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Berlin Conference
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The conference of Berlin
The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz),[1] regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. The conference was organized by Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history of the Berlin Conference
2 Conference
3 General Act
3.1 Principle of Effective Occupation
4 Agenda
5 Consequences
6 See also
7 References
8 Citations
9 Further reading
10 External links
Early history of the Berlin Conference[edit]
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Before the conference, European diplomacy treated African indigenous people in the same manner as the New World natives, forming trading relationships with the indigenous chiefs. By the mid-19th century, Europeans considered Africa to be disputed territory ripe for exploration, trade, and settlement by their colonists. With the exception of trading posts along the coasts, the continent was essentially ignored.
In 1876, King Leopold II of Belgium, who had previously founded the International African Society in 1876, invited Henry Morton Stanley to join him in researching and 'civilising' the continent. In 1878, the International Congo Society was also formed, with more economic goals, but still closely related to the former society. Léopold secretly bought off the foreign investors in the Congo Society, which was turned to imperialistic goals, with the African Society serving primarily as a philanthropic front.
From 1878 to 1885, Stanley returned to the Congo, not as a reporter but as an envoy from Léopold with the secret mission to organize what would become known as the Congo Free State. French intelligence had discovered Leopold's plans, and France quickly engaged in its own colonial exploration. French naval officer Pierre de Brazza was dispatched to central Africa, traveled into the western Congo basin, and raised the French flag over the newly founded Brazzaville in 1881, in what is currently the Republic of Congo. Finally, Portugal, which already had a long, but essentially abandoned colonial Empire in the area through the mostly defunct proxy state Kongo Empire, also claimed the area. Its claims were based on old treaties with Spain and the Roman Catholic Church. It quickly made a treaty on 26 February 1884 with its former ally, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to block off the Congo Society's access to the Atlantic.
By the early 1880s, due to many factors including diplomatic maneuvers, subsequent colonial exploration, and recognition of Africa's abundance of valuable resources such as gold, timber, land, and markets, European interest in the continent had increased dramatically. Stanley's charting of the Congo River Basin (1874–77) removed the last terra incognita from European maps of the continent, and delineating the areas of British, Portuguese, French, and Belgian control. The powers raced to push these rough boundaries to their furthest limits and eliminate any potential local minor powers which might prove troublesome to European competitive diplomacy.
France moved to take over Tunisia, one of the last of the Barbary Pirate states, under the pretext of another piracy incident. French claims by Pierre de Brazza were quickly solidified with French taking control of today's Republic of the Congo in 1881 and Guinea in 1884. Italy became part of the Triple Alliance, upsetting Bismarck's carefully laid plans with the state and forcing Germany to become involved in Africa. In 1882, realizing the geopolitical extent of Portuguese control on the coasts, but seeing penetration by France eastward across Central Africa toward Ethiopia, the Nile, and the Suez Canal, Britain saw its vital trade route through Egypt and its Indian Empire threatened.
Under the pretext of the collapsed Egyptian financing and a subsequent riot, in which hundreds of Europeans and British subjects were murdered or injured, the United Kingdom intervened in nominally Ottoman Egypt. Through it, the UK also ruled over the Sudan and what would later become British Somaliland.
Conference[edit]
Owing to the European race for colonies, Germany started launching expeditions of its own, which frightened both British and French statesmen. Hoping to quickly soothe this brewing conflict, King Leopold II convinced France and Germany that common trade in Africa was in the best interests of all three countries. Under support from the British and the initiative of Portugal, Otto von Bismarck, German Chancellor, called on representatives of 13 nations in Europe as well as the United States to take part in the Berlin Conference in 1884 to work out joint policy on the African continent.
