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Distance
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This article is about distance in mathematics, physics, and computation. For other uses, see Distance (disambiguation).
Distance is a numerical description of how far apart objects are. In physics or everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length, or an estimation based on other criteria (e.g. "two counties over"). In most cases, "distance from A to B" is interchangeable with "distance from B to A". In mathematics, a distance function or metric is a generalization of the concept of physical distance. A metric is a function that behaves according to a specific set of rules, and is a way of describing what it means for elements of some space to be "close to" or "far away from" each other.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview and definitions
1.1 Physical distances
1.2 Theoretical distances
2 Distance versus directed distance and displacement
2.1 Directed distance
2.2 Displacement
3 Mathematics
3.1 Geometry
3.2 Distance in Euclidean space
3.3 Variational formulation of distance
3.4 Generalization to higher-dimensional objects
3.5 Algebraic distance
3.6 General metric
3.7 Distances between sets and between a point and a set
3.8 Graph theory
3.9 Other mathematical "distances"
4 See also
5 References
Overview and definitions[edit]
Physical distances[edit]
Airline routes between Los Angeles and Tokyo approximately follow a direct great circle route (top), but use the jet stream (bottom) when heading eastwards. Note that the shortest route appears as a curve rather than a straight line because this map is a Mercator projection, which does not scale all distances equally compared to the real spherical surface of the Earth.
"Manhattan distance" on a grid
A physical distance can mean several different things:
The length of a specific path traveled between two points, such as the distance walked while navigating a maze
A board showing distances near Visakhapatnam
The length of the shortest possible path through space between two point that could be taken if there were no obstacles (usually formalized as Euclidean distance)
The length of the shortest path between two points while remaining on some surface, such as the great-circle distance along the curve of the Earth
"Circular distance" is the distance traveled by a wheel, which can be useful when designing vehicles or mechanical gears. The circumference of the wheel is 2π × radius, and assuming the radius to be 1, then each revolution of the wheel is equivalent of the distance 2π radians. In engineering ω = 2πƒ is often used, where ƒ is the frequency.
Unusual definitions of distance can be helpful to model certain physical situations, but are also used in theoretical mathematics:
"Manhattan distance" is a rectilinear distance, named after the number of blocks north, south, east, or west a taxicab must travel on to reach its destination on the grid of streets in parts of New York City.
"Chessboard distance", formalized as Chebyshev distance, is the minimum number of moves a king must make on a chessboard to travel between two squares.
Distance measures in cosmology are complicated by the expansion of the universe, and by effects described by the theory of relativity such as length contraction of moving objects.
Theoretical distances[edit]
The term "distance" is also used by analogy to measure non-physical entities in certain ways.
In computer science, there is the notion of the "edit distance" between two strings. For example, the words "dog" and "dot", which vary by only one letter, are closer than "dog" and "cat", which differ by three letters. This idea is used in spell checkers and in coding theory, and is mathematically formalized in several different ways, such as:
Levenshtein distance
Hamming distance
Lee distance
Jaro–Winkler distance
N-gram distance
In mathematics, a metric space is a set for which distances between all members of the set are defined. In this way, many different types of "distances" can be calculated, such as for traversal of graphs, comparison of distributions and curves, and using unusual definitions of "space" (for example using a manifold or reflections). The notion of distance in graph theory has been used to describe social networks, for example with the Erdős number or the Bacon number, the number of collaborative relationships away a person is from prolific mathematician Paul Erdős or actor Kevin Bacon, respectively.
In psychology, human geography, and the social sciences, distance is often theorized not as an objective metric, but as a subjective experience.[1]
Distance versus directed distance and displacement[edit]
Distance along a path compared with displacement
Distance cannot be negative, and distance travelled never decreases. Distance is a scalar quantity or a magnitude, whereas displacement is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction. Directed distance is a positive, zero, or negative scalar quantity.
The distance covered by a vehicle (for example as recorded by an odometer), person, animal, or object along a curved path from a point A to a point B should be distinguished from the straight-line distance from A to B. For example, whatever the distance covered during a round trip from A to B and back to A, the displacement is zero as start and end points coincide. In general the straight-line distance does not equal distance travelled, except for journeys in a straight line.
Directed distance[edit]
Directed distances are distances with a directional sense. They can be determined along straight lines and along curved lines. A directed distance of a point C from point A in the direction of B on a line AB in a Euclidean vector space is the distance from A to C if C falls on the ray AB, but is the negative of that distance if C falls on the ray BA (I.e., if C is not on the same side of A as B is).
A directed distance along a curved line is not a vector and is represented by a segment of that curved line defined by endpoints A and B, with some specific information indicating the sense (or direction) of an ideal or real motion from one endpoint of the segment to the other (see figure). For instance, just labelling the two endpoints as A and B can indicate the sense, if the ordered sequence (A, B) is assumed, which implies that A is the starting point.
Displacement[edit]
A displacement (see above) is a special kind of directed distance defined in mechanics. A directed distance is called displacement when it is the distance along a straight line (minimum distance) from A and B, and when A and B are positions occupied by the same particle at two different instants of time. This implies motion of the particle. The distance traveled by a particle must always be greater than or equal to its displacement, with equality occurring only when the particle moves along a straight path.
Another kind of directed distance is that between two different particles or point masses at a given time. For instance, the distance from the center of gravity of the Earth A and the center of gravity of the Moon B (which does not strictly imply motion from A to B) falls into this category.
