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Ancient Agora of Athens
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Not to be confused with the Roman Agora, the later Roman era Athenian market.
Ancient Agora of Athens
Αρχαία Αγορά της Αθήνας
Central Athens
Alternate name
Forum of Athens
Location
Greece
Region
Attica
Coordinates
37°58′30″N 23°43′21″E / 37.97500°N 23.72250°E / 37.97500; 23.72250
History
Material
Marble
Founded
6th century BC
Periods
Classical era
Cultures
Ancient Greece
Site notes
Excavation dates
1931 until today
Archaeologists
American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Condition
Ruined
Ownership
Public property
Management
Minister for Culture
Public access
Yes
View of the ancient agora. The temple of Hephaestus is to the left and the Stoa of Attalos to the right.
The Ancient Agora of Classical Athens is the best-known example of an ancient Greek agora, located to the northwest of the Acropolis and bounded on the south by the hill of the Areopagus and on the west by the hill known as the Agoraios Kolonos, also called Market Hill.[1] The Agora's initial use was for a commercial, assembly, or residential gathering place. [2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Buildings and structures of the classical agora
1.1 Other notable monuments
2 Excavations
3 Museum of the Ancient Agora
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Buildings and structures of the classical agora[edit]
Plan showing major buildings and structures of the agora of Athens as it was in the 5th century BC
Metroon
Peristyle Court
Mint
Enneakrounos
South Stoa I and South Stoa II
Aiakeion
Strategeion
Agoraios Kolonos
Tholos
Agora stone
Monument of the Eponymous Heroes
Metroon (Old Bouleuterion)
New Bouleuterion
Temple of Hephaestus (Hephaestion)
Temple of Apollo Patroos
Stoa of Zeus
Altar of the Twelve Gods
Stoa Basileios (Royal stoa)
Temple of Aphrodite Urania
Stoa of Hermes
Stoa Poikile
Other notable monuments[edit]
View of Heliaia
The entrance to the Odeon of Agrippa
A number of other notable monuments were added to the agora. Some of these included:
The Middle stoa which was the most extensive monument built during the 100s B.C.E.[3]
A small Roman temple was added in front of the Middle stoa.
An Altar of Zeus Agoraios was added just to the east of the Monument to the Eponymous Heroes.[4]
The Temple of Ares, dedicated to Ares, the god of war, was added in the north half agora, just south of the Altar of the Twelve Gods.[5]
The Odeon of Agrippa and accompanying gymnasium were added in the centre of the agora.[6]
The substantial Stoa of Attalos was built along the eastern edge of the agora.[7]
A collection of buildings were added to the south-east corner: the East stoa, the Library of Pantainos, the Nymphaeum and a temple.
The Library of Pantainos was more than just a library, the west and north wings were series of rooms that were used for other purposes other than storing books. With the construction of the Library of Pantainos, the official entrance into the agora was now between the Library and the Stoa of Attalos. [8]
There is evidence of a Synagogue in the Agora of Athens in the 3rd century.
A statue of the Roman emperor Hadrian was located near the metroon.[9]
The Temple of Zeus Phratrios and Athena Phratria dated to the 300s B.C.E. and is located near the Temple of Apollo Patroos.[10]
The south end of what is believed to be a Basilica has been uncovered near Hadrian Street and is dated to the mid 100s C.E.[11]
The Monopteros was located south of the Basilica and also dated to the mid 100s C.E. It had no walls, was a dome supported by columns and was about 8 meters in diameter.[12]
The Bema was a speakers platform and was located near the Stoa of Attalos.[13]
Excavations[edit]
The ancient Athenian agora has been excavated by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens since 1931 under the direction of T. Leslie Shear, Sr. They continue to the present day, now under the direction of John McK Camp.[1]
After the initial phase of excavation, in the 1950s the Hellenistic Stoa of Attalos was reconstructed on the east side of the agora, and today it serves as a museum and as storage and office space for the excavation team.[2]
A virtual reconstruction of the Ancient Agora of Athens has been produced through a collaboration of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and the Foundation of the Hellenic World, which had various output (3d video, VR real-time dom performance, Google Earth 3d models).[14]
Museum of the Ancient Agora[edit]
The museum is housed in the Stoa of Attalos, and its exhibits are connected with the Athenian democracy. The collection of the museum includes clay, bronze and glass objects, sculptures, coins and inscriptions from the 7th to the 5th century BC, as well as pottery of the Byzantine period and the Turkish occupation. The exhibition within the museum contains work of art which describes the private and public life in ancient Athens. In 2012, new sculpture exhibition was added to the museum which includes portraits from Athenian Agora excavation. The new exhibition revolves around portraits of idealized gods, officially honored people of the city, wealthy Roman citizens of the 1st and 2nd century; AD, 3rd-century citizens and finally on work of art from private art schools of late antiquity.[15]
See also[edit]
Ecclesia
Roman Agora
Church of the Holy Apostles
References[edit]
Jump up ^ R. E. Wycherley, Literary and Epigraphical Testimonia (Athenian Agora) (American School of Classical Studies, 1957), pg. 27.
Jump up ^ Sakoulas, Thomas. "The Agora of Athens". ancient-greece.org. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
Jump up ^ Camp, The Athenian Agora: Site Guide, pg. 168.
Jump up ^ Camp, The Athenian Agora: Site Guide, pg. 65.
Jump up ^ Camp, The Athenian Agora: Site Guide, pg. 110.
Jump up ^ Camp, The Athenian Agora: Site Guide, pg. 114.
Jump up ^ Camp, The Athenian Agora: Site Guide, pg. 123.
