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List of Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu episodes
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Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu Japanese DVD Limited edition volume 1 cover
The Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu animated television series is based on the light novel series of the same name written by Yūsaku Igarashi and illustrated by Shaa. The episodes, produced by Studio Barcelona, are directed by Munenori Nawa, written by Tsuyoshi Tamai, and features character design by Satoshi Ishino who based the designs on Shaa's original concept.[1] A pre-broadcast aired on July 3, 2008 and 12 episodes were produced which aired in Japan between July 10 and September 25, 2008 on Chiba TV and TV Kanagawa. Six DVD compilation volumes were released by Geneon Entertainment between September 26, 2008 and February 27, 2009. A Blu-ray Disc box set of the series was released in Japan on September 26, 2009.[2]
A second anime series entitled Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu: Purezza (乃木坂春香の秘密 ぴゅあれっつぁ♪) was directed by Munenori Nawa and produced by Studio Barcelona under the name Diomedea.[3] The second season aired in Japan between October 6 and December 22, 2009 and contains 12 episodes. A four-episode original video animation series titled Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu: Finale[4] was broadcast on AT-X and Tokyo MX between August 17 and November 25, 2012.[5] The four BD/DVD volumes were published between August 29 and November 28, 2012.[6]
Two pieces of theme music are used for the episodes of both seasons; one opening theme and one ending theme each. The first season's opening theme is "Tomadoi Bitter Tune" (とまどいビターチューン) by Milan Himemiya and Chocolate Rockers. The ending theme is "Hitosashiyubi Quiet!" (ひとさしゆびクワイエット!) by Kana Ueda, Mai Goto, Rina Satou, Kaori Shimizu and Mamiko Noto, the various voice actresses for the main characters of the anime. The second season's opening theme is "Chōhatsu Cherry Heart" (挑発 Cherry Heart) by Milan Himemiya and Chocolate Rockers. The ending theme is "Himitsu Suishō! Uru to Love" (秘密推奨！うるとLOVE) by Kana Ueda, Mai Goto, Rina Satō, Kaori Shimizu and Mamiko Noto.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu
2 Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu: Purezza
3 Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu: Finale
4 References
5 External links
Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu[edit]
#
Title
Original air date
00
"Haruka Nogizaka's Secret's Secret"
"Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu no Himitsu" (乃木坂春香の秘密のひみつ) July 3, 2008
A preview for the anime series hosted by Kana Ueda and Mai Goto who voice the characters Nanami Nanashiro and Mika Nogizaka, respectively. The story from the series is profiled along with an introduction to the main characters and the voice actors who voice them.
01
"It's All Over..."
"Mō, Dame desu..." (もう, ダメです...) July 10, 2008
Yūto Ayase is a second-year student at Private High School, Hakujō Academy. One day he goes to the library to return a magazine for his bishōnen friend, Nobunaga Asakura. There, he bumps into the most popular girl in school, Haruka Nogizaka, and discovers her secret: that she is an otaku, which greatly distresses her. Haruka starts avoiding Yūto which causes his schoolmates to suspect that Yūto 'did something to her'. Eventually, Yūto finds Haruka on the school roof where he vows he will not tell anyone about her interest if she does not want anyone else to know. Haruka is relieved and happy that Yūto is so understanding.
02
"My First Time..."
"Hajimete nan desu..." (初めてなんです...) July 17, 2008
Because of their shared secret, Yūto and Haruka start spending more time together, even walking to school together. This arouses the anger of their peers who are annoyed that Haruka is hanging out with someone like Yūto. Haruka asks Yūto to accompany her to Akihabara on Sunday because she wants to buy a game console. The two spend most of the day window shopping and Haruka wastes some money on a toy vending machine. Yūto and Haruka even go to a maid café for lunch where Haruka is dressed in a pink maid uniform and gets her picture taken with Yūto. At the end of the day, they discover the handheld gaming console Haruka had intended to buy is sold out. This distresses Haruka since their trip was wasted, but Yūto cheers her up later by assuring her that he had a good time.
03
"It's Over..."
"Oshimai desu..." (おしまいです...) July 24, 2008
The day before a test, Haruka invites Yūto to her home to study. He is amazed to discover the size of the Nogizaka estate where he meets her younger sister, Mika, and two of the Nogizaka household maids, Hazuki Sakurazaka (head maid) and Nanami Nanashiro (third-ranking). The next day at school, a guy bumps into Haruka which spills the contents of her bag and exposes her Comiket catalog. Yūto thanks Haruka for picking 'his' catalog up for him which diverts everyone's attention to him. Even so, Haruka does not come to school for three days. When Yūto goes to see her, he finds out from Mika that Haruka's secret had been exposed in middle school and that she was ostracized for it and transferred schools. Yūto explains to Haruka that he took the hit for her, which is part of the reason Haruka stayed away. Yūto assures her that he will never leave her, which relieves her so much that the next day, when a boorish student confronts them on the way to school, she admits that the catalog was actually hers.
04
"Is it Weird...?"
"Hen ja nai deshō ka...?" (変じゃないでしょうか...?) July 31, 2008
Yūto, Haruka, Mika and Nanami become increasingly worried about Hazuki's apparent distance from the family and thus decide to follow her on a shopping trip. Along the way they encounter a number of familiar faces including Nobunaga, Yūto's older sister, Ruko, and their teacher, Yukari Kamishiro. Nanami convinces Nobunaga to leave by pretending to have seen Kana Ueda, Nanami's VA. Mika and Nanami eventually become distracted in buying lingerie, leaving the job to Yūto and Haruka. They follow Hazuki to a bridal shop and come to the conclusion that Hazuki is about to quit her job and get married. Predictably, there is a misunderstanding at bridal shop where Yūto and Haruka are thought to be customers and have a bridal portrait taken of them together. That night, Hazuki, much to everyone's relief, explains that she is not quitting, but had gone to the hardware store located above the bridal shop to fix her chainsaw.
05
"If You Look at Me Like That..."
"Sonna ni Miraremasu to..." (そんなに見られますと...) August 7, 2008
The girl whom Yūto had already bumped into twice turns out to be Shiina Amamiya, a student who transfers into his class. Despite not being able to swim, Shiina volunteers to take part in the upcoming school swimming tournament. When they find out she can't swim, Yūto and Haruka help Shiina practice in the school pool, but Yūto's and Haruka's sisters and the maids come along too. During her leg of the race, Shiina gets a leg cramp and it is Yūto who jumps in to save her and takes her to the infirmary. She is not seriously injured, and was more shocked than anything else; Yūto reassures her that she tried her hardest, and that is what matters.
