text:
Seesaw molecular geometry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Seesaw molecular geometry
Examples
SF4
Point group
C2v
Steric number
5
Coordination number
4
Bond angle(s)
90°, 120°, 180°
μ (Polarity)
>0
Disphenoidal or Seesaw is a type of molecular geometry where there are four bonds to a central atom with overall C2v symmetry. The name "seesaw" comes from the observation that it looks like a playground seesaw. Most commonly, four bonds to a central atom result in tetrahedral or, less commonly, square planar geometry. The seesaw geometry, just like its name, is unusual.
It occurs when a molecule has a steric number of 5, with the central atom being bonded to 4 other atoms and 1 lone pair. (AX4E in AXE notation) An atom bonded to 5 other atoms (and no lone pairs) forms a trigonal bipyramid; but in this case one of the atoms is replaced by a lone pair. The atom replaced is always an equatorial atom, because the lone pairs repel other electrons more strongly than atoms do.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Examples
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Structure[edit]
Compounds with disphenoidal geometry (See-Saw Geometry) have two types of ligands, one pair related by 180° often called axial ligands. A separate pair of ligands is situated orthogonal to the axial ligands. Typically the bond distance to the apical ligands is longer than to the equatorial ligands. The angle between the axial ligands and the equatorial ligands is 90°; whereas the angle between the two equatorial ligands themselves is 120°.
Disphenoidal molecules, like trigonal bipyramidal ones, are subject to Berry pseudorotation. Thus, the 19F NMR spectrum of SF4 (like that of PF5) consists of single resonance near room temperature.[1] The four atoms in motion act as a lever about the central atom; for example, the four fluorine atoms of sulfur tetrafluoride rotate around the sulfur atom.[2]
Examples[edit]
Sulfur tetrafluoride is the premier example of a molecule with the disphenoidal molecular geometry (see image at upper right). The following compounds and ions have disphenoidal geometry:[3]
SF4
SeF4
IF
2O−
2
IOF3
ClF+
4
TeF4
XeO2F2
AsF−
4
See also[edit]
Molecular geometry
AXE method
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Klemperer, Walter G.; Krieger, Jeanne K.; McCreary, Michael D.; Muetterties, E. L.; Traficante, Daniel D.; Whitesides, George M. (1975). "Dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance study of fluorine exchange in liquid sulfur tetrafluoride". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97: 7023–7030. doi:10.1021/ja00857a012.
Jump up ^ "Illustration of the Berry pseudorotation".
Jump up ^ Seesaw Molecular Geometry, AX4E1 25 Dec 2007 Archived November 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Chem| Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules
Indiana University Molecular Structure Center
Interactive molecular examples for point groups
Molecular Modeling
Animated Trigonal Planar Visual
VSEPR
[hide]
v
t
e
Molecular geometry
Coordination number 2
Linear
Bent
Coordination number 3
Trigonal planar
Trigonal pyramidal
T-shaped
Coordination number 4
Tetrahedral
Square planar
Seesaw
Coordination number 5
Trigonal bipyramidal
Square pyramidal
Pentagonal planar
Coordination number 6
Octahedral
Trigonal prismatic
Pentagonal pyramidal
Distorted octahedral
Coordination number 7
Pentagonal bipyramidal
Coordination number 8
Square antiprismatic
Coordination number 9
Tricapped trigonal prismatic
Capped square antiprismatic
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seesaw_molecular_geometry&oldid=782432548"
Categories:
Molecular geometry
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Español
فارسی
Nederlands
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 May 2017, at 21:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: sub

values:
/wiki/Cyclic_symmetries
mw-redirect
Cyclic symmetries

values:
/wiki/Berry_pseudorotation
mw-redirect
Berry pseudorotation

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00857a012

values:
nofollow
http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/bpr/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.3dchem.com/3D

