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Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama
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Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama
Directed by
Yugo Sako
Ram Mohan[1]
Produced by
Yugo Sako
Krishna Shah[2]
Written by
Krishna Shah
Story by
Valmiki
Based on
The Ramayana
by Valmiki
Starring
Arun Govil
Namrata Sawhney
Amrish Puri
Shakti Singh
Dilip Sinha
Music by
Vanraj Bhatia
Alan Howarth
Edited by
Makato Arai
Wayne Schmidt
Production
company
Nippon Ramayana Film Co.
Release date
10 May 1992 (1992-05-10) (Japan)
9 June 1992 (1992-06-09) (India)
Running time
148 minutes
Country
India
Language
Hindi, Japanese, English
Budget
$13 million[3]
Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama (ラーマヤーナ ラーマ王子伝説, Rāmayāna: Rāma-Ōji Densetsu) is a 1992 Indo-Japanese traditional animation feature film directed by Yugo Sako and Ram Mohan, produced by Sako and Krishna Shah[2] and based on the Indian epic the Ramayana. The original English version with Sanskrit songs was screened and released on home video under various names including Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama and Warrior Prince. This film was made as a part of the 40th anniversary of India-Japan diplomatic relations and was worked on by teams from both countries. It was released in the United States in a different, further localised English dub with narration by James Earl Jones and additional music by Alan Howarth[4] as The Prince of Light: The Legend of Ramayana in 2001.
Moriyasu Taniguchi was an uncredited character designer and the original music was composed by Vanraj Bhatia. It was the opening film of the 2000 Lucca Animation Film Festival in Italy, a highlight of the Cardiff Animation Film Festival in the United Kingdom and won Best Animation Film of the Year at the 2000 Santa Clarita International Film Festival in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 The Battle
1.2 The fight for Sita
2 Voice Cast
2.1 Original English Version
2.2 Hindi Dub Version
2.3 English Dub Version (Prince of Light)
3 Production
3.1 Origin
3.2 Filming
3.3 Issues faced while filming
4 Soundtrack
4.1 English Version Soundtrack (Sanskrit)
4.2 Hindi Version Soundtrack (Hindi)
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
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After a brief introduction to some of the main characters of the story, the beginning sees a group of Rishis, led by Vishvamitra, performing a Yajna in a forest not far from Ayodhya, the Capital of the Kingdom of Kosala. This Yajna, like several before it, is interrupted and destroyed by a group of flying demons led by Ravana's Mama(Uncle/Mother's Brother) Maricha. After seeing yet another Yajna destroyed, a despondent Vishvamitra appeals to Lord Vishnu for salvation. Vishnu appears in a spiritual blaze of light, informing him of his saviour- Prince Rama of Ayodhya, first-born of King Dasharatha. Vishvamitra travels to Ayodhya to meet the King and requests him to offer Rama's services to help destroy the demons in the forests. Although the Suryavanshi King is reluctant at first to send his son but he is reassured by the resident Rishi that no harm will come to him and even encouraged to send his third son Lakshmana as an accompaniment.
The three of them then journey into one of the affected forests where Vishvamitra tells them the story of how the once beautiful area was defiled and destroyed by an evil demoness Tataka, mother of Maricha. After informing Rama of his duty, namely to kill Tatakasura, he then starts to teach the boys some mantras which they repeat, drawing the large demoness out. Rama shoots an arrow but he fails. The demoness throws a giant tree at Rama but he moves out the way falling on the ground. Rama slays her by reciting one of the Rishi's mantras and then shooting the arrow, which hits her in the head. She melts away into a burning fire. Following this deed, the boys are each handed sacred weapons. Rama is given a chakra and is told he will need it when he is in danger. Vishvamitra says he himself gained mastery over as a reward from the gods. The following morning, Maricha sees the boys from over a cliff and declares his intention to avenge his mother's death. The demon attacks Rama who gets pushed back and is loosely holding a shield. Lakshmana kills some of the demons and Rama slightly helps while Maricha himself flies away.
Further on in their travels, the three reach the kingdom of Mithila and witness a procession. During that procession Princess Sita, the King Janaka's daughter, catches sight of Rama and the two fall in love. The people are informed of a Swayamwar(competition) held by King Janaka; the man who could successfully lift and string the heavy bow of Shiva would be rewarded with the hand of Sita in marriage. After several failed attempts by the other princes, Rama steps up and prays to the gods. He tries to lift the bow but he is struggling and nearly drops it. Sita prays and he wins the competition difficulty and a burst of wind flows towards Rama's hair. He marries Sita, returning with her to Ayodhya. They are both happy together.
After several years Rama and Sita were living peacefully and the King announces that with the prospect of troubled times ahead for the Kingdom and his own health failing. Rama looks totally different now with much longer black hair. Rama is shocked to hear this but he is to succeed him as heir. Rama says he will do his best to serve the people. All in the Palace are happy, except for an old nurse Manthara. She informs Kaikeyi while she was doing her hair, the King's third Queen of the news and reminds her of how the King had promised to fulfill two promises to her. She manipulates the initially loyal Queen and convinces her to take advantage of this. Later that night, the Queen meets the King and reminds her of the promise. The King initially agrees to the request, but on hearing her demands he is unwilling to do so and offers her his wealth instead. But the Queen threatens him by informing the people that he reneged on a promise, so he has no option but to accede to her wishes, namely that her own son Bharata be made King and that Rama be sent to exile in the forests for 14 years. While Lakshmana is indignant at circumstances, Rama himself is peaceful about the whole situation and has no ill feelings towards Kaikeyi or anyone else. Sita and Lakshmana then declare their intentions to join him in exile as they feel sorry for him. Sita provides Rama with very old, cotton clothes. A cloth to go round his body and more cloth to go around his waist. Rama ties his hair into a half bun and lets the rest of his hair down. Rama also puts on his ring, a wooden necklace and some old bands. He now looks like a poor forest dweller. Rama then says his goodbyes to everyone in the palace, and consoles his guilt-ridden father who is worried Rama will die. While leaving he addresses the people of Ayodhya, urging them to support King Dasharatha and Bharata. While watching Rama leave, the King then falls to the ground in anguish and is taken to bed. He is worried Rama is going to die. Rama, his wife and brother then board a sailboat on the banks of the Ganges River. Rama closes his eyes to conceal his tears and realises that he can't give up. Thus he begins his long exile.
Meanwhile, the King, clearly in a state of ill health, slowly fades into death, murmuring Rama's name and urging forgiveness. He then dies. Bharata, who is away in the Kingdom of Kekeya visiting his grandfather, hears the news and immediately returns to Ayodhya where her mother confirms the sad news as well as the news that he is to be the new King. But far from being happy, the boy is shocked and angered at his mother’s treacherous behaviour and demands to know who manipulated her into doing what she did. The youngest brother, Shatrughna, tells him who it is, hauling the culprit Manthara into the room. Dismissing the old woman’s pleas for mercy, Shatrughna is about to kill her but is dissuaded by Bharata, who said it will be a sin to slay the head of such dirty person with the holy sword. Bharata then goes to the forests and meets Rama, informing him of the sad news and urging him to return to the Kingdom. The grieving Rama falls to the ground and begins to cry. He blames himself. Bharata tells him its not his fault and Rama wipes his tears. He then tells Bharata that in spite of everything, the wishes of their late father must be respected and adhered to. Bharata then agrees to rule the Kingdom, and Rama to live 14 years in hardship. Bharata hugs his upset brother and pats his black hair. Years later, Rama is now having a wonderful time with Sita. They are playing near the water and Sita is cuddling Rama's hair.