06
"It's...the Summer Comiket"
"Natsu Komi...desu" (なつこみ...です) August 14, 2008
Yūto and Haruka attend the summer Comiket together at the Tokyo Big Sight, but they underestimate the massive scale of the event and the hordes of people who attend. Mika, Hazuki, and Nanami tag along in disguise and help Haruka obtain a dōjinshi that she wanted, and get her out of trouble when people mistake her for cosplayer and start taking pictures of her. Later that evening after Yūto escorts Haruka home, Mika asks Yūto if he and Haruka noticed anyone suspicious at the convention. Later that night, a frantic Haruka shows up at Yūto's house unexpectedly.
07
"...I Love It!"
"...Daisuki nan desu!" (...大好きなんです!) August 21, 2008
Haruka reveals that her father, Gentō, found out about her hobby and went into a rage, confiscating her anime goods but she managed to leave with her copy of Innocent Smile #1. She hides in Yūto's house alongside Hazuki, while Mika prepares a 'secret weapon' to counter their father. The next morning, Gentō arrives and assaults the Ayase house with his personal paramilitary squad, "Hell Hound". Haruka refuses to go home, and Yūto protests his disapproval of Haruka's hobby. The standoff comes to an end when Mika and Nanami arrive with their 'secret weapon': Haruka's mother, Akiho, who brings Gentō to heel and makes him leave after apologizing for his outburst.
08
"...Big Bro ☆"
"...Oni〜san☆" (...おに〜さん☆) August 28, 2008
Mika becomes annoyed that the relationship between Yūto and her sister is not progressing as well as she expects, so she forces Yūto to go out on a date with her to teach him tips to get in the right mood with Haruka. During their date, they go to a café, and catch a movie before running into Shiina, which makes Mika jealous. Mika then drags Yūto to a kimono shop and the two are outfitted with brand-new kimonos before heading to the summer festival where they watch fireworks with Haruka, Hazuki, and Nanami who join them. Once school starts again, Shiina volunteers to be one of the organizing members for her class' participation in the upcoming cultural festival, and Yūto is dragooned into working with her.
09
"I Was Happy..."
"Ureshikattan desu..." (嬉しかったんです...) September 4, 2008
Yūto's class decides to do a cosplay café for the school festival. Yūto asks Haruka to go to Akihabara with him to research cosplay costumes. Unknown to Yūto, Haruka had previously made a promise to her father to meet one of his clients, however she decides to go with Yūto to Akihabara instead. Gentō is furious when she does not show, and finds them in Akihabara, but once again Akiho arrives just in time to save them. Later, Haruka makes cookies and goes to give them to Yūto who is working on the cafe at school, and is shocked when she finds Yūto in a compromising position with Shiina.
10
"I Want to Be Together..."
"Issho ni, Itai desu..." (一緒に, いたいです...) September 11, 2008
Haruka flees after seeing Yūto on top of Shiina, but when Yūto tries to explain the situation to her, Haruka says she understands and ends up running back home. The next day during the festival, Yūto finds that Haruka has apparently forgotten about the previous evening, though Shiina is not so sure. Yūto confronts Haruka about the event again, but she tells him she does not want to hear what he has to say and runs off. As he is searching for Haruka, Yūto runs into Hazuki who gives him some advice on how to move forward with Haruka. With Hazuki's help, Yūto finds Haruka behind the gym where he apologizes and assures her that he will not leave her. Afterwards, having missed the folk dance by the bonfire, the two of them dance to the tune of the music box that Yūto gave Haruka as Nanami, Mika, and Hazuki watch from the bushes.
11
"...Sorry For The Wait"
"...Omatase Shimashita" (...お待たせしました) September 18, 2008
Mika calls Yūto late at night to invite him to Haruka's upcoming birthday party. Yūto goes to Akihabara to buy a gift and bumps into Nobunaga, who helps him in choosing the gift. After buying the gift, Yūto comes home where Hazuki and Nanami take him, along with Ruko and Yukari, to the party venue, a remote island. There, Yūto meets up with Mika and Haruka. While enjoying themselves on the beach, Yūto meets an old man and helps him search for his special fish hook. Afterwards Yūto meets some of the guests and runs afoul of a rich arrogant boy, Shute Sutherland, whose comments cause Yūto concern about both his gift for Haruka and his lack of social status.
12
"It's a Secret!"
"Himitsu desu!" (秘密です!) September 25, 2008
The party begins and Mika drags Yūto into the hall. While waiting for his turn to present his gift, Yūto again bumps into Shute and his gift is ridiculed. Yūto becomes insecure and is about to leave when the old man from the seashore helps Yūto regain his confidence. Yūto runs back to Haruka and presents his gift, a Clumsy Aki-chan doll, and Shute is shocked to see how happy it makes her, especially considering how little it costs compared to his lavish gifts. Shute manhandles the old man who appears and reprimands him for his disrespect. He pays for his insolence when the old man is revealed to be Haruka's retired grandfather — technically the most powerful person present — and his own father forces him to publicly apologize to both Haruka's grandfather and Yūto in front of the distinguished crowd. After the party, Yūto is with Haruka in her room and he finally realizes that he was the one who gave Haruka the copy of the first issue of Innocent Smile that kick-started her otaku interests (at Nobunaga's expense).
Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu: Purezza[edit]
#
Title
Original air date
01
"I Want to Go Together..."
"Issho ni, Ikitai desu..." (一緒に、いきたいです...) October 6, 2009
Yūto and Haruka along with several others are invited by Shiina to go on a trip to a hot spring in the mountains. Haruka is especially excited since this is her first trip with friends, due to having her hobby of watching anime being exposed in junior high school. Haruka's maids, including Alistia Rein (aka Alice, eighth-ranking) and her younger sister, Mika, as well as Ruko and Yukari also come along. When everyone is out in town, Yūto tells Haruka about an event close by where they can meet the voice actress of the lead character from her favorite anime, Nocturne Girls' School Lacrosse Club. Nobunaga runs into Yūto and gives him two tickets for the event, as he did not know he had to buy them beforehand. Haruka enjoys the event and treasures it as a precious memory.
02
"Please Put It In..."
"Irete Kudasai..." (入れてください...) October 13, 2009
Yūto and Haruka begin making a dōjinshi together, though Haruka's skill in drawing is still lacking. Nobunaga asks Yūto to cover for him selling dōjinshi for one of his friends' dōjin circles at an upcoming event for Nocturne Girls' School Lacrosse Club. Yūto asks Haruka, who is overjoyed at the prospect of helping out an already established circle, to accompany him. Yūto and Haruka continue their work on Haruka's illustration book of the Nocturne Girls' School Lacrosse Club lead character Haruna, though on the day of the event Haruka's book is not selling. Nobunaga gives Yūto some advice, telling him that half the enjoyment is actually making the dōjinshi and Yūto realizes there are more important things than the book selling or not. Yūto goes back to Haruka and starts promoting Haruka's book, and eventually three people end up buying it. Meanwhile, Ruko and Yukari are doing something unpleasant to Shiina.