Mathematics[edit]
See also: Metric (mathematics)
Geometry[edit]
In analytic geometry, the distance between two points of the xy-plane can be found using the distance formula. The distance between (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by:
d = ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ y ) 2 = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 . {\displaystyle d={\sqrt {(\Delta x)^{2}+(\Delta y)^{2}}}={\sqrt {(x_{2}-x_{1})^{2}+(y_{2}-y_{1})^{2}}}.}
Similarly, given points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) in three-space, the distance between them is:
d = ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ y ) 2 + ( Δ z ) 2 = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 + ( z 2 − z 1 ) 2 . {\displaystyle d={\sqrt {(\Delta x)^{2}+(\Delta y)^{2}+(\Delta z)^{2}}}={\sqrt {(x_{2}-x_{1})^{2}+(y_{2}-y_{1})^{2}+(z_{2}-z_{1})^{2}}}.}
These formula are easily derived by constructing a right triangle with a leg on the hypotenuse of another (with the other leg orthogonal to the plane that contains the 1st triangle) and applying the Pythagorean theorem. In the study of complicated geometries, we call this (most common) type of distance Euclidean distance, as it is derived from the Pythagorean theorem, which does not hold in non-Euclidean geometries. This distance formula can also be expanded into the arc-length formula.
Distance in Euclidean space[edit]
In the Euclidean space Rn, the distance between two points is usually given by the Euclidean distance (2-norm distance). Other distances, based on other norms, are sometimes used instead.
For a point (x1, x2, ...,xn) and a point (y1, y2, ...,yn), the Minkowski distance of order p (p-norm distance) is defined as:
1-norm distance = ∑ i = 1 n | x i − y i | {\displaystyle =\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}-y_{i}\right|}
2-norm distance = ( ∑ i = 1 n | x i − y i | 2 ) 1 / 2 {\displaystyle =\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}-y_{i}\right|^{2}\right)^{1/2}}
p-norm distance = ( ∑ i = 1 n | x i − y i | p ) 1 / p {\displaystyle =\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}-y_{i}\right|^{p}\right)^{1/p}}
infinity norm distance = lim p → ∞ ( ∑ i = 1 n | x i − y i | p ) 1 / p {\displaystyle =\lim _{p\to \infty }\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}-y_{i}\right|^{p}\right)^{1/p}}
= max ( | x 1 − y 1 | , | x 2 − y 2 | , … , | x n − y n | ) . {\displaystyle =\max \left(|x_{1}-y_{1}|,|x_{2}-y_{2}|,\ldots ,|x_{n}-y_{n}|\right).}
p need not be an integer, but it cannot be less than 1, because otherwise the triangle inequality does not hold.
The 2-norm distance is the Euclidean distance, a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem to more than two coordinates. It is what would be obtained if the distance between two points were measured with a ruler: the "intuitive" idea of distance.
The 1-norm distance is more colourfully called the taxicab norm or Manhattan distance, because it is the distance a car would drive in a city laid out in square blocks (if there are no one-way streets).
The infinity norm distance is also called Chebyshev distance. In 2D, it is the minimum number of moves kings require to travel between two squares on a chessboard.
The p-norm is rarely used for values of p other than 1, 2, and infinity, but see super ellipse.
In physical space the Euclidean distance is in a way the most natural one, because in this case the length of a rigid body does not change with rotation.
Variational formulation of distance[edit]
The Euclidean distance between two points in space ( A = r → ( 0 ) {\displaystyle A={\vec {r}}(0)} and B = r → ( T ) {\displaystyle B={\vec {r}}(T)} ) may be written in a variational form where the distance is the minimum value of an integral:
D = ∫ 0 T ( ∂ r → ( t ) ∂ t ) 2 d t {\displaystyle D=\int _{0}^{T}{\sqrt {\left({\partial {\vec {r}}(t) \over \partial t}\right)^{2}}}\,dt}
Here r → ( t ) {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}(t)} is the trajectory (path) between the two points. The value of the integral (D) represents the length of this trajectory. The distance is the minimal value of this integral and is obtained when r = r ∗ {\displaystyle r=r^{*}} where r ∗ {\displaystyle r^{*}} is the optimal trajectory. In the familiar Euclidean case (the above integral) this optimal trajectory is simply a straight line. It is well known that the shortest path between two points is a straight line. Straight lines can formally be obtained by solving the Euler–Lagrange equations for the above functional. In non-Euclidean manifolds (curved spaces) where the nature of the space is represented by a metric tensor g a b {\displaystyle g_{ab}} the integrand has to be modified to g a c r ˙ c g a b r ˙ b {\displaystyle {\sqrt {g^{ac}{\dot {r}}_{c}g_{ab}{\dot {r}}^{b}}}} , where Einstein summation convention has been used.