A long way away, in the Island of Lanka, the King Ravana and his royal subjects are enjoying a performance when he is informed of the exile of Prince Rama in the forests. Ravana says Rama is weak. Ravana’s sister Surpanakha decides to go and see him, enchanted by his famed good looks and beautiful black hair. Disguised as a beautiful lady, she enters the forest of Panchavati, where Rama, his wife and his brother are living an idyllic exile in the beautiful area in harmony with the birds and animals there. She tries to entice Rama and Lakshmana but is politely turned down, and then changes into her original demon form when introduced to Sita. She tries to attack Sita but is blocked by Rama. Rama then gets pushed and hurt and Surpanakha attacks Sita to Rama's grief. Lakshmana then throws his knife, cutting off her nose in the process. Rama gets back up and Lakshmana makes sure they are safe. The three are relieved at the disappearance of the danger.
The wounded demoness then returns to Lanka and informs Ravana of what happened, and the enraged King of Lanka vows to avenge the attack. After a failed attempt to awaken his brother Kumbhakarna from his sleep, Ravana mulls over going to Panchavati himself and decides to do so after being goaded about Sita’s beauty by his sister. Along with Maricha, Ravana then goes to Panchavati and reminds his companion of their plan to capture Sita. Ravana is staring at Sita and noticing her beauty. He looks at Rama, who looks very poor and wonders how people respect him and how he was able to marry someone higher than him. Maricha then changes into a golden deer and attracts Sita, who requests Rama to capture the deer alive. Rama agrees, and tells his brother to protect her. While chasing the deer Rama fires an arrow, only to find the deer disappearing instead of being captured. Realising that the deer is a demon, Rama becomes worried it can attack him or Sita. He chases it and gets tired very quickly. With luck, Rama fires a special arrow into the deer’s neck, killing Maricha. The demon however lives long enough to imitate Rama’s voice and cry out for help. The demon mentions that Rama will not be seeing his wife ever. Rama is very scared. Sita hears the cry and persuades Lakshmana to go and help him out. He agrees, and sprinkles a ring of rice around their house for protection. Ravana then disguises himself as a rishi and approaches the house to ask Sita for alms. He is repelled by the ring of protection around the house, so he urges Sita to come forward. Eventually Ravana hypnotises Sita and carries her onto his chariot, flying away back to Lanka. Jatayu, an elderly vulture, hears Sita’s cries for help and attacks Ravana, telling him to release Sita at once. But Ravana fatally injures Jatayu with his sword and continues on his journey home. The two brothers meet in the forest and Rama informs Lakshmana that the cry for help was merely the imitation of his voice by the slain demon Maricha. Fearing the worst, they hurry back home to find Sita gone. Rama is very upset at the fact his wife has been taken. He cries loudly while holding Sita's flower necklace. Tears flow down his face and onto his black hair. Lakshmana calms him down and he takes the leading role over the heartbroken Rama. The brothers then go to another clearing in the forest to find Jatayu, who lives long enough to inform them of the capture of Sita and the ensuing battle between himself and Ravana. Rama continues to cry as his friend had died. After reaching Lanka Sita is taken, screaming, into Ravana’s palace at Lanka and placed under the care of one of Ravana’s servants. Ravana craves Sita's love and tries to impress her by touching her long black hair.
Meanwhile, Rama and Lakshmana are in the middle of their search for Sita when they come across a demonic mountain called Kabandha, who tries to swallow them. Rama trips over and slides down. He gets back up and shoots an arrow but fails and the demon hits Rama with his strong arm and Rama falls on the ground, hurting his head and flipping over. Rama slowly gets up and uses his arrows to latch onto the demon. Rama is trying to kill the demon but instead he is getting pulled towards the mouth. Unable to let go he screams. Lakshmana shoots an arrow to the eye and Rama who is about to fall uses the arrows to slash it. The demon screams and drops Rama. Rama then falls on the ground and the uprooted mountain falls to the ground with the fallen Rama. A bright heavenly spirit then emerges while Rama is healing himself, thanking the brothers for lifting the curse on him and enabling him to return to the heavens, while in return advising them to find Sugriva. Not knowing who Sugriva is, Rama and Lakshmana then continue looking and see a huge palace carved into a hill and decide to go there. They then chance upon a meeting with a flying vanara Hanuman, a messenger to Sugriva, who agrees wholeheartedly to take them to meet him. Sugriva introduces himself to Rama as an exiled vanara King of Kishkindha who himself has been living apart from his wife for several days. He informs Rama of Sita’s cries for help that were heard and shows the Prince of Ayodhya a collection of her jewels which were dropped from the sky. Rama then cries and mentions these are the ornaments in her hair and he drops down producing massive amounts of tears to his wife's scarf. He is crying out Sita's name in sorrow. Lakshman and Sugriva say Rama should not cry. Rama swore to save his wife and made a deal with Sugriva. Rama helps Sugriva by fighting a hard battle with Vali and restores the Kingdom to his friend. In return, Sugriva sends out large search parties to look for Sita in all corners of the country. The search party to the South is led by Hanuman and includes Vali’s son Angada, who allies himself with Sugriva, and an elderly bear, Jambavan. The three, along with a senior vanara soldier, enter a cliff in search of water and come out the other side, facing the ocean. There, they meet Sampati, brother of the slain Jatayu. After being informed of his brother’s sad demise, the upset and angered bird informs the vanara leaders that Ravana indeed flew over the land they were on now and that he could be found, along with Sita, in the Island of Lanka. Jambavan then tells Hanuman that when he was younger, he was put under a spell which kept his powers in check, but that now he would be released from the spell in order to fly to Lanka and find Sita. Hanuman then flies across the sea and withstands a stern challenge from a dangerous sea monster by killing him and tearing him to pieces.
Among one of Hanuman’s many powers is his ability to change shape at will, and he is able to fly across Lanka without being seen. He sees Ravana walking to a forest where Sita is with her caretaker, and after the King joins his subjects and her caretaker leaves her alone, Sita then bursts into tears, pining for her husband, little knowing that Hanuman is watching her. He jumps down from a tree and introduces himself as Rama’s friend, offering also to take her back. Hanuman also narrates that Rama is deeply upset to be separated from his wife for few months now and that he cries nearly every day. Sita magnanimously refuses, saying that Rama is in danger as Ravana can attack him. Rama must defeat the strong Ravana to regain Sita. Hanuman assures her that Rama will defeat Ravana and release her, while urging her to be patient till then. After having some fun attacking the Royal guards, Hanuman allows himself to be captured by the kumbh,son of kumbhkaran (brother of Ravan). Then Hanuman as a messenger meets Ravana face to face and warns the Lanka ruler of his folly in capturing Sita while instructing him to return her to Rama and seek his forgiveness. Ravana threatens to kill Hanuman, but after being dissuaded by his brother Vibhishana, decides instead to set fire to the vanara’s tail and let him go home. While pretending to be in pain from the fire, Hanuman inadvertently sets fire to a few stalls and buildings in the city before flying away. Vibhishana later pleads with Ravana to release Sita out of fear of impending disaster for Lanka. He warns Ravana that Rama is noble but Ravana angrily rebuffs him and exiles him from the Kingdom.
