text:
Inner ear
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Inner ear
Details
Artery
labyrinthine artery
Identifiers
Latin
auris interna
MeSH
A09.246.631
TA
A15.3.03.001
FMA
60909
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
This article is one of a series documenting the anatomy of the
Human ear
Outer ear[show]
Pinna
Tragus
Middle ear[show]
Tympanic membrane
Ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Inner ear[hide]
Vestibules
Utricle
Saccule
Cochlea
Semicircular canals
v
t
e
Inner ear
The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance.[1] In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts:[2]
The cochlea, dedicated to hearing; converting sound pressure patterns from the outer ear into electrochemical impulses which are passed on to the brain via the auditory nerve.
The vestibular system, dedicated to balance
The inner ear is found in all vertebrates, with substantial variations in form and function. The inner ear is innervated by the eighth cranial nerve in all vertebrates.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Bony vs. membranous
1.2 Vestibular vs. cochlear
1.3 Development
1.4 Histology
2 Physiology
3 Clinical significance
4 Comparative anatomy
4.1 The cochlear system
4.2 The vestibular system
4.3 Equilibrium
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
The cochlea and vestibule, viewed from above.
The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region.
Bony vs. membranous[edit]
The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The membranous labyrinth runs inside of the bony labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph fluid between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea.
Vestibular vs. cochlear[edit]
In the middle ear, the energy of pressure waves is translated into mechanical vibrations by the three auditory ossicles. Pressure waves move the tympanic membrane which in turns moves the malleus, the first bone of the middle ear. The malleus articulates to incus which connects to the stapes. The footplate of the stapes connects to the oval window, the beginning of the inner ear. When the stapes presses on the oval window, it causes the perilymph, the liquid of the inner ear to move. The middle ear thus serves to convert the energy from sound pressure waves to a force upon the perilymph of the inner ear. The oval window has only approximately 1/18 the area of the tympanic membrane and thus produces a higher pressure. The cochlea propagates these mechanical signals as waves in the fluid and membranes, and then converts them to nerve impulses which are transmitted to the brain.[3]
The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea. The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in view when the head is moved. Joint and muscle receptors are also important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from all these systems to create the sensation of balance.
The vestibular system of the inner ear is responsible for the sensations of balance and motion. It uses the same kinds of fluids and detection cells (hair cells) as the cochlea uses, and sends information to the brain about the attitude, rotation, and linear motion of the head. The type of motion or attitude detected by a hair cell depends on its associated mechanical structures, such as the curved tube of a semicircular canal or the calcium carbonate crystals (otolith) of the saccule and utricle.
Development[edit]
The human inner ear develops during week 4 of embryonic development from the auditory placode, a thickening of the ectoderm which gives rise to the bipolar neurons of the cochlear and vestibular ganglions.[4] As the auditory placode invaginates towards the embryonic mesoderm, it forms the auditory vesicle or otocyst.
The auditory vesicle will give rise to the utricular and saccular components of the membranous labyrinth. They contain the sensory hair cells and otoliths of the macula of utricle and of the saccule, respectively, which respond to linear acceleration and the force of gravity. The utricular division of the auditory vesicle also responds to angular acceleration, as well as the endolymphatic sac and duct that connect the saccule and utricle.
Beginning in the fifth week of development, the auditory vesicle also gives rise to the cochlear duct, which contains the spiral organ of Corti and the endolymph that accumulates in the membranous labyrinth.[5] The vestibular wall will separate the cochlear duct from the perilymphatic scala vestibuli, a cavity inside the cochlea. The basilar membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani, a cavity within the cochlear labyrinth. The lateral wall of the cochlear duct is formed by the spiral ligament and the stria vascularis, which produces the endolymph. The hair cells develop from the lateral and medial ridges of the cochlear duct, which together with the tectorial membrane make up the organ of Corti.[5]
Right human membranous labyrinth, removed from its bony enclosure and viewed from the antero-lateral aspect. Top image is antero-lateral and bottom image is postero-medial. # Lateral semicircular canal; 1’, its ampulla # Posterior canal; 2’, its ampulla # Superior canal; 3’, its ampulla # Conjoined limb of superior and posterior canals (sinus utriculi superior) # Utricle; 5’. Recessus utriculi; 5”. Sinus utriculi posterior # Ductus endolymphaticus # Canalis utriculosaccularis # Nerve to ampulla of superior canal # Nerve to ampulla of lateral canal # Nerve to recessus utriculi (in top image, the three branches appear conjoined); 10’. Ending of nerve in recessus utriculi # Facial nerve # Lagena cochleæ # Nerve of cochlea within spiral lamina # Basilar membrane # Nerve fibers to macula of saccule # Nerve to ampulla of posterior canal # Saccule # Secondary membrane of tympanum # Canalis reuniens # Vestibular end of ductus cochlearis # Section of the facial and acoustic nerves within internal acoustic meatus (the separation between them is not apparent in the section) # (No entry) # Vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory or acoustic, cranial nerve VIII)

