text:
Captain Phasma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Captain Phasma
Star Wars character
Phasma in Star Wars: The Force Awakens
First appearance
The Force Awakens (2015)
Last appearance
The Last Jedi (2017)
Created by
J. J. Abrams
Portrayed by
Gwendoline Christie
Voiced by
Gwendoline Christie
(Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens and Battlefront II)[1]
Ellen Dubin
(Lego Star Wars: The Resistance Rises)[2]
Designed by
Michael Kaplan
Information
Gender
Female
Occupation
Stormtrooper commander
Affiliation
First Order
Title
Captain
Homeworld
Parnassos
Captain Phasma is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by English actress Gwendoline Christie. Introduced in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), the first film in the Star Wars sequel trilogy, Phasma is the commander of the First Order's force of stormtroopers. Christie returned to the role in the next of the trilogy's films, Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017). The character also made an additional appearance in Before the Awakening, an anthology book set before the events of The Force Awakens.
J. J. Abrams created Phasma from an armor design originally developed for Kylo Ren and named her after the 1979 horror film Phantasm. The character was originally conceived as male. Phasma appeared prominently in promotion and marketing for The Force Awakens, but the character's ultimately minor role in the film was the subject of criticism, a complaint repeated for her appearance in The Last Jedi. Nonetheless, merchandise featuring the character found success, and her figure was the best-selling of all Force Awakens action figures on Amazon.co.uk.[3]
Contents
1 Concept and creation
2 Character
3 Appearances
3.1 In film
3.1.1 The Force Awakens (2015)
3.1.2 The Last Jedi (2017)
3.2 In television
3.3 In other media
3.4 Merchandise
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Concept and creation[edit]
Gwendoline Christie portrays Phasma in the films
The character's creation was inspired by a rejected design for Kylo Ren.[4] Costume designer Michael Kaplan came up with the concept of Kylo being "the Lord of the Stormtroopers, in bright shining silver armor".[5] Kaplan had a strong image in his head of what this concept should look like, which concept artist Dermot Power turned into an illustration.[5] This image, however, was immediately rejected by director J. J. Abrams. Later, producer Kathleen Kennedy found the design, reacting positively and calling it "fantastic".[5] Abrams then used the design to create a new character, Phasma.[5] He named Phasma after the 1979 horror film Phantasm because her armor reminded him of the film's spheres.[4][6] Kaplan intended for the visuals of the First Order to contrast with that of the Resistance, appearing in colors like "black, teal blue, and steel gray", with stormtroopers being updated to be more simplified and modernized. Kaplan designed the character believing it would be "extremely cool" to have a silver armored character in the film.[7]
The character was not originally conceived as a woman, but rather was changed from male to female during casting, less than three weeks before principal shooting began.[8] Phasma thereby became the second on-screen female Star Wars villain,[9] after Zam Wesell.[10] With Captain Phasma, the filmmakers wished to "push the boundaries" of traditional roles for female characters.[9]
Actress Gwendoline Christie, who had previously played Brienne of Tarth in Game of Thrones, was first officially confirmed as Captain Phasma in a Vanity Fair spread released May 4, 2015,[11] following its leak.[12] Christie fought heavily to appear in the film, continually insisting her agent get her a part in it.[13] Christie was not aware that the character was originally a man.[8] Christie took inspiration from her armor—"it's very high-functioning, it's very imposing and it's not malleable at all"—in how to play the character. In playing Phasma, Christie felt encouraged to experiment more with the gesture of a character.[9][14]
Her initial costume, used in The Force Awakens, had to be created over a period of "four or five days"; co-costume designer Dave Crossman described its physical creation as "a complete panic".[15] It took Christie roughly forty-five minutes to put on.[16] A new suit was created for The Last Jedi, with various tweaks. Its helmet was re-chromed, the fit was altered, and the armor was made "much cleaner and shinier."[15]
Character[edit]
The commander of the First Order's stormtroopers, Captain Phasma is described as a "tough veteran commander" and one of a "commanding triumvirate" of the First Order alongside Kylo Ren and General Hux.[17] Christie compared Phasma to Boba Fett in the sense of being a character who, while not "at the forefront of the action all the time", still has "a lot of impact".[9][18] The actress called the character "a malevolent force" who takes pleasure in her cruelty, something she attributed to a perceived difficult journey to becoming the only female stormtrooper of rank.[16] To contrast with other stormtroopers in the franchise, Christie portrayed Phasma with both some femininity and sassiness.[16] Glen Robert Gill, writing for Bright Lights Film Journal, saw Phasma as "the demonic or negative emanation of the maidenly anima".[19]
Phasma is depicted wearing salvaged chromium armor,[17] which in The Force Awakens' visual dictionary is established as coming from a Naboo yacht once owned by Palpatine.[20] It is said to serve "primarily as a symbol of past power".[20] Christie recognised the character's helmet as both being futuristic and having medieval elements.[16] Chris Laverty, creator of costume analysis site Clothes on Film, called her armor "probably the most regal costume" in The Force Awakens, and noted it as a reflection of her status. He also felt her cloak, "elegantly slung over one shoulder", was a method of humanizing the character.[21] In-universe, the cloak is the "traditional cape of First Order command".[20] Gill felt her armor called to mind mirrors, symbols of "self-reflection and self-examination", the feelings she brings in Finn when she inadvertently helps inspire him to defect.[19]
Appearances[edit]
In film[edit]
The Force Awakens (2015)[edit]
The second trailer for the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens introduced the character. In the film, Phasma begins engaged in an attack at Tuanul, a settlement village on the desert planet Jakku, in search of a galaxy map that leads to the last Jedi, Luke Skywalker. After the battle is won, Phasma and the other stormtroopers execute the remaining villagers at the order of Kylo Ren. Back on the First Order's star destroyer, she meets with Stormtrooper FN-2187, and scolds him for not participating in the assault on Jakku. Instead, FN-2187 flees and frees Poe Dameron, a captured ace pilot who previously held the map towards Luke. After the escape of FN-2187 (now renamed Finn by Poe), Phasma reports Finn's betrayal to General Hux. Later, when Finn, Han Solo, and Chewbacca infiltrate a planet-sized superweapon known as Starkiller Base, they take Phasma hostage and pressure her to deactivate the base's shields, before dropping her in the trash compactor.
The Last Jedi (2017)[edit]
Phasma later appears in Star Wars: The Last Jedi. When Finn, mechanic Rose Tico, and computer hacker DJ invade the Supremacy, a 37-and-a-half mile wide flagship, in an attempt to disable the ship's tracking device, they are captured and brought before Phasma and her stormtroopers. Phasma taunts Finn, and orders his execution with Rose in a "slow and painful" way. Before this can occur, Vice Admiral Holdo, solely boarding a two-mile long cruiser known as the Raddus, created a kamikaze attack into the First Order dreadnought at lightspeed. In the ensuing chaos, Phasma engages Finn in a decisive fight to the death. At first, Phasma gets the upper hand, knocking Finn into a pit, but when Finn emerges from an elevator in the pit, he makes a brutal swing of a stolen Stormtrooper weapon, managing to knock Phasma down, breaking the visor of her helmet, and exposing part of her face around the left eye. The turf crumbles beneath Phasma, and she falls into the flames.
In a deleted scene, the battle with Phasma and her fate are significantly different. In the deleted scene, she and four stormtroopers manage to successfully surround Finn shortly after Holdo's attack and their fight. Finn then taunts Phasma about her compliance to his demands in The Force Awakens, exposing her treachery to the other stormtroopers. Before the stormtroopers can turn on her, Phasma kills all of them and then prepares to attack Finn, but he manages to cut her hand off and blasts her into the ship's wreckage.
The Last Jedi director Rian Johnson said that Phasma's limited supporting role in the film was due to time constraints and an already large cast of characters, and indicated that there were no other plans for Phasma in the films.[22]
In television[edit]
Phasma will appear in the 2018 animated series Star Wars Resistance, voiced again by Gwendoline Christie.[23][24]
In other media[edit]
Before the Awakening, a prequel anthology, features the character in a short story centered around Finn. In it, she monitors Finn's performance in combat simulation and, although praising his skill, she criticizes his rescuing of a weaker soldier. Additionally, Phasma is featured in both the adult and junior novelizations of The Force Awakens. The Lego Star Wars version of Phasma also appears in the 2016 short form animated series Lego Star Wars: The Resistance Rises.[25][26][27][28] She is also a playable character and boss in the Lego video game adaptation of The Force Awakens.
In the lead-up to The Last Jedi's release, Phasma's backstory was explored in Star Wars: Phasma, a novel by Delilah S. Dawson. Though Phasma's origins and character are discussed, the novel is not told from Phasma's perspective.[29][30] A four-part comic miniseries, Star Wars: Captain Phasma, explains her escape from the First Order's base after the events of The Force Awakens.[30][31]
Merchandise[edit]
As part of the lead-up to the film, Disney released a wave of Star Wars toys on 2015's "Force Friday". One such toy was a Phasma voice-changing mask, which contained the first dialogue heard by the public.[32] Other items included a costume for children as well as action figures.[33]
Reception[edit]
Phasma received attention before release. Before her name was confirmed, Phasma had been dubbed "the Chrometrooper" by fans.[11][34] The trademarking of "Captain Phasma" led to speculation that it was the name of Christie's rumored character, said to be an Imperial officer pursuing Finn.[35] Phasma had been the name of a character in one Star Wars fanfic, Tarkin's Fist, leading to MovieWeb wondering if it was an intentional homage.[35] IGN's "Keepin' It Reel" podcast discussed the possibility of Phasma being "the next breakout baddie" in the vein of Boba Fett and Darth Maul. They responded positively to the character's name, despite some initial misgivings, for fitting in with the franchise's Flash Gordon roots. They also praised her armor design, stating that character design had been important in the success of Fett and Maul. They similarly had high hopes for Christie's acting.[36] During the lead-up to the film, Phasma became a fan favorite.[37] Polygon's Susana Polo considered The Force Awakens a great achievement for Hollywood for its diversity regardless of its quality, though she used Phasma as an example of how the film was not perfect, noting rumors of Phasma's minor role despite her being the first on-screen female stormtrooper.[10]