Meanwhile, Rama, Lakshmana, Sugriva and the vanara Kingdom’s subjects are all gathered along the south coast. Hanuman tells Rama that Sita is protecting Rama by staying. Rama begins to think as even in exile, Sita is protecting him. Rama then says Ravana must be defeated by him. They then were discussing how to travel to Lanka. Rama had no idea what to do. It is then that Vibhishana appears and offers to join Rama’s forces. Rama is convinced of Vibhishana’s sincerity by Hanuman and agrees to accept Vibhishana, who in turn advises Rama to pray to the Sea God for a solution to cross over to Lanka. For seven days and seven nights Rama observes prayers, and on the eighth dawn the Sea God splashes a wave on Rama making his hair wet and he reveals himself and instructs Rama to build a bridge with stones that have his name inscribed. The stones would be supported by the ocean and all living beings could walk across safely. Rama then set about building the bridge, after which he proceeds to Lanka where they will set up base camp not far from the capital city. Rama is now prepared to fight. In Ravana’s Palace, the King and his council members discuss the threat of war. Prahastha, the Chief Minister, assures Ravana that the threat is futile and that Rama’s army would be finished off. While an elderly member, presumably Ravana’s father, is against the war and even himself advises the King to return Sita, the other members appear wholeheartedly in support of the war, including Ravana’s son Indrajit. From base camp in Lanka, Rama says that this past years were very painful for him. But he wants to avoid war because he is peaceful so Rama then asks Angada to convey a message of peace to Ravana, namely that if he was to release Sita there would be no need of war and the subsequent bloodshed. But when Angada carries this message to Ravana at the Palace, he laughs at Rama, saying he is weak and even attacked by the Royal Guards. Ravana gives a clear sign that he wants war and that he will kill Rama and after Angada relays this message to Rama later that evening, Rama is then a bit upset then addresses his army, asking them if they would fight for Rama to which they emphatically say yes.
The Battle[edit]
The battle commences the next morning and both armies ride up to the battle lines before starting the fight. Hanuman fights for Rama’s army, his role being to use his size and power to repel the aerial threat of the flying demons from Ravana’s army, which he does with panache. Ravana then sends Kumbha and his brother Nikumbha, sons of Kumbhakarna, to battle. Together they are able to kill and injure several vanara soldiers. At sunset the battle is halted, and Rama tends to the wounded soldiers of his army before cremating the dead with honour. Notably he cremates the bodies of Ravana’s soldiers too. Rama gives a speech about how being a good human is important. The wind is high then and Rama's long black hair which has grown even more is waving majestically. The hair is on his face and is moving smoothly. It reminds us of how Sita tends Rama's long hair. Ravana thinks Rama is disloyal as he is cremating his enemy but in fact Rama is peaceful.
The second day sees Prahastha join the battle, and he goes into a duel with the general of the vanara troops. After a fierce battle Prahastha is killed. Sugriva then enters the battle against Kumbha, and the vanara King slays his enemy. Ravana’s shock at the death of two of his major fighters prompts him to order Indrajit to attempt to awaken Kumbhakarna, which he succeeds in doing. Meanwhile, on the battlefield Nikumbha and Hanuman are engaged in a tough battle from which the vanara comes out on top, just before Kumbhakarna arrives. Kumbhakarna’s great size causes wonder among several of Rama’s soldiers and even Rama is scared. Vibhishana advises Rama that while Kumbhakarna is indeed a mighty opponent he is not unbeatable, and that this would be the opportune moment for Rama to go to battle. After an encounter with Angada, Kumbhakarna then agrees to fight Hanuman, who has altered his size to match that of his giant opponent. Before the fight, Kumbhakarna’s softer side is revealed as he weeps over the dead bodies of his slain sons, and thanks Hanuman for handing them to him. The giant enemy soldier proves a fine opponent for Hanuman, who is expertly thrown against the city compound wall, breaking it. It is at that moment that Rama introduces himself and joins the battle. He tells the giant that he is a good man but appears to be backing out of a fight. Near the end of the day, Rama uses a sword to first injure Kumbhakarna at the knee causing him to fall, he then dodges out the way, getting dirt in his eyes and hair. He nearly drops his sword but it stays on his dirty hand. He then stabs him in the heart. Rama then flies very high and lands onto the hard ground and injures his arm and back. Lakshmana asks if he is OK and Rama replies Yes. I am very hurt but I am fine, he is holding his bruised arm and tells Vibhishan that he is sorry to kill his brother. It is also a great source of shock and heartbreak for Ravana, who now fears for his country, but Indrajit assures him of a devious plan to devastate Rama.
That night, while the wounded and dead soldiers are being gathered and taken to the base camp, Ravana's son flies through the air in a chariot and injures the soldiers. After injuring both Hanuman and Angada he shouts for Rama to make himself seen, then shows Sita sitting in the carriage. Indrajit then grabs Sita by her hair and threatens to kill her, much to Rama's sorrowness. Sita is then slain, which upsets Rama greatly and he starts crying. Indrajit then shoots an arrow grievously wounding Lakshmana and hurting Rama in the process. And as Lakshmana is helped to safety, Jambavan is also injured. Indrajit, confident that the job has had its desired effect, flies off with the slain wife of Rama. Rama who is on the ground shouts Sita's name and tears fall onto his bruised arm.
While treating the wounded, Rama and Sugriva are informed that the supply of medicinal herbs is depleted and not enough to heal the wounds inflicted by Indrajit. This causes Rama great sorrow, for after seeing his wife slain he how faces the prospect of losing his dear brother, and wonders what more would be left. He then goes to a pole and starts to cry. Many tears fall out of his eyes and his black hair is covering up his face. Vibhishana tells the crying Rama that he appears to be a coward to the demons. Rama thinks to himself that if he makes out alive, he will return to Ayodhya without his family. Laksmana always protected Rama and now he has failed to protect him back. Rama has depressing thoughts until when Vibhishan tells Rama that Sita is still alive, and that because of Indrajit's mastery over magic from his regular prayers to the goddess Nikumbhila he was able to create a mere illusion of Sita. The exiled brother of Ravana then advises Rama to attack Indrajit while performing one such yagna, but Rama couldn't do it due to the number of injured soldiers. Rama then continues his depression and appears to give up and render weakness. At that moment Jambavan awakes and informs Rama that there are some herbs which could work well, but that they were all the way in the Dronagiri mountains of the Himalayas. Rama wonders how he is going to get the herbs but Hanuman tells Rama to rest and he will do the jobs. Once again Hanuman is sent to get the herbs after flying through the night and all the way across the country, passing Ayodhya, he reaches the mountain and looks for the herbs. On finding the herbs, he tests them on his own wounds and is pleased to see that they heal perfectly. But reasoning that a mere handful will not be enough for the troops, Hanuman comes up with an idea. First, he knocks down a tree and sticks it in the soil upside down, not far from where the herbs are. Then assuming his largest size, he breaks into the mountain and picks it up. He then flies back to the base camp and on reaching there only a few hours after having left sets the mountain down. The herbs are gathered in time and Lakshmana is healed, as are the others. Rama expresses his gratitude, calling the vanara ‘a beloved brother’ while crying tears.
Later that day some of the members of Ravana’s army, mostly flying demons, are all gathered in the cave of Nikumbhila in prayer, feeling confident that with the moral and physical damage done to Rama’s troops there was no need to go to battle that day. After Angada and the vanara general get rid of the guards outside, Lakshmana and the vanara soldiers then walk across the large bridge that is Hanuman and approach the cave. From inside a tunnel which leads to the prayer area, Lakshmana then shoots an arrow towards the idol of Nikumbhila, creating a few cracks and causing some chipped pieces to fall. Indrajit sees Lakshmana, angry that he is still alive, and orders the demons to attack and kill the soldiers. During the battle several of the demons are killed in the cave, and a few who try to exit the cave through the entrance are also killed. Indrajit himself is able to escape through an opening at the top of the cave. Seeing him fly away, Lakshmana captures a flying demon and orders him to take him up to Indrajit. He flies up to the chariot and engages in a battle with Indrajit, Lakshmana easily overpowers him and the battle ends with Lakshmana about to kill Indrajeet. Rather than giving him the moral satisfaction of killing him, Indrajit then releases his grip and falls to his death.
