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Collective farming
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Collective farming and communal farming are various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise."[1] That type of collective is often an agricultural cooperative in which member-owners jointly engage in farming activities. The process by which farmland is aggregated (or forcefully taken) is called collectivization. In some countries (including the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc countries, China, and Vietnam), there have been state-run and cooperative-run variants. For example, the Soviet Union had both kolkhozy (cooperative-run type) and sovkhozy (state-run type), often denoted in English as collective farms and state farms, respectively.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pre-20th century history
1.1 Case studies
1.1.1 Mexico
1.1.2 Iroquois and Huron of the North American Great Lakes region
1.1.3 Russian Empire
2 Communist collectivization
2.1 Soviet Union
2.2 Romania
2.3 Bulgaria
2.4 Hungary
2.5 Czechoslovakia (1948–90)
2.6 GDR
2.7 Polish People's Republic
2.8 SFR Yugoslavia
2.9 People's Republic of China
2.10 Mongolia
2.11 North Korea
2.12 Vietnam
2.13 Cuba
2.14 Tanzania
3 Voluntary collective farming
3.1 Europe
3.2 India
3.3 Israel
3.4 Mexico
3.5 Canada and United States
4 See also
5 References and sources
6 External links
Pre-20th century history[edit]
Main articles: Communal land, Property, and Commons
A small group of farming or herding families living together on a jointly-managed piece of land is surely one of the most common living arrangements in all of human history. This has co-existed with, and competed with, more individualistic forms of ownership (as well as state ownership), since the beginnings of agriculture. Private ownership came to predominate in much of the Western world, and is therefore better studied. The process by which Western Europe's communal land (and other property) became private is a fundamental question behind views of property: is it the legacy of historical injustices and crimes? Karl Marx believed that what he called primitive communism (joint ownership) was ended by exploitative means he called primitive accumulation. By contrast Libertarian thinkers say that by the homestead principle, whoever is first to work on the land is the rightful owner.
Case studies[edit]
Mexico[edit]
During the Aztec rule of central Mexico, the country was divided into small territories called calpulli, which were units of local administration concerned with farming as well as education and religion. A calpulli consisted of a number of large extended families with a presumed common ancestor, themselves each composed of a number of nuclear families. Each calpulli owned the land and granted the individual families the right to farm parts of it. When the Spanish conquered Mexico they replaced this with a system of haciendas or estates granted by the Spanish crown to Spanish colonists, as well as the encomienda, a feudal-like right of overlordship colonists were given in particular villages, and the repartimiento or system of indigenous forced labor.
Following the Mexican Revolution, a new constitution in 1917 abolished any remnant of feudal-like rights hacienda owners had over common lands and offered the development of ejidos: communal farms formed on land purchased from the large estates by the Mexican government.
Iroquois and Huron of the North American Great Lakes region[edit]
Main article: Economy of the Iroquois
Latter-day Iroquois longhouse housing several hundred people
The Huron had an essentially communal system of land ownership. The French Catholic missionary Gabriel Sagard described the fundamentals. The Huron had "as much land as they need[ed]."[2] As a result, the Huron could give families their own land and still have a large amount of excess land owned communally. Any Huron was free to clear the land and farm on the basis of usufruct. He maintained possession of the land as long as he continued to actively cultivate and tend the fields. Once he abandoned the land, it reverted to communal ownership, and anyone could take it up for themselves.[3] While the Huron did seem to have lands designated for the individual, the significance of this possession may be of little relevance; the placement of corn storage vessels in the longhouses, which contained multiple families in one kinship group, suggests the occupants of a given longhouse held all production in common.[4]
The Iroquois had a similar communal system of land distribution. The tribe owned all lands but gave out tracts to the different clans for further distribution among households for cultivation. The land would be redistributed among the households every few years, and a clan could request a redistribution of tracts when the Clan Mothers' Council gathered.[5] Those clans that abused their allocated land or otherwise did not take care of it would be warned and eventually punished by the Clan Mothers' Council by having the land redistributed to another clan.[6] Land property was really only the concern of the women, since it was the women's job to cultivate food and not the men's.[5]
The Clan Mothers' Council also reserved certain areas of land to be worked by the women of all the different clans. Food from such lands, called kěndiǔ"gwǎ'ge' hodi'yěn'tho, would be used at festivals and large council gatherings.[6]
Russian Empire[edit]
The obshchina (Russian: общи́на, IPA: [ɐpˈɕːinə], literally: "commune") or mir (Russian: мир, literally: "society" (one of the meanings)) or Selskoye obshestvo (Russian: сельское общество ("Rural community", official term in the 19th and 20th century) were peasant communities, as opposed to individual farmsteads, or khutors, in Imperial Russia. The term derives from the word о́бщий, obshchiy (common).
The vast majority of Russian peasants held their land in communal ownership within a mir community, which acted as a village government and a cooperative. Arable land was divided in sections based on soil quality and distance from the village. Each household had the right to claim one or more strips from each section depending on the number of adults in the household. The purpose of this allocation was not so much social (to each according to his needs) as it was practical (that each person pay his taxes). Strips were periodically re-allocated on the basis of a census, to ensure equitable share of the land. This was enforced by the state, which had an interest in the ability of households to pay their taxes.
Communist collectivization[edit]
The Soviet Union introduced collective farming in its constituent republics between 1927 and 1933. The Baltic states and most of the Central and East European countries (except Poland) adopted collective farming after World War II, with the accession of communist regimes to power. In Asia (People's Republic of China, North Korea, Vietnam) the adoption of collective farming was also driven by communist government policies. In most communist countries, the transition to collective farming involved an element of compulsion, while the collective farms within these countries, lacked the principle of voluntary membership, is often regarded at best as being pseudo-cooperatives.
Soviet Union[edit]
Main article: Collectivization in the Soviet Union
As part of the first five-year plan, collectivization was introduced in the Soviet Union by general secretary Joseph Stalin in the late 1920s as a way, according to the policies of socialist leaders, to boost agricultural production through the organization of land and labor into large-scale collective farms (kolkhozy). At the same time, Joseph Stalin argued that collectivization would free poor peasants from economic servitude under the kulaks (farmland owners).
Stalin resorted to mass murder and wholesale deportation of farmers to Siberia in order to implement the plan. Millions who remained did not die of starvation, but the centuries-old system of farming was destroyed in a region so fertile it was once called "the breadbasket of Europe". The immediate effects of forced collectivization were reduced grain output and almost halved livestock numbers, thus creating major famines throughout the USSR during 1932 and 1933. In 1932–1933, an estimated 11 million people, 3–7 million in Ukraine alone,[7] died from famine after Stalin forced the peasants into collectives (Ukrainians call this famine Holodomor).[8] and thousands eyewitness accounts made by the survivors.[9] It was not until 1940 that agricultural production finally surpassed its pre-collectivization levels.[10][11]
Collectivization throughout Moldova was not aggressively pursued until the early 1960s because of the Soviet leadership's focus on a policy of Russification of Moldavians into the Russian way of life. Much of the collectivization in Moldova had undergone in Transnistria, in Chişinău, the present-day capital city of Moldova. Most of the directors who regulated and conducted the process of collectivization were placed by officials from Moscow.
