toby and Ben, Emily's boyfriend, have a fight and Emily breaks up with Ben. Emily and Maya get closer and Spencer copies her sister's essay and puts it as her own when she can't think of anything to write. The girls realize that leaving the past behind is much harder than they first thought.
'A' ending: 'A' listens to jazz music as they print copies of the pictures of Emily and Maya in the Photo Booth.
4
4 "Can You Hear Me Now?" Norman Buckley Joseph Dougherty June 29, 2010 (2010-06-29) 2.09[4]
The girls block e-mails and text messages from all unknown users in an attempt to stop "A," but their problems are far from over. One girl receives a surprise visit, while another receives a surprise gift in class. Hanna meets her dad after a while and realizes that he has a fiance. Aria tries to tell her mom about her dad cheating on her before they went to Iceland, but it looks likes "A" beats her to it. Emily is still confused about Toby and her kiss with Maya. Spencer's Russian article (the one she copied from Melissa), gets entered in a contest and she is still confused about Wren. And just when things couldn't get any more complicated, the girls find out that trying to keep "A" away comes with a price. Spencer arrives home with Hanna to find that somebody has been in her house, leaving a grave on her table and a message on her mirror.
5
5 "Reality Bites Me" Wendey Stanzler Bryan M. Holdman July 6, 2010 (2010-07-06) 2.62[5]
Aria forgets her cell phone in Ezra's apartment, and after he reads a message from A, he decides to break up with her (thinking that she told someone) rather than risk being fired. Hanna has to work in a dentist office to pay for the damage she did to Sean's car and gets some new information from A about one of her friends. She sees Jenna at the office building wearing the same lipstick, just like the writing on Spencer's mirror. Emily hides her budding friendship with Toby due to the girls' suspicion about him, hurting his feelings. Spencer's father tells her to throw a tennis match against a possible client and his daughter. Ella deals with her husband's cheating, which makes things worse for Aria and Mike.
6
6 "There's No Place Like Homecoming" Norman Buckley Maya Goldsmith July 13, 2010 (2010-07-13) 2.69[6]
Emily accepts an offer to go to Homecoming with Toby, despite Hanna presuming she wanted to go with Maya. Spencer gets ready for Homecoming with Alex as her date, but will things go as she planned them to? Hanna meets Lucas when she joins the 'Real Love Waits' celibacy club with Sean. Aria is still reeling over her breakup with Ezra and the tension between her parents. Spencer asks Hanna to collect Jenna's psychotherapy file, with a shocking twist.
'A' ending: 'A' sprayes over the town sign and changes the population census to one less number.
7
7 "The Homecoming Hangover" Chris Grismer Tamar Laddy July 20, 2010 (2010-07-20) 2.55[7]
Aria's brother, Mike, doesn't take it very well that his parents are separating, which leads to him fighting in school after his mother decides to not watch his game, as Mike and Aria's father will be there. Emily decides to try dating Maya. Hanna and Sean make-up, but she's more interested in Lucas. Spencer and Alex have some fun in the country's club kitchen. At last, A has still one more creepy message to deliver to the girls, which makes them assume that Toby might be dead. Sara Shepard, writer of the Pretty Little Liars book series, makes a special appearance in the episode as a substitute teacher at Rosewood High School.
'A' ending: 'A' fishes up the documents the girls threw in the river, containing files of Toby Cavanaugh.
8
8 "Please, Do Talk About Me When I'm Gone" Arlene Sanford Joseph Dougherty July 27, 2010 (2010-07-27) 2.52[8]
As new evidences about the day that Alison died comes to the surface, Spencer gets some damaging information from Alison's brother, Jason. Aria agrees to go out on a double date with Sean's friend Noel, and the evening takes an interesting road once Aria realizes that Noel is way more than just a pretty face. Emily and Maya's relationship blossoms when Emily asks Maya on a date. Due to the Marin's financial problems, Hanna's credit card gets declined, so she decides to put a lot of her old clothes and handbags up for auction online with the help of new ally Lucas. Meanwhile, the girls begin to prepare themselves for Alison's memorial day, but once they find out that Jenna will be the one to deliver a speech about Alison, they all get scared. Later that night, a mystery person comes out and destroys Alison's memorial.
9
9 "The Perfect Storm" Jamie Babbit Oliver Goldstick August 3, 2010 (2010-08-03) 2.55[9]
A terrible storm comes to Rosewood, and all of the students are trapped in school. Emily reveals a secret after she's accused of killing Alison. Just as Aria is about to give dating Noel a chance, Ezra returns. Byron leans on Ashley for advice as his relationship with Ella only gets worse. Meanwhile, Spencer discovers something that her mother has been keeping from her. And at the end of the episode, Lucas tries to tell Hanna something. We see his shoes are dirty, suggesting that he was at Alison's memorial.
'A' ending: 'A' sends a file containing video footage of Alison the day she disappeared, to Rosewood Police Department.
10
10 "Keep Your Friends Close" Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King August 10, 2010 (2010-08-10) 3.07[10]
When new evidence leads the FBI to believe that Toby killed Alison, he tries to tell Emily his side of the story yet she rats him out. Spencer tries to mend fences with her sister Melissa, just as her ex-boyfriend Ian returns. Emily's dad comes back from his deployment and her mother was sent a picture of Emily and Maya kissing. Aria begins to develop feelings for Noel, which complicates her relationship with Ezra even more, until Ezra admits his feelings for her and they kiss with Hanna watching as she keeps post to find out who "A" is. Ashley's financial problems are bringing her to the brink. Meanwhile, the girls go "glamping" for Mona's birthday in hopes of closing in on "A", but when "A"'s identity is revealed to Hanna, "A" runs her over with a car before she gets a chance to tell the others.
'A' ending: 'A' looks at the video of Alison at the Kissing Rock and it is revealed that Ian Thomas was with her.
