text:
Physics of roller coasters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A roller coaster is a machine that uses gravity and inertia to send a train of cars along a winding track.[1] This combination of gravity and inertia, along with g-forces and centripetal acceleration give the body certain sensations as the coaster moves up, down, and around the track. The forces experienced by the rider are constantly changing, leading to feelings of joy in some riders and nausea in others. The basic principles of roller coaster mechanics have been known since 1865,[citation needed] and since then roller coasters have become a popular diversion.
Contents
[hide]
1 Centripetal acceleration
2 Energy
3 Inertia and gravity
4 G-forces
5 Difference between wood and steel coasters
6 Technology
7 References
Centripetal acceleration[edit]
showing the centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration with radius of loop r = 3.33m, height of release H = 2.5r = 8.325m. bigger r loop will feel less acceleration ac
showing the centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration with radius of loop r = 2.50m, height of release H = 3.33r = 8.325m. smaller r loop will feel greater acceleration ac
Centrifugal (center fleeing) force is not a true force, but rather the result of an object’s inertia, or resistance to change in direction, as the object moves in a circular path. The track's curve prevents the object from following the straight line it otherwise would, by applying a force on it (via its outside edges) towards the center of the circle, forcing it to travel in a curved path instead. This centripetal (center seeking) force actually points toward the center of the circle, but a roller coaster rider experiences(feels) the sensation of a centrifugal force, a pseudo force pushing them toward the outer edge of the car. This sensation is actually the result of the rider's inertia. The following equation expresses centripetal acceleration (to make it centripetal force simply multiply by the mass): a c = v 2 r {\displaystyle a_{c}={\frac {v^{2}}{r}}}
where ac is centripetal acceleration, v is velocity and r is the radius of the circular path. This shows that two roller coaster cars entering two loops of different size at the same speed will experience different acceleration forces: the car in the tighter loop will feel greater acceleration while the car in the wider loop will feel less acceleration.
Energy[edit]
Instead, the car is pulled to the top of the first hill and released, at which point it rolls freely along the track without any external mechanical assistance for the remainder of the ride. The purpose of the ascent of the first hill is to build up potential energy that will then be converted to kinetic energy as the ride progresses. The initial hill, or the lift hill, is the tallest in the entire ride. As the train is pulled to the top, it gains potential energy, as explained by the equation for potential energy below:

U g = m g h {\displaystyle U_{g}=mgh}

where Ug is potential energy, m is mass, g is acceleration due to gravity and h is height above the ground. Two trains of identical mass at different heights will therefore have different potential energies: the train at a greater height will have more potential energy than a train at a lower height. This means that the potential energy for the roller coaster system is greatest at the highest point on the track, or the top of the lift hill. As the roller coaster train begins its descent from the lift hill, the stored potential energy converts to kinetic energy, or energy of motion. The faster the train moves, the more kinetic energy the train gains, as shown by the equation for kinetic energy:

K = 1 2 m v 2 {\displaystyle K={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}
where K is kinetic energy, m is mass, and v is velocity. Because the mass of a roller coaster car remains constant, if the speed is increased, the kinetic energy must also increase. This means that the kinetic energy for the roller coaster system is greatest at the bottom of the largest downhill slope on the track, typically at the bottom of the lift hill. When the train begins to climb the next hill on the track, the train's kinetic energy is converted back into potential energy, decreasing the train's velocity. This process of converting kinetic energy to potential energy and back to kinetic energy continues with each hill. The energy is never destroyed, but is lost to friction between the car and track. Brakes bring the ride to a complete stop.
Inertia and gravity[edit]
When going around a roller coaster's vertical loop, the inertia that produces a thrilling acceleration force also keeps passengers in their seats. As the car approaches a loop, the direction of a passenger's inertial velocity points straight ahead at the same angle as the track leading up to the loop. As the car enters the loop, the track guides the car up, moving the passenger up as well. This change in direction creates a feeling of extra gravity as the passenger is pushed down into the seat.
At the top of the loop, the force of the car's acceleration pushes the passenger off the seat toward the center of the loop, while inertia pushes the passenger back into the seat. Gravity and acceleration forces push the passenger in opposite directions with nearly equal force, creating a sensation of weightlessness.
At the bottom of the loop, gravity and the change in direction of the passenger's inertia from a downward vertical direction to one that is horizontal push the passenger into the seat, causing the passenger to once again feel very heavy. Most roller coasters require passengers to wear a safety harness, but the forces exerted by most loop-the-loop coasters would keep passengers from falling out.
G-forces[edit]
showing gravity force and contact force commonly referred to as the g-force
G-forces (gravitational forces) create the so-called "butterfly" sensation felt as a car goes down a gradient. An acceleration of 1 standard gravity (9.8 m/s2) is the usual force of Earth’s gravitational pull exerted on a person while standing still. The measurement of a person's normal weight incorporates this gravitational acceleration. When a person feels weightless at the top of a loop or while going down a hill, they are in free fall. However, if the top of a hill is curved more narrowly than a parabola, riders will experience negative Gs and be lifted out of their seats, experiencing the so-called "butterfly" sensation.
Difference between wood and steel coasters[edit]
A wooden coaster has a track consisting of thin laminates of wood stacked together, with a flat steel rail fixed to the top laminate. Steel coasters use tubular steel, I beam or box section running rails. The supporting structure of both types may be steel or wood. Traditionally, steel coasters employed inversions to thrill riders, whereas wooden coasters relied on steep drops and sharp changes in direction to deliver their thrills. However, recent advances in coaster technology has seen the rise of hybrid steel coasters with wooden structures, an example being The New Texas Giant at Six Flags Over Texas and, wooden coasters that feature inversions, an example being Outlaw Run at Silver Dollar City.
Technology[edit]
As better technology became available, engineers began to use computerized design tools to calculate the forces and stresses that the ride would subject passengers to. Computers are now used to design safe coasters with specially designed restraints and lightweight and durable materials. Today, tubular steel tracks and polyurethane wheels allow coasters to travel over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), while even taller, faster, and more complex roller coasters continue to be built.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harris, Tom. "How Roller Coasters Work". Retrieved 1 July 2010. At its most basic level, this is all a roller coaster is -- a machine that uses gravity and inertia to send a train along a winding track.
[hide]
v
t
e
Roller coasters
Roller coasters by name
Roller coasters by country
Overview
Elements
History
Manufacturers
Physics
Rankings
Types
Technology
Brake run
Inversion
Vertical loop
Launch track
Rollback
Lift hill
On-ride camera
Stadium seating
Station
Train
Underfriction
Wheel assembly
Category
Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physics_of_roller_coasters&oldid=839158620"
Categories:
Roller coasters
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from November 2012
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010
Use dmy dates from October 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 May 2018, at 17:10.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Centripetal_acceleration
mw-redirect
Centripetal acceleration

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:8.29ex; height:5.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.203ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.385ex; height:5.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Gravitational_pull
mw-redirect
Gravitational pull

values: Edit section: Difference between wood and steel coasters

values:
/wiki/Tubular_steel
mw-redirect
Tubular steel

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Station_(roller_coaster)
mw-redirect
Station (roller coaster)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2012

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Physics_of_roller_coasters
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: فيزياء الأفعوانية – Arabic