The conference was opened on November 15, 1884 and continued till its closure on 26 February 1885.[3]Whilst the number of plenipotentiaries varied per nation,[4] the following 14 countries did send representatives to attend the Berlin Conference and sign the subsequent Berlin Act:
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Denmark
France
German Empire
Italy
Netherlands
Ottoman Empire
Portugal
Russian Empire
Spain
Sweden-Norway
United Kingdom
United States - though the United States reserved the right to decline or to accept the conclusions of the Conference.[5]
The conference was convened on Saturday, November 15, 1884, at Bismarck's official residence on Wilhelmstrasse (site of the Congress of Berlin six years earlier).[6] Bismarck accepted the chairmanship. The British representative was Sir Edward Malet (Ambassador to the German Empire). Henry Morton Stanley attended as a U.S. delegate.[6]
General Act[edit]
The General Act fixed the following points:
To gain public acceptance,[7][8] the conference resolved to end slavery by African and Islamic powers. Thus, an international prohibition of the slave trade throughout their respected spheres was signed by the European members. Because of this point the writer Joseph Conrad sarcastically referred to the conference as "the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs" in his novella Heart of Darkness.[9]
The Congo Free State was confirmed as the private property of the Congo Society, which supported Leopold's promises to keep the country open to all European investment. The territory of today's Democratic Republic of the Congo, some two million square kilometers, was confirmed by the European powers as essentially the property of Léopold II (but later it was organized as a Belgian colony under state administration).
The 14 signatory powers would have free trade throughout the Congo Basin as well as Lake Malawi, and east of this in an area south of 5° N.
The Niger and Congo rivers were made free for ship traffic.
A Principle of Effectivity (based on "effective occupation", see below) was introduced to stop powers setting up colonies in name only.
Any fresh act of taking possession of any portion of the African coast would have to be notified by the power taking possession, or assuming a protectorate, to the other signatory powers.
Definition of regions in which each European power had an exclusive right to "pursue" the legal ownership of land (legal in the eyes of the other European powers).[10]:44
The first reference in an international act to the obligations attaching to "spheres of influence" is contained in the Berlin Act.
Principle of Effective Occupation[edit]
The principle of effective occupation stated that powers could acquire rights over colonial lands only if they possessed them or had "effective occupation": in other words, if they had treaties with local leaders, if they flew their flag there, and if they established an administration in the territory to govern it with a police force to keep order. The colonial power could also make use of the colony economically. This principle became important not only as a basis for the European powers to acquire territorial sovereignty in Africa, but also for determining the limits of their respective overseas possessions, as effective occupation served in some instances as a criterion for settling disputes over the boundaries between colonies. But, as the Berlin Act was limited in its scope to the lands that fronted on the African coast, European powers in numerous instances later claimed rights over lands in the interior without demonstrating the requirement of effective occupation, as articulated in Article 35 of the Final Act.
At the Berlin Conference of 1885, the scope of the Principle of Effective Occupation was heavily contested between Germany and France. The Germans, who were new to the continent of Africa, essentially believed that as far as the extension of power in Africa was concerned, no colonial power should have any legal right to a territory, unless the state exercised strong and effective political control, and if so, only for a limited period of time, essentially an occupational force only. However, Britain's view was that Germany was a latecomer to the continent, and was assumptively unlikely to gain any new possessions, apart from already occupied territories, which were swiftly proving to be more valuable than British-occupied territories. Given that logic, it was generally assumed by Britain and France that Germany had an interest in embarrassing the other European powers on the continent and forcing them to give up their possessions if they could not muster a strong political presence. On the other side, the United Kingdom (UK) had large territorial "possessions" on the continent and wanted to keep them while minimising its responsibilities and administrative costs. In the end, the British view prevailed.
The disinclination to rule what the Europeans had "conquered" is apparent throughout the protocols of the Berlin Conference, but especially in "The Principle of Effective Occupation." In line with Germany and Britain's opposing views, the powers finally agreed that this could be established by a European power establishing some kind of base on the coast, from which it was free to expand into the interior. The Europeans did not believe that the rules of occupation demanded European hegemony on the ground. The Belgians originally wanted to include that "effective occupation" required provisions that "cause peace to be administered", but other powers, specifically Britain and France, had that amendment struck out of the final document.