Jump up ^ A., Thompson, Homer (1972). The Agora of Athens : the history, shape, and uses of an ancient city center. Wycherley, R. E. (Richard Ernest). Princeton, N.J.: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. ISBN 9780876612149. OCLC 554992.
Jump up ^ Camp, The Athenian Agora: Site Guide, pg. 63.
Jump up ^ Camp, The Athenian Agora: Site Guide, pg. 73.
Jump up ^ Camp, The Athenian Agora: Site Guide, pg. 93.
Jump up ^ Camp, The Athenian Agora: Site Guide, pg. 118.
Jump up ^ Camp, The Athenian Agora: Site Guide, pg. 122.
Jump up ^ Sideris A., "A Virtual Cradle for Democracy: Reconstructing the Ancient Agora of Athens", Proceedings of the International SEEArchWeb Conference, Thessaloniki, September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Ministry of Culture and Sports | Museum of the Ancient Agora". odysseus.culture.gr. Retrieved 2017-09-29.

Library resources about
Athenian Agora
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries

==Further reading==

External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Agora of Athens.
Hellenic Ministry of Culture: The Ancient Agora of Athens – official site with a schedule of its opening hours, tickets and contact information.
Agora Excavations – American School of Classical Studies Agora excavation project.
Map of the Agora of Athens in Socrates and Plato's time
Agora of Athens in 421 BC
The Athenian Agora: A Short Guide in Color
The Athenian Agora. A Guide to the Excavation and Museum
Reconstruction of the Athenian Agora in Google Earth
Ministry of Culture: The Museum
www.athensinfoguide.com The Museum
Agora of Athens: photo album and description
Agora of Athens photos
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Coordinates: 37°58′30″N 23°43′21″E / 37.97500°N 23.72250°E / 37.97500; 23.72250
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Cuts Like a Knife
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the song, see Cuts Like a Knife (song).
Cuts Like a Knife
Studio album by Bryan Adams
Released
18 January 1983
Recorded
13 August – 20 October 1982 at Little Mountain Sound, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Genre
Rock
hard rock
Length
38:53
Label
A&M
Producer
Bryan Adams
Bob Clearmountain
Bryan Adams chronology
You Want It You Got It
(1981)You Want It You Got It1981 Cuts Like a Knife
(1983) Reckless
(1984)Reckless1984
Singles from Cuts Like a Knife
"Straight from the Heart"
Released: February 1983[1]
"Cuts Like a Knife"
Released: May 1983
"This Time"
Released: August 1983
"Take Me Back"
"I'm Ready"
Released: 1998
"The Only One"
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [2]
Rolling Stone [3]
Cuts Like a Knife is the third studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams. Released on 18 January 1983 by A&M Records, the album became a huge commercial success in Canada and the United States whereas outside North America, the album did poorly. After the release of Reckless the album would chart on the British album chart and would later be certified Silver by the BPI.[4][5] It was recorded at Little Mountain Sound, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The album was a commercial success and has sold over 2 million copies worldwide.
Three singles were released from the album: "Straight from the Heart", "Cuts Like a Knife" and "This Time"; the three were responsible for launching Adams into mainstream popularity. The album is regarded as one of Adams' finest albums as well as one of the greatest albums of the 1980s. The album was named the #48 Greatest Canadian Album of All Time by Bob Mersereau in his book The Top 100 Canadian Albums.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Music
1.1 Recording and production
1.2 Songs
2 Release and reception
3 Cuts Like a Knife tour
4 Track listing
5 Personnel
6 References
Music[edit]
Recording and production[edit]
The recording for the album was between 13 August-20 October 1982.[7] Mixing started on 14 October and ended on 20 October.[7] "Straight from the Heart" was recorded at Little Mountain Sound, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada by Bob Clearmountain and Adams; it was later mixed at Le Studio, Morin-Heights, Canada.[7] "Straight from the Heart" was originally written in 1978; the title for the song originally came from his friend Eric Kagna.[7] This song was the last recorded song for the album.[7] Adams didn't really want "This Time" to be recorded but since Clearmountain insisted, the song was recorded at Little Mountain studio.[7]
Songs[edit]
"Straight From The Heart"
This was Adams's first hit single.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Straight from the Heart" is a ballad written by Adams and released in December 1982 as the first single released from the album, which was subsequently released the next month. It is one of Adams' most recognizable and popular songs. It was also recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler in 1983; it appears on her album Faster Than the Speed of Night. The song peaked at the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 at 10 and 32 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The song has appeared on all of Adams' compilation albums with the exception of The Best of Me.
"Cuts Like a Knife" was released in 1983 and became one of the most successful songs from Cuts Like a Knife on the American rock charts and one of Adams most recognizable and popular songs from the 1980s.[7] "Cuts Like a Knife" was released worldwide in March 1984.[7] The song reached the top ten on the Mainstream Rock Tracks at six, "Cuts Like a Knife" would also chart on the Billboard Hot 100 at 15.[8] "Cuts Like a Knife" was Adams first the top 20 hit on the Canadian singles chart and remained in the top 20 for six weeks.[9] "Cuts Like a Knife" was released the following month in Europe but didn't chart.
"Don't Leave Me Lonely" was co-written with Kiss drummer Eric Carr, intended to be included on the Kiss album Creatures of the Night, but left off the final release.
"This Time" by Adams and co-writer Jim Vallance was the third single released from the album. "This Time" was Adams first single to chart in Europe. While it charted after being re-released in the United Kingdom. The song peaked at the top 30 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart at 21, it would also chart on the Billboard Hot 100 at 24.
The final track on the album, "The Best Was Yet to Come", which was later covered by Laura Branigan for her 1990 self-titled album, is currently one of three songs written about Dorothy Stratten.