Histology[edit]
Organ of Corti
A cross section of the cochlea illustrating the organ of Corti.
Section through the spiral organ of Corti. Magnified.
Identifiers
TA
A15.3.03.001
FMA
60909
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Rosenthal's canal or the spiral canal of the cochlea is a section of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear that is approximately 30 mm long and makes 2¾ turns about the modiolus.
There are several specialized types of cell in the inner ear. Among these are hair cells, pillar cells, Boettcher's cells, Claudius' cells and Deiters' cells (phalangeal cells).
The hair cells are the primary auditory receptor cells and they are also known as auditory sensory cells, acoustic hair cells, auditory cells or cells of Corti. The organ of Corti is lined with a single row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells. The hair cells have a hair bundle at the apical surface of the cell. The hair bundle consists of an array of actin-based stereocilia. Each stereocilium inserts as a rootlet into a dense filamentous actin mesh known as the cuticular plate. Disruption of these bundles results in hearing impairments and balance defects.
Pillar cells are found in the organ of Corti and act as supporting cells for hair cells. They are divided into two types: inner and outer. Outer pillar cells are unique in that they are free standing cells with no contact to adjacent cells except at the bases and apices. Both types of pillar cell are characterized by the presence of thousands of cross linked microtubules and actin filaments in parallel orientation. They provide mechanical coupling between the basement membrane and the mechanoreceptors on the hair cells.
Boettcher's cells are found in the organ of Corti where they are present only in the lower turn of the cochlea. They lie on the basilar membrane beneath Claudius' cells and are organized in rows with the number of rows the number of which varies between species. The cells interdigitate with each other, and project microvilli into the intercellular space. They are supporting cells for the auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti. They are named after German pathologist Arthur Böttcher (1831-1889).
Claudius' cells are found in the organ of Corti located above rows of Boettcher's cells. Like Boettcher's cells they are considered supporting cells for the auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti. They contain a variety of aquaporin water channels and appear to be involved in ion transport. They also play a role in sealing off endolymphatic spaces. They are named after the German anatomist Friedrich Matthias Claudius (1822-1869).
Deiters' cells (phalangeal cells) are a type of neuroglial cell found in the organ of Corti and organised in one row of inner phalangeal cells and three rows of outer phalangeal cells. They are the supporting cells of the hair cell area within the cochlea. They are named after the German pathologist Otto Deiters (1834-1863) who described them.
Hensen's cells are high columnar cells that are directly adjacent to the third row of Deiters’ cells.
Hensen's stripe is the section of the tectorial membrane above the inner hair cell.
Nuel's spaces refer to the fluid filled spaces between the outer pillar cells and adjacent hair cells and also the spaces between the outer hair cells.
Hardesty's membrane is the layer of the tectoria closest to the reticular lamina and overlying the outer hair cell region.
Reissner's membrane is composed of two cell layers and separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli.
Huschke's teeth are the tooth shaped ridges on the spiral limbus that are in contact with the tectoria and separated by interdental cells.
Physiology[edit]
Neurons within the ear respond to simple tones, and the brain serves to process other increasingly complex sounds. An average adult is typically able to detect sounds ranging between 20 and 20,000 Hz. The ability to detect higher pitch sounds decreases in older humans.
The human ear has evolved with two basic tools to encode sound waves; each are separate in detecting high and low frequency sounds. Georg von Békésy (1899-1972) employed the use of a microscope in order to examine the basilar membrane located within the inner-ear of cadavers. He found that movement of the basilar membrane resembles that of a traveling wave; the shape of which varies based on the frequency of the pitch. In low frequency sounds, the tip (apex) of the membrane moves the most, while in high frequency sounds, the base of the membrane moves most.[6]
Clinical significance[edit]
Interference with or infection of the labyrinth can result in a syndrome of ailments called labyrinthitis. The symptoms of labyrinthitis include temporary nausea, disorientation, vertigo, and dizziness. Labyrinthitis can be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, or physical blockage of the inner ear.[7][8]
Another condition has come to be known as autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED). It is characterized by idiopathic, rapidly progressive, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. It is a fairly rare disorder while at the same time, a lack of proper diagnostic testing has meant that its precise incidence cannot be determined.[9]
Comparative anatomy[edit]
Birds have an auditory system similar to that of mammals, including a cochlea. Reptiles, amphibians, and fish do not have cochleas but hear with simpler auditory organs or vestibular organs, which generally detect lower-frequency sounds than the cochlea.
The cochlear system[edit]
See also: Evolution of the cochlea
In reptiles, sound is transmitted to the inner ear by the stapes (stirrup) bone of the middle ear. This is pressed against the oval window, a membrane-covered opening on the surface of the vestibule. From here, sound waves are conducted through a short perilymphatic duct to a second opening, the round window, which equalizes pressure, allowing the incompressible fluid to move freely. Running parallel with the perilymphatic duct is a separate blind-ending duct, the lagena, filled with endolymph. The lagena is separated from the perilymphatic duct by a basilar membrane, and contains the sensory hair cells that finally translate the vibrations in the fluid into nerve signals. It is attached at one end to the saccule.[10]
In most reptiles the perilymphatic duct and lagena are relatively short, and the sensory cells are confined to a small basilar papilla lying between them. However, in birds, mammals, and crocodilians, these structures become much larger and somewhat more complicated. In birds, crocodilians, and monotremes, the ducts are simply extended, together forming an elongated, more or less straight, tube. The endolymphatic duct is wrapped in a simple loop around the lagena, with the basilar membrane lying along one side. The first half of the duct is now referred to as the scala vestibuli, while the second half, which includes the basilar membrane, is called the scala tympani. As a result of this increase in length, the basilar membrane and papilla are both extended, with the latter developing into the organ of Corti, while the lagena is now called the cochlear duct. All of these structures together constitute the cochlea.[10]
In mammals (other than monotremes), the cochlea is extended still further, becoming a coiled structure in order to accommodate its length within the head. The organ of Corti also has a more complex structure in mammals than it does in other amniotes.[10]
The arrangement of the inner ear in living amphibians is, in most respects, similar to that of reptiles. However, they often lack a basilar papilla, having instead an entirely separate set of sensory cells at the upper edge of the saccule, referred to as the papilla amphibiorum, which appear to have the same function.[10]
Although many fish are capable of hearing, the lagena is, at best, a short diverticulum of the saccule, and appears to have no role in sensation of sound. Various clusters of hair cells within the inner ear may instead be responsible; for example, bony fish contain a sensory cluster called the macula neglecta in the utricle that may have this function. Although fish have neither an outer nor a middle ear, sound may still be transmitted to the inner ear through the bones of the skull, or by the swim bladder, parts of which often lie close by in the body.[10]
The vestibular system[edit]
By comparison with the cochlear system, the vestibular system varies relatively little between the various groups of jawed vertebrates. The central part of the system consists of two chambers, the saccule and utricle, each of which includes one or two small clusters of sensory hair cells. All jawed vertebrates also possess three semicircular canals arising from the utricle, each with an ampulla containing sensory cells at one end.[10]
An endolymphatic duct runs from the saccule up through the head, and ending close to the brain. In cartilaginous fish, this duct actually opens onto the top of the head, and in some teleosts, it is simply blind-ending. In all other species, however, it ends in an endolymphatic sac. In many reptiles, fish, and amphibians this sac may reach considerable size. In amphibians the sacs from either side may fuse into a single structure, which often extends down the length of the body, parallel with the spinal canal.[10]
The primitive lampreys and hagfish, however, have a simpler system. The inner ear in these species consists of a single vestibular chamber, although in lampreys, this is associated with a series of sacs lined by cilia. Lampreys have only two semicircular canals, with the horizontal canal being absent, while hagfish have only a single, vertical, canal.[10]
Equilibrium[edit]
The inner ear is primarily responsible for balance, equilibrium and orientation in three-dimensional space. The inner ear can detect both static and dynamic equilibrium. Three semicircular ducts and two chambers, which contain the saccule and utricle, enable the body to detect any deviation from equilibrium. The macula sacculi detects vertical acceleration while the macula utriculi is responsible for horizontal acceleration. These microscopic structures possess stereocilia and one kinocilium which are located within the gelatinous otolithic membrane. The membrane is further weighted with otoliths. Movement of the stereocilia and kinocilium enable the hair cells of the saccula and utricle to detect motion. The semicircular ducts are responsible for detecting rotational movement.[11]
Additional images[edit]
Ear labyrinth
Inner ear
Temporal bone
Internal ear
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Ear
Hearing
Outer ear
Middle ear
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Torres, M., Giráldez, F. (1998) The development of the vertebrate inner ear. Mechanisms of Development 71 (1-2) pg 5-21
Jump up ^ J.M. Wolfe et al. (2009). Sensation & Perception. 2nd ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associated Inc
Jump up ^ Jan Schnupp, Israel Nelken and Andrew King (2011). Auditory Neuroscience. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-11318-X.
Jump up ^ Hyman, Libbie Henrietta (1992). Hyman's comparative vertebrate anatomy (3 ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 634. ISBN 0-226-87013-8. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Brauer, Philip R. (2003). Human embryology: the ultimate USMLE step 1 review. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 61. ISBN 1-56053-561-X. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ Schacter, Daniel (2012). Psychology. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. ISBN 1464135606.
Jump up ^ Labyrinthine dysfunction during diving. 1st Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Workshop. UHMS Publication Number WS6-15-74. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. 1973. p. 11. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
Jump up ^ Kennedy RS (March 1974). "General history of vestibular disorders in diving". Undersea Biomedical Research. 1 (1): 73–81. PMID 4619861. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
Jump up ^ Ruckenstein, M. J. (2004). "Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease". Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, 12(5), pp. 426-430.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 476–489. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function. N.p.: McGraw-Hill College, 2011. Print.
Ruckenstein, M. J. (2004). "Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease". Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, 12(5), pp. 426–430.
Saladin, "Anatomy and Physiology" 6e, print American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, The Middle Ear, http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Middle-Ear/
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inner ear.
Anatomy photo:30:05-0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of hearing and balance
Outer ear
Auricle
helix
antihelix
tragus
antitragus
intertragic notch
earlobe
Ear canal
Auricular muscles
Eardrum
umbo
pars flaccida
Middle ear
Tympanic cavity
Medial structures
oval window
round window
secondary tympanic membrane
prominence of facial canal
promontory of tympanic cavity
Posterior structures
mastoid cells
aditus to mastoid antrum
pyramidal eminence
Ossicles
Malleus
superior ligament
lateral ligament
anterior ligament
Incus
superior ligament
posterior ligament
Stapes
annular ligament
Muscles
stapedius
tensor tympani
Auditory tube /
Eustachian tube
Torus tubarius
Inner ear/
(membranous labyrinth,
bony labyrinth)
Auditory system/
Cochlear labyrinth
General cochlea
Vestibular duct
Helicotrema
Tympanic duct
Modiolus
Cochlear cupula
Perilymphatic space
Perilymph
Cochlear aqueduct
Cochlear duct /
scala media
Reissner's/vestibular membrane
Basilar membrane
Reticular membrane
Endolymph
Stria vascularis
Spiral ligament
Organ of Corti
stereocilia
tip links
Tectorial membrane
Sulcus spiralis
externus
internus
Spiral limbus
Cells
Claudius cell
Boettcher cell
Vestibular system/
Vestibular labyrinth
Vestibule
Utricle
macula
Saccule
macula
Kinocilium
Otolith
Vestibular aqueduct
endolymphatic duct
endolymphatic sac
Ductus reuniens
Semicircular canals
Superior semicircular canal
Posterior semicircular canal
Horizontal semicircular canal
Ampullary cupula
Ampullae
crista ampullaris
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inner_ear&oldid=792359512"
Categories:
Ear
Auditory system
Hidden categories:
Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Català
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Italiano
Қазақша
Lietuvių
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
తెలుగు
ไทย
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 July 2017, at 01:53.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