This principle, along with others that were written at the Conference allowed the Europeans to "conquer" Africa while doing as little as possible to administer or control it. The Principle of Effective Occupation did not apply so much to the hinterlands of Africa at the time of the conference. This gave rise to "hinterland theory," which basically gave any colonial power with coastal territory the right to claim political influence over an indefinite amount of inland territory. Since Africa was irregularly shaped, this theory caused problems and was later rejected.[11]
Agenda[edit]
Portugal–Britain: The Portuguese government presented a project, known as the "Pink Map" (also called the "Rose-Colored Map"), in which the colonies of Angola and Mozambique were united by co-option of the intervening territory (land that later became Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Malawi.) All of the countries attending the conference, except for the United Kingdom, endorsed Portugal's ambitions. A little more than five years later, in 1890, the British government, in breach of the Treaty of Windsor (and of the Treaty of Berlin itself), issued an ultimatum demanding that the Portuguese withdraw from the disputed area.[citation needed]
France–Britain: A line running from Say in Niger to Maroua, on the north-east coast of Lake Chad determined what part belonged to whom. France would own territory to the north of this line, and the United Kingdom would own territory to the south of it. The Nile Basin would be British, with the French taking the basin of Lake Chad. Furthermore, between the 11th and 15th degrees latitude, the border would pass between Ouaddaï, which would be French, and Darfur in Sudan, to be British. In reality, a no man's land 200 kilometres wide was put in place between the 21st and 23rd meridians.
France–Germany: The area to the north of a line formed by the intersection of the 14th meridian and Miltou was designated French, that to the south being German.
Britain–Germany: The separation came in the form of a line passing through Yola, on the Benoué, Dikoa, going up to the extremity of Lake Chad.
France–Italy: Italy was to own what lies north of a line from the intersection of the Tropic of Cancer and the 17th meridian to the intersection of the 15th parallel and 21st meridian.
Consequences[edit]
European claims in Africa, 1913. Modern-day boundaries, largely a legacy of the colonial era, are shown.
Belgium Germany Spain France
Britain Italy Portugal Independent
The conference provided an opportunity to channel latent European hostilities towards one another outward, provide new areas for helping the European powers expand in the face of rising American, Russian, and Japanese interests, and form constructive dialogue for limiting future hostilities. For Africans, colonialism was introduced across nearly all the continent. When African independence was regained after World War II, it was in the form of fragmented states.[12]
The Scramble for Africa sped up after the Conference, since even within areas designated as their sphere of influence, the European powers still had to take possession under the Principle of Effectivity. In central Africa in particular, expeditions were dispatched to coerce traditional rulers into signing treaties, using force if necessary, as for example in the case of Msiri, King of Katanga, in 1891. Bedouin and Berber ruled states in the Sahara and Sub-Sahara were overrun by the French in several wars by the beginning of World War I. The British moved up from South Africa and down from Egypt conquering states such as the Mahdist State and the Sultanate of Zanzibar and, having already defeated the Zulu Kingdom in South Africa, in 1879, moving on to subdue and dismantle the independent Boer republics of Transvaal and Orange Free State.
Within a few years, Africa was at least nominally divided up south of the Sahara. By 1895, the only independent states were:
Morocco, involved in colonial conflicts with Spain and France, who conquered the nation in the 20th century.
Liberia, founded with the support of the United States for returned slaves
Ethiopian Empire, the only free native state, which fended off Italian invasion from Eritrea in what is known as the First Italo-Abyssinian War of 1889–1896
Majeerteen Sultanate, founded in the early 18th century; it was annexed by Italy in the 20th century
Sultanate of Hobyo, carved out of the former Majeerteen Sultanate, which ruled northern Somalia until the 20th century, when it was conquered by Italy.
The following states lost their independence to the British Empire roughly a decade after (see below for more information):
Orange Free State, a Boer republic founded by Dutch settlers
South African Republic (Transvaal), also a Boer republic
By 1902, 90% of all the land that makes up Africa was under European control. The large part of the Sahara was French, while after the quelling of the Mahdi rebellion and the ending of the Fashoda crisis, the Sudan remained firmly under joint British–Egyptian rulership with Egypt being under British occupation before becoming a British protectorate in 1914.
The Boer republics were conquered by the United Kingdom in the Boer war from 1899 to 1902. Morocco was divided between the French and Spanish in 1911, and Libya was conquered by Italy in 1912. The official British annexation of Egypt in 1914 ended the colonial division of Africa.