Release and reception[edit]
Cuts Like a Knife, co-produced by Adams and Bob Clearmountain, peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200. The album was released in January, 1983 and featured the hit singles "Straight from the Heart", "This Time" and "Cuts Like a Knife". "Cuts Like a Knife" and "Straight from the Heart" were nominated for a Juno Award for Single of the Year, "Cuts Like a Knife" would win the Composer of the Year award. In Canada "Cuts Like a Knife" was certified three times platinum and the album would also be certified platinum in the United States.
Cuts Like a Knife tour[edit]
The Cuts Like a Knife tour started in eastern Canada.[6] In March, Adams started the American leg of the tour; after five months Adams had performed over 100 dates.[6] He later joined the British progressive rock band Supertramp on their tour in North America. Though not featured on the album, drummer for the tour was the late Frankie LaRocka and the keyboard player was Johnny 'Blitz' Hannah. Adams then traveled to Vancouver where he played live in front of 30,000 fans.[6] Later on he went to Europe for a six-week solo tour; one show (and subsequent band interview) was broadcast live on German TV and radio as part of the famous Rockpalast series. He played in six different countries.[6] In November 1983, Adams went to Japan to start his own headline tour. By this time Adams had been on the road 283 days.[6] Adams supported The Police when they toured in Australia and New Zealand.[6]
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance except where noted.
No.
Title
Length
1. "The Only One" 3:16
2. "Take Me Back" 4:41
3. "This Time" 3:20
4. "Straight from the Heart" (Adams, Eric Kagna) 3:31
5. "Cuts Like a Knife" 5:17
6. "I'm Ready" 3:58
7. "What's It Gonna Be" 3:40
8. "Don't Leave Me Lonely" (Adams, Vallance, Eric Carr) 2:58
9. "Let Him Know" 3:11
10. "The Best Was Yet to Come" 3:04
[show]Japan 2012 SHM-CD Bonus Tracks
No.
Title
Length
12. "Take Me Back" (From Live! Live! Live!) 5:33
13. "The Best Was Yet to Come" (From Live! Live! Live!) 2:53
Personnel[edit]
Bryan Adams – vocals, guitars, piano on "Straight from the Heart"
Mickey Curry – drums
Tommy Mandel – organ, B-3 organ, synthesizers, piano on "Let Him Know" and "The Best Was Yet to Come"
Keith Scott – guitars, background vocals on "Cuts Like a Knife"
Dave Taylor – bass guitar, background vocals on "Cuts Like a Knife"
Additional personnel:
Bruce Allen (credited as "B.A.") – background vocals on "Cuts Like a Knife"
Alfa Anderson – background vocals on "Take Me Back"
Bob Clearmountain (credited as "B.C.") – background vocals on "Cuts Like a Knife"
K. Davies – background vocals on "Cuts Like a Knife"
L. Frenette – background vocals on "Cuts Like a Knife"
Lou Gramm – background vocals on all tracks except "Straight from the Heart", "Cuts Like a Knife" and "The Best Was Yet to Come"
M. Simpson – background vocals on "Cuts Like a Knife"
Jim Vallance – percussion on "Take Me Back", "This Time", "Straight from the Heart" and "Let Him Know", electric piano on "The Best Was Yet to Come"
Jim Wesley – background vocals on "Cuts Like a Knife"
James O'Mara – photography
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
Jump up ^ AllMusic review
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone review
Jump up ^ "BPI Certifications". BPI. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
Jump up ^ "British Album Chart". everythit. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "The Life Of Bryan" (in Danish). -skolarbete.nu. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Album notes for Anthology by Dave Marsh (CD booklet). A&M Records (A&M 5613).". 2005-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Artist Chart History (singles) - Bryan Adams". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Bryan Adams - Canadian Album Chart". RPM. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
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text:
Year-round school in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about extended school years for the general school population. For special needs students, see Extended School Year.
Year-round schooling (YRS) has been present from the 1900s.[1] YRS first appeared in urban areas, because they were not tied to the agriculture cycle.[1] The first towns that implemented YRS were Chicago, Boston, Washington D.C., Cleveland, Buffalo, and Detroit.[1] These towns had schools sessions for 48 or more weeks at a time.[1] The types of school schedules that were used were the 12-1 (12 weeks in school with 1 week break between the 12 weeks, which was more popular) and 12-4 (4 weeks off in August and school ran continuous after).[1] The first summer school was introduced in 1865 at the First Church of Boston, MA.[1] In 1916 there would be 200 elementary schools offering summer school.[1] In 1971, a survey showed that 84% of the surveyed educational authorities predicted that all United States schools would be year-round within 15 years.[2] In 1973, states that provided year-round schooling options were: Washington, Nevada, California, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, Minnesota, Illinois, Michigan, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Florida, Vermont, and Kentucky.
Some businesses dislike year-round calendars, because there is more competition for students trying to get jobs on their vacations since not all students have the same vacation time.[3] Businesses also find it easier to provide jobs on a year-round basis instead of having many in the summer for students.[2] Year-round schools also allow for students to graduate at different times, allowing for a decrease in unemployment when compared to all students graduating together and trying to get the few jobs that are open during that time.[1] Businesses also do not have the trouble of having a large volume of employees trying to take off the same vacation time for children getting out of school for winter, since the children would have different vacations.[1] Schools that adopt YRS are also better for industries that have a high volume of people in a short amount of time, because the different vacations allow for students to be open for employment more readily and vacationers to be more spread out instead of all at once.[1][2] Some tourist destinations that are very popular in colder months would benefit from this.