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Physics_of_roller_coasters rootpage-Physics_of_roller_coasters skin-vector action-view


text:
History of the United States dollar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The history of the United States Dollar refers to more than 240 years since the Continental Congress of the United States authorized the issuance of Continental Currency in 1775.[1] On April 2, 1792, the United States Congress created the United States dollar as the country's standard unit of money. The term dollar had already been in common usage since the colonial period when it referred to eight-real coin (Spanish dollar) used by the Spanish throughout New Spain.
Contents
1 Background
2 Early history
3 Gold standard
3.1 The Gold Reserve Act
3.2 U.S. dollar value vs. gold value
4 Silver standard
5 Use as international reserve currency
5.1 History
5.2 Impact
6 United States Notes
7 Fiat standard
8 Color and design
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
2 dollars, first November 1862
This $50 Continental Currency note (from 1778) was designed by Francis Hopkinson. The unfinished pyramid design was a precursor to the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States.
By the end of 1778, Continental Currency retained only between 1⁄5 to 1⁄7 of its original face value. By 1780, Continental bills – or Continentals – were worth just 1⁄40 of their face value. Congress tried to reform the currency by removing the old bills from circulation and issuing new ones, but this met with little to no success. By May 1781, Continentals had become so worthless they ceased to circulate as money. Benjamin Franklin noted that the depreciation of the currency had, in effect, acted as a tax to pay for the war.[2] In the 1790s, after the ratification of the United States Constitution, Continentals could be exchanged for treasury bonds at 1% of face value.[3]
Congress appointed Robert Morris to be Superintendent of Finance of the United States following the collapse of Continental currency. In 1782, Morris advocated the creation of the first financial institution chartered by the United States. The Bank of North America was funded in part by specie loaned to the United States by France. Morris helped finance the final stages of the war by issuing notes in his name, backed by his own money. The Bank of North America also issued notes convertible into specie.[4] On July 6, 1785, the Continental Congress of the United States authorized the issuance of a new currency, the US dollar.
However, runaway inflation and the collapse of the Continental currency prompted delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 to include the gold and silver clause in the United States Constitution, preventing individual States from issuing their own bills of credit. Article One states they were prohibited to "make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts."[5] Some people use this clause to argue that federal paper money is unconstitutional. [6][7]
The United States Mint was created by Congress following the passing of the Coinage Act of 1792. It was primarily tasked with producing and circulating coinage. The first Mint building was in Philadelphia, then the capital of the United States. The Mint was originally placed within the Department of State, until the Coinage Act of 1873 when it became part of the Department of the Treasury (in 1981 it was placed under the auspices of the Treasurer of the United States). The Mint had the authority to convert any precious metals into standard coinage for anyone's account with no seigniorage charge beyond refining costs.
Early history[edit]
A 1795 Flowing Hair Dollar
An 1804 Silver dollar.
After the creation of the U.S. dollar, the fledgling American administration of President George Washington turned its attention to monetary issues again in the early 1790s under the leadership of Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury at the time. Congress acted on Hamilton's recommendations in the Coinage Act of 1792, which established the dollar as the basic unit of account for the United States. The word dollar is derived from Low Saxon cognate of the High German Thaler. The most commonly circulated and readily available currency, used by common Americans, at this time, was the Spanish Peso, also known as the "Spanish milled dollar", which was valued for its high silver content.
In the early 19th century, gold rose in relation to silver, resulting in the removal from commerce of nearly all gold coins, and their subsequent melting. Therefore, in the Coinage Act of 1834, the 15:1 ratio of silver to gold was changed to a 16:1 ratio by reducing the weight of the nation's gold coinage. This created a new U.S. dollar that was backed by 1.50 g (23.22 grains) of gold. However, the previous dollar had been represented by 1.60 g (24.75 grains) of gold. The result of this revaluation, which was the first devaluation of the U.S. dollar, was that the value in gold of the dollar was reduced by 6%. Moreover, for a time, both gold and silver coins were useful in commerce.
In 1853, the weights of U.S. silver coins (except the dollar itself, which was rarely used) were reduced. This had the effect of placing the nation effectively (although not officially) on the gold standard. The retained weight in the dollar coin was a nod to bimetallism, although it had the effect of further driving the silver dollar coin from commerce. Foreign coins, including the Spanish dollar, were also, widely used,[8] as legal tender, until 1857.
With the enactment of the National Banking Act of 1863, during the American Civil War and its later versions that taxed states' bonds and currency out of existence, the dollar became the sole currency of the United States and remains so today.
During the 19th century the dollar was less accepted around the world than the British pound. Nellie Bly carried Bank of England notes on her 1889-1890 trip around the world in 72 days; she also brought some dollars, Bly wrote, "to use at different ports as a test to see if American money was known outside of America". Traveling east from New York, she did not see American money until she found $20 gold pieces used as jewelry in Colombo; there Bly found that as currency dollars were accepted at a 60% discount.[9]
In 1878, the Bland-Allison Act was enacted to provide for freer coinage of silver. This act required the government to purchase between $2 million and $4 million worth of silver bullion each month at market prices and to coin it into silver dollars. This was, in effect, a subsidy for politically influential silver producers.
The discovery of large silver deposits in the Western United States in the late 19th century created a political controversy. Due to the large influx of silver, the value of silver in the nation's coinage dropped precipitously. On one side were agrarian interests such as the United States Greenback Party that wanted to retain the bimetallic standard in order to inflate the dollar, which would allow farmers to more easily repay their debts. On the other side were Eastern banking and commercial interests, who advocated sound money and a switch to the gold standard. This issue split the Democratic Party in 1896. It led to the famous "cross of gold" speech given by William Jennings Bryan, and may have inspired many of the themes in The Wizard of Oz. Despite the controversy, the status of silver was slowly diminished through a series of legislative changes from 1873 to 1900, when a gold standard was formally adopted. The gold standard survived, with several modifications, until 1971.
Gold standard[edit]
Main article: Gold standard
A gold-standard 1928 one-dollar bill. It is identified as a "United States Note" rather than a Federal Reserve note and by the words "Will Pay to the Bearer on Demand", which do not appear on today's currency. This clause became obsolete in 1933 but remained on new notes for 30 years thereafter.
Bimetallism persisted until March 14, 1900, with the passage of the Gold Standard Act, which provided that:
...the dollar consisting of twenty-five and eight-tenths grains (1.67 g) of gold nine-tenths fine, as established by section thirty-five hundred and eleven of the Revised Statutes of the United States, shall be the standard unit of value, and all forms of money issued or coined by the United States shall be maintained at a parity of value with this standard...
Thus the United States moved to a gold standard, making both gold and silver the legal-tender coinage of the United States, and guaranteed the dollar as convertible to 1.5 g (23.22 grains) of gold.[10]
The gold standard was suspended twice during World War I, once fully and then for foreign exchange. At the onset of the war, U.S. corporations had large debts payable to European entities, who began liquidating their debts in gold. With debts looming to Europe, the dollar to British pound exchange rate reached as high as $6.75, far above the (gold) parity of $4.8665. This caused large gold outflows until July 31, 1914, when the New York Stock Exchange closed and the gold standard was temporarily suspended. In order to defend the exchange value of the dollar, the US Treasury Department authorized state and nationally chartered banks to issue emergency currency under the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, and the newly created Federal Reserve organized a fund to assure debts to foreign creditors. These efforts were largely successful, and the Aldrich-Vreeland notes were retired starting in November and the gold standard was restored when the New York Stock Exchange re-opened in December 1914.[11]
As the United States remained neutral in the war, it remained the only country to maintain its gold standard, doing so without restriction on import or export of gold from 1915 to 1917. During the participation of the United States as a belligerent, President Wilson banned gold export, thereby suspending the gold standard for foreign exchange. After the war, European countries slowly returned to their gold standards, though in somewhat altered form.[11][12]
During the Great Depression, every major currency abandoned the gold standard. Among the earliest, the Bank of England abandoned the gold standard in 1931 as speculators demanded gold in exchange for currency, threatening the solvency of the British monetary system. This pattern repeated throughout Europe and North America. In the United States, the Federal Reserve was forced to raise interest rates in order to protect the gold standard for the US dollar, worsening already severe domestic economic pressures. After bank runs became more pronounced in early 1933, people began to hoard gold coins as distrust for banks led to distrust for paper money, worsening deflation and depleting gold reserves.[11][12]
The Gold Reserve Act[edit]
In early 1933, in order to fight severe deflation Congress and President Roosevelt implemented a series of Acts of Congress and Executive Orders which suspended the gold standard except for foreign exchange, revoked gold as universal legal tender for debts, and banned private ownership of significant amounts of gold coin. These acts included Executive Order 6073, the Emergency Banking Act, Executive Order 6102, Executive Order 6111, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933 Banking Act, House Joint Resolution 192, and later the Gold Reserve Act.[11] These actions were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in the "Gold Clause Cases" in 1935.[13]
For foreign exchange purposes, the set $20.67 per ounce value of the dollar was lifted, allowing the dollar to float freely in foreign exchange markets with no set value in gold. This was terminated after one year. Roosevelt attempted first to restabilize falling prices with the Agricultural Adjustment Act; however, this did not prove popular, so instead the next politically popular option was to devalue the dollar on foreign exchange markets. Under the Gold Reserve Act the value of gold was fixed at $35 per ounce, making the dollar more attractive for foreign buyers (and making foreign currencies more expensive for those holding dollars). This change led to more conversion of gold into dollars, allowing the U.S. to effectively corner the world gold market.[14][15]
The suspension of the gold standard was considered temporary by many in markets and in the government at the time, but restoring the standard was considered a low priority to dealing with other issues.[11][14]
Under the post-World War II Bretton Woods system, all other currencies were valued in terms of U.S. dollars and were thus indirectly linked to the gold standard. The need for the U.S. government to maintain both a $35 per troy ounce (112.53 ¢/g) market price of gold and also the conversion to foreign currencies caused economic and trade pressures. By the early 1960s, compensation for these pressures started to become too complicated to manage.