Generalization to higher-dimensional objects[edit]
The Euclidean distance between two objects may also be generalized to the case where the objects are no longer points but are higher-dimensional manifolds, such as space curves, so in addition to talking about distance between two points one can discuss concepts of distance between two strings. Since the new objects that are dealt with are extended objects (not points anymore) additional concepts such as non-extensibility, curvature constraints, and non-local interactions that enforce non-crossing become central to the notion of distance. The distance between the two manifolds is the scalar quantity that results from minimizing the generalized distance functional, which represents a transformation between the two manifolds:
D = ∫ 0 L ∫ 0 T { ( ∂ r → ( s , t ) ∂ t ) 2 + λ [ ( ∂ r → ( s , t ) ∂ s ) 2 − 1 ] } d s d t {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}=\int _{0}^{L}\int _{0}^{T}\left\{{\sqrt {\left({\partial {\vec {r}}(s,t) \over \partial t}\right)^{2}}}+\lambda \left[{\sqrt {\left({\partial {\vec {r}}(s,t) \over \partial s}\right)^{2}}}-1\right]\right\}\,ds\,dt}
The above double integral is the generalized distance functional between two polymer conformation. s {\displaystyle s} is a spatial parameter and t {\displaystyle t} is pseudo-time. This means that r → ( s , t = t i ) {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}(s,t=t_{i})} is the polymer/string conformation at time t i {\displaystyle t_{i}} and is parameterized along the string length by s {\displaystyle s} . Similarly r → ( s = S , t ) {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}(s=S,t)} is the trajectory of an infinitesimal segment of the string during transformation of the entire string from conformation r → ( s , 0 ) {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}(s,0)} to conformation r → ( s , T ) {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}(s,T)} . The term with cofactor λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is a Lagrange multiplier and its role is to ensure that the length of the polymer remains the same during the transformation. If two discrete polymers are inextensible, then the minimal-distance transformation between them no longer involves purely straight-line motion, even on a Euclidean metric. There is a potential application of such generalized distance to the problem of protein folding[2][3] This generalized distance is analogous to the Nambu–Goto action in string theory, however there is no exact correspondence because the Euclidean distance in 3-space is inequivalent to the spacetime distance minimized for the classical relativistic string.
Algebraic distance[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2008)
This is a metric often used in computer vision that can be minimized by least squares estimation. [1][2] For curves or surfaces given by the equation x T C x = 0 {\displaystyle x^{\text{T}}Cx=0} (such as a conic in homogeneous coordinates), the algebraic distance from the point x ′ {\displaystyle x'} to the curve is simply x ′ T C x ′ {\displaystyle x'^{\text{T}}Cx'} . It may serve as an "initial guess" for geometric distance to refine estimations of the curve by more accurate methods, such as non-linear least squares.
General metric[edit]
In mathematics, in particular geometry, a distance function on a given set M is a function d: M × M → R, where R denotes the set of real numbers, that satisfies the following conditions:
d(x,y) ≥ 0, and d(x,y) = 0 if and only if x = y. (Distance is positive between two different points, and is zero precisely from a point to itself.)
It is symmetric: d(x,y) = d(y,x). (The distance between x and y is the same in either direction.)
It satisfies the triangle inequality: d(x,z) ≤ d(x,y) + d(y,z). (The distance between two points is the shortest distance along any path). Such a distance function is known as a metric. Together with the set, it makes up a metric space.
For example, the usual definition of distance between two real numbers x and y is: d(x,y) = |x − y|. This definition satisfies the three conditions above, and corresponds to the standard topology of the real line. But distance on a given set is a definitional choice. Another possible choice is to define: d(x,y) = 0 if x = y, and 1 otherwise. This also defines a metric, but gives a completely different topology, the "discrete topology"; with this definition numbers cannot be arbitrarily close.
Distances between sets and between a point and a set[edit]
d(A, B) > d(A, C) + d(C, B)
Various distance definitions are possible between objects. For example, between celestial bodies one should not confuse the surface-to-surface distance and the center-to-center distance. If the former is much less than the latter, as for a low earth orbit, the first tends to be quoted (altitude), otherwise, e.g. for the Earth–Moon distance, the latter.
There are two common definitions for the distance between two non-empty subsets of a given metric space:
One version of distance between two non-empty sets is the infimum of the distances between any two of their respective points, which is the everyday meaning of the word, i.e.
d ( A , B ) = inf x ∈ A , y ∈ B d ( x , y ) . {\displaystyle d(A,B)=\inf _{x\in A,y\in B}d(x,y).}
This is a symmetric premetric. On a collection of sets of which some touch or overlap each other, it is not "separating", because the distance between two different but touching or overlapping sets is zero. Also it is not hemimetric, i.e., the triangle inequality does not hold, except in special cases. Therefore only in special cases this distance makes a collection of sets a metric space.
The Hausdorff distance is the larger of two values, one being the supremum, for a point ranging over one set, of the infimum, for a second point ranging over the other set, of the distance between the points, and the other value being likewise defined but with the roles of the two sets swapped. This distance makes the set of non-empty compact subsets of a metric space itself a metric space.
The distance between a point and a set is the infimum of the distances between the point and those in the set. This corresponds to the distance, according to the first-mentioned definition above of the distance between sets, from the set containing only this point to the other set.
In terms of this, the definition of the Hausdorff distance can be simplified: it is the larger of two values, one being the supremum, for a point ranging over one set, of the distance between the point and the set, and the other value being likewise defined but with the roles of the two sets swapped.
Graph theory[edit]
In graph theory the distance between two vertices is the length of the shortest path between those vertices.
Other mathematical "distances"[edit]
Canberra distance – a weighted version of Manhattan distance, used in computer science
Energy distance, the statistical distance between probability distributions
Kullback–Leibler divergence, which measures the difference between two probability distributions
Mahalanobis distance is used in statistics
See also[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Distance
Astronomical system of units
Cosmic distance ladder
Distance geometry problem
Dijkstra's algorithm
Distance matrix
Distance measuring equipment (DME)
Distance-based road exit numbers
Engineering tolerance
Length
Meridian arc
Milestone
Orders of magnitude (length)
Proper length
Proxemics – physical distance between people
Rangefinder
Signed distance function
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Simandan, Dragos (2016). "Proximity, subjectivity, and space: Rethinking distance in human geography". Geoforum. 75: 249. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.018.