values: font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:3em; font-size: 100%; background-color: misty-rose

values:
/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)
mw-redirect
Pinna (anatomy)

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Tympanic_membrane
mw-redirect
Tympanic membrane

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:22em; border: 1px solid blue; background: misty-rose

values:
/wiki/Auditory_nerve
mw-redirect
Auditory nerve

values:
/wiki/Cranial_nerve
mw-redirect
Cranial nerve

values:
/wiki/Embryonic_development
mw-redirect
Embryonic development

values:
/wiki/Auditory_placode
mw-redirect
Auditory placode

values:
/wiki/Scarpa%27s_ganglion
mw-redirect
Scarpa's ganglion

values:
/wiki/Auditory_vesicle
mw-redirect
Auditory vesicle

values:
/wiki/Linear_acceleration
mw-redirect
Linear acceleration

values:
/wiki/Reissner%27s_membrane
mw-redirect
Reissner's membrane

values:
/wiki/Scala_vestibuli
mw-redirect
Scala vestibuli

values:
/wiki/Scala_tympani
mw-redirect
Scala tympani

values:
/wiki/Stria_vascularis
mw-redirect
Stria vascularis

values:
/wiki/Lateral_semicircular_canal
mw-redirect
Lateral semicircular canal

values:
/wiki/Osseous_ampullae
mw-redirect
Osseous ampullae

values:
/wiki/Posterior_canal
mw-redirect
Posterior canal

values:
/wiki/Superior_canal
mw-redirect
Superior canal

values: Conjoined limb of superior and posterior canals (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Ductus_endolymphaticus
mw-redirect
Ductus endolymphaticus

values: Canalis utriculosaccularis (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Nerve_to_ampulla_of_lateral_canal
mw-redirect
Nerve to ampulla of lateral canal

values: Nerve to recessus utriculi (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Lagena_cochle%C3%A6
mw-redirect
Lagena cochleæ

values:
/wiki/Nerve_fibers_to_macula_of_saccule
mw-redirect
Nerve fibers to macula of saccule

values: Nerve to ampulla of posterior canal (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Secondary_membrane_of_tympanum
mw-redirect
Secondary membrane of tympanum

values:
/wiki/Canalis_reuniens
mw-redirect
Canalis reuniens

values:
/wiki/Internal_acoustic_meatus
mw-redirect
Internal acoustic meatus

values:
/wiki/Deiters_cell
mw-redirect
Deiters cell

values: Hardesty's membrane (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish
mw-redirect
Cartilaginous fish

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4619861

values: Template:Auditory and vestibular anatomy

values: Template talk:Auditory and vestibular anatomy

values:
/wiki/Auricular_muscles
mw-redirect
Auricular muscles

values:
/wiki/Umbo_of_tympanic_membrane
mw-redirect
Umbo of tympanic membrane

values:
/wiki/Secondary_tympanic_membrane
mw-redirect
Secondary tympanic membrane

values:
/wiki/Superior_ligament_of_malleus
mw-redirect
Superior ligament of malleus

values:
/wiki/Lateral_ligament_of_malleus
mw-redirect
Lateral ligament of malleus

values:
/wiki/Anterior_ligament_of_malleus
mw-redirect
Anterior ligament of malleus

values:
/wiki/Anular_ligament_of_stapes
mw-redirect
Anular ligament of stapes

values:
/wiki/Auditory_tube
mw-redirect
Auditory tube

values:
/wiki/Tectorial_membrane_(cochlea)
mw-redirect
Tectorial membrane (cochlea)

values:
/wiki/Semicircular_canal
mw-redirect
Semicircular canal

values:
/wiki/Superior_semicircular_canal
mw-redirect
Superior semicircular canal

values:
/wiki/Posterior_semicircular_canal
mw-redirect
Posterior semicircular canal

values:
/wiki/Horizontal_semicircular_canal
mw-redirect
Horizontal semicircular canal