Contents
[hide]
1 Attitudes
2 Effect on students
3 Rural perspective
4 Costs
5 References
Attitudes
Several different studies have been conducted to learn more about the attitudes of students who attend year-round schools. The majority of these studies show that students' attitudes towards school did significantly improve as they spent more time on a year-round schedule.[4] Students who attend year-round school say that calendar is more balanced than their peers who have a typical school calendar.[5]
Effect on students
Students who attend year-round schools typically do as well as or slightly better in school than their peers who attend a traditionally scheduled school.[4]. Research also suggests year-round schools have positive effects on students who are at risk for academic problems, including those from underprivileged backgrounds and those who are poor performers in school.[6]
At-risk students are those who come from a low-income family, have a disability, are of an ethnic minority, or are influenced by something else that may cause them to perform poorly in school. In 1994, a study of three year-round schools showed a substantial gain in academic achievement for at-risk, low performing students. More frequent, short breaks provide struggling students more time for help.[7] These breaks can be used for remedial courses, tutoring, and enrichment, if needed.[5]
The North Carolina Department of Public Instruction researched the achievement differences between year-round and traditional-calendar using data from more than 345,000 North public schools. It was found that student achievement in year-round schools was statistically the same as it was in traditional schools. Another study compared the mathematics performance of 44 students in 5th and 6th grades on a year-round track with that of 40 students on a traditional track in the same school, which found no achievement gap.[6]
A study conducted by the Ohio State University found that, over the course of a full year, students showed no significant improvement in reading and math scores in year-round schools compared to those students whose were in schools that followed the traditional academic calendar. Year-round schools do not add more school days to the 180 standard academic calendar. The total number of school days and vacation days remains unchanged, but instead is distributed throughout the year. Thus, students are not gaining more instructional days.[6]
The state of California's Department of Education claims that year-round schools' third-graders had an average increase of 9.5% on standardized tests and 13.3% in reading scores.[5]
Students would have the ability to graduate faster by being enrolled during their vacation times to allow for lessons.[3] Class sizes are reduced, creating better learning environments.[3] Another plus for students is that instead of failing an entire year of school, a student would only fail 45 days on a 45-15 plan, making it so that the student doesn't fall behind as much as a traditional school calendar.[2]
Studies show that even though around 50% of parents are in favor of the year-round schedule before it is implemented, almost 80% are in favor of it after the first year.[4] Parents and families are able to still arrange daycare as well as vacations. The year-round schedule provides more opportunities for family vacations. This schedule can also save families money because they are able to take vacations during off-peak times.[5] Teachers would also be able to increase their income by teaching days of class on their vacations.[1][2][8] Some teachers also favor Year-Round School, because they can have flexible contracts, as in different vacation times.[3]
Students with attention learning disabilities may experience difficulties with longer school days. Younger elementary students who are not psychologically fully developed may not see any additional benefit to extended days. This in turn may increase behavioral issues within the classroom.[9] Students that attend year-round schooling may miss out on experiences such as summer camps. [10]
After school activities may experience conflicts with longer school days. They may also experience budgeting issues with extended schooling sessions into the year.[9]
Another problem that students would face would be being distracted by other students or friends that are on their vacation, which would affect their grades.[8]
Students and teachers would have impersonal relationships due to different schedules for both groups.[1][3][8]
Rural perspective
Most of the main opposers to year-round schooling come from an agricultural background. This is because the kids would have to attend school in the summer, which is when most of the farm work is done. The families' livelihood depends on some children being able to help out on the farm. This is one of the main reasons most schools do not have year-round classes.[citation needed]
Costs
If schools are open for longer, the operating and maintenance costs may increase up to 10 percent.[11] These costs may add up and in turn interfere with budgets for other programs that are already struggling with funding such as the arts, sports and other extra-curricular activities that are state funded.
With today's current economic state, students often have to save up their own money to be able to attend college. This means they often will seek summer or part-time jobs to do so. Year-round schooling may create difficulties for teens to be able to maintain part-time or summer job to save up their money.[9]
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Shepard, Keith (1977). Year-Round Schools. Lexington: D.C.Health and Company. pp. 1–117. ISBN 978-0-669-01285-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Holzman, Seymour (1971). "Year-Round School: Districts Develop Successful Programs". Education U.S.A.: 1–64.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Thomas, Isaiah (1973). Administrator's Guide to the Year-Round School. West Nyack: Parker Publishing Company Inc. pp. 1–276. ISBN 0-13-004903-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Palmer; Bemis (1999). "Alternative Calendars: Extended Learning and Year-Round Programs,". University of Minnesota, Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Year Round School". K12 Academics. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Year Round Schooling".
Jump up ^ Ballinger, C. (1995). "Prisoners No More". Educational Leadership. 53 (3).
^ Jump up to: a b c Graves, Jennifer (2010). "The academic impact of multi-track year-round calendars: A response to school overcrowding". Journal of Urban Economics. 67 (3): 378–391. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2009.11.004.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Year Round Schooling".
Jump up ^ Bothwell, Dick. "Can Year Round Schools Be the Answers to Overcrowding". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Silva, Elena. "On Clock: Rethinking the Way Schools Use Time". Retrieved 27 March 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Year-round_school_in_the_United_States&oldid=803640584"
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text:
Arm & Hammer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the brand. For the symbol, see Arm and hammer. For the American industrialist, see Armand Hammer.