Jump up ^ SS Plotkin, PNAS.2007; 104: 14899–14904,
Jump up ^ AR Mohazab, SS Plotkin,"Minimal Folding Pathways for Coarse-Grained Biopolymer Fragments" Biophysical Journal, Volume 95, Issue 12, Pages 5496–5507
Sources
Deza, E.; Deza, M. (2006), Dictionary of Distances, Elsevier, ISBN 0-444-52087-2 .
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text:
A Million Ways to Die in the West
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A Million Ways to Die in the West
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Seth MacFarlane
Produced by
Seth MacFarlane
Scott Stuber
Jason Clark
Written by
Seth MacFarlane
Alec Sulkin
Wellesley Wild
Starring
Seth MacFarlane
Charlize Theron
Amanda Seyfried
Neil Patrick Harris
Giovanni Ribisi
Sarah Silverman
Liam Neeson
Narrated by
Rex Linn
Music by
Joel McNeely
Cinematography
Michael Barrett
Edited by
Jeff Freeman
Production
company
Media Rights Capital
Fuzzy Door Productions
Bluegrass Films
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
May 30, 2014 (2014-05-30)
Running time
116 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million[2]
Box office
$87.2 million[3]
A Million Ways to Die in the West is a 2014 American western comedy film directed by Seth MacFarlane, who wrote the screenplay with Alec Sulkin and Wellesley Wild. The film features an ensemble cast including MacFarlane, Charlize Theron, Amanda Seyfried, Neil Patrick Harris, Giovanni Ribisi, Sarah Silverman and Liam Neeson. The film follows Albert Stark (MacFarlane) who feels certain that the western frontier is trying to kill him while coping from his break-up with his girlfriend. However, a pistol-packing woman named Anna (Theron) rides into town and helps Albert find his inner courage. Then Stark must put his newfound bravery to the test when Anna's outlaw husband arrives with plans to plant him in an unmarked grave.
Development for A Million Ways to Die in the West began while MacFarlane and co-writers Sulkin and Wild were watching western movies during the development of Ted. Casting was done between December 2012 and March 2013. Filming began on May 6, 2013, in various locations in New Mexico including Alburquerque and Santa Fe, and it concluded on August 9 that year. Joel McNeely composed the score and Media Rights Capital, Fuzzy Door Productions, and Bluegrass Films produced the film.
The film was released on May 30, 2014, in the United States, and distributed worldwide by Universal Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with criticism directed toward the film's length and MacFarlane's performance. The film was number three at the box office during its opening weekend and grossed over $87 million worldwide against a budget of $40 million. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 7, 2014, and earned more than $15 million in home media sales.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Cameos
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Box office
5.3 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1882, in the town of Old Stump, Arizona, a cowardly sheep farmer named Albert Stark (Seth MacFarlane) is dumped by his girlfriend Louise (Amanda Seyfried) as a result of his withdrawal from a gunfight. He prepares to leave for San Francisco, believing that the frontier offers nothing for him. Meanwhile, infamous outlaw Clinch Leatherwood (Liam Neeson) robs and kills an old prospector (Matt Clark) for a gold nugget. He orders his right-hand man Lewis (Evan Jones) to escort his wife Anna (Charlize Theron) to Old Stump to lie low while he continues his banditry. Lewis and Anna arrive in Old Stump under the guise of two siblings intending to build a farm, but Lewis is arrested after shooting the Pastor's (John Aylward) son (Dylan Kenin) in a saloon. During the ensuing fight, Albert saves Anna from being crushed to death by two of the brawlers, and the two become close friends. They attend a county fair where Louise's new boyfriend, the haughty Foy (Neil Patrick Harris), challenges Albert to a shooting contest. Albert is defeated, but Anna steps in and defeats Foy. Foy mocks Albert, who angrily challenges Foy to a duel in a week's time. Anna then spends the week teaching Albert how to shoot.
During a barn dance the night before the duel, Anna slips Foy a Mickey. After leaving the dance, Albert and Anna kiss before heading home. Upon breaking out of jail and murdering the sheriff, Lewis witnesses the kiss and reports it to Clinch. On the day of the duel, Foy arrives late and goes into convulsions from the laxative he had unknowingly drunk. Albert, who has decided that Louise is not worth fighting for, once again forfeits the duel. He retires to the saloon, but Clinch arrives and demands to know who kissed his wife. When no one comes forward, Clinch shoots a nearby cowboy (Ryan Reynolds). He reveals that Anna is his wife and threatens to continue killing unless his wife's lover duels him at noon the next day. Clinch later forces Anna to reveal Albert's name and then prepares to have sex with her, but she knocks him unconscious and escapes.
Anna returns to Albert's farm, where he angrily shouts at her for lying to him. Clinch pursues Anna to the farm; Albert helps her escape, then escapes himself. While fleeing, he is captured by a tribe of Apache Indians, who threaten to burn him alive. The Indians spare him when he reveals that he can speak their language. They give him a bowl of peyote, which sends him flashing back to his birth and through painful events of his childhood before making him realize that he loves Anna. Meanwhile, Clinch recaptures Anna in town, in front of Edward's (Giovanni Ribisi) house. Albert returns to Old Stump and confronts Clinch. He wounds Clinch with a bullet poisoned with rattlesnake venom before his own gun is shot out of his hand, but he manages to stall until Clinch fatally succumbs to the poison. Louise attempts to win back Albert, but he rejects her and instead happily enters a relationship with Anna. Albert also receives a bounty for killing Clinch and uses the money to buy more sheep.