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Inner_ear
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: أذن داخلية – Arabic

values: Унутранае вуха – Belarusian

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innenohr
Innenohr – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: Έσω ους – Greek

values: گوش درونی – Persian

values: आन्तर कर्ण – Hindi

values: Ішкі құлақ – Kazakh

values: Внутреннее ухо – Russian

values: Унутрашње уво – Serbian

values: లోపలి చెవి – Telugu

values: หูชั้นใน – Thai

values: Внутрішнє вухо – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Inner_ear rootpage-Inner_ear vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Council of Ministers of Nepal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nepal
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Nepal
Constitution[show]
Human rights
LGBT rights
Executive[show]
President
Bidhya Devi Bhandari
Vice President
Nanda Bahadur Pun
Prime Minister
Sher Bahadur Deuba
Legislature[show]
Legislature Parliament
Speaker: Onsari Gharti Magar
Deputy Speaker: Ganga Prasad Yadav
Judiciary[show]
Supreme Court
Chief Justice of Nepal: Gopal Parajuli
Elections[show]
Election Commission
Political parties
Recent elections
Constituent Assembly: 2008
2013
Presidential: 2008
2015
Legislative: 2017
Local: 2017
Administrative divisions[show]
Provinces
Districts
Municipality
Rural Municipality
Foreign relations[show]
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Diplomatic missions
of Nepal
to Nepal
Passport
Visa requirements
Related topics[show]
Democracy movement
Civil War
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
Contents
[hide]
1 See also
2 Formation
3 Formation
4 Removal
5 Current Council of Ministers
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
See also[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
Politics of Asia templates
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with
limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and
other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
</noinclude> The Council of Ministers or Federal Executive exercises authority over the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers. The incumbent Prime Minister is Sher Bahadur Deuba.[1]
Incumbent Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba
Formation[edit]
According to the present Constitution of Nepal 2015, the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Nepal after being designated by the Legislature Parliament of Nepal. The President of Nepal on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Nepal forms a council of ministers consisting of members not exceeding twenty five in number from among the members of the Legislature Parliament of Nepal on the basis of the principle of inclusion.[2]
Formation[edit]
According to the present Constitution of Nepal, the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Nepal after being designated by the Legislature Parliament of Nepal. The President of Nepal on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Nepal forms a council of ministers consisting of members not exceeding twenty five in number from among the members of the Legislature Parliament of Nepal on the basis of the principle of inclusion.
Removal[edit]
According to the Constitution of Nepal, 2015, the minister ceases to hold office if[3]:
He/She tenders a written resignation to the Prime Minister
The Prime Minister removes him/her from the post
The Prime Minister ceases to hold office
He/She dies
Current Council of Ministers[edit]
Name
Party
Portfolio
Took office
Sher Bahadur Deuba Nepali Congress Prime Minister
All portfolios not allocated to any other minister[1]
7 June 2017
Bijay Kumar Gachhadar Nepal Loktantrik Forum Deputy Prime Minister
Minister of Federal Affairs and Local Development
7 June 2017
Krishna Bahadur Mahara Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) Deputy Prime Minister
Minister of Foreign Affairs
7 June 2017
Gopal Man Shrestha Nepali Congress Deputy Prime Minister
Minister of Education
7 June 2017
Janardan Sharma Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) Minister of Home Affairs 7 June 2017
Gyanendra Bahadur Karki Nepali Congress Minister of Finance 7 June 2017
Farmullah Mansoor Nepali Congress Minister of Labour and Employment 7 June 2017
Prabhu Shah Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) Minister of Urban Development 7 June 2017
Bhimsen Das Pradhan Nepali Congress Minister of Defense 26 July 2017
Bir Bahadur Balayar Nepali Congress Minister of Physical Infrastructure and Transportation 26 July 2017
Giri Rajmani Pokharel Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) Minister of Health 26 July 2017
Jitendra Narayan Dev Nepal Loktantrik Forum Minister of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation 26 July 2017
Gopal Dahit Nepal Loktantrik Forum Minister of Land Reform and Management 26 July 2017
Mohan Bahadur Basnet Nepali Congress Minister of Information and Communication 26 July 2017
Ram Krishan Yadav Nepali Congress Minister of Agricultural Development 26 July 2017
Mahendra Yadav Nepali Congress Minister of Water Supply and Sanitation 26 July 2017
Ambika Basnet Nepali Congress Minister of Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation 26 July 2017
Min Bahadur Bishwakarma Nepali Congress Minister of Commerce 26 July 2017
Yagya Bahadur Thapa Nepali Congress Minister of Law, Justice, & Parliamentary Affairs 26 July 2017
Sanjaya Kumar Gautam Nepali Congress Minister of Irrigation 26 July 2017
Rajendra Kumar K.C. Nepali Congress Minister of Youth and Sports 26 July 2017
Tek Bahadur Basnet Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) Minister of General Administration 26 July 2017
Shiva Kumar Mandal Kewat Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) Minister of Supplies 26 July 2017
Mahendra Bahadur Shahi Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) Minister of Energy 26 July 2017
Asha Koirala Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) Minister of Women, Children and Social Welfare Development 26 July 2017
Santa Kumar Tharu Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) Minister of Livestock Development 26 July 2017
Mithila Chaudhari Nepal Communist Party (United) Minister of Population and Environment 26 July 2017
See also[edit]
Government of Nepal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Council of Ministers". Office of Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. Government of Nepal. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of Nepal". Constitute Project. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of Nepal". Constitute Project. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
External links[edit]
Official Page of Council of Ministers
[show]
v
t
e
National cabinets of Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with
limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and
other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal&oldid=797512089"
Categories:
Nepal politics and government templates
Politics by country sidebar templates
Lists of Nepalese people
Lists of politicians
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
नेपाली
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 August 2017, at 14:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

attrs: class style

values: adr font-size:smaller

value: th

value: tr

value: img

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: class id href

values: NavToggle NavToggle1 #

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Nanda_Bahadur_Pun
mw-redirect
Nanda Bahadur Pun

values:
/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Nepal
mw-redirect
Election Commission of Nepal

values: Nepalese Constituent Assembly election, 2008

values: Nepalese Constituent Assembly election, 2013

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Template talk:Politics of Asia templates

values:
/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Sri_Lanka
mw-redirect
Template:Politics of Sri Lanka

values: Template:Politics of the United Arab Emirates

values: Template:Politics of the Republic of Artsakh

values: Template:Politics of the Palestinian territories

values: Template:Politics of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)

values: Template:Politics of Christmas Island (page does not exist)

values: Template:Politics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Nepal

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Edit section: Current Council of Ministers

values: Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist-Centre)

values: Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)

values:
nofollow
http://opmcm.gov.np/en/cabinet/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Armenia
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Armenia

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bhutan
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Bhutan

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Brunei
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Brunei

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_China
mw-redirect
Cabinet of China

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Cyprus

values: Cabinet of East Timor (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Georgia_(country)
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Georgia (country)

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_India
mw-redirect
Cabinet of India

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iraq
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Iraq

values: Cabinet of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_South_Korea
mw-redirect
Cabinet of South Korea

values: Cabinet of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)

values: Cabinet of Mongolia (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nepal
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Nepal

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Russia

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Saudi_Arabia
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Saudi Arabia

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Syria
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Syria

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tajikistan
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Tajikistan

values: Cabinet of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Uzbekistan
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Uzbekistan

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Vietnam
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Vietnam

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Abkhazia
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Abkhazia

values: Cabinet of the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Northern_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Northern Cyprus

values: Cabinet of the Palestinian territories (page does not exist)

values: Cabinet of South Ossetia (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Taiwan
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Taiwan

values: Cabinet of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)

values: Cabinet of Christmas Island (page does not exist)

values: Cabinet of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hong_Kong
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Hong Kong

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_of_Macau
mw-redirect
Cabinet of Macau

values: Category:Nepal politics and government templates

values: Category:Politics by country sidebar templates

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: नेपालको वर्तमान मन्त्रीमण्डल – Nepali