In March 1968, the effort to control the private market price of gold was abandoned. A two-tier system began. In this system all central-bank transactions in gold were insulated from the free market price. Central banks would trade gold among themselves at $35 per troy ounce (112.53 ¢/g) but would not trade with the private market. The private market could trade at the equilibrium market price and there would be no official intervention. The price immediately jumped to $43 per troy ounce (138.25 ¢/g). The price of gold touched briefly back at $35 (112.53 ¢/g) near the end of 1969 before beginning a steady price increase. This gold price increase turned steep through 1972 and hit a high that year of over $70 (2.25 $/g). By that time floating exchange rates had also begun to emerge, which indicated the de facto dissolution of the Bretton Woods system. The two-tier system was abandoned in November 1973. By then the price of gold had reached $100 per troy ounce (3.22 $/g).
In the early 1970s, inflation caused by rising prices for imported commodities, especially oil, and spending on the Vietnam War, which was not counteracted by cuts in other government expenditures, combined with a trade deficit to create a situation in which the dollar was worth less than the gold used to back it.
In 1971, President Richard Nixon unilaterally ordered the cancellation of the direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold. This act was known as the Nixon Shock.
U.S. dollar value vs. gold value[edit]
The sudden jump in the price of gold after the demise of the Bretton Woods accords was a result of the significant prior debasement of the US dollar due to excessive inflation of the monetary supply via central bank (Federal Reserve) coordinated fractional reserve banking under the Bretton Woods partial gold standard. In the absence of an international mechanism tying the dollar to gold via fixed exchange rates, the dollar became a pure fiat currency and as such fell to its free market exchange price versus gold. Consequently, the price of gold rose from $35 per troy ounce (1.125 $/g) in 1969 to almost $500 (29 $/g) in 1980.
Shortly after the gold price started its ascent in the early 1970s, the price of other commodities such as oil also began to rise. While commodity prices became more volatile, the average exchange rate between oil and gold remained much the same in the 1990s as it had been in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
Fearing the emergence of a specie gold-based economy separate from central banking, and with the corresponding threat of the collapse of the U.S. dollar, the U.S. government approved several changes to the trading on the COMEX. These changes resulted in a steep decline in the traded value of precious metals from the early 1980s onward.
In September 1987 under the Reagan administration the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury James Baker made a proposal through the International Monetary Fund to use a commodity basket (which included gold).[citation needed]
Silver standard[edit]
Main article: Silver standard
"Five Silver Dollars" of Series 1923
United States silver certificates were a type of representative money printed from 1878 to 1964 in the United States as part of its circulation of paper currency.[16] They were produced in response to silver agitation by citizens who were angered by the Fourth Coinage Act, and were used alongside the gold-based dollar notes. The silver certificates were initially redeemable in the same face value of silver dollar coins, and later in raw silver bullion.
Since the early 1920s, silver certificates were issued in $1, $5, and $10 denominations. In the 1928 series, only $1 silver certificates were produced. Fives and tens of this time were mainly Federal Reserve notes, which were backed by and redeemable in gold. In 1933, Congress passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act which included a clause allowing for the pumping of silver into the market to replace the gold. A new 1933 series of $10 silver certificate was printed and released, but not many were released into circulation.
In 1934, a law was passed in Congress that changed the obligation on Silver Certificates so as to denote the current location of the silver.
The last government regulation regarding the silver standard was in 1963, when President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 11110, delegating to the Treasury Secretary his authority to authorize the US Department of Treasury to issue silver certificates for any silver held by the U.S. Government in excess of that not already backing issued certificates. This was necessary because of Kennedy's signing of Public Law 88-36 on the same day, one of the effects of which was a repeal of the Silver Purchase Act of 1934-this act had authorized the Treasury Secretary to purchase silver bullion and issue silver certificates against it. Silver certificates continued to be issued for a short period of time in the $1 denomination, but were discontinued in late 1963.
Use as international reserve currency[edit]
History[edit]
First small-sized $1 bill which was issued in 1928 as a silver certificate
World War II devastated European and Asian economies while leaving the United States' economy relatively unharmed.[17] As European governments exhausted their gold reserves and borrowed to pay the United States for war material, the United States accumulated large gold reserves. This combination gave the United States significant political and economic power following the war.[18]
The Bretton Woods agreement codified this economic dominance of the dollar after the war. In 1944, Allied nations sought to create an international monetary order that sustained the global economy and prevented the economic malaise that followed the First World War. The Bretton Woods agreement laid the foundations for an international monetary order that created rules and expectations for the international economic system. It created the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the predecessor of the World Bank, and an international monetary system based on fixed exchange rates. It valued the dollar at $35 per ounce of gold and the remaining signatories pegged their respective currency relative to the dollar, leading some economists to argue that Bretton Woods “dethroned”[19] gold as the default asset.[20]
While Bretton Woods institutionalized the dollar's importance following the war, Europe and Asia faced dollar shortages. The international community needed dollars to finance imports from the United States to rebuild what was lost in the war.[21] In 1948 Congress passed the European Recovery Program - generally known as the Marshall Plan – giving dollars to European countries to purchase imports needed to rebuild their economies. The plan helped European countries by providing them dollars to purchase the imports needed to produce exports, eventually allowing the countries to export enough of their own goods to obtain the dollars necessary to sustain their economies without reliance on any Marshall-like plan. At the same time, Joseph Dodge worked with Japanese officials and Congress to pass the Dodge Plan in 1949, which worked similarly to the Marshall Plan, but for Japan rather than Europe.[20]
The Marshall and Dodge plans' successes have brought new challenges to the U.S. dollar. In 1959, dollars in circulation around the world exceeded U.S. gold reserves, which became vulnerable to the equivalent of a bank run. In 1960, Yale economist Robert Triffin described the problem to Congress: either the dollar was not freely available and other countries could not afford to import American goods, or the dollar was freely available but confidence that the dollar could be converted to gold would wane.[22]
Eventually, the United States chose to devalue the dollar. During the early 1960s American officials largely prevented the conversion of dollars to gold with a series of "gentlemanly" agreements and other policies – which included the London Gold Pool - but these actions were not sustainable; the danger of a run on U.S. gold reserves was too high.[23] With Nixon's election in 1968, American officials became increasingly concerned until Nixon finally issued Executive Order 11615 in August 1971, ending the direct convertibility of dollars to gold. He said, "We must protect the position of the American dollar as pillar of monetary stability around the world… I am determined that the American dollar must never again be hostage in the hands of the international speculators."[24] This became known as the Nixon Shock and marked the dollar's transition from the gold standard to a fiat currency.
Impact[edit]
The United States enjoys some benefits because the dollar serves as the international reserve currency. The United States is less likely to face a balance of payments crisis.
The position of the dollar as the international reserve currency also has a cost: the American government is more likely to forego fiscal expansionary policies in order to maintain confidence in the dollar.[25]
United States Notes[edit]
Main article: United States Note
$5 United States Note of Series 1963.
$100 United States Note of Series 1966.
A United States Note, also known as a Legal Tender Note, was a type of paper money that was issued from 1862 to 1971 in the U.S. Having been current for over 100 years, they were issued for longer than any other form of U.S. paper money. They were known popularly as "greenbacks" in their day, a name inherited from the Demand Notes that they replaced in 1862.
While issuance of United States Notes ended in January 1971, existing United States Notes are still valid currency in the United States today, though rarely seen in circulation.
Both United States Notes and Federal Reserve Notes are parts of the national currency of the United States, and both have been legal tender since the gold recall of 1933. Both have been used in circulation as money in the same way. However, the issuing authority for them came from different statutes.[26] United States Notes were created as fiat currency, in that the government has never categorically guaranteed to redeem them for precious metal - even though at times, such as after the specie resumption of 1879, federal officials were authorized to do so if requested.
The difference between a United States Note and a Federal Reserve Note is that a United States Note represented a "bill of credit" and was inserted by the Treasury directly into circulation free of interest. Federal Reserve Notes are backed by debt purchased by the Federal Reserve, and thus generate seigniorage for the Federal Reserve System, which serves as a lending intermediary between the Treasury and the public.
Fiat standard[edit]
Today, like the currency of most nations, the dollar is fiat money, unbacked by any physical asset. A holder of a federal reserve note has no right to demand an asset such as gold or silver from the government in exchange for a note.[27] Consequently, some proponents of the intrinsic theory of value believe that the near-zero marginal cost of production of the current fiat dollar detracts from its attractiveness as a medium of exchange and store of value because a fiat currency without a marginal cost of production is easier to debase via overproduction and the subsequent inflation of the money supply.
In 1963, the words "PAYABLE TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND" were removed from all newly issued Federal Reserve notes. Then, in 1968, redemption of pre-1963 Federal Reserve notes for gold or silver officially ended. The Coinage Act of 1965 removed all silver from quarters and dimes, which were 90% silver prior to the act. However, there was a provision in the act allowing some coins to contain a 40% silver consistency, such as the Kennedy Half Dollar. Later, even this provision was removed, with the last circulating silver-content halves minted in 1969. All previously silver coins minted for general circulation are now clad. During 1982, the composition of the cent was changed from copper to zinc with a thin copper coating. The content of the nickel has not changed since 1946.[citation needed] Silver and gold coins are produced by the U.S. government, but only as non-circulating commemorative pieces or in sets for collectors.
All circulating notes, issued from 1861 to present, will be honored by the government at face value as legal tender. This means that the federal government will accept old notes as payments for debts owed to the federal government (taxes and fees), or exchange old notes for new ones, but will not redeem notes for gold or silver, even if the note states that it may be thus redeemed. Some bills may have a premium to collectors.[citation needed]
The only exception to this rule is the $10,000 gold certificate of Series 1900, a number of which were inadvertently released to the public because of a fire in 1935. This set is not considered to be "in circulation" and, in fact, is stolen property. However, the government canceled these banknotes and removed them from official records. Their value, relevant only to collectors, is approximately one thousand US dollars.[28]
According to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, there is $1.2 trillion in total US currency in worldwide circulation as of July 2013.[29]
Color and design[edit]
U.S. Federal Reserve notes in the mid-1990s