Romania[edit]
Main article: Collectivization in Romania
In Romania, land collectivization began in 1948 and continued for over more than a decade until its virtual eradication in 1962.[12]
In Romania, force sometimes had to be used to enforce collective agricultural practices. Collective farming in Romania was an attempt to implement the USSR's communist blueprint. Unfortunately, these attempts often fell short. By strictly adhering to this soviet blueprint, the implementation of communism in Romania inevitably created dilemmas and contributions that led to violence. Kligman and Verdery state "The violence collectivization, emerges, then, less, as an abhoration than as a product of sociocultural shaping and of deep problems with how the soviet blueprint came to be implemented... instead of a gradual and integrated process of moving from one form of society to another, Romanian society in the Soviet orbit was being completely rearticulated, a process in which violence was inevitable." [13]
On the other hand, as Kligman and Verdery explain, "Collectivization brought undeniable benefits to some rural inhabitants, especially those who had owned little or no land. It freed them from laboring on the fields of others, and it increased their control over wages, lending to their daily existence a stability previously unknown to them." [13]
Bulgaria[edit]
Трудово кооперативно земеделско стопанство was the name of collective farms in Bulgaria.
Hungary[edit]
Main article: Collectivization in Hungary
In Hungary, agricultural collectivization was attempted a number of times between 1948 and 1956 (with disastrous results), until it was finally successful in the early 1960s under János Kádár. The first serious attempt at collectivization based on Stalinist agricultural policy was undertaken in July 1948. Both economic and direct police pressure were used to coerce peasants to join cooperatives, but large numbers opted instead to leave their villages. By the early 1950s, only one-quarter of peasants had agreed to join cooperatives.[14]
In the spring of 1955 the drive for collectivization was renewed, again using physical force to encourage membership, but this second wave also ended in dismal failure. After the events of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, the Hungarian regime opted for a more gradual collectivization drive. The main wave of collectivization occurred between 1959 and 1961, and at the end of this period more than 95% of agricultural land in Hungary had become the property of collective farms. In February 1961, the Central Committee declared that collectivization had been completed.[15]
This quick success should not be confused with enthusiastic adoption of collective idealism on the part of the peasants. Still, demoralized after two successive (and harsh) collectivization campaigns and the events of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, the peasants were less keen to resist. As membership levels increased, those who remained outside likely grew worried about being permanently left out.
Czechoslovakia (1948–90)[edit]
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In Czechoslovakia, centralized land reforms after World War I allowed for the distribution of most of the land to peasants and the poor, and created large groups of relatively well-to-do farmers (though village poor still existed). These groups showed no support for communist ideals. In 1945, immediately after World War II, new land reform started. The first phase involved a confiscation of properties of Germans, Hungarians, and collaborators of the Nazi regime in accordance with the so-called Beneš decrees. The second phase, promulgated by so-called Ďuriš's laws (after the Communist Minister of Agriculture), in fact meant a complete revision of the pre-war land reform and tried to reduce maximal private property to 150 hectares (ha) of agricultural land and 250 ha of any land (forests, etc...).
The third and final phase forbade possession of land above 50 ha for one family. This phase was carried out in April 1948, two months after Communists took power by force. Farms started to be collectivized, mostly under the threat of sanctions. The most obstinate farmers were persecuted and imprisoned. The most common form of collectivization was agricultural cooperative (in Czech Jednotné zemědělské družstvo, JZD; in Slovak Jednotné roľnícke družstvo, JRD). The collectivization was implemented in three stages (1949–1952, 1953–1956, 1956–1969) and officially ended with implementation of the constitution establishing the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, which made private ownership illegal.
Many early cooperatives collapsed and were recreated again. Their productivity was low since they provided tiny salaries and no pensions, and they failed to create a sense of collective ownership; small-scale pilfering was common, and food became scarce. Seeing the massive outflow of people from agriculture into cities, the government started to massively subsidize the cooperatives in order to make the standard of living of farmers equal to that of city inhabitants; this was the long-term official policy of the government. Funds, machinery, and fertilizers were provided; young people from villages were forced to study agriculture; and students were regularly sent (involuntarily) to help in cooperatives.
Subsidies and constant pressure destroyed the remaining private farmers; only a handful of them remained after the 1960s. The lifestyle of villagers had eventually reached the level of cities, and village poverty was eliminated. Czechoslovakia was again able to produce enough food for its citizens. The price of this success was a huge waste of resources because the cooperatives had no incentive to improve efficiency. Every piece of land was cultivated regardless of the expense involved, and the soil became heavily polluted with chemicals. Also, the intensive use of heavy machinery damaged topsoil. Furthermore, the cooperatives were infamous for over-employment.
In the late 1980s, the economy of Czechoslovakia stagnated, and the state-owned companies were unable to deal with advent of modern technologies. A few agricultural companies (where the rules were less strict than in state companies) used this situation to start providing high-tech products. For example, the only way to buy a PC-compatible computer in the late 1980s was to get it (for an extremely high price) from one agricultural company acting as a reseller.
After the fall of Communism in Czechoslovakia (1989) subsidies to agriculture were halted with devastating effect. Most of the cooperatives had problems competing with technologically advanced foreign competition and were unable to obtain investment to improve their situation. Quite a large percentage of them collapsed. The others that remained were typically insufficiently funded, lacking competent management, without new machinery and living from day to day. Employment in the agricultural sector dropped significantly (from approximately 25% of the population to approximately 1%).
GDR[edit]
Collective farms obtained the name Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft (LPG).
Polish People's Republic[edit]
Main article: Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic
The Polish name of a collective farm was Rolnicza spółdzielnia produkcyjna. Collectivisation in Poland was stopped in 1956, later nationalisation was supported.
SFR Yugoslavia[edit]
Collective farming was introduced as government policy throughout Yugoslavia after World War II, by taking away land from wealthy pre-war owners and limiting possessions in private ownership first to 25, and later to 10 hectares. The large, state-owned farms were known as "Agricultural cooperatives" ("Zemljoradničke zadruge" in Serbo-Croatian) and farmers working on them had to meet production quotas in order to satisfy the needs of the populace. The system was largely abolished in the 1950s. See: Law of 23 August 1945 with amendments until 1 December 1948.[16]
People's Republic of China[edit]
Main articles: People's commune, Production brigade, and Production team (China)
Under the leadership of Mao Zedong (1949–1976), the People's Republic of China experienced an era of collectivization. Similar to Stalin's ideals, Mao tried to rapidly convert the Chinese economy to a socialist society through industrialization and collectivization, in a period known as, "The Great Leap Forward."[17] The era was a disaster for the Chinese people, due to the inability of the farmers to meet quota expectations, which caused "The Great Chinese Famine," where nearly 30 million people died of hunger.