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal rootpage-Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal skin-vector action-view


text:
Home of the Strange
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Home of the Strange
Studio album by Young the Giant
Released
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12)[1]
Genre
Indie rock
alternative rock
indie pop[2]
Length
39:50
Label
Fueled by Ramen[3]
Producer
Jeff Bhasker, Alex Salibian[4]
Young the Giant chronology
Mind over Matter
(2014)Mind over Matter2014 Home of the Strange
(2016)
Singles from Home of the Strange
"Amerika"
Released: April 15, 2016
"Something to Believe In"
Released: May 10, 2016[citation needed]
"Silvertongue"
Released: September 2016[citation needed]
Home of the Strange is the third studio album by American alternative rock band Young the Giant, released on August 12, 2016.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Promotion
2 Lyrics
3 Reception
4 Track listing
5 Personnel
6 Charts
6.1 Album
6.2 Singles
7 References
Promotion[edit]
On April 15, 2016, the band released "Amerika" as an announcement track to the new album. The next song to be released, "Something to Believe In", was released as the first official radio single from the album.[6] On May 16, they announced the Home of the Strange Tour, which is set to start in the West Coast on August 13[7] and will tour around the US. Three additional tracks, "Titus Was Born",[8] "Jungle Youth"[9] and "Silvertongue",[10] were released the weeks preceding the release of Home of the Strange.
Lyrics[edit]
Home of the Strange deals with the band's immigrant history and American identity. Lead singer Sameer Gadhia is a first generation American of Indian heritage. The track "Amerika" was inspired by Franz Kafka's unfinished novel of the same name.[11]
Reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic 76/100 [12]
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [13]
Home of the Strange garnered mostly positive reviews. Entertainment Weekly commented that the band found more substance for the album, "the group ascends from the third-tier trenches that waylaid their early career, dishing out their richest and most varied project to date." The Rolling Stone praised the timing of the album with the heated politics of 2016, "the band's third album comes at a time when hyphenated Americans are reminded daily of their status. The lyrics of Home of the Strange reflect that, taking a stance while yet referencing a complex, ongoing identity crisis." Although, Rolling Stone mentioned the band's "longstanding musical identity crisis". Allmusic commented that the album was "their funkiest offering to date."
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Amerika" 4:00
2. "Something to Believe In" 3:48
3. "Elsewhere" 3:44
4. "Mr. Know-It-All" 3:11
5. "Jungle Youth" 3:40
6. "Titus Was Born" 4:02
7. "Repeat" 3:05
8. "Silvertongue" 3:17
9. "Art Exhibit" 4:03
10. "Nothing's Over" 4:24
11. "Home of the Strange" 2:36
Personnel[edit]
Sameer Gadhia - lead vocals, percussion, ukulele, organ, electric guitar
Eric Cannata - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, piano, synths, additional vocals, percussion
Francois Comtois - drums, percussion, additional vocals, piano, synths
Jacob Tilley - electric guitar, acoustic guitar, synths, vibraphone
Payam Doostzadeh - bass, piano, synths
Alex Salibian - additional electric guitar, piano, synths, vocals
Additional singers: Alexandra Govere, Gabrielle Walter-Clay, Nilu Madadi, Nora Riegels, Sonia Gadhia
Charts[edit]
Album[edit]
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[14]
176
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[15]
17
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[16]
91
New Zealand Heatseekers Albums (RMNZ)[17]
2
US Billboard 200[18]
12
Singles[edit]
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
US
Alt
[19]
US
Rock
[20]
CAN
Alt
[21]
CAN
Rock
[22]
"Amerika"
2016 — 28 — —
"Something to Believe In"
13 33 13
[not in citation given] 25
"—" denotes release that has not charted.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "YOUNG THE GIANT to Release New Album 'Home Of The Strange' on August 12, 2016; Stream "Amerika" Single". Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Neil Z. Yeung (2016-08-12). "Home of the Strange - Young the Giant | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
Jump up ^ Gonda, Christopher (April 19, 2016). "Young The Giant to Release New Album 'Home Of The Strange'". PureGrainAudio. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Young the Giant Tackle the State of Their Band and Nation on Their Latest Album". OCWeekly. August 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Home of the Strange by Young the Giant". Retrieved August 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Future Releases on Alternative Radio Stations, Independent Artist Song Releases |". Allaccess.com. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Announcing The Home of the Strange Tour". Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Young the Giant: Titus Was Born (Official Visualizer)". YouTube. June 17, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Young the Giant: Jungle Youth (Official Visualizer)". Youtube. July 15, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Young The Giant: Silvertongue [OFFICIAL VIDEO]". Youtube. August 5, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Young The Giant Touches On Immigrant Background In 'Home Of The Strange'". Retrieved 19 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Home of the Strange by Young the Giant". Retrieved 19 September 2016.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Young the Giant – Home of the Strange" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Young the Giant – Chart history" Billboard Canadian Albums Chart for Young the Giant. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Young the Giant – Home of the Strange" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. August 22, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Young the Giant – Chart history" Billboard 200 for Young the Giant. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Young The Giant Album & Song Chart History". Billboard Alternative Songs for Young The Giant. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Young The Giant Album & Song Chart History". Billboard Rock Songs for Young The Giant. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Peak positions for Young the Giant's singles on Canadian Alternative rock Chart:
Jump up ^ "Billboard.biz". billboard.com. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
[hide]
v
t
e
Young the Giant
Eric Cannata
Francois Comtois
Payam Doostzadeh
Sameer Gadhia
Jacob Tilley
Jason Burger
Sean Fischer
Ehson Hashemian
Studio albums
Young the Giant (2010)
Mind Over Matter (2014)
Home of the Strange (2016)
Singles
"My Body"
"Cough Syrup"
"Apartment"
"It's About Time"
"Crystallized"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_of_the_Strange&oldid=803610548"
Categories:
2016 albums
Young the Giant albums
Fueled by Ramen albums
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from September 2016
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016
Articles with hAudio microformats
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from July 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Galego
Italiano
Suomi
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 October 2017, at 15:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: lightsteelblue

attrs: colspan style

value: sup

values: Mind over Matter (Young the Giant album)

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)

values:
/wiki/Indian_American
mw-redirect
Indian American

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: float:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values: The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2016)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Young_the_Giant
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2016

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:All articles with failed verification

