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Marni Nixon
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Marni Nixon
Nixon at the Metropolitan Room, New York City (2009)
Born
Margaret Nixon McEathron
(1930-02-22)February 22, 1930
Altadena, California, U.S.
Died
July 24, 2016(2016-07-24) (aged 86)
New York, New York
Occupation
Singer, actress
Spouse(s)
Ernest Gold (m. 1950; div. 1969)
Lajos Fenster
(m. 1971; div. 1975)
Albert Block
(m. 1983; d. 2015)
Children
3, including Andrew Gold
Website
www.marninixon.org
Margaret Nixon McEathron (February 22, 1930 – July 24, 2016), known professionally as Marni Nixon, was an American soprano and ghost singer for featured actresses in movie musicals. She is now well-known as the real singing voices of the leading actresses in films, including The King and I, West Side Story, and My Fair Lady, although this was concealed at the time from audiences.[1]
Besides her voice work in films, Nixon's varied career included some film roles of her own, television, opera, musicals on Broadway and elsewhere throughout the United States, concerts with major symphony orchestras, and recordings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Early films and musicals
2.2 Later work
3 Personal life and death
4 Honors
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
6 References
7 Sources
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Born in Altadena, California to Charles Nixon and Margaret Elsa (née Wittke) McEathron, Nixon was a child film actress who also played the violin and began singing at an early age in choruses, including performing solos with the Roger Wagner Chorale.[1][2] She went on to study singing and opera with, among others, Vera Schwarz, Carl Ebert, Boris Goldovsky and Sarah Caldwell.[1] In 1947, having adopted the stage name Marni Nixon, she made her Hollywood Bowl solo debut in Carmina Burana with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under conductor Leopold Stokowski.[3]
Career[edit]
Early films and musicals[edit]
Nixon's career in film started in 1948 when she sang the voices of the angels heard by Ingrid Bergman in Joan of Arc (1948). The same year, she did her first dubbing work when she provided Margaret O'Brien's singing voice in 1948's Big City and then 1949's The Secret Garden. She sang for Jeanne Crain in Cheaper by the Dozen (1950) and dubbed Marilyn Monroe's high notes in "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). Also in 1953, she sang for Ida Lupino in Jennifer. Nixon appeared on Broadway in 1954 in The Girl in Pink Tights.[1][4]
In 1956, she worked closely with Deborah Kerr to supply the star's singing voice for the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I and the next year she again worked with Kerr to dub her voice in An Affair to Remember.[1] That year, she also sang for Sophia Loren in Boy on a Dolphin. In 1960, she dubbed Janet Leigh's voice in Pepe[1] and had an on-screen chorus role in Can-Can.[5] In 1961's West Side Story, the studio kept her work on the film (as the singing voice of Natalie Wood's Maria) a secret from the actress,[6][7] and Nixon also dubbed Rita Moreno's singing in the film's "Tonight" quintet. She asked the film's producers for, but did not receive, any direct royalties from her work on the film, but Leonard Bernstein contractually gave her 1/4 of one percent of his personal royalties from it.[8] In 1962, she also sang Wood's high notes in Gypsy.[5][9] For My Fair Lady in 1964, she again worked with the female lead of the film, Audrey Hepburn, to perform the songs of Hepburn's character Eliza.[6] Because of her uncredited dubbing work in these films, Time magazine called her "The Ghostess with the Mostest".[10][11]
Nixon made guest appearances with Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts, including in 1960, singing "Improvisation sur Mallarmé I" from Pli selon pli by Pierre Boulez,[2] and on April 9, 1961, in a program entitled "Folk Music in the Concert Hall", singing three "Songs of the Auvergne" by Joseph Canteloube.[12] Before My Fair Lady was released in theatres in 1964, Nixon played Eliza in a revival of the musical at New York City Center.[5] Nixon's first onscreen appearance was as Sister Sophia in the 1965 film The Sound of Music. In the DVD commentary to the film, director Robert Wise comments that audiences were finally able to see the woman whose voice they knew so well.[13] In 1967, she was the singing voice of Princess Serena in a live action and animated version of Jack and the Beanstalk on NBC. Especially in the 1960s, but also earlier and later, Nixon made concert appearances, specializing in contemporary music as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic, and gave recitals at Carnegie Hall, Alice Tully Hall and Town Hall in New York City.[1][14]
Later work[edit]
Nixon taught at the California Institute of the Arts in Santa Clarita from 1969 to 1971 and joined the faculty of the Music Academy of the West, Santa Barbara, in 1980, where she taught for many years.[15] In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she hosted a children's television show in Seattle on KOMO-TV channel 4 called Boomerang, winning four Emmy Awards as best actress, and made numerous other television appearances on variety shows and as a guest star in prime time series.[16] Nixon's opera repertory included Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos, Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro, both Blonde and Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Violetta in La traviata, the title role in La Périchole and Philine in Mignon. Her opera credits included performances at Los Angeles Opera, Seattle Opera,[8] San Francisco Opera and the Tanglewood Music Festival among others.[5] In addition to giving recitals, she appeared as an oratorio and concert soloist with the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra among others.[15][16]