After the death of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping reformed the collective farming method. From this time, nearly all Chinese crops began to blossom, not just grain. The reform included the removal of land from rich land owners for use of agricultural land for peasants, but not ownership. This policy increased production and helped reverse the effects of The Great Leap Forward which killed millions of people. The two main reasons why China succeeded was because 1) the government chose to make gradual changes, which kept the monopoly of the Communist Party and 2) because the reform process began from the bottom and later expanded to the top. Throughout the reform process, the Communist Party reacted positively to the bottom-up reform initiatives that emerged from the rural population. Deng Xiaoping described the reform process as, “fording the river by feeling for the stones.” This statement refers to the Chinese people who called for the reforms they wanted, by “placing the stones at his feet” and he would then just approve the reforms the people wanted. The peasants started their own “household responsibility system” apart from the government. After Chinese trade was privately deemed successful, all Xiaoping had to do was approve its legalization. This increased competition between farmers domestically and internationally, meaning the low wage working class began to be known worldwide, increasing the Chinese FDI.[18]
A 2017 study found that Chinese peasants slaughtered massive numbers of draft animals as a response to collectivization, as this would allow them to keep the meat and hide, and not transfer the draft animals to the collectives.[19] The study estimates that "the animal loss during the movement was 12 to 15 percent, or 7.4-9.5 million head. Grain output dropped by 7 percent due to lower animal inputs and lower productivity."[19]
Mongolia[edit]
Main article: Negdel
North Korea[edit]
In the late 1990s, the collective farming system collapsed under a strain of droughts. Estimates of deaths due to starvation ranged into the millions, although the government did not allow outside observers to survey the extent of the famine. Aggravating the severity of the famine, the government was accused of diverting international relief supplies to its armed forces. Agriculture in North Korea has suffered tremendously from natural disasters, a lack of fertile land, and government mismanagement, often causing the nation to rely on foreign aid as its primary source of food.
Vietnam[edit]
Main article: Land reform in Vietnam
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam implemented collective farming although de jure private ownership existed. Starting in 1958 collective farming was pushed such that by 1960, 85% of farmers and 70% of farmlands were collectivized including those seized by force.[20] Collectivization however was seen by the communist leadership as a half-measure when compared to full state ownership.[21]
Following the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the South Vietnam briefly came under the authority of a Provisional Revolutionary Government, a puppet state under military occupation by North Vietnam, before being officially reunified with the North under Communist rule as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 2 July 1976. Upon taking control, the Vietnamese communists banned other political parties, arrested suspects believed to have collaborated with the United States and embarked on a mass campaign of collectivization of farms and factories. Private land ownership was "transformed" to subsume under State and collective ownership.[22] Reconstruction of the war-ravaged country was slow and serious humanitarian and economic problems confronted the communist regime.
In a historic shift in 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam implemented free-market reforms known as Đổi Mới (Renovation). With the authority of the state remaining unchallenged, private enterprise, deregulation and foreign investment were encouraged. Land ownership nonetheless is the sole prerogative of the state. The economy of Vietnam has achieved rapid growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction and housing, exports and foreign investment. However, the power of the Communist Party of Vietnam over all organs of government remains firm.
Cuba[edit]
In the initial years that followed the Cuban Revolution, government authorities experimented with agricultural and farming production cooperatives. Between 1977 and 1983, farmers began to collectivize into CPAs – Cooperativa de Producción Agropecuaria (Agricultural Production Cooperatives). Farmers were encouraged to sell their land to the state for the establishment of a cooperative farm, receiving payments for a period of 20 years while also sharing in the fruits of the CPA. Joining a CPA allowed individuals who were previously dispersed throughout the countryside to move to a centralized location with increased access to electricity, medical care, housing, and schools. Democratic practice tends to be limited to business decisions and is constrained by the centralized economic planning of the Cuban system.
Another type of agricultural production cooperative in Cuba is UBPC – Unidad Básica de Producción Cooperativa (Basic Unit of Cooperative Production). The law authorizing the creation of UBPCs was passed on 20 September 1993. It has been used to transform many state farms into UBPCs, similar to the transformation of Russian sovkhozes (state farms) into kolkhozes (collective farms) since 1992. The law granted indefinite usufruct to the workers of the UBPC in line with its goal of linking the workers to the land. It established material incentives for increased production by tying workers' earnings to the overall production of the UBPC, and increased managerial autonomy and workers' participation in the management of the workplace.
Tanzania[edit]
The move to a collective farming method in Tanzania was based on the Soviet model for rural development. In 1967, President Julius Nyerere issued "Socialism and Rural Development" which proposed the creation of Ujamaa Villages. Since the majority of the rural population was spread out, and agriculture was traditionally undertaken individually, the rural population had to be forced to move together, to farm communally. Following forced migration, incentive to participate in communal farming activities was encouraged by government recognition.
These incentives, in addition to encouraging a degree of participation, also lured those whose primary interests were not the common good to the Ujamaa villages. This, in addition to the Order of 1973 dictating that all people had to live in villages (Operation Vijiji)[23] eroded the sustainability of communal projects. In order for the communal farms to be successful, each member of the village would have to contribute to the best of their ability. Due to lack of sufficient foreign exchange, mechanization of the labour was impossible, therefore it was essential that every villager contributed to manual labour.
Voluntary collective farming[edit]
Europe[edit]
In modern Europe collective farms are very uncommon[citation needed], although in France (the European Union's largest agricultural producer) cooperative agriculture represents 40% of the national food industry's production and nearly 90 Billion € in gross revenue, covering one out of three food brands in the country.[24][25]
There are also intentional communities which practice collective agriculture.[26][27] There is a growing number of community supported agriculture initiatives, some of which operate under consumer/worker governance, that could be considered collective farms.
India[edit]
In Indian villages a single field (normally a plot of three to five acres) may be farmed collectively by the villagers, who each offer labour as a devotional offering, possibly for one or two days per cropping season. The resulting crop belongs to no one individual, and is used as an offering. The labour input is the offering of the peasant in their role as priests. The wealth generated by the sale of the produce belongs to the Gods and hence is Apaurusheya or impersonal. Shrambhakti (labour contributed as devotional offering) is the key instrument for generation of internal resources. The benefits of the harvest are most often redistributed in the village for common good as well as individual need – not as loan or charity, but as divine grace (prasad). The recipient is under no obligation to repay it and no interest need be paid on such gifts. Giving and receiving of these sums is done so discreetly and with such subtle grace that any sense of inferiority on the part of the recipients is obviated.[citation needed]
Israel[edit]
Collective farming was also implemented in kibbutzim in Israel, which began in 1909 as a unique combination of Zionism and socialism – known as Labor Zionism. The concept has faced occasional criticism as economically inefficient and over-reliant on subsidized credit.[28]
A lesser-known type of collective farm in Israel is moshav shitufi (lit. collective settlement), where production and services are managed collectively, as in a kibbutz, but consumption decisions are left to individual households. In terms of cooperative organization, moshav shitufi is distinct from the much more common moshav (or moshav ovdim), essentially a village-level service cooperative, not a collective farm.
In 2006 there were 40 moshavim shitufi'im in Israel, compared with 267 kibbutzim.[29]
Collective farming in Israel differs from collectivism in communist states in that it is voluntary. However, including moshavim, various forms of collective farming have traditionally been and remain the primary agricultural model, as there are only a small number of completely private farms in Israel outside of the moshavim.
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico the Ejido system provided poor farmers with collective use rights to agricultural land. The erosion of these rights under the 1994 NAFTA agreement directly led to the Chiapas conflict.[citation needed]
Canada and United States[edit]
The Anabaptist Hutterites have farmed communally since the 16th century. Most of them now live on the prairies of Canada and the northern Great Plains of the United States.[30]
See also[edit]
Camphill Movement
Dekulakization
Work unit
References and sources[edit]
References
Jump up ^ Definition of collective farm in The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993.