An angry Ravana then threatens in anger to kill Sita in order to punish her for her devotion to Rama, but is dissuaded by his elder who was against the war in the first place. The elder then offers to join Ravana in battle himself, but Ravana instructs him to stay while he himself goes to battle. This proves to be the final day of the battle which features the main confrontation between Rama and Ravana. Ravana confident he will kill Rama.
The fight for Sita[edit]
The Lanka King flies through the battlefield on his chariot and shoots several fiery arrows into the field which kill and injure several soldiers. It is then that Rama flies on Hanuman’s back and upsets the chariot, then kills Ravana’s compatriot also flying the chariot. Unable to muster control, Ravana falls to the ground, and Rama catches up with him, thus precipitating the last and greatest battle. Rama takes off his arrows and Lakshmana gives him a sword. Ravana then summons a much stronger sword and adjusts his armour. Rama is looking different with much longer black hair, old clothes and ornaments and a weaker sword. Ravana is looking much superior but Rama is still prepared to fight. He is eager to get Sita back after being separated for 4 years. Sita is watching the battle and is hoping Rama will be safe.
Rama and Ravana engage in battle. Ravana and Rama are in contact with their swords. Ravana easily moves Rama and pushes Rama away. Rama tries to attack him but he gets his sword stuck and Ravana attacks Rama with his strong sword and Rama goes up quite high and falls backwards onto the ground very hardly and injures his back and slides across the hard ground with his head getting bruised and hair swaying. He screams and everyone watches in fear. Rama then gets up and charges towards Ravana but Ravana counters Rama and attacks Rama's weaker sword and pushes him against a wall. Rama gets his body slammed onto the wall and loses balance and hurts his feet. Rama trips up and falls out the way and hurts his back. Ravana tries to slash Rama's head but Rama tries to dodge but he ends up falling and Ravana's sword gets stuck on the wall and Rama who is on the floor gets up and cuts it. Rama then beheads Ravana. He is breathing heavily and straightening his injured back. But a new head grew and a shocked Rama cuts it again with more force. Certain he had done the job he stands back still panting. He is now thinking of Sita. But to his shock, a series of multiple heads grows from Ravana’s neck and the Lanka King then morphs into a large demon with ten heads and as many as six arms. Ravana has now gained immense strength and Rama is very, very scared. The giant, powerful Ravana is looking at Rama. Rama looking up very scared and trembling his wounded hand in fear while his hair is vigorously blowing to the side. Sita who is watching Rama is also scared as she was told many times Ravana will kill Rama. Lakshmana and Hanuman and everyone else are also very worried for Rama. Ravana summons a powerful, fiery arrow and he fires it at great force which hits Rama directly onto his already wounded back and launches him into the air and wounding his body. Rama flips very fast and his black hair slashes onto his weak face and then screams very loudly and falls back onto the hard ground which consists of rocks and his back is fractured. He is wounded while he screams in pain. He looks like he has died but he moves very slowly. His body is now covered in wounds and blood and his hair is on his bruised face and very dirty. Ravana then throws a spear onto the wounded Rama and while he is struggling to get back up he is hit with a fiery spear which injures Rama and encircles the hurt Rama in a ring of fire, Rama is scared as the fire comes closer to him and is slightly burning his wounded skin but the wounded Rama prays and gains a special chakra. Vishvamitra knew Rama was in danger so he gave the chakra. Rama uses the little energy he has to put out the fire. Ravana then picks up Rama and squeezes him very hard. Most of Rama's bones are crushed. Ravana's powerful nails pierce into Rama's bruised skin and Ravana's nails also slash Rama and he screams very loudly and Ravana severely throws the weak Rama against a very hard wall. Rama screams as his back hits a sharp piece of wall and he falls down very fast onto the hard ground on his head which leads to him having a bruised head and his whole body is hurt. Rama then falls further onto some rock which hurt him even more and it looks as if Rama is dead. He now has much more wounds and blood then he did before and his hair is much dirtier and out of place. He screams while his broken bones are growing even more weaker and his black hair is blowing onto his heavily bruised face. Lakshman and Sita and all the others watch in shock as Rama is dying. Ravana is laughing at the weak and dying Rama. Rama however is praying for safety but no help is given to him. Rama is presumed dead but with great difficulty the hurt Rama crawls towards the distant chakra. He is moving very slowly and screaming in pain. His wounds are getting much worse and his bones are broken. He is struggling to live. Ravana is about to kill the weak Rama. Rama is stopping and crying because he was too weak to save Sita. Everyone else knew that Rama was about to die and failed to rescue his wife after a 4 year battle.But before Ravana could kill the wounded Rama, Sita prays and Rama reaches the chakra with his broken arm and it expands at his touch. He feels pain and slightly gets up and he throws the chakra while screaming at the force his broken arm produced which first severs some of Ravana’s arms, then returns to sever the Lanka King at the waistline. With only his head immortal in comparison with the rest of his body, Ravana falls to the ground in death. The rocks then fall over and hit the wounded Rama. The chakra then produces some fire which hit Rama and the chakra then pierces the clouds, bringing sunshine and light through. This shines onto Rama's long, dirty black hair which is moving onto his torn clothes. Rama is very tired and extremely hurt. He is on the ground and unable to get back up. In an almost fantasy-like sequence, grass then grows along the barren battlefield and the compound walls, and the lower half of Ravana’s body becomes a hill with a tree growing from it, signifying the return of Ravana to Mother Earth.
With the battle over, the wounded Rama slowly crawls back up a dirty mountain but is still very hurt and screams. Everyone looking at him in shock. They feel very sad to see Rama very hurt. His old clothes are torn and dirty, his long hair is also dirty and out of place and his whole body is covered in wounds, bruises and blood. The extremely wounded Rama is relieved that he doesn't need to fight anymore as he nearly died in the hands of Ravana and he exhorts the soldiers of Lanka to cease fighting and work towards restoring the glory of Lanka. Vibhishana is made the new King by Rama. Rama who is still very hurt wants to rest but he is eager to see Sita who he has not seen since 4 years. Rama and Sita are reunited but Sita felt bad seeing her husband with dirty long hair and full of wounds and she is also feels bad as her beloved husband nearly died for her. Rama grabs Sita into his arms and begins to cry. Sita then softly touches his dirty black hair and is relieved he is alive. Before leaving, Sita expresses her remorse at the large number of lives lost for her sake in the war including Rama's wounds, but Sugriva comforts her, saying that her peaceful and happy life with Rama would make their death a glorious sacrifice. He then looks to Rama as if he has done a great sacrifice because he has. He nearly died just for his wife. Hanuman flies back to the Himalayas with the uprooted mountain, and Rama and Sita hug together after being separated for 4 years and his compatriots fly home to Ayodhya. Rama is still in pain but Sita is alleviating it. Rama's hair is blowing onto Sita and she is relieved to see her husbands black hair again. Sita still feels bad while tending to Rama's broken body. In a voiceover it is narrated that Rama then took over as King of Kosala and later returned to Baikunth Dham and Sita went into Mother Earth.
Voice Cast[edit]
Original English Version[edit]
Nikhil Kapoor - Rama
Rael Padamsee - Sita
Uday Mathan – Ravana
Mishal Varma - Lakshmana
Noel Godin - Hanuman
Bulbul Mukherjee - Dasharatha
Madhulika Varma - Kaikeyi
Rahul Bose - Bharata
Pearl Padamsee - Manthara
Bhargava Krishna - Kumbhakarna
Shagufta Jaffrey - Surpanakha
Easo Vivin Mathew - Indrajit
Denzil Smith - Sugreeva
Cyrus Broacha - Angada
Dodo Bhujwala - Additional Voices
Rohan Arthur - Additional Voices
Avi Shroff - Additional Voices
Salome Parikh - Additional Voices
Farid Saboonchi - Additional Voices
Leeya Mehta - Additional Voices
Hindi Dub Version[edit]