Later at the Fair, the proprietor of a racially charged shooting game called "Runaway Slave" asks who would like to take a shot. Django (Jamie Foxx) steps up and shoots the man while commenting that "people die at the fair".
Cast[edit]
Seth Macfarlane as Albert Stark, a sheepherder.
Mike Salazar as 6-year-old Albert
Charlize Theron as Anna Barnes-Leatherwood,[4] Clinch Leatherwood's wife who befriends Albert.
Liam Neeson as Clinch Leatherwood,[5] an infamous outlaw and Anna's husband.
Giovanni Ribisi as Edward,[5] Albert's best friend and Ruth's boyfriend
Neil Patrick Harris as Foy,[6] an Old Stump inhabitant and Louise's current boyfriend.
Sarah Silverman as Ruth, Edward's girlfriend and a prostitute.
Amanda Seyfried as Louise,[7] Albert's ex-girlfriend.
Christopher Hagen as George Stark, Albert's cantankerous father.
Wes Studi as Cochise[8]
Rex Linn as Sheriff/Narrator[7]
Alex Borstein as Millie, a madam at a local brothel which Ruth works at.
Ralph Garman as Dan
John Aylward as Pastor Wilson
Amick Byram as Marcus Thornton
Evan Jones as Lewis, an outlaw and Clinch Leatherwood's right-hand man.
Dylan Kenin as Pastor's Son, the son of a pastor who is killed by Lewis in the bar.
Cameos[edit]
Jamie Foxx (uncredited) as Django Freeman,[9] he appears where he shoots the owner of the "Runaway Slave" game. The scene featuring him was added after audiences in test screenings reacted poorly to the shooting gallery at the fair which features cartoon images of black slaves as targets.
Ryan Reynolds (uncredited) as cowboy killed in bar
Tait Fletcher as Cowboy #1[10]
Gilbert Gottfried as Abraham Lincoln,[11] he was seen during Albert's drug trip.
Mike Henry as smiling man in photograph
Dennis Haskins as snake oil salesman
John Michael Higgins as Dandy #1
Christopher Lloyd as Doc Brown[12]
Bill Maher as comic[13]
Ewan McGregor as a cowboy who laughed with Foy at Albert's expense at the fair.
Alec Sulkin as guy at fair
Rupert Boneham as guy in bar fight
Kaley Cuoco (uncredited, unrated version only) as a woman that Albert tries to pick up in a store.
Patrick Stewart (uncredited voice) as a sheep with long legs that was seen in Albert's drug trip.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West originated as an inside joke between MacFarlane and co-writers Sulkin and Wild,[14] while they were watching Hang 'Em High.[15] The joke evolved into "riffing on the idea of how dull, depressing, and dangerous it must have been to live in the Wild West."[14] MacFarlane, a lifelong fan of westerns, began researching the topic, using Jeff Guinn's nonfiction novel, The Last Gunfight: The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral — And How It Changed the American West as an "invaluable resource," and basis for many of the ways of dying in the film.[14] Various aspects of the film were inspired by real westerns. The decision to make Albert a sheep herder was inspired by Montana (1950) and his average, non-confrontational demeanor by 3:10 to Yuma (1957).[16] Other westerns that inspired MacFarlane and the crew during writing included Oklahoma! (1955), The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and El Dorado (1966).[16] The film was first announced on December 3, 2012, marking MacFarlane's second foray into live-action directing, after 2012's Ted.[17]
Casting[edit]
On January 30, 2013, it was announced that Charlize Theron had joined the film.[18] Theron later revealed that she "begged" for her role, as she wanted the opportunity to work in comedy.[19] On February 11, it was announced Amanda Seyfried had joined the film.[20] On March 6, it was announced Liam Neeson and Giovanni Ribisi had joined the film.[21] Neeson, who nearly always suppresses his Irish accent when acting, agreed to play the part of Clinch only on the condition that he could use his Irish accent. In an interview on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Neeson remarked that he made this demand because an episode of MacFarlane's Family Guy had previously made a joke out of the juxtaposition of Neeson playing a cowboy with an Irish accent.[22] On March 18, it was announced that Sarah Silverman was cast to play a prostitute in the film.[23] On May 10, it was announced that the film would be co-financed by Media Rights Capital and Fuzzy Door Productions, along with Bluegrass Films and distributed by Universal Studios.[24] On May 11, 2013, it was announced that Neil Patrick Harris had joined the film.[25] On May 29, 2013, MacFarlane announced that Bill Maher had joined the cast.[13] On February 21, 2014, he announced that Gilbert Gottfried had also joined the cast.[11]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography began on May 6, 2013.[26][27] Filming locations included various areas in and around Albuquerque, New Mexico,[28] also including the Santa Fe Studio in Santa Fe.[29] Principal photography ended on August 9, 2013.[30] The film shoot was difficult, as the cast and crew navigated rough weather: "everything from hailstorms to blistering heat to arctic winds and torrential rainstorms."[14]
Soundtrack[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West
Soundtrack album by Joel McNeely
Released
May 27, 2014
Recorded
2014
Genre
Film score
Length
41:20
Label
Back Lot Music
Joel McNeely film scores chronology
The Pirate Fairy
(2014) A Million Ways to Die in the West
(2014) Home
(2015)
The score was composed by Joel McNeely. The soundtrack was released by Back Lot Music on May 27, 2014.[31] The theme song "A Million Ways to Die" is performed by Alan Jackson. It was released as a single on April 29, 2014.[32] A portion of the Back to the Future theme by Alan Silvestri is used during Christopher Lloyd's cameo.[10]
Track listing
All music composed by Joel McNeely, except as noted.