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iumsc.indiana.edu/IUMSC

values: Pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry

values: Tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry

values: Capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Seesaw_molecular_geometry
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: الهندسة الجزيئية للشكل المتأرجح – Arabic

values: Geometría molecular de balancín – Spanish

values: هندسه مولکولی الاکلنگی – Persian

values: シーソー形分子構造 – Japanese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Seesaw_molecular_geometry rootpage-Seesaw_molecular_geometry vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Theria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Therians" redirects here. For the contemporary subculture, see Therianthropy § Psychiatric aspects.
Therians
Temporal range: Middle Jurassic – Holocene, 160–0 Ma
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
A human (placental) holding a koala (marsupial), representing the two surviving groups of therian mammals.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Clade: Tribosphenida
Subclass: Theria
Parker & Haswell, 1897[1]
Infraclasses
Eutheria
Metatheria
Theria (/ˈθɪəriə/; Greek: θηρίον, wild beast) is a subclass of mammals[2] amongst the Theriiformes (the sister taxa to Yinotheria). Theria includes the eutherians (including the placental mammals) and the metatherians (including the marsupials).
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 Evolution
3 Taxonomy
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Characteristics[edit]
Therian mammals give birth to live young without a shelled egg. It is possible thanks to key proteins called syncytins, which allow exchanges between the mother and its offspring through a placenta; even rudimental ones such as the marsupials. Genetic studies have enlighted the viral origin of syncytins through the endogenization process.[3]
The marsupials and the placental mammals evolved from a common therian ancestor that gave live-birth by suppressing the mother's immune system. While the marsupials continued to give birth to an underdeveloped fetus after a short pregnancy, the ancestors of placental mammals gradually evolved a prolonged pregnancy.[4]
Therian mammals no longer have the coracoid bone, contrary to their cousins, monotremes.
Pinnae (external ears) are also a distinctive trait that is a therian exclusivity.[5]
Evolution[edit]
The earliest known therian mammal fossil is Juramaia, from the Middle Jurassic of China. However, molecular data suggests that therians may have originated even earlier, during the Early Jurassic.[6]
Taxonomy[edit]
Main article: Mammal classification
The rank of "Theria" may vary depending on the classification system used. The textbook classification system by Vaughan et al. (2000)[7] gives the following:
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria: live-bearing mammals
Infraclass Metatheria: marsupials
Infraclass Eutheria: placentals
In the above system Theria is a subclass. Alternatively, in the system proposed by McKenna and Bell (1997)[8] it is ranked as a supercohort under the subclass Theriiformes:
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theriiformes: live-bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives
Infraclass Holotheria: modern live-bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives
Legion Cladotheria
Sublegion Zatheria
Infralegion Tribosphenida
Supercohort Theria: therian mammals
Cohort Marsupialia: marsupials
Cohort Placentalia: placentals
Another classification proposed by Luo et al. (2002)[9] does not assign any rank to the taxonomic levels, but uses a purely cladistic system instead.
See also[edit]
Marsupials
Monotremes
Placental mammals
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ITIS Standard Report Page: Theria
Jump up ^ Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. "Subclass Theria". Animal Diversity Web. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ ""Retroviral envelope gene captures and syncytin exaptation for placentation in marsupials"". PMC 4321253  . Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Ancient “genomic parasites” spurred evolution of pregnancy in mammals
Jump up ^ ""Theria-Specific Homeodomain and cis-Regulatory Element Evolution of the Dlx3–4 Bigene Cluster in 12 Different Mammalian Species"". PMC 3651898  . Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Hugall, A.F. et al. (2007) Calibration choice, rate smoothing, and the pattern of tetrapod diversification according to the long nuclear gene RAG-1. Syst Biol. 56(4):543-63.
Jump up ^ Vaughan, Terry A., James M. Ryan, and Nicholas J. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy: Fourth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, 565 pp. ISBN 0-03-025034-X
Jump up ^ McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
Jump up ^ Luo, Z.-X., Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, and R. L. Cifelli. 2002. In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47:1-78.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theria.
Theria — supercohort — Tree of Life
hide
v
t
e
Extant mammal orders
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
(unranked) Amniota
Yinotheria
Australosphenida
Monotremata (Platypus and echidnas)
Theria
Metatheria
(Marsupial inclusive)
Ameridelphia
Paucituberculata (Shrew opossums)
Didelphimorphia (Opossums)
Australidelphia
Microbiotheria (Monito del monte)
Notoryctemorphia (Marsupial moles)
Dasyuromorphia (Quolls and dunnarts)
Peramelemorphia (Bilbies and bandicoots)
Diprotodontia (Kangaroos and relatives)
Eutheria
(Placental inclusive)
Atlantogenata
Xenarthra
Cingulata (Armadillos)
Pilosa (Anteaters and sloths)
Afrotheria
Afrosoricida (Tenrecs and golden moles)
Macroscelidea (Elephant shrews)
Tubulidentata (Aardvark)
Hyracoidea (Hyraxes)
Proboscidea (Elephants)
Sirenia (Dugongs and manatees)
Boreoeutheria
Laurasiatheria
Eulipotyphla (Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
Chiroptera (Bats)
Pholidota (Pangolins)
Carnivora (Dogs, cats and relatives)
Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates)
Artiodactyla (Even-toed ungulates and cetaceans)
Euarchontoglires
Rodentia (Rodents)
Lagomorpha (Rabbits and pikas)
Scandentia (Treeshrews)
Dermoptera (Colugos)
Primates
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q130942
ADW: Theria
EoL: 57446
Fauna Europaea: 130669
Fossilworks: 39860
ITIS: 179916
NCBI: 32525
uBio: 4368777
WoRMS: 380416