11
11 "Moments Later" Norman Buckley Joseph Dougherty January 3, 2011 (2011-01-03) 4.20[11]
Hanna is now in the hospital and remembers who A is. She tells the girls it was Noel Kahn because she saw him write 'I see you' on the back on Ezra's car while Aria and Ezra were kissing. But the girls are starting to question if the person who killed Alison and 'A' are two different people. Meanwhile, Melissa and Ian elope. Also Lucas admits his feelings for Hanna, but is both angry and heartbroken when she tells him she only likes him as a friend, and tells her that she deserves a better boyfriend than Sean. The girls find out that 'A' wrote on Hanna's leg cast which is, "Sorry for losing my temper, my bad," which could have been anyone who entered Hanna's room while she was asleep. Also, Emily finally has enough courage and comes out to her parents; her father accepts it because she's his daughter and he loves her, but her mother has a much harder time accepting it.
'A' ending: 'A' burns the part of the tree which had the carving of Alison and Ian's name on it.
12
12 "Salt Meets Wound" Norman Buckley Oliver Goldstick January 10, 2011 (2011-01-10) 3.21[12]
Hanna mends in a wheelchair upon her release from the hospital, and Mona throws a surprise party for her. At the end of the party, Ashley and Hanna realize someone has stolen the bank loan in the lasagna box. Meanwhile, Aria is struggling to tell Ezra that Noel knows about their relationship; Spencer's romance with Alex hits a snag and Emily invites Maya to dinner with her family; Surprises haunt the Liars as "A" continues the game. It is also revealed that Lucas destroyed Alison's memorial and Jenna was the one who told the police where Toby was.
'A' ending: 'A' puts the hundred dollar bills into a clown piggy bank.
13
13 "Know Your Frenemies" Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King January 17, 2011 (2011-01-17) 2.99[13]
"A" makes Hanna eat cupcakes, making her think about being bulimic again. "A" saves Aria's and Ezra's relationship. Emily's mom finds drugs in Maya's bag, and brings the bag to Maya's parents, thus sending her to juvie. Spencer unravels the Ali murder, thinking Ian is the killer. She also finds out that her sister, Melissa, is trying to get pregnant. In the end, a video of Ali and Ian is shown, the camera falls, leaving the watchers hearing someone choking someone. A body is thrown to the ground, Ali's hand appearing in front of the screen. Her name bracelet brings the girls to think Ian killed Ali.
14
14 "Careful What U Wish 4" Norman Buckley Tamar Laddy January 24, 2011 (2011-01-24) 3.17[14]
As the school gets ready for the dance-a-thon, Aria, Emily, Hanna and Spencer have more on their minds than raising money for the school trip to Washington, D.C. Hanna and her mother are having a financial crisis, but when 'A' leaves her an offer that would potentially break Lucas's heart but get her out of money troubles, will she be able to refuse? Emily can only think of Maya and is desperate to speak to her -- so much so that she enlists the help of Caleb, the new bad boy in the school. And as an important piece of property goes missing, Spencer finds being in close quarters with her new brother-in-law, Ian, more difficult than ever. Meanwhile, Aria's former babysitter, Simone (Alona Tal), comes back to town for a surprise visit. But what should be a happy reunion quickly becomes a nightmare for Aria when Simone sets her sights on Ezra.
'A' ending: 'A' receives their black jacket and gloves from Ella Montgomery at the dance-a-thon.
15
15 "If at First You Don't Succeed, Lie, Lie Again" Ron Lagomarsino Maya Goldsmith January 31, 2011 (2011-01-31) 3.19[15]
The girls try to resume a sense of normalcy in their lives, but even the simple tasks of dating and extra-curricular activities meet with strife. Emily must deal with a jealous teammate (Lindsey Shaw) who is threatened by Emily's return to the pool, as Aria and Ezra plan their first date out in the open. And Hanna is still stuck playing "A’s" game, but the next hurdle might just have complications for another Liar. With "A" pulling the strings and making matters worse, will the girls be able to weather the storm and lie their way out of it, or will they have to face the ugly truths? Meanwhile, Spencer turns to Ali's brother, Jason, for information about the night they believe Alison died, only to have to face part of her unpleasant past with Ali.
'A' ending: 'A' visits the bead lady and receives a cup of tea as the lady tells her she has done what 'A' told her to do.
16
16 "Je Suis Une Amie" Chris Grismer Bryan M. Holdman February 7, 2011 (2011-02-07) 3.14[16]
A crucial swim meet for the Rosewood Sharks is the setting for Aria, Emily, Hanna and Spencer to experience a lot of turmoil. Emily and Paige go for round two, as they are pitted against each other to compete for the anchor leg of the big race. And Caleb calls in his favor with a guilty Hanna as she tries to deter Aria from asking too many questions about Ella's ticket to the museum opening. Meanwhile, Spencer takes on the task of tutoring Toby in French to try to get some answers.
'A' ending: 'A' listens to a French tutorial while arranging different objects.
17
17 "The New Normal" Michael Grossman Joseph Dougherty February 14, 2011 (2011-02-14) 2.35[17]
Aria's dad has a parent-teacher interview with Ezra. Meanwhile Toby and Spencer start to get closer. And Spencer and the girls realized what the note means. Hanna's mom gets in trouble when Mrs. Potter's alleged nephew tries to access Mrs. Potter's safety deposit. Paiges' father shows up at the school and makes a huge scene in the school cafeteria, demanding an answer to why Emily is the swim team captain and not his daughter. He thinks Emily is getting special treatment because she is gay. Later, when Emily is in her car, Paige shows up and kisses her. She quickly leaves saying, "Don't tell."
'A' ending: 'A' places flowers on top of Mrs. Esther Marie Potter's grave.
18
18 "The Badass Seed" Paul Lazarus Oliver Goldstick & Francesca Rollins February 21, 2011 (2011-02-21) 2.90[18]
The girls are doing a play together; when they finish rehearsing they find a trophy with blood on it, making them think its Alison's blood... but it turns out to be rat's blood; they all revisit memories about when they crashed a frat party; Aria uses the play to get closer to Mr. Fitz; Hanna and Caleb kiss; the police come after the girls at the end with some questions.
'A' ending: Four cages are shown in 'A's' house with a rat in each of them with the name of the Liars. The cage with the rat named Spencer is missing.