No.
Title
Length
1. "A Million Ways to Die" (performed by Alan Jackson) 2:27
2. "Main Title" 2:33
3. "Missing Louise" 2:08
4. "Old Stump" 0:45
5. "Saloon Brawl" 1:50
6. "Rattlesnake Ridge" 1:28
7. "People Die at the Fair" 2:11
8. "The Shooting Lesson" 2:16
9. "The Barn Dance" 2:29
10. "If You’ve Only Got a Moustache" (composed by Stephen Foster, performed by Amick Byram) 1:31
11. "Anna and Albert" 4:19
12. "Clinch Hunts Albert" 3:41
13. "Racing the Train" 2:21
14. "Captured by Cochise" 2:07
15. "Albert Takes a Trip" 2:24
16. "The Showdown" 2:20
17. "Sheep to the Horizon" 2:00
18. "End Title Suite" 2:30
Total length: 41:20
Release[edit]
On May 16, 2014, the film had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles.[33][34] The film was later released nationwide on May 30, 2014.[35] The film was produced by Media Rights Capital, Fuzzy Door Productions, and Bluegrass Films and distributed by Universal Pictures.[36][37]
Marketing[edit]
On January 27, 2014, MacFarlane announced that he wrote a companion novel based on the film's script, which was released on March 4, 2014.[38][39] An audio-book version was also made available, narrated by Jonathan Frakes.[40] MacFarlane wrote the book on weekends during shooting for the film, partially due to boredom.[14]
Box office[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West grossed $43.1 million in North America and $43.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $86.4 million, against its $40 million budget.[3]
The film grossed $16.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing in third place at the box office behind fellow newcomer Maleficent and the previous weekend's opener X-Men: Days of Future Past.[3] This was below expectations of $26 million.[41] In its second weekend, the film dropped to number five, grossing an additional $7.3 million.[42] In its third weekend, the film dropped to number eight, grossing $3.2 million.[43] In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number 11, grossing $1.6 million.[44]
Home media[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West was released via DVD and Blu-ray on October 7, 2014.[45] The Blu-ray release contains an unrated version (135 minutes), along with the original theatrical cut (116 minutes). In the United States, the film has grossed $8,336,420 from DVD sales and $6,739,162 from Blu-ray sales, making a total of $15,075,582.[46]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West received mixed reviews from critics.[47][48] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 33% rating based on 192 reviews, with an average score of 4.9/10. The site's consensus states, "While it offers a few laughs and boasts a talented cast, Seth MacFarlane's overlong, aimless A Million Ways to Die in the West is a disappointingly scattershot affair."[49] Another review aggregation website, Metacritic, gave a score of 44 out of 100, based on reviews from 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[47] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale; opening weekend demographics were 55% male and 72% over 25 years of age.[50]
Claudia Puig's review in USA Today was largely positive, writing, "A Western with a contemporary sensibility and dialogue that sounds markedly modern, A Million Ways to Die in the West is quintessential MacFarlane, at once silly and witty, juvenile and clever."[51] Stephen Holden's review in The New York Times was mainly neutral, calling the film "a live-action spinoff of [Family Guy], with different characters."[52] "While the whole thing feels weirdly miscalculated to me, A Million Ways to Die in the West tweaks the formula just enough, delivers a few laughs and keeps the guest stars coming," wrote Salon columnist Andrew O'Hehir.[53] Rafer Guzman of Newsday found the film amusing, calling it "another example of MacFarlane's ability to mix poop jokes with romance, foul language with sweet sentiment, offensive humor with boyish charm."[54]
Scott Mendelson of Forbes commended MacFarlane's decision to make an unconventional western comedy, but summarized the film as "just ambitious enough for that to be genuinely disappointing."[55] Michael O'Sullivan at The Washington Post was mixed, deeming the film a "broad, wildly hit-or-miss satire," remarking that he found few of the jokes in the film funny.[56] "Spiritually, it's closer to a mid-range crowd-pleaser such as City Slickers than Blazing Saddles, too enamoured of genre convention to reach for the comic dynamite," wrote Mike McCahill at The Guardian.[57]
Much of the film's criticism was directed towards its writing, running time, and MacFarlane's debut live-action performance. Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune criticized MacFarlane's acting and direction as: "A failure of craft. He can't direct action, or even handle scenery well. He can't set up a visual joke properly without resorting to head-butting and bone-crunching, and he doesn't know how, or when, to move his camera. He's not good enough as a romantic lead to anchor a picture."[58] Richard Corliss of Time called the film a "sagebrush comedy whose visual grandeur and appealing actors get polluted by some astonishingly lazy writing."[59] Scott Foundas of Variety found the film "overlong and uninspired," criticizing the film's "lazy writing," and MacFarlane's "surprisingly bland" comic performance.[60]
Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film one star, commenting, "There are enough laughs scattered throughout A Million Ways to Die in the West that while you're watching it, the movie seems like a passable comedy. By the time you get home, though, you can barely remember the jokes."[61] John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film's running time: "Though the film is hardly laugh-free, its uneven jokes appear to have breezed through a very forgiving editing process."[62] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal too found the film's length "exhausting," noting, "Some of it sputters, settling for smiles instead of laughs, and much of it flounders while the slapdash script searches [...] for ever more common denominators in toilet humor."[63]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref
People's Choice Award January 7, 2015 Favorite Comedic Movie Actress Charlize Theron Nominated [64]
International Film Music Critics Association Award February 19, 2015 Best Original Score for a Comedy Film Joel McNeely Nominated [65]
Golden Raspberry Awards February 21, 2015 Worst Actor Seth MacFarlane Nominated [66]
Worst Actress Charlize Theron Nominated
Worst Director Seth MacFarlane Nominated
Worst Screen Combo Seth MacFarlane and Charlize Theron Nominated
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "A Million Ways to Die in the West Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 2014-07-20.