Jump up ^ Axtell 1981, pp. 110–111.
Jump up ^ Axtell 1981, p. 111.
Jump up ^ Trigger 1969, p. 28.
^ Jump up to: a b Stites 1905, pp. 71–72.
^ Jump up to: a b Johansen 1999, p. 123.
Jump up ^ http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/hdocuments.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.holodomorct.org/history.html
Jump up ^ http://www.holodomorct.org/accounts.html
Jump up ^ Richard Overy: Russia's War, 1997
Jump up ^ Eric Hobsbawm: Age of Extremes, 1994
Jump up ^ A. Sarris and D. Gavrilescu, "Restructuring of farms and agricultural systems in Romania", in: J. Swinnen, A. Buckwell, and E. Mathijs, eds., Agricultural Privatisation, Land Reform and Farm Restructuring in Central and Eastern Europe, Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b Kligman, G., & Verdery, K. (2011). Peasants under siege: the collectivization of Romanian agriculture, 1949-1962. Princeton University Press.
Jump up ^ Iván T. Berend, The Hungarian Economic Reforms 1953–1988, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Jump up ^ Nigel Swain, Collective Farms Which Work?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Jump up ^ German translation of the Law of 23rd of August 1945 with amendments until 1st of December 1948.
Jump up ^ https://www.ncas.rutgers.edu/mao-and-great-leap-forwardf
Jump up ^ http://www.hoover.org/research/how-china-won-and-russia-lost?_sm_au_=iVVk5Rjq7ZW33QN6
^ Jump up to: a b Chen, Shuo; Lan, Xiaohuan (2017). "There Will Be Killing: Collectivization and Death of Draft Animals". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 9 (4): 58–77. doi:10.1257/app.20160247. ISSN 1945-7782.
Jump up ^ XÂY DỰNG CHỦ NGHĨA XÃ HỘI Ở MIỀN BẮC (Building socialism in the North)
Jump up ^ Vấn đề văn hóa trong tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh về phát triển đất nước (Culture in Ho Chi Minh's thoughts on national development)
Jump up ^ Ngành quản lý đất đai Việt Nam: 66 năm phát triển và trưởng thành (Land management in Vietnam, 66 years of development)
Jump up ^ Lange, Siri. (2008) Land Tenure and Mining In Tanzania. Bergen: Chr. Michelson Institute, p. 2.
Jump up ^ https://www.lacooperationagricole.coop/une-reussite-economique-et-sociale
Jump up ^ https://www.latribune.fr/actualites/economie/france/20140927trib98472bab5/les-grandes-cooperatives-agricoles-ces-entreprises-francaises-en-plein-boom.html
Jump up ^ Longo Mai
Jump up ^ Camphill movement
Jump up ^ Y. Kislev, Z. Lerman, P. Zusman, "Recent experience with cooperative farm credit in Israel", Economic Development and Cultural Change, 39(4):773–789 (July 1991).
Jump up ^ Statistical Abstract of Israel, Central Bureau of Statistics, Jerusalem, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Hutterian Bretheren". University of Alberta. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
Sources
FAO production, 1986, FAO Trade vol. 40, 1986.
Conquest, Robert, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (1986)
"Peasant Participation in Communal Farming: The Tanzanian Experience" by Dean E. McHenry, Jr. in African Studies Review, Vol. 20, No. 3, Peasants in Africa (Dec. 1977), pp. 43–63.
"Demography and Development Policy in Tanzania" by Rodger Yeager in The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Jul. 1982), pp. 489–510.
External links[edit]
Stalin and Collectivization, by Scott J. Reid
"The Collectivization 'Genocide'", in Another View of Stalin, by Ludo Martens
Tony Cliff "Marxism and the collectivisation of agriculture"
Kiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and soil: a world history of genocide and extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. p. 724. ISBN 978-0-300-10098-3.
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text:
List of official County Championship winners
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lord Hawke captained Yorkshire to eight of their record thirty-two Championship titles.
The County Championship is an annual first-class cricket league competition for county cricket clubs in England and Wales. The league is contested on a round-robin basis and the championship awarded to the team that is top of the league at the end of the season. Middlesex County Cricket Club are the current champions, claiming the title in the 2016 season.
The first references to county cricket come during the early 18th century, during which time cricket was played almost exclusively in the south-east of England, with teams representing Kent, Middlesex, London and Surrey frequently playing each other.[1] The sport soon became popular through the rest of the country, and by the end of the 18th century, the game was being played nationwide.[2] In 1744, Kent faced "All England" and became the first notional English cricket champions, winning by one wicket.[3][4] Cricket was played at both club and county level equally through the next hundred years, and it was only in the 1870s that county cricket started to be played frequently and regularly: in 1870 there were 22 regular fixtures, while ten years later there were 188.[5]
The title of "Champion County" was awarded intermittently and unreliably from 1826, with no team other than Kent, Surrey or Sussex being named champions until 1852.[6] Qualification rules were introduced in 1873, and for a long time this was considered the start of the County Championship, but the "Champion County" continued to be inconsistently awarded as late as 1886, when Cricket Magazine named Surrey champions, while most other publications agreed upon Nottinghamshire.[7] After a meeting of the principal clubs' secretaries in 1889, a method of ranking the teams was agreed upon, and the 1890 season is considered the first official competing of the County Championship.[8] The inaugural winners of the competition were Surrey, who won nine of their fourteen matches.[9] The championship grew rapidly in its infancy, and had doubled to have 16 member clubs by 1905. Glamorgan joined in 1921, becoming the only non-English county to compete, and Durham became the most recent addition, entering in 1992.[8]
Surrey and Yorkshire each won six of the first thirteen championships, but thereafter the champions diversified, with all but two of the founding member clubs winning by the outbreak of World War I. Yorkshire dominated the competition between the wars, winning in 12 of the 21 seasons. Long periods of dominance continued after World War II: Surrey were champions seven years running during the 1950s, and Yorkshire then won seven of the following ten championships. Since then no county has managed to achieve the same level of ascendancy.[10] In 2000, the competition was split into two divisions, with the winner of Division One being named as County Champions, a decision endorsed by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack editor Graeme Wright, due to there being "fewer meaningless matches".[11]
Yorkshire hold the record for most championships, with 32, plus a shared win in 1949. The next most successful teams are the two London clubs, Surrey and Middlesex, with 18 (plus one shared) and 10 (plus two shared) titles respectively.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Champions
2 Performance by county
3 Notes
4 References
4.1 General
4.2 Specific
5 Bibliography
Champions[edit]
List of County Championship winners
Year
Winner (number of titles)
Runners-up
Leading run-scorer
Leading wicket-taker
Notes
Player (club)
Runs
Player (club)
Wickets
1890
Surrey (01 !1) Lancashire Shrewsbury, ArthurArthur Shrewsbury (Nottinghamshire) 1,082 Lohmann, GeorgeGeorge Lohmann (Surrey) 113 [12][13]
1891
Surrey (02 !2) Lancashire Abel, BobbyBobby Abel (Surrey) 916 Lohmann, GeorgeGeorge Lohmann (Surrey) 132 [14][15]
1892
Surrey (03 !3) Nottinghamshire Hewett, HerbieHerbie Hewett (Somerset) 1,047 Lockwood, WilliamWilliam Lockwood (Surrey) 114 [16][17]
1893
Yorkshire (01 !1) Lancashire Gunn, BillyBilly Gunn (Nottinghamshire) 1,223 Hearne, JackJack Hearne (Middlesex) 137 [18][19]
1894
Surrey (04 !4) Yorkshire Gunn, BillyBilly Gunn (Nottinghamshire) 851 Mold, ArthurArthur Mold (Lancashire) 144 [20][21]
1895
Surrey (05 !5) Lancashire Abel, BobbyBobby Abel (Surrey) 1,787 Richardson, TomTom Richardson (Surrey) 239 [22][23]
1896