Nixon also toured with Liberace and Victor Borge and later in her own cabaret shows.[1][2] On stage, in 1984, she originated the role of Edna Off-Broadway in Taking My Turn, composed by Gary William Friedman, receiving a nomination for a Drama Desk Award. She also originated the role of Sadie McKibben in Opal (1992), and she had a 1997 film role as Aunt Alice in I Think I Do.[4][16][17] Under her own name, beginning in the 1980s, Nixon recorded songs by Jerome Kern, George Gershwin and various classical composers.[1][2] She was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Classical Performance, Vocal Soloist, one for her Schönberg album and one for her Copland album.[16]
In the 1998 Disney film Mulan, Nixon was the singing voice of "Grandmother Fa". She then returned to the stage, touring the United States as Fraulein Schneider in Cabaret in 1997–1998.[16] She eventually sang on more than 50 soundtracks.[3] In 1999, she originated the role of Mrs. Wilson in the premiere of Ballymore, an opera by Richard Wargo at Skylight Opera Theatre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which was taped for PBS.[18] In regional theatre and Off-Broadway, she played Nurse in Romeo and Juliet and appeared in productions of The King and I and The Sound of Music.[14] She also continued to teach voice and judge vocal competitions.[16][18]
In 2000, after nearly a half century away, she returned to Broadway as Aunt Kate in James Joyce's The Dead.[4][14] In 2001, Nixon replaced Joan Roberts as Heidi Schiller in the Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim's Follies.[1] She played Eunice Miller in 70, Girls, 70 in a 2002 production in Los Angeles.[14] In 2003, she was again on Broadway as a replacement in role of Guido's mother in the revival of Nine.[19] Nixon appeared as Frau Direktor Kirschner in the 2009 Encores! production of the musical Music in the Air at New York City Center.[20] Her autobiography, I Could Have Sung All Night, was published in 2006.[8] She performed in the 2008 North American Tour of Cameron Mackintosh's UK revival of My Fair Lady in the role of Mrs. Higgins.[21][22]
Personal life and death[edit]
In 1950, Nixon married the first of her three husbands, Ernest Gold, who composed the theme song to the movie Exodus. They had three children, including singer/songwriter Andrew Gold.[23] They divorced in 1969. She was married to Dr. Lajos "Fritz" Fenster from 1971 to 1975, and to woodwind player Albert Block from 1983 to his death in 2015.[8][14][24]
Nixon survived breast cancer in 1985 and 2000 but finally succumbed to the disease. She died on July 24, 2016, in New York, aged 86.[1][3]
Honors[edit]
On October 27, 2008, Nixon was presented with the Singer Symposium's Distinguished Artist Award in New York City.[16] She was also an honorary member of Sigma Alpha Iota International Women's Music Fraternity.[25]
In 2012, Nixon was the recipient of the George Peabody Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Music.[citation needed]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1942 The Bashful Bachelor Angela Abernathy
1950 Cinderella Narrator (vocals) Song: "Cinderella" (uncredited)[citation needed]
1951 Alice in Wonderland Singing Flowers (vocals) Uncredited[citation needed]
1953 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes Lorelei Lee (vocals) Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend [high notes] (uncredited)
1956 The King and I Anna Leonowens (vocals) 4 songs (uncredited)[citation needed]
1956 Dance with Me, Henry Vocals Song: "Libiamo ne' lieti calici"
1957 An Affair to Remember Terry McKay (vocals) 3 songs (uncredited)[citation needed]
1961 West Side Story Maria Nunez (vocals) 7 songs (uncredited)[citation needed]
1964 Mary Poppins Geese (vocals) Uncredited[citation needed]
1964 My Fair Lady Eliza Doolittle (vocals) 10 songs (uncredited)[citation needed]
1965 The Sound of Music Sister Sophia (vocals) Song: "Maria"
1997 I Think I Do Aunt Alice
1998 Mulan Grandmother Fa (vocals) Song: "Honor to Us All" (uncredited)[citation needed]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1967 Jack and the Beanstalk Princess Serena (vocals) Movie; various songs
1969 The Mothers-in-Law Herself Episode: "The Not-So-Grand Opera"
1984 Taking My Turn Edna Movie
2001 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Edna Dumas Episode: "Redemption"
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Fox, Margalit."Marni Nixon, the Singing Voice Behind the Screen, Dies at 86", The New York Times, July 25, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ivri, Benjamin. "Remembering Marni Nixon, the Greatest Ghost Singer", The Forward, July 26, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c Savage, Mark. "Marni Nixon: Hollywood's 'invisible voice' dies aged 86", BBC News, July 25, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c Marni Nixon, Internet Broadway Database, accessed July 26, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ruhlmann, William. "About Marni Nixon", MTV, accessed November 24, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Lawson, Kyle. "6/17-22: Marni Nixon in My Fair Lady", AZCentral.com, June 10, 2008, accessed December 23, 2011