03
"Ah, It Hurts..."
"A, Ita..." (あっ、痛...) October 20, 2009
After finding out that Haruka is working to get him a Christmas present, Yūto decides to apply for a well-paying job as a part-time butler. He gets the job, but he must serve the selfish and demanding Touka Tennouji of the Tennouji household, a first-year schoolmate at Yūto's school, whose previous part-time butlers quit after a day or less under her command. Yūto does his best to satisfy Touka's requests, though she is still largely dissatisfied with this efforts. Yūto learns that Touka's family is currently deciding matters of inheritance since her grandfather died recently, and that the strain is having an adverse effect on Touka's emotional state. Through kindness and hard work, Yūto manages to gain Touka's favor, but after Ruko and Yukari invade the Tennouji mansion searching for him to cook for them (and causing severe damage to both the security force and the premises), nearly all of Yūto's pay is withheld in order to cover the costs of the repairs. Nevertheless, Touka offers to give Yūto help in the future.
04
"Yūto's Scent..."
"Yūto-san no Nioi..." (裕人さんのにおい...) October 27, 2009
The Nogizaka family visits Yūto's house for a Christmas party. However, the party is cut short when Yūto faints since he worked himself to exhaustion to earn money to buy Haruka her Christmas present. Yūto regains consciousness after Maria Yukinohara (the fifth-ranking maid) ministers to him. Haruka declares that she will stay by his side in order to nurse him back to health, under the questionable guidance of a handbook that Mika prepared. To preserve the Christmas spirit in spite of Yūto's poor health, Haruka decorates his yard with Christmas lights, and presents him with a necklace with a golden charm as Christmas present. He in turn presents her with his present: a ring (called the Moonlight) which, at Haruka's request, he places on her ring finger. Mika and the maids accentuate the moment by creating artificial snow from the rooftop.
05
"...It's Good..."
"...Ii..." (...いい...) November 3, 2009
Yūto is invited to the annual maid and butler get-together due to his one week job at the Tennouji household. Yūto is introduced to the rest of the Nogizaka family's Maid Team (except for the unfilled post of second-rank maid). He enjoys the party in the company of Alice and meets Minamo Kusumoto (fourth-rank maid). When he wins one of the party games instead of choosing the prize he wanted, he chooses the prize Alice wanted and gives it to her, earning her gratitude and affection, an act that Kusumoto-san notices. The party atmosphere is broken by the arrival of Shute, the same rich boy who caused trouble during Haruka's birthday party, who was ordered by his father to work as a butler for a while as a lesson in humility. After having his suit accidentally dirtied by Alice, Shute shouts at her and steps on the gift Yūto gave her. He goes on to insult the butlers and maids at the party, stating that they are inferior beings. To everyone's surprise Yūto stands up to Shute and endures the humiliation of having a bottle of wine poured over his head. However, Yūto's kind words and his treatment at the hands of Shute inspire the Nogizaka maids to deal with him. Matters turn for the worse for Shute and his lackeys when Shute's father, who has heard his son's lack of civility over the phone, apologizes to the assembled servants and gives them permission to mete out suitable chastisement. Afterwards, Yūto is complimented by all of the other guests, Alice gathers up the courage to actually speak to him (even calling him 'brother') and then the rest of the Nogizaka maid team show up, stating that, begging Haruka-sama's pardon, they are going to express how much they love Yūto too.
06
"My Body Feels Hot..."
"Karada ga, Atsuin desu..." (身体が、熱いんです...) November 10, 2009
It is New Year's Day and everyone has gone to visit the local shrine together. Although Haruka and Yūto were hoping to spend some time together, it is not long before Haruka's admirers, who are hostile to Yūto, whisk her away. Later, after both Haruka and Yūto receive encouraging fortunes courtesy of Mika, Hazuki and Nanami who are aiding Iwai Hinasaki (tenth-ranked maid) by working as shrine miko, Haruka manages to get rid of her admirers. Haruka and Yūto bump into a mysterious girl (the idol, Milan Himemiya), who is running away from someone (an agent, Yayoi Kayahara, who offers her card to Haruka). Haruka's kimono accidentally comes undone, and she redresses in a shed alone with Yūto. Still later, Haruka takes Yūto to the cape where her parents shared their first kiss, so they can watch the new year's first sunrise together.
07
"It Might Have Gone In..."
"Haitchatta ka mo..." (入っちゃったかも...) November 17, 2009
During the New Year's break, Shiina expects something good from the fortune she received at the shrine, and coincidentally runs into Yūto on the street. Her hairpin gets knocked into the river and Yūto goes in to retrieve it; as a thank you gift, Shiina prepares some cooked squid, but hurts her foot in the process. Mai and Ryouko, two of Shiina's friends, and Yūto come to pay her a visit, during which Yūto gives the three girls an unforgettable massage, a "punishment" for losing a game of old maid. Later, Yūto and the others leave for the day, but Yūto comes back because he was worried about Shiina. Yūto helps her by preparing dinner, and the two spend the rest of the night having fun together. On the day Shiina returns to school from the holidays, she is cheerful, and gets giddier with joy when she meets Yūto, even with Haruka near him.
08
"I'll Do It For You..."
"Shite Ageru..." (してあげる...) November 24, 2009
Mika invites Yūto to visit her junior high school which happens to be an all-girls' school. She introduces him to the rest of the girls in her class who are elated to finally meet him. He is surprised to find out that Mika is a popular girl at school; he has difficulty reconciling her usual personality with the fact that she is the student council president for a second year (she was elected in her freshman year and re-elected this year) and school idol, pretty much like her sister, Haruka. After meeting her classmates, Mika and her closer friends take Yūto to their club room where her friends all sit in Yūto's lap (since she has said that his lap is comfortable) much to his and Mika's discomfort. Mika then shows him her script for a play which the girls then proceed to act out. They ask Yūto for his help with acting the male lead, but are interrupted by a call for Mika, as student council president, to meet with the vice-principal. Mika returns from her meeting to find only Yūto waiting for her and they end up getting locked in the club room. The maids find them just in time to witness Mika's attempt to kiss Yūto.