Yorkshire (02 !2) Lancashire Ranjitsinhji, K. S.K. S. Ranjitsinhji (Sussex) 1,698 Richardson, TomTom Richardson (Surrey) 191 [24][25]
1897
Lancashire (01 !1) Surrey Abel, BobbyBobby Abel (Surrey) 1,833 Richardson, TomTom Richardson (Surrey) 238 [26][27]
1898
Yorkshire (03 !3) Middlesex Abel, BobbyBobby Abel (Surrey) 1,832 Townsend, CharlieCharlie Townsend (Gloucestershire) 130 [28][29]
1899
Surrey (06 !6) Middlesex Ranjitsinhji, K. S.K. S. Ranjitsinhji (Sussex) 2,285 Trott, AlbertAlbert Trott (Middlesex) 146 [30][31]
1900
Yorkshire (04 !4) Lancashire Ranjitsinhji, K. S.K. S. Ranjitsinhji (Sussex) 2,563 Rhodes, WilfredWilfred Rhodes (Yorkshire) 206 [32][33]
1901
Yorkshire (05 !5) Middlesex Tyldesley, JohnnyJohnny Tyldesley (Lancashire) 2,605 Rhodes, WilfredWilfred Rhodes (Yorkshire) 196 [34][35]
1902
Yorkshire (06 !6) Sussex Abel, BobbyBobby Abel (Surrey) 1,570 Tate, FredFred Tate (Sussex) 153 [36][37]
1903
Middlesex (01 !1) Sussex Fry, C. B.C. B. Fry (Sussex) 2,413 Rhodes, WilfredWilfred Rhodes (Yorkshire) 143 [38][39]
1904
Lancashire (02 !2) Yorkshire Fry, C. B.C. B. Fry (Sussex) 2,376 Dennett, GeorgeGeorge Dennett (Gloucestershire) 123 [40][41]
1905
Yorkshire (07 !7) Lancashire Denton, DavidDavid Denton (Yorkshire) 1,963 Lees, WalterWalter Lees (Surrey) 169 [42][43]
1906
Kent (01 !1) Yorkshire Hayward, TomTom Hayward (Surrey) 2,814 Hirst, GeorgeGeorge Hirst (Yorkshire) 182 [44][45]
1907
Nottinghamshire (01 !1) Worcestershire, Yorkshire Hayes, ErnieErnie Hayes (Surrey) 1,721 Dennett, GeorgeGeorge Dennett (Gloucestershire) 184 [46][47]
1908
Yorkshire (08 !8) Kent Hayward, TomTom Hayward (Surrey) 1,874 Blythe, ColinColin Blythe (Kent) 167 [48][49]
1909
Kent (02 !2) Lancashire Hayes, ErnieErnie Hayes (Surrey) 1,844 Blythe, ColinColin Blythe (Kent) 178 [50][51]
1910
Kent (03 !3) Surrey Tyldesley, JohnnyJohnny Tyldesley (Lancashire) 1,961 Smith, RazorRazor Smith (Surrey) 215 [52][53]
1911
Warwickshire (01 !1) Kent Hayward, TomTom Hayward (Surrey) 1,963 Dean, HarryHarry Dean (Lancashire) 175 [54][55]
1912
Yorkshire (09 !9) Northamptonshire Denton, DavidDavid Denton (Yorkshire) 1,831 Blythe, ColinColin Blythe (Kent) 170 [56][57]
1913
Kent (04 !4) Yorkshire Hobbs, JackJack Hobbs (Surrey) 2,238 Booth, MajorMajor Booth (Yorkshire) 158 [58][59]
1914
Surrey (07 !7) Middlesex Hobbs, JackJack Hobbs (Surrey) 2,499 Blythe, ColinColin Blythe (Kent) 159 [60][61]
1915–1918
Not held due to World War I
1919
Yorkshire (10) Kent Makepeace, HarryHarry Makepeace (Lancashire) 1,747 Rhodes, WilfredWilfred Rhodes (Yorkshire) 142 [62][63]
1920
Middlesex (02 !2) Lancashire Holmes, PercyPercy Holmes (Yorkshire) 2,029 Woolley, FrankFrank Woolley (Kent),
Alec Kennedy (Hampshire) 164 [64][65]
1921
Middlesex (03 !3) Surrey Mead, PhilPhil Mead (Hampshire) 2,438 Newman, JackJack Newman (Hampshire) 172 [66][67]
1922
Yorkshire (11) Nottinghamshire Mead, PhilPhil Mead (Hampshire) 2,270 Parker, CharlieCharlie Parker (Gloucestershire) 195 [68][69]
1923
Yorkshire (12) Nottinghamshire Mead, PhilPhil Mead (Hampshire) 2,265 Parkin, CecCec Parkin (Lancashire) 176 [70][71]
1924
Yorkshire (13) Middlesex Whysall, DodgerDodger Whysall (Nottinghamshire) 1,786 Parker, CharlieCharlie Parker (Gloucestershire) 184 [72][73]
1925
Yorkshire (14) Surrey Holmes, PercyPercy Holmes (Yorkshire) 2,123 Parker, CharlieCharlie Parker (Gloucestershire) 200 [74][75]
1926
Lancashire (03 !3) Yorkshire Tyldesley, ErnestErnest Tyldesley (Lancashire) 2,365 Parker, CharlieCharlie Parker (Gloucestershire) 198 [76][77]
1927
Lancashire (04 !4) Nottinghamshire Hammond, WallyWally Hammond (Gloucestershire) 2,522 Parker, CharlieCharlie Parker (Gloucestershire) 183 [78][79]
1928
Lancashire (05 !5) Kent Mead, PhilPhil Mead (Hampshire) 2,843 Freeman, TichTich Freeman (Kent) 216 [80][81]
1929
Nottinghamshire (02 !2) Lancashire, Yorkshire Dipper, AlfredAlfred Dipper (Gloucestershire),
Dodger Whysall (Nottinghamshire) 2,079 Freeman, TichTich Freeman (Kent) 199 [82][83]
1930
Lancashire (06 !6) Gloucestershire Sandham, AndyAndy Sandham (Surrey) 1,884 Freeman, TichTich Freeman (Kent) 249 [84][85]
1931
Yorkshire (15) Gloucestershire Hendren, PatsyPatsy Hendren (Middlesex) 2,122 Freeman, TichTich Freeman (Kent) 241 [86][87]
1932
Yorkshire (16) Sussex Sutcliffe, HerbertHerbert Sutcliffe (Yorkshire) 2,624 Freeman, TichTich Freeman (Kent) 209 [88][89]
1933
Yorkshire (17) Sussex Hammond, WallyWally Hammond (Gloucestershire) 2,578 Freeman, TichTich Freeman (Kent) 252 [90][91]
1934
Lancashire (07 !7) Sussex Gibbons, HaroldHarold Gibbons (Worcestershire) 2,452 Freeman, TichTich Freeman (Kent) 187 [92][93]
1935
Yorkshire (18) Derbyshire Woolley, FrankFrank Woolley (Kent) 2,187 Freeman, TichTich Freeman (Kent) 201 [94][95]
1936
Derbyshire (01 !1) Middlesex Hendren, PatsyPatsy Hendren (Middlesex) 1,963 Gover, AlfAlf Gover (Surrey) 171 [96][97]
1937
Yorkshire (19) Middlesex Parks, Sr., JimJim Parks, Sr. (Sussex) 2,578 Goddard, TomTom Goddard (Gloucestershire) 215 [98][99]
1938
Yorkshire (20) Middlesex Langridge, JohnJohn Langridge (Sussex) 2,302 Wellard, ArthurArthur Wellard (Somerset) 167 [100][101]
1939
Yorkshire (21) Middlesex Hutton, LenLen Hutton (Yorkshire) 2,167 Goddard, TomTom Goddard (Gloucestershire) 181 [102][103]
1940–1945
Not held due to World War II
1946
Yorkshire (22) Middlesex Fishlock, LaurieLaurie Fishlock (Surrey) 1,963 Hollies, EricEric Hollies (Warwickshire) 175 [104][105]
1947
Middlesex (04 !4) Gloucestershire Edrich, BillBill Edrich (Middlesex) 2,257 Goddard, TomTom Goddard (Gloucestershire) 206 [106][107]
1948
Glamorgan (01 !1) Surrey Fagg, ArthurArthur Fagg (Kent) 2,404 Pritchard, TomTom Pritchard (Warwickshire) 163 [108][109]
1949
Middlesex, Yorkshire[note 1] N/A Langridge, JohnJohn Langridge (Sussex) 2,441 Goddard, TomTom Goddard (Gloucestershire) 152 [110][111]
1950
Lancashire, Surrey[note 1] N/A Fishlock, LaurieLaurie Fishlock (Surrey) 2,077 Tattersall, RoyRoy Tattersall (Lancashire) 163 [112][113]
1951
Warwickshire (02 !2) Yorkshire Robertson, JackJack Robertson (Middlesex) 2,452 Appleyard, BobBob Appleyard (Yorkshire) 169 [114][115]
1952
Surrey (08 !8) Yorkshire Gimblett, HaroldHarold Gimblett (Somerset) 2,068 Wardle, JohnnyJohnny Wardle (Yorkshire) 158 [116][117]
1953
Surrey (09 !9) Sussex Kenyon, DonDon Kenyon (Worcestershire) 2,063 Dooland, BruceBruce Dooland (Nottinghamshire) 152 [118][119]
1954
Surrey (10) Yorkshire Kenyon, DonDon Kenyon (Worcestershire) 2,138 Dooland, BruceBruce Dooland (Nottinghamshire) 179 [120][121]
1955
Surrey (11) Yorkshire Livingston, JockJock Livingston (Northamptonshire) 1,957 Tribe, GeorgeGeorge Tribe (Northamptonshire) 169 [122][123]
1956
Surrey (12) Lancashire Livingston, JockJock Livingston (Northamptonshire) 1,846 Shepherd, DonDon Shepherd (Glamorgan) 156 [124][125]
1957
Surrey (13) Northamptonshire Parks, Jr., JimJim Parks, Jr. (Sussex) 1,861 Lock, TonyTony Lock (Surrey) 153 [126][127]
1958
Surrey (14) Hampshire Young, MartinMartin Young (Gloucestershire) 1,755 Shackleton, DerekDerek Shackleton (Hampshire) 161 [128][129]
1959
Yorkshire (23) Gloucestershire Smith, MikeMike Smith (Warwickshire) 2,169 Shackleton, DerekDerek Shackleton (Hampshire) 126 [130][131]
1960
Yorkshire (24) Lancashire Wight, PeterPeter Wight (Somerset) 2,086 Jackson, LesLes Jackson (Derbyshire) 146 [132][133]
1961
Hampshire (01 !1) Yorkshire Alley, BillBill Alley (Somerset) 2,532 Shackleton, DerekDerek Shackleton (Hampshire) 153 [134][135]
1962
Yorkshire (25) Worcestershire Gray, JimmyJimmy Gray (Hampshire) 2,196 Shackleton, DerekDerek Shackleton (Hampshire) 161 [136][137]
1963
Yorkshire (26) Glamorgan Richardson, PeterPeter Richardson (Kent) 1,798 Palmer, KenKen Palmer (Somerset) 121 [138][139]
1964
Worcestershire (01 !1) Warwickshire Graveney, TomTom Graveney (Worcestershire) 2,271 Shackleton, DerekDerek Shackleton (Hampshire) 138 [140][141]
1965
Worcestershire (02 !2) Northamptonshire Green, DavidDavid Green (Lancashire) 1,784 Shackleton, DerekDerek Shackleton (Hampshire) 133 [142][143]
1966
Yorkshire (27) Worcestershire Lewis, TonyTony Lewis (Glamorgan) 1,960 Underwood, DerekDerek Underwood (Kent) 143 [144][145]
1967
Yorkshire (28) Kent Milton, ArthurArthur Milton (Gloucestershire) 1,971 Cartwright, TomTom Cartwright (Warwickshire) 132 [146][147]
1968