Upon The Force Awakens' release, criticism fell on the character's minimal role in the film. The Telegraph's Jonathan McAloon called his "one criticism" of The Force Awakens the underuse of Phasma, and wondered if her face would ever be revealed in the films.[38] Jason Guerrasio of Business Insider echoed the sentiment, noting her lack of screen time despite her great potential.[39] Scott Meslow, writing for The Week, criticized the film's lack of nuance in its villains, calling her "a total cipher" in the film despite her heavy appearance in its promotion. He pointed to her appearance in Before the Awakening as a way to expand her character, noting her cold yet logical pragmatism in it.[40] Jesse Schedeen of IGN called Phasma "something of a disappointment in The Force Awakens", negatively contrasting her against Fett in that "even Fett had the distinction of outsmarting Han Solo before meeting an ignominious end". Schedeen hoped Phasma would be revisited in Marvel's Star Wars comics, to help flesh out her character and build her into a better villain.[41] Max Nicholson, writing for Collider.com, noted the amount of hype for the character, as well as her minimal role in the story. Nicholson suggested that Hux and Phasma should have been merged into one character, as they were too similar, or Phasma should have been given the melee fight scene given to a trooper nicknamed "TR-8R" by fans.[42]
Merchandise featuring the character proved popular. David Betancourt of The Washington Post called Phasma's role in the film "little more than a shiny new prop", viewing her as a victim of the film's need to introduce all its new characters, yet noted the popularity and rarity of the merchandise surrounding the character.[33] Captain Phasma's figure was the bestselling of The Force Awakens' action figures on Amazon.co.uk.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Randy Evans [@killat0n_] (December 7, 2017). "And yes, that is @lovegwendoline and @JohnBoyega doing the VO :)" (Tweet). Retrieved December 8, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Ellen Dubin [@EllenDubinActor] (March 16, 2016). "In case you heard a familiar voice, I am #CaptainPhasma in #StarWarsTheResistanceRises on @DisneyXD" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Paul (January 16, 2015). "Bestselling Star Wars Force Awakens action figure is a female character - but where's Rey?". Radio Times. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Breznican, Anthony (November 11, 2015). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens: An Exclusive EW Gallery of New Photos". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Laverty, Christopher (January 22, 2016). "Star Wars: Interview with Michael Kaplan". Clothes on Film. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Breznican, Anthony (August 12, 2015). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens: J.J. Abrams explains what's in a name". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Smith, C. Molly (December 22, 2015). "Star Wars Costume Designer Breaks Down The Force Awakens". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Buchanan, Kyle (December 7, 2015). "This Major Female Villain in Star Wars: The Force Awakens Was Originally a Man". Vulture.com. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Woerner, Meredith (December 4, 2015). "The women of Star Wars speak out about their new Empire". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Polo, Susana (December 16, 2015). "Even if The Force Awakens sucks, it's made one big diverse achievement for Hollywood". Polygon. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Robinson, Joanna (May 4, 2015). "First Official Look at Game of Thrones Star Gwendoline Christie in Star Wars: The Force Awakens". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Petty, Jared (May 4, 2015). "Game of Thrones' Gwendoline Christie Revealed as Star Wars' Chrome Trooper Captain Phasma". IGN. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dockterman, Eliana (November 30, 2015). "How Gwendoline Christie Fought for a Role in Star Wars". Time. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian (December 21, 2015). "Captain Phasma: So cool she rules in Star Wars". USA Today. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Szostak, Phil (2017). "Phasma Unmasked". The Art of Star Wars: The Last Jedi. New York: Abrams. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4197-2705-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Gwendoline Christie Is Captain Phasma". Star Wars Insider. No. 162. Titan Magazines.
^ Jump up to: a b "Captain Phasma". Star Wars Databank. StarWars.com. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Grossman, Lev (December 3, 2015). "How J.J. Abrams Brought Back Star Wars". Time. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Gill, Glen (January 10, 2016). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens: An Archetypal Review". Bright Lights Film Journal. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hidalgo, Pablo (December 18, 2015). Star Wars: The Force Awakens: The Visual Dictionary. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 1465438165.
Jump up ^ Laverty, Christopher (December 21, 2015). "Star Wars Episode VII: The Costumes Awaken". Clothes on Film. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bibbiani, William (December 21, 2017). "Why Wasn't Captain Phasma in Star Wars: The Last Jedi More?". IGN. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Star Wars animated series will give us more Poe and Phasma". Polygon. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
Jump up ^ Brockington, Ariana (April 26, 2018). "Disney Channel Orders Star Wars Resistance Animated Series". Variety. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Li, Shirley (February 12, 2016). "The Force Awakens characters to appear in new LEGO Star Wars series". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "LEGO Star Wars: The Resistance Rises to Debut on Disney XD February 15". Oh My Disney. February 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Watercutter, Angela (February 12, 2016). "This New Animated Lego Star Wars Short Looks Legit". Wired. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Whitbrook, James (February 12, 2016). "Poe Dameron Stages a Daring Rescue in the First The Force Awakens Lego Short". io9. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Liptak, Andrew (September 1, 2017). "A new Star Wars novel traces the mysterious origins of Captain Phasma". The Verge. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hall, Jacob (April 17, 2017). "'Journey to Star Wars: The Last Jedi' Will Bridge the Gap Between Episode 7 and 8 With Books and Comics". /Film. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Dan (April 14, 2017). "SWCO 2017: Marvel Reveals Captain Phasma Miniseries Bridging The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi". StarWars.com. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra (September 4, 2015). "These are the voices of Star Wars' Kylo Ren and Captain Phasma". Polygon. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Betancourt, David (December 23, 2015). "Captain Phasma's 'Star Wars' role is limited, but her toy-shelf appeal sure isn't". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Petty, Jared (April 16, 2015). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Trailer Analysis". IGN. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Orange, B. Alan (December 16, 2014). "New 'Star Wars 7' Character Name Revealed". MovieWeb. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: The Force Awakens - Is Captain Phasma the Next Boba Fett or Darth Maul?". Keepin' It Reel. IGN. May 8, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Foutch, Haleigh (August 15, 2015). "'Star Wars': J.J. Abrams Talks Captain Phasma, Colin Trevorrow, and More at D23". Collider.com. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ McAloon, Jonathan (December 18, 2015). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens: 12 loose ends and big questions". The Telegraph. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Guerrasio, Jason (December 18, 2015). "I saw Star Wars: The Force Awakens, and I have one big complaint about the movie". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Meslow, Scott (December 23, 2015). "Star Wars should give in to the power of the Dark Side". The Week. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Schedeen, Jesse (December 22, 2015). "9 Star Wars: The Force Awakens Comics We Want from Marvel". IGN. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Max (April 3, 2016). "6 'Star Wars: The Force Awakens' Characters Who Need to Up Their Game in 'Episode VIII'". Collider.com. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
External links[edit]
Captain Phasma in the StarWars.com Databank
Phasma on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
Captain Phasma on IMDb
hide
v
t
e
Fictional universe of Star Wars
Concepts
The Force
Architecture
Languages
Physics
Organizations
First Order
Galactic Empire
Galactic Republic
Jedi
New Republic
Rebel Alliance
Resistance
Sith
Characters
Admiral Ackbar
Padmé Amidala
Cassian Andor
Wedge Antilles
Cad Bane
Darth Bane
BB-8
Jar Jar Binks
C-3PO
Lando Calrissian
Chewbacca
Lieutenant Connix
Poe Dameron
Count Dooku
Jyn Erso
Boba Fett
Jango Fett
Finn (FN-2187)
Saw Gerrera
Greedo
Tag Greenley
General Grievous
HK-47
Jabba the Hutt
General Hux
Mara Jade
Kanan Jarrus
Qi'ra
Qui-Gon Jinn
K-2SO
Maz Kanata
Kyle Katarn
Obi-Wan Kenobi
Kreia
Orson Krennic
Darth Maul
Nien Nunb
Leia Organa
Bink Otauna
Sheev Palpatine/Darth Sidious
Captain Phasma
Admiral Piett
R2-D2
Kylo Ren (Ben Solo)
Revan
Rey
Captain Rex
Bodhi Rook
Bail Organa
Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader
Luke Skywalker
Supreme Leader Snoke
Han Solo
Jacen Solo
Starkiller
Iden Versio
Ahsoka Tano
Grand Moff Tarkin
Grand Admiral Thrawn
Asajj Ventress
Watto
Wicket W. Warrick
Mace Windu
Yoda
Lists
The Clone Wars characters
Rebels characters
Legends characters
KotOR
Groups
Militaries
Clone trooper
Stormtrooper
Rogue Squadron
Families
Skywalker
Solo
Music Bands
Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes
Max Rebo Band
Planets and moons
Alderaan
Bespin
Coruscant
Dagobah
Endor
Hoth
Jakku
Kashyyyk
Naboo
Tatooine
Yavin
Species
A–E
Bantha
Droid
Ewok
F–J
Hutt
K–O
Mandalorian
P–T
Sarlacc
Tusken Raiders
U–Z
Wookiee
List of creatures
Technology
Weapons
Blaster
Death Star
Lightsaber
Terrestrial vehicles
Landspeeder
Speeder bike
Sandcrawler
Walkers
Starfighters
A-wing
B-wing
TIE fighter
X-wing
Y-wing
Spacecraft
Death Star
Millennium Falcon
Mon Calamari cruiser
Star Destroyer
Tantive IV
Other
Clone Wars
Galactic Civil War
Mos Eisley
Book
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Phasma&oldid=866225922"
Categories:
Characters created by J. J. Abrams
Female characters in film
Female supervillains
Fictional characters introduced in 2015
Fictional commanders
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional military captains
Fictional orphans
Fictional women soldiers and warriors
Star Wars characters
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from January 2016
Use American English from August 2016
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Български
Català
Français
Magyar
日本語
Norsk
Русский
Svenska
Tiếng Việt
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 October 2018, at 02:19 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: href title

