text:
Connective tissue
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Connective tissue
Section of epididymis. Connective tissue (blue) is seen supporting the epithelium (purple)
Identifiers
FMA
9640
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelope the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue.
All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers),[1] ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood[2] or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
The cells of connective tissue include fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells and leucocytes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Characteristics
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Staining of connective tissue
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 External links
Structure[edit]
Connective tissue can be broadly subdivided into connective tissue proper, and special connective tissue.[3][4] Connective tissue proper consists of loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue (which is further subdivided into dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues.)[5] Special connective tissue consists of reticular connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.[6] Other kinds of connective tissues include fibrous, elastic, and lymphoid connective tissues.[7] New vascularised connective tissue that forms in the process of wound healing is termed granulation tissue.[8] Fibroblasts are the cells responsible for the production of some CT.
Type I collagen is present in many forms of connective tissue, and makes up about 25% of the total protein content of the mammalian body.[9]
Characteristics[edit]
Characteristics of CT:
Cells are spread through an extracellular fluid.
Ground substance - A clear, colorless, and viscous fluid containing glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans to fix the body water and the collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces. Ground substance slows the spread of pathogens.
Fibers. Not all types of CT are fibrous. Examples of non-fibrous CT include adipose tissue and blood. Adipose tissue gives "mechanical cushioning" to the body, among other functions.[10][11] Although there is no dense collagen network in adipose tissue, groups of adipose cells are kept together by collagen fibers and collagen sheets in order to keep fat tissue under compression in place (for example, the sole of the foot). The matrix of blood is plasma.
Both the ground substance and proteins (fibers) create the matrix for CT. Connective tissues are derived from the mesenchyme.
Types of fibers:
Tissue
Purpose
Components
Location
Collagenous fibers Bind bones and other tissues to each other Alpha polypeptide chains tendon, ligament, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, gut, and intervertebral disc.
Elastic fibers Allow organs like arteries and lungs to recoil Elastic microfibril and elastin extracellular matrix
Reticular fibers Form a scaffolding for other cells Type III collagen liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs
Function[edit]
Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions that depend on the types of cells and the different classes of fibers involved. Loose and dense irregular connective tissue, formed mainly by fibroblasts and collagen fibers, have an important role in providing a medium for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from capillaries to cells, and carbon dioxide and waste substances to diffuse from cells back into circulation. They also allow organs to resist stretching and tearing forces. Dense regular connective tissue, which forms organized structures, is a major functional component of tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses, and is also found in highly specialized organs such as the cornea.[12]:161 Elastic fibers, made from elastin and fibrillin, also provide resistance to stretch forces.[12]:171 They are found in the walls of large blood vessels and in certain ligaments, particularly in the ligamenta flava.[12]:173
In hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues, reticular fibers made by reticular cells provide the stroma—or structural support—for the parenchyma—or functional part—of the organ.[12]:171
Mesenchyme is a type of connective tissue found in developing organs of embryos that is capable of differentiation into all types of mature connective tissue.[13] Another type of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue is mucous connective tissue, found inside the umbilical cord.[12]:160
Various types of specialized tissues and cells are classified under the spectrum of connective tissue, and are as diverse as brown and white adipose tissue, blood, cartilage and bone.[12]:158 Cells of the immune system, such as macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells and eosinophils are found scattered in loose connective tissue, providing the ground for starting inflammatory and immune responses upon the detection of antigens.[12]:161
Clinical significance[edit]
Main articles: Connective tissue disease and Connective tissue neoplasm
It is estimated that 1 in 10 people have a connective tissue disorder.[14][better source needed] Diseases of connective tissue include:
Connective tissue neoplasms including sarcomas such as hemangiopericytoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in nervous tissue.
Congenital diseases include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.
Myxomatous degeneration – a pathological weakening of connective tissue.
Mixed connective tissue disease – a disease of the autoimmune system, also undifferentiated connective tissue disease.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – a major autoimmune disease of connective tissue
Scurvy, caused by a deficiency of vitamin C which is necessary for the synthesis of collagen.
Staining of connective tissue[edit]
For microscopic viewing, most of the connective tissue staining-techniques, colour tissue fibers in contrasting shades. Collagen may be differentially stained by any of the following:
Van Gieson's stain
Masson's trichrome stain
Mallory's trichrome stain
Aniline blue stain
Eosin
Reticulin stain
See also[edit]
Connective tissue in skeletal muscle
Endometrium
Fascia
Parametrium
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "Connective Tissue Study Guide". 2 January 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Dorland, W. A. Newman (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 1931. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Shostak, Stanley. "Connective Tissues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Carol Mattson Porth; Glenn Matfin (1 October 2010). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-1-58255-724-3. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Potter, Hugh. "The Connective Tissues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Caceci, Thomas. "Connective Tisues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ King, David. "Histology Intro". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Granulation Tissue Definition". Memidex. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Di Lullo; G. A. (2002). "Mapping the Ligand-binding Sites and Disease-associated Mutations on the Most Abundant Protein in the Human, Type I Collagen". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (6): 4223–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110709200. PMID 11704682.
Jump up ^ Xu, H.; et al. (2008). "Monitoring Tissue Engineering Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 106 (6): 515–527. doi:10.1263/jbb.106.515. PMID 19134545.
Jump up ^ Laclaustra, M.; et al. (2007). "Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology: The role of adiposetissue". Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 17 (2): 125–139. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2006.10.005. PMID 17270403.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ross M, Pawlina W (2011). Histology: A Text and Atlas (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 158–197. ISBN 978-0-7817-7200-6.
Jump up ^ Young B, Woodford P, O'Dowd G (2013). Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas (6th ed.). Elsevier. p. 65. ISBN 978-0702047473.