Jump up ^ "A Million Ways to Die in The West – Summary". The Numbers. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Million Ways to Die in the West Reviews". CBS Interactive Metacritic. Retrieved 2014-05-30.
Jump up ^ Faughnder, Ryan (May 29, 2014). "'Maleficent' likely to curse 'A Million Ways to Die in the West'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 12, 2014. both be hampered by mixed reviews from critics
Jump up ^ "A Million Ways to Die in the West". Flixster Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
Jump up ^ Ray Subers (June 1, 2014). "Weekend Report: 'Maleficent' Casts Box Office Spell, 'Million Ways' Dies". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Claudia Puig (May 29, 2014). "'A Million Ways to Die' (laughing) in the West". USA Today. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Stephen Holden (May 29, 2014). "A Frontier Farce From the Guy Behind 'Family Guy'". The New York Times. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Andrew O'Hehir (May 29, 2014). ""A Million Ways to Die in the West": How Seth MacFarlane became the new Adam Sandler". Salon. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rafer Guzman (May 28, 2014). "'A Million Ways to Die in the West' review: Crass but funny". Newsday. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson (May 29, 2014). "Review: Seth MacFarlane's 'A Million Ways To Die In The West' Shoots Blanks". Forbes. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Michael O’Sullivan (May 29, 2014). "'A Million Ways to Die in the West' movie review". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mike McCahill (May 29, 2014). "A Million Ways to Die in the West review – more City Slickers than Blazing Saddles". The Guardian. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Michael Phillips (May 29, 2014). "Review: 'A Million Ways to Die in the West' 1/2 star". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Richard Corliss (May 28, 2014). "REVIEW: A Million Ways to Die in the West, but Few Ways to Laugh". Time. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Scott Foundas (May 28, 2014). "Film Review: 'A Million Ways to Die in the West'". Variety. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rene Rodriguez (May 29, 2014). "'A Million Ways to Die in the West'". Miami Herald. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ John DeFore (May 28, 2014). "'A Million Ways to Die in the West': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Joe Morgensternn (May 29, 2014). "'We Are the Best!': Delicious Discord in the Key of Life". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Toomey, Alyssa (November 4, 2014). "Jennifer Lawrence, Shailene Woodley and Robert Downey Jr. Among People's Choice Nominees, Plus Find Out Who's Hosting!". E! Online. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "IFMCA: the International Film Music Critics Association » IFMCA Winners 2014". Filmmusiccritics.org. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "RAZZIES® Celebrate 35 Years of Worst Achievements in Film with Inclusive Nominee List ...and New "Redeemer" Award". Golden Raspberry Award Foundation. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: A Million Ways to Die in the West
A Million Ways to Die in the West at Universal Studios website
A Million Ways to Die in the West on IMDb
A Million Ways to Die in the West at Box Office Mojo
A Million Ways to Die in the West at Rotten Tomatoes
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text:
Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City" is a 1974 R&B song, written by Michael Price and Dan Walsh, and first recorded by Bobby Bland for the ABC Dunhill album Dreamer. While Bland scored a minor hit with the song, landing in the top ten of the R&B charts,[1] it is perhaps best known through cover versions and samples. While it is ostensibly a love song, some critics have also heard it as a lament on urban poverty and hopelessness; the cover version by reggae singer Al Brown even changes most of the lyrics to magnify this emphasis.[1] The song is featured on the soundtracks to the 2009 film Fighting and the 2011 crime drama The Lincoln Lawyer.[2]
Covers and samples[edit]
"Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City"
Single by Whitesnake
from the album Live...in the Heart of the City and Snakebite EP
B-side
"Take Me With You" (Live)
Released
1978 (studio version)
1980 (live version)
Format
Vinyl LP
Recorded
April 7–13, 1978 (studio version)
November 23, 1978 (live version)
Genre
Hard rock, blues-rock
Length
5:07 (studio)
8:18 (live)
Label
United Artists, Geffen, EMI (studio)
Liberty, Sunburst (live)
Songwriter(s)
Michael Price
Dan Walsh
Producer(s)
Martin Birch(both versions)
Whitesnake singles chronology
"Ready an' Willing"
(1980) "Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City"
(1978) "Don't Break My Heart Again"
(1981)
"Ready an' Willing"
(1980) "Ain't No Love In The Heart Of The City"
(1978)(1980) "Don't Break My Heart Again"
(1981)
A well-known cover of the song is by the hard rock band Whitesnake, who included it on their 1978 debut EP, Snakebite, and again as a live recording on Live...in the Heart of the City. The cover was the new band's first hit, and it became a staple of their live set.
For his 2001 album The Blueprint, rapper Jay-Z recorded the song "Heart of the City (Ain't No Love)," a Kanye West-produced track built around a sample of Bobby Bland's chartmaking rendition. Jay-Z's song was used in the trailer for the 2007 film American Gangster, in a 2011 Chrysler commercial, as the theme song for the CBS series NYC 22 and a Crown Royal commercial in 2013.