values: Category:Articles with failed verification from July 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Home_of_the_Strange
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Home_of_the_Strange rootpage-Home_of_the_Strange vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Speculations about Mona Lisa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, Louvre Museum
The 16th-century portrait Mona Lisa, or La Gioconda (La Joconde), painted in oil on a poplar panel by Leonardo da Vinci, has been the subject of a considerable deal of speculation.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Columns and trimming
2 Landscape
3 Other versions
4 Nude versions
5 Smile
6 Infrared scan
7 Eyebrows and eyelashes
8 Subject
8.1 Metabolic disorders
8.2 Letters and identity of model
9 References
10 External links
Columns and trimming
Early copy of the Mona Lisa at the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, showing columns on either side of the subject
It has for a long time been argued that after Leonardo's death the painting was cut down by having part of the panel at both sides removed. Early copies depict columns on both sides of the figure. Only the edges of the bases can be seen in the original.[2][3] However, some art historians, such as Martin Kemp, now argue that the painting has not been altered, and that the columns depicted in the copies were added by the copyists. The latter view was bolstered during 2004 and 2005 when an international team of 39 specialists undertook the most thorough scientific examination of the Mona Lisa yet undertaken. Beneath the frame (the current one was fitted to the Mona Lisa in 2004) there was discovered a "reserve" around all four edges of the panel. A reserve is an area of bare wood surrounding the gessoed and painted portion of the panel. That this is a genuine reserve, and not the result of removal of the gesso or paint, is demonstrated by a raised edge still existing around the gesso, the result of build up from the edge of brush strokes at the edge of the gesso area.
The reserve area, which was likely to have been as much as 20 mm (0.79 in) originally appears to have been trimmed at some point probably to fit a frame (we know that in the 1906 framing it was the frame itself which was trimmed, not the picture, so it must have been earlier), however at no point has any of Leonardo's actual paint been trimmed. Therefore, the columns in early copies must be inventions of those artists, or copies of another (unknown) studio version of Mona Lisa.[citation needed]
Landscape
People of Arezzo in the Val di Chiana, a valley in Tuscany, have traditionally claimed the Mona Lisa landscape as theirs. An article published in the journal Cartographica suggests that the landscape comprises two parts which when placed together correspond to Leonardo's topographic map, the Val di Chiana.[4]
Other versions
The restored copy of La Gioconda in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. The work is believed to have been made by an apprentice of Leonardo, at the same time as the original.
It has been suggested that Leonardo created more than one version of the painting. Another contender is the Isleworth Mona Lisa, which had been hidden in a Swiss bank vault for 40 years before being unveiled to the public on September 27, 2012.[5] The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich has dated the piece to Leonardo's lifetime, and an expert in sacred geometry says it conforms to the artist's basic line structures.[6][7]
The same claim has been made for a version in the Vernon collection.[8] The Vernon Mona Lisa is particularly interesting because it was originally part of the collection at the Louvre. Another version, dating from c. 1616, was given in c. 1790 to Joshua Reynolds by the Duke of Leeds in exchange for a Reynolds self-portrait. Reynolds thought it to be the real painting and the French one a copy, which has now been disproved. It is, however, useful in that it was copied when the original's colors were far brighter than they are now, and so it gives some sense of the original's appearance 'as new'. It is in a private collection, but was exhibited in 2006 at the Dulwich Picture Gallery.[9]
In January 2012 Museo del Prado in Madrid announced that it had discovered and almost fully restored a copy of the painting by a pupil of Leonardo, very possibly painted alongside the master.[10] The copy gives a better indication of what the portrait looked like at the time, as the varnish on the original has become cracked and yellowed with age.[11][12]
German imaging researchers Claus-Christian Carbon of the University of Bamberg and Vera Hesslinger of the University of Mainz performed further analysis of the Museo del Prado version, comparing it to Da Vinci's Mona Lisa, and in May 2014 speculated that, based on perspective analysis of key features in the images, the two images were painted at the same time from slightly different viewpoints. They further proposed that two images may therefore form a stereoscopic pair, creating the illusion of 3-dimensional depth, when viewed side by side.[13] However, a study published in 2017 has demonstrated that this stereoscopic pair in fact gives no reliable stereoscopic depth.[14]
Nude versions
Salai's nude version
There are several copies of the image in which the figure appears nude. These have also led to speculation that they were copied from a lost Leonardo original depicting Lisa naked.[15] These include:
Salaì, Nude Woman (Donna Nuda). Oil on canvas, 86,5 x 66,5 cm. Hermitage, St Petersburg, Russia.
Salaì, Mona Vanna. Louvre, Paris.
Mona Vanna, 16th century, from collection of Napoleon's uncle cardinal Joseph Fesch (1763-1839)
La Belle Gabrielle, 16th century, from collection of Earl of Spencer, Northampton, England
Carlo Antonio Procaccini, Flora, c. 1600. Accademia Carrara, Bergamo, Italy
Joos van Cleve, Mona Vanna Nuda, National gallery, Prague
Joos van Cleve, Portrait of a Woman, Rheydt Palace State museum
Barthel Bruyn, Gioconda desnuda, 16th century
Smile
Mona Lisa's smile has repeatedly been a subject of many—greatly varying—interpretations. Many researchers have tried to explain why the smile is seen so differently by people. The explanations range from scientific theories about human vision to curious supposition about Mona Lisa's identity and feelings.
Professor Margaret Livingstone of Harvard University has argued that the smile is mostly drawn in low spatial frequencies, and so can best be seen from a distance or with one's peripheral vision. Thus, for example, the smile appears more striking when looking at the portrait's eyes than when looking at the mouth itself.[16][17][18] Christopher Tyler and Leonid Kontsevich of the Smith-Kettlewell Institute in San Francisco believe that the changing nature of the smile is caused by variable levels of random noise in the human visual system.[19] Dina Goldin, Adjunct Professor at Brown University, has argued that the secret is in the dynamic position of Mona Lisa's facial muscles, where our mind's eye unconsciously extends her smile; the result is an unusual dynamicity to the face that invokes subtle yet strong emotions in the viewer of the painting.[20]
In late 2005, Dutch researchers from the University of Amsterdam ran the painting's image through "emotion recognition" computer software developed in collaboration with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The technology demonstration found the smile to be 83% happy, 9% disgusted, 6% fearful, 2% angry, less than 1% neutral, and 0% surprised.[21][22]
Infrared scan
In 2004, experts from the National Research Council of Canada conducted a three-dimensional infrared scan. Because of the aging of the varnish on the painting it is difficult to discern details. Data from the scan and infrared were used by Bruno Mottin of the French Museums' "Center for Research and Restoration" to argue that the transparent gauze veil worn by the sitter is a guarnello, typically used by women while pregnant or just after giving birth. A similar guarnello was painted by Sandro Botticelli in his Portrait of Smeralda Brandini (c. 1470/1475), depicting a pregnant woman on display in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[23] Furthermore, this reflectography revealed that Mona Lisa's hair is not loosely hanging down, but seems attached at the back of the head to a bonnet or pinned back into a chignon and covered with a veil, bordered with a sombre rolled hem. In the 16th century, hair hanging loosely down on the shoulders was the customary style of unmarried young women or prostitutes. This apparent contradiction with her status as a married woman has now been resolved.
Researchers also used the data to reveal details about the technique used and to predict that the painting will degrade very little if current conservation techniques are continued.[24][25] During 2006, Mona Lisa underwent a major scientific observation that proved through infrared cameras she was originally wearing a bonnet and clutching her chair, something that da Vinci decided to change as an afterthought.[26]
Eyebrows and eyelashes
One long-standing mystery of the painting is why Mona Lisa features very faint eyebrows and apparently does not have any eyelashes. In October 2007, Pascal Cotte, a French engineer and inventor, says he discovered with a high-definition camera that Leonardo da Vinci originally did paint eyebrows and eyelashes. Creating an ultra-high resolution close-up that magnified Mona Lisa's face 24 times, Cotte says he found a single brushstroke of a single hair above the left eye. "One day I say, if I can find only one hair, only one hair of the eyebrow, I will have definitively the proof that originally Leonardo da Vinci had painted eyelash and eyebrow," said Cotte. The engineer claims that other eyebrow hairs that potentially could have appeared on the painting may have faded or been inadvertently erased by a poor attempt to clean the painting. In addition, Cotte says his work uncovered proof that her hands were originally painted in a slightly different position than in the final portrait.[27]
Giorgio Vasari's Lives of Artists describes the painting as having thick eyebrows; however, while this may mean that the eyebrows and lashes were accidentally removed, it could also mean that Vasari did not have first-hand knowledge of the work.
Subject
Although the sitter has traditionally been identified as Lisa del Giocondo, a lack of definitive evidence has long fueled alternative theories. During the last years of his life, Leonardo spoke of a portrait "of a certain Florentine lady done from life at the request of the magnificent Giuliano de' Medici." No evidence has been found that indicates a link between Lisa del Giocondo and Giuliano de' Medici, but then the comment could instead refer to one of the two other portraits of women executed by Leonardo.
Comparison to drawing sometimes identified as Leonardo's self-portrait
Leonardo's self-portrait obtained by stereoscopic observation
The artist Susan Dorothea White has interpreted the masculine proportions of Mona Lisa's cranial architecture in her anatomical artworks Anatomy of a Smile: Mona's Bones (2002) and Mona Masticating (2006).[28] Lillian Schwartz of Bell Labs suggests that the Mona Lisa is actually a self-portrait. She supports this theory with the results of a digital analysis of the facial features of the woman in the painting and those of the famous Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk. However, the drawing on which Schwartz based the comparison may not be a self-portrait.[29]
For Sigmund Freud the famous half-smile was a recovered memory of Leonardo's mother.[30] In 1994 Leonardo's biographer Serge Bramly wrote, "there are about a dozen possible identifications of the sitter, all more or less defensible ... Some people have suggested that there was no model at all, that Leonardo was painting an ideal woman."[31]
Isabella of Aragon, Giulio Romano (School of Raphael), Doria Pamphilj Gallery
Maike Vogt-Lüerssen argues that the woman behind the famous smile is Isabella of Aragon, the Duchess of Milan. Leonardo was the court painter for the Duke of Milan for 11 years. The pattern on Mona Lisa's dark green dress, art critic Maike Vogt-Lüerssen believes, indicates that she was a member of the house of Sforza. Her theory is that the Mona Lisa was the first official portrait of the new Duchess of Milan, which requires that it was painted in spring or summer 1489 (and not 1503).[32]