09
"This is My First Experience ☆"
"Hatsutaiken desu ☆" (初体験です☆) December 1, 2009
Haruka and Yūto finally have some time to themselves. They go to the fair to have some fun together where they meet two talent agents, Yayoi Kayahara and Nozomi Kobayakawa, who get Yūto and Haruka to take a photo shoot as a couple. Haruka's picture is taken to capture the moment of her smile (which only happens when she's with Yūto). That night, they ride on the Ferris wheel and confirm their relationship, though not without the hijinks caused by a quite shaky Ferris wheel. Yayoi and Nozomi then formally embark on their real agenda for Haruka: grooming her to be an idol. To her surprise, Haruka later receives a letter saying that she passed the audition for future models.
10
"I Didn't Expect It to Turn Into This..."
"Konna Koto ni Natchatte..." (こんなことになっちゃって...) December 8, 2009
Haruka agrees to participate in the audition as a stand-in when Yayoi and Nozomi claim she was chosen by mistake. Yūto waits as Haruka gets ready, and is told by Yayoi not to interfere. While waiting, Yūto once again bumps into the girl he met at the shrine, who turns out to be the idol, Milan Himemiya. Suddenly, Milan decides she wants Yūto as her manager since her own manager is currently in a different prefecture. Yūto and Milan go around together to a photo shoot, voice acting session and other events. Then Milan and Yūto go to a studio for the Nocturne Girls' School Lacrosse Club where Milan has to perform the anime's theme song, and Yūto is chosen to be a temporary voice actor. After he returns from working as a temporary manager, Yūto overhears Yayoi and Nozomi while they are poring over Haruka's photographs. It becomes clear to him that the talent agency actually wants Haruka to become an idol — something which Milan had tipped him to off earlier. Yayoi and Nozomi demand that Yūto distance himself from Haruka, telling him that Haruka has agreed to this.
11
"I Want to Keep Feeling It..."
"Kanjite Itai desu..." (感じていたいです...) December 15, 2009
Yūto has to make a tough decision of whether to stay with Haruka or leave her alone so that she can become an idol. Shiina is worried about Yūto and Haruka's relationship. Milan gives Yūto invitations to attend her concert on Valentine's Day. The maids investigate and discover that Haruka is unaware of her managers' plan of turning her into an idol, meaning that Yayoi and Nozomi were lying. During the concert, Yūto, with some "on-stage prodding" from Milan, decides to leave so as to go to Haruka's idol audition. Their scheme exposed, Yayoi and Nozomi try desperately to stop Yūto from interfering. Fortunately for him, the Maid Team along with Akiho and Gento arrive to help get the upper hand against them. The final blow comes when the managers are forced out of their own talent agency since Haruka's father has bought it and all associated material in a hostile takeover. Later, at the Nogizaka mansion, while Akiho and Gento are watching Yayoi and Nozomi in a mud wrestling contest on TV, Haruka gives a Valentine's present to Yūto.
12
"It's a Promise"
"Yakusoku desu ♪" (約束です♪) December 22, 2009
Yūto is invited to join the Nogizaka family at a ski resort in the mountains. He thinks it is just a family affair but is disappointed to find out that his entire class is coming. While the group enjoys everything that the resort has to offer, Shiina sees the trip as an opportunity to express her feelings to Yūto, but in an attempt to hug him, she ends up groping Gento. An enraged Akiho catches them in a compromising position and gets the wrong idea, causing Gento to pass on the group's shrine visitation the next day. The next evening, a blizzard arrives and Haruka goes missing on the top of the mountain. Gento sends the Maid Team out to find her. When Yūto, equipped with an insulated polar bear suit, finds her looking for the Moonlight ring he gave her, they both fall down a ridge and become stuck in a cabin. As she is wet and freezing, Haruka takes off her clothes and joins Yūto in his bear suit in just her underwear. However, the two are quickly found, not only because the bear suit has a tracking device, but also because the cabin turns out to be just behind the resort. When asked what they were doing, Yūto and Haruka both answer "It's a secret".
Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu: Finale[edit]
#
Title
Original release date
01
"I Made Another Wonderful Memory ♪"
"Mata Suteki na Omoide ga Dekimashita ♪" (また素敵な思い出ができました♪) August 17, 2012
Yūto and Haruka continue to get closer, while Shiina's feelings for Yūto grow stronger. A meeting to plan for their school trip to Hokkaido is held at Yūto's house, but it soon devolves into a party. Afterwards, Shiina decides to confess to Yūto during the trip. In Hokkaido, Yūto and Haruka spend their free time together, albeit accompanied by Mika, Hazuki, and Nanami, who have tagged along. At day's end, Haruka tells Yūto that she had fun and asks him if they can have another date, which he happily agrees to. Once they return to the hotel, Shiina takes Yūto out into the city and she confesses that she loves him. Haruka, who had followed them, overhears the confession.
02
"I Love You ☆"
"Daisuki desu ☆" (大好きです☆) October 7, 2012
Yūto is unsure of how to respond to Shiina's confession, while Haruka is confused about her own feelings for Yūto. When Mika, Hazuki, and Nanami learn of her plight, Hazuki tells Haruka that they cannot help this time because Haruka must determine how she feels about Yūto on her own. Haruka tries to speak with Yūto, but is unable to do so and is left in tears when Shiina pulls him away. After spending the day with Shiina, Yūto comes to realize the depth of his feelings for Haruka, and parts ways with Shiina to look for Haruka. When he finds her, he confesses his love for her and Haruka reciprocates. They officially become a couple, while agreeing to keep their new relationship secret between themselves. After returning home, Haruka asks Yūto if they can form a doujinshi circle for the upcoming Summer Comiket, and he agrees to it.
03
"I Love Anime"
"Watashi wa, Anime ga Daisuki desu!" (私は、アニメが大好きです!) October 28, 2012
Yūto and Haruka make progress on a scenario for an anime game. They present the completed game at Comiket. Nobunaga then shows up saying that three girls were looking for their stand. When Yūto and Nobunaga arrive with the three girls, Haruka freezes. The girls turn out to be her former "best friends" from when she was in middle school. They have come to apologize for turning their backs on Haruka when her secret was exposed back in middle school (even admitting that they like anime too); Haruka forgives them. As they talk things out, it is revealed that Setsugetsuka Tennouji, Haruka's archrival, influenced everyone to isolate Haruka. Later that night, after their game sells out thanks to Nobunaga's advertising, Mika calls Yūto and informs him that her sister is missing. Just as Yūto is about head over to assist in the search, Akiho calls Yūto that she knows where Haruka is and she is safe, but she is getting married the next day!