Jump up ^ Prial, Frank J. "Voice of the Many, but Rarely Herself", The New York Times, March 6, 2007, accessed December 23, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bargreen, Melonda. "From shadows to spotlight: Acclaimed soprano Marni Nixon, 76, writes her memoir", The Seattle Times, November 3, 2006, accessed July 19, 2017
Jump up ^ Miller, Frank. 198696&name=Gypsy Gypsy[permanent dead link], TCM.com, accessed November 24, 2014
Jump up ^ "Hollywood: Instant Voice", Time magazine, February 7, 1964
Jump up ^ Lunden, Jeff. "'Ghost' Soprano Marni Nixon, Who Voiced Blockbuster Musicals, Dies at 86", NPR.org, July 25, 2016
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Leonard. Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts. Amadeus Press (1962), pp. 349–350 ISBN 1-57467-102-2
Jump up ^ Kenrick, John. "Musicals on DVD 8", Musicals101.com, John Kenrick, 2007, accessed November 30, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Marni Nixon Biography (1930–)", Film Reference.com, accessed November 24, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Bernheimer: "Marni Nixon", Grove Music Online
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "The Singer Symposium 2008 Distinguished Artist Award", Singer Symposium, October 25, 2008, accessed February 20, 2013
Jump up ^ Taking My Turn Archived October 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., Lortel Archives, accessed January 28, 20143
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Kenneth. "Marni Nixon Warms Up in Milwaukee for Friel-Based Opera Ballymore, Jan. 29 – Feb 14" Archived December 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., Playbill, January 29, 1999, accessed February 20, 2013
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Ernio. "Voice of "My Fair Lady" and " West Side Story" Joins Nine on Broadway, Oct. 7" Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Playbill, September 15, 2003, accessed December 23, 2011
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben. "Inside the Big, Bad City, Temptations by the Score", The New York Times, February 6, 2009
Jump up ^ Zeka, Rita "Eliza Doolittle and love of hats bring actors together", Toronto Star, May 24, 2008, accessed December 23, 2011
Jump up ^ "My Fair Lady (Cast Biographies)", Center Theatre Group, 2008, accessed December 23, 2011
Jump up ^ Leigh, Spencer. "Andrew Gold: Musician and songwriter whose collaborators included Ronstadt, Garfunkel and Cher", The Independent, June 8, 2011, accessed July 26, 2016
Jump up ^ "Albert Block", Riverside Memorial Chapel, August 17, 2015, accessed March 13, 2016
Jump up ^ "Honorary Member" Archived January 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Sai-national.org, accessed July 25, 2016
Sources[edit]
Nixon, Marni, with Cole, Stephen. I Could Have Sung All Night: My Story. New York, Billboard Books. 2006; ISBN 0-8230-8365-9.
Martin Bernheimer: "Marni Nixon", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy; accessed September 22, 2008 (see here (subscription access))
External links[edit]
Official website
Marni Nixon on IMDb
Marni Nixon at the Internet Broadway Database
Works by Marni Nixon at Open Library
Marni Nixon at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Extensive Nixon biography and photos
Interview with Marni Nixon by Bruce Duffie, June 10, 1987
Nixon singing with Leonard Bernstein on television in 1961
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 34649765
LCCN: n83070039
ISNI: 0000 0000 8113 8386
GND: 132869810
BNF: cb139566546 (data)
MusicBrainz: 4bc4aee5-3f5f-4af9-bce1-d89064ce2bcc
SNAC: w6vj8d1j
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marni_Nixon&oldid=832734955"
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text:
Small intestine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Small Intestine
Diagram showing the small intestine and surrounding structures
Details
System
Digestive system
Artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Vein
Hepatic portal vein
Nerve
Celiac ganglia, vagus[1]
Lymph
Intestinal lymph trunk
Identifiers
Latin
Intestinum tenue
MeSH
D007421
TA
A05.6.01.001
FMA
7200
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins. It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct, controlled by the sphincter of Oddi. The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food, using small finger-like protrusions called villi.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Size
1.2 Parts
1.3 Blood supply
1.4 Histology
1.5 Development
2 Function
2.1 Digestion
2.2 Absorption
2.3 Immunological
3 Gene and protein expression
4 Clinical significance
5 Other animals
6 Society and culture
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Structure[edit]
Size[edit]
The length of the small intestine can vary greatly, from as short as 2.75 m (9.0 ft) to as long as 10.49 m (34.4 ft).[3] The average length in a living person is 3m-5m.[4][5] The length depends both on how tall the person is and how the length is measured.[3] Taller people generally have a longer small intestine and measurements are generally longer after death and when the bowel is empty.[3]
It is approximately 1.5 cm in diameter in newborns after 35 weeks of gestational age,[6] and 2.5–3 cm (1 inch) in diameter in adults. On abdominal X-rays, the small intestine is considered to be abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds 3 cm.[7][8] On CT scans, a diameter of over 2.5 cm is considered abnormally dilated.[7][9] The surface area of the human small intestinal mucosa, due to enlargement caused by folds, villi and microvilli, averages 30 square meters.[10]
Parts[edit]
The small intestine is divided into three structural parts.