Shatrughan Sinha - Narrator
Arun Govil - Rama
Namrata Sawhney - Sita
Shakti Singh - Lakshmana
Adarsh Gautam - Bharata
Dilip Sinha - Hanuman
Amrish Puri - Ravana
Harjeet Walia - Dasharatha
Sava - Kaikeyi
Manju Bhatia - Manthara
Rakesh Vidua - Jatayu
Umesh Sharma - Jambavan
Raj Joshi - Sugreeva
Pradeep Shukla - Kumbhakarna
English Dub Version (Prince of Light)[edit]
James Earl Jones - Narrator
Bryan Cranston - Rama
Edie Mirman - Sita
Tom Wyner - Ravana
Richard Cansino - Lakshmana
Michael Sorich - Hanuman
Mike Reynolds - Dasharatha
Mari Devon - Kaikeyi
Simon Prescott - Kumbhakarna
Barbara Goodson - Shurpanakha
Catherine Battistone - Tataka
Tony Pope - Vishvamitra
Kirk Thornton - Indrajit
Steve Bulen - Sugreeva / Prahasta
Eddie Frierson - Angada / Maricha
Jeff Winkless - Jambavan
Michael McConnohie - Vibhishana
Production[edit]
Origin[edit]
In 1983 while working on "The Ramayana Relics" a documentary film about excavations by Dr. B. B. Lal near Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh (India) Yugo Sako came to know about the story of Ramayana. He liked the story of Ramayana so much he researched deeper into the topic and went on to read 10 versions of Ramayana in Japanese. After reading the Ramayana he wanted to adapt it into animation as he didn’t think a live action movie could capture the true essence of Ramayana, "Because Ram is God, I felt it was best to depict him in animation, rather than by an actor."
Yugo Sako wanted to remain true to the original epic so he came to India and met with scholars, archaeologists, historians and started working out on the details, during this he met Ram Mohan and collaborated with him on the film. Krishna Shah got involved in the production later in 1993.[5][6]
The story was simplified to a great extent in order to appeal to the international audience.[7]
Filming[edit]
A new production studio Nippon Ramayana Film Co. was set up and the principal animation of the film began in 1990 with 450 artists on board. The scripting and screenplay were done by Narendra Sharma, an Indian scholar.
Indian animators helped their Japanese counterparts with Indian customs and traditions depicted in the film like how dhotis are worn and how the children receive blessings from their elders.[5][7]
Issues faced while filming[edit]
The Indian Express misinterpreted Yugo Sako’s "The Ramayana Relics" documentary and published that he was making a new Ramayana. Soon thereafter, a protest letter based on the misunderstanding from the Vishva Hindu Parishad was received by the Japanese Embassy in Delhi, which said that no foreigners could arbitrarily cinematize Ramayana because it was the great national heritage of India.
After the misconceptions were cleared, Yugo Sako proposed the idea of an animated Ramayana to the VHP. He told them that animation was a serious art form in Japan and it would help bring the Ramayana to a wider global audience.
The VHP agreed at first but later rejected his proposal for a bi-nation collaboration, saying the Ramayana is a very sensitive subject and cannot be depicted as a cartoon.
The movie was eventually produced in Japan and all animation was done there.[8][6]
Soundtrack[edit]
There are different songs for the Original English Version (sung in Sanskrit) and the Hindi Dub version (sung in Hindi), both are listed below. The lyrics are written by Vasant Dev (Sanskrit) and P.K. Mishra (Hindi).[9]
English Version Soundtrack (Sanskrit)[edit]
Song
Artist(s)
Sita in Panchwati: the forest dwelling Kavita Krishnamurthy
Hanuman descends from the tree and
with folded hands sits before Sita and sings
Vinod Rathod
Song of the monkeys when constructing the bridge Chorus by many
Marching song of Ravana's soldiers Chorus by many
Hindi Version Soundtrack (Hindi)[edit]
Song
Artist(s)
Sumiran Karle Mannwa Kavita Krishnamurthy
Sita in Panchavati: The Forest Dwelling Kavita Krishnamurthy
Janani Main Rama Doot Hanuman Udit Narayan
Shri Raghuvar Ki Vaanar Sena Chorus by many
Jai Lankeshwar Chorus by many
Ram Bolo Channi Singh
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ramayana films". The Ramayana at the British Library. The British Library Board. 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rama's epic adventure captured in Krishna Shah's new animated classic". India Post News Service. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
Jump up ^ "The Story". Prince Of Light. Archived from the original on 20 April 2005. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ramayan on net". Ritesh's Blog. 2005-05-28. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Yugo Sako's Ramayan Odyssey". Beliefnet. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Prince of Light: Production". 2002-06-08. Archived from the original on 9 June 2002. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ram Mohan - Biography, Works, Interview, etc. at Design in India". designinindia.net. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
Jump up ^ "VIDEO REVIEWS - Magazine Web Edition > June 1993 - Publications - Hinduism Today Magazine". www.hinduismtoday.com. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Composers for Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama". lgg3agenda.blogspot.in. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama
Official Website - Archive.org (The site was closed in 2009.)
Yugo Sako's Ramayan Odyssey at Beliefnet
Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259534/
Prince of Light at Academy Of Motion Picture Arts And Sciences database
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Family Guy (season 16)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Family Guy (season 16)
Cover art for digital downloads
Starring
Seth MacFarlane
Alex Borstein
Seth Green
Mila Kunis
Mike Henry
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
20
Release
Original network
Fox
Original release
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) – May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 15
List of Family Guy episodes
Family Guy's sixteenth season premiered on Fox in the United States on October 1, 2017, and ended on May 20, 2018.[1]
The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family, consisting of father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie, and the family dog Brian, who reside in their hometown of Quahog. The executive producers for the sixteenth production season are Seth MacFarlane, Richard Appel, Alec Sulkin, Steve Callaghan, Danny Smith, and Kara Vallow. Sulkin returns after a two-season absence as the new showrunner for the series, replacing previous showrunner Callaghan. Appel continues to serve as showrunner alongside Sulkin.
The season features guest appearances from Danny Trejo, Ian McKellen, Kristen Bell, Louis C.K., Bill Maher, and Modern Family cast members Ty Burrell, Julie Bowen and Sofía Vergara.[2][3]
The season also marks the final appearances of Adam West and Carrie Fisher following their deaths, as well as the show's 300th episode ("Dog Bites Bear").[4] During this season, Brian is kicked out of the Griffin house in a three-episode story arc after he posts a tweet that angers Quahog ("The D in Apartment 23", "Petey IV", "Crimes and Meg's Demeanor"). Also, Stewie explores his fear of loneliness ("Send in Stewie, Please"), and Brian and Stewie solve a mystery in a Sherlock Holmes parody ("V Is for Mystery").[5]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Family Guy episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
290
1 "Emmy-Winning Episode" James Purdum
Dominic Bianchi
Peter Shin Aaron Lee October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) FACX06 2.80[6]
Peter goes out of his way to earn an Emmy win after getting fed up with not being nominated. He tries to make Family Guy more like several Emmy-nominated television shows, including Modern Family and Transparent.
291
2 "Foxx in the Men House" Brian Iles Andrew Goldberg October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08) EACX20 3.05[7]
After being wobbly-legged upon sitting on the toilet in the girls' bathroom and hitting his head on the counter, Peter meets a paramedic named Stryker Foxx (voiced by Chris Diamantopoulos), who tended to his injury. He later dumps Quagmire, Cleveland and Joe as friends, due to his friendship with Stryker giving him inflated self-esteem. Later on, Peter comes to realize he does not have the strength to do the physical activities that Stryker wants to do.
292
3 "Nanny Goats" Steve Robertson Tom Devanney October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15) FACX02 2.54[8]
Lois' mother, Barbara, hires a nanny for the Griffin family when she gets displeased with recent living arrangements for the kids. This enables Peter and Lois to reconnect with their love.
293
4 "Follow the Money" Mike Kim Kevin Biggins October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22) EACX15 2.69[9]