Jump up ^ EDS Awareness.com (2012). "EDS Awareness Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome." Acquired by (EDSawareness.com)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Connective tissues.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Connective Tissue
Overview at kumc.edu
UIUC Histology Subject 230
Connective tissue atlas at uiowa.edu
Questions and Answers about Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue - US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
Connective Tissue Photomicrographs
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Bob Dylan: The Complete Album Collection Vol. One
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Complete Album Collection Vol. One
Box set by Bob Dylan
Released
November 4, 2013 (2013-11-04)
Recorded
1962–2012
Genre
Rock, folk, blues, country, gospel
Length
2078:43
Label
Columbia Records
Producer
John Hammond, Tom Wilson, Bob Johnston, Gordon Carroll, Rob Fraboni, Bob Dylan, The Band, Don DeVito, Barry Beckett, Jerry Wexler, Chuck Plotkin, Robert "Bumps" Blackwell, Mark Knopfler, Glyn Johns, John Cutler, Daniel Lanois, Jack Frost, Don Was, David Was, Debbie Gold, Jeff Rosen
Bob Dylan chronology
The Bootleg Series Vol. 10
(2013) The Complete Album Collection Vol. One
(2013) The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963
(2013)
The Complete Album Collection Vol. One is a forty-seven disc box set released on November 4, 2013 by Bob Dylan. It includes thirty-five studio albums released between 1962 and 2012, six live albums, and a compilation album, Side Tracks, which contains previously released material unavailable on regular studio albums. This box set makes the compilations Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits, Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II, Biograph, Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Volume 3 and The Essential Bob Dylan obsolete.
This release is the first time that the 1973 album Dylan has been released on CD in North America. Fourteen of the albums have been remastered for this release.[1] Also included was a hardcover book featuring extensive new album-by-album liner notes penned by Clinton Heylin and a new introduction written by Bill Flanagan.
Despite the "completeness" of this collection there are still several released songs missing from this collection:
"Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues" (live B-side single version)
"If You Gotta Go, Go Now"
"Spanish is the Loving Tongue" (B-side single version)
"George Jackson" ("Big Band" single version)
"Rita May"
"Trouble in Mind"
"Let It Be Me" (B-side version)
"Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground"
"Band of the Hand"
"Shelter from the Storm" (alternate version from the Jerry Maguire soundtrack)
"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (Mark Ronson Re-version)
The Bob Dylan Complete Album Collection Vol. One was also available as a limited-edition harmonica-shaped USB stick containing all the music, in both MP3 and FLAC lossless formats, with a digital version of the hardcover booklet, housed in a deluxe numbered box.
Contents
[hide]
1 Contents
2 Side Tracks
2.1 Disc one
2.2 Disc two
3 References
Contents[edit]
Disc #
Album
Year
Version
Disc 1 Bob Dylan 1962 2005 Remaster
Disc 2 The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan 1963 2003 Remaster
Disc 3 The Times They Are a-Changin' 1964 2005 Remaster
Disc 4 Another Side of Bob Dylan 2003 Remaster
Disc 5 Bringing It All Back Home 1965
Disc 6 Highway 61 Revisited
Disc 7 Blonde on Blonde 1966
Disc 8
Disc 9 John Wesley Harding 1967
Disc 10 Nashville Skyline 1969
Disc 11 Self Portrait 1970 2013 Remaster
Disc 12 New Morning 2009 Remaster
Disc 13 Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid 1973 2013 Remaster
Disc 14 Dylan
Disc 15 Planet Waves 1974 2003 Remaster
Disc 16 Before the Flood 2009 Remaster
Disc 17
Disc 18 Blood on the Tracks 1975 2003 Remaster
Disc 19 The Basement Tapes 2009 Remaster
Disc 20
Disc 21 Desire 1976 2003 Remaster
Disc 22 Hard Rain 2013 Remaster
Disc 23 Street-Legal 1978
Disc 24 Bob Dylan at Budokan 1979
Disc 25
Disc 26 Slow Train Coming 2003 Remaster
Disc 27 Saved 1980 2013 Remaster
Disc 28 Shot of Love 1981 Original CD master
Disc 29 Infidels 1983 2003 Remaster
Disc 30 Real Live 1984 2013 Remaster
Disc 31 Empire Burlesque 1985
Disc 32 Knocked Out Loaded 1986
Disc 33 Down in the Groove 1988
Disc 34 Dylan & the Dead 1989 2009 Remaster
Disc 35 Oh Mercy 2003 Remaster
Disc 36 Under the Red Sky 1990 2013 Remaster
Disc 37 Good as I Been to You 1992
Disc 38 World Gone Wrong 1993
Disc 39 MTV Unplugged 1995 Original CD master
Disc 40 Time Out of Mind 1997
Disc 41 Love and Theft 2001 2003 Remaster
Disc 42 Modern Times 2006 Original CD master
Disc 43 Together Through Life 2009
Disc 44 Christmas in the Heart
Disc 45 Tempest 2012
Disc 46 Side Tracks 2013 2013 Remaster
Disc 47
Side Tracks[edit]
Side Tracks
Compilation album by Bob Dylan
Released
November 4, 2013
Recorded
1962–2000
Genre
Rock
Bob Dylan chronology
The Bootleg Series Vol. 10
(2013) Side Tracks
(2013) The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963
(2013)
All songs written and composed by Bob Dylan, except where noted.