The duodenum is a short structure ranging from 20 cm (7.9 inches) to 25 cm (9.8 inches) in length, and shaped like a "C".[11] It surrounds the head of the pancreas. It receives gastric chyme from the stomach, together with digestive juices from the pancreas (digestive enzymes) and the liver (bile). The digestive enzymes break down proteins and bile emulsifies fats into micelles. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands, which produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate. These secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralize the stomach acids contained in gastric chyme.
The jejunum is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum to the ileum. It is about 2.5 m long, and contains the plicae circulares, and villi that increase its surface area. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here. The suspensory muscle of duodenum marks the division between the duodenum and the jejunum.
The ileum: The final section of the small intestine. It is about 3 m long, and contains villi similar to the jejunum. It absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids, as well as any other remaining nutrients. The ileum joins to the cecum of the large intestine at the ileocecal junction.
The jejunum and ileum are suspended in the abdominal cavity by mesentery. The mesentery is part of the peritoneum. Arteries, veins, lymph vessels and nerves travel within the mesentery.[12]
Blood supply[edit]
The small intestine receives a blood supply from the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery. These are both branches of the aorta. The duodenum receives blood from the coeliac trunk via the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and from the superior mesenteric artery via the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. These two arteries both have anterior and posterior branches that meet in the midline and anastomose. The jejunum and ileum receive blood from the superior mesenteric artery.[13] Branches of the superior mesenteric artery form a series of arches within the mesentery known as arterial arcades, which may be several layers deep. Straight blood vessels known as vasa recta travel from the arcades closest to the ileum and jejunum to the organs themselves.[13]
Histology[edit]
Main article: Gastrointestinal wall
Micrograph of the small intestine mucosa showing the intestinal villi and crypts of Lieberkühn.
The three sections of the small intestine look similar to each other at a microscopic level, but there are some important differences. The parts of the intestine are as follows:
Layer
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Serosa 1st part serosa, 2nd–4th adventitia Normal Normal
Muscularis externa Longitudinal and circular layers, with Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus in between Same as duodenum Same as duodenum
Submucosa Brunner's glands and Meissner's (submucosal) plexus No BG No BG
Mucosa: muscularis mucosae Normal Normal Normal
Mucosa: lamina propria No PP No PP Peyer's patches
Mucosa: intestinal epithelium Simple columnar. Contains goblet cells, Paneth cells Similar to duodenum ?
Development[edit]
See also: Development of the digestive system
The small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube.[14] By the fifth week of embryological life, the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate, forming a U-shaped fold called the primary intestinal loop. The loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the umbilicus. By week 10, the loop retracts back into the abdomen. Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise, as viewed from the front of the embryo. It rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen. This process creates the twisted shape of the large intestine.[14]
Function[edit]
Food from the stomach is allowed into the duodenum through the pylorus by a muscle called the pyloric sphincter.
Digestion[edit]
The small intestine is where most chemical digestion takes place. Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder enter the small intestine in response to the hormone cholecystokinin, which is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of nutrients. Secretin, another hormone produced in the small intestine, causes additional effects on the pancreas, where it promotes the release of bicarbonate into the duodenum in order to neutralize the potentially harmful acid coming from the stomach.
The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins, lipids (fats) and carbohydrates:
Proteins are degraded into small peptides and amino acids before absorption.[15] Chemical breakdown begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine. Proteolytic enzymes, including trypsin and chymotrypsin, are secreted by the pancreas and cleave proteins into smaller peptides. Carboxypeptidase, which is a pancreatic brush border enzyme, splits one amino acid at a time. Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase free the end amino acid products.
Lipids (fats) are degraded into fatty acids and glycerol. Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Pancreatic lipase works with the help of the salts from the bile secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Bile salts attach to triglycerides to help emulsify them, which aids access by pancreatic lipase. This occurs because the lipase is water-soluble but the fatty triglycerides are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards each other and away from the watery intestinal surroundings. The bile salts emulsify the triglycerides in the watery surroundings until the lipase can break them into the smaller components that are able to enter the villi for absorption.