value: i

value: td

value: img

attrs: href class

values: Star Wars: Battlefront II (2017 video game)

values:
/wiki/Parnassos_(Star_Wars)
mw-redirect
Parnassos (Star Wars)

values:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

values:
/wiki/Star_Wars:_Before_the_Awakening
mw-redirect
Star Wars: Before the Awakening

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Vice_Admiral_Holdo
mw-redirect
Vice Admiral Holdo

values:
/wiki/The_Last_Jedi
mw-redirect
The Last Jedi

values:
/wiki/The_Telegraph_(newspaper)
mw-redirect
The Telegraph (newspaper)

values:
/wiki/Before_the_Awakening
mw-redirect
Before the Awakening

values:
/wiki/Wired_(website)
mw-redirect
Wired (website)

values: List of Star Wars: The Clone Wars cast members

values: List of Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic characters

values:
/wiki/Figrin_D%27an_and_the_Modal_Nodes
mw-redirect
Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes

values: List of Star Wars air, aquatic, and ground vehicles

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Characters created by J. J. Abrams

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2015

values: Category:Fictional women soldiers and warriors

values: Category:Use mdy dates from January 2016

values: Category:Use American English from August 2016

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Captain_Phasma
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasma
Phasma – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: キャプテン・ファズマ – Japanese

values: Капитан Фазма (Звёздные войны) – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Captain_Phasma rootpage-Captain_Phasma skin-vector action-view