The federal government began issuing currency like the Spanish dollars during the American Civil War. As photographic technology of the day could not reproduce color, it was decided the back of the bills would be printed in a color other than black. Because the color green was seen as a symbol of stability, it was selected. These were known as "greenbacks" for their color and started a tradition of the United States' printing the back of its money in green. The author of that invention was chemist Christopher Der-Seropian.[citation needed] In contrast to the currency notes of many other countries, Federal Reserve notes of varying denominations are the same colors: predominantly black ink with green highlights on the front, and predominantly green ink on the back. Federal Reserve notes were printed in the same colors for most of the 20th century, although older bills called "silver certificates" had blue highlights on the front, and "United States notes" had red highlights on the front.
In 1928, sizing of the bills was standardized (involving a 25% reduction in their current sizes, compared to the older, larger notes nicknamed "horse blankets").[30] Modern U.S. currency, regardless of denomination, is 2.61 inches (66.3 mm) wide, 6.14 inches (156 mm) long, and 0.0043 inches (0.109 mm) thick. A single bill weighs about fifteen and a half grains (one gram) and costs approximately 4.2 cents for the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to produce.
Microprinting and security threads were introduced in the 1991 currency series.
Another series started in 1996 with the $100 note, adding the following changes:
A larger portrait, moved off-center to create more space to incorporate a watermark.
The watermark to the right of the portrait depicting the same historical figure as the portrait. The watermark can be seen only when held up to the light (and had long been a standard feature of all other major currencies).
A security thread that will glow pink when exposed to ultraviolet light in a dark environment.[31] The thread is in a unique position on each denomination.
Color-shifting ink that changes from green to black when viewed from different angles. This feature appears in the numeral on the lower right-hand corner of the bill front.
Microprinting in the numeral in the note's lower left-hand corner and on Benjamin Franklin's coat.
Concentric fine-line printing in the background of the portrait and on the back of the note. This type of printing is difficult to copy well.
The value of the currency written in 14pt Arial font on the back for those with sight disabilities.
Other features for machine authentication and processing of the currency.
Annual releases of the 1996 series followed. The $50 note June 12, 1997, introduced a large dark numeral with a light background on the back of the note to make it easier for people to identify the denomination.[32] The $20 note in 1998 introduced a new machine-readable capability to assist scanning devices. The security thread glows green under ultraviolet light, and "USA TWENTY" and a flag are printed on the thread, while the numeral "20" is printed within the star field of the flag. The microprinting is in the lower left ornamentation of the portrait and in the lower left corner of the note front. As of 1998[update], the $20 note was the most frequently counterfeited note in the United States. The new design of the $5 and $10 notes were released in 2000.
May 13, 2003, The Treasury announced that it would introduce new colors into the $20 bill, the first U.S. currency since 1905 (not counting the 1934 gold certificates) to have colors other than green or black. The move was intended primarily to reduce counterfeiting, rather than to increase visual differentiation between denominations. The main colors of all denominations, including the new $20 and $50, remain green and black; the other colors are present only in subtle shades in secondary design elements. This contrasts with notes of the euro, Australian dollar, and most other currencies, where strong colours are used to distinguish each denomination from the other.
The new $20 bills entered circulation October 9, 2003, the new $50 bills, September 28, 2004. The new $10 notes were introduced in 2006 and redesigned $5 bills began to circulate March 13, 2008. Each will have subtle elements of different colors, though will continue to be primarily green and black. The Treasury said it will update Federal Reserve notes every 7 to 10 years to keep up with counterfeiting technology. In addition, there have been rumors that future banknotes will use embedded RFID microchips as another anti-counterfeiting tool.[33]
The 2008 $5 bill contains significant new security updates. The obverse side of the bill includes patterned yellow printing that will cue digital image-processing software to prevent digital copying, watermarks, digital security thread, and extensive microprinting. The reverse side includes an oversized purple number 5 to provide easy differentiation from other denominations.[34]
On April 21, 2010, the U.S. Government announced a heavily redesigned $100 bill that featured bolder colors, color shifting ink, microlenses, and other features. It was scheduled to start circulating on February 10, 2011, but was delayed due to the discovery of sporadic creasing on the notes and "mashing" (when there is too much ink on the paper, the artwork on the notes are not clearly seen). The redesigned $100 bill was released October 8, 2013.[35] It costs 11.8 cents to produce each bill.[36]
"The soundness of a nation's currency is essential to the soundness of its economy. And to uphold our currency's soundness, it must be recognized and honored as legal tender and counterfeiting must be effectively thwarted," Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said at a ceremony unveiling the $20 bill's new design. Prior to its current design, the most recent redesign of the U.S. dollar bill was in 1996.
Current $20 bill front.
Current $20 bill back.
As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.[37] In 2016, the Treasury announced a number of design changes to the $5, $10 and $20 bills; to be introduced in this next redesign. The redesigns include:[38][39]
The back of the $5 bill will be changed to showcase historical events at the pictured Lincoln Memorial by adding portraits of Marian Anderson (due to her famous performance there after being barred from Constitution Hall due to her race), Martin Luther King Jr.'s (due to his famous I Have A Dream speech), and Eleanor Roosevelt (who arranged Anderson's performance).
The back of the $10 bill will be changed to show a 1913 march for women's suffrage in the United States, plus portraits of Sojourner Truth, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
On the $20 bill, Andrew Jackson will move to the back (reduced in size, alongside the White House) and Harriet Tubman will appear on the front.
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
Continental currency
Coinage Act of 1792
Coinage Act of 1849
National Banking Act (1863)
Coinage Act of 1864
Coinage Act of 1873
History of central banking in the United States
Nixon shock (1971)
International use of the US dollar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Independence, Colonial and Continental Currency: A New Nation's Currency". San Francisco, California: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Wright, Robert E. (2008). One Nation Under Debt: Hamilton, Jefferson, and the History of What We Owe. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-07-154393-4. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Newman, Eric P. (1990). The Early Paper Money of America. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 17, 49. ISBN 0-87341-120-X. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Wright, p.62.
Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution, Article One, section 10.
Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution, Article I, section 8.
Jump up ^ Rozeff, Michael. Unknown (PDF). p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rothbard, Murray N. (20 July 2005). The Mystery of Banking (pdf). Ludwig von Mises Institute. p. 10. ISBN 978-1933550282.
Jump up ^ Bly, Nellie (1890). "Chapters I,IX". Around the World in Seventy-Two Days. The Pictorial Weeklies Company.
Jump up ^ "Gold Standard Act of 1900". The Statutes at large of the United States of America. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1901. pp. 45–50.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Crabbe, Leland (June 1989). "The International Gold Standard and U.S. monetary policy from World War I to the New Deal". Federal Reserve Bulletin.
^ Jump up to: a b Bernanke, Ben (March 2, 2004). "Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke: Money, Gold and the Great Depression". At the H. Parker Willis Lecture in Economic Policy, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia.
Jump up ^ "Gold Clause Cases". Retrieved 2008-07-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Meltzer, Allan H. (2004). "A History of the Federal Reserve: 1913-1951". University of Chicago Press: 442–446. ISBN 978-0226520001. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Investopedia.com. "The Gold Standard Revisited". Retrieved 2008-07-03.
Jump up ^ "United States Paper Money Information". USPaperMoney.Info. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
Jump up ^ Tassava, Christopher. "The American Economy during World War II". Economic History Association.
Jump up ^ Rockoff, Hugh (1998). The economics of World War II. New York: Cambridge University press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0521785037. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Meier, Gerald (1974). Problems of a World Monetary Order. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 9780195030105. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b Eichengreen, Barry (2011). Exorbitant Privilege; The Rise and Fall of the Dollar. New York: Oxford University press. pp. 44–49. ISBN 0199931097. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Mayer, Martin (February 1981). The Fate of the Dollar. New York: Signet. p. 4. ISBN 978-0451096128.
Jump up ^ Meier 1974, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Mayer 1980, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Meier 1974, p. 164.
Jump up ^ Meier 1974, p. 104.
Jump up ^ "FAQs: Legal Tender Status". U.S. Treasury. January 4, 2011. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
Jump up ^ Kotlikoff, Laurence (2006). "Is the United States Bankrupt?" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Jump up ^ Clark, Frank. "Friedberg 1225 - The Series 1900 $10000". August 24, 2012. Accessed April 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "How Currency Gets into Circulation". Federal Reserve Bank of New York. July 2013. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
Jump up ^ Cruikshank, Moses (March 1, 1986). The Life I've Been Living. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-912006-23-9.
Jump up ^ "Security data" (PDF). uscurrency.gov.
Jump up ^ "Remarks of U.S. Treasurer Mary Ellen Withrow — Preview of the New $50 Bill". US Treasury. June 12, 1997. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Cache Point". Snopes.com. May 19, 2011. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Note of Caution". American City Business Journals. February 16, 2008. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Government Unveils New Design for the $100 Note" (Press release). Bureau of Engraving and Printing. April 21, 2010. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Martinez, Alejandro J. (April 21, 2010). "Money Makeover: $100 Bill Gets Facelift to Fight Fakes". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ See Federal Reserve Note for details and references
Jump up ^ Calmes, Jackie (April 20, 2016). "Harriet Tubman Ousts Andrew Jackson in Change for a $20" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill". usatoday.com. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
External links[edit]
Joint Economic Committee Study, November 1998
hide
v
t
e
Obsolete United States currency and coinage
Topics
United States coinage
United States dollar
History of the United States dollar
Coins
Half cent (1793–1857)
Fugio Cent (1787)
Large cent (1793–1857; 1868)
Two-cent piece (1836; 1864–73)
Three-cent nickel (1865–89)
Three-cent silver (1851–73)
Half dime (1792–1873)
Twenty-cent piece (1875–78)
Gold coins
Gold dollar (1849–89)
Quarter eagle (1796–1929)
Three-dollar piece (1854–89)
Half eagle (1795–1929)
Eagle (1795–1933)
Double eagle (1850–1933)
Half-union (1877, 1915)
Patterns
Two-cent billon (1836)
Three-cent bronze (1863)
Stella (1879–80)
Currency
Discontinued denominations
Fractional currency
Large denominations of currency
Discontinued currency types
Early American currency
Compound interest treasury note
Demand Note
Federal Reserve Bank Note
Gold certificate
Interest bearing note
National Bank Note
National gold bank note
Refunding Certificate
Silver certificate
Treasury or Coin Note
Treasury Note (19th century)
United States Note
United States postal notes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_dollar&oldid=850972805"
Categories:
Currencies of the United States
History of money
Financial history of the United States
Hidden categories:
Pages using web citations with no URL
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
فارسی
Türkçe
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 July 2018, at 06:23 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: b