Some carbohydrates are degraded into simple sugars, or monosaccharides (e.g., glucose). Pancreatic amylase breaks down some carbohydrates (notably starch) into oligosaccharides. Other carbohydrates pass undigested into the large intestine and further handling by intestinal bacteria. Brush border enzymes take over from there. The most important brush border enzymes are dextrinase and glucoamylase, which further break down oligosaccharides. Other brush border enzymes are maltase, sucrase and lactase. Lactase is absent in some adult humans and, for them, lactose (a disaccharide), as well as most polysaccharides, is not digested in the small intestine. Some carbohydrates, such as cellulose, are not digested at all, despite being made of multiple glucose units. This is because the cellulose is made out of beta-glucose, making the inter-monosaccharidal bindings different from the ones present in starch, which consists of alpha-glucose. Humans lack the enzyme for splitting the beta-glucose-bonds, something reserved for herbivores and bacteria from the large intestine.
Absorption[edit]
Digested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport. The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. The inner wall, or mucosa, of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue. Structurally, the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares, which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ. They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction. From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger-like pieces of tissue called villi (Latin for "shaggy hair"). The individual epithelial cells also have finger-like projections known as microvilli. The functions of the plicae circulares, the villi, and the microvilli are to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients, and to limit the loss of said nutrients to intestinal fauna.
Each villus has a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface. The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries (amino acids and carbohydrates) and lacteals (lipids). The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by our body. The material that remains undigested and unabsorbed passes into the large intestine.
Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum, with the following notable exceptions:
Iron is absorbed in the duodenum.
Vitamin B12 and bile salts are absorbed in the terminal ileum.
Water is absorbed by osmosis and lipids by passive diffusion throughout the small intestine.
Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by active transport and glucose and amino acid co-transport
Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion.
Immunological[edit]
The small intestine supports the body's immune system.[16] The presence of gut flora appears to contribute positively to the host's immune system. Peyer's patches, located within the ileum of the small intestine, are an important part of the digestive tract's local immune system. They are part of the lymphatic system, and provide a site for antigens from potentially harmful bacteria or other microorganisms in the digestive tract to be sampled, and subsequently presented to the immune system.[17]
Gene and protein expression[edit]
Further information: Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal duodenum.[18][19] Some 300 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the duodenum with very few genes expressed only in the small intestine. The corresponding specific proteins are expressed in glandular cells of the mucosa, such as fatty acid binding protein FABP6. Most of the more specifically expressed genes in the small intestine are also expressed in the duodenum, for example FABP2 and the DEFA6 protein expressed in secretory granules of Paneth cells.[20]
Clinical significance[edit]
See also: Gastrointestinal disease
The small intestine is a complex organ, and as such, there are a very large number of possible conditions that may affect the function of the small bowel. A few of them are listed below, some of which are common, with up to 10% of people being affected at some time in their lives, while others are vanishingly rare.
Small intestine obstruction or obstructive disorders
Meconium ileus
Paralytic ileus
Volvulus
Hernia
Intussusception
Adhesions
Obstruction from external pressure
Obstruction by masses in the lumen (foreign bodies, bezoar, gallstones)
Infectious diseases
Giardiasis
Ascariasis
Tropical sprue
Tape worm (Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium, Hymenolepsis nana)
Hookworm (e.g. Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale)
Nematodes (e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides)
Other Protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora, Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica)
Bacterial infections
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Salmonella enterica
Campylobacter
Shigella
Yersinia
Clostridium difficile (antibiotic-associated colitis, Pseudomembranous colitis)
Mycobacterium (Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Whipple's disease
Vibrio (cholera)
Enteric (typhoid) fever (Salmonella enterica var. typhii) and paratyphoid fever
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)
Viral infections
Rotavirus
Norovirus
Astrovirus
Adenovirus
Calicivirus
Neoplasms (cancers)
Adenocarcinoma
Carcinoid
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Leiomyoma
Metastatic tumors, especially SCLC or melanoma
Developmental, congenital or genetic conditions
Duodenal (intestinal) atresia
Hirschsprung's disease
Meckel's diverticulum
Pyloric stenosis
Pancreas divisum
Ectopic pancreas
Enteric duplication cyst
Situs inversus
Cystic fibrosis
Malrotation
Persistent urachus
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Disaccharidase (lactase) deficiencies
Primary bile acid malabsorption
Gardner syndrome
Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAP)
Other conditions
Crohn's disease, and the more general inflammatory bowel disease
Typhlitis (neutropenic colitis in the immunosuppressed
Coeliac disease (sprue or non-tropical sprue)
Mesenteric ischemia
Embolus or thrombus of the superior mesenteric artery or the superior mesenteric vein
Arteriovenous malformation
Gastric dumping syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome
Duodenal (peptic) ulcers
Gastrointestinal perforation
Hyperthyroidism
Diverticulitis
Radiation enterocolitis
Mesenteric cysts
Peritoneal Infection
Sclerosing retroperitonitis
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Endometriosis
Other animals[edit]
The small intestine is found in all tetrapods and also in teleosts, although its form and length vary enormously between species. In teleosts, it is relatively short, typically around one and a half times the length of the fish's body. It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca, small pouch-like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food. There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts, with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epitheliu [21]
In tetrapods, the ileocaecal valve is always present, opening into the colon. The length of the small intestine is typically longer in tetrapods than in teleosts, but is especially so in herbivores, as well as in mammals and birds, which have a higher metabolic rate than amphibians or reptiles. The lining of the small intestine includes microscopic folds to increase its surface area in all vertebrates, but only in mammals do these develop into true villi.[21]
The boundaries between the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are somewhat vague even in humans, and such distinctions are either ignored when discussing the anatomy of other animals, or are essentially arbitrary.[21]
There is no small intestine as such in non-teleost fish, such as sharks, sturgeons, and lungfish. Instead, the digestive part of the gut forms a spiral intestine, connecting the stomach to the rectum. In this type of gut, the intestine itself is relatively straight but has a long fold running along the inner surface in a spiral fashion, sometimes for dozens of turns. This valve greatly increases both the surface area and the effective length of the intestine. The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods.[21]
In lampreys, the spiral valve is extremely small, possibly because their diet requires little digestion. Hagfish have no spiral valve at all, with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine, which is not subdivided into different regions.[21]
Society and culture[edit]
In traditional Chinese medicine, the small intestine is a yang organ.[22]
Additional images[edit]
Small intestine in situ, greater omentum folded upwards.