Disc one[edit]
"Baby, I'm in the Mood for You" – 2:57
"Mixed-Up Confusion" – 2:24
"Tomorrow Is a Long Time" (live) – 3:03
"Lay Down Your Weary Tune" – 4:37
"Percy's Song" – 7:42
"I'll Keep It with Mine" – 3:45
"Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?" – 3:34
"Positively 4th Street" – 4:10
"Jet Pilot" – 0:51
"I Wanna Be Your Lover" – 3:27
"I Don't Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met)" (live) – 5:20
"Visions of Johanna" (live) – 7:31
"Quinn the Eskimo" – 2:18
"Watching the River Flow" – 3:35
"When I Paint My Masterpiece" – 3:21
Disc two[edit]
"Down in the Flood" – 2:49
"I Shall Be Released" – 3:03
"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere" – 2:45
"George Jackson" (acoustic version) – 3:38
"Forever Young" (demo version) – 2:02
"You're a Big Girl Now" (alternate version) – 4:22
"Up to Me" – 6:18
"Abandoned Love" – 4:28
"Isis" (Dylan/Jacques Levy) (live) – 5:19
"Romance in Durango" (Dylan/Levy) (live) – 4:38
"Caribbean Wind" – 5:52
"Heart of Mine" (live) – 3:43
"Series of Dreams" – 5:53
"Dignity" – 5:35
"Things Have Changed" – 5:07
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen (November 9, 2013). "Bob Dylan: The Complete Albums Collection, Vol. 1". allmusic.com. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
[hide]
v
t
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Bob Dylan
Discography
Awards
Bibliography
Songs written by Dylan
Studio albums
Bob Dylan
The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan
The Times They Are a-Changin'
Another Side of Bob Dylan
Bringing It All Back Home
Highway 61 Revisited
Blonde on Blonde
John Wesley Harding
Nashville Skyline
Self Portrait
New Morning
Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid
Dylan
Planet Waves
Blood on the Tracks
The Basement Tapes
Desire
Street-Legal
Slow Train Coming
Saved
Shot of Love
Infidels
Empire Burlesque
Knocked Out Loaded
Down in the Groove
Oh Mercy
Under the Red Sky
Good as I Been to You
World Gone Wrong
Time Out of Mind
Love and Theft
Modern Times
Together Through Life
Christmas in the Heart
Tempest
Shadows in the Night
Fallen Angels
Triplicate
Live albums
Before the Flood
Hard Rain
Bob Dylan at Budokan
Real Live
Dylan & the Dead
The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration
MTV Unplugged
Live 1961–2000: Thirty-Nine Years of Great Concert Performances
Live at The Gaslight 1962
Live at Carnegie Hall 1963
In Concert – Brandeis University 1963
The 1966 Live Recordings
Compilations
Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits
Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II
Dylan
The Basement Tapes
Masterpieces
Biograph
Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Volume 3
The Best of Bob Dylan (1997)
The Best of Bob Dylan, Vol. 2
The Essential Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan: The Collection
The Best of Bob Dylan (2005)
Blues
Dylan
The Original Mono Recordings
The 50th Anniversary Collection
Bob Dylan: The Complete Album Collection Vol. One
The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963
The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964
Bootlegs
Great White Wonder
List of Basement Tapes songs (1967,1975)
The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991
Volume 4: The Royal Albert Hall concert
Vol. 5: Bob Dylan Live 1975, The Rolling Thunder Revue
Vol. 6: Bob Dylan Live 1964, Concert at Philharmonic Hall
Vol. 7: No Direction Home: The Soundtrack
Vol. 8: Tell Tale Signs: Rare and Unreleased 1989–2006
Vol. 9: The Witmark Demos: 1962–1964
Vol. 10: Another Self Portrait (1969–1971)
Vol. 11: The Basement Tapes Complete
Vol. 12: The Cutting Edge 1965–1966
Vol. 13: Trouble No More 1979–1981
Concert tours
England Tour (1965)
World Tour (1966)
Tour with The Band (1974)
Rolling Thunder Revue (1975–1976)
World Tour (1978)
Gospel Tour (1979–1980)
World Tour (1981)
European Tour (1984)
True Confessions Tour (1986)
Tour with the Grateful Dead (1987)
Temples in Flames Tour (1987)
Never Ending Tour
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Films
Dont Look Back
Eat the Document
Renaldo and Clara
Hard to Handle
The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration
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Oath of office of the President of the United States
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Chief Justice John Roberts administering the presidential oath of office to Donald Trump on January 20, 2017.
The oath of office of the President of the United States is the oath or affirmation that the President of the United States takes after assuming the presidency but before carrying out any duties of the office. The wording of the oath is specified in Article II, Section One, Clause 8, of the United States Constitution.
This clause is one of two oath or affirmation clauses, but it alone actually specifies the words that must be spoken. The other, Article VI, Clause 3, simply requires the persons specified therein to "be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution." The presidential oath, on the other hand, requires much more than this general oath of allegiance and fidelity. This clause enjoins the new president to swear or affirm that he "will to the best of his ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Administration of the oath
2.1 Option of taking an oath or an affirmation
2.2 Forms of administering the oath
3 Use of Bibles
4 "So help me God"
5 Oath mishaps
6 List of oath takings
6.1 Notes
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Text[edit]
Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."[2]
Administration of the oath[edit]
Franklin D. Roosevelt being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes on March 4, 1933, the first of Roosevelt's four presidential inaugurations.
While the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the presidential oath of office, it is typically administered by the Chief Justice. There have been several exceptions, however. George Washington was sworn into office during his first inauguration, on April 30, 1789, by Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston.[3][4] William Cranch, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath to Millard Fillmore on July 10, 1850, when he became president after the death of Zachary Taylor.[5] Upon being informed of Warren Harding's death, while visiting his family home in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a notary public.[6][7] Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Force One after John F. Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. This was the first (and to date only) time a woman administered the oath of office. Overall, the presidential oath has been administered by 15 Chief Justices (one of whom—William Howard Taft—was also a former president), one Associate Justice, four federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public.