See also[edit]
Brussels Conference Act of 1890
Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Berlin West Africa Conference", Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Ajala, Adekunle (1983), "The Nature of African Boundaries", Africa Spectrum, Institute of African Affairs at GIGA, Hamburg, 18 (2): 177–189, JSTOR 40174114, Kwame Nkrumah once made the point that the Berlin Conference of 1884/85 was responsible for "the old carve-up of Africa". Other writers have also laid the blame for "the partition of Africa" on the doors of the Berlin Conference. But William Roger Louis holds a contrary view, although he conceded that "the Berlin Act did have a relevance to the course of the partition" of Africa.
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Matt. "The Berlin Conference: Where a Continent Was Colonized". ThoughtCo. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ 140.112.142.79/publish/pdfs/22/22_08.pdf
Jump up ^ http://lril.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/1/31.full
^ Jump up to: a b Louis, Wm. Roger. Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. I.B. Tauris, May, 2007
Jump up ^ David, Saul. "BBC - History - British History in depth: Slavery and the 'Scramble for Africa'". www.bbc.co.uk/history. BBC. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Craven, M. (1 March 2015). "Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the logic of free trade". London Review of International Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 31–59. doi:10.1093/lril/lrv002. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historical Context: Heart of Darkness." EXPLORING Novels, Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Discovering Collection. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Olusoga, David; Erichsen, Casper W. (2010). The Kaisers's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism. London, UK: Faber and Faber. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-571-23141-6.
Jump up ^ Herbst, Jeffrey. States and Power in Africa. Ch. 3 p71-72
Jump up ^ de Blij, H.J.; Muller, Peter O. (1997). Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 340.
Citations[edit]
Tapiwa Michael Njitimana, Erald Yomisi (2013)The Demise Of Germany
Chamberlain, Muriel E. (1999). The Scramble for Africa. London: Longman, 1974, 2nd ed. ISBN 0-582-36881-2.
Crowe, Sybil E. (1942). The Berlin West African Conference, 1884–1885. New York: Longmans, Green. ISBN 0-8371-3287-8 (1981, New ed. edition).
Förster, Stig, Wolfgang J. Mommsen, and Ronald Edward Robinson (1989). Bismarck, Europe, and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference 1884–1885 and the Onset of Partition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920500-0.
Hochschild, Adam (1999). King Leopold's Ghost. ISBN 0-395-75924-2.
Nuzzo, Luigi. "Colonial Law," in: European History Online (EGO), published by the Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG), Mainz 2012-04-16. URL: http://www.ieg-ego.eu/nuzzol-2011-en URN: urn:nbn:de:0159-2012041215 [2012-04-16].
Petringa, Maria (2006). Brazza, A Life for Africa. ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0.
Further reading[edit]
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (1972)-- Walter Rodney
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin Conference (1884).
Geography.about.com - Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 to Divide Africa.
"The Berlin Conference", BBC In Our Time
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text:
Veni, vidi, vici
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Veni vedi vici (disambiguation).
The phrase appears in a variety of cultural contexts, such as this Philip Morris logo, from a pack of Marlboro cigarettes.
Veni, vidi, vici (Classical Latin: [ˈweːniː ˈwiːdiː ˈwiːkiː]; Ecclesiastical Latin: [ˈvɛni ˈvidi ˈvitʃi]; "I came; I saw; I conquered") is a Latin phrase popularly attributed to Julius Caesar who, according to Appian,[1] used the phrase in a letter to the Roman Senate around 47 BC after he had achieved a quick victory in his short war against Pharnaces II of Pontus at the Battle of Zela.[2] The phrase is used to refer to a swift, conclusive victory.
The phrase is attributed in Plutarch's Life of Caesar and Suetonius's Lives of the Twelve Caesars: Julius. Plutarch writes that Caesar used it in a report to Amantius, a friend of his at Rome.[3] Suetonius states that Caesar displayed the three words as an inscription during his Pontic triumph.[4]
Contents
1 Allusions and references
2 Latin grammar
3 English grammar
4 See also
5 Notes
Allusions and references[edit]
Veni, Vidi, Vici (1896)
Robert Browne Hall's 1896 march, Veni, Vidi, Vici, performed by the United States Air Force Band.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Variations of the sentence Veni, vidi, vici are often quoted, and also used in music, art, literature, and entertainment.