This article about a mammal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theria&oldid=842264151"
Categories:
Mammal taxonomy
Extant Middle Jurassic first appearances
Mammal stubs
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Pages using web citations with no URL
Articles with 'species' microformats
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Italiano
Қазақша
Latina
Latviešu
Ligure
Magyar
Македонски
Malti
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
中文
ГӀалгӀай
44 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 May 2018, at 09:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class title

values: /wiki/Megaannum mw-redirect Megaannum

value: span

value: small

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px

values: position:absolute; height:8px; left:165.84615384615px; width:54.153846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;

values: position:absolute; height:8px; left:165.84615384615px; width:54.153846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;

values: position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:166.84615384615px; width:52.153846153846px; background-color:#6c3;

values: margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;

values: margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

values:
/wiki/William_A._Haswell
mw-redirect
William A. Haswell

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Scientific_classification
mw-redirect
Scientific classification

values:
/wiki/Egg_(biology)
mw-redirect
Egg (biology)

values:
/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)
mw-redirect
Pinna (anatomy)

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
*_Kingdom_Animalia
*_Phylum_Chordata
*_Subphylum_Vertebrata
*_(unranked)_Amniota

values: Australosphenida row navbox-group width:1%

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
Taxon_identifiers
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/57446

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Extant Middle Jurassic first appearances

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Theria
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/w/index.php?title=Theria&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: وحشيات – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Зьвяры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Живородни бозайници – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teris
Teris – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Кайăксем – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terios
Terios – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Գազաններ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: थेरिया – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: Нағыз аңдар – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Ligurian
lij
lij
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Живородни цицачи – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Maltese
mt
mt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: เธอเรีย – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria
Theria – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values: Оакхарий – Ingush

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-inh
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Theria rootpage-Theria skin-vector action-view


text:
Sugar packet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Packets of brown and white sugar
A sugar packet is a delivery method for one 'serving' of sugar. Sugar packets are commonly supplied in restaurants, coffeehouses and tea houses in preference to sugar bowls or sugar dispensers for reasons of neatness, sanitation, spill control, and to some extent portion control.
Contents
[hide]
1 Statistics
2 History
3 Collecting
4 References
Statistics[edit]
A typical sugar packet in the United States contains 2 to 4 grams of sugar. Some sugar packets in countries such as Poland contain 5 to 10 grams of sugar. Sugar packet sizes, shapes, and weights differ throughout different areas of the world.
History[edit]
The sugar cube was used in restaurants until it began to be replaced directly after World War II. At this time, machines were made that could produce small packets of sugar for nearly half the cost.
The sugar packet was invented by Benjamin Eisenstadt,[1] the founder of Cumberland Packing or better known today as the Sweet 'N Low company. Eisenstadt had been a tea bag factory worker, and became irritated by the task of refilling and unclogging all the sugar dispensers in his Brooklyn cafeteria across from the Brooklyn Navy Yard. He did not patent the idea, and after discussions with larger sugar companies, lost market share.
Because a gram of any carbohydrate contains 4 nutritional calories (also referred to as "food calories" or kilo-calories)), a typical four gram sugar packet has 16 nutritional calories.
Collecting[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sugar packets.
The hobby of collecting sugar packets is called sucrology. Collectors can, for example, focus on the variety of types of sugar or brand names. Sugar packets are also handy forms of advertisement for businesses.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Why are ketchup packets so... unsatisfying?". marketplace.org.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_packet&oldid=795664370"
Categories:
Sugar
American inventions
Food packaging
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from July 2015
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Nederlands
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 August 2017, at 18:10 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: href class

value: td

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: i

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Portion_control_(dieting)
mw-redirect
Portion control (dieting)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Sugar_packet
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sugar_packet rootpage-Sugar_packet skin-vector action-view