Option of taking an oath or an affirmation[edit]
The Constitutional language gives the option to "affirm" instead of "swear". While the reasons for this are not documented, it may relate to certain Christians, including Quakers, who apply this scripture literally: "But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation" (James 5:12, KJV).[8] Franklin Pierce was the only president known to use the word "affirm" rather than "swear." Herbert Hoover is often listed to have used "affirm" as well, owing to his being a Quaker, but a newsreel taken of the ceremony indicates that the words used were "solemnly swear."[9] Richard Nixon, who was also a Quaker, also swore, rather than affirm.[10][11]
Forms of administering the oath[edit]
There have been two forms of administering, and taking, the oath of office.
Under the first form, now in disuse, the administrator articulated the constitutional oath in the form of a question, and modifying the wording from the first to the second person, as in, "Do you, George Washington, solemnly swear ..." and then requested an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completed the oath.[citation needed]
It is believed that this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God."[12] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear ...",[13] Hoover replied with a simple "I do".[14]
Under the second, and current form, the administrator articulates the oath in the affirmative, and in the first person, so that the president takes the oath by repeating it verbatim.[citation needed] Franklin Roosevelt, in 1933, stood silent as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes recited the entire oath, then repeated that oath from beginning to end himself.[15] By the time of Harry Truman's inauguration in 1949, the practice was for the Chief Justice to utter the oath in phrases, with the president-elect repeating those phrases, until the oath was completed.[16]
Use of Bibles[edit]
By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible or other book while taking the oath of office. In 1789, George Washington took the oath of office with an altar Bible borrowed from the St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons lodge in New York, and he kissed the Bible afterward.[17][18] Subsequent presidents up to and including Harry Truman, followed suit.[19] Dwight Eisenhower broke that tradition in 1953 when he said a prayer instead of kissing the Bible.[20]
Theodore Roosevelt did not use a Bible when taking the oath in 1901.[21] Both John Quincy Adams and Franklin Pierce [22] swore on a book of law, with the intention that they were swearing on the constitution.[23] Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in on a Roman Catholic missal on Air Force One.[24] Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump each swore the oath on two Bibles.[21]
"So help me God"[edit]
Further information: So help me God § United States, and Oath
George H. W. Bush being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice William Rehnquist on January 20, 1989.
It is uncertain how many presidents used a Bible or added the words "So help me God" at the end of the oath, or in their acceptance of the oath, as neither is required by law; unlike many other federal oaths which do include the phrase "So help me God."[25] There is currently debate as to whether or not George Washington, the first president, added the phrase to his acceptance of the oath. No contemporary sources mention Washington as adding a religious codicil to his acceptance.[26]
The historical debate over who first used "So help me God," is marred by ignoring the two forms of giving the oath. The first, now in disuse, is when the administrator articulates the constitutional oath in the form of a question, as in, "Do you George Washington solemnly swear...", requesting an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completes the oath. Without verbatim transcripts, the scant existing evidence shows this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1865 the Sacramento Daily Union covered the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln finished his oath with "So help me God," and he kissed the Bible.[27] However, the Daily Union's account seems embellished in a number of ways, and other newspaper accounts, published closer in time to the ceremony, do not mention Lincoln's uttering the phrase.[28] In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God".[12] In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear..."[13] Hoover replied with a simple "I do".
A Federal lawsuit filed in the District of Columbia by Michael Newdow on December 30, 2008, contended the second, current form of administration, where both the chief justice and the president articulate the oath, appending "So help me God", to be a breach of the Constitutional instructions. The suit distinguishes between the words spoken by the administrator, which must conform to the exact 35 words of the Constitution, and the president, who has a right to add a personal prayer, such as "So help me God."[29]
Chief Justice Roberts' reply was that his "prompting" for these four extra-constitutional words were to be recited "after" the oath of office, and not as a part of the oath as claimed in the suit. After rendering the oath to President Barack Obama, Roberts prompted with a question "So help you God?", to which the president responded, "So help me God."[30]
The First Congress explicitly prescribed the phrase "So help me God" in oaths under the Judiciary Act of 1789 for all U.S. judges and officers other than the president. It was prescribed even earlier under the various first state constitutions[31] as well as by the Second Continental Congress in 1776.[32][33] Although the phrase is mandatory in these oaths, the said Act also allows for the option that the phrase be omitted by the officer, in which case it would be called an affirmation instead of an oath: "Which words, so help me God, shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath."[34] In contrast, the oath of the president is the only oath specified in the Constitution. It does not include the closing phrase "So help me God", and it also allows for the optional form of an affirmation which is not considered an oath. In practice, however, most presidents, at least during the last century, have opted to take the oath (rather than an affirmation), to use a Bible to do so, and also to close the oath with the customary phrase.
The earliest known source indicating Washington added "So help me God" to his acceptance, not to the oath, is attributed to Washington Irving, aged six at the time of the inauguration, and first appears 65 years after the event.[35] The only contemporary account that repeats the oath in full, a report from the French consul, Comte de Moustier, states only the constitutional oath,[36] without reference to Washington's adding "So Help Me God" to his acceptance.