Third state of the development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum, seen from in front (diagrammatic). The mode of preparation is the same as in Fig 400
Second stage of development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum, seen from in front (diagrammatic). The liver has been removed and the two layers of the ventral mesogastrium (lesser omentum) have been cut. The vessels are represented in black and the peritoneum in the reddish tint.
First stage of the development of the intestinal canal and the peritoneum, seen from the side (diagrammatic). From colon 1 the ascending and transverse colon will be formed and from colon 2 the descending and sigmoid colons and the rectum.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Small intestine.
Large intestine
Stomach
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard (2014). Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. USA: Wiley. p. 913. ISBN 978-1-118-34500-9. ..its length is about 3m in a living person and about 6.5m in a cadaver due to loss of smooth muscle tone after death.
Jump up ^ Standring, Susan (2016). Gray's Anatomy. UK: Elsevier. p. 1124. ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9. ..and has a mean length of 5 metres (3 - 8.5 metres) when measured intraoperatively in the living adult (Tietelbaum et al 2013).
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^ Jump up to: a b Schoenwolf, Gary C.; Bleyl, Steven B.; Brauer, Philip R.; Francis-West, Philippa H. (2009). "Development of the Urogenital system". Larsen's human embryology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 237. ISBN 9780443068119.
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Bibliography[edit]
Sherwood, Lauralee (2006). Fundamentals of physiology: a human perspective (Third ed.). Florence, KY: Cengage Learning. p. 768. ISBN 0-534-46697-4.
Solomon et al. (2002) Biology Sixth Edition, Brooks-Cole/Thomson Learning ISBN 0-03-033503-5
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External links[edit]
Small intestine at the Human Protein Atlas
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Last surviving United States war veterans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A photograph of Lemuel Cook (1759–1866) published in The Last Men of the Revolution, one of the last official veterans of the American Revolutionary War who enlisted in the 2nd Continental Light Dragoons, Continental Army.
This is an incomplete list of the last surviving veterans of American wars. The last surviving veteran of any particular war, upon his death, marks the end of a historic era. Exactly who is the last surviving veteran is often an issue of contention, especially with records from long-ago wars. The "last man standing" was often very young at the time of enlistment and in many cases had lied about his age to gain entry into the service, which confuses matters further.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pre U.S. independence
2 Post U.S. independence
3 See also
4 References
Pre U.S. independence[edit]
Veteran
Lifespan
Notes
French and Indian War (1754–1763)
Jonathan Benjamin 1738–1841 Also fought in American Revolutionary War. Settled in Granville, Ohio in 1802.[1]
Post U.S. independence[edit]
The book The Last Men of the Revolution was compiled by Rev. E. B. Hillard and published by N. A. & R. A. Moore in the year 1864, the book claimed to include photos and biographies of six of the last surviving Revolutionary War veterans. None of the men interviewed in the book would become the last surviving Revolutionary War veteran but the photos published in the book are some of the few surviving photos of American Revolutionary War veterans.[2]
Veteran
Lifespan
Notes
American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)
Ralph Farnham [Farnum] 1756-1860 Massachusetts. Biography:"Biographical Sketch of Ralph Farnham" by C.W. Clarence 1860
Barnabas Cochran 1758–1864 Pennsylvania Militia. Longest living verified veteran.[3]
Adam Link 1761-1864 Pennsylvania Militia. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution
Rev. Daniel Waldo 1762-1864 Connecticut Militia. Served as Chaplain of the US House of Representatives. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution
James Barham 1764-1865 Virginia State Militia. Was to have had a Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution; but was not located by author Hillard. Photograph/biography listed on Find a Grave website.[4]
Alexander Millener 1770?-1865 Enlisted under stepfathers surname as "Alexander Maroney". Claimed to have been born in 1760 and to have served in Washington's life Guard {not verified} although he did serve in New York line. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution
William Hutchings 1764-1866 Massachusetts Militia. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution
Lemuel Cook 1769-1866 2nd Continental Light Dragoons. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution
Samuel Downing 1761-1867 Served in New Hampshire Line. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution
John Gray 1764–1868 Virginia Militia. 6 months Service period was too short to qualify for pension.[5]Granted a pension in 1867.