text:
Atrial natriuretic peptide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see ANP.
NPPA
Available structures
PDB
Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
[show]List of PDB id codes
1ANP, 1YK0, 3N57
Identifiers
Aliases
NPPA, ANF, ANP, ATFB6, ATRST2, CDD, CDD-ANF, CDP, PND, Atrial natriuretic peptide, natriuretic peptide A
External IDs
OMIM: 108780 MGI: 97367 HomoloGene: 4498 GeneCards: NPPA
[hide]Gene location (Human)
Chr.
Chromosome 1 (human)[1]
Band
1p36.22
Start
11,845,709 bp[1]
End
11,848,345 bp[1]
[show]Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.
Chromosome 4 (mouse)[2]
Band
4 E2|4 78.66 cM
Start
148,000,722 bp[2]
End
148,002,079 bp[2]
[show]Gene ontology
Molecular function
• neuropeptide receptor binding
• hormone activity
• peptide hormone receptor binding
• neuropeptide hormone activity
• protein binding
• receptor binding
• hormone receptor binding
Cellular component
• cytoplasm
• mast cell granule
• nucleus
• perinuclear region of cytoplasm
• extracellular region
• extracellular space
• protein complex
• extracellular matrix
Biological process
• response to muscle stretch
• positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction
• response to hypoxia
• regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity
• neuropeptide signaling pathway
• female pregnancy
• regulation of cardiac conduction
• negative regulation of collecting lymphatic vessel constriction
• positive regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
• cellular protein metabolic process
• regulation of blood vessel size
• positive regulation of heart rate
• positive regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity
• cGMP biosynthetic process
• regulation of blood pressure
• negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
• regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel
• transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter
• regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization
• response to insulin
• cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development
• negative regulation of cell growth
• cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress
• cellular response to mechanical stimulus
• receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway
• protein folding
• regulation of receptor activity
• positive regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species
Human Mouse
Entrez
4878
230899
Ensembl
ENSG00000175206
ENSMUSG00000041616
UniProt
P01160
P05125
RefSeq (mRNA)
NM_006172
NM_008725
RefSeq (protein)
NP_006163
NP_032751
Location (UCSC)
Chr 1: 11.85 – 11.85 Mb Chr 1: 148 – 148 Mb
PubMed search
[3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a peptide hormone which reduces an expanded extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion. ANP is synthesized, and secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the atria in the heart. These cells contain volume receptors which respond to increased stretching of the atrial wall due to increased atrial blood volume. ANP is one of a family of nine natriuretic peptides: seven are atrial in origin.
ANP acts on the kidney to increase sodium and water excretion (natriuresis) in the following ways: 1) it dilates the glomerular afferent and constrict efferent arterioles, and relaxes the mesangial cells. This increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries, increasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), resulting in an increased amount of sodium and water being filtered and excreted. 2) It increases blood flow through the vasa recta, which washes the solutes sodium chloride (NaCl) and urea out of the medullary interstitium – the lower osmolarity here leads to less reabsorption of tubular fluid and increased excretion. 3) It decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting duct. 4) It inhibits renin secretion, thereby inhibiting the production of angiotensin and aldosterone. 5) It inhibits the renal sympathetic nervous system. ANP has the opposite effect of aldosterone on the kidney: aldosterone increases renal sodium retention and ANP increases renal sodium loss.[5][6]
Reduction of blood volume by ANP can result in secondary effects such as reduction of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume (edema), improved cardiac ejection fraction with resultant improved organ perfusion, decreased blood pressure, and increased serum potassium. These effects may be blunted or negated by various counter-regulatory mechanisms operating concurrently on each of these secondary effects.
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) – a misnomer; it is secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the heart ventricles – is similar to ANP in its effect. It acts via the same receptors as ANP does, but with 10-fold lower affinity than ANP. The biological half-life of BNP, however, is twice as long as that of ANP, and that of NT-proBNP is even longer, making these peptides better choices than ANP for diagnostic blood testing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Discovery
2 Structure
3 Production
4 Receptors
5 Physiological effects
5.1 Renal
5.2 Adrenal
5.3 Vascular
5.4 Cardiac
5.5 Adipose tissue
6 Degradation
7 Biomarker
8 Therapeutic use and drug development
9 Other natriuretic peptides
10 Pharmacological modulation
11 Synonyms
12 Outside reading
13 References
14 External links
Discovery[edit]
The discovery of ANP was reported in 1981, when rat atrial extracts were found to contain a substance that increased salt and urine output in the kidney.[7] Later, the substance was purified from heart tissue by several groups and named atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) or ANP.[8]
Structure[edit]
ANP is a 28-amino acid peptide with a 17-amino acid ring in the middle of the molecule. The ring is formed by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues at positions 7 and 23. ANP is closely related to BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) and CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide), which all share a similar amino acid ring structure. ANP is one of a family of nine structurally similar natriuretic hormones: seven are atrial in origen.[9]
Production[edit]
Human ANP is encoded by the NPPA gene on the short arm of chromosome 1, which has 3 exons and 2 introns. The gene is expressed primarily in atrial myocytes. Lower levels of NPPA expression are found in other tissues such as the brain, kidney, lung, uterus and placenta.
In atrial myocytes, ANP is made as a precursor form, i.e. prepro-ANP, a polypeptide of 151 amino acids. After the signal peptide is removed in the endoplasmic reticulum, the 126-amino-acid pro-ANP is stored in the intracellular granules. When the cells are stimulated, pro-ANP is released and converted to the 28-amino-acid C-terminal mature ANP on the cell surface by the cardiac transmembrane serine protease corin.[10][11]
ANP is secreted in response to:
Stretching of the atrial wall, via Atrial volume receptors
Increased Sympathetic stimulation of β-adrenoceptors
Increased sodium concentration (hypernatremia), though sodium concentration is not the direct stimulus for increased ANP secretion[12]
Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor
Receptors[edit]
Three types of atrial natriuretic peptide receptors have been identified on which natriuretic peptides act. They are all cell surface receptors and designated:
guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) also known as natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPRA/ANPA) or NPR1
guanylyl cyclase-B (GC-B) also known as natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPRB/ANPB) or NPR2
natriuretic peptide clearance receptor (NPRC/ANPC) or NPR3
NPR-A and NPR-B have a single membrane-spanning segment with an extracellular domain that binds the ligand. The intracellular domain maintains two consensus catalytic domains for guanylyl cyclase activity. Binding of a natriuretic peptide induces a conformational change in the receptor that causes receptor dimerization and activation.
The binding of ANP to its receptor causes the conversion of GTP to cGMP and raises intracellular cGMP. As a consequence, cGMP activates a cGMP-dependent kinase (PKG or cGK) that phosphorylates proteins at specific serine and threonine residues. In the medullary collecting duct, the cGMP generated in response to ANP may act not only through PKG but also via direct modulation of ion channels.[13]
NPR-C functions mainly as a clearance receptor by binding and sequestering ANP from the circulation. All natriuretic peptides are bound by the NPR-C.
Physiological effects[edit]
Maintenance of the ECF volume (space), and its subcompartment the vascular space, is crucial for survival. These compartments are maintained within a narrow range, despite wide variations in dietary sodium intake. There are three volume regulating systems: two salt saving systems, the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and the renal sympathetic system (RSS); and the salt excreting natriuretic peptide (NP) hormone system. When the vascular space contracts, the RAAS and RSS are "turned on" ; when the atria expand, NP's are "turned on". Each system also suppresses its counteracting system(s). NP's are made in cardiac, intestinal, renal, and adrenal tissue: ANP in one of a family of cardiac NP's: others at BNP, CNP, and DNP.[14]
ANP binds to a specific set of receptors – ANP receptors. Receptor-agonist binding causes the increase in renal sodium excretion, which results in a decreased ECF and blood volume. Secondary effects may be an improvement in cardiac ejection fraction and reduction of systemic blood pressure.
Renal[edit]
Dilates the afferent glomerular arteriole, constricts the efferent glomerular arteriole, and relaxes the mesangial cells. This increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries, thus increasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), resulting in greater filter load of sodium and water.
Increases blood flow through the vasa recta, which will wash the solutes (sodium chloride (NaCl), and urea) out of the medullary interstitium.[15] The lower osmolarity of the medullary interstitium leads to less reabsorption of tubular fluid and increased excretion.
Decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (interaction with NCC)[16] and cortical collecting duct of the nephron via guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) dependent phosphorylation of ENaC.
Its natriuretic effect is affected by dopamine and dopamine receptor D1 activity in vivo [17]
Inhibits renin secretion, thereby inhibiting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.
Adrenal[edit]
Reduces aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.
Vascular[edit]
Relaxes vascular smooth muscle in arterioles and venules by:
Membrane Receptor-mediated elevation of vascular smooth muscle cGMP
Inhibition of the effects of catecholamines
Promotes uterine spiral artery remodeling, which is important for preventing pregnancy-induced hypertension.[18]
Cardiac[edit]
Inhibits maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy
Re-expression of NPRA rescues the phenotype.
Adipose tissue[edit]
Increases the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue. Plasma concentrations of glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids are increased by i.v. infusion of ANP in humans.
Activates adipocyte plasma membrane type A guanylyl cyclase receptors NPR-A
Increases intracellular cGMP levels that induce the phosphorylation of a hormone-sensitive lipase and perilipin A via the activation of a cGMP-dependent protein kinase-I (cGK-I)
Does not modulate cAMP production or PKA activity
Degradation[edit]
Modulation of the effects of ANP is achieved through gradual degradation of the peptide by the enzyme neutral endopeptidase (NEP). Recently, NEP inhibitors have been developed; however they have not yet been licensed. They may be clinically useful in treating congestive heart disease.
Biomarker[edit]
Fragments derived from the ANP precursor, including the signal peptide, N-terminal pro-ANP and ANP, have been detected in human blood.[19] ANP and related peptides are used as biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and heart failure.[20][21][22][23]
Large amounts of ANP secretion has been noted to cause electrolyte disturbances (hyponatremia) and polyuria. These indications can be a marker of a large atrial myxoma.[24]
Therapeutic use and drug development[edit]
Recombinant human ANP has been approved in Japan to treat patients with heart failure.[25]
As of 2017 a truncated form of ANP called ularitide was under development in Phase III trials for heart failure.[26]
Other natriuretic peptides[edit]
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) – a misnomer; it is secreted by ventricular myocytes – is similar to ANP in its effect. It acts via atrial natriuretic peptide receptors but with 10-fold lower affinity than ANP. The biological half-life of BNP, however, is twice as long as that of ANP, and that of NT-proBNP is even longer, making these peptides better choices than ANP for diagnostic blood testing.