19
19 "A Person of Interest" Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King & Jonell Lennon February 28, 2011 (2011-02-28) 2.69[19]
After a shocking revelation from the police, the spotlight is turned on the four little liars who look to be crying wolf. But with everything pointing to Ian, how could the girls be wrong? Or could this be just another game "A" is playing with them? With the cops now demanding answers from Aria, Emily, Hanna and Spencer, will the girls come clean about "A," or are some secrets better left buried? The police take a special interest in Spencer, who accuses Ian of murder. The truth surrounding what happened in Hilton Head is revealed. Meanwhile, secret relationships take a toll on some of the Liars while others blossom. Hanna loses her virginity to Caleb. Love is not for the faint of heart. At the end of the episode Toby and Spencer kiss. When she gets home the cops are there, the secret is revealed that her and Ian were hooking up.
'A' ending: 'A' watches a footage of the girls receiving 'A's' texts while eating popcorn, and replays the video.
20
20 "Someone to Watch Over Me" Arlene Sanford Joseph Dougherty March 7, 2011 (2011-03-07) 2.95[20]
As the heat is turned up on the suspicions surrounding Spencer, the girls must come to the reality that they aren't the only ones hiding secrets in Rosewood. Emily and Aria overhear Caleb arguing with someone on the phone about Hanna. They tell Hanna they believe it was a girl, and soon they see Jenna with a pendant Hanna thought Caleb intended for her -- and which turns out to be a flash drive. Hanna confronts Caleb, who says he's been spying for Jenna and she kicks him out of the house for good. Later, Hanna runs into Jenna in the school restroom and slaps her. Jenna cries, and this is the second time we see her face. Aria's mom finds out Aria is dating someone, and tries to find out whom. Aria's dad soon joins in the investigation and nearly finds out about Ezra, until Aria's parents fight over whether they should pry into Aria's life, reversing their reconciliation. Ian encourages Spencer to run away, and Toby asks her not to. Spencer's mother tells Spencer that the police have new evidence against her, but that she thinks Spencer is innocent. Emily and Paige reconcile after Paige reconciles herself to being gay.
'A' ending: 'A' smashes a glass heart with Hanna's name on it, and puts it in a box with a letter to Hanna.
21
21 "Monsters in the End" Chris Grismer Oliver Goldstick March 14, 2011 (2011-03-14) 2.94[21]
Everyone has something to hide – whether it be a secret romance, who they really are and what their true intentions are. For Mr. Fitz, he's hiding an old romance with a girl he met in college, Jackie Molina, whom he had been engaged to but never married, which makes Aria suspicious and Hanna aids her in creating a fake account and friending her to find out more about her. Paige gets hurt when Emily cancels a date with her to the Founders Festival; Emily is tired of being Paige's secret. Emily finds a storage key, the one Jenna has been looking for, in a snow globe Ali gave her after she admitted Emily was the "only person she could be completely honest with". Caleb comes to the Marins' home to drop off a letter for Hanna and let Ashley know that he is leaving Rosewood to go to Arizona for good, but when Ashley suggests he deliver the letter to Hanna at the festival in person, Mona has her own way with the letter. Spencer finds out some more information about Ian, Melissa, and Alison at Hilton Head while preparing for the festival; and a meet with Toby at the festival at night goes wrong when someone traps Spencer in a scary funhouse. However, Ian rescues her, but when they start to leave, Spencer runs up to Toby and they lock each other in a loving embrace and kiss, to which Spencer's family sees this. Garrett confronts Ezra (after seeing Aria leave his place) and sees the props Aria and Ezra used for a couple photo (out of a fit of jealousy about Jackie and Ezra's old couple photo in Italy.) The girls visit the storage room, where they see Ali's old lunchbox with a flash drive in it. They realize that someone has been recording a video of and watching Alison, Aria, Emily, Spencer, and Hanna all this time and wonder who could have been spying on them.
'A' ending: 'A' swipes the key from underneath Ezra's doormat.
22
22 "For Whom the Bell Tolls" Lesli Linka Glatter I. Marlene King March 21, 2011 (2011-03-21) 3.64[22]
Now that Aria, Emily, Hanna, and Spencer are in possession of the information that Alison left them, the girls decide that it's time to finally put an end to "A" and the mystery surrounding their friend. They turn to Jenna, finding out what Alison spoke to her about in the hospital; how she threatened Jenna with the video if she didn't keep their secret. Hanna is confused when she is told by her mother that Caleb was going to the festival to give her a letter before he left town. Mona tries covering it up but when she is having a mysterious phone call about Hanna's well-being, Lucas tells her she's wrong and Hanna deserves to be happy. Spencer buys a prepaid phone to tell Ian that they found the video and to come to the park with $10,000. Aria's mother has a get together with all of the teachers, but Aria is shocked to see Ezra's past love show up. Spencer is shunned when she cracks a joke about Melissa's baby's christening, but regrets it since the baby is just Ian's spawn, not Ian. Jenna is shown worrying about the repercussions of the video getting out into society, and it is revealed that she is secretly dating Garret, who consoles her and promises to keep her safe. When Melissa (stood up at the church by Ian) senses something wrong and cannot find her phone, Spencer offers to drive her to the church to find her phone, but they get into a car accident, leaving Melissa's baby in danger. After Emily, Hanna, Aria, and Garret go to the park to find Ian, a messenger shows up giving them the money instead of Ian. Back at the church searching for Melissa's phone, Spencer finds Ian instead. He chases her up the stairs and attacks her, revealing that it was Ian who said he pushed Alison knocking her unconscious, even though Spencer knows Alison died of suffocation. Ian pushes Spencer but she latches onto his leg, screaming for help. A hooded figure comes up to them, and Ian questions why he/she is there. The figure pushes Ian, making him plummet to his death. When the police show up to get the body, they think the girls are lying because Ian is nowhere to be found. But without certain proof, they cannot justify that he was actually there attempting to murder Spencer. As the girls walk out of the church, still shaken about the near death experience, they receive a text from A stating, "It's not over until I say it is. Sleep tight while you still can, bitches. -A."