Evidence is lacking to support the claim that presidents between Washington and Abraham Lincoln used the phrase "So help me God." A contemporaneous newspaper account of Lincoln's 1865 inauguration states that Lincoln appended the phrase "So help me God" to the oath.[37] This newspaper report is followed by another account, provided later in the same year after Lincoln's death (April 15, 1865), that Lincoln said "So help me God" during his oath.[38] The evidence pertaining to the 1865 inauguration is much stronger than that pertaining to Lincoln's 1861 use of the phrase. Several sources claim that Lincoln said "So help me God" at his 1861 inauguration, yet these sources were not contemporaneous to the event.[39][40] During the speech, Lincoln stated that his oath was "registered in Heaven",[41] something some have taken as indicating he likely uttered the phrase "So help me God." Conversely, there was a claim made by A.M. Milligan (a Presbyterian minister who advocated for an official Christian U.S. government) that letters were sent to Abraham Lincoln asking him to swear to God during his inaugurations, and Lincoln allegedly wrote back saying that God's name was not in the Constitution, and he could not depart from the letter of that instrument.[42][43]
All federal judges and executive officers were required as early as 1789 by statute to include the phrase unless they affirmed, in which case the phrase must be omitted.[44] Given that nearly every president-elect since President Franklin D. Roosevelt has recited the codicil, it is likely that the majority of presidents-elect have uttered the phrase[45] (as well as some vice presidents, while taking their oaths). However, as President Theodore Roosevelt chose to conclude his oath with the phrase "And thus I swear," it seems that this current of tradition was not overwhelmingly strong even as recently as the turn of the twentieth century.
Oath mishaps[edit]
Barack Obama being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice John Roberts for the second time, on January 21, 2009.
In 1909, when President William Howard Taft was sworn in, Chief Justice Melville Fuller misquoted the oath, but the error was not publicized at the time. The mistake was similar to the one Taft himself would make twenty years later when swearing in President Hoover. Recalling the incident, Taft wrote, "When I was sworn in as president by Chief Justice Fuller, he made a similar slip," and added, "but in those days when there was no radio, it was observed only in the Senate chamber where I took the oath."[13]
In 1929, Taft, later the Chief Justice, garbled the oath when he swore in President Herbert Hoover using the words "preserve, maintain, and defend the Constitution", instead of "preserve, protect, and defend". The error was picked up by schoolgirl Helen Terwilliger on the radio. Taft eventually acknowledged his error, but did not think it was important, and Hoover did not retake the oath. In Taft's view, his departure from the text did not invalidate the oath.[13][46][47]
In 1945, President Harry S. Truman's bare initial caused an unusual slip when he first became president and took the oath. At a meeting in the Cabinet Room, Chief Justice Harlan Stone, apparently mistaken about the meaning of Truman's middle initial (which is not an abbreviation but rather the whole middle name in itself), began reading the oath by saying "I, Harry Shipp Truman...", Truman responded: "I, Harry S Truman,..."[48]
In both his 1953 and 1957 inaugurations, Dwight D. Eisenhower read the line "the office of President of the United States" as "the office of the President of the United States," even as Chief Justices Fred Vinson (in 1953) and Earl Warren (in 1957) said the line correctly.
In 1965, Chief Justice Earl Warren prompted Lyndon Johnson to say, "the Office of the Presidency of the United States".[49]
In 1973, President Richard Nixon added the word "and" between "preserve" and "protect", resulting in "preserve and protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Nixon had recited the line correctly during his first inauguration.
In 2009, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, while administering the oath to Barack Obama, incorrectly recited part of the oath. Roberts prompted, "That I will execute the Office of President to the United States faithfully." Obama stopped at "execute," and waited for Roberts to correct himself. Roberts, after a false start, then followed Obama's "execute" with "faithfully", which results in "execute faithfully," which is also incorrect. Obama then repeated Roberts' initial, incorrect prompt, with the word "faithfully" after "United States."[50][51] The oath was re-administered the next day by Roberts at the White House.[52][53]
List of oath takings[edit]
Since the office of president of the United States came into existence in 1789 there have been 58 inaugural ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four-year presidential term, plus an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president. With the 2017 inauguration of Donald Trump, the oath has been taken 75 different times by 44 persons. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors: a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office, and, because Inauguration Day has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inaugural ceremonies. In addition, three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges.[54]
Further information on the inauguration ceremony and its history: United States presidential inaugurations
Date
Type
Event[a]
Location
Oath administered by
000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789
(Thursday) Public washingtona !First inauguration of George Washington Balcony,
Federal Hall
New York, New York livingston !Robert Livingston,
Chancellor of New York
000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793
(Monday) Public washingtonb !Second inauguration of George Washington Senate Chamber,
Congress Hall
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania cushing !William Cushing,
Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court
000000001797-03-04-0000March 4, 1797
(Saturday) Public adamsa !Inauguration of John Adams House Chamber,
Congress Hall ellsworth !Oliver Ellsworth,
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001801-03-04-0000March 4, 1801
(Wednesday) Public jeffersona !First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
Washington, D.C. marshalla !John Marshall,
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001805-03-04-0000March 4, 1805
(Monday) Public jeffersonb !Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol marshallb !John Marshall,
Chief Justice
000000001809-03-04-0000March 4, 1809
(Saturday) Public madisona !First inauguration of James Madison House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol marshallc !John Marshall,
Chief Justice
000000001813-03-04-0000March 4, 1813
(Thursday) Public madisonb !Second inauguration of James Madison House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol marshalld !John Marshall,
Chief Justice