Since the time of Caesar, the phrase has been used in military contexts. King Jan III of Poland alluded to it after the 17th-century Battle of Vienna, saying Venimus, Vidimus, Deus vicit ("We came, We saw, God conquered").[5] In 2011 the then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton referred to the death of Muammar Gaddafi with a similar phrase, saying that "We came, we saw, he died".[6]
The sentence has also been used in music, including several well-known works over the years. The opening of Handel's 1724 opera Giulio Cesare contains the line: Curio, Cesare venne, e vide e vinse ("Curius, Caesar came, saw and conquered"). The title song in the musical Mame contains the line: "You came, you saw, you conquered".
More recently: the rapper Jay-Z directly uses the English translation in his song "Encore"; Swedish band, The Hives, reference the phrase in the title of their album Veni Vidi Vicious. The rapper Pitbull includes in his song "Fireball" the lyrics I saw, I came, I conquered Or should I say, I saw I conquered, I came.
The phrase has also been heavily referenced in literature and film. The title of French poet Victor Hugo's Veni, vidi, vixi ("I came, I saw, I lived"), written after the death of his daughter Leopoldine at age 19 in 1843, uses the allusion with its first verse: J'ai bien assez vécu...("I have lived quite long enough..."). Peter Venkman, one of the protagonists in the 1984 film Ghostbusters, delivers a humorous variation: "We came. We saw. We kicked its ass!" This line was among the 400 nominees for the AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes.[7]
Latin grammar[edit]
Veni, vidi, and vici are first person singular perfect indicative active forms of the Latin verbs venire, videre, and vincere, which mean "to come", "to see", and "to conquer", respectively. The sentence's form is classed as a tricolon and a hendiatris.
English grammar[edit]
The English phrase "I came, I saw, I conquered" employs what is known as a comma splice. Grammarians generally agree that using a comma to join two independent clauses should be done sparingly.[8] Sometimes, the comma splice is avoided by using a semicolon instead: "I came; I saw; I conquered".[9]
See also[edit]
Isocolon
Notes[edit]
Look up veni, vidi, vici in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Jump up ^ Ando, Clifford (2000). Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 389. ISBN 9780520923720. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "HISTORY OF JULIUS CAESAR". historyworld.net.
Jump up ^ Plutarch, Life of Caesar from penelope.uchicago.edu
Jump up ^ Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars: Julius from penelope.uchicago.edu
Jump up ^ Lettere memorabili, istoriche, politiche, ed erudite raccolte da Antonio Bulifon (Pozzuoli, 1698), vol. 1, p. 177.
Jump up ^ Daly, Corbett (20 October 2011). "Clinton on Qaddafi: "We came, we saw, he died"". CBSNEWS. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes—400 nominated movie quotes" (PDF). American Film Institute. p. 36. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Merrell, Andrea. Murder of a Manuscript: Writing and Editing Tips to Keep Your Book Out of the Editorial Graveyard, p. 25 (Lighthouse Publishing of the Carolinas, 2016).
Jump up ^ Smith, Christopher. Barron's GED Canada: High School Equivalency Exam, p. 170 (Barron's Educational Series, 2008).
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text:
2017 America's Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
35th America's Cup
The defending yacht 17
Defender United States
Defender club:
Golden Gate Yacht Club
Yacht:
17[1]
Challenger New Zealand
Challenger club:
Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
Yacht:
Aotearoa[2]
Competition
Location:
Great Sound, Bermuda
Dates:
17–26 June 2017
Rule:
AC50
Winner:
Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
Score:
1 7
The 2017 America's Cup was the 35th staging of the America's Cup yacht race. The challenger, Emirates Team New Zealand, won by a score of 7 to 1 over the defender, Oracle Team USA. It was held on the Great Sound in Bermuda from June 17 to June 26. The races were conducted using hydrofoiling AC50 America's Cup Class yachts, which are slightly larger than the AC45F yachts used in the 2015–16 America's Cup World Series.
It was Oracle's second defense of the America's Cup, four years after its first successful defense. Emirates Team New Zealand will now hope to defend the cup in the 36th America's Cup.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Venue
2 Challenger of Record
3 Rule changes
4 Teams
5 Technology
6 Qualifying events
7 Cup Match
8 References
9 External links
Venue[edit]
The 2017 America's Cup course was on the Great Sound in Bermuda, the venue at the Royal Naval Dockyard.