Development and production[edit]
Originally developed as a television series by book packaging company Alloy Entertainment, the idea was described as "Desperate Housewives for teens."[23] Alloy met with author Shepard, and gave her the property to develop into a book series.[23] With Alloy and Warner Horizon interested in producing a Pretty Little Liars television series for years, it was first planned for The WB in 2005 with a different writer.[24] The first novel was published by HarperTeen in October 2006.[25] In June 2008, Alloy noted that it was developing a Pretty Little Liars television pilot for ABC Family.[23] The novels are being adapted for television by I. Marlene King.[24]
Casting[edit]
ABC Family began casting for a Pretty Little Liars television pilot in October 2009.[24] Lucy Hale was cast as Aria Montgomery in the project,[24] followed by Troian Bellisario and Ian Harding (as Spencer Hastings and Ezra Fitz, respectively) in November 2009.[26] In December 2009 The Futon Critic confirmed the casting of Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin and Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields, as well as the addition of Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin, Alexis Denisof as Byron Montgomery, Bianca Lawson as Maya, as well as Jean Louisa Kelly and Nia Peeples.[27][28] The Hollywood Reporter also noted that Torrey DeVitto and Sasha Pieterse landed recurring roles in the pilot.[28]
The Alloy website later confirmed that Pieterse would be playing Alison DiLaurentis and DeVitto would be Melissa Hastings, also noting Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal and Cody Allen Christian, as Mike Montgomery.[29] In April 2010, Chad Lowe replaced Alexis Denisof as Aria's father, Byron Montgomery.[30] Also in April, Holly Marie Combs was cast as Ella Montgomery.
Ratings[edit]
Live + SD ratings[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Episode
Air date
Time slot (EST)
Rating/Share (18–49)
Viewers (m)
1 1 "Pilot" June 8, 2010 (2010-06-08) Tuesdays
8:00 p.m.
0.9 [1]
2.47 [1]
2 2 "The Jenna Thing" June 15, 2010 (2010-06-15)
1.0 [2]
2.48 [2]
3 3 "To Kill a Mocking Girl" June 22, 2010 (2010-06-22)
1.0 [3]
2.74 [3]
4 4 "Can You Hear Me Now?" June 29, 2010 (2010-06-29)
0.7 [4]
2.08 [4]
5 5 "Reality Bites Me" July 6, 2010 (2010-07-06)
1.0 [5]
2.62 [5]
6 6 "There's No Place Like Homecoming" July 13, 2010 (2010-07-13)
0.9 [6]
2.69 [6]
7 7 "The Homecoming Hangover" July 20, 2010 (2010-07-20)
0.9 [7]
2.55 [7]
8 8 "Please, Do Talk About Me When I'm Gone" July 27, 2010 (2010-07-27)
0.9 [8]
2.52 [8]
9 9 "The Perfect Storm" August 3, 2010 (2010-08-03)
0.9 [9]
2.55 [9]
10 10 "Keep Your Friends Close" August 10, 2010 (2010-08-10)
1.1 [31]
3.07 [10]
11 11 "Moments Later" January 3, 2011 (2011-01-03) Mondays
8:00 p.m.
1.5 [31]
4.20 [31]
12 12 "Salt Meets Wound" January 10, 2011 (2011-01-10)
1.1 [12]
3.21 [12]
13 13 "Know Your Frenemies" January 17, 2011 (2011-01-17)
1.2 [13]
2.99 [13]
14 14 "Careful What You Wish For" January 24, 2011 (2011-01-24)
1.2 [14]
3.17 [14]
15 15 "If at First You Don't Succeed, Lie, Lie Again" January 31, 2011 (2011-01-31)
1.2 [15]
3.19 [15]
16 16 "Je Suis Une Amie" February 7, 2011 (2011-02-07)
1.1 [16]
3.14 [16]
17 17 "The New Normal" February 14, 2011 (2011-02-14)
0.9 [17]
2.35 [17]
18 18 "The Badass Seed" February 21, 2011 (2011-02-21)
1.0 [18]
2.90 [18]
19 19 "A Person of Interest" February 28, 2011 (2011-02-28)
1.0 [19]
2.69 [19]
20 20 "Someone to Watch Over Me" March 7, 2011 (2011-03-07)
1.1 [20]
2.95 [19]
21 21 "Monsters in the End" March 14, 2011 (2011-03-14)
1.1 [21]
2.94 [21]
22 22 "For Whom the Bell Tolls" March 21, 2011 (2011-03-21)
1.3 [22]
3.64 [22]
DVD release[edit]
The Complete First Season
Set details[32] Special features[32]
22 episodes
963 minutes (Region 1); 940 minutes (Region 2); 925 minutes (Region 4)
6-disc set
1.85:1 aspect ratio
Languages:
English (Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround)
Subtitles:
English, and French (Region 1)
English, Spanish, Danish, French, Arabic, Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, English for the Hearing Impaired (Regions 2 and 4)
Deleted scenes:
Episodes: 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19
Pretty Little Liars: Two Truths and a Lie - The girls take turns revealing three things about themselves, not all of the true.
