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Black Monday (1987)
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FTSE 100 Index (June 19, 1987, to January 19, 1988).
DJIA (June 19, 1987, to January 19, 1988).
In finance, Black Monday refers to Monday, October 19, 1987, when stock markets around the world crashed, shedding a huge value in a very short time. The crash began in Hong Kong and spread west to Europe, hitting the United States after other markets had already declined by a significant margin. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell exactly 508 points to 1,738.74 (22.61%).[1] In Australia and New Zealand, the 1987 crash is also referred to as "Black Tuesday" because of the time zone difference.
The terms Black Monday and Black Tuesday are also respectively applied to October 28 and October 29, 1929, which occurred after Black Thursday on October 24, which started the Stock Market Crash of 1929.
Contents
[hide]
1 Timeline
2 Market effects
3 Causes
4 Regulation
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Timeline[edit]
Timeline compiled by the Federal Reserve.
In late 1985 and early 1986, the United States economy shifted from a rapid recovery from the early 1980s recession to a slower expansion, resulting in a brief "soft landing" period as the economy slowed and inflation dropped. The stock market advanced significantly, with the Dow peaking in August 1987 at 2,722 points, or 44% over the previous year's closing of 1,895 points. Further financial uncertainty may have resulted from the collapse of OPEC in early 1986, which led to a crude oil price decrease of more than 50% by mid-1986.[2]
On October 14, the DJIA dropped 95.46 points (3.8%) (a then record) to 2,412.70, and fell another 58 points (2.4%) the next day, down over 12% from the August 25 all-time high.
On Thursday, October 15, 1987, Iran hit the American-owned (and Liberian-flagged) supertanker, the Sungari, with a Silkworm missile off Kuwait's main Mina Al Ahmadi oil port. The next morning, Iran hit another ship, the U.S.-flagged MV Sea Isle City, with another Silkworm missile.
On Friday, October 16, when all the markets in London were unexpectedly closed due to the Great Storm of 1987, the DJIA fell 108.35 points (4.6%) to close at 2,246.74 on record volume. Then-Treasury Secretary James Baker stated concerns about the falling prices.
The crash began in Far Eastern markets the morning of October 19, but accelerated in London time—largely because London had closed early on October 16 due to the storm—by 9.30am the London FTSE100 had fallen over 136 points. Later that morning, two U.S. warships shelled an Iranian oil platform in the Persian Gulf in response to Iran's Silkworm missile attack on the Sea Isle City.[3][4]
Market effects[edit]
By the end of October, stock markets had fallen in Hong Kong (45.5%), Australia (41.8%), Spain (31%), the United Kingdom (26.45%), the United States (22.68%) and Canada (22.5%). New Zealand's market was hit especially hard, falling about 60% from its 1987 peak, and taking several years to recover.[5][6] The damage to the New Zealand economy was compounded by high exchange rates and the Reserve Bank of New Zealand's refusal to loosen monetary policy in response to the crisis, in contrast to countries such as West Germany, Japan and the United States, whose banks increased short-term liquidity to forestall recession and experienced economic growth in the following 2–3 years.[7]
The Black Monday decline was—and currently remains—the largest one-day percentage decline in the DJIA. (Saturday, December 12, 1914, is sometimes erroneously cited as the largest one-day percentage decline of the DJIA. In reality, the ostensible decline of 24.39% was created retroactively by a redefinition of the DJIA in 1916.[8][9])
Following the stock market crash, a group of 33 eminent economists from various nations met in Washington, D.C. in December 1987, and collectively predicted that "the next few years could be the most troubled since the 1930s".[10] However, the economy was barely affected and growth actually increased throughout 1987 and 1988, with the DJIA regaining its pre-crash closing high of 2,722 points in early 1989.
Causes[edit]
Possible causes for the decline included program trading, overvaluation, illiquidity and market psychology.
A popular explanation for the 1987 crash was computerized selling dictated by portfolio insurance hedges.[11] However, economist Dean Furbush pointed out that the biggest price drops occurred during light trading volume.[12] In program trading, computers execute rapid stock trades based on external inputs, such as the price of related securities. Common strategies implemented by program trading involve an attempt to engage in arbitrage and portfolio insurance strategies. As computer technology became widespread, program trading grew dramatically within Wall Street firms. After the crash, many blamed program trading strategies for blindly selling stocks as markets fell, exacerbating the decline. Some economists theorized the speculative boom leading up to October was caused by program trading, and that the crash was merely a return to normalcy. Either way, program trading ended up taking the majority of the blame in the public eye for the 1987 stock market crash. U.S. Congressman Edward J. Markey, who had been warning about the possibility of a crash, stated that "Program trading was the principal cause."[13]
New York University's Richard Sylla divides the causes into macroeconomic and internal reasons. Macroeconomic causes included international disputes about foreign exchange and interest rates, and fears about inflation.