William Taylor 1757-1868 New Jersey Militia. See story at Find a Grave memorial[6]
Daniel Frederick Bakeman 1759–1869 Last veteran drawing a pension awarded by Congress; granted a pension in 1867 even though he could not prove his service.[7]
Shays' Rebellion (1786–1787)
David Whitney 1767–1867 Massachusetts State Militia.[8]
Whiskey Rebellion (1791–1794)
Michael Edwards 1767?–1876 Pennsylvania State Militia.
War of 1812 (1812–1815)
Hiram Cronk 1800–1905 U.S. Army.[9]
Black Hawk War (1832)
Henry L. Riggs 1812–1911 Illinois State Militia.[10]
Toledo War (1835–1836)
Riley Crooks Crawford 1817–1910 Michigan State Militia.[11][12]
Texas Revolution (1835–1836)
William P. Zuber 1820–1913 Texas Volunteers.[13][14]
Bear Flag Revolt (1846)
John Grider 1826–1924 Californian Rebel.[15][16]
Mexican–American War (1846–1848)
Owen Thomas Edgar 1831–1929 U.S. Navy.[17]
Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861)
Luke F. Parsons 1833–1926 Last survivor of the Battle of Osawatomie.[18][19]
George Roe 1834–1927 Last of John Brown's forces at the Battle of Black Jack[20]
John Brown 1844-1940 Last of Quantrill's Raiders at the Lawrence Massacre. Also served in the John S. Marmaduke Cavalry Division
American Civil War (1861–1865)
James Albert Hard 1843–1953 Last verified combat veteran. Fought for the Union.[21]
Albert Henry Woolson 1850–1956 Last Union veteran.[22]
Pleasant Riggs Crump 1847–1951 Last verified Confederate veteran. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
Thomas Edwin Ross 1850–1952 Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
Richard William Cumpston 1841?–1952 No evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
William Murphy Loudermilk[23] 1847?–1952 Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
William Joshua Uncle Josh Bush[24] 1846?–1952 Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
William Daniel Uncle Eli Townsend[24] 1846–1953 Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
William Albert Kinney 1846?–1953 Insufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
William Allen Uncle Bill Lundy[24] 1859–1957 Debunked.[25] See Last surviving Confederate veterans.
American Indian Wars (1622–1924}
Noah Johnson 1698–1798 New England colonists. Last survivor of Lovewell's War[26][27]
Samuel Murphy 1758–1851 Virginia colonists. Last participant of Lord Dunmore's War[28]
John Winchell Cullen 1838–1939 U.S. Army. Last survivor of the Yakima War.[29][30]
Dewey Beard 1857–1955 Native American from Lakota tribe. Last survivor of Battle of the Little Big Horn.[31] He also fought at Wounded Knee.[32]
John Daw 1870–1965 U.S. Army. Last surviving Indian Scout.[33][34]
Frederick Fraske 1872–1973 U.S. Army.[35]
Boxer Rebellion (1897–1901)
Nathan E. Cook 1885–1992 U.S. Navy.[36]
Spanish–American War (1898)
Jones Morgan 1882–1993 U.S. Army.
Philippine–American War (1899–1902)
Nathan E. Cook 1885–1992 U.S. Navy.[36]
Border War (1910–1919)
Samuel Goldberg 1900–2006 U.S. Army.[37]
World War I (1914–1918)
Frank Woodruff Buckles 1901–2011 U.S. Army.[38]
Pancho Villa Expedition (1916–1917)
Mark Matthews 1894?–2005 U.S. Army.[39]
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
American and other Allied forces were involved in the Polar Bear Expedition which began during World War I and continued into the Russian Civil War
Harold Gunnes 1899–2003 Served in a naval brigade attached to the 339th Infantry Regiment as part of American Expeditionary Force North Russia.[40]
Warren V. Hileman 1901–2005 Served in the 27th Infantry Regiment as part of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia.[41]
Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
Delmer Berg 1915–2016[42] Volunteered in 1938. Served in anti-aircraft in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. Lived in Columbia, California.[43]
See also[edit]
Military history of the United States
List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Niles' national register, Volume 61. Cambridge: Harvard University. 1841. p. 192.
Jump up ^ "The Last Men of the Revolution". www.americanrevolution.org. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Cochran Cemetery, Engelwood, TN".