It All Started with a Little Lie: Making Pretty Little Liars - The making of Pretty Little Liars
Little Secrets from the Set - The cast and crew reveal some juicy behind-the-scenes secrets from the Pretty Little Liars set
Release dates
United States United Kingdom Australia
June 7, 2011 (2011-06-07)[33] September 24, 2012 (2012-09-24)[34] November 2, 2011 (2011-11-02)[35]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorman, Bill (June 9, 2010). "Tuesday Cable: Justified Finale & Law & Order:CI Flat, Plus Deadliest Catch, The Hills, WWE NXT & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorman, Bill (June 16, 2010). "Pretty Little Liars Bucks the Trend". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorman, Bill (June 23, 2010). "Pretty Little Liars Hits Series Highs in Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorman, Bill (June 30, 2010). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: Deadliest Catch, Pretty Little Liars, Law & Order:CI, The Hills, Memphis Beat & Lots More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorman, Bill (July 8, 2010). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: Deadliest Catch, Pretty Little Liars, Memphis Beat, Law & Order:CI Finale & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorman, Bill (July 14, 2010). "Tuesday Cable: Deadliest Catch Soars, Plus White Collar, Covert Affairs, Memphis Beat, The Hills Finale Ratings & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Seidman, Robert (July 21, 2010). "Tuesday Cable: Deadliest Catch, Plus White Collar, Pretty Little Liars, Warehouse 13, Teen Mom & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Seidman, Robert (July 28, 2010). "Tuesday Cable: Deadliest Catch, Covert Affairs, White Collar, Pretty Little Liars, Teen Mom & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Seidman, Robert (August 4, 2010). "Tuesday Cable: Warehouse 13, Pretty Little Liars, Memphis Beat, Teen Mom & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (August 11, 2010). "Tuesday Cable: 'Pretty Little Liars' Goes Over 3 Million in Finale + Covert Affairs, Warehouse 13, Teen Mom & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (January 11, 2011). "Cable Top 25: Bowl Games, 'Jersey Shore,' 'The Closer' Top Weekly Cable Viewing". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Seidman, Robert (January 11, 2011). "Monday Cable Ratings: Pretty Little Liars, Greek, Hoarders, Men of a Certain Age & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorman, Bill (January 19, 2011). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Jersey Shore,' Special; Plus 'Skins,' 'Being Human' Premieres, 'Pretty Little Liars,' 'Pawn Stars,' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Seidman, Robert (January 25, 2011). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Pretty Little Liars,' 'Being Human,' 'Pawn Stars' Rise; 'Skins' Falls & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorman, Bill (February 1, 2011). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Pawn Stars' Up Again; 'Pretty Little Liars' Steady; 'Being Human,' 'Skins' Fall & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Seidman, Robert (February 8, 2011). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Pawn Stars' Leads Again; 'Pretty Little Liars' Steady-ish; 'Skins' Still Falling & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorman, Bill (February 15, 2011). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Pawn Stars' Leads Again; 'Pretty Little Liars' Slips; 'Skins' Keeps Falling & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Seidman, Robert (February 23, 2011). "Monday Cable Ratings: WWE Raw Leads Night; 'Pretty Little Liars,' 'Skins' Rises + 'Big Time Rush,' 'Being Human' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Seidman, Robert (March 1, 2011). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'WWE Raw' Leads Night; 'Skins,' 'Being Human' Rise + 'Pretty Little Liars,' 'Cake Boss' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (March 8, 2011). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'WWE Raw' Leads Night; 'Skins Drops; 'Stargate SGU' Returns + 'Greek' Finale, 'Pretty Little Liars' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorman, Bill (March 15, 2011). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'WWE Raw' Leads Night; 'Skins; 'Stargate SGU' + 'Pretty Little Liars' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Seidman, Robert (March 22, 2011). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Pawn Stars Tops Night; Plus 'RAW,' 'Skins,' 'Pretty Little Liars' Rise;'Stargate SGU,' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Maughan, Shannon (June 26, 2008). "Moving On Up: Pretty Little Liars". PublishersWeekly.com/Reed Elsevier Inc. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Andreeva, Nellie (October 19, 2009). "ABC Family nears Little Liars pickup". HollywoodReporter.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Pretty Little Liars: Reviews and Product Details". Amazon.com. Retrieved May 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 11, 2009). "ABC Family fills comedy, Liars roles". HollywoodReporter.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "ABC Family announces additional casting for its upcoming pilots" (Press release). ABC Family. December 7, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 28, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (December 7, 2009). "Laura Leighton joins Pretty Little Liars". HollywoodReporter.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Pretty Little Truth: Pretty Little Liars on TV!". Blogs.alloyentertainment.com (Official site). January 28, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (April 1, 2010). "Chad Lowe joins ABC Family series". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorman, Bill (January 4, 2011). "Return of 2010's Breakout Hit Series "Pretty Little Liars" Becomes ABC Family's No. 2 Telecast Ever in Women 18-34/Females 12-34". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.amazon.com/Pretty-Little-Liars-Season-1/dp/B003R4ZMJU
Jump up ^ Pretty Little Liars - Press Release for 'The Complete 2nd Season' DVDs of the ABC Family Show - tvshowsondvd.com
Jump up ^ "Pretty Little Liars - Season 1 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pretty Little Liars - The Complete 1st Season (5 Disc Set)". ezydvd.com.au. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
[hide]
v
t
e
Pretty Little Liars
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"For Whom the Bell Tolls"
Season 2
"UnmAsked"
Season 3
"It Happened 'That Night'"
Season 4
"'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e"
"Grave New World"
"Free Fall"
"A Is for Answers"
Season 5
"Miss Me × 100"
"How the 'A' Stole Christmas"
Season 6
"Game On, Charles"
"Game Over, Charles"
"Of Late I Think of Rosewood"
"Charlotte's Web"
"Where Somebody Waits For Me"
"Hush, Hush, Sweet Liars"
Season 7
"Tick-Tock, Bitches"
"Bedlam"
"The Talented Mr. Rollins"
"Hit and Run, Run, Run"
"Along Comes Mary"
"Wanted: Dead or Alive"
"Original G'A'ngsters"
"Exes and OMGs"
"The Wrath of Kahn"
"The DArkest Knight"
"Playtime"
"These Boots Were Made for Stalking"
"Hold Your Piece"
"Power Play"
"In the Eye Abides the Heart"
"The Glove That Rocks the Cradle"
"Driving Miss Crazy"
"Choose or Lose"
"Till Death Do Us Part"
Characters
"A"
Alex Drake
Alison DiLaurentis
Aria Montgomery
Charlotte Drake
Emily Fields
Hanna Marin
Jenna Marshall
Mary Drake
Melissa Hastings
Mona Vanderwaal
Red Coat
Sara Harvey
Spencer Hastings
Sydney Driscoll
Related
Book series
2006 novel
Rosewood, Pennsylvania
Ravenswood
Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists
Pretty Dirty Secrets
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_1)&oldid=808663819"
Categories:
2010 American television seasons
2011 American television seasons
Pretty Little Liars
Hidden categories:
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Celebrity Big Brother
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Celebrity Big Brother (or Big Brother VIP) is an adaptation of the Big Brother reality television series franchise in several countries, in which the housemates are local celebrities. In some countries, the prize money normally awarded to the winning housemate is donated to a charity, and all celebrities are paid to appear in the show as long as they do not voluntarily leave before their eviction or the end of the series. The rest of the rules are nearly the same as those of the original version.