The song is featured in the 2009 video game DJ Hero, in "mashed-up" form.
Other notable cover versions have been recorded by:
Allman Brothers (Blues, 2009 live recording)
Mick Abrahams (rock, 1996)
Long John Baldry (blues, 1977)
Maggie Bell (rock, 2004, live recording)
Herman Brood (rock, Bühnensucht, live recording)
Al Brown (reggae, mid-1970s)
Joe Budden (Rap, 2007)
Cafe Jacques - on the album Round the Back' (rock, 1977)
Paul Carrack (Blue-Eyed Soul, Pop/Rock, 2008)
Willie Clayton (R&B, 1998, as "Heart of the City")[3]
Mary Coughlan (jazz, 2002)
Chris Farlowe (R&B, 1985)
Crystal Gayle (country, 1980)
Jorn Lande (hard rock, The Snakes live in Europe 1998)
Nicky Moore (blues rock, 2009)
Ruthless Blues (blues, 1989)
Barrett Strong (R&B, 1976)
Grady Tate (jazz, 1977)
Kate Taylor (rock, 1979)
Joey Tempest (rock/metal, 2003)
DJ Andrew Unknown & DJ Mekalek (hip hop/rap (intro), 2002)
Vaya Con Dios (rock, 2004)
Paul Weller (rock, 1998)
YTcracker (From the "STC Is the Greatest" album, track #16, "spamcity", 2004)
The Good Earth (pop/rock, 1994)
Lukas Graham (Blue-Eyed Soul, 2012 as ″Daddy, Now That You're Gone (Ain't No Love)″)
Jay Z (on the album The Blueprint, as ″Heart of City (Ain't No Love)″)
GRiZ (sampled on the song "Where's The Love" on the album Mad Liberation, 2012)
Jo Harman And Company (blues, on the album Live At The Royal Albert Hall Recorded 2013, released 2014)
Walter "Wolfman" Washington (New Orleans R&B, on 1991 album Sada)
Supersonic Blues Machine (On the album "West of flushing south of frisco" 2016)
Shane Pacey Trio (On album, "Helios" 2016)
Zeshan B (On album, "Vetted" 2017)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Jo-Ann Greene (2001-08-14). "Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City - Al Brown : Listen, Appearances, Song Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
Jump up ^ "The Lincoln Lawyer (Soundtrack)". Blogs.indiewire.com. Archived from the original on 2011-04-07. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Andrew (1998-06-02). "Something to Talk About - Willie Clayton : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
[show]
v
t
e
Bobby Bland
Studio albums
Two Steps from the Blues
Here's the Man!
Live albums
Together for the First Time... Live
Bobby Bland and B. B. King Together Again...Live
Singles
"Farther Up the Road"
"I'll Take Care of You"
"I Pity the Fool"
"St. James Infirmary Blues"
"Turn On Your Love Light"
"Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)"
"That's the Way Love Is"
"Goin' Down Slow"
"Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City"
[show]
v
t
e
Whitesnake
David Coverdale
Tommy Aldridge
Reb Beach
Joel Hoekstra
Michael Devin
Michele Luppi
Studio albums
Trouble
Lovehunter
Ready an' Willing
Come an' Get It
Saints & Sinners
Slide It In
Whitesnake
Slip of the Tongue
Restless Heart
Good to Be Bad
Forevermore
The Purple Album
Live albums
Live... in the Heart of the City
Starkers in Tokyo
Live... In the Still of the Night
Live... in the Shadow of the Blues
Live at Donington 1990
Made in Japan
Compilations
Greatest Hits
The Best of Whitesnake
The Silver Anniversary Collection
Best of Whitesnake
The Early Years
The Definitive Collection
Boxsets
30th Anniversary Collection
Extended plays
Snakebite
1987 Versions
Singles
"Day Tripper"
"Long Way from Home"
"Fool for Your Loving"
"Ready an' Willing"
"Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City"
"Don't Break My Heart Again"
"Here I Go Again"
"Guilty of Love"
"Love Ain't No Stranger"
"Slow an' Easy"
"Still of the Night"
"Crying in the Rain '87"
"Here I Go Again '87"
"Is This Love"
"Give Me All Your Love"
"Fool For Your Loving '89"
"The Deeper the Love"
"Now You're Gone"
"Soldier of Fortune"
Videos albums
Starkers in Tokyo
Live... in the Still of the Night
Live at Donington 1990
Made in Japan
David Coverdale solo albums
White Snake
Northwinds
Into the Light
Former members
Guitarists
Micky Moody
Bernie Marsden
Mel Galley
John Sykes
Vivian Campbell
Adrian Vandenberg
Steve Vai
Warren DeMartini
Doug Aldrich
Bassists
Neil Murray
Colin Hodgkinson
Rudy Sarzo
Guy Pratt
Tony Franklin
Marco Mendoza
Uriah Duffy
Keyboardists
Peter Solley
Jon Lord
Paul Mirkovich
Brett Tuggle
Timothy Drury
Drummers
Dave Dowle
Ian Paice
Cozy Powell
Aynsley Dunbar
Denny Carmassi
Chris Frazier
Brian Tichy
Related articles
Band members
Discography
Coverdale•Page
Deep Purple
Blue Murder
Paice Ashton Lord
Manic Eden
The Snakes
The Company of Snakes
Martin Birch
Devil City Angels
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_No_Love_in_the_Heart_of_the_City&oldid=796178114"
Categories:
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Rhythm and blues ballads
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values: Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City – Italian

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