In 2004, historian Giuseppe Pallanti published Monna Lisa, Mulier Ingenua (published in English as Mona Lisa Revealed: The True Identity of Leonardo's Model).[33] The book gathered archival evidence in support of the traditional identification of the model as Lisa. According to Pallanti, the evidence suggests that Leonardo's father was a friend of del Giocondo: "The portrait of Mona Lisa, done when Lisa del Giocondo was aged about 24, was probably commissioned by Leonardo's father himself for his friends as he is known to have done on at least one other occasion."[34][35] In 2007, genealogist Domenico Savini identified the princesses Natalia and Irina Strozzi as descendants of Lisa del Giocondo.[36] Scan data obtained in 2004 suggested that the painting dated from around 1503 and commemorated the birth of the Giocondo's second son.[37][38]
In 2011, art historian Silvano Vinceti claimed longtime apprentice (and possible male lover) to Leonardo, Salaì, was the inspiration and figure for the painting.[39]
In 2005 Heidelberg University academics discovered notes scribbled into the margins of a book by its owner in October 1503.[40] These notes state that Leonardo is working "on the head of Lisa del Giocondo". This is seen by some as confirmation that a certain Lisa del Giocondo has been the sitter for the Mona Lisa. However, these notes offer no description of the painting or drawing and could be attributed to any female portrait of that time.
In 2011, after the discovery of old documents that indicated that Lisa del Giocondo was buried beneath a convent in Florence, an excavation was performed.[41] On May 20, 2011, the skull and bones of a woman speculated to be Lisa were found.[42]
In 2014, Angelo Paratico suggested that Leonardo's mother (probably Mona Lisa) was a Chinese slave. It has also been suggested that she was a Middle Eastern slave.[43]
Metabolic disorders
In January 2010, Dr Vito Franco, professor of pathological anatomy at Palermo University, published research in an article in La Stampa newspaper and at a medical conference in Florence which suggested that the subject showed clear signs of xanthelasma, small accumulations of cholesterol-rich material under the skin, perhaps caused by problems in her biliary tract, due to hyperlipidemia, an inherited metabolic disorder. Dr Franco also suggested that she shows signs of having a lipoma behind her right eye.[44]
Letters and identity of model
Some have seen a facial similarity between the Mona Lisa and other paintings, such as St. John the Baptist, sometimes claimed to be a portrait of Salai.
In December 2010 Italian art historian Silvano Vinceti reported that the Mona Lisa appears to have tiny letters and numbers in her eyes which are only apparent when viewed with a magnifying glass and shortly afterwards said that the model was Leonardo's male apprentice Gian Giacomo Caprotti (known as Salaì) and that the letters were clues to his identity. The Louvre, pointing out that he had had no access to the actual painting, said that after "every laboratory test possible" in 2004 and 2009 that "no inscriptions, letters or numbers, were discovered during the tests." and that "The ageing of the painting on wood has caused a great number of cracks to appear in the paint, which have caused a number of shapes to appear that have often been subject to over-interpretation".[45][46]
References
Jump up ^ What Is the Mystery Behind the Mona Lisa?. wiseGEEK, Retrieved June 9, 2011
Jump up ^ Maike Vogt-Luerssen (2007). "The Mona Lisa of the Vernon Collection is still showing the columns". kleio.org. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ The Walters Art Museum (2007). "The Walters' Mona Lisa". The Walters Art Museum. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Pezzutto, Donato (2011). "Leonardo's Val di Chiana Map in the Mona Lisa". Cartographica: 149–159.
Jump up ^ "Second Mona Lisa Unveiled for First Time in 40 Years". ABC News. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Katherine (February 14, 2013). "Isleworth Mona Lisa Declared Authentic By Swiss-Based Art Foundation And More Art News (PHOTO)". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Fresh proof found for the other, 'original' 'Mona Lisa'". Retrieved April 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Loadstar's Lair (2007). "Mona Lisa". Loadstar's Lair. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Charlotte Higgins (2006-09-23). "Unveiled: early copy that reveals Mona Lisa as her creator intended". London: The Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Mona Lisas: compare Leonardo with his pupil - interactive" at guardian.co.uk
Jump up ^ http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Earliest-copy-of-Mona-Lisa-found-in-Prado/25514
Jump up ^ Brown, Mark (2012-02-01). "The real Mona Lisa? Prado museum finds Leonardo da Vinci pupil's take". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ Jeanna Bryner (5 May 2014). "Did Da Vinci create a 3-D 'Mona Lisa'?". LiveScience.
Jump up ^ Brooks, K. R. (1 January 2017). "Depth Perception and the History of Three-Dimensional Art: Who Produced the First Stereoscopic Images?". i-Perception. 8 (1). doi:10.1177/2041669516680114. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nigel Cawthorne.com (2002). "Mona Lisa Nude - Nigel Cawthorne.com". Nigel Cawthorne.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ BBC News (2003-02-18). "Mona Lisa smile secrets revealed". BBC News. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Livingstone, Margaret. "Is It Warm? Is It Real? Or Just Low Spatial Frequency?". Science. AAAS.
Jump up ^ Ramachandran, Vilayanur S.; Diane Rogers-Ramachandran (June 2006). "Cracking the da Vinci Code:What do the Mona Lisa and President Abraham Lincoln have in common?". Scientific American Mind. Scientific American Inc. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
Jump up ^ Philip Cohen (2007). "Noisy secret of Mona Lisa's smile". NewScientist. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Dina Q. Goldin (2002). "Mona Lisa's Secret Revealed". Brown University Faculty Bulletin. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Mona Lisa 'happy', computer finds". BBC. 2005-12-15. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
Jump up ^ Sterling, Toby (2007-12-27). "Mona LIsa Was 83 Percent Happy". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
Jump up ^ "NGA - Virtue and Beauty: Woman at a Window (Smeralda Brandini?)". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "3-D scan uncovers secrets behind Mona Lisa's smile". CBC. 2006-09-26. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
Jump up ^ Boswell, Randy (2006-09-23). "Canadian researchers set to reveal Mona Lisa mysteries". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
Jump up ^ Austen, Ian (2006-09-27). "New Look at 'Mona Lisa' Yields Some New Secrets". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
Jump up ^ "High resolution image hints at 'Mona Lisa's' eyebrows". CNN. 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
Jump up ^ White, Susan D. (2006). Draw Like Da Vinci. London: Cassell Illustrated. ISBN 1-84403-444-5. pp. 117, 128.
Jump up ^ Bambach, Carmen C., ed. (2003). Leonardo da Vinci master draftsman. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 1-58839-033-0. pp. 183, 426
Jump up ^ Nicholl, Charles (2002-03-28). "The myth of the Mona Lisa". guardian.co.uk. London. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
Jump up ^ Bramly, S. (1994). Leonardo: The artist and the man. London: Penguin Books. pp. 362–363 ISBN 0-14-023175-7
Jump up ^ Maike Vogt-Lüerssen (2010). Die Sforza III: Isabella von Aragon und ihr Hofmaler Leonardo da Vinci. Norderstedt: Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-8391-7110-3.
Jump up ^ Giuseppe Pallanti. Mona Lisa Revealed: The True Identity of Leonardo's Model. Geneve: Skira. ISBN 88-7624-659-2.
Jump up ^ Bruce Johnston (August 1, 2004). "Riddle of Mona Lisa is finally solved: she was the mother of five". London: Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Giuseppe Pallanti / Associated Press (2007). "'Mona Lisa' died in 1542, was buried in convent". The Dominican Republic News. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Peter Popham (2007-01-28). "The prince, the PM and the Mona Lisa". London: The Independent. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ National Research Council of Canada (2006). "3D Examination of the Mona Lisa". National Research Council of Canada. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Randy Boswell (2006). "Canadian researchers set to reveal Mona Lisa mysteries". The Edmonton Journal. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Rizzo, Alessandra. Male model behind the Mona Lisa, expert claims. Associated Press. February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "German experts crack Mona Lisa smile". Reuters. 2008-01-14. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
Jump up ^ Pappas, Stephanie (2011-05-27). "Is buried skeleton what remains of real Mona Lisa? - CBS News". CBS News. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
Jump up ^ "Is this the skull of the Mona Lisa? Bones found at site of alleged model's burial". Daily Mail. London. 2011-05-20.
Jump up ^ Carvalho, Raquel (30 November 2014). "Author asks: was Leonardo Da Vinci's mother a Chinese slave?". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
Jump up ^ The medical secret behind Mona Lisa's smile?, BBC News, Retrieved January 7, 2010
Jump up ^ AFP (February 4, 2011). "Mona Lisa model was a male say Italian researchers". The Independent on Sunday. London. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ [1]
External links
Visual arts portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mona Lisa.
"Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo". Musée du Louvre. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
"Mona Lisa - The biggest on-line Mona Lisa gallery". Mega Mona Lisa (Petr Adamek). Retrieved 2009-10-24.
Mona Lisa, an interpretation
Bowman, David. "Shattered Images of Mona Lisa (story of a portrait)". aiwaz.net. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
Comte, Michel (Agence France-Presse) (September 27, 2006). "Mona Lisa had a makeover, 3D images reveal". Cosmos. Luna Media. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
Lichfield, John (April 11, 2006). "Unmasking the Mona Lisa: Expert claims to have discovered da Vinci's technique". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
Vogt-Luerssen, Maike. "Mona Lisa and Her Family". Maike's History of Women and the History of Everyday Life. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
White, Susan Dorothea. "'Mona Masticating', 'Mona's Bones' in Gallery". Drawing on Anatomy. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
The Mona Lisa Mystery Documentary produced by the PBS Series Secrets of the Dead
[hide]
v
t
e
Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa
Subject
Lisa del Giocondo
Replicas
Isleworth Mona Lisa (16th century)
Mona Lisa (Prado, c. 1503–16)
L.H.O.O.Q. (1919)
Mini Lisa (2013)
Related
Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations
Speculations about Mona Lisa
Timeline of fictional stories about the Mona Lisa
1911 theft
Eduardo de Valfierno
Yves Chaudron
Vincenzo Peruggia
On screen
The Theft of the Mona Lisa (1931)
The Mona Lisa Has Been Stolen (1966)
City of Death (1979)
Mona Lisa's Revenge (2009)
Music
Mona Lisa (1915 opera)
"Mona Lisa" (1950 song)
"Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile" (1984 song)
"Lisa Mona Lisa" (1988 song)
"The Mona Lisa" (2013 song)
Literature
The Second Mrs. Giaconda (1975)
I, Mona Lisa (2006)
The Smile (2008)
Other
"The Ballad of Mona Lisa"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speculations_about_Mona_Lisa&oldid=824391841"
Categories:
Mona Lisa
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia pages under 30-500 editing restriction
Use mdy dates from May 2012
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Azərbaycanca
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 February 2018, at 01:47.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This article is extended-confirmed protected