attrs: href title

value: sup

value: i

value: p

value: input

attrs: type role id class style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Continental_Currency
mw-redirect
Continental Currency

values:
/wiki/Treasury_bond
mw-redirect
Treasury bond

values: Superintendent of Finance of the United States

values:
/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention
mw-redirect
Philadelphia Convention

values: Article One of the United States Constitution

values: United States Department of the Treasury

values:
/wiki/Precious_metals
mw-redirect
Precious metals

values:
/wiki/High_German
mw-redirect
High German

values:
/wiki/National_Banking_Act
mw-redirect
National Banking Act

values:
/wiki/British_pound
mw-redirect
British pound

values:
/wiki/Twenty_dollar_gold_piece
mw-redirect
Twenty dollar gold piece

values:
/wiki/Bland-Allison_Act
mw-redirect
Bland-Allison Act

values:
/wiki/American_West
mw-redirect
American West

values:
/wiki/United_States_Greenback_Party
mw-redirect
United States Greenback Party

values:
/wiki/Sound_money
mw-redirect
Sound money

values:
/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party
mw-redirect
United States Democratic Party

values:
/wiki/Cross_of_gold_speech
mw-redirect
Cross of gold speech

values: Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

values:
/wiki/Federal_Reserve_note
mw-redirect
Federal Reserve note

values:
/wiki/US_Treasury_Department
mw-redirect
US Treasury Department

values:
/wiki/Aldrich-Vreeland_Act
mw-redirect
Aldrich-Vreeland Act

values:
/wiki/Federal_Reserve
mw-redirect
Federal Reserve

values:
/wiki/Paper_money
mw-redirect
Paper money

values:
/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt
mw-redirect
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

values:
/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Executive order (United States)

values: Executive Order 6073 (page does not exist)

values: Executive Order 6111 (page does not exist)

values: House Joint Resolution 192 (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
U.S. Supreme Court

values:
/wiki/Trade_deficit
mw-redirect
Trade deficit

values:
/wiki/Nixon_Shock
mw-redirect
Nixon Shock

values: Edit section: U.S. dollar value vs. gold value

values:
/wiki/Fractional_reserve_banking
mw-redirect
Fractional reserve banking

values:
/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_the_Treasury
mw-redirect
U.S. Secretary of the Treasury

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Paper_currency
mw-redirect
Paper currency

values:
/wiki/Fourth_Coinage_Act
mw-redirect
Fourth Coinage Act

values:
/wiki/United_States_dollar_coin
mw-redirect
United States dollar coin

values:
/wiki/Government_regulation
mw-redirect
Government regulation

values:
/wiki/US_Department_of_Treasury
mw-redirect
US Department of Treasury

values: Edit section: Use as international reserve currency

values:
/wiki/Bretton_Woods_agreement
mw-redirect
Bretton Woods agreement

values:
/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rates
mw-redirect
Fixed exchange rates

values:
/wiki/European_Recovery_Program
mw-redirect
European Recovery Program

values:
/wiki/Fiat_currency
mw-redirect
Fiat currency

values:
/wiki/Greenback_(money)
mw-redirect
Greenback (money)

values:
/wiki/Demand_note
mw-redirect
Demand note

values:
/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Notes
mw-redirect
Federal Reserve Notes

values:
/wiki/Bill_of_credit
mw-redirect
Bill of credit

values:
/wiki/Quarter_(U.S._coin)
mw-redirect
Quarter (U.S. coin)

values:
/wiki/Dime_(U.S._coin)
mw-redirect
Dime (U.S. coin)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)

values:
/wiki/Series_(U.S._currency)
mw-redirect
Series (U.S. currency)

values:
/wiki/Color-shifting_ink
mw-redirect
Color-shifting ink

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/U.S._twenty-dollar_bill
mw-redirect
U.S. twenty-dollar bill

values:
/wiki/U.S._fifty-dollar_bill
mw-redirect
U.S. fifty-dollar bill

values:
/wiki/U.S._ten-dollar_bill
mw-redirect
U.S. ten-dollar bill

values:
/wiki/Constitution_Hall
mw-redirect
Constitution Hall

values:
/wiki/I_Have_A_Dream
mw-redirect
I Have A Dream

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Continental_currency
mw-redirect
Continental currency

values: History of central banking in the United States

values: The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.