Chris receives a misprinted but extremely valuable dollar for his birthday from Carter, but loses it. They then go on an adventure to find it.
294
5 "Three Directors" Joe Vaux Travis Bowe November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05) EACX18 2.31[10]
The story of Peter's firing from the Pawtucket Brewery, as told in the directorial styles of Quentin Tarantino, Wes Anderson, and Michael Bay.
295
6 "The D in Apartment 23" Julius Wu Artie Johann November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12) FACX03 3.11[11]
After Brian posts a tweet on Twitter involving Baywatch and Ride Along 3 that is deemed racist, it goes viral and the Griffins become social pariahs, prompting them to kick Brian out of the house and into an apartment run by Lou Spinazola.
296
7 "Petey IV" Mike Kim Anthony Blasucci November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19) FACX04 2.08[12]
Vladimir Putin visits Quahog after Peter writes an email to him about the ending to a Russian bootleg version of Rocky IV. Meanwhile, in light of moving out, Brian gets a job at a suicide hotline center to obtain some money to pay the rent to Lou Spinazola, where he falls for his co-worker, Martha (voiced by Kristen Bell).
297
8 "Crimes and Meg's Demeanor" Greg Colton Mike Desilets December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03) FACX05 2.59[13]
Meg takes up drinking at a high school party, which both concerns and delights Peter. Meanwhile, while recovering from a leg injury following the incident in the last episode, Brian suspects that Principal Shepherd has murdered his wife and enlists Stewie to help him out.
298
9 "Don't Be a Dickens at Christmas" Jerry Langford Danny Smith December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10) FACX07 2.98[14]
In a play on Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, Peter takes a journey around Quahog with the ghost of Patrick Swayze (voiced by Don Swayze) after he loses his Christmas spirit.
299
10 "Boy (Dog) Meets Girl (Dog)" Brian Iles Steve Callaghan January 7, 2018 (2018-01-07) FACX09 3.40[15]
After Brian falls in love with Ellie (voiced by Amanda Seyfried), a female show dog, he enters a dog show competition, where the winner will get to breed with her. Meanwhile, Peter and Lois attempt to convince Chris that "Arthur Valentine" is not real.
300
11 "Dog Bites Bear" John Holmquist Cherry Chevapravatdumrong January 14, 2018 (2018-01-14) FACX01 4.10[16]
Brian and Stewie's friendship is put to the test after Brian mutilates Stewie's teddy bear, Rupert. Meanwhile, Peter meets his favorite cereal mascot, Boo Berry, and refuses to wash his right hand after shaking it with him.
301
12 "Send in Stewie, Please" Joe Vaux Gary Janetti March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18) FACX10 2.24[17]
When Stewie gets sent to see his school's child psychologist Dr. Cecil Pritchfield (voiced by Ian McKellen) for a surprising session, he reveals major secrets about himself.
Note: This episode premiered on Fox without commercial interruption due to a sponsorship agreement with Sony Interactive Entertainment for their PlayStation 4 game, God of War, who was the sole advertiser at the end of the episode.
302
13 "V Is for Mystery" Joseph Lee David A. Goodman March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25) FACX08 1.91[18]
In a parody of Sherlock Holmes, the episode depicts Sherlock Holmes (portrayed by Stewie) and Dr. Watson (portrayed by Brian) as they embark on solving a string of murder mysteries.
303
14 "Veteran Guy" John Holmquist Patrick Meighan April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01) FACX11 2.05[19]
Peter pretends to be a veteran after buying a cap with the name USS Nathan James on it, along with Joe and Cleveland, annoying Quagmire (who is a veteran). After they are caught, they are forced to join the Coast Guard where they end up in a life-or-death situation.
304
15 "The Woof of Wall Street" Steve Robertson Alex Carter April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08) FACX12 1.93[20]
Stewie teaches Brian how to invest in the stock market, but a gruesome product Brian likes could result in his death. Meanwhile, Peter, Joe, Cleveland, and Quagmire look after the Drunken Clam while Jerome is away.
305
16 "Family Guy Through the Years" Julius Wu Chris Sheridan April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22) FACX13 2.00[21]
Family Guy is reimagined as a series that has been on the air for 60 years, and in a special retrospective, it looks back at the cultural events and issues that were tackled on the show in the 1950s, '60s and '70s.
306
17 "Switch the Flip" Mike Kim Kevin Biggins April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29) FACX14 2.26[22]
Stewie uses one of his inventions to swap bodies with Brian in order to fix his life, but this plan backfires as chaos quickly ensues around Quahog.
307
18 "HTTPete" Greg Colton Damien Fahey May 6, 2018 (2018-05-06) FACX15 1.92[23]
In order to promote the brewery, Peter adopts the millennial lifestyle. This attracts a high-powered Silicon Valley executive attention.
308
19 "The Unkindest Cut" Jerry Langford Mark Hentemann May 13, 2018 (2018-05-13) FACX16 2.15[24]
After Quagmire's most treasured body part is bitten off in a shark attack, he must learn to live without it. Meanwhile, Stewie and Brian try to search the country for Mort after they discover he has left town, due to being involved in a drug scam.
309
20 "Are You There God? It's Me, Peter" Joseph Lee Travis Bowe May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20) FACX17 1.83[25]
When Peter falls into a coma and gets the opportunity to have a conversation with God, he interrogates the deity with some tough questions.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 22, 2017). "Fox Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates: 'Empire', 'The Gifted', & 'Orville'". Deadline. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dan Snierson (July 19, 2017). "Ian McKellen to guest on Family Guy". Ew.com. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dan Snierson (August 13, 2017). "Kristen Bell, Louis C.K. to guest on Family Guy". Ew.com. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (2017-09-28). "Family Guy season 15 preview: Peter loses his job, Quagmire loses his penis". EW.com. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
Jump up ^ Hugar, John (November 14, 2016). "Talking to Showrunner Alec Sulkin About Working to Revitalize 'Family Guy'". Split Sider. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 3, 2017). "'NCIS: LA' and '60 Minutes' adjust up, 'Wisdom of the Crowd' and 'Ten Days in the Valley' down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 10, 2017). "NFL adjusts up, all others unchanged: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 17, 2017). "'Madam Secretary' and 'Wisdom of the Crowd' adjust down, '60 Minutes, 'AFV' and NFL up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 24, 2017). "'NCIS: LA' and 'Shark Tank' adjust up, 'Madam Secretary' adjusts down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 7, 2017). "'Family Guy,' '60 Minutes' adjust up, 'Bob's Burgers' and 'Madam Secretary' adjust down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 14, 2017). "'Wisdom of the Crowd' adjusts down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 21, 2017). "'Sunday Night Football' adjusts up, '60 Minutes' and 'Madam Secretary' adjust down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). "'Sunday Night Football' adjusts up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 12, 2017). "'Bob's Burgers,' 'The Simpsons' and '60 Minutes' adjust down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 9, 2018). "'Shark Tank' adjusts up, 'Simpsons,' 'Ghosted,' Golden Globes arrivals down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 17, 2018). "'NCIS: LA' and 'Family Guy' adjust up, other FOX shows adjust down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 20, 2018). "'Bob's Burgers,' 'NCIS: LA' and 'AFV' adjust up, 'Deception' and '60 Minutes' down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 27, 2018). "'NCIS: LA' and 'Bob's Burgers' adjust up, 'Instinct,' 'Simpsons' and 'Deception' down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 3, 2018). "'Bob's Burgers' and 'Dateline' adjust up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 10, 2018). "'America's Funniest Home Videos' rerun adjusts up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 24, 2018). "'Timeless,' 'Family Guy' and all others hold: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 1, 2018). "'The Simpsons' adjusts up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 8, 2018). "'America's Funniest Home Videos' adjusts down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 15, 2018). "'American Idol' and 'Genius Junior' finale adjust up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 22, 2018). "'Bob's Burgers,' 'Family Guy' and 'Dateline' adjust down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