The internal reasons included innovations with index futures and portfolio insurance. I've seen accounts that maybe roughly half the trading on that day was a small number of institutions with portfolio insurance. Big guys were dumping their stock. Also, the futures market in Chicago was even lower than the stock market, and people tried to arbitrage that. The proper strategy was to buy futures in Chicago and sell in the New York cash market. It made it hard – the portfolio insurance people were also trying to sell their stock at the same time.[14]
Regulation[edit]
After Black Monday, regulators overhauled trade-clearing protocols to bring uniformity to all prominent market products. They also developed new rules, known as "trading curbs" or colloquially as circuit breakers, allowing exchanges to temporarily halt trading in instances of exceptionally large price declines in some indexes; for instance, the DJIA.[15]
See also[edit]
1980s portal
2010 Flash Crash
List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average
Stock market crashes in Hong Kong
Wall Street Crash of 1929 (Black Tuesday)
Operation Nimble Archer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Browning, E.S. (2007-10-15). "Exorcising Ghosts of Octobers Past". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. pp. C1–C2. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
Jump up ^ http://www.oil-price.net/en/articles/oil-caused-recession-not-wallstreet.php/Oil caused recession, not wall street, Tom Therramus, 2009
Jump up ^ "Black Monday 10th Anniversary 1987 Timeline". The Motley Fool. 1997-10-19. Archived from the original on 2007-03-06. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
Jump up ^ http://www.dailymarkets.com/economy/2009/08/20/great-stock-market-crashes-black-monday-in-1987/ Great Stock Market Crashes: Black Monday In 1987
Jump up ^ "Share Price Index, 1987–1998".
Jump up ^ "Commercial Framework: Stock exchange, New Zealand Official Yearbook 2000". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Grant, David Malcolm (1997). Bulls, Bears and Elephants: A History of the New Zealand Stock Exchange. Wellington: Victoria University Press. p. 330. ISBN 0-86473-308-9. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Setting the Record Straight on the Dow Drop". New York Times. 1987-10-26.
Jump up ^ Bialik, Carl (2008-10-01). "The Day Stocks Rose but the Dow Plunged". WSJ.com Blogs: The Numbers Guy.
Jump up ^ "Group of 7, Meet the Group of 33". The New York Times. 1987-12-26.
Jump up ^ Bookstaber, Richard (2007). A Demon Of Our Own Design. USA: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 7–32. ISBN 978-0-470-39375-8.
Jump up ^ Furbush, Dean (2002). "Program Trading". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (1st ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty. The precipitous price declines occurred when the normal index-arbitrage relation was most disrupted, not when index arbitrage was prevalent. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link) OCLC 317650570, 50016270, 163149563
Jump up ^ Albert, Bozzo (2007-10-12). "Players replay the crash". Remembering the Crash of 87. CNBC. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
Jump up ^ Annelena, Lobb (2007-10-15). "Looking Back at Black Monday:A Discussion With Richard Sylla". The Wall Street Journal Online. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
Jump up ^ Bernhardt, Donald; Eckblad, Marshall. "Black Monday: The Stock Market Crash of 1987". Federal Reserve History. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
Further reading[edit]
"Brady Report" Presidential Task Force on Market Mechanisms (1988): Report of the Presidential Task Force on Market Mechanisms. Nicholas F. Brady (Chairman), U.S. Government Printing Office.
Carlson, Mark (2007) "A Brief History of the 1987 Stock Market Crash with a Discussion of the Federal Reserve Response," Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C.
Securities and Exchange Commission (1988): The October 1987 Market Break. Washington: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Shiller, R. (1989). "Investor Behavior in the October 1987 Stock Market Crash: Survey Evidence". Boston: MIT Press. in Shiller, Robert J. (1990). Market Volatility. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19290-X.
Robert Sobel Panic on Wall Street: A Classic History of America's Financial Disasters – With a New Exploration of the Crash of 1987 (E P Dutton; Reprint edition, May 1988) ISBN 0-525-48404-3.
External links[edit]
CBC Reports on Black Monday
CNBC Remembering the Crash of 1987
Guardian Black Monday photographs
Motley Fool's Black Monday 10th Anniversary 1987 Timeline
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2011 Bangladesh share market scam
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See also: List of stock market crashes and bear markets
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Captain Lawrence Brewing Company
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Captain Lawrence
Location
444 Saw Mill River Rd, Elmsford, New York 10523 USA
Opened
2005[1]
Annual production volume
25,000 US beer barrels (29,000 hL)
Owned by
Scott Vaccaro
Captain Lawrence Brewing Company is an award-winning craft brewery located in Elmsford, New York.[2] The brewery is owned and run by head brewer Scott Vaccaro.[2] Vaccaro, a homebrewer since 1995, trained in brewing science at UC Davis.[2]
Many of Captain Lawrence's beers are strongly influenced by traditional Belgian ale styles, although often with an American twist. Barrel-aging and ales with sourness or flavors contributed by bacteria and wild yeasts such as Brettanomyces, are also part of their repertoire.
Like many small breweries, Captain Lawrence seeks to be environmentally sensitive, including donating its spent grain to a local farmer for use as cattle feed.[3]
Their beers are fermented in stainless steel cylindro-conical vessels.