values:
/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard
mw-redirect
Murray N. Rothbard

values:
/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute
mw-redirect
Ludwig von Mises Institute

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.uspapermoney.info

values:
/wiki/US_Treasury
mw-redirect
US Treasury

values: Template:Obsolete United States currency and coinage

values: Template talk:Obsolete United States currency and coinage

values: Obsolete denominations of United States currency

values: Large denominations of United States currency

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Currencies of the United States

values: Category:Financial history of the United States

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: تاریخچه دلار ایالات متحده – Persian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_the_United_States_dollar rootpage-History_of_the_United_States_dollar skin-vector action-view


text:
Please Please Me
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the album. For the song, see Please Please Me (song). For the French film, see Fais-moi plaisir!
Please Please Me
Studio album by the Beatles
Released
22 March 1963 (1963-03-22)
Recorded
4 September 1962 (1962-09-04) – 11 February 1963[1]
Studio
EMI Studios, London
Genre
Merseybeat[2]
rock and roll[3]
rock[4]
pop[5]
Length
32:45
Label
Parlophone
Producer
George Martin
The Beatles chronology
Please Please Me
(1963) Please Please Me1963 With the Beatles
(1963) With the Beatles1963
Singles from Please Please Me
"Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why"
Released: 11 January 1963 (UK)
Please Please Me is the debut studio album by English rock band the Beatles. Parlophone rush-released the album on 22 March 1963[6] in the United Kingdom to capitalise on the success of their singles "Please Please Me" (No. 1 on most lists though only No. 2 on Record Retailer)[7] and "Love Me Do" (No. 17).
Of the album's 14 songs, eight were written by Lennon–McCartney (originally credited "McCartney–Lennon"), early evidence of what Rolling Stone later called "[their invention of] the idea of the self-contained rock band, writing their own hits and playing their own instruments."[8] In 2012, Please Please Me was voted 39th on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time."[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording
2 Release
3 Artwork and packaging
3.1 Sleeve notes
4 Reception and legacy
4.1 50th anniversary
5 Track listing
6 Personnel
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Chart positions
7.2 Certifications
8 Release history
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Recording[edit]
Nationwide interest in the Beatles had been piqued with the success of their second UK single and Parlophone Records, hoping to take advantage of this, promptly decided to follow it up with an album. Consequently, their record producer, George Martin, urgently needed ten more tracks if he were to include the four sides ("Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You" and "Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why") of the group's first two singles: “I asked them what they had which we could record quickly, and the answer was their stage act” Martin said (the norm for British 12" vinyl pop albums in 1963 was to have seven songs on each side whereas American albums usually had five or six songs per side). Having established that the Cavern Club was unsuitable for live recording purposes they were booked into EMI Studios in Abbey Road and recorded live there instead. Martin said, "It was a straightforward performance of their stage repertoire—a broadcast, more or less."[10] Initially, a morning and afternoon session only were booked - the evening session was added later.[11]
Therefore, at 10:00 am on Monday, 11 February 1963, the Beatles began working their way through their live set song by song, the number of takes varying on each, and finished at 10:45 pm—less than 13 hours later— capturing in essence an authentic representation of the band's Cavern Club-era sound. The day ended with a cover of "Twist and Shout", which had to be recorded last because John Lennon had a particularly bad cold and Martin feared the throat-shredding vocal would ruin Lennon's voice for the day. This performance, caught on the first take, prompted Martin to say: "I don't know how they do it. We've been recording all day but the longer we go on the better they get."[11] Mark Lewisohn would later write: "There can scarcely have been 585 more productive minutes in the history of recorded music"[12] Paul McCartney double tracked his vocal on "A Taste of Honey" and Lennon added harmonica onto "There's a Place" during these sessions. Martin overdubbed piano on "Misery" and celesta on "Baby It's You" on 20 February, during which the Beatles were not present.[13]
The song "Hold Me Tight" was recorded during these sessions, but was "surplus to requirements" and not included on the album.[11] "Hold Me Tight" was recorded again on 12 September 1963 for With the Beatles.[14]
The whole day's session cost around £400[15] (equivalent to £7,600 in 2015).[16] Martin said: "There wasn't a lot of money at Parlophone. I was working to an annual budget of £55,000."[17] This budget had to cover all of the artists on Martin's roster. Individually, under a contract with the Musicians' Union, each Beatle collected a £7 10s (£7.50 or £142 in 2015)[16] session fee for each three-hour session (10:00 am - 1:00 pm / 2:30 pm - 5:30 pm / 7:30 pm - 10:30 pm).[18]
Before deciding on the title Please Please Me, Martin considered calling the album Off the Beatle Track, a title he would later use for his own orchestral album of Beatles songs.[19] The album was recorded on a two-track BTR tape machine with most of the instruments on one track and the vocals on the other, allowing Martin to better balance the two in the final mono mix.[13] A stereo mix was also made with one track on the left channel and the other on the right, as well as an added layer of reverb to better blend the two tracks together. The two tracks generally divided the instrumental track from the vocals, with the exception of "Boys", in which the close proximity of Ringo's drums to his vocal microphone placed the drums (but not the other instruments) on the vocal channel.
Two tracks, "Love Me Do" and "P.S. I Love You", were only mixed for mono for the single's release and no stereo versions were ever made, so, for the stereo version of the album, during the mixing sessions on 25 February 1963, George Martin created "mock stereo" versions by emphasizing low frequencies on one side and high frequencies on the other.[20] These versions would continue to be made available via compilation albums (such as A Collection of Beatles Oldies and 1962–1966), and on Mobile Fidelity Sound Labs' half-speed mastered vinyl releases (catalog number MFSL-1-101)[21] sourced from EMI's original stereo master tapes, until the Beatles' catalogue was standardized and issued on compact disc in 1987, starting with the first four UK albums being issued in their mono versions. However, when Capitol Records issued the second volume of American Beatles albums on compact disc (The Capitol Albums, Volume 2) in 2006, the same mock stereo versions that appeared on The Early Beatles were included. When the entire catalogue was remastered for release in 2009, the mono mixes were chosen for inclusion on the stereo re-issues, and appear on all releases since, including newer compilations and variations.
Release[edit]
Please Please Me, side 1, with original Parlophone gold and black label
Please Please Me was released as a mono LP album on the Parlophone label in the UK on 22 March 1963, and has remained on UK catalogue continuously since 1963. The stereo version was released on 26 April, over a month after the mono version.
Release formats:
Vinyl (12") record (stereo and mono)[22][23]
Reel-to-reel (3-3/4-ips) (mono) (paperbox) [deleted late 1960s][24]
Reel-to-reel (3-3/4-ips (mono)+(stereo)) (plastic boxes) [deleted mid-1970s]
8-track tape (stereo) [deleted late 1970s]
Cassette tape (originally released in stereo, re-issued in mono in 1988) [deleted late 1990s][25]
CD (1987 version) (mono) [deleted 2009][26]
CD (remastered in 2009) (stereo and limited edition mono)[27]
Digital Download (remastered in 2009) (stereo)
Vinyl (re-issue of the 1963 vinyl, but used 2009 CD remastered tracks on 180g vinyl) (stereo)[28]
Vinyl (re-issue of the original mono mix on 180g vinyl) (mono)
In the United States, most of the songs on Please Please Me were first issued on Vee-Jay Records' Introducing... The Beatles in 1964, and subsequently on Capitol Records' The Early Beatles in 1965. Please Please Me was not released in the US until the Beatles' catalogue was standardised for CD.
In Canada, the majority of the album's songs were included upon the Canadian-exclusive release Twist and Shout, which featured "From Me to You" and "She Loves You" in place of "I Saw Her Standing There" and "Misery".[29]
In New Zealand, the album first appeared only in mono on the black Parlophone label. The following year (1964) EMI (NZ) changed from black to a blue Parlophone label and the album was again available only in mono. Due to constant demand, it was finally made available in stereo, first through the World Record Club on their Young World label in both mono and stereo, and finally on the blue Parlophone label.
The album was released on CD on 26 February 1987, in mono, as were their three subsequent albums, With the Beatles, A Hard Day's Night and Beatles for Sale. It was not released on vinyl or tape in the US until five months later when it was issued for the first time in the US on LP and cassette on 21 July 1987.[citation needed]
Please Please Me was remastered and re-released on CD in stereo, along with all the other original UK studio albums, on 9 September 2009.[30] The 2009 remasters replaced the 1987 remasters. A remastered mono CD was also available as part of The Beatles in Mono box set.[31]
Artwork and packaging[edit]
George Martin was an honorary fellow of the Zoological Society of London, which owns the London Zoo. Martin thought that it might be good publicity for the zoo to have the Beatles pose outside the insect house for the cover photography of the album. However, the society turned down Martin's offer, and instead, Angus McBean was asked to take the distinctive colour photograph of the group looking down over the stairwell inside EMI's London headquarters in Manchester Square.[19] Martin was to write later: "We rang up the legendary theatre photographer Angus McBean, and bingo, he came round and did it there and then. It was done in an almighty rush, like the music. Thereafter, though, the Beatles' own creativity came bursting to the fore."[32] In 1969, the Beatles asked McBean to recreate this shot. Although the 1969 photograph was originally intended for the then-planned Get Back album, it was not used when that project saw eventual release in 1970 as Let It Be. Instead, the 1969 photograph, along with an unused photograph from the 1963 photo shoot, was used in 1973 for the Beatles' retrospective albums 1962–1966 and 1967–1970. Another unused photograph from the 1963 photo shoot was used for The Beatles (No. 1) (EP released 1 November 1963).
Sleeve notes[edit]
As consistent with all early 1960s albums made in the UK, the rear of the album sleeve has sleeve notes. The Beatles' press officer Tony Barrow wrote extensive sleeve notes, which included a brief mention of their early 1960s rivals The Shadows.
Reception and legacy[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [33]
The A.V. Club A[34]
Consequence of Sound A–[35]
The Daily Telegraph [36]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music [37]
MusicHound [38]
Paste 92/100[39]
Pitchfork Media 9.5/10[40]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide [41]
Sputnikmusic 4/5[5]
Please Please Me hit the top of the UK album charts in May 1963 and remained there for 30 weeks before being replaced by With the Beatles. This was surprising because the UK album charts at the time tended to be dominated by film soundtracks and easy listening vocalists.[42]
In a 1987 review upon its CD reissue, Rolling Stone magazine's Steve Pond recommended Please Please Me "for the Beatles' unfettered joy at making music".[43] In 2012, Please Please Me was voted 39th on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".[9] It was ranked first among the Beatles' early albums, and sixth of all of the Beatles' albums, with Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, Revolver, Rubber Soul, The Beatles (also known as "The White Album") and Abbey Road ranked higher.
Rolling Stone also placed two songs from the album on its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: No. 140, "I Saw Her Standing There", and No. 186, "Please Please Me". According to Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic, "Decades after its release, the album still sounds fresh", the covers are "impressive" and the originals "astonishing".[44]
50th anniversary[edit]
In 2013, the album's 50th anniversary was celebrated by modern artists re-recording the album in just one day, the same time it took the Beatles to record it 50 years earlier. Stereophonics recorded a cover of the album's opening track, "I Saw Her Standing There". It and the other recordings were broadcast on BBC Radio 2, and a documentary about the re-recording of The Beatles' debut album was broadcast on BBC Television.
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by McCartney–Lennon, except where noted.
Side one
No.