04
"The Secret Between the Two of Us ☆"
"Futari Dake no Himitsu, desu ☆" (二人だけの秘密、です☆) November 25, 2012
Setsugetsuka is gloating over having been able to cause Haruka misfortune. The Maid Team arrives at Yūto's house to pick him up and they board a jet to where Haruka is being held with the aim of stopping her marriage. Elsewhere, Touka departs for the marriage location as well. Upon parachuting in and infiltrating the building, the maids and everyone else sacrifice themselves to fight the "Hell Hounds" allowing Yūto and Mika to proceed. Ultimately, Yūto has to fight Haruka's father, while Haruka has to fight her own mother to prove their love. They succeed and come to embrace one another. Everyone then appears and applauds; as it turns out Gento and Akiho had set the whole event up to test how strong the bond between Yūto and Haruka truly is, so they can make an official wedding for them. Setsugetsuka steps in to interfere, summoning the Tennouji clan's knight, but is surprised to learn the knight has already been dealt with by Touka. Haruka and Yūto then get married and are finally able to kiss without interruption.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu cast and staff list" (in Japanese). ASCII Media Works. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu DVD release information" (in Japanese). ASCII Media Works. Archived from the original on September 7, 2009. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
Jump up ^ "Second Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu TV Anime Green-Lit". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
Jump up ^ "New Nogizaka Haruka Anime to Be 4-Part Video Finale". Anime News Network. April 10, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "News" (in Japanese). Studio Barcelona. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Goods" (in Japanese). Studio Barcelona. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
External links[edit]
Anime official website (in Japanese)
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OSI model
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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OSI model
by layer
7. Application layer[show]
NNTP
SIP
SSI
DNS
FTP
Gopher
HTTP
NFS
NTP
SMPP
SMTP
SNMP
Telnet
DHCP
Netconf
more....
6. Presentation layer[show]
MIME
XDR
ASN.1
5. Session layer[show]
Named pipe
NetBIOS
SAP
PPTP
RTP
SOCKS
SPDY
4. Transport layer[show]
TCP
UDP
SCTP
DCCP
SPX
3. Network layer[show]
IP
IPv4
IPv6
ICMP
IPsec
IGMP
IPX
AppleTalk
X.25 PLP
2. Data link layer[show]
ATM
ARP
IS-IS
SDLC
HDLC
CSLIP
SLIP
GFP
PLIP
IEEE 802.2
LLC
MAC
L2TP
IEEE 802.3
Frame Relay
ITU-T G.hn DLL
PPP
X.25 LAPB
Q.921 LAPD
Q.922 LAPF
1. Physical layer[show]
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
ITU-T V-Series
I.430
I.431
PDH
SONET/SDH
PON
OTN
DSL
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.15
IEEE 802.16
IEEE 1394
ITU-T G.hn PHY
USB
Bluetooth
RS-232
RS-449
v
t
e
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven layers.
A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. For example, a layer that provides error-free communications across a network provides the path needed by applications above it, while it calls the next lower layer to send and receive packets that comprise the contents of that path. Two instances at the same layer are visualized as connected by a horizontal connection in that layer.
The model is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection project at the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), maintained by the identification ISO/IEC 7498-1.
Communication in the OSI-Model (example with layers 3 to 5)
Contents
1 History
2 Description of OSI layers
2.1 Layer 1: Physical Layer
2.2 Layer 2: Data Link Layer
2.3 Layer 3: Network Layer
2.4 Layer 4: Transport Layer
2.5 Layer 5: Session Layer
2.6 Layer 6: Presentation Layer
2.7 Layer 7: Application Layer
3 Cross-layer functions
4 Interfaces
5 Examples
6 Comparison with TCP/IP model
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
In the late 1970s, one project was administered by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), while another was undertaken by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT, from French: Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique). These two international standards bodies each developed a document that defined similar networking models.
In 1983, these two documents were merged to form a standard called The Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection. The standard is usually referred to as the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, the OSI Reference Model, or simply the OSI model. It was published in 1984 by both the ISO, as standard ISO 7498, and the renamed CCITT (now called the Telecommunications Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union or ITU-T) as standard X.200.
OSI had two major components, an abstract model of networking, called the Basic Reference Model or seven-layer model, and a set of specific protocols.
The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by the work of Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information Services. Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with the ARPANET, NPLNET, EIN, CYCLADES network and the work in IFIP WG6.1. The new design was documented in ISO 7498 and its various addenda. In this model, a networking system was divided into layers. Within each layer, one or more entities implement its functionality. Each entity interacted directly only with the layer immediately beneath it, and provided facilities for use by the layer above it.
Protocols enable an entity in one host to interact with a corresponding entity at the same layer in another host. Service definitions abstractly described the functionality provided to an (N)-layer by an (N-1) layer, where N was one of the seven layers of protocols operating in the local host.
The OSI standards documents are available from the ITU-T as the X.200-series of recommendations.[1] Some of the protocol specifications were also available as part of the ITU-T X series. The equivalent ISO and ISO/IEC standards for the OSI model were available from ISO. Not all are free of charge.[2]
Description of OSI layers[edit]
The recommendation X.200 describes seven layers, labeled 1 to 7. Layer 1 is the lowest layer in this model.
OSI Model
Layer
Protocol data unit (PDU)
Function[3]
Host
layers
7. Application Data High-level APIs, including resource sharing, remote file access
6. Presentation Translation of data between a networking service and an application; including character encoding, data compression and encryption/decryption
5. Session Managing communication sessions, i.e. continuous exchange of information in the form of multiple back-and-forth transmissions between two nodes
4. Transport Segment, Datagram Reliable transmission of data segments between points on a network, including segmentation, acknowledgement and multiplexing
Media
layers
3. Network Packet Structuring and managing a multi-node network, including addressing, routing and traffic control
2. Data link Frame Reliable transmission of data frames between two nodes connected by a physical layer
1. Physical Symbol Transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium
At each level N, two entities at the communicating devices (layer N peers) exchange protocol data units (PDUs) by means of a layer N protocol. Each PDU contains a payload, called the service data unit (SDU), along with protocol-related headers or footers.
Data processing by two communicating OSI-compatible devices is done as such:
The data to be transmitted is composed at the topmost layer of the transmitting device (layer N) into a protocol data unit (PDU).
The PDU is passed to layer N-1, where it is known as the service data unit (SDU).
At layer N-1 the SDU is concatenated with a header, a footer, or both, producing a layer N-1 PDU. It is then passed to layer N-2.
The process continues until reaching the lowermost level, from which the data is transmitted to the receiving device.
At the receiving device the data is passed from the lowest to the highest layer as a series of SDUs while being successively stripped from each layer's header or footer, until reaching the topmost layer, where the last of the data is consumed.