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Contactless payment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
EMV contactless symbol used on compatible payment terminals
A contactless enabled American Express charge card issued in the UK
Contactless payment systems are credit cards and debit cards, key fobs, smart cards, or other devices, including smartphones and other mobile devices, that use radio-frequency identification (RFID) or near field communication (NFC, e.g. ATAR pay, Samsung Pay, Apple Pay, Google Pay, Fitbit Pay, or any bank mobile application that support Contactless) for making secure payments. The embedded chip and antenna enable consumers to wave their card, fob, or handheld device over a reader at the point of sale terminal. Contactless payments are made in close physical proximity, unlike mobile payments which use broad-area cellular or WiFi networks and do not involve close physical proximity.
Some suppliers claim that transactions can be almost twice as fast as a conventional cash, credit, or debit card purchase. Because no signature or PIN verification is typically required, contactless purchases are typically limited to small value sales. Lack of authentication provides a window during which fraudulent purchases can be made while the card owner is unaware if the card lose.
In 2012, MasterCard Advisors wrote that consumers are likely to spend more money using their cards due to the ease of small transactions.[1] MasterCard Canada says it has seen "about 25 percent" higher spending by users of its Mastercard Contactless-brand RFID credit cards.[2] EMV is a common standard used by major credit card and smartphone companies for use in general commerce. Contactless smart cards that function as stored-value cards are becoming popular for use as transit system farecards, such as the Oyster card or RioCard. These can often store non-currency value (such as monthly passes) in additional to fare value purchased with cash or electronic payment.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Security
3 Floor limit
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Mobil was one of the most notable early adopters of a similar technology, and offered their "Speedpass" contactless payment system for participating Mobil gas stations as early as 1997. Although Mobil has since merged with Exxon, the service is still offered at many of ExxonMobil's stations. Freedompay also had early wins in the contactless space with Bank of America[3] and McDonald's.[4]
McDonald's, KFC, Burger King, Boots, Eat, Heron Foods, Pret a Manger, Stagecoach Group, Subway, AMT Coffee, Tesco, Asda and Lidl are among the retailers offering contactless payments to their customers in the UK. In March 2008, Eat became the first restaurant chain to adopt contactless.[5]
Major financial entities now offering contactless payment systems include MasterCard, Citibank, JPMorgan Chase, American Express, KeyBank, Barclays, Barclaycard, HSBC, Lloyds Banking Group, FreedomPay, The Co-operative Bank, Nationwide Building Society and The Royal Bank of Scotland Group. Visa payWave, American Express Expresspay, and MasterCard Contactless are examples of contactless credit cards which have become widespread in the U.S. and UK.
The first contactless cards in the UK were issued by Barclaycard in 2007.[6] As of December 2014[update], there are approximately 58 million contactless-enabled cards in use, in the UK, and over 147,000 terminals in use though this is growing in numbers and percentages of adoption.[7][8]
Telecom operators are starting to get involved in contactless payments via the use of near field communication phones. Belgacom's Pingping, for example, has a stored value account and via a partnership with Alcatel-Lucent's Touchatag provides contactless payment functionalities. In January 2010, Barclaycard partnered with mobile phone firm Orange, to launch a contactless credit card in the UK.[9] Orange and Barclaycard also announced in 2009 that they would be launching a mobile phone with contactless technology.[10]
In October 2011, the first mobile phones with MasterCard PayPass and/or Visa payWave certification appeared. A PayPass or payWave account can be assigned to the embedded secure element and/or SIM card within the phones. Google Pay is an application for devices running Google's Android OS, which allows users to make purchases using NFC, which initially required a physical secure element but this was replaced by host card emulation which was introduced in Android 4.4 (KitKat). Softcard (formerly known as Isis mobile wallet), Cityzi and Quick Tap wallets for example, use a secure SIM card to store encrypted personal information. Contactless payments with enabled mobile phones still occur on a small scale, but every month an increasing number of mobile phones are certified.[11]
In February 2014, MasterCard announced that it would partner with Weve, which is a joint venture between EE, Telefónica UK, and Vodafone UK, to focus on mobile payments. The partnership will promote the development of "contactless mobile payment systems" by creating a universal platform in Europe for it.[12]
In September 2014, Transport for London's Tube began accepting contactless payment. The number of completed contactless journeys has now exceeded 300m. On Friday 18 December, the busiest single day in 2015, a record 1.24m journeys were completed by over 500k unique contactless cards.[13]
In 2016 Erste Group launched an NFC only debit card implemented as a sticker in Austria. It can be used at any NFC supporting terminal for transactions of unlimited amount however for transactions over the floor limit of 25 EUR a PIN is required to confirm the transaction.[14]
In 2016, contactless payments start to become even broader with wearable technology devices also offering this payment feature.
Security[edit]
Depending on the economic space, there may be a payment limit on single transactions, and some contactless cards can only be used a certain number of times before customers are asked for their PIN.[15] Contactless debit and credit transactions use the same chip and PIN network as older cards and are protected by the same fraud guarantees. Where PIN is supported, the contactless part of the card remains non-functional until a standard chip and PIN transaction has been executed.[verification needed] This provides some verification that the card was delivered to the actual cardholder.
Under fraud guarantee standards U.S. banks are liable for any fraudulent transactions charged to the contactless cards.[verification needed]
Floor limit[edit]
Because no signature or PIN verification is typically required, contactless purchases are typically limited to a set maximum amount per transaction, known as a floor limit. Limits may vary between banks.
Economic space
Limit
Comment
Australia No limit For transactions over A$100 a PIN is required.[16][17]
Austria No limit For transactions exceeding €25 a PIN is required. Additionally for cards produced before 2017 only five transactions can be made without a PIN.[18] Cards issued after December 2016 need a PIN code for transactions over €25 or a contactless total of €125.
Belgium €25 For transactions over €25 a PIN is required. When several contactless payments in a row reach the amount of €50, the PIN is required.
Brazil No limit For transactions over R$50,00 a PIN is required.
Bulgaria No limit For transactions over 25 BGN (~€12) a PIN is required.
Canada CA$100 Limits are completely at the discretion of the merchant's acquiring bank and the consumer's bank. There is no law limiting the amounts. However financial institutions limit contactless payments to $CA100.
Chile $12.000 CLP
China CN¥1000[19] UnionPay QuickPass. PIN required unless disabled with bank.
Croatia[20] No limit For transactions over 100HRK PIN or signature are needed.
Czech Republic No limit For transactions over 500 CZK PIN is needed. For every 3 consecutive contactless transactions PIN is needed.
Denmark[21] No limit For transactions over 350 DKK PIN is needed. Sometimes PIN is needed anyway to ensure the card is used by its owner.
Dominican Republic No Limit
Eurozone €25 In general[citation needed]
Estonia[22] €25
Finland €25
France €30 Can be used up to three times a day. Cannot be used for transactions over €30.
Germany €25 For each transaction over €25 or €50 (some Visa cards) a PIN or CDCVM verification is required.
Greece €25 For transactions over €25 a PIN is required
Hong Kong No limit Initially banks, not government, set it for $500 or under, then (for some banks) under $1000 (HKD), until the limits were removed.