Yorkshire (29) Kent Richards, BarryBarry Richards (Hampshire) 2,039 Cottam, BobBob Cottam (Hampshire) 122 [148][149]
1969
Glamorgan (02 !2) Gloucestershire Luckhurst, BrianBrian Luckhurst (Kent) 1,593 Procter, MikeMike Procter (Gloucestershire) 103 [150][151]
1970
Kent (05 !5) Glamorgan Turner, GlennGlenn Turner (Worcestershire) 2,346 Shepherd, DonDon Shepherd (Glamorgan) 101 [152][153]
1971
Surrey (15) Warwickshire Boycott, GeoffreyGeoffrey Boycott (Yorkshire) 2,197 Gibbs, LanceLance Gibbs (Warwickshire) 123 [154][155]
1972
Warwickshire (03 !3) Kent Mushtaq Mohammad (Northamptonshire) 1,743 Cartwright, TomTom Cartwright (Somerset) 93 [156][157]
1973
Hampshire (02 !2) Surrey Greenidge, GordonGordon Greenidge (Hampshire) 1,620 Lee, PeterPeter Lee (Lancashire) 96 [158][159]
1974
Worcestershire (03 !3) Hampshire Virgin, RoyRoy Virgin (Northamptonshire) 1,845 Roberts, AndyAndy Roberts (Hampshire) 111 [160][161]
1975
Leicestershire (01 !1) Yorkshire Boycott, GeoffreyGeoffrey Boycott (Yorkshire) 1,891 Lee, PeterPeter Lee (Lancashire) 107 [162][163]
1976
Middlesex (05 !5) Northamptonshire Zaheer Abbas (Gloucestershire) 2,431 Sarfraz Nawaz (Northamptonshire) 82 [164][165]
1977
Kent, Middlesex[note 1] N/A Richards, VivViv Richards (Somerset) 2,090 Procter, MikeMike Procter (Gloucestershire) 108 [166][167]
1978
Kent (06 !6) Essex Amiss, DennisDennis Amiss (Warwickshire) 2,001 Underwood, DerekDerek Underwood (Kent) 110 [168][169]
1979
Essex (01 !1) Worcestershire Turner, GlennGlenn Turner (Worcestershire) 1,669 Underwood, DerekDerek Underwood (Kent) 104 [170][171]
1980
Middlesex (06 !6) Surrey Kirsten, PeterPeter Kirsten (Derbyshire) 1,891 Jackman, RobinRobin Jackman (Surrey) 114 [172][173]
1981
Nottinghamshire (03 !3) Sussex Zaheer Abbas (Gloucestershire) 2,230 Hadlee, RichardRichard Hadlee (Nottinghamshire) 105 [174][175]
1982
Middlesex (07 !7) Leicestershire Kallicharran, AlvinAlvin Kallicharran (Warwickshire) 2,118 Marshall, MalcolmMalcolm Marshall (Hampshire) 134 [176][177]
1983
Essex (02 !2) Middlesex McEwan, KenKen McEwan (Essex) 2,051 Underwood, DerekDerek Underwood (Kent) 105 [178][179]
1984
Essex (03 !3) Nottinghamshire Gooch, GrahamGraham Gooch (Essex) 2,281 Hadlee, RichardRichard Hadlee (Nottinghamshire) 117 [180][181]
1985
Middlesex (08 !8) Hampshire Randall, DerekDerek Randall (Nottinghamshire) 1,977 Radford, NealNeal Radford (Worcestershire) 100 [182][183]
1986
Essex (04 !4) Gloucestershire Hick, GraemeGraeme Hick (Worcestershire) 1,934 Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh (Gloucestershire) 118 [184][185]
1987
Nottinghamshire (04 !4) Lancashire Hick, GraemeGraeme Hick (Worcestershire) 1,868 Radford, NealNeal Radford (Worcestershire) 109 [186][187]
1988
Worcestershire (04 !4) Kent Hick, GraemeGraeme Hick (Worcestershire) 2,443 Stephenson, FranklynFranklyn Stephenson (Nottinghamshire) 121 [188][189]
1989
Worcestershire (05 !5) Essex Cook, JimmyJimmy Cook (Somerset) 2,173 Stephenson, FranklynFranklyn Stephenson (Nottinghamshire) 91 [190][191]
1990
Middlesex (09 !9) Essex Cook, JimmyJimmy Cook (Somerset) 2,432 Foster, NeilNeil Foster (Essex) 94 [192][193]
1991
Essex (05 !5) Warwickshire Cook, JimmyJimmy Cook (Somerset) 2,370 Waqar Younis (Surrey) 113 [194][195]
1992
Essex (06 !6) Kent Gatting, MikeMike Gatting (Middlesex) 1,980 Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh (Gloucestershire) 92 [196][197]
1993
Middlesex (10) Worcestershire Athey, BillBill Athey (Sussex) 1,432 Mushtaq Ahmed (Somerset) 85 [198][199]
1994
Warwickshire (04 !4) Leicestershire Lara, BrianBrian Lara (Warwickshire) 2,066 Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh (Gloucestershire) 89 [200][201]
1995
Warwickshire (05 !5) Middlesex Ramprakash, MarkMark Ramprakash (Middlesex) 2,147 Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble (Northamptonshire) 105 [202][203]
1996
Leicestershire (02 !2) Derbyshire Gooch, GrahamGraham Gooch (Essex) 1,944 Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh (Gloucestershire) 85 [204][205]
1997
Glamorgan (03 !3) Kent James, SteveSteve James (Glamorgan) 1,605 Smith, MikeMike Smith (Gloucestershire) 78 [206][207]
1998
Leicestershire (03 !3) Lancashire Crawley, JohnJohn Crawley (Lancashire) 1,681 Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh (Gloucestershire) 106 [208][209]
1999
Surrey (16) Lancashire Law, StuartStuart Law (Essex) 1,833 Sheriyar, AlamgirAlamgir Sheriyar (Worcestershire) 86 [210][211]
2000
Surrey (17) Lancashire Lehmann, DarrenDarren Lehmann (Yorkshire) 1,477 McGrath, GlennGlenn McGrath (Worcestershire) 76 [212][213]
2001
Yorkshire (30) Somerset Hussey, MichaelMichael Hussey (Northamptonshire) 2,055 Kirtley, JamesJames Kirtley (Sussex) 75 [214][215]
2002
Surrey (18) Warwickshire Ward, IanIan Ward (Surrey) 1,708 Dean, KevinKevin Dean (Derbyshire) 80 [216][217]
2003
Sussex (01 !1) Lancashire Law, StuartStuart Law (Lancashire) 1,820 Mushtaq Ahmed (Sussex) 103 [218][219]
2004
Warwickshire (06 !6) Kent Hodge, BradBrad Hodge (Leicestershire) 1,548 Mushtaq Ahmed (Sussex) 82 [220][221]
2005
Nottinghamshire (05 !5) Hampshire Joyce, EdEd Joyce (Middlesex) 1,668 Mushtaq Ahmed (Sussex) 80 [222][223]
2006
Sussex (02 !2) Lancashire Ramprakash, MarkMark Ramprakash (Surrey) 2,211 Mushtaq Ahmed (Sussex) 102 [224][225]
2007
Sussex (03 !3) Durham Ramprakash, MarkMark Ramprakash (Surrey) 2,026 Mushtaq Ahmed (Sussex) 90 [226][227]
2008
Durham (01 !1) Nottinghamshire Goodwin, MurrayMurray Goodwin (Sussex) 1,343 Tomlinson, JamesJames Tomlinson (Hampshire) 67 [228][229]
2009
Durham (02 !2) Nottinghamshire Trescothick, MarcusMarcus Trescothick (Somerset) 1,817 Danish Kaneria (Essex) 75 [230][231]
2010
Nottinghamshire (06 !6) Somerset Ramprakash, MarkMark Ramprakash (Surrey) 1,595 Adams, AndreAndre Adams (Nottinghamshire) 68 [232][233]
2011
Lancashire (08 !8) Warwickshire Trescothick, MarcusMarcus Trescothick (Somerset) 1,673 Masters, DavidDavid Masters (Essex) 93 [234][235]
2012
Warwickshire (07 !7) Somerset Compton, NickNick Compton (Somerset) 1,191 Onions, GrahamGraham Onions (Durham) 64 [236][237]
2013
Durham (03 !3) Yorkshire Ali, MoeenMoeen Ali (Worcestershire) 1,375 Onions, GrahamGraham Onions (Durham) 70 [238][239]
2014
Yorkshire (31 !31) Warwickshire Vince, JamesJames Vince (Hampshire) 1,525 Footitt, MarkMark Footitt (Derbyshire) 82 [240][241]
2015
Yorkshire (32 !32) Middlesex Hildreth, JamesJames Hildreth (Somerset) 1,390 Rushworth, ChrisChris Rushworth (Durham) 83 [242][243]
2016
Middlesex (11 !11) Somerset Jennings, KeatonKeaton Jennings (Durham) 1,548 Patel, JeetanJeetan Patel (Warwickshire) 69 [244][245]
Performance by county[edit]
Titles won by club (%)
Yorkshire – 32 + 1 shared (27.0%)
Surrey – 18 + 1 shared (16.3%)
Middlesex – 11 + 2 shared (9.7%)
Lancashire – 8 + 1 shared (7.5%)
Warwickshire – 7 (6.2%)
Kent – 6 + 1 shared (5.8%)
Essex – 6 (5.3%)
Nottinghamshire – 6 (5.3%)
Other counties – 19 (16.8%)
Club
Titles
Championship-winning seasons
Yorkshire
305 !32 + 1 shared 1893, 1896, 1898, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1905, 1908, 1912, 1919, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1946, 1949 (shared), 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 2001, 2014, 2015
Surrey
185 !18 + 1 shared 1890, 1891, 1892, 1894, 1895, 1899, 1914, 1950 (shared), 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1971, 1999, 2000, 2002
Middlesex
110 !11 + 2 shared 1903, 1920, 1921, 1947, 1949 (shared), 1976, 1977 (shared), 1980, 1982, 1985, 1990, 1993, 2016
Lancashire
085 !8 + 1 shared 1897, 1904, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1930, 1934, 1950 (shared), 2011
Warwickshire
070 !7 1911, 1951, 1972, 1994, 1995, 2004, 2012
Kent
065 !6 + 1 shared 1906, 1909, 1910, 1913, 1970, 1977 (shared), 1978
Essex
060 !7 1979, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1991, 1992, 2017
Nottinghamshire
060 !6 1907, 1929, 1981, 1987, 2005, 2010
Worcestershire
050 !5 1964, 1965, 1974, 1988, 1989
Durham
030 !3 2008, 2009, 2013
Glamorgan
030 !3 1948, 1969, 1997
Leicestershire
030 !3 1975, 1996, 1998
Sussex
030 !3 2003, 2006, 2007
Hampshire
020 !2 1961, 1973
Derbyshire
010 !1 1936
Gloucestershire
000 !0
Northamptonshire
000 !0
Somerset
000 !0
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c The County Championship title was shared in 1949, 1950 and 1977.