Jump up ^ "James Barham (1764 - 1865) - Find A Grave Memorial".
Jump up ^ Dalzell, James McCormick; Gray, John (1868). Private Dalzell, his autobiography, poems, and comic war papers, sketch of John Gray, Washington's last soldier, etc. R. Clarke. p. 189.
Jump up ^ "William Taylor (1757 - 1868) - Find A Grave Memorial".
Jump up ^ Francis Bernard Heitman (1982). Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution, April, 1775, to December, 1783. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 978-0-8063-0176-1. (quoting the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Pensions for 1874: "With the death of Daniel T. Bakeman, of Freedom, Cattaraugus County, N.Y., April 5, 1869, the last of the pensioned soldiers of the Revolution passed away.")
Jump up ^ "Whitney, David (1767–1867)". Whitney Research Group. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Henley, Benjamin James (1911). The art of longevity .. Syracuse: New Warner Co. pp. 205–208.
Jump up ^ "DEATH OF THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE BLACK HAWK WAR". 14. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 1922.
Jump up ^ "REV. R. C. CRAWFORD WAS "FIGHTER" IN TOLEDO WAR". Detroit Free Press. May 19, 1907. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Michigan State Historical Society (1912). Michigan Historical Collections. 38. p. 687. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Robert Bruce Blake. "ZUBER, WILLIAM PHYSICK". Texas State Historical Society. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "William P. Zuber to Ben. E McCulloch Describing events at San Jacinto". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lanz Christian Bañes (2009). "Vallejo author uncovers the story of Bear Flag Revolt hero John Grider". Times-Hearld. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Searching for John Grider, an African American Bear Flag Veteran". Blackpast.org. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (September 1929). "Mexican War's Last Survivor, 98, is Dead". The Dallas Morning News.
Jump up ^ "John Brown Aid, Luke Parsons, Dies in Kansas". Chicago Tribune. April 24, 1926. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Associate of John Brown Recalls Early Struggles". The Evening Independent. June 28, 1924. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "LAST SURVIVOR OF BLACK JACK FIGHT". The Lawrence Daily Journal. July 16, 1927. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "James A. Hard – Obituary". Binghamton Press, Associated Press. 1953. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ The Banner (1956). "Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War: Albert Woolson". Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Polston, Mike. "WILLIAM LOUDERMILK, THE LAST CONFEDERATE". Couch Genealogy. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Last Surviving Confederate Veterans". Genealogy Trails. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Marvel, William (1991). The great imposters. VIII. Columbus: Blue and Gray. pp. 32–33.
Jump up ^ Samuel Abbott Green (1893). Groton Historical Series: A Collection of Papers Relating to the History of the Town of Groton, Massachusetts. 3. S. A. Green. p. 367. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jeremy Belknap, John Farmer (1831). The History of New Hampshire. 1. S. C. Stevens and Ela & Wadleigh. p. 209. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Man For Whom Murphy's Bottom Name Last Survivor of Lord Dunmore's War". Simpson's Leader-Times. 1973. p. 22. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Oregon Historical Quarterly. 36 (3 ed.). Oregon Historical Society. 1935. p. 299. JSTOR 20610950.
Jump up ^ Oregon Historical Quarterly. 40 (3 ed.). Oregon Historical Society. 1939. p. 297. JSTOR 20611203.
Jump up ^ Hopkins, John Christian (March 11, 2006). "129 years after Little Big Horn". Gallup Independent. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lawson, Michael L.; Rosier, Paul C. (2007). Little Bighorn: Winning the Battle, Losing the War. Infobase Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7910-9347-4.
Jump up ^ Chicago Corral of the Westerners (1965). Westerners brand book, Volumes 22–25. Siedlce. p. 24.
Jump up ^ "John Daw". Genealogy Trails. 2006. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "LAST VET OF INDIAN WARS DIES AT AGE 101". Chicago Tribune. June 17, 1973.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nathan E. Cook, 106; America's Oldest Known War Veteran". Los Angeles Times. September 12, 1992. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Will Everett (April 6, 2007). "World War I veteran". PRI's THE WORLD. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Courson, Paul (February 28, 2011). "Last living U.S. World War I veteran dies". CNN. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Melissa Corley (1998). "Veterans to honor Buffalo Soldier Man, 103, is last survivor of regiment of black troopers". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kramer, Andrew (August 14, 2001). "Centarian Is Last Veteran of Only U.S.-Russia War". The St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rush, Linda (February 3, 2005). "STATE'S 'LAST' WORLD WAR I VETERAN DIES: WARREN V. HILEMAN DIED SUNDAY IN ANNA AT 103". The Southern: Illinoisan. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Death Notices for March 1, 2016". The Union Democrat. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Del Berg Interviewed by Friends and Neighbors". The Volunteer.
[hide]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_surviving_United_States_war_veterans&oldid=814730945"
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