The celebrity version has become particularly popular in the UK, causing UK broadcaster Channel 5 to extend its deal with Endemol enabling them to air two celebrity series in addition to the civilian version every year from 2012.[1] As of 2016[update] the UK has aired 20 celebrity series with the current Celebrity Big Brother 20 from 1 August 2017. In Bulgaria, VIP Brother has replaced the original format of the show and more seasons of the celebrity edition have been produced than the regular one. Due to the show's popularity there, it lasts for two months unlike most countries where it only airs for a month.
Examples include:
Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)
Celebrity Big Brother (Australian TV series)
Celebrity Big Brother (Croatian TV series)
Celebrity Big Brother (South African TV series)
Celebrity Big Brother (Finnish TV series)
Celebrity Big Brother (Indonesian TV series)
Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)
Big Brother VIP (Portugal)
VIP Brother (Bulgaria)
Veliki brat VIP (Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina)
HaAh HaGadol VIP (Israel)
Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Edition (Philippines)
Promi Big Brother (Germany)
See also[edit]
Big Brother (franchise)
Celebrity Big Brother 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 (disambiguation)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Celebrity Big Brother to air twice a year in updated Channel 5 deal". Trash Lounge. 12 February 2012. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names).
If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebrity_Big_Brother&oldid=802321170"
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text:
United States budget process
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The United States budget process is the framework used by Congress and the President of the United States to formulate and create the United States federal budget. The process was established by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921,[1] the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974,[2] and additional budget legislation.
Prior to 1974, Congress had no formal process for establishing a federal budget. When President Richard Nixon began to refuse to spend funds that Congress had allocated, they adopted a more formal means by which to challenge him. The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 created the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), which gained more control of the budget, limiting the power of the President's Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The Act passed easily while the administration was embroiled in the Watergate scandal and were unwilling to provoke Congress.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 The budget processes
1.1 The President's budget request
1.2 Budget resolutions
1.3 Authorization and appropriations
2 Discretionary and mandatory spending
2.1 Discretionary spending
2.2 Mandatory spending
3 Budget functions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
The budget processes[edit]
The President's budget request[edit]
The United States budget process begins when the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress. The President's budget is formulated over a period of months with the assistance of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the largest office within the Executive Office of the President. The budget request includes funding requests for all federal executive departments and independent agencies. Budget documents include supporting documents and historical budget data and contains detailed information on spending and revenue proposals, along with policy proposals and initiatives with significant budgetary implications. The President's budget request constitutes an extensive proposal of the administration's intended revenue and spending plans for the following fiscal year. The budget proposal includes volumes of supporting information intended to persuade Congress of the necessity and value of the budget provisions. In addition, each federal executive department and independent agency provides additional detail and supporting documentation on its own funding requests. The documents are also posted on the OMB website.
The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 requires the President to submit the budget to Congress for each fiscal year, which is the 12-month period beginning on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the next calendar year. The current federal budget law (31 U.S.C. § 1105(a)) requires that the President submit the budget between the first Monday in January and the first Monday in February. In recent times, the President's budget submission has been issued in the first week of February.[4] The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. The 2014 United States federal budget was not submitted by the President until April 10, 2013 due to negotiations over the United States fiscal cliff and implementation of the sequester cuts mandated by the Budget Control Act of 2011.[5] (The House had already prepared its budget proposal on March 21, and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23.)
President Warren G. Harding brought about the enactment of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which, for the first time, required the President to submit a budget annually to Congress and which established the Bureau of the Budget, the forerunner of the Office of Management and Budget, to assist in the formulation of the budget. Initially the Bureau was within the U.S. Department of the Treasury, but in 1939 it was moved to the Executive Office of the President.[6]
Budget resolutions[edit]
The President's budget submission is referred to the House and Senate Budget Committees and to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Other committees with budgetary responsibilities submit requests and estimates to the budget committees during this time.
In March, the CBO publishes an analysis of the President's budget proposals. The CBO budget report and other publications are also posted on the CBO website. CBO computes a current-law baseline budget projection that is intended to estimate what federal spending and revenues would be in the absence of new legislation for the current fiscal year and for the coming 10 fiscal years. However, the CBO also computes a current-policy baseline, which makes assumptions about, for instance, votes on tax cut sunset provisions. The current CBO 10-year budget baseline projection grows from $3.7 trillion in 2011 to $5.7 trillion in 2021.[citation needed]
In March, the budget committees consider the President's budget proposals in the light of the CBO budget report, and each committee submits a budget resolution to its house by April 1. The House and Senate each consider these budget resolutions, and are expected to pass them, possibly with amendments, by April 15. A budget resolution is a kind of concurrent resolution; it is not a law, and therefore does not require the President's signature.
There is no obligation for either or both houses of Congress to pass a budget resolution. There may not be a resolution every year; if none is established, the previous year's resolution remains in force. For example, the Senate has not passed a budget resolution for FY2011, FY2012, or FY2013, and passed the FY2014 budget resolution on March 23, 2013, 23 days before the April 15 deadline set by the No Budget, No Pay Act of 2013. This was the first budget resolution passed by the Senate since a FY2010 budget passed on April 29, 2009. The House and Senate may propose a budget independently of the President's budget. For example, for the 2014 budget process, the House prepared its budget proposal on March 21 and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23, while the President's budget was not submitted until April 10.
After both houses pass a budget resolution, selected Representatives and Senators negotiate a conference report to reconcile differences between the House and the Senate versions. The conference report, in order to become binding, must be approved by both the House and Senate.
The budget resolution is not legally binding but serves as a blueprint for the actual appropriation process, and provides Congress with some control over the appropriation process. All new discretionary spending requires authority through enactment of appropriation bills or continuing resolutions.