References[edit]
General[edit]
"County Champions 1890 – present". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Specific[edit]
Jump up ^ Altham & Swanton (1938), p. 31.
Jump up ^ Altham & Swanton (1938), p. 33.
Jump up ^ Altham & Swanton (1938), p. 34.
Jump up ^ "England v Kent: Other matches in England 1744". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Altham & Swanton (1938), p. 177.
Jump up ^ "A brief history of the County Championship". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Unofficial Champions 1864–1889 / County Championship". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "The County Championship: Timeline 1890–present". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "1890 County Championship". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "County Champions 1890 – present". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Wright, Graeme, ed. (2001). "Notes by the Editor". Wisden Cricketer's Almanack 2001 (138 ed.). Alton, Hampshire: John Wisden & Co. Ltd. p. 15. ISBN 0-947766-63-4.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1890 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1890 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1891 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1891 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1892 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1892 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1893 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1893 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1894 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1894 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1895 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1895 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1896 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1896 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1897 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1897 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1898 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1898 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1899 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1899 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1900 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1900 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1901 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1901 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1902 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1902 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1903 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1903 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1904 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1904 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1905 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1905 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1906 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1906 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1907 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1907 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1908 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1908 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1909 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1909 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1910 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1910 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1911 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1911 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1912 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1912 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1913 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1913 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1914 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1914 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1919 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1919 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1920 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1920 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1921 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1921 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1922 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1922 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1923 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1923 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1924 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1924 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1925 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1925 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1926 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1926 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1927 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1927 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1928 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1928 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1929 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1929 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1930 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1930 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1931 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1931 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1932 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1932 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1933 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1933 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1934 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1934 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1935 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1935 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1936 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1936 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1937 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1937 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1938 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1938 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1939 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1939 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1946 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1946 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1947 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1947 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1948 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1948 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1949 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1949 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1950 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1950 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1951 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1951 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1952 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1952 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1953 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1953 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1954 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1954 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1955 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1955 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1956 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1956 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1957 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1957 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1958 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1958 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1959 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1959 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1960 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1960 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1961 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1961 