In addition to the mammalian natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP), other natriuretic peptides with similar structure and properties have been isolated elsewhere in the animal kingdom. A salmon natriuretic peptide known as salmon cardiac peptide has been described,[27] and dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP) has been found in the venom of the green mamba, as well as an NP in a species of African snake.[28]
Beside these four, five additional natriuretic peptides have been identified: long-acting natriuretic peptide (LANP), vessel dilator, kaliuretic peptide, urodilatin, and adrenomedullin.[29]
Pharmacological modulation[edit]
Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) also known as neprilysin is the enzyme that metabolizes natriuretic peptides. Several inhibitors of NEP are currently being developed to treat disorders ranging from hypertension to heart failure. Most of them are dual inhibitors (NEP and ACE). In 2014, PARADIGM-HF study was published in NEJM. This study considered as a landmark study in treatment of heart failure. The study was double blinded; compared LCZ696 versus enalapril in patients with heart failure. The study showed lower all cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization in LCZ696 arm.[30] Omapatrilat (dual inhibitor of NEP and angiotensin-converting enzyme) developed by BMS did not receive FDA approval due to angioedema safety concerns. Other dual inhibitors of NEP with ACE/angiotensin receptor are (in 2003) being developed by pharmaceutical companies.[31]
Synonyms[edit]
ANP is also called atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), cardionatrine, cardiodilatin (CDD), and atriopeptin.
Outside reading[edit]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855512/
Vesely Chapter 39, Antinatriureic peptides, in Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney, Fifth Edition. DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00037-9. 2013 Elsevier Inc.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000175206 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ Jump up to: a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000041616 - Ensembl, May 2017
Jump up ^ "Human PubMed Reference:".
Jump up ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
Jump up ^ Goetz KL (Jan 1988). "Physiology and pathophysiology of atrial peptides" (PDF). The American Journal of Physiology. 254 (1 Pt 1): E1–15. PMID 2962513.
Jump up ^ Hoehn K, Marieb EN (2013). "16". Human anatomy & physiology (9th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 629. ISBN 978-0-321-74326-8. question number 14
Jump up ^ de Bold AJ, Borenstein HB, Veress AT, Sonnenberg H (Jan 1981). "A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats". Life Sciences. 28 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(81)90370-2. PMID 7219045.
Jump up ^ de Bold AJ (Nov 1985). "Atrial natriuretic factor: a hormone produced by the heart". Science. 230 (4727): 767–70. Bibcode:1985Sci...230..767D. doi:10.1126/science.2932797. PMID 2932797.
Jump up ^ Vesely Chapter 39, Antinatriureic peptides, in Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney, Fifth Edition. Page 1242. DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00037-9. 2013 Elsevier Inc. (c) All rights reserved
Jump up ^ Yan W, Sheng N, Seto M, Morser J, Wu Q (May 1999). "Corin, a mosaic transmembrane serine protease encoded by a novel cDNA from human heart". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (21): 14926–35. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.21.14926. PMID 10329693.
Jump up ^ Yan W, Wu F, Morser J, Wu Q (Jul 2000). "Corin, a transmembrane cardiac serine protease, acts as a pro-atrial natriuretic peptide-converting enzyme". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (15): 8525–9. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8525Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.150149097. PMC 26981  . PMID 10880574.
Jump up ^ name="Widmaier" > Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT (2008). Vander's Human Physiology, 11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. pp. 291, 509–10. ISBN 978-0-07-304962-5.
Jump up ^ Mohler ER, Finkbeiner WE (2011). Medical Physiology (Boron) (2 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4377-1753-5.
Jump up ^ Chapter 37 – Natriuretic Hormones, in Seldin and Giebisch's The Kidney (Fifth Edition), 2013, Page 1241, David L. Vesely
Jump up ^ Kiberd BA, Larson TS, Robertson CR, Jamison RL (Jun 1987). "Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on vasa recta blood flow in the rat". The American Journal of Physiology. 252 (6 Pt 2): F1112–7. PMID 2954471.
Jump up ^ Reeves WB, Andreoli TE (2008). "Chapter 31 – Sodium Chloride Transport in the Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, and Collecting Duct". In Giebisch GH, Alpern RA, Herbert SC, Seldin DW. Seldin and Giebisch's the kidney: physiology and pathophysiology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-012088488-9.50034-6. ISBN 0-12-088488-7.
Jump up ^ Fernandes-Cerqueira C, Sampaio-Maia B, Quelhas-Santos J, Moreira-Rodrigues M, Simões-Silva L, Blazquez-Medela AM, Martinez-Salgado C, Lopez-Novoa JM, Pestana M (2013). "Concerted action of ANP and dopamine D1-receptor to regulate sodium homeostasis in nephrotic syndrome". BioMed Research International. 2013: 397391. doi:10.1155/2013/397391. PMC 3727124  . PMID 23956981.
Jump up ^ Cui Y, Wang W, Dong N, Lou J, Srinivasan DK, Cheng W, Huang X, Liu M, Fang C, Peng J, Chen S, Wu S, Liu Z, Dong L, Zhou Y, Wu Q (Apr 2012). "Role of corin in trophoblast invasion and uterine spiral artery remodelling in pregnancy". Nature. 484 (7393): 246–50. Bibcode:2012Natur.484..246C. doi:10.1038/nature10897. PMC 3578422  . PMID 22437503.
Jump up ^ Goetze JP, Hansen LH, Terzic D, Zois NE, Albrethsen J, Timm A, Smith J, Soltysinska E, Lippert SK, Hunter I (Mar 2015). "Atrial natriuretic peptides in plasma". Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 443: 25–8. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.017. PMID 25158019.
Jump up ^ Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Leip EP, Omland T, Wolf PA, Vasan RS (Feb 2004). "Plasma natriuretic peptide levels and the risk of cardiovascular events and death". The New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (7): 655–63. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa031994. PMID 14960742.
Jump up ^ Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Omland T, Sloan S, Jarolim P, Solomon SD, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E (Jan 2012). "Evaluation of multiple biomarkers of cardiovascular stress for risk prediction and guiding medical therapy in patients with stable coronary disease". Circulation. 125 (2): 233–40. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.063842. PMC 3277287  . PMID 22179538.
Jump up ^ Mäkikallio AM, Mäkikallio TH, Korpelainen JT, Vuolteenaho O, Tapanainen JM, Ylitalo K, Sotaniemi KA, Huikuri HV, Myllylä VV (May 2005). "Natriuretic peptides and mortality after stroke". Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 36 (5): 1016–20. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000162751.54349.ae. PMID 15802631.
Jump up ^ Barbato E, Bartunek J, Marchitti S, Mangiacapra F, Stanzione R, Delrue L, Cotugno M, Di Castro S, De Bruyne B, Wijns W, Volpe M, Rubattu S (Mar 2012). "NT-proANP circulating level is a prognostic marker in stable ischemic heart disease". International Journal of Cardiology. 155 (2): 311–2. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.057. PMID 22177588.
Jump up ^ Ramnarain, D; Mehra, N (2011). "Natriuretic peptide-induced hyponatremia in a patient with left atrial myxoma". Critical Care. 15 (Suppl 1): P368. doi:10.1186/cc9788. PMC 3067042  .
Jump up ^ Saito Y (Nov 2010). "Roles of atrial natriuretic peptide and its therapeutic use". Journal of Cardiology. 56 (3): 262–70. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.08.001. PMID 20884176.
Jump up ^ "Ularitide". AdisInsight. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Tervonen V, Arjamaa O, Kokkonen K, Ruskoaho H, Vuolteenaho O (Sep 1998). "A novel cardiac hormone related to A-, B- and C-type natriuretic peptides". Endocrinology. 139 (9): 4021–5. doi:10.1210/en.139.9.4021. PMID 9724061.
Jump up ^ Schweitz H, Vigne P, Moinier D, Frelin C, Lazdunski M (Jul 1992). "A new member of the natriuretic peptide family is present in the venom of the green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (20): 13928–32. PMID 1352773.
Jump up ^ Vesely Chapter 39, Antinatriureic peptides, in Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney, Fifth Edition. DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00037-9. (c)2013 Elsevier Inc.
Jump up ^ McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP, Rizkala AR, Rouleau JL, Shi VC, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Zile MR (Sep 2014). "Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (11): 993–1004. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1409077. PMID 25176015.
Jump up ^ Venugopal J (2003). "Pharmacological modulation of the natriuretic peptide system". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 13 (9): 1389–1409. doi:10.1517/13543776.13.9.1389.
External links[edit]
Atrial Natriuretic Factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Human NPPA genome location and NPPA gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
[show]
v
t
e
Hormones
Endocrine
glands
Hypothalamic-
pituitary
Hypothalamus
GnRH
TRH
Dopamine
CRH
GHRH
Somatostatin (GHIH)
MCH
Posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Anterior pituitary
FSH
LH
TSH
Prolactin
POMC
CLIP
ACTH
MSH
Endorphins
Lipotropin
GH
Adrenal axis
Adrenal cortex
aldosterone
cortisol
cortisone
DHEA
DHEA-S
androstenedione
Adrenal medulla
epinephrine
norepinephrine
Thyroid
Thyroid hormone
T3
T4
Calcitonin
Thyroid axis
Parathyroid
PTH
Gonadal axis
Testis
testosterone
AMH
inhibin
Ovary
estradiol
progesterone
activin and inhibin
relaxin
Placenta
hCG
HPL
estrogen
progesterone
Pancreas
glucagon
insulin
amylin
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide
Pineal gland
melatonin
N,N-dimethyltryptamine
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
Other
Thymus
Thymosins
Thymosin α1
Beta thymosins
Thymopoietin
Thymulin
Digestive system
Stomach
gastrin
ghrelin
Duodenum
CCK
Incretins
GIP
GLP-1
secretin
motilin
VIP
Ileum
enteroglucagon
peptide YY
Liver/other
Insulin-like growth factor
IGF-1
IGF-2
Adipose tissue
leptin
adiponectin
resistin
Skeleton
Osteocalcin
Kidney
renin
EPO
calcitriol
prostaglandin
Heart
Natriuretic peptide
ANP
BNP
[show]
v
t
e
Physiology of the kidneys and acid-base physiology
Renal function
Secretion
clearance
Pharmacokinetics
Clearance of medications
Urine flow rate
Reabsorption
Solvent drag
sodium
chloride
urea
glucose
oligopeptides
protein
Renal function
Glomerular filtration rate
Creatinine clearance
Renal clearance ratio
Urea reduction ratio
Kt/V
Standardized Kt/V
Measures of dialysis
Hemodialysis product
PAH clearance (Effective renal plasma flow
Extraction ratio)
Filtration
Renal blood flow
Ultrafiltration
Countercurrent exchange
Filtration fraction
Hormones
Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Renin
Erythropoietin
Calcitriol
Prostaglandins
Acid-base balance
Fluid balance
Darrow Yannet diagram
Body water: Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
Extracellular fluid
(Interstitial fluid
Plasma
Transcellular fluid)
Base excess
Davenport diagram
Anion gap
Arterial blood gas
Winters' formula
Buffering
Bicarbonate buffer system
Respiratory compensation
Renal compensation
Other
Fractional sodium excretion
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Natriuresis
Urine
[show]
v
t
e
Amyloidosis (E85, 277.3)
Common amyloid forming proteins
AA
ATTR
Aβ2M
AL
Aβ/APP
AIAPP
ACal
APro
AANF
ACys
ABri
Systemic amyloidosis
AL amyloidosis
AA amyloidosis
Aβ2M/Haemodialysis-associated
AGel/Finnish type
AA/Familial Mediterranean fever
ATTR/Transthyretin-related hereditary
Organ-limited amyloidosis
Heart
AANF/Isolated atrial
Brain
Familial amyloid neuropathy
ACys+ABri/Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Aβ/Alzheimer's disease
Kidney
AApoA1+AFib+ALys/Familial renal
Skin
Primary cutaneous amyloidosis
Amyloid purpura
Endocrine
Thyroid
ACal/Medullary thyroid cancer
Pituitary
APro/Prolactinoma
Pancreas
AIAPP/Insulinoma
AIAPP/Diabetes mellitus type 2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrial_natriuretic_peptide&oldid=820092379"
Categories:
Genes on human chromosome 1
Peptide hormones
Hormones of the heart
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Español
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Italiano
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 January 2018, at 00:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/ANP_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
ANP (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: rowspan style