In June 2014, media reported the venue of the 34th America's Cup, San Francisco, was no longer in consideration to host the 35th edition. San Diego, Chicago and Bermuda were listed as being still in the running.[5] In July 2014, americascup.com reported that Chicago was dropped from the running,[6] and finally on 2 December 2014, Bermuda was announced as the host of the 2017 America's Cup. The Premier of Bermuda, Michael Dunkley, welcomed the teams, sponsors, and spectators at a press conference in New York.[7]
The financial package included in the bid by Bermuda was worth approximately US$77 million, including a $15 million sponsorship fee, $25 million for infrastructure improvements, $12 million operating costs and a $25 million guarantee against commercial sponsorships. Dr. Grant Gibbons, Bermuda's Minister for Economic Development, stated that the America's Cup had a possibility of generating revenue of up to US$250 million in Bermuda.[8]
Security arrangements at the Dockyard were assumed by HM's Royal Bermuda Regiment after termination of contract between the local security provider and the AC35.
Challenger of Record[edit]
Main article: 2017 Louis Vuitton Cup
On 1 October 2013, Australia's Hamilton Island Yacht Club[9] was confirmed as the "Challenger of Record" for the 35th America's Cup,[10] after submitting their paperwork only moments after the win by Oracle Team USA. The HIYC challenge was accepted by the Golden Gate Yacht Club, who was the Defender and Trustee of the America's Cup.[11] Australian businessman Bob Oatley, founder of Rosemount and owner of famed super maxi yacht Wild Oats XI, was confirmed to be the main financial backer of the Hamilton Island Yacht Club challenge.[12]
On 19 July 2014 Russell Coutts, Director of the America's Cup Event Authority (ACEA), announced that the Hamilton Island Yacht club had withdrawn Team Australia from the 35th America's Cup.[13][14] Team Australia claimed that the entry fee rules agreed to in the official protocol created too much risk due to the uncertainty of the then unknown venue and schedule of the event.
The Challenger of Record Committee (CORC) represents all of the challengers' interests and negotiates with Oracle over mutual concerns.[15] Luna Rossa replaced HIYC as the challenger of record.[16] In April 2015, Luna Rossa withdrew its challenge bid, pulling out of the 2017 America's Cup in protest at rule changes reducing the size of the boats.[17]
Rule changes[edit]
On 5 June 2014, it was announced that the regatta would be sailed in 62-foot-long (18.9 m) foiling catamarans, the AC62. The entry fee was $3 million. Each challenging team could build only one boat while Oracle Team USA could build two.[18] A nationality rule was agreed, requiring 25 percent of the crew to be from the entry's country. This nationality rule had been lifted prior to the 2003 America's Cup. The rules specified the combined weight of the crew could not exceed 525 kg. The neutral International adjudicating yachting panel was dropped in favour of a three-man panel appointed by the defender.