Authorization and appropriations[edit]
In general, funds for federal government programs must be authorized by an "authorizing committee" through enactment of legislation. Then, through subsequent acts by Congress, budget authority is then appropriated by the Appropriations Committee of the House. In principle, committees with jurisdiction to authorize programs make policy decisions, while the Appropriations Committees decide on funding levels, limited to a program's authorized funding level, though the amount may be any amount less than the limit.
The budget resolutions specify funding levels for the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their 12 subcommittees, establishing various budget totals, allocations, entitlements, and may include reconciliation instructions to designated House or Senate committees. The appropriations committees start with allocations in the budget resolution and draft appropriations bills, which may be considered in the House after May 15. Once appropriations committees pass their bills, they are considered by the House and Senate. When there is a final budget, the spending available to each appropriations committee for the coming fiscal year is usually provided in the joint explanatory statement included in the conference report. The appropriations committees then allocate that amount among their respective subcommittees, each to allocate the funds they control among the programs within their jurisdiction.[7]
A conference committee is typically required to resolve differences between House and Senate appropriation bills. Once a conference bill has passed both chambers of Congress, it is sent to the President, who may sign the bill or veto it. If he signs, the bill becomes law. Otherwise, Congress must pass another bill to avoid a shutdown of at least part of the federal government.
In recent years, Congress has not passed all of the appropriations bills before the start of the fiscal year. Congress may then enact continuing resolutions that provide for the temporary funding of government operations. Failure to appropriate funds results in a partial government shutdown, such the federal government shutdown in October 2013.
In practice, the separation between policy making and funding and the division between appropriations and authorization activities are imperfect. Authorizations for many programs have long lapsed, yet still receive appropriated amounts, while other programs that are authorized receive no funds at all.[citation needed] In addition, policy language, which is legislative text changing permanent law, is included in appropriation measures.
Discretionary and mandatory spending[edit]
Each function within the budget may include "budget authority" and "outlays" that fall within the broad categories of discretionary spending or direct spending.
Discretionary spending[edit]
Discretionary spending requires an annual appropriation bill, which is a piece of legislation. Discretionary spending is typically set by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their various subcommittees. Since the spending is typically for a fixed period (usually a year), it is said to be under the discretion of the Congress. Some appropriations last for more than one year (see Appropriation bill for details). In particular, multi-year appropriations are often used for housing programs and military procurement programs.
There are currently 12 appropriation bills that must be passed each fiscal year in order for continued discretionary spending to occur. The subject of each appropriations bill corresponds to the jurisdiction of the respective House and Senate appropriation subcommittees:
As of 2012, there are 12 appropriations bills which need to be passed each year:[8]
Agriculture, Rural Development, and Food and Drug Administration
Commerce, Justice, and Science
Defense
Energy and Water Development
Financial Services and General Government (includes judicial branch, the Executive Office of the President, and District of Columbia appropriations)
Homeland Security
Interior and Environment
Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education
Legislative Branch
Military Construction and Veterans Affairs
State and Foreign Operations
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development
Multiple bills are sometimes combined into one piece of legislation, such as the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009. A continuing resolution is often passed if an appropriations bill has not been signed into law by the end of the fiscal year.
Mandatory spending[edit]
Direct spending, also known as mandatory spending, refers to spending enacted by law, but not dependent on an annual or periodic appropriation bill. Most mandatory spending consists of transfer payments and welfare benefits such as Social Security benefits, Medicare, and Medicaid. Many other expenses, such as salaries of federal judges, are mandatory, but account for a relatively small share of federal spending. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates costs of mandatory spending programs on a regular basis.[citation needed]
Congress can affect spending on entitlement programs by changing eligibility requirements or the structure of programs. Certain programs, because the language authorizing them are included in appropriation bills, are termed "appropriated entitlements." This is a convention rather than a substantive distinction, since the programs, such as Food Stamps, would continue to be funded even were the appropriation bill to be vetoed or otherwise not enacted.[citation needed]
Budget functions[edit]
The federal budget is divided into categories known as budget functions. These functions include all spending for a given topic, regardless of the federal agency that oversees the individual federal program. Both the President's budget, and Congress' budget resolution provide summaries by function.
List of budget functions:[9]
Function Number
Category
Description
050 National Defense The National Defense function includes the military activities of the Department of Defense (DoD), the nuclear-weapons related activities of the Department of Energy (DoE) and the National Nuclear Security Administration, the national security activities of several other agencies such as the Selective Service Agency, and portions of the activities of the Coast Guard and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The programs in this function include: the pay and benefits of active, Guard, and reserve military personnel; DoD operations including training, maintenance of equipment, and facilities; health care for military personnel and dependents; procurement of weapons; research and development; construction of military facilities, including housing; research on nuclear weapons; and the cleanup of nuclear weapons production facilities.
150 International Affairs Function 150 contains funding for all U.S. international activities, including: operating U.S. embassies and consulates throughout the world; providing military assistance to allies; aiding developing nations; dispensing economic assistance to fledgling democracies; promoting U.S. exports abroad; making U.S. payments to international organizations; and contributing to international peacekeeping efforts. Funding for all of these activities constitutes about one percent of the federal budget. The major agencies in this function include the Departments of Agriculture, State, and the Treasury; the United States Agency for International Development; and the Millennium Challenge Corporation.
250 General Science, Space, and Technology This function includes the National Science Foundation (NSF), programs at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration except for aviation programs, and general science programs at the Department of Energy (DOE).
270 Energy Function 270 contains civilian energy and environmental programs in the Department of Energy (DOE). This function also includes the Rural Utilities Service of the Department of Agriculture, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. This function does not include DOE's national security activities, which are in Function 050 (National Defense), or its basic research and science activities, which are in Function 250 (General Science, Space and Technology).
300 Natural Resources and Environment Function 300 includes programs concerned with environmental protection and enhancement; recreation and wildlife areas; and the development and management of the nation's land, water, and mineral resources. It includes programs within the following federal departments and agencies: Agriculture, Commerce, Interior, Transportation, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
350 Agriculture Function 350 includes farm income stabilization, agricultural research, and other services administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The discretionary programs include research and education programs, economics and statistics services, administration of the farm support programs, farm loan programs, meat and poultry inspection, and a portion of the Public Law (P.L.) 480 international food aid program. The mandatory programs include commodity programs, crop insurance, and certain farm loans.