Title
Lead vocals
Length
1. "I Saw Her Standing There" Paul McCartney 2:55
2. "Misery" John Lennon with McCartney 1:49
3. "Anna (Go to Him)" (Arthur Alexander) Lennon 2:55
4. "Chains" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) George Harrison 2:23
5. "Boys" (Luther Dixon, Wes Farrell) Ringo Starr 2:24
6. "Ask Me Why" Lennon 2:24
7. "Please Please Me" Lennon with McCartney 2:00
Side two
No.
Title
Lead vocals
Length
1. "Love Me Do" McCartney with Lennon 2:23
2. "P.S. I Love You" McCartney 2:04
3. "Baby It's You" (Mack David, Barney Williams, Burt Bacharach) Lennon 2:40
4. "Do You Want to Know a Secret" Harrison 1:56
5. "A Taste of Honey" (Bobby Scott, Ric Marlow) McCartney 2:03
6. "There's a Place" Lennon and McCartney 1:51
7. "Twist and Shout" (Phil Medley, Bert Russell) Lennon 2:32
Track listing per Calkin.[45]
Personnel[edit]
According to Mark Lewisohn:[46]
The Beatles
John Lennon – lead vocals, background vocals, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, harmonica, hand claps
Paul McCartney – lead vocals, background vocals, bass guitar, hand claps
George Harrison – background vocals, lead vocals on "Chains" and "Do You Want to Know a Secret", lead guitar, acoustic guitar, hand claps
Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine, maracas, hand claps, lead vocals on "Boys"
Additional musicians and production
George Martin – producer, mixer, additional arrangements, piano on "Misery" and "P.S. I Love You", celesta on "Baby It's You"
Norman Smith – audio engineer, mixer
Andy White – drums on "Love Me Do" and "P.S. I Love You"
Charts and certifications[edit]
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1963)
Peak
position
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[47] 4
UK Albums (OCC)[48] 1
Chart (1987)
Peak
position
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[49] 24
Chart (2009)
Peak
position
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[50] 75
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[51] 76
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[52] 78
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[49] 89
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[53] 25
Italian Albums (FIMI)[54] 64
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[55] 32
Portuguese Albums (AFP)[56] 29
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[57] 53
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[58] 27
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[59] 74
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[60]
Gold 35,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[61]
Gold 50,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[62]
Gold 100,000^
United States (RIAA)[63]
Platinum 1,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
BPI certification awarded only for sales since 1994.[64]
Preceded by
Summer Holiday (soundtrack) by Cliff Richard & The Shadows UK Albums Chart number-one album
11 May – 30 November 1963 Succeeded by
With The Beatles by The Beatles
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Label
Format
Catalogue
United Kingdom 22 March 1963 Parlophone Mono LP PMC1202
26 April 1963 Stereo LP PCS 3042
United States 26 February 1987 Capitol Records Mono LP C1 46435
Stereo LP
Cassette C4 46435
CD CDP 7 46435 2
Worldwide re-release 9 September 2009 Apple Records Remastered stereo CD 0946 3 82416 2 1
Remastered mono CD
13 November 2012 Remastered stereo LP 0946 3 82416 1 4
8 September 2014 Remastered mono LP
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Please Please Me. beatlesbible.com Retrieved 22 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pop/Rock " British Invasion " Merseybeat". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Carlin, Peter Ames (3 November 2009). Paul McCartney: A Life. Simon & Schuster. p. 82. ISBN 1-4165-6209-5.
Jump up ^ Please Please Me is "one of the greatest first albums in rock", in Rolling Stone's The 100 Best Debut Albums of All Time
^ Jump up to: a b Med57 (16 January 2005). "The Beatles – Please Please Me (album review)". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 350.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 1994, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "500 Greatest Albums of All Time: The Beatles, 'Please Please Me'". Rolling Stone. 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Martin & Pearson 1994, p. 77.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lewisohn 1988, pp. 24–26.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 24.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewisohn 1988, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Harry 1992, p. 528.
^ Jump up to: a b UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark (2016), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", MeasuringWorth.com.
Jump up ^ Q (magazine), pp. 36–38.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 21.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewisohn 1988, p. 32.
Jump up ^ http://www.beatlesebooks.com/love-me-do
Jump up ^ http://www.bsnpubs.com/la/mofi/mofi.html
Jump up ^ Beatles, The – Please Please Me (Vinyl, LP, Album) at Discogs
Jump up ^ Beatles, The – Please Please Me (Vinyl, LP, Album) at Discogs
Jump up ^ Please Please Me by The Beatles : Reviews and Ratings – Rate Your Music
Jump up ^ Beatles, The – Please Please Me (Cassette, Album) at Discogs
Jump up ^ Beatles, The – Please Please Me (CD, Album) at Discogs
Jump up ^ Beatles, The – Please Please Me (CD, Album) at Discogs
Jump up ^ Beatles, The – Please Please Me (LP, Album, RE, RM, 180) at Discogs
Jump up ^ "Beatles, The – Twist And Shout (Vinyl, LP) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Reuters 2009.
Jump up ^ Aughton & Reuters 2007.
Jump up ^ Martin & Pearson 1994, p. 121.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Beatles: Please Please Me > Review". Allmusic.
Jump up ^ Klosterman, Chuck (8 September 2009). "Chuck Klosterman Repeats The Beatles". The A.V. Club. Chicago. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Young, Alex (15 September 2009). "Album Review: The Beatles – Please Please Me [Remastered]". Consequenceofsound.net. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Jump up ^ McCormick, Neil (4 September 2009). "The Beatles – Please Please Me, review". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Larkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music. 1. Muze. pp. 487–489. ISBN 0-19-531373-9.
Jump up ^ Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel (eds) (1999). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press. p. 88. ISBN 1-57859-061-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "The Beatles: The Long and Winding Repertiore". Paste. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Ewing, Tom. "The Beatles: Please Please Me". Pitchfork Media.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles | Album Guide". rollingstone.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Apple Corps 2009.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve. "The Beatles: Please Please Me". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Erlewine 2007.
Jump up ^ Calkin 2001.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Beatles – Please Please Me" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dutchcharts.nl – The Beatles – Please Please Me" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – The Beatles – Please Please Me" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Beatles – Please Please Me" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Beatles – Please Please Me" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles: Please Please Me" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – The Beatles – Please Please Me". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – The Beatles – Please Please Me". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – The Beatles – Please Please Me". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – The Beatles – Please Please Me". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – The Beatles – Please Please Me". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – The Beatles – Please Please Me". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2009 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – The Beatles – Please Please Me". Music Canada. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – The Beatles – Please Please Me". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 15 September 2013. Enter Please Please Me in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Beatles, The – Please Please Me". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 15 September 2013. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Beatles albums finally go platinum". British Phonographic Industry. BBC News. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
References[edit]
"Please Please Me – The Beatles". Apple Corps. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
Aughton, Simon (12 February 2013). "Please Please Me: Artists Recreate Beatles debut". Chiraghpatel.com. Reuters.
Aughton, Simon (4 June 2007). "Remastered Beatles on iTunes in 2008". PC Pro. Reuters. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
Calkin, Graham. "Please Please Me". Retrieved 31 October 2010.
Collett-White, Mike (7 April 2009). "Original Beatles digitally remastered". Reuters. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2007). "Please Please Me Review". Allmusic. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
Harry, Bill (1992). The Ultimate Beatles Encyclopedia. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 0-86369-681-3.
Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
MacDonald, Ian (1994). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-2780-7.
Martin, George; Pearson, William (1994). With a Little Help from My Friends: The Making of Sgt. Pepper. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-54783-2.
Norman, Philip (1993). Shout!. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-017410-9.
Penman, Ross (2009). The Beatles in New Zealand ... a discography. ISBN 978-0-473-15155-3.
The Beatles Collectors Limited Edition. London: Q, Maddy Ballantyne.
"The Beatles Biography". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. 2003. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
Salewicz, Chris (1986). McCartney – The Biography. London: Queen Anne Press. ISBN 0-356-12454-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Beatles.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Please Please Me
Beatles Interview Database
Recording data and notes on mono/stereo mixes and remixes
The Beatles portal
[show]
v
t
e
Please Please Me
Songs
Side one
"I Saw Her Standing There"
"Misery"
"Anna (Go to Him)"
"Chains"
"Boys"
"Ask Me Why"
"Please Please Me"
Side two
"Love Me Do"
"P.S. I Love You"
"Baby It's You"
"Do You Want to Know a Secret"
"A Taste of Honey"
"There's a Place"
"Twist and Shout"
Outtakes
"Tip of My Tongue"
"Hold Me Tight"
"Bésame Mucho"
Related articles
The Beatles discography
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
[show]
v
t
e
The Beatles album discography
Albums in the core catalogue are marked in bold.
Studio albums
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
The Beatles ("White Album")
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
US albums
Introducing... The Beatles
Meet the Beatles!
The Beatles' Second Album
A Hard Day's Night
Something New
The Beatles' Story
Beatles '65
The Early Beatles
Beatles VI
Help!
Rubber Soul
Yesterday and Today
Revolver
Magical Mystery Tour
Yellow Submarine
Hey Jude
Canadian albums
Twist and Shout
The Beatles' Long Tall Sally
Extended plays
Twist and Shout
The Beatles' Hits
The Beatles (No. 1)
All My Loving
Souvenir of Their Visit to America
Four by the Beatles
Long Tall Sally
Extracts from the Film A Hard Day's Night
Extracts from the Album A Hard Day's Night
4 by the Beatles
Beatles for Sale
Beatles for Sale No. 2
The Beatles' Million Sellers
Yesterday
Nowhere Man
Magical Mystery Tour
Live albums
Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962
The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl
First Live Recordings
Live at the BBC
On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2
Compilations
From Then To You / The Beatles' Christmas Album
Sessions
Past Masters
Anthology (1, 2, 3)
I Saw Her Standing There
The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963
Remixes
Yellow Submarine Songtrack
Let It Be... Naked
Love
Box sets
The Beatles Collection
The Beatles: The Collection
The Beatles Box
The Beatles Box Set
The Capitol Albums
vol. 1
2
The Beatles in Mono
The Beatles (The Original Studio Recordings)
The U.S. Albums
The Japan Box
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Please_Please_Me&oldid=803101916"
Categories:
1963 debut albums
Albums arranged by George Martin
Albums produced by George Martin
Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios
Beat music albums
English-language albums
Parlophone albums
The Beatles albums
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Use British English from November 2015
Use dmy dates from November 2015
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009
Track listings with deprecated parameters
Certification Table Entry usages for Australia
Certification Table Entry usages for Canada
Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom
Certification Table Entry usages for United States
Commons category without a link on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 September 2017, at 13:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: lightsteelblue