In March 2015, the teams voted to reduce the size of the boats to the 45- to 50-foot range,[19] leading to the withdrawal in protest of Luna Rossa. This in turn led to a joint statement from four teams attacking Team New Zealand which had supported Luna Rossa.[20]
Teams[edit]
The America's Cup was contested by its defender Oracle Team USA, who represent the Golden Gate Yacht Club. The challenger was Emirates Team New Zealand, for Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron, who had defeated the other four challengers to win the Louis Vuitton America’s Cup Challenger Playoffs trophy.[21][22][23]
Technology[edit]
Teams were allowed to take onedesign AC45s out of measurement by modifying crossbeams, wings and rudders, adding hydraulic systems, as well as produce a maximum of six custom daggerboards to test on the existing platform ahead of building their race boat. All teams took advantage of this opportunity: Oracle Racing modified three AC45s, selling their first development boat to SoftBank Team Japan as part of their technology-sharing agreement and subsequently conducted a two-boat testing program with their last two boats; Land Rover BAR modified three AC45s and conducted a two-boat testing program with their last two boats; Artemis Racing modified two AC45s and conducted a two-boat testing program with them. Groupama Team France, Luna Rossa and Emirates Team New Zealand modified one AC45 each.[24] Luna Rossa later gifted their boat to Team New Zealand.[25]
Emirates Team New Zealand also modified SL33 foiling wingsail catamarans to try new ideas for its race boat, in which they produced a number of distinct features absent from other boats in the fleet: The two four-handed grinding pedestals on their development AC45 were replaced by four cycling stations; Peter Burling was the only helmsman to be relieved of daggerboard controls in order to focus on steering only; instead cyclor Blair Tuke undertook daggerboard deployment, trim and overall responsibility of pitch angle and ride height; Daggerboards were lengthier than those of other teams by virtue of a distinct dihedral bend in the middle of the hydrofoil tip.[26]
The rise in foiling catamarans encouraged competing teams to enter into technical partnerships with companies specializing in aerospace technologies. Land Rover BAR allied with Red Bull Advanced Technologies, headed by ten-time Formula 1 World Constructor's Championship car designer Adrian Newey. Oracle Team USA entered a technical partnership with Airbus. Artemis Racing allied with high performance engineering giant Cosworth. Luna Rossa Challenge had partnered with Lenovo to analyze and predict race simulations, assisting in the design of their boat.
Qualifying events[edit]
Main articles: 2015–16 America's Cup World Series and 2017 Louis Vuitton Cup
The America's Cup World Series was won by Land Rover BAR, earning two points to take into the 2017 Louis Vuitton America's Cup Qualifiers Round. The runner up was Oracle Team USA, earning one point to take into the Qualifiers Round.[27]
Oracle Team USA won the 2017 Louis Vuitton America's Cup Qualifiers Round, earning one point to take into the 2017 America's Cup competition. Emirates Team New Zealand, Land Rover BAR, Artemis Racing and SoftBank Team Japan advanced from the 2017 Louis Vuitton America's Cup Qualifiers Round to the Challenger Playoffs Semi-finals, while Groupama Team France was eliminated from further competition.[28]
Emirates Team New Zealand eliminated Land Rover BAR in the 2017 Louis Vuitton America's Cup Challenger Playoffs Semi-finals, advancing to the Challenger Playoffs against Artemis Racing who had eliminated SoftBank Team Japan in the other semi-final.[28]
Emirates Team New Zealand won the 2017 Louis Vuitton America's Cup Challenger Playoffs Final against Artemis, 5–2, advancing to face Oracle Team USA in the 2017 America's Cup.[28]
Cup Match[edit]
Races were held from 17 June. The first team to seven points wins and becomes the Defender of the America's Cup. Due to Oracle Team USA's win in the America's Cup Qualifiers, Emirates Team New Zealand started the match with a score of −1.
Wins marked in green
Date
Oracle Team USA
Emirates Team New Zealand
Delta
Score
pre-match qualifiers' champion 0 −1
17 June 21'37.697" 21'07.495" 00'30.202" 0 0
23'08.208" 21'40.662" 01'27.546" 0 1
18 June 20'02.219" 19'13.434" 00'48.785" 0 2
22'26.887" 21'15.216" 01'11.671" 0 3
24 June 22'38.055" 20'33.942" 02'04.113" 0 4
20'47.878" 20'59.180" 00'11.302" 1 4
25 June 20'35.000" 20'23.324" 00'11.676" 1 5
19'43.585" 19'13.593" 00'29.992" 1 6
26 June 22'18.190" 21'23.776" 00'54.414" 1 7
The first race of the day is scheduled each time at 2:00 pm ADT.[29] The race data were published on the official noticeboard.[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ USA, ORACLE TEAM. "Spithill: "This is the boat we’re going to use to win the America’s Cup"". Archived from the original on 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Zealand, Emirates Team New. "EMIRATES TEAM NEW ZEALAND WILL CHALLENGE FOR THE AMERICA’S CUP - Emirates Team New Zealand". etnzblog.com.