Arm & Hammer
Product type
Baking Soda products
Owner
Church & Dwight
Country
United States
Introduced
1867; 151 years ago (1867)
Markets
World
Tagline
The standard of purity
Website
armandhammer.com
Arm & Hammer is a registered trademark of Church & Dwight, a major American manufacturer of household products. The logo of this brand depicts the ancient symbol of a muscular arm holding a hammer inside a red circle with the brand name and slogan. Originally associated solely with baking soda and washing soda, the company began to expand the brand to other products in the 1970s by using baking soda as a deodorizing ingredient. The new products included toothpaste, laundry detergent, underarm deodorant, and cat litter.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Gallery
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Arm and Hammer trade card from the 1870s, showing the logo
The original Arm & Hammer logo usage dates back to the 1860s. James A. Church, son of Dr. Austin Church, ran a spice business known as Vulcan Spice Mills. According to the company, the Arm and Hammer logo represents Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and metalworking.[1]
It is often claimed that the brand name originated with tycoon Armand Hammer; however, the Arm & Hammer brand was in use 31 years before Hammer was born. Hammer was so often asked about the Church & Dwight brand, however, that he attempted to buy the company. While unsuccessful, Hammer's Occidental Petroleum in 1986 acquired enough stock for him to join the Church & Dwight board of directors. Hammer remained one of the owners of Arm & Hammer until his death in 1990.[2]
Industrial-strength bicarbonate cleaning products are labeled under an Arm & Hammer subsidiary division ARMEX.
Gallery[edit]
See also[edit]
Companies portal
List of toothpaste brands
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History of Product Names & Trademarks: Arm & Hammer Baking Soda".
Jump up ^ "The Straight Dope: Did tycoon Armand Hammer have anything to do with Arm & Hammer baking soda?".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arm & Hammer.
Arm & Hammer Homepage
ARMEX Homepage
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Shell script
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This article is about scripting in UNIX-like systems. For batch programming in DOS, OS/2 and Windows, see Batch file. For batch programming in Windows PowerShell shell, see Windows PowerShell § Scripting. For programming in the shells (Cmd.exe) in operating systems of the Windows NT/2000 series, see cmd.exe. For shell programming, by means of files called Command Scripts or Procedures on Vax/VMS machines, see DIGITAL Command Language.
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Editing a FreeBSD shell script for configuring ipfirewall
A shell script is a computer program designed to be run by the Unix shell, a command-line interpreter.[1] The various dialects of shell scripts are considered to be scripting languages. Typical operations performed by shell scripts include file manipulation, program execution, and printing text. A script which sets up the environment, runs the program, and does any necessary cleanup, logging, etc. is called a wrapper.
The term is also used more generally to mean the automated mode of running an operating system shell; in specific operating systems they are called other things such as batch files (MSDos-Win95 stream, OS/2), command procedures (VMS), and shell scripts (Windows NT stream and third-party derivatives like 4NT—article is at cmd.exe), and mainframe operating systems are associated with a number of terms.
The typical Unix/Linux/Posix-compliant installation includes the Korn Shell (ksh) in several possible versions such as ksh88, Korn Shell '93 and others. The oldest shell still in common use is the Bourne shell (sh); Unix systems invariably also include the C Shell (csh), Bourne Again Shell (bash), a remote shell (rsh), a secure shell for SSL telnet connections (ssh), and a shell which is a main component of the Tcl/Tk installation usually called tclsh; wish is a GUI-based Tcl/Tk shell. The C and Tcl shells have syntax quite similar to that of said programming languages, and the Korn shells and Bash are developments of the Bourne shell, which is based on the ALGOL language with elements of a number of others added as well.[2] On the other hand, the various shells plus tools like awk, sed, grep, and BASIC, Lisp, C and so forth contributed to the Perl programming language.[3]
Other shells available on a machine or available for download and/or purchase include ash, msh, ysh, zsh (a particularly common enhanced Korn Shell), the Tenex C Shell (tcsh), a Perl-like shell (psh) and others. Related programs such as shells based on Python, Ruby, C, Java, Perl, Pascal, Rexx &c in various forms are also widely available. Another somewhat common shell is osh, whose manual page states it "is an enhanced, backward-compatible port of the standard command interpreter from Sixth Edition UNIX."
Windows-Unix interoperability software such as the MKS Toolkit, Cygwin, UWIN, Interix and others make the above shells and Unix programming available on Windows systems, providing functionality all the way down to signals and other inter-process communication, system calls and APIs. The Hamilton C Shell is a Windows shell that is very similar to the Unix C Shell. Microsoft distributes Windows Services for UNIX for use with its NT-based operating systems in particular, which have a Posix environmental subsystem.
Contents
[hide]
1 Capabilities
1.1 Shortcuts
1.2 Batch jobs
1.3 Generalization
1.4 Verisimilitude
1.5 Programming
2 Other scripting languages
3 Life cycle
4 Advantages and disadvantages
5 Shell scripting on other operating systems
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Capabilities[edit]
Shortcuts[edit]
A shell script can provide a convenient variation of a system command where special environment settings, command options, or post-processing apply automatically, but in a way that allows the new script to still act as a fully normal Unix command.
One example would be to create a version of ls, the command to list files, giving it a shorter command name of l, which would be normally saved in a user's bin directory as /home/username/bin/l, and a default set of command options pre-supplied.
#!/bin/sh LC_COLLATE=C ls -FCas "$@"
Here, the first line (shebang) indicates which interpreter should execute the rest of the script, and the second line makes a listing with options for file format indicators, columns, all files (none omitted), and a size in blocks. The LC_COLLATE=C sets the default collation order to not fold upper and lower case together, not intermix dotfiles with normal filenames as a side effect of ignoring punctuation in the names (dotfiles are usually only shown if an option like -a is used), and the "$@" causes any parameters given to l to pass through as parameters to ls, so that all of the normal options and other syntax known to ls can still be used.
The user could then simply use l for the most commonly used short listing.