Some orthogonal aspects, such as management and security, involve all of the layers (See ITU-T X.800 Recommendation[4]). These services are aimed at improving the CIA triad - confidentiality, integrity, and availability - of the transmitted data. In practice, the availability of a communication service is determined by the interaction between network design and network management protocols. Appropriate choices for both of these are needed to protect against denial of service.[citation needed]
Layer 1: Physical Layer[edit]
Main article: Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of unstructured raw data between a device and a physical transmission medium. It converts the digital bits into electrical, radio, or optical signals. Layer specifications define characteristics such as voltage levels, the timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, and physical connectors. This includes the layout of pins, voltages, line impedance, cable specifications, signal timing and frequency for wireless devices. Bit rate control is done at the physical layer and may define transmission mode as simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. The components of a physical layer can be described in terms of a network topology. Bluetooth, Ethernet, and USB all have specifications for a physical layer.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer[edit]
Main article: Data link layer
The data link layer provides node-to-node data transfer—a link between two directly connected nodes. It detects and possibly corrects errors that may occur in the physical layer. It defines the protocol to establish and terminate a connection between two physically connected devices. It also defines the protocol for flow control between them.
IEEE 802 divides the data link layer into two sublayers:[5]
Medium access control (MAC) layer – responsible for controlling how devices in a network gain access to a medium and permission to transmit data.
Logical link control (LLC) layer – responsible for identifying and encapsulating network layer protocols, and controls error checking and frame synchronization.
The MAC and LLC layers of IEEE 802 networks such as 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 Wi-Fi, and 802.15.4 ZigBee operate at the data link layer.
The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer protocol that can operate over several different physical layers, such as synchronous and asynchronous serial lines.
The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed local area networking over existing wires (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables), includes a complete data link layer that provides both error correction and flow control by means of a selective-repeat sliding-window protocol.
Layer 3: Network Layer[edit]
Main article: network layer
The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences (called packets) from one node to another connected in "different networks". A network is a medium to which many nodes can be connected, on which every node has an address and which permits nodes connected to it to transfer messages to other nodes connected to it by merely providing the content of a message and the address of the destination node and letting the network find the way to deliver the message to the destination node, possibly routing it through intermediate nodes. If the message is too large to be transmitted from one node to another on the data link layer between those nodes, the network may implement message delivery by splitting the message into several fragments at one node, sending the fragments independently, and reassembling the fragments at another node. It may, but does not need to, report delivery errors.
Message delivery at the network layer is not necessarily guaranteed to be reliable; a network layer protocol may provide reliable message delivery, but it need not do so.
A number of layer-management protocols, a function defined in the management annex, ISO 7498/4, belong to the network layer. These include routing protocols, multicast group management, network-layer information and error, and network-layer address assignment. It is the function of the payload that makes these belong to the network layer, not the protocol that carries them.[6]
Layer 4: Transport Layer[edit]
Main article: transport layer
The transport layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable-length data sequences from a source to a destination host, while maintaining the quality of service functions.
The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation/desegmentation, and error control. Some protocols are state- and connection-oriented. This means that the transport layer can keep track of the segments and re-transmit those that fail delivery. The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the next data if no errors occurred. The transport layer creates segments out of the message received from the application layer. Segmentation is the process of dividing a long message into smaller messages.
OSI defines five classes of connection-mode transport protocols ranging from class 0 (which is also known as TP0 and provides the fewest features) to class 4 (TP4, designed for less reliable networks, similar to the Internet). Class 0 contains no error recovery, and was designed for use on network layers that provide error-free connections. Class 4 is closest to TCP, although TCP contains functions, such as the graceful close, which OSI assigns to the session layer. Also, all OSI TP connection-mode protocol classes provide expedited data and preservation of record boundaries. Detailed characteristics of TP0-4 classes are shown in the following table:[7]
Feature name
TP0
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4
Connection-oriented network Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Connectionless network No No No No Yes
Concatenation and separation No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Segmentation and reassembly Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Error recovery No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Reinitiate connectiona No Yes No Yes No
Multiplexing / demultiplexing over single virtual circuit No No Yes Yes Yes
Explicit flow control No No Yes Yes Yes
Retransmission on timeout No No No No Yes
Reliable transport service No Yes No Yes Yes
a If an excessive number of PDUs are unacknowledged.
An easy way to visualize the transport layer is to compare it with a post office, which deals with the dispatch and classification of mail and parcels sent. A post office inspects only the outer envelope of mail to determine its delivery. Higher layers may have the equivalent of double envelopes, such as cryptographic presentation services that can be read by the addressee only. Roughly speaking, tunneling protocols operate at the transport layer, such as carrying non-IP protocols such as IBM's SNA or Novell's IPX over an IP network, or end-to-end encryption with IPsec. While Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) might seem to be a network-layer protocol, if the encapsulation of the payload takes place only at the endpoint, GRE becomes closer to a transport protocol that uses IP headers but contains complete Layer 2 frames or Layer 3 packets to deliver to the endpoint. L2TP carries PPP frames inside transport segments.
Although not developed under the OSI Reference Model and not strictly conforming to the OSI definition of the transport layer, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) of the Internet Protocol Suite are commonly categorized as layer-4 protocols within OSI.
Layer 5: Session Layer[edit]
Main article: session layer
The session layer controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and establishes checkpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. The OSI model made this layer responsible for graceful close of sessions, which is a property of the Transmission Control Protocol, and also for session checkpointing and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet Protocol Suite. The session layer is commonly implemented explicitly in application environments that use remote procedure calls.
Layer 6: Presentation Layer[edit]
Main article: presentation layer
The presentation layer establishes context between application-layer entities, in which the application-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation protocol data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units and passed down the protocol stack.
This layer provides independence from data representation by translating between application and network formats. The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application accepts. This layer formats data to be sent across a network. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.[8] The presentation layer can include compression functions.[9] The Presentation Layer negotiates the Transfer Syntax.
The original presentation structure used the Basic Encoding Rules of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), with capabilities such as converting an EBCDIC-coded text file to an ASCII-coded file, or serialization of objects and other data structures from and to XML. ASN.1 effectively makes an application protocol invariant with respect to syntax.
Layer 7: Application Layer[edit]
Main article: application layer
The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application. This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component. Such application programs fall outside the scope of the OSI model. Application-layer functions typically include identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and synchronizing communication. When identifying communication partners, the application layer determines the identity and availability of communication partners for an application with data to transmit. The most important distinction in the application layer is the distinction between the application-entity and the application. For example, a reservation website might have two application-entities: one using HTTP to communicate with its users, and one for a remote database protocol to record reservations. Neither of these protocols have anything to do with reservations. That logic is in the application itself. The application layer per se has no means to determine the availability of resources in the network.
Cross-layer functions[edit]
Cross-layer functions are services that are not tied to a given layer, but may affect more than one layer. Examples include the following:
Security service (telecommunication)[4] as defined by ITU-T X.800 recommendation.