attrs: rel class href

value: span

values:
/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man
mw-redirect
Mendelian Inheritance in Man

values:
nofollow
external text
https://omim.org/entry/108780

values:
/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg
image
Genomic location for NPPA

values: position: absolute; left: 8.5968430378406px; top: 2px; padding: 0;

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png
image
Genomic location for NPPA

values: position: absolute; left: 14.6px; top: 19px; padding: 0;

values:
center
position: relative; width: 300px;

values: position: absolute; left: 272.7461220423px; top: 2px; padding: 0;

values: position: absolute; left: 278.7px; top: 19px; padding: 0;

values:
nofollow
http://amigo.geneontology.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01160

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P05125

values:
/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate
mw-redirect
Glomerular filtration rate

values:
/wiki/Cortical_collecting_duct
mw-redirect
Cortical collecting duct

values:
/wiki/C-type_natriuretic_peptide
mw-redirect
C-type natriuretic peptide

values:
/wiki/Cell_surface_receptors
mw-redirect
Cell surface receptors

values:
/wiki/Protein_kinase_G
mw-redirect
Protein kinase G

values:
/wiki/Sympathetic_system
mw-redirect
Sympathetic system

values: Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Biochemistry_receptors
mw-redirect
Biochemistry receptors

values:
/wiki/ANP_receptors
mw-redirect
ANP receptors

values:
/wiki/Free_fatty_acid
mw-redirect
Free fatty acid

values:
/wiki/Natriuretic_peptide_receptor_A
mw-redirect
Natriuretic peptide receptor A

values: Edit section: Therapeutic use and drug development

values: Edit section: Other natriuretic peptides

values: Edit section: Pharmacological modulation

values:
/wiki/Neprilysin_inhibitor
mw-redirect
Neprilysin inhibitor

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2962513

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7219045

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2932797

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2932797

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.21.14926

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10329693

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.150149097

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10880574

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2954471

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F397391

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23956981

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10897

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22437503

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cca.2014.08.017

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25158019

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa031994

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14960742

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22179538

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15802631

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22177588

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2Fcc9788

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jjcc.2010.08.001

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20884176

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.139.9.4021

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9724061

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1352773

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1409077

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25176015

values: -moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary_hormone
mw-redirect
Hypothalamic-pituitary hormone

values:
/wiki/Growth_hormone_releasing_hormone
mw-redirect
Growth hormone releasing hormone

values:
/wiki/Melanin_concentrating_hormone
mw-redirect
Melanin concentrating hormone

values:
/wiki/Thyroid_hormone
mw-redirect
Thyroid hormone

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Acid-base_physiology
mw-redirect
Acid-base physiology

values:
/wiki/Clearance_(medicine)
mw-redirect
Clearance (medicine)

values:
/wiki/Creatinine_clearance
mw-redirect
Creatinine clearance

values:
/wiki/Measures_of_dialysis
mw-redirect
Measures of dialysis

values:
/wiki/Acid-base_homeostasis
mw-redirect
Acid-base homeostasis

values:
/wiki/Interstitial_fluid
mw-redirect
Interstitial fluid

values:
/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas
mw-redirect
Arterial blood gas

values:
/wiki/Fractional_sodium_excretion
mw-redirect
Fractional sodium excretion

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: ICD-10 Chapter IV: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases

values: List of ICD-9 codes 240–279: endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders

values:
/wiki/Beta_amyloid
mw-redirect
Beta amyloid

values:
/wiki/Finnish_type_amyloidosis
mw-redirect
Finnish type amyloidosis

values:
/wiki/Human_heart
mw-redirect
Human heart

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: ببتيد أذيني مدر للصوديوم – Arabic

values: Atriales natriuretisches Peptid – German

values: އެޓްރީއަލް ނެޓްރީޔުރެޓިކް ޕެޕްޓައިޑް – Divehi

values: Péptido natriurético auricular – Spanish

values: Facteur natriurétique auriculaire – French

values: Peiptíd aitriach shóidiambhrostach – Irish

values: Péptido natriurético auricular – Galician

values: 심방 나트륨이뇨 펩티드 – Korean

values: Նատրիումամուղ հորմոն – Armenian

values: Атријален натриуретичен пептид – Macedonian

values: 心房性ナトリウム利尿ペプチド – Japanese

values: Przedsionkowy peptyd natriuretyczny – Polish

values: Peptídeo natriurético atrial – Portuguese

values: Предсердный натрийуретический пептид – Russian

values: Atrial-natriuretic peptide – Simple English

values: Atrijski natriuretični peptid – Slovenian

values: A-tyypin natriureettinen peptidi – Finnish

values: இதயியச் சோடியச்சிறுநீர்மைப் புரதக்கூறு – Tamil

values: Передсердний натрійуретичний фактор – Ukrainian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Atrial_natriuretic_peptide rootpage-Atrial_natriuretic_peptide skin-vector action-view