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: span

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse

values:
/wiki/Studio_album
mw-redirect
Studio album

values: Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time

values:
/wiki/Cavern_Club
mw-redirect
Cavern Club

values:
/wiki/Mobile_Fidelity_Sound_Labs
mw-redirect
Mobile Fidelity Sound Labs

values:
/wiki/Misery_(The_Beatles_song)
mw-redirect
Misery (The Beatles song)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Honorary_fellow
mw-redirect
Honorary fellow

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Pitchfork_Media
mw-redirect
Pitchfork Media

values: float:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

values: Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time

values:
tlheader mbox-text
4
text-align:left;background-color:#fff

values:
/wiki/Recording_engineer
mw-redirect
Recording engineer

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Australian Recording Industry Association

values: Recording Industry Association of America

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values: List of number-one albums from the 1960s (UK)

values:
/wiki/With_The_Beatles
mw-redirect
With The Beatles

values:
nofollow
https://measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/
external text

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.beatlesebooks.com/love-me-do

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
https://www.bpi.co.uk/bpi-awards/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jpgr.co.uk/pcs3042.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1502

values:
/wiki/Little,_Brown
mw-redirect
Little, Brown

values: -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em;

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
The_Beatles_album_discography
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Extracts from the Film A Hard Day's Night

values: Extracts from the Album A Hard Day's Night

values: The Beatles (The Original Studio Recordings)

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Albums arranged by George Martin

values: Category:Albums produced by George Martin

values: Category:Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios

values: Category:Use British English from November 2015

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2015

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009

values: Category:Track listings with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Australia

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Canada

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United States

values: Category:Commons category without a link on Wikidata

values:
/wiki/Please_Please_Me
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: بليز بليز مي – Arabic

values: Please Please Me – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: لطفاً مرا خشنود کن (آلبوم) – Persian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: プリーズ・プリーズ・ミー (アルバム) – Japanese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: พลีสพลีสมี – Thai

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Please_Please_Me rootpage-Please_Please_Me vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view