Management functions, i.e. functions that permit to configure, instantiate, monitor, terminate the communications of two or more entities: there is a specific application-layer protocol, common management information protocol (CMIP) and its corresponding service, common management information service (CMIS), they need to interact with every layer in order to deal with their instances.
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) MPLS, ATM, and X.25 are 3a protocols. OSI divides the Network Layer into 3 roles: 3a) Subnetwork Access, 3b) Subnetwork Dependent Convergence and 3c) Subnetwork Independent Convergence. It was designed to provide a unified data-carrying service for both circuit-based clients and packet-switching clients which provide a datagram-based service model. It can be used to carry many different kinds of traffic, including IP packets, as well as native ATM, SONET, and Ethernet frames. Sometimes one sees reference to a Layer 2.5.
ARP determines the mapping of an IPv4 address to the underlying MAC address. This is not a translation function. If it were IPv4 and the MAC address would be at the same layer. The implementation of the MAC protocol decodes the MAC PDU and delivers the User-Data to the IP-layer. Because Ethernet is a multi-access media, a device sending a PDU on an Ethernet frame needs to know what IP address maps to what MAC address.
DHCP assigns IPv4 addresses to new systems joining a network. There is no means to derive or obtain an IPv4 address from an Ethernet address.
Domain Name Service is an Application Layer service which is used to look up the IP address of a given domain name. Once a reply is received from the DNS server, it is then possible to form a Layer 4 connection or flow to the desired host. There are no connections at Layer 3.
Cross MAC and PHY Scheduling is essential in wireless networks because of the time varying nature of wireless channels. By scheduling packet transmission only in favorable channel conditions, which requires the MAC layer to obtain channel state information from the PHY layer, network throughput can be significantly improved and energy waste can be avoided.[10]
Interfaces[edit]
Neither the OSI Reference Model nor OSI protocols specify any programming interfaces, other than deliberately abstract service specifications. Protocol specifications precisely define the interfaces between different computers, but the software interfaces inside computers, known as network sockets are implementation-specific.
For example, Microsoft Windows' Winsock, and Unix's Berkeley sockets and System V Transport Layer Interface, are interfaces between applications (layer 5 and above) and the transport (layer 4). NDIS and ODI are interfaces between the media (layer 2) and the network protocol (layer 3).
Interface standards, except for the physical layer to media, are approximate implementations of OSI service specifications.
Examples[edit]
Layer
OSI protocols
TCP/IP protocols
Signaling
System 7[11]
AppleTalk
IPX
SNA
UMTS
Miscellaneous examples
No.
Name
7 Application
FTAM
X.400
X.500
DAP
ROSE
RTSE
ACSE[12]
CMIP[13]
INAP
MAP
TCAP
ISUP
TUP
AFP
ZIP
RTMP
NBP
SAP
APPC
HL7
Modbus
HTTP
6 Presentation
ISO/IEC 8823
X.226

ISO/IEC 9576-1
X.236
MIME
SSL
TLS
XDR
AFP
TDI
ASCII
EBCDIC
MIDI
MPEG
5 Session
ISO/IEC 8327
X.225

ISO/IEC 9548-1
X.235
Sockets (session establishment in TCP / RTP / PPTP)
ASP
ADSP
PAP
NWLink
DLC?
Named pipes
NetBIOS
SAP
half duplex
full duplex
simplex
RPC
SOCKS
4 Transport
ISO/IEC 8073
TP0
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4 (X.224)
ISO/IEC 8602
X.234
TCP
UDP
SCTP
DCCP
DDP
SPX
NBF
3 Network
ISO/IEC 8208
X.25 (PLP)

ISO/IEC 8878
X.223
ISO/IEC 8473-1
CLNP X.233
ISO/IEC 10589
IS-IS
IP
IPsec
ICMP
IGMP
OSPF
RIP
SCCP
MTP
ATP (TokenTalk / EtherTalk)
IPX
RRC / BMC
NBF
Q.931
NDP
IS-IS
2 Data link
ISO/IEC 7666
X.25 (LAPB)

Token Bus
X.222
ISO/IEC 8802-2
LLC (type 1 / 2)[14]
PPP
SBTV
SLIP
MTP
Q.710
LocalTalk
ARA
PPP
IEEE 802.3 framing
Ethernet II framing
SDLC
PDCP[15]
LLC
MAC
ARP
ARQ
ATM
Bit stuffing
CDP
CRC
DOCSIS
FDDI
FDP
Fibre Channel
Frame Relay
HDP
HDLC
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n (Ethernet MAC and LLC)
IEEE 802.1Q (VLAN)
ISL
ITU-T G.hn DLL
Linux interface bonding
PPP
Q.921
Token Ring
1 Physical
X.25 (X.21bis
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
EIA-530
G.703)[14]
MTP
Q.710
RS-232
RS-422
PhoneNet
Twinax
UMTS air interfaces
RS-232
Full duplex
RJ45 (8P8C)
V.35
V.34
I.430
I.431
T1
E1
10BASE-T
100BASE-TX
1000BASE-T
POTS
SONET
SDH
DSL
802.11a/b/g/n PHY
ITU-T G.hn PHY
CAN bus
DOCSIS
DWDM
OTN
Comparison with TCP/IP model[edit]
The design of protocols in the TCP/IP model of the Internet does not concern itself with strict hierarchical encapsulation and layering.[16] RFC 3439 contains a section entitled "Layering considered harmful".[17] TCP/IP does recognize four broad layers of functionality which are derived from the operating scope of their contained protocols: the scope of the software application; the end-to-end transport connection; the internetworking range; and the scope of the direct links to other nodes on the local network.[18]
Despite using a different concept for layering than the OSI model, these layers are often compared with the OSI layering scheme in the following way:
The Internet application layer includes the OSI application layer, presentation layer, and most of the session layer.
Its end-to-end transport layer includes the graceful close function of the OSI session layer as well as the OSI transport layer.
The internetworking layer (Internet layer) is a subset of the OSI network layer.
The link layer includes the OSI data link layer and sometimes the physical layers, as well as some protocols of the OSI's network layer.
These comparisons are based on the original seven-layer protocol model as defined in ISO 7498, rather than refinements in such things as the internal organization of the network layer document.[citation needed]
The presumably strict layering of the OSI model as it is usually described does not present contradictions in TCP/IP, as it is permissible that protocol usage does not follow the hierarchy implied in a layered model. Such examples exist in some routing protocols (for example OSPF), or in the description of tunneling protocols, which provide a link layer for an application, although the tunnel host protocol might well be a transport or even an application-layer protocol in its own right.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Computing portal
Layer 8
Hierarchical internetworking model
Management plane
Service layer
Protocol stacks
IBM Systems Network Architecture
Internet protocol suite
WAP protocol suite
Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (RINA)
List of information technology initialisms
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ITU-T X-Series Recommendations
Jump up ^ "Publicly Available Standards". Standards.iso.org. 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
Jump up ^ "The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained". Microsoft Support. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "ITU-T Recommendataion X.800 (03/91), Security architecture for Open Systems Interconnection for CCITT applications". ITU. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "5.2 RM description for end stations". IEEE Std 802-2014, IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture. ieee.