text:
Juries in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The most outstanding feature in the United States is that verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous.
There are three types of juries in the United States: criminal grand juries, criminal petit juries, and civil juries. In the United States Constitution, juries are mentioned in Article Three and the Fifth, the Sixth, and the Seventh Amendments.[1] Juries are not available in courts of American Samoa established pursuant to the Constitution of American Samoa.
Contents
1 History
2 Federal jury trial rights
2.1 Criminal juries
2.1.1 Grand jury
2.1.2 Petit jury
2.1.2.1 Scope of constitutional right
2.1.2.2 Sentencing
2.1.2.3 Waiver
2.2 Civil juries
2.2.1 Seventh Amendment
2.2.2 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
2.2.3 Waiver
3 Jury selection
4 Criticism
5 References
History[edit]
The U.S. Declaration of Independence accused George III of "depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury."
Article III of the U.S. Constitution states that all trials shall be by jury. The right was expanded with the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states in part, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed," and the Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guarantees a jury trial in civil cases.
The U.S. Supreme Court noted the importance of the jury right in its 1968 ruling of Duncan v. Louisiana. In Duncan, the Court said:
Those who wrote our constitutions knew from history and experience that it was necessary to protect against unfounded criminal charges brought to eliminate enemies and against judges too responsive to the voice of higher authority. The framers of the constitutions strove to create an independent judiciary but insisted upon further protection against arbitrary action. Providing an accused with the right trial by a jury of his peers gave him an inestimable safeguard against the corrupt or overzealous prosecutor and against the compliant, biased, or eccentric judge.[2]
Federal jury trial rights[edit]
Criminal juries[edit]
Grand jury[edit]
Main article: Grand juries in the United States
A grand jury decides whether or not there is enough evidence ("probable cause") that a person has committed a crime in order to put him or her on trial. If a grand jury decides there is enough evidence, the person is indicted. A grand jury has 16-23 members, and its proceedings are not open to the public. Unlike a petit jury, defendants and their attorneys do not have the right to appear before the grand jury.[3]
Petit jury[edit]
A petit jury, also known as a trial jury, is the standard type of jury used in criminal cases in the United States. Petit juries are responsible for deciding whether or not a defendant is guilty of violating the law in a specific case. They consist of 6-12 people and their deliberations are private. Their decision is known as a verdict and decides whether a person is guilty or not guilty.[3]
Scope of constitutional right[edit]
Currently in the United States every person accused of a crime punishable by incarceration for more than six months has a constitutional right to a trial by jury, which arises in federal court from the Sixth Amendment, the Seventh Amendment, and Article Three of the United States Constitution, which states in part, "The Trial of all Crimes...shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed". Most states' constitutions also grant the right of trial by jury in lesser criminal matters, though most have eliminated that right in offenses punishable by fine only. The Supreme Court has ruled that if imprisonment is for six months or less, trial by jury is not required,[4] meaning a state may choose whether or not to permit trial by jury in such cases.
Specifically, the Supreme Court has held that no offense can be deemed 'petty' for purposes of the right to trial by jury where imprisonment for more than six months is authorized. Justice Black and Justice Douglas concurred, stating that they would have required a jury trial in all criminal proceedings in which the sanction imposed bears the indicia of criminal punishment. Chief Justice Burger, Justice Harlan and Justice Stewart objected to setting this limitation at six months for the States, preferring to give them greater leeway.[4][5] No jury trial was required when the trial judge suspended sentence and placed defendant on probation for three years.[6] There is a presumption that offenses carrying a maximum imprisonment of six months or less are petty, although it is possible that such long an offense could be pushed into the serious category if the legislature tacks on onerous penalties not involving incarceration. No jury trial is required, however, when the maximum sentence is six months in jail, a fine not to exceed $1,000, a 90-day driver's license suspension, and attendance at an alcohol abuse education course. The Supreme Court found that the disadvantages of such a sentence, "onerous though they may be, may be outweighed by the benefits that result from speedy and inexpensive nonjury adjudications."[7] Such interpretations have been criticized on the grounds that "all" is not a word that constitution-makers use lightly.[8]
In the case of traffic offenses punishable by fine only (including parking tickets), and misdemeanor charges providing for imprisonment of six months or less, the availability of trial by jury varies from state to state, usually providing only for bench trials. The two exceptions are Vermont and Virginia, which provide the defendant with the right to a jury trial in all cases, which means if one is willing to pay the cost in case of a loss, one may even obtain a jury trial for a parking ticket in those states. In Virginia, one wanting a jury trial on a minor misdemeanor or traffic offense would actually have a right to two trials if they wanted a jury trial on the issue, first by bench trial only in District court, and then, if they lost, to a trial de novo in Circuit court, this time with a jury if they chose to do so.
Many juvenile court systems do not recognize a right to jury trial, on the grounds that juvenile proceedings are civil rather than criminal, and that jury trials would cause the process to become adversarial.[9]
Sentencing[edit]
In the cases Apprendi v. New Jersey,[10] and Blakely v. Washington,[11] the Supreme Court of the United States held that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines. This invalidated the procedure in many states and the federal courts that allowed sentencing enhancement based on "a preponderance of evidence", where enhancement could be based on the judge's findings alone. Depending upon the state a jury must be unanimous for either a guilty or not guilty decision. In the event of a hung jury, charges against the defendant are not dropped and can be reinstated if the state so chooses. In the federal system, a unanimous verdict is required.[12]
Waiver[edit]
The vast majority of U.S. criminal cases are not concluded with a jury verdict, but rather by plea bargain. Both prosecutors and defendants often have a strong interest in resolving the criminal case by negotiation resulting in a plea bargain. If the defendant waives a jury trial, a bench trial is held. Research indicates there is not a consistent difference between penalties handed down in jury trials and those handed down in bench trials.[13]
In United States Federal courts, there is no absolute right to waive a jury trial.[14] Per Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 23(a), only if the prosecution and the court consent may a defendant have a waiver of jury trial.[15] However, most states give the defendant the absolute right to waive a jury trial. The right to a jury trial is exclusively that of the criminal defendant; where one has the right to waive a jury trial, and does so, the prosecution cannot ask for one. In Patton v. United States,[16] one of the jurors became incapacitated and counsel for the defendant and the government agreed to continue with 11 jurors. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that this was acceptable if the prosecution and the court, as well as the defendant, agreed to this procedure.
Civil juries[edit]
Seventh Amendment[edit]
Main article: Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
The right to trial by jury in a civil case is addressed by the 7th Amendment, which provides: "In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law."[17] Although the civil jury (unlike the criminal jury) has fallen into disuse in much of the rest of the world, including England, it remains in high esteem in the United States. In Joseph Story's 1833 treatise Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, he wrote, "[I]t is a most important and valuable amendment; and places upon the high ground of constitutional right the inestimable privilege of a trial by jury in civil cases, a privilege scarcely inferior to that in criminal cases, which is conceded by all to be essential to political and civil liberty." Nearly every state constitution contains a similar guarantee.[18]
The 7th Amendment does not create any right to a jury trial; rather, it "preserves" the right to jury trial that existed in 1791 at common law.[19] In this context, common law means the legal environment the United States inherited from England at the time. In England in 1791, civil actions were divided into actions at law and actions in equity. Actions at law had a right to a jury, actions in equity did not.
The decision in Rachal v. Hill,[20] indicated that 7th Amendment right to jury trial may severely limit developments in the principles of res judicata.[20] Some critics believe that the United States has more trial by jury than is necessary or desirable.[21]
The right to a jury trial is determined based upon the a demand in the complaint brought by a Plaintiff, without regard to the defenses or counterclaims asserted by a defendant.
The right to a jury trial in civil cases does not extend to the states, except when a state court is enforcing a federally created right, of which the right to trial by jury is a substantial part.[22]
It has been suggested that in complex litigation, the jury's inability to comprehend the issues may cause the 7th Amendment right to conflict with due process rights and authorize the judge to strike the jury.[23]
The right to trial by jury in bankruptcy cases has been described as unclear.[24]
In Colgrove v. Battin,[25] the Supreme Court held that a civil jury of six members did not violate the Seventh Amendment right to trial by jury in a civil case.
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure[edit]
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 2 says "[t]here is one form of action - the civil action[,]" which abolishes the legal/equity distinction. Today, in actions that would have been "at law" in 1791, there is a right to a jury; in actions that would have been "in equity" in 1791, there is no right to a jury. However, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 39(c) allows a court to use one at its discretion. To determine whether the action would have been legal or equitable in 1791, one must first look at the type of action and whether such an action was considered "legal" or "equitable" in 1791. Next, the relief being sought must be examined. Monetary damages alone were purely a legal remedy, and thus entitled to a jury. Non-monetary remedies such as injunctions, rescission, and specific performance were all equitable remedies, and thus up to the judge's discretion, not a jury. In Beacon Theaters v. Westover,[26] the U.S. Supreme Court discussed the right to a jury, holding that when both equitable and legal claims are brought, the right to a jury trial still exists for the legal claim, which would be decided by a jury before the judge ruled on the equitable claim.
Following the English tradition, U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors, and the jury's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors.[citation needed] Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 48 states that a federal civil jury must begin with at least 6 and no more than 12 members, and that the verdict must be unanimous unless the parties stipulate otherwise.[27]
Waiver[edit]
Alternative dispute resolution is becoming increasingly common.[28] Mandatory binding arbitration has been used by some parties to prevent the 7th Amendment right to a civil jury trial from being invoked.[29] Arbitration agreements are becoming increasingly common in the marketplace, to the point at which it is becoming difficult for consumers to purchase products without waiving their right to settle disputes arising out of the transaction by jury trial.[30] It has been argued that arbitration clauses should be held to a higher "knowing-consent" standard in order to be upheld.[31]
Jury selection[edit]
A nineteenth-century painting of a jury
Main article: Jury selection in the United States
Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers' license lists. A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship, disabilities, ability to understand the English language, and whether they have any conditions that would excuse them from being a juror. If they are deemed qualified, a summons is issued. In the federal system, jurors are selected in accordance with the Jury Selection Act.
Criticism[edit]
See also: Jury § Advantages and Disadvantages of a jury system
It has been proposed that the federal civil jury system be abolished in order to clean up the backlog of cases, keep court calendars current, and obtain better and more efficient administration of justice.[32] Research indicates that while civil trials may proceed more slowly before a jury, judge-tried cases last longer on the docket.[33]
Proposals to abolish the jury system have been criticized on the grounds that only reform, not abolition, is necessary; and that there is no better alternative system.[34] Juror ignorance has been described as a potential threat to justice; for instance, one study found that 50% of jurors surveyed thought that it was up to the defendant to prove his innocence.[35] The growing use of administrative procedures and of the contempt power to enforce law has been cited as evidence that trial by jury is facing a period of critical re-examination.[36]
Some legal journals have speculated that jury trials encourage harsh punishment in the United States.[37]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.juryinfo.org/Home.aspx
Jump up ^ Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145 (1968).
^ Jump up to: a b "Types of Juries". United States Courts. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Baldwin v. New York, 399 U.S. 66 (1970)
Jump up ^ Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 78 (1970)
Jump up ^ Frank v. United States, 395 U.S. 147 (1969)
Jump up ^ Blanton v. City of North Las Vegas, 489 U.S. 538 (1989)
Jump up ^ Langbein, John H. (1992), On the Myth of Written Constitutions: The Disappearance of Criminal Jury Trial, 15, Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y, p. 119
Jump up ^ Larsen, Korine L. (1994), With Liberty and Juvenile Justice for All: Extending the Right to a Jury Trial to the Juvenile Courts, 20, Wm. Mitchell L. Rev., p. 835
Jump up ^ Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000)
Jump up ^ Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004)
Jump up ^ Rule 31, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
Jump up ^ NJ King; DA Soule; S Steen; RR Weidner (2005), When Process Affects Punishment: Differences in Sentences After Guilty Plea, Bench Trial, and Jury Trial in Five Guidelines States, Columbia Law Review, JSTOR 4099426
Jump up ^ Singer v. United States, 380 U.S. 24 (1965)
Jump up ^ Rule 23. Jury or Nonjury Trial, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
Jump up ^ Patton v. United States, 281 U.S. 276 (1930)
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of the United States of America". Gpoaccess.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
Jump up ^ Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Actions; James, Fleming Jr., 72, Yale L.J., 1962–1963, p. 655
Jump up ^ Redish, Martin H. (1975–1976), Seventh Amendment Right to Jury Trial: A Study in the Irrationality of Rational Decision Making, 70, Nw. U. L. Rev., p. 486
^ Jump up to: a b Rachal v. Hill, 435 F.2d 59 (5th. Cir. 1970)
Jump up ^ Shapiro, David L.; Coquillette, Daniel R. (1971–1972), Fetish of Jury Trial in Civil Cases: A Comment on Rachal v. Hill, The, 85, Harv. L. Rev., p. 442
Jump up ^ "CRS/LII Annotated Constitution Seventh Amendment". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
Jump up ^ Oakes, Jeffrey (1979–1980), Right to Strike the Jury Trial Demand in Complex Litigation, The, 34, U. Miami L. Rev., p. 243
Jump up ^ Cyr, Conrad K. (1989), The Right to Trial by Jury in Bankruptcy: Which Judge is to Preside, 63, Am. Bankr. L.J., p. 53
Jump up ^ Colgrove v. Battin, 413 U.S. 149 (1973)
Jump up ^ Beacon Theaters v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500 (1959)
Jump up ^ Rule 48, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
Jump up ^ Alternative Dispute Resolution: Panacea or Anathema; Edwards, Harry T., 99, Harv. L. Rev., 1985–1986, p. 668
Jump up ^ Sternlight, Jean R. (2000–2001), Mandatory Binding Arbitration and the Demise of the Seventh Amendment Right to a Jury Trial, 16, Ohio St. J. Disp. Resol., p. 669
Jump up ^ Sternlight, Jean R. (2003–2004), Rise and Spread of Mandatory Arbitration as a Substitute for the Jury Trial, The, 38, U.S.F. L. Rev., p. 17
Jump up ^ Ware, Stephen (2003), Contractual Arbitration, Mandatory Arbitration, and State Constitutional Jury-Trial Rights, USFL Rev.
Jump up ^ Devitt, Edward J. (1974), Federal Civil Jury Trials Should Be Abolished, 60, A.B.A. J., p. 570
Jump up ^ Eisenberg, Theodore; Clermont, Kevin M. (1995–1996), Trial by Jury or Judge: Which is Speedier, 79, Judicature, p. 176
Jump up ^ Wigmore, John H. (1928–1929), Program for the Trial of Jury Trial, A, 12, J. Am. Jud. Soc., p. 166
Jump up ^ Strawn, David U.; Buchanan, Raymond W. (1975–1976), Jury Confusion: A Threat to Justice, 59, Judicature, p. 478
Jump up ^ Jury Trial of Crimes; Powell, Lewis F. Jr., 23, Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 1, 1966
Jump up ^ Pizzi, William T. (2002), Do Jury Trials Encourage Harsh Punishment in the United States, 21, St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev., p. 51
hide
v
t
e
Jury-related articles
Primary articles
Jury trial
Coroner's jury
Grand jury (Indictment)
Petit jury
Jury instructions
Specific finding
Deliberation
Hung jury
Jury nullification
Jury tampering
Jury research
Jury stress
Jury selection
Change of venue
Death-qualified jury
All-white jury
Peremptory challenge
Strike for cause
Scientific jury selection
Struck jury
Specific jurisdictions
Canada
England and Wales
Japan
Scotland
United States (U.S. military)
Groups
Fully Informed Jury Association
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juries_in_the_United_States&oldid=854397630"
Categories:
Juries in the United States
Hidden categories:
Use American English from August 2018
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Use mdy dates from August 2018
Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2018
All pages needing cleanup
Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2018
All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 01:50 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: b