Another example of a shell script that could be used as a shortcut would be to print a list of all the files and directories within a given directory.
#!/bin/sh clear ls -al
In this case, the shell script would start with its normal starting line of #!/bin/sh. Following this, the script executes the command clear which clears the terminal of all text before going to the next line. The following line provides the main function of the script. The ls -al command list the files and directories that are in the directory from which the script is being run. The ls command attributes could be changed to reflect the needs of the user.
Note: If an implementation does not have the clear command, try using the clr command instead.
Batch jobs[edit]
Shell scripts allow several commands that would be entered manually at a command-line interface to be executed automatically, and without having to wait for a user to trigger each stage of the sequence. For example, in a directory with three C source code files, rather than manually running the four commands required to build the final program from them, one could instead create a C shell script, here named build and kept in the directory with them, which would compile them automatically:
#!/bin/csh echo compiling... cc -c foo.c cc -c bar.c cc -c qux.c cc -o myprog foo.o bar.o qux.o echo done.
The script would allow a user to save the file being edited, pause the editor, and then just run ./build to create the updated program, test it, and then return to the editor. Since the 1980s or so, however, scripts of this type have been replaced with utilities like make which are specialized for building programs.
Generalization[edit]
Simple batch jobs are not unusual for isolated tasks, but using shell loops, tests, and variables provides much more flexibility to users. A Bash (Unix shell) script to convert JPEG images to PNG images, where the image names are provided on the command-line—possibly via wildcards—instead of each being listed within the script, can be created with this file, typically saved in a file like /home/username/bin/jpg2png
#!/bin/bash for jpg; do # use $jpg in place of each filename given, in turn png="${jpg%.jpg}.png" # construct the PNG version of the filename by replacing .jpg with .png echo converting "$jpg" ... # output status info to the user running the script if convert "$jpg" jpg.to.png ; then # use the convert program (common in Linux) to create the PNG in a temp file mv jpg.to.png "$png" # if it worked, rename the temporary PNG image to the correct name else # ...otherwise complain and exit from the script echo 'jpg2png: error: failed output saved in "jpg.to.png".' >&2 exit 1 fi # the end of the "if" test construct done # the end of the "for" loop echo all conversions successful # tell the user the good news exit 0
The jpg2png command can then be run on an entire directory full of JPEG images with just /home/username/bin/jpg2png *.jpg
Verisimilitude[edit]
A key feature of shell scripts is that the invocation of their interpreters is handled as a core operating system feature. So rather than a user's shell only being able to execute scripts in that shell's language, or a script only having its interpreter directive handled correctly if it was run from a shell (both of which were limitations in the early Bourne shell's handling of scripts), shell scripts are set up and executed by the OS itself. A modern shell script is not just on the same footing as system commands, but rather many system commands are actually shell scripts (or more generally, scripts, since some of them are not interpreted by a shell, but instead by Perl, Python, or some other language). This extends to returning exit codes like other system utilities to indicate success or failure, and allows them to be called as components of larger programs regardless of how those larger tools are implemented.[4][5]
Like standard system commands, shell scripts classically omit any kind of filename extension unless intended to be read into a running shell through a special mechanism for this purpose (such as sh’s ". ", or csh’s source).[6][7]
Programming[edit]
Many modern shells also supply various features usually found only in more sophisticated general-purpose programming languages, such as control-flow constructs, variables, comments, arrays, subroutine and so on. With these sorts of features available, it is possible to write reasonably sophisticated applications as shell scripts. However, they are still limited by the fact that most shell languages have little or no support for data typing systems, classes, threading, complex math, and other common full language features, and are also generally much slower than compiled code or interpreted languages written with speed as a performance goal.
The standard Unix tools sed and awk provide extra capabilities for shell programming; Perl can also be embedded in shell scripts as can other scripting languages like Tcl. Perl and Tcl come with graphics toolkits as well.
Other scripting languages[edit]
Main article: Scripting language
Many powerful scripting languages have been introduced for tasks that are too large or complex to be comfortably handled with ordinary shell scripts, but for which the advantages of a script are desirable and the development overhead of a full-blown, compiled programming language would be disadvantageous. The specifics of what separates scripting languages from high-level programming languages is a frequent source of debate, but, generally speaking, a scripting language is one which requires an interpreter.
Life cycle[edit]
Shell scripts often serve as an initial stage in software development, and are often subject to conversion later to a different underlying implementation, most commonly being converted to Perl, Python, or C. The interpreter directive allows the implementation detail to be fully hidden inside the script, rather than being exposed as a filename extension, and provides for seamless reimplementation in different languages with no impact on end users.
While files with the ".sh" file extension are usually a shell script of some kind, most shell scripts do not have any filename extension.[8][9]
Advantages and disadvantages[edit]
Perhaps the biggest advantage of writing a shell script is that the commands and syntax are exactly the same as those directly entered at the command-line. The programmer does not have to switch to a totally different syntax, as they would if the script were written in a different language, or if a compiled language were used.
Often, writing a shell script is much quicker than writing the equivalent code in other programming languages. The many advantages include easy program or file selection, quick start, and interactive debugging. A shell script can be used to provide a sequencing and decision-making linkage around existing programs, and for moderately sized scripts the absence of a compilation step is an advantage. Interpretive running makes it easy to write debugging code into a script and re-run it to detect and fix bugs. Non-expert users can use scripting to tailor the behavior of programs, and shell scripting provides some limited scope for multiprocessing.