The brewery takes its name from Captain Lawrence Drive in South Salem, New York, the road on which Vaccaro's childhood home is located. The street is named after Samuel Lawrence (1733–1796), a captain in the Westchester County Militia, 3rd Regiment, during the American Revolution.[4]
Contents
1 History
2 Beers
2.1 Year 'round brews
2.2 Seasonal and specialty offerings
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
Vaccaro brewed his first beer before he was legally allowed to drink. As a teenager in high school he saw a friend's father brewing beer at home, asked if he could participate, and was told it would be allowed with parental permission.
After enrolling at Villanova University to study accounting, Vaccaro realized his real desire was to become a professional brewer. He transferred to UC Davis and studied fermentation science. He interned at Adnams Brewery in the UK. Following graduation he worked at Sierra Nevada and the short-lived Colorado Brewery in Danbury, Connecticut.
Captain Lawrence Brewing Company was founded in 2006. Its first brewery was located on Castleton Street in Pleasantville, New York[2] and had a 20-barrel system. After five years, needing more space to operate a bottling line and a larger system to increase capacity, the brewery was relocated to Elmsford, New York,[2] approximately five miles from the original brewery. The new facility has a 40-barrel brewing system and more fermentation capacity. There is also a small seven-barrel system for experimental and specialty batches. The new brewery began operation in 2011.[2]
Beers[edit]
Year 'round brews[edit]
Freshchester (5.6% ABV) - Pale Ale
Liquid Gold (6.5% ABV) - Belgian style Blonde Ale, made with Belgian ale yeast and coriander
Brown Bird Ale (4.8% ABV) - American Brown Ale
Smoked Porter (8.0% ABV) - American porter made with German smoked malt
Captain’s Reserve Double IPA (9.0% ABV) - version of the contemporary American "double" or extra strong India Pale Ale style
Captain's Kölsch (5.5% ABV) - Kölsch, first brewed in Spring 2010
Seasonal and specialty offerings[edit]
Frost Monster (11.0% ABV) - malty, intense ale, available aged in rum barrels
Xtra Gold (10.0% ABV) - strong golden ale in the Belgian Abbey Tripel style, but flavored with American hop varieties including Amarillo
Golden Delicious (10.0%+ ABV) - American Tripel, aged in oak apple brandy barrels
Imperial Smoked Porter (12.0% ABV) - strong porter made with German smoked malt
Smoke from the Oak (ABV not listed) - strong smoked porter that has been released in several different barrel-aged versions
Nor'easter Winter Warmer (11.0% ABV) - strong dark ale in the Belgian tradition, flavored with elderberries
St. Vincent's Dubbel (8.0% ABV) - richly flavored[5] malty brown ale in the Belgian Abbey Dubbel style
Cuvée De Castleton (8.0% ABV) - American "wild ale", fermented with Muscat grapes and Brettanomyces
Rosso e Marrone (ABV not listed) - American sour ale, fermented with grapes and aged in oak barrels; "Rosso e Marrone" is Italian for "Red and Brown"; BeerAdvocate lists this beer as a Flanders Oud Bruin
Birra DeCicco (6.0% ABV) - described on the label as a "malt beverage brewed with chestnut honey and jam"; this limited release was a collaboration with DeCicco Food Market, a grocery in Ardsley, New York that has an extensive selection of craft and microbrew beers
Pumpkin Ale (5.5% ABV) - amber ale, brewed with pumpkin and pumpkin spices
Espresso Stout - stout, brewed with espresso coffee
Five Years Later (10.0% ABV) - brewed to celebrate the brewery's fifth anniversary, a strong almost-black ale brewed with five varieties of malt and five different hops
Winter Rye (5.0% ABV) - a one-time beer brewed using organic rye and crystal malt from Valley Malting Co in Massachusetts;[6] brewed with a German yeast strain and lightly dry hopped with US Goldings
Katchkie Harvest Ale - collaboration between Captain Lawrence Brewery, Executive Chef Robb Garceau of Great Performances and Katchkie Farm; Captain Lawrence Brewery's first farm-to-table beer offering[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Beer Me! — Captain Lawrence Brewing — Pleasantville, New York, United States
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Pezzullo, Rick. "Brewery Celebrates New Location in Elmsford". The Rivertowns Daily Voice. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Scott Vaccaro Opens Captain Lawrence Brewery". The Journal News. January 19, 2006.
Jump up ^ Westchester County Militia, 3rd Regiment
Jump up ^ Wharton, Rachel (September 4, 2007). "Gourmet beers for Labor Day feasts". Daily News. New York. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
Jump up ^ Valley Malting Co in Massachusetts Archived February 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://foodcurated.com/2012/09/a-farm-to-keg-beer-captain-lawrence-brewerys-katchkie-pumpkin-ale/
External links[edit]
Captain Lawrence official website
Captain Lawrence listing on RateBeer
Captain Lawrence listing on BeerAdvocate
Coordinates: 41°07′41″N 73°47′21″W / 41.12806°N 73.78917°W / 41.12806; -73.78917
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Lawrence_Brewing_Company&oldid=850131289"
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