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_rewrite

values:
/wiki/Petit_juries
mw-redirect
Petit juries

values: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/U.S._Declaration_of_Independence
mw-redirect
U.S. Declaration of Independence

values:
/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
U.S. Supreme Court

values: Edit section: Scope of constitutional right

values:
/wiki/Chief_Justice_Burger
mw-redirect
Chief Justice Burger

values:
/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II
mw-redirect
John Marshall Harlan II

values: Patton v. United States (1930) (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

values:
/wiki/Federal_Rule_of_Civil_Procedure
mw-redirect
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

values:
/wiki/Equitable_remedies
mw-redirect
Equitable remedies

values:
/wiki/Beacon_Theaters_v._Westover
mw-redirect
Beacon Theaters v. Westover

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Mandatory_binding_arbitration
mw-redirect
Mandatory binding arbitration

values:
/wiki/Arbitration_agreement
mw-redirect
Arbitration agreement

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Jury_Selection_Act
mw-redirect
Jury Selection Act

values:
/wiki/Court_calendar
mw-redirect
Court calendar

values:
/wiki/Contempt_power
mw-redirect
Contempt power

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.juryinfo.org/Home.aspx

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 391

values: Baldwin v. New York (page does not exist)

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 399

values: Frank v. United States (page does not exist)

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 395

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 489

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 530

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 542

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4099426

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 380

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 281

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 413

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 359

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Section Eleven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Use American English from August 2018

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2018

values: Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2018

values: Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Juries_in_the_United_States
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Суди присяжних у США – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Juries_in_the_United_States rootpage-Juries_in_the_United_States skin-vector action-view