370 Commerce and Housing Credit Function 370 includes mortgage credit, the Postal Service, deposit insurance, and other advancement of commerce (the majority of the discretionary and mandatory spending in this function). The mortgage credit component includes housing assistance through the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), and rural housing programs of the Department of Agriculture. The function also includes net postal service spending and spending for deposit insurance activities of banks, thrifts, and credit unions. Most of the Commerce Department is provided for in this function. Finally, the function also includes funding for independent agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, and the majority of the Small Business Administration.
400 Transportation Function 400 consists mostly of the programs administered by the Department of Transportation, including programs for highways, mass transit, aviation, and maritime activities. This function also includes two components of the Department of Homeland Security: the Coast Guard and the Transportation Security Administration. In addition, this function includes several small transportation-related agencies and the research program for civilian aviation at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
450 Community and Regional Development Function 450 includes federal programs to improve community economic conditions, promote rural development, and assist in federal preparations for and response to disasters. This function provides appropriated funding for the Community Development Block Grant, Department of Agriculture rural development programs, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and other disaster mitigation and community development-related programs. It also provides mandatory funding for the federal flood insurance program.
500 Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services Function 500 includes funding for the Department of Education, social services programs within the Department of Health and Human Services, and employment and training programs within the Department of Labor. It also contains funding for the Library of Congress and independent research and art agencies such as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the Smithsonian Institution, the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the National Endowment for the Humanities.
550 Health Function 550 includes most direct health care services programs. Other health programs in this function fund anti-bioterrorism activities, national biomedical research, protecting the health of the general population and workers in their places of employment, providing health services for under-served populations, and promoting training for the health care workforce. Some of the agencies funded in this function include the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Food and Drug Administration. The major mandatory programs in this function are Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), federal and retirees' health benefits, and health care for Medicare-eligible military retirees.
570 Medicare Function 570 includes only the Medicare program, which provides health insurance to senior citizens and persons with disabilities. Congress provides an annual appropriation for the costs of administering and monitoring the Medicare program. Nearly 99 percent of spending in this function occurs on the mandatory side of the budget, and almost all of the mandatory spending consists of payments for Medicare benefits.
600 Income Security Function 600 consists of a range of income security programs that provide cash or near-cash assistance (e.g., housing, nutrition, and energy assistance) to low-income persons, and benefits to certain retirees, persons with disabilities, and the unemployed. Housing assistance programs account for the largest share of discretionary funding in this function. Major federal entitlement programs in this function include unemployment insurance, trade adjustment assistance income support, food stamps, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, foster care, and Supplemental Security Income. Federal and other retirement and disability programs comprise approximately one third of the funds in this function.
650 Social Security Function 650 consists of the two payroll tax-financed programs that are collectively known as Social Security: Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance (OASDI). This function includes Social Security benefit payments and funds to administer the program. Under provisions of the Congressional Budget Act and the Budget Enforcement Act, Social Security trust funds are off-budget and do not appear in the budget resolution totals. However, a small portion of spending in Function 650 - the general fund transfer of income taxes on Social Security benefits - is considered on-budget and appears in the budget resolution totals.
700 Veterans Benefits and Services Function 700 covers the programs of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), including veterans' medical care, compensation and pensions, education and rehabilitation benefits, and housing programs. It also includes the Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training Service, the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, and the American Battle Monuments Commission. Almost 90 percent of appropriated funding in Function 700 goes to veterans' health care.
750 Administration of Justice The Administration of Justice function consists of federal law enforcement programs, litigation and judicial activities, correctional operations, and state and local justice assistance. Agencies within this function include: the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the Drug Enforcement Administration; Border and Transportation Security; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; the United States Attorneys; legal divisions within the Department of Justice; the Legal Services Corporation; the federal Judiciary; and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. This function includes several components of the Department of Homeland Security.
800 General Government This function includes the activities of the White House and the Executive Office of the President, the legislative branch, and programs designed to carry out the legislative and administrative responsibilities of the federal government, including personnel management, fiscal operations, and property control.
900 Net Interest Function 900 consists primarily of the interest paid by the federal government to private and foreign government holders of U.S. Treasury securities. This amount is slightly offset by interest income received by the federal government on loans and cash balances and by earnings of the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust.
920 Allowances This function displays the budgetary effect of proposals that cannot easily be distributed across other budget functions. In the past, this function has included funding for emergencies or proposals contingent on certain events.
950 Undistributed Offsetting Receipts This function comprises major offsetting receipt items that would distort the funding levels of other functional categories if they were distributed to them.
See also[edit]
Office of Management and Budget
United States public debt
Budget resolution
Government financial statements
Anti-Deficiency Act
2015 United States federal appropriations
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 on GPO access Archived October 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 on GPO access
Jump up ^ Budget Resolution Explainer, Rudolph Penner, Urban Institute
Jump up ^ 31 U.S.C. 1105(a) on Cornell Legal Information Institute
Jump up ^ "Obama Will Send Fiscal 2014 Budget to Congress April 10". Bloomberg L.P. March 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Executive Office of the President". whitehouse.gov. Oct 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Tollestrup, Jessica. "The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Status of Appropriations Legislation for Fiscal Year 2012". THOMAS. Library of Congress. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
Jump up ^ http://budget.house.gov/budgetprocess/budgetfunctions.htm
External links[edit]
Budget Calculator Online calculator that places specific tax or spending numbers in the context of the total U.S. budget. It also compares any spending or revenue item to projected defense spending. (Center for Economic and Policy Research)
The Congressional Budget Process: an Explanation - published by the Senate Budget Committee, 1998 (PDF file)
2007 Financial Report of the United States Government
Columbia University selective guide for research on the U.S. Federal budget process
Budget Process Tutorial From the House Budget Committee (Republican Staff)
The Congressional Budget Office
Eric M. Patashnik, "Ideas, Inheritances, and the Dynamics of Budgetary Change," Governance, 12.2 (April 1999): 147-174
Understanding the Federal Budget
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