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Louvre_Museum
mw-redirect
Louvre Museum

values:
/wiki/Walters_Art_Gallery
mw-redirect
Walters Art Gallery

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Val_di_Chiana
mw-redirect
Val di Chiana

values:
/wiki/Vernon_collection
mw-redirect
Vernon collection

values:
/wiki/University_of_Mainz
mw-redirect
University of Mainz

values:
/wiki/Accademia_Carrara
mw-redirect
Accademia Carrara

values:
/wiki/Barthel_Bruyn
mw-redirect
Barthel Bruyn

values: Smith-Kettlewell Institute (page does not exist)

values: Portrait of a Lady known as Smeralda Brandini

values: Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects

values:
/wiki/Isabella_of_Naples
mw-redirect
Isabella of Naples

values:
/wiki/Duchess_of_Milan
mw-redirect
Duchess of Milan

values:
/wiki/Duke_of_Milan
mw-redirect
Duke of Milan

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
http://www.megamonalisa.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://vorontzov.com/mona-lisa/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/691

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Wikipedia pages under 30-500 editing restriction

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Speculations_about_Mona_Lisa
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Mona Liza haqqında fərziyyələr – Azerbaijani

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Speculations_about_Mona_Lisa rootpage-Speculations_about_Mona_Lisa skin-vector action-view