000000001817-03-04-0000March 4, 1817
(Tuesday) Public monroea !First inauguration of James Monroe Front steps,
Old Brick Capitol marshalle !John Marshall,
Chief Justice
000000001821-03-05-0000March 5, 1821[b]
(Monday) Public monroeb !Second inauguration of James Monroe House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol marshallf !John Marshall,
Chief Justice
000000001825-03-04-0000March 4, 1825
(Friday) Public adamsq !Inauguration of John Quincy Adams House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol marshallg !John Marshall,
Chief Justice
000000001829-03-04-0000March 4, 1829
(Wednesday) Public jacksona !First inauguration of Andrew Jackson East Portico,
U.S. Capitol marshallh !John Marshall,
Chief Justice
000000001833-03-04-0000March 4, 1833
(Monday) Public jacksonb !Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol marshalli !John Marshall,
Chief Justice
000000001837-03-04-0000March 4, 1837
(Saturday) Public vanburen !Inauguration of Martin Van Buren East Portico,
U.S. Capitol tanneya !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001841-03-04-0000March 4, 1841
(Thursday) Public harrisonw !Inauguration of William Henry Harrison East Portico,
U.S. Capitol tanneyb !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice
000000001841-04-06-0000April 6, 1841[c]
(Tuesday) Private tyler !Inauguration of John Tyler Brown’s Indian Queen Hotel,
Washington, D.C. crancha !William Cranch
Chief Judge, U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia
000000001845-03-04-0000March 4, 1845
(Tuesday) Public polk !Inauguration of James K. Polk East Portico,
U.S. Capitol tanneyc !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice
000000001849-03-05-0000March 5, 1849[b]
(Monday) Public taylor !Inauguration of Zachary Taylor East Portico,
U.S. Capitol tanneyd !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice
000000001850-07-10-0000July 10, 1850[d]
(Wednesday) Public fillmore !Inauguration of Millard Fillmore House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol cranchb !William Cranch
Circuit Court Judge
000000001853-03-04-0000March 4, 1853
(Friday) Public pierce !Inauguration of Franklin Pierce East Portico,
U.S. Capitol tanneye !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice
000000001857-03-04-0000March 4, 1857
(Wednesday) Public buchanan !Inauguration of James Buchanan East Portico,
U.S. Capitol tanneyf !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice
000000001861-03-04-0000March 4, 1861
(Monday) Public lincolna !First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln East Portico,
U.S. Capitol tanneyg !Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice
000000001865-03-04-0000March 4, 1865
(Saturday) Public lincolnb !Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln East Portico,
U.S. Capitol chasea !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001865-04-15-0000April 15, 1865
(Saturday) Private johnsona !Inauguration of Andrew Johnson Kirkwood House Hotel,
Washington, D.C. chaseb !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice
000000001869-03-04-0000March 4, 1869
(Thursday) Public granta !First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant East Portico,
U.S. Capitol chasec !Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice
000000001873-03-04-0000March 4, 1873
(Tuesday) Public grantb !Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant East Portico,
U.S. Capitol chased !Salmon P. Chase
Chief Justice
000000001877-03-03-0000March 3, 1877[55][b]
(Saturday) Private hayes !Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes Red Room,
White House waitea !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001877-03-05-0000March 5, 1877[b]
(Monday) Public East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
000000001881-03-04-0000March 4, 1881
(Friday) Public garfield !Inauguration of James A. Garfield East Portico,
U.S. Capitol waiteb !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice
000000001881-09-20-0000September 20, 1881[56][e]
(Tuesday) Private arthur !Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur Home,
New York, New York brady !John R. Brady,
Justice of the New York Supreme Court
000000001881-09-22-0000September 22, 1881[e]
(Thursday) Public The Vice President's Room,
U.S. Capitol waitec !Morrison Waite
Chief Justice
000000001885-03-04-0000March 4, 1885
(Wednesday) Public clevelanda !First inauguration of Grover Cleveland East Portico,
U.S. Capitol waited !Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice
000000001889-03-04-0000March 4, 1889
(Monday) Public harrisonb !Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison East Portico,
U.S. Capitol fullera !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893
(Saturday) Public clevelandb !Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland East Portico,
U.S. Capitol fullerb !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice
000000001897-03-04-0000March 4, 1897
(Thursday) Public mckinleya !First inauguration of William McKinley Front of original Senate Wing
U.S. Capitol fullerc !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice
000000001901-03-04-0000March 4, 1901
(Monday) Public mckinleyb !Second inauguration of William McKinley East Portico,
U.S. Capitol fullerd !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice
000000001901-09-14-0000September 14, 1901
(Saturday) Private rooseveltta !First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt Ainsley Wilcox Home,
Buffalo, New York hazel !John R. Hazel,
Judge, U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York
000000001905-03-04-0000March 4, 1905
(Saturday) Public roosevelttb !Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt East Portico,
U.S. Capitol fullere !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice
000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
(Thursday) Public taft !Inauguration of William Howard Taft Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol fullerf !Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice
000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
(Tuesday) Public wilsona !First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson East Portico,
U.S. Capitol whitea !Edward D. White,
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001917-03-04-0000March 4, 1917[57]
(Sunday) Private wilsonb !Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson The President's Room,
U.S. Capitol whiteb !Edward D. White
Chief Justice
000000001917-03-05-0000March 5, 1917[b]
(Monday) Public East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
000000001921-03-04-0000March 4, 1921
(Friday) Public harding !Inauguration of Warren G. Harding East Portico,
U.S. Capitol whitec !Edward D. White
Chief Justice
000000001923-08-03-0000August 3, 1923[58][f]
(Friday) Private coolidgea !First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge Coolidge Homestead,
Plymouth Notch, Vermont coolidge !John Calvin Coolidge
Notary public
000000001923-08-21-0000August 21, 1923[58][f]
(Tuesday) Private Willard Hotel
Washington, D.C. hoehling !Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr.
Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia
000000001925-03-04-0000March 4, 1925
(Wednesday) Public coolidgeb !Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge East Portico,
U.S. Capitol tafta !William Howard Taft
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001929-03-04-0000March 4, 1929
(Monday) Public hoover !Inauguration of Herbert Hoover East Portico,
U.S. Capitol taftb !William H. Taft
Chief Justice
000000001933-03-04-0000March 4, 1933
(Saturday) Public rooseveltfa !First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt East Portico,
U.S. Capitol hughesa !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001937-01-20-0000January 20, 1937
(Wednesday) Public rooseveltfb !Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt East Portico,
U.S. Capitol hughesb !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice
000000001941-01-20-0000January 20, 1941
(Monday) Public rooseveltfc !Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt East Portico,
U.S. Capitol hughesc !Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice
000000001945-01-20-0000January 20, 1945
(Saturday) Public rooseveltfd !Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt South Portico,
White House stonea !Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001945-04-12-0000April 12, 1945
(Thursday) Private trumana !First inauguration of Harry S. Truman Cabinet Room,
White House stoneb !Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice
000000001949-01-20-0000January 20, 1949
(Thursday) Public trumanb !Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman East Portico,
U.S. Capitol vinsona !Fred M. Vinson
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001953-01-20-0000January 20, 1953
(Tuesday) Public eisenhowera !First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower East Portico,
U.S. Capitol vinsonb !Fred M. Vinson
Chief Justice
000000001957-01-20-0000January 20, 1957
(Sunday) Private eisenhowerb !Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower East Room,
White House warrena !Earl Warren
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001957-01-21-0000January 21, 1957[g]
(Monday) Public East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
000000001961-01-20-0000January 20, 1961
(Friday) Public kennedy !Inauguration of John F. Kennedy East Portico,
U.S. Capitol warrenb !Earl Warren
Chief Justice
000000001963-11-22-0000November 22, 1963
(Friday) Private johnsonla !First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson Air Force One,
Dallas Love Field,
Dallas, Texas hughes !Sarah T. Hughes
Judge, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas
000000001965-01-20-0000January 20, 1965
(Wednesday) Public johnsonlb !Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson East Portico,
U.S. Capitol warrenc !Earl Warren
Chief Justice
000000001969-01-20-0000January 20, 1969
(Monday) Public nixona !First inauguration of Richard Nixon East Portico,
U.S. Capitol warrend !Earl Warren
Chief Justice
000000001973-01-20-0000January 20, 1973
(Saturday) Public nixonb !Second inauguration of Richard Nixon East Portico,
U.S. Capitol burgera !Warren Burger
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001974-08-09-0000August 9, 1974
(Friday) Public ford !Inauguration of Gerald Ford East Room,
White House burgerb !Warren Burger
Chief Justice
000000001977-01-20-0000January 20, 1977
(Thursday) Public carter !Inauguration of Jimmy Carter East Portico,
U.S. Capitol burgerc !Warren Burger
Chief Justice
000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
(Tuesday) Public reagana !First inauguration of Ronald Reagan West Front,
U.S. Capitol burgerd !Warren Burger
Chief Justice
000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985
(Sunday) Private reaganb !Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan Entrance Hall,
White House burgere !Warren Burger
Chief Justice
000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985[g]
(Monday) Public Rotunda,
U.S. Capitol
000000001989-01-20-0000January 20, 1989
(Friday) Public bushh !Inauguration of George H. W. Bush West Front,
U.S. Capitol rehnquista !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice of the United States
000000001993-01-20-0000January 20, 1993
(Wednesday) Public clintona !First inauguration of Bill Clinton West Front,
U.S. Capitol rehnquistb !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice
000000001997-01-20-0000January 20, 1997
(Monday) Public clintonb !Second inauguration of Bill Clinton West Front,
U.S. Capitol rehnquistc !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice
000000002001-01-20-0000January 20, 2001
(Saturday) Public bushwa !First inauguration of George W. Bush West Front,
U.S. Capitol rehnquistd !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice
000000002005-01-20-0000January 20, 2005
(Thursday) Public bushwb !Second inauguration of George W. Bush West Front,
U.S. Capitol rehnquiste !William Rehnquist
Chief Justice
000000002009-01-20-0000January 20, 2009
(Tuesday) Public obamaa !First inauguration of Barack Obama West Front,
U.S. Capitol robertsa !John Roberts
Chief Justice of the United States
000000002009-01-21-0000January 21, 2009[59][h]
(Wednesday) Private Map Room,
White House
000000002013-01-20-0000January 20, 2013[60]
(Sunday) Private obamab !Second inauguration of Barack Obama Blue Room,
White House robertsb !John Roberts
Chief Justice
000000002013-01-21-0000January 21, 2013[g]
(Monday) Public West Front,
U.S. Capitol
000000002017-01-20-0000January 20, 2017
(Friday) Public trump !Inauguration of Donald Trump West Front,
U.S. Capitol
robertsc !John Roberts
Chief Justice
ZZZDate
ZZZType
ZZZEvent
ZZZLocation
ZZZOath administered by
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Inaugurations sort alphabetically by president's last name.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Term began Sunday, March 4.
Jump up ^ Term began when President Harrison died on April 4.
Jump up ^ Term began when President Taylor died on July 9.
^ Jump up to: a b Term began when President Garfield died on September 19.
^ Jump up to: a b Term began when President Harding died on August 2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Term began Sunday, January 20.
Jump up ^ Term began on January 20, despite the oath mishap.
Map showing locations where the oath of office was first taken, marked with a green 'O' (or a green dot for normal transitions). Locations where presidencies ended are marked with a red 'X' (or a red dot for normal transitions). The nine sets of names shown in black are the ones in which transition took place prior to completion of the term, with four due to death by illness, four due to assassination (names underlined in grey), and one resignation (noted by a superscript 'R'). Inset at the bottom of the map is a crop from the Constitution (see full page) that specifies the oath.
See also[edit]
Presidential Succession Act
Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kesavan, Vasan. "Essays on Article II: Oath of Office". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013" (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2013. p. 13.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Election of 1789". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "George Washington's Inaugural Address". The National Archives. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "President Millard Fillmore, 1850". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
Jump up ^ Glenn D. Kittler, Hail to the Chief!: The Inauguration Days of our Presidents, 1965, page 167.