Jump up ^ "Pedal power and poker faces: what drove New Zealand's America’s Cup success". Guardian. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "America’s Cup: How Emirates New Zealand Was Able to Rout Oracle Team USA". The New York Times. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup: Coutts eliminates San Francisco as 2017 venue". sail-world.com. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bermuda and San Diego shortlisted as Americas Cup venues". americascup.com. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bermuda is the home of the 2017 America's Cup". americascup.com. 2 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bermuda to pay $77 million to host America's Cup". sailingscuttlebutt.com. 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Yacht Club Holiday Villas for Sale". Hamilton Island. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "AMERICA'S CUP FINAL PRESS CONFERENCE - DAY 15". YouTube.com. 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Stensholt, John (30 September 2013). "Bob Oatley funds Hamilton Island-based bid for America's Cup". BRW. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup: Aussie challenge have pulled out". 19 July 2014 – via New Zealand Herald.
Jump up ^ "Coutts 'disappointed' by Aussie withdrawal". Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2017 – via TVNZ.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup 2017? – Defenders and Challengers for the 35th Defense: Team List – from CupInfo". Cupinfo.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Italy hosting America's Cup World Series opener in coastal city of Cagliari stuff.co.nz, 23 January 2015
Jump up ^ "Luna Rossa pull out of America’s Cup in protest over reduced boat size". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "That sinking feeling it's time to bail out of America's Cup", 7 June 2014, DUNCAN GARNER, "Comment" column in The Dominion Post
Jump up ^ "America’s Cup Votes to Race Smaller Boats in 2017" Archived 1 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine., The New York Times, 1 April 2015
Jump up ^ "America’s Cup boat size row escalates as teams close ranks after Luna Rossa exit' Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine., The Guardian, 3 April 2015
Jump up ^ http://www.rnzys.org.nz/2017/06/12/etnz-punches-ticket-to-the-americas-cup/
Jump up ^ http://www.sailingscuttlebutt.com/2017/05/24/new-trophy-americas-cup-challenger/
Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/design/americas-cup-louis-vuitton-unveils-new-challengers-cup-trophy/
Jump up ^ Team New Zealand chasing in the development race, New Zealand Herald, 21 June 2016
Jump up ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/71320389/team-nz-get-luna-rossa-boat-as-sidelined-italians-help-kiwi-americas-cup-campaign
Jump up ^ Jardine, Mark (19 June 2017), Kiwi America's Cup domination – What can Oracle Team USA do about it?
Jump up ^ "Land Rover Bar Wins America's Cup World Series". Sailing World. 21 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Results". Americascup.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Cup, 35th America's. "AC35 Race Schedule". Archived from the original on 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Noticeboard". noticeboard.americascup.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015.
External links[edit]
America's Cup website
Artemis Racing
Ben Ainslie Racing
Team New Zealand
Oracle Racing
Groupama Team France
Golden Gate Yacht Club
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National Association for the Support of Long Term Care
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (February 2009)
The National Association for the Support of Long Term Care (NASL) is a United States trade association of ancillary providers of products and services to the post acute care industry. This includes nursing homes, assisted living, home care, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, independent living, adult day care, hospice and long term care hospitals. NASL represents and advocates for its members on legislative and regulatory issues that impact the quality of care to patients in long term care settings. NASL is headquartered in Washington, D.C.
NASL was formed in 1989 and represents over 100 companies providing medical products, medical services, and information technology to the post acute care industry. NASL member companies employ over 25,000 therapy professionals and represent approximately 64% of the nation's long term care health information technology providers.
NASL continually influences national healthcare policy, particularly, improved Medicare ancillary payments and assurance that laws and regulations are in place to promote quality patient care. NASL has established a positive working relationship with the Government and leads initiatives, such as, extension of therapy cap exceptions process, alternative to a therapy cap, competitive bidding process, and adoption of health information technology.
Every NASL member is active on one of four working committees: Medical Products, Medical Services, Information Technology and Diagnostic Testing. NASL committees and leadership participate in and manage national and industry-wide coalitions, host and sponsor national and state education sessions, and the support the development of healthcare policy.
NASL members receive daily communications regarding federal and state government healthcare decision-making; participate directly in the government healthcare policy-making process; influence issues by speaking directly to elected, appointed, and senior health policy officials; and receive discounts on meeting registration.
External links[edit]
NASL website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Association_for_the_Support_of_Long_Term_Care&oldid=608489647"
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