On the other hand, shell scripting is prone to costly errors. Inadvertent typing errors such as rm -rf * / (instead of the intended rm -rf */) are folklore in the Unix community; a single extra space converts the command from one that deletes everything in the sub-directories to one which deletes everything—and also tries to delete everything in the root directory. Similar problems can transform cp and mv into dangerous weapons, and misuse of the > redirect can delete the contents of a file. This is made more problematic by the fact that many UNIX commands differ in name by only one letter: cp, cd, dd, df, etc.
Another significant disadvantage is the slow execution speed and the need to launch a new process for almost every shell command executed. When a script's job can be accomplished by setting up a pipeline in which efficient filter commands perform most of the work, the slowdown is mitigated, but a complex script is typically several orders of magnitude slower than a conventional compiled program that performs an equivalent task.
There are also compatibility problems between different platforms. Larry Wall, creator of Perl, famously wrote that "It is easier to port a shell than a shell script."
Similarly, more complex scripts can run into the limitations of the shell scripting language itself; the limits make it difficult to write quality code, and extensions by various shells to ameliorate problems with the original shell language can make problems worse.[10]
Many disadvantages of using some script languages are caused by design flaws within the language syntax or implementation, and are not necessarily imposed by the use of a text-based command-line; there are a number of shells which use other shell programming languages or even full-fledged languages like Scsh (which uses Scheme).
Shell scripting on other operating systems[edit]
Interoperability software such as Cygwin, the MKS Toolkit, Interix (which is available in the Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX), Hamilton C shell, UWIN (AT&T Unix for Windows) and others allow Unix shell programmes to be run on machines running Windows NT and its successors, with some loss of functionality on the MS-DOS-Windows 95 branch, as well as earlier MKS Toolkit versions for OS/2. At least three DCL implementations for Windows type operating systems—in addition to XLNT, a multiple-use scripting language package which is used with the command shell, Windows Script Host and CGI programming—are available for these systems as well. Mac OS X and subsequent are Unix-like as well.[11]
In addition to the aforementioned tools, some Posix and OS/2 functionality can be used with the corresponding environmental subsystems of the Windows NT operating system series up to Windows 2000 as well. A third, 16-bit subsystem often called the MS-DOS subsystem uses the Command.com provided with these operating systems to run the aforementioned MS-DOS batch files.[12]
The console alternatives 4NT, 4DOS, 4OS2, FreeDOS, Peter Norton's NDOS and the GUI Take Command which add functionality to the Windows NT-style Cmd.exe, MS-DOS/Windows 95 batch files (run by Command.com), OS/2's Cmd.exe, and 4NT respectively are similar to the shells that they enhance and are more integrated with the Windows Script Host, which comes with three pre-installed engines, VBScript, JScript, and VBA and to which numerous third-party engines can be added, with Rexx, Perl, Python, Ruby, and Tcl having pre-defined functions in 4NT and related programmes. PC DOS is quite similar to MS-DOS, whilst DR DOS is more different. Earlier versions of Windows NT are able to run contemporary versions of 4OS2 by the OS/2 subsystem.
Scripting languages are, by definition, able to be extended; for example, a MS-DOS/Windows 95/98 and Windows NT type systems allows for shell/batch programmes to call tools like KixTart, QBasic, various Basic, Rexx, Perl, and Python implementations, the Windows Script Host and its installed engines. On Unix and other Posix-compliant systems, awk and sed are used to extend the string and numeric processing ability of shell scripts. Tcl, Perl, Rexx, and Python have graphics toolkits and can be used to code functions and procedures for shell scripts which pose a speed bottleneck (C, Fortran, assembly language &c are much faster still) and to add functionality not available in the shell language such as sockets and other connectivity functions, heavy-duty text processing, working with numbers if the calling script does not have those abilities, self-writing and self-modifying code, techniques like recursion, direct memory access, various types of sorting and more, which are difficult or impossible in the main script, and so on. Visual Basic for Applications and VBScript can be used to control and communicate with such things as spreadsheets, databases, scriptable programmes of all types, telecommunications software, development tools, graphics tools and other software which can be accessed through the Component Object Model.
See also[edit]
Glue code
Interpreter directive
Shebang symbol (#!)
Unix shells
Windows PowerShell
Windows Script Host
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kernighan, Brian W.; Pike, Rob (1984), "3. Using the Shell", The UNIX Programming Environment, Prentice Hall, Inc., p. 94, ISBN 0-13-937699-2, The shell is actually a programming language: it has variables, loops, decision-making, and so on.
Jump up ^ Unix Shells By Example, pp 7-10,
Jump up ^ Programming Perl, 5th Edition, preface
Jump up ^ Robbins, Arnold; Beebe, Nelson H. F. (May 16, 2005). Classic Shell Scripting: Hidden Commands that Unlock the Power of Unix. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 10. Retrieved May 7, 2017. When the first two characters of a file are !#, the kernel scans the rest of the line for the full pathname of the interpreter to use to run the program.
Jump up ^ Carling, M.; Degler, Stephen; Dennis, James (2000). Linux System Administration. Sams Publishing. p. 275. Retrieved May 7, 2017. When a typical shell script or function is finished, it may return an integer between 0 and 255 to let its parent know whether it was successful (or, in some case, what sort of action it performed).
Jump up ^ Kumari, Sinny (November 23, 2015). Linux Shell Scripting Essentials. Packt Publishing Ltd. Retrieved May 7, 2017. Rather than using a file extension for shell scripts, it's preferred to keep a filename without extension and let an interpreter identify the type by looking into shebang(#!).
Jump up ^ Taylor, Dave; Perry, Brandon (December 16, 2016). Wicked Cool Shell Scripts, 2nd Edition: 101 Scripts for Linux, OS X and UNIX Systems. No Starch Press. Retrieved May 7, 2017. Shell scripts don't need a special file extension, so leave the extension blank (or you can add the extension .sh if you prefer, but this isn't required.