Jump up ^ International Organization for Standardization (1989-11-15). "ISO/IEC 7498-4:1989 -- Information technology -- Open Systems Interconnection -- Basic Reference Model: Naming and addressing". ISO Standards Maintenance Portal. ISO Central Secretariat. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
Jump up ^ "ITU-T Recommendation X.224 (11/1995) ISO/IEC 8073, Open Systems Interconnection - Protocol for providing the connection-mode transport service". ITU.
Jump up ^ Grigonis, Richard (2000). Computer telephony- encyclopaedia. CMP. p. 331. ISBN 9781578200450.
Jump up ^ "ITU-T X.200 - Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Basic Reference Model: The basic model".
Jump up ^ Miao, Guowang; Song, Guocong (2014). Energy and spectrum efficient wireless network design. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1107039886.
Jump up ^ "ITU-T Recommendation Q.1400 (03/1993)], Architecture framework for the development of signaling and OA&M protocols using OSI concepts". ITU. pp. 4, 7.
Jump up ^ ITU Rec. X.227 (ISO 8650), X.217 (ISO 8649).
Jump up ^ X.700 series of recommendations from the ITU-T (in particular X.711) and ISO 9596.
^ Jump up to: a b "Internetworking Technology Handbook - Internetworking Basics [Internetworking]". Cisco. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "3GPP specification: 36.300". 3gpp.org. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ RFC 3439
Jump up ^ "RFC 3439 - Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy". ietf.org. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Walter Goralski. The Illustrated Network: How TCP/IP Works in a Modern Network (PDF). Morgan Kaufmann. p. 26. ISBN 978-0123745415.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to OSI model.
Microsoft Knowledge Base: The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained
ISO/IEC standard 7498-1:1994 (PDF document inside ZIP archive) (requires HTTP cookies in order to accept licence agreement)
ITU-T X.200 (the same contents as from ISO)
"INFormation CHanGe Architectures and Flow Charts powered by Google App Engine". infchg.appspot.com. The ISO OSI Reference Model, Beluga graph of data units and groups of layers. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26.
Zimmermann, Hubert (April 1980). "OSI Reference Model — The ISO Model of Architecture for Open Systems Interconnection". IEEE Transactions on Communications. 28 (4): 425–432. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.136.9497  . doi:10.1109/TCOM.1980.1094702.
Cisco Systems Internetworking Technology Handbook
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text:
Iraq–Serbia relations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Iraqi–Serbian relations

Iraq

Serbia
Iraqi–Serbian relations are foreign relations between Iraq and Serbia. Iraq has an embassy in Belgrade,[1] and Serbia has an embassy in Baghdad.[2]
In recent times, relations between Iraq and Serbia consist of mostly military trade. In 2010, Serbian foreign Minister Vuk Jeremić said after talks with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki that Serbia and Iraq share a common stance on international law and issues of territorial integrity and sovereignty.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Yugoslav relations with Ba'ath-era Iraq
1.2 Boka Star seizure
2 Trade
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Yugoslav relations with Ba'ath-era Iraq[edit]
The state of Yugoslavia established a large engineering and technology presence in Iraq from when Saddam Hussein entered office in his country.[4][5] Upon the 2003 Iraq invasion, Western military analysts referred to maps and advice from former engineers of the now-defunct[6] Serbian company Aeroinzenjering, which had built Saddam Hussein's underground bunkers along with many airports in Iraq by the 1980s.[7]
Later on, in the 1990s when FR Yugoslavia was isolated by Western sanctions, Belgrade-based Yugoimport designed and built Ba'ath party headquarters in Baghdad along with an additional five underground bunkers for Saddam Hussein; Yugoimport's blueprints of the bunkers in which Hussein and loyalists hid during the United States merited enough importance that they were handed over to the United States when the invasion began.[8]
A rumor was speculated by the media in 1999 during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia when Serbia's Slobodan Milošević and Iraq's Saddam Hussein allegedly negotiated a discreet military alliance that would improve their ability to defy the West and withstand Allied bombing attacks, along with low-profile support from Russia and China, according to reports from London.[9]
Boka Star seizure[edit]
Main article: Boka Star
In 2002, a Yugoslav ship Boka Star, owned by a Montenegrin named Marko Balić was seized by the United States Navy after it was tipped off to have a large weapons shipment to Iraq. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was one of the only countries in the world to have continued military shipments to Iraq during sanctions against Iraq and the Hussein regime.[10] The shipment was attempted just a year before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Trade[edit]
In March 2008, Serbia signed a $235 million-dollar deal to export weapons and military equipment to Iraq.[11] The deal included the delivery of 20 Utva Lasta aircraft to the Iraqi Air Force,[12] all of which were delivered by early 2012.[13] Information was presented by Serbia's defense minister Dragan Šutanovac.[14] The two nations also stated the wish to plan to bolster defense ties, which would possibly include joint weapons production.[15]
See also[edit]
Foreign relations of Iraq
Foreign relations of Serbia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ www.embassypages.com – Embassy of Iraq in Serbia
Jump up ^ www.embassypages.com – Embassy of Serbia in Iraq
Jump up ^ Serbia-Iraq will raise relations to ambassador level
Jump up ^ Serb boss links to Saddam bunkers – 2002 – The Free Library
Jump up ^ Pravda – English – Tito's bunker in Bosnia may help liquidate Hussein (January 9, 2003)
Jump up ^ B92 Biz – Kreditom kupujemo Aeroinzenjering (Serbian)
Jump up ^ Canada.com – Iraqi bunkers called virtually indestructible
Jump up ^ Time – Iraq's bunker busters – May 26, 2003
Jump up ^ Serbia, Iraq reportedly forging alliance
Jump up ^ "Arrest warrant for Boka Star owner". Maritime News. JOC. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Fox News – Serbia seals Multimillion Arms deal with Iraq – March 28, 2008
Jump up ^ Flight Global- Iraqi Air Force receives second batch of Serbian Lasta 95 trainers
Jump up ^ Novosti – Iraqis fly Serbian planes (Serbian) – February 8, 2012
Jump up ^ Serbia: Iraq buys $230 million worth of weapons
Jump up ^ Iraq, Serbia Bolster Defense Ties
External links[edit]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq–Serbia_relations&oldid=747915614"
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