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1962 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1962 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1963 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1963 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1964 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1964 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1965 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1965 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1966 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1966 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1967 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1967 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1968 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1968 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1969 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1969 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1970 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1970 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1971 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1971 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1972 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1972 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1973 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1973 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1974 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1974 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1975 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1975 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in County Championship 1976 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in County Championship 1976 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Schweppes County Championship 1977 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Schweppes County Championship 1977 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Schweppes County Championship 1978 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Schweppes County Championship 1978 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Schweppes County Championship 1979 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Schweppes County Championship 1979 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Schweppes County Championship 1980 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Schweppes County Championship 1980 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Schweppes County Championship 1981 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Schweppes County Championship 1981 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Schweppes County Championship 1982 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Schweppes County Championship 1982 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Schweppes County Championship 1983 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Schweppes County Championship 1983 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1984 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1984 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1985 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1985 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1986 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1986 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1987 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1987 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1988 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1988 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1989 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1989 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1990 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1990 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1991 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1991 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1992 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1992 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1993 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1993 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1994 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1994 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1995 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1995 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1996 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1996 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1997 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1997 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1998 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Britannic Assurance County Championship 1998 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in PPP Healthcare County Championship 1999 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in PPP Healthcare County Championship 1999 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in PPP Healthcare County Championship 2000 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in PPP Healthcare County Championship 2000 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in CricInfo Championship 2001 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in CricInfo Championship 2001 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Frizzell County Championship 2002 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Frizzell County Championship 2002 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Frizzell County Championship 2003 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Frizzell County Championship 2003 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Frizzell County Championship 2004 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Frizzell County Championship 2004 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Frizzell County Championship 2005 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Frizzell County Championship 2005 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Liverpool Victoria County Championship 2006 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Liverpool Victoria County Championship 2006 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in LV County Championship 2007 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in LV County Championship 2007 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in LV County Championship 2008 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in LV County Championship 2008 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in LV County Championship 2009 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in LV County Championship 2009 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in LV County Championship 2010 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in LV County Championship 2010 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in LV County Championship 2011 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in LV County Championship 2011 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in LV County Championship 2012 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in LV County Championship 2012 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in LV County Championship 2013 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in LV County Championship 2012 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in LV County Championship 2014 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in LV County Championship 2014 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in LV County Championship 2015 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in LV County Championship 2015 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Batting and Fielding in Specsavers County Championship 2016 (Ordered by Runs)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bowling in Specsavers County Championship 2016 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Bibliography[edit]
Altham, H.S.; Swanton, E.W. (1938) [1926]. A History of Cricket (Second ed.). London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
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