Jump up ^ Porter H. Dale, The Calvin Coolidge Inauguration Revisited: An Eyewitness Account by Congressman Porter H. Dale, republished in Vermont History magazine, 1994, Volume 62, pp. 214–222.
Jump up ^ "Oath Of Office: To Swear Or To Affirm". NPR.org. January 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bendat, Jim (2012). Democracy's Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President, 1789-2013. iUniverse. pp. xi, 28, 36. ISBN 978-1-935278-47-4.
Jump up ^ YouTube.
Jump up ^ YouTube.
^ Jump up to: a b "The New Administration; President Arthur Formally Inaugurated". The New York Times. September 23, 1881.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Time Magazine, Mar. 25, 1929]. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
Jump up ^ Herbert Hoover Takes the Oath of Office. February 6, 2009 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Franklin D. Roosevelt – Oath of office March 4th, 1933. June 19, 2007 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Harry S. Truman – Oath of office January 20th, 1949. June 19, 2007 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ http://www.stjohns1.org/portal/gwib "St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons".
Jump up ^ Joint Congressional Committee on Inauguration Ceremonies website: "Inauguration of President George Washington, 1789". Retrieved 2009-02-16.
Jump up ^ McCullough, David (1992). Truman. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 347, 729. ISBN 0-671-86920-5. Harry Truman is a notable example, as he bent and kissed the Bible upon taking the oath for the first time, on April 12, 1945, as well as at his second inauguration.
Jump up ^ "Inaugural fun facts – WTOL.com – Toledo's News Leader |". WTOL.com. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bibles Used in Inaugural Ceremonies". Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Wallner (2004), pp. 249–55.
Jump up ^ Kennon, Donald (2005). "Presidential Inaugurations Past and Present". Retrieved 2006-12-06.
Jump up ^ Glass, Andrew J. (February 26, 1967). "Catholic Church Missal, Not Bible, Used by Johnson for Oath at Dallas" (PDF). The Washington Post. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "United States Code: Title 28,453. Oaths of justices and judges | LII / Legal Information Institute". Law.cornell.edu. 2010-01-21. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
Jump up ^ Peter R. Henriques, “So Help Me God”: A George Washington Myth that Should Be Discarded, hnn.us (1-12-2009).
Jump up ^ "Sacramento Daily Union, 10 April 1865 — California Digital Newspaper Collection".
Jump up ^ "New York Herald, 5 March 1865 — Library of Congress, Chronicling America".
Jump up ^ "Case 1:08-cv-02248-RBW Document 1" (PDF). www.restorethepledge.com. 2008-12-30. p. 25. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Case 1:08-cv-02248-RBW Document 13-9" (PDF). www.restorethepledge.com. 2009-01-08. p. 25. Retrieved 2009-02-04. Before the commencement of this lawsuit, the Chief Justice instructed me to ascertain from President-elect Obama's representatives the president-elect's wishes concerning the administration of the oath of office at the inauguration—including his wishes concerning the inclusion of the phrase "So help me God" after the conclusion of the constitutional oath
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ http://www.history.army.mil/html/faq/oaths.html
Jump up ^ Judiciary Act of 1789, Sec. 7. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
Jump up ^ Griswold, Rufus W (1855) [1854]. The Republican court, or, American society in the days of Washington. New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 141–142.
Jump up ^ Documentary History of the First Federal Congress, Vol. 15, pp. 404-405.
Jump up ^ Sacramento Daily Union, April 10, 1865; page 8, column 6.
Jump up ^ Memorial record of the nation's ... – Google Books. Books.google.com. 1865. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
Jump up ^ Recollections of President Lincoln ... – Google Books. Books.google.com. 2006-08-10. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
Jump up ^ Anecdotal Lincoln – Google Books. Books.google.com. 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
Jump up ^ "The Avalon Project : First Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln".
Jump up ^ Foster, James Mitchell (1894) [1894]. Christ the King. Boston: James H. Earle. p. 277. In fact, Milligan did write to Lincoln, but his request was not that Lincoln add "so help me God" to the Oath, but rather that the name of Jesus Christ be added to the U.S. Constitution [1]
Jump up ^ Foster, James Mitchell (1890). Reformation Principles Stated and Applied. Chicago and New York: F.H Revell. pp. 234–5.
Jump up ^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875".
Jump up ^ "Inauguration of the President: Facts & Firsts". U.S. Senate. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Agence France-Presse (2009-01-21). "Chief justice leads Obama to stumble presidential oath | ABS-CBN News | Latest Philippine Headlines, Breaking News, Video, Analysis, Features". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
Jump up ^ "No Problems With Today's Oath at the Supreme Court – The BLT: The Blog of Legal Times". Legaltimes.typepad.com. 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 347.
Jump up ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson Oath of Office, January 20, 1965". Retrieved 2009-02-01.
Jump up ^ Williams, Pete (January 20, 2009). "About That Oath Flub". MSNBC. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ File:Barack Obama Oath of Office.ogg
Jump up ^ "Obama retakes oath of office after Roberts' mistake". CNN. January 21, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ Obama is Sworn in for Second Time, BBC News. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Inauguration at the U.S. Capitol". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spiegel Grove: Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chester A. Arthur House". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wilson to Take Oath Sunday: First Swearing Into Office on March 4 Will Be Repeated the Following Day". The New York Times. November 15, 1916. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Arbelbide, C. L. (Winter 2000). "Abrupt Transition". Prologue. Vol. 32 no. 4. The National Archives. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Obama retakes oath of office after Roberts' mistake". CNN. January 21, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Obama to take private oath in brief family service".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oath of office of the president of the United States.
Forrest Church, Ph.D., "Did George Washington Say 'So Help Me God'?"
Video on YouTube Video of inaugurations from Franklin D. Roosevelt – Barack H. Obama
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