Jump up ^ Robbins, Arnold; Hannah, Elbert; Lamb, Linda (2008). "Learning the vi and Vim Editors". p. 205.
Jump up ^ Easttom, Chuck (2012). "Essential Linux Administration:: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners". p. 228.
Jump up ^ "Csh Programming Considered Harmful".
Jump up ^ MSDN[not specific enough to verify]
Jump up ^ Windows NT 4 Workstation Resource Kit
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Shell Programming
An Introduction To Shell Programming by Greg Goebel
UNIX / Linux shell scripting tutorial by Steve Parker
Shell Scripting Primer (Apple)
What to watch out for when writing portable shell scripts by Peter Seebach
Free Unix Shell scripting books
Beginners/BashScripting, Ubuntu Linux.
BASH shell scripting'
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Marry Me (Thomas Rhett song)
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"Marry Me"
Single by Thomas Rhett
from the album Life Changes
Released
November 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2017
Genre
Country pop
Length
3:26
Label
Valory Music Group
Songwriter(s)
Thomas Rhett
Shane McAnally
Ashley Gorley
Jesse Frasure
Producer(s)
Dann Huff
Jesse Frasure
Thomas Rhett
Thomas Rhett singles chronology
"Unforgettable"
(2017) "Marry Me"
(2017) "Life Changes"
(2018)
"Unforgettable"
(2017) "Marry Me"
(2017) "Life Changes"
(2018)
Music video
"Marry Me" on YouTube
"Marry Me" is a song recorded by American country music artist Thomas Rhett. It was released to country radio on November 20, 2017 via Valory Music Group as the third single from his third studio album, Life Changes (2017).[1] The song was written by Rhett, Jesse Frasure, Ashley Gorley and Shane McAnally.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Commercial performance
3 Music video
4 Charts
5 Certifications
6 References
Background[edit]
"Marry Me" is a song where the narrator watches a desired woman marry someone else.[3] It was quoted as "a clever ode to rejection" by StarTribune.com.[4]
Commercial performance[edit]
The song has sold 310,000 copies in the United States as of March 2018.[5]
Music video[edit]
The official music video was released on December 17, 2017 on Thomas Rhett's Vevo channel.[6]
In the video, a young girl is seen playing dress up with her dolls and imagining her wedding day. The boy next door peaks through the window and watches it all unfold before heading out to play football. As the song progresses, their friendship develops and the girl becomes his biggest fan at a high school football game. Later, he almost kisses her.[7] However, she later ends up engaged to someone else, and the pain causes him to leave the wedding after giving her the gift he got for her. He is later seen at the diner where they almost kissed pouring whiskey from his flask into a coffee cup. At the end of the video the girl returns because she reciprocates his feelings.
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017–18)
Peak
position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[8]
45
Canada Country (Billboard)[9]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[10]
30
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[11]
1
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[12]
2
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[13]
Platinum 80,000^
United States (RIAA)[14]
Platinum 310,000[5]
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Preceded by
"Written in the Sand" by Old Dominion
"8th Day" by Dean Brody Billboard Canada Country number-one single
February 24, 2018
March 10–24, 2018 Succeeded by
"8th Day" by Dean Brody
"Most People Are Good" by Luke Bryan
Preceded by
"Five More Minutes"
by Scotty McCreery Billboard Country Airplay
number-one single
March 10–17, 2018 Succeeded by
"Broken Halos"
by Chris Stapleton
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Future Releases For Country Radio". AllAccessMusicGroup. September 8, 2017. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Thomas Rhett – Marry Me". Genius. September 8, 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Rhett Gives Fans Exactly What They've Been Waiting For On 'Life Changes' — Review". HollywoodLife. September 8, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Rhett's pop country pleasant but innocuous". Startribune. November 30, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Bjorke, Matt (March 6, 2018). "The Top 30 Digital Country Singles: March 5, 2018". Roughstock. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Rhett - Marry Me". YouTube. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Rhett Releases 'Marry Me' Video". AntiMusic. December 19, 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Rhett Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Rhett Chart History (Canada Country)". Billboard. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Rhett Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Rhett Chart History (Country Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Rhett Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Thomas Rhett – Marry Me". Music Canada. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Thomas Rhett – Marry Me". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved April 18, 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
[hide]
v
t
e
Thomas Rhett
Studio albums
It Goes Like This (2013)
Tangled Up (2015)
Life Changes (2017)
EPs
Thomas Rhett (2012)
Singles
"Something to Do with My Hands"
"Beer with Jesus"
"It Goes Like This"
"Get Me Some of That"
"Make Me Wanna"
"Crash and Burn"
"Die a Happy Man"
"T-Shirt"
"Vacation"
"Star of the Show"
"Craving You" (with Maren Morris)
"Unforgettable"
"Marry Me"
Guest singles
"Small Town Throwdown" (with Brantley Gilbert and Justin Moore)
Concert tours
Home Team Tour (2017)
Related articles
Discography
Rhett Akins
"1994"
"Parking Lot Party"
"Round Here"
"Think a Little Less"
"Ring on Every Finger"
"Leave Right Now"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marry_Me_(Thomas_Rhett_song)&oldid=837151636"
Categories:
2017 songs
2017 singles
Thomas Rhett songs
Big Machine Records singles
Songs written by Thomas Rhett
Songs written by Jesse Frasure
Songs written by Ashley Gorley
Songs written by Shane McAnally
Song recordings produced by Dann Huff
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Canada
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay
Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs
Certification Table Entry usages for Canada
Certification Table Entry usages for United States
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