Hungary No limit For transactions over 5000 HUF PIN is needed. For every 10 consecutive contactless transactions or if you reach 10.000 HUF PIN is needed.
Iceland ISK 5.000 Íslandsbanki has a lower limit of ISK 4.200. For each transaction over the limit, Chip and PIN are required. Also, a cumulative limit of ISK 10.000 between Chip and PIN uses.
India Rs. 2000 Above Rs. 2000 Contact chip transaction needs to be done.
Ireland €30 Previously €15 until 1 October 2015.
Italy €25 For transactions over €25 PIN is needed
Japan JP¥20000 JCB QUICPay and QUICPay＋[23]
Latvia €25
Lithuania[24] €25
Macedonia, Republic of 750 MKD
Malaysia RM250 Cumulative limits (total amount and/or consecutive transactions) differ between card issuers.[25]
By default, for each transaction above RM250 PIN is required. But the limit is customizable. [26]
Netherlands[27] No limit For card payments of more than €25 at once or €50 in a row a PIN is required. Some older cards only allow five transactions in a row without PIN. Most retailers have terminals that support CDCVM as verification (i.e. Apple Pay). While some banks already offer Android NFC/Tap&Pay, both service's are supported. Also note that broad acceptance of creditcards isn't commonplace yet, so that's up to the individual merchant.
New Zealand No limit For each transaction over NZ$80 a PIN is required.
Norway 200 NOK For each transaction over 200 NOK a PIN is required.
Poland No limit For transactions over or equal to 50 PLN PIN is required.
Portugal €20
Romania No limit For transactions over or equal to 100 lei PIN is required.
Russia No limit For transactions over ₽1000 PIN or signature is required.
Serbia No limit For more than 2000RSD PIN verification is mandatory
Singapore S$ 100 The current transaction limit for contactless payments in Singapore is S$100, although some banks offer higher[28].
Slovakia No limit For transactions over €20 PIN is needed. For every 3 consecutive contactless transactions PIN is needed.
Slovenia No limit For transactions over €15 PIN is needed.
South Africa 500 ZAR Increased to R500 in May 2017 (except for ABSA Bank which remained at R200)[29]
Spain No limit For more than €20 PIN verification is mandatory
Sweden 200 SEK For each transaction over 200 SEK a PIN is required.
Switzerland 40 CHF For transactions over 40 CHF a PIN is required.
Taiwan No limit Signatures may be required for large purchases.
Thailand ฿1500
Turkey 90 TL Transactions over 90 TL require PIN entry.
Ukraine No limit For transactions over 100 UAH a PIN is required
United Kingdom £30 £20 until 1 September 2015;[30] still £20 limit on some cards. Sometimes PIN is needed anyway to ensure the card is used by its owner. Some retailers will allow higher value purchases using newer hardware that supports high value purchases if the contactless authentication method is biometric (e.g. Apple Touch ID used in Apple Pay)[31]
United States of America No limit
See also[edit]
Apple Pay
Contactless smart card
Dashtop mobile
Google Pay
Microsoft Wallet
Mobile payment
Near field communication
Proximity card
Octopus card
OPUS card
Oyster card
Presto card
Samsung Pay
Softcard (formerly Isis mobile wallet)
Vicinity cards
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "New MasterCard Advisors Study on Contactless Payments Shows Almost 30% Lift in Total Spend Within First Year of Adoption". newsroom.mastercard.com. 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
Jump up ^ Dubinsky, Zach. "New credit cards pose security problem". CBCNews.ca. 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
Jump up ^ "FreedomPay makes waves in contactless payment - SecureIDNews".
Jump up ^ "McDonald's testing e-payment system". USA Today. 2001-05-29.
Jump up ^ "First Fully Integrated Contactless Payment System in UK". www.paymentnews.com. 2008-03-26. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Barclaycard rolls out Oyster payments card". Finextra. Finextra. September 2007.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Francis. "Contactless payments taking off in the UK in 2015". mobiletransaction.org. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Key Facts and Stats". Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Orange and Barclaycard deliver next step in their partnership with contactless co-branded credit card". Barclaycard. Barclaycard. January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Barclaycard and Orange unveil pay-by-mobile service by Garry White". Daily Telegraph. London. 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Certified phones". nfc-phones.org. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
Jump up ^ Villarreal, Alexandra. "MasterCard, Weve partner to accelerate contactless payments shift in U.K." Archived 2016-01-17 at the Wayback Machine. Bank Credit News. 2/10/2014. Retrieved 2/10/2014.
Jump up ^ "Contactless has caught on underground". Barclaycard. Barclaycard. February 2016.
Jump up ^ "BankCard Sticker". Erste Bank und Sparkassen. Erste Bank Group. January 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-08-22.
Jump up ^ "Lloyds Bank - UK Bank Accounts - Contactless Debit Cards".
Jump up ^ "MasterCard® contactless". MasterCard. MasterCard Australia. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Visa payWave: FAQs". Visa Australia. Visa. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Maestro® kontraktlos". Maestro. Maestro Austria. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.unionpayintl.com/en/enaboutUpi/ennewsCenter/encompanyNews/3002674.shtml
Jump up ^ "Beskontaktno plaćanje - Prihvat kartica - PBZCard.hr".
Jump up ^ "Dankortet bliver nu kontaktløst"[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Swedbank". Swedbank. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
Jump up ^ "JCB QUICPay". Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Contactless cards". Swedbank. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
Jump up ^ "FAQs on migration to PIN-based payment cards" (PDF). Bank Negara Malaysia. 28 October 2016. p. 2. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
Jump up ^ John Lim. "How to disable contactless payment?". says.com.
Jump up ^ "Mijlpaal: 100 miljoen contactloze betalingen | CCV Holland". www.ccv.nl. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ Boon, Rachel (8 February 2017). "Nets payments to go digital and contactless". The Straits Times. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Tap 'n go' not as risky as many fear". Retrieved 2018-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Contactless card limit rises to £30 as card use surges". 1 September 2015 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Apple Pay 100% Backed By UK's Major Banks -- Including Barclays". Know Your Mobile. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
External links[edit]
A Comprehensive Technical Overview of Contactless
Patent Landscape Report on Contactless Payments
Contactless.info, archived from the original on April 24, 2014 is designed to provide information for UK retailers that have an interest in Contactless card acceptance]
Blog focused on contactless technologies
New credit cards pose security problem, CBC News
Chase's "blink" uses RFID
Gateway Ticketing Systems UK Integrates Contactless Payment
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Near field communication

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Credit card terminal

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Mobile payments

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MasterCard Contactless

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The Royal Bank of Scotland Group

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Orange (telecommunications)

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EE (telecommunications company)

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Telefónica UK

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https://www.swedbank.ee/viipemakse/eng/
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http://www.jcb.co.jp/card/add/quicpay/
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http://www.contactless.info/
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http://contactless-world.com/
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Installment credit

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Cash machine

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Short Message Service

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Android rooting

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List of Symbian devices

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List of Windows Phone devices

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Common External Power Supply

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