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Wisden Cricketers of the Year
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The Wisden Cricketers of the Year are cricketers selected for the honour by the annual publication Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, based primarily on their "influence on the previous English season".[1] The award began in 1889 with the naming of "Six Great Bowlers of the Year",[2] and continued with the naming of "Nine Great Batsmen of the Year" in 1890 and "Five Great Wicket-Keepers" in 1891.[3]
Since 1897, with a few notable exceptions, the annual award has recognised five players of the year. No players were named in 1916 or 1917, as the First World War prevented any first-class cricket being played in England, while in 1918 and 1919 the recipients were five schoolboy cricketers.[3] From 1941 to 1946, the Second World War caused the same issue and no players were named. Three players have been sole recipients: W. G. Grace (1896), Plum Warner (1921) and Jack Hobbs (1926). The latter two selections are the only exceptions to the rule that a player may receive the award only once. Hobbs was first recognised in 1909, but was selected a second time in 1926 to honour his breaking W. G. Grace's record of 126 first-class hundreds;[4] Warner was first honoured in 1904, but received a second award in 1921 for his last season in first-class cricket, when he led Middlesex to a County Championship win.[4] John Wisden, cricketer and eponymous founder of the almanack, was featured in a special commemorative section in the Jubilee edition of the publication in 1913, 29 years posthumously.[5]
From 2000 to 2003 the award was made based on players' impact on cricket worldwide rather than just the preceding season in England,[3] but the decision was reversed in 2004 with the introduction of a separate Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World award.[6]
The earliest surviving recipient of the award is Sonny Ramadhin (1951), which he became in August 2015 with the death of Arthur Morris. The longest that a recipient has lived after receiving the award is 77 years by Harry Calder (1918), who died in 1995. Calder, however, uniquely for a recipient, played no first-class cricket. Among first-class players, the longest lived after receipt of the award is 74 years by Wilfred Rhodes (1899). Two women have been chosen: Claire Taylor (2009) and Charlotte Edwards (2014).
Contents
[hide]
1 List of Cricketers of the Year
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
List of Cricketers of the Year[edit]
George Lohmann an inaugural nominee, 1889
W.G. Grace, sole recipient of the honour, 1896
Jack Hobbs (l) and Herbert Sutcliffe. Hobbs was honoured in both 1909 and 1926, Sutcliffe in 1920.
Sir Donald Bradman, recognised in 1931
The Invincibles took all five awards in 1949; Don Tallon was their wicket-keeper.
Viv Richards, recognised in 1977
Imran Khan, recognised in 1983
Waqar Younis, recognised in 1992
Muttiah Muralitharan, recognised in 1999
Adam Gilchrist, recognised in 2002
Kumar Sangakkara, recognised in 2012
Year
Recipient(s)
1889[7] George Lohmann, Johnny Briggs, John Ferris, Charles Turner, Sammy Woods, Bobby Peel
1890[8] Bobby Abel, Billy Barnes, Billy Gunn, Louis Hall, Robert Henderson, Maurice Read, Arthur Shrewsbury, Frank Sugg, Albert Ward
1891[9] Jack Blackham Gregor MacGregor Dick Pilling Mordecai Sherwin Henry Wood
1892[10] William Attewell J. T. Hearne Frederick Martin Arthur Mold John Sharpe
1893[11] Herbie Hewett Lionel Palairet Walter Read Stanley Scott Andrew Stoddart
1894[12] George Giffen Alec Hearne Stanley Jackson Harry Trott Ted Wainwright
1895[13] Bill Brockwell Jack Brown C. B. Fry Tom Hayward Archie MacLaren
1896 W. G. Grace
1897[14] Syd Gregory Dick Lilley Ranjitsinhji Tom Richardson Hugh Trumble
1898 Frederick Bull Willis Cuttell Frank Druce Gilbert Jessop Jack Mason
1899[15] Wilfred Rhodes William Storer Charlie Townsend Albert Trott William Lockwood
1900[16] Joe Darling Clem Hill Arthur Jones Monty Noble Robert Poore
1901[17] Tip Foster Schofield Haigh George Herbert Hirst Tom Taylor John Tunnicliffe
1902 Len Braund Charlie McGahey Frank Mitchell Willie Quaife Johnny Tyldesley
1903 Warwick Armstrong Cuthbert Burnup James Iremonger Jim Kelly Victor Trumper
1904 Colin Blythe John Gunn Albert Knight Walter Mead Plum Warner
1905 Bernard Bosanquet Ernest Halliwell James Hallows Percy Perrin Reggie Spooner
1906 David Denton Walter Lees George Thompson Joe Vine Levi Wright
1907 Jack Crawford Arthur Fielder Ernie Hayes Kenneth Hutchings Neville Knox
1908 Albert Hallam Reggie Schwarz Frank Tarrant Bert Vogler Thomas Wass
1909[18] Walter Brearley Lord Hawke Jack Hobbs Alan Marshal John Newstead
1910 Warren Bardsley Sydney Barnes Douglas Carr Arthur Day Vernon Ransford
1911 Harry Foster Alfred Hartley Charlie Llewellyn Razor Smith Frank Woolley
1912[19] Frank Foster J. W. Hearne Sep Kinneir Phil Mead Herbert Strudwick
1913 John Wisden[5]
1914 Major Booth George Gunn Bill Hitch Albert Relf Lionel Tennyson
1915 Johnny Douglas Percy Fender Wally Hardinge Donald Knight Sydney Smith
1918 Harry Calder John Firth Clement Gibson Gerard Rotherham Greville Stevens
1919[20] Percy Adams Percy Chapman Adrian Gore Lionel Hedges Norman Partridge
1920[21] Andy Ducat Patsy Hendren Percy Holmes Herbert Sutcliffe Ernest Tyldesley
1921 Pelham Warner
1922 Hubert Ashton Jack Bryan Jack Gregory Charlie Macartney Ted McDonald
1923 Arthur Carr Tich Freeman Charlie Parker Jack Russell Andy Sandham
1924 Arthur Gilligan Roy Kilner George Macaulay Cec Parkin Maurice Tate
1925 Bob Catterall Jack MacBryan Herbie Taylor Dick Tyldesley William Whysall
1926 Jack Hobbs
1927 George Geary Harold Larwood Jack Mercer Bert Oldfield Bill Woodfull
1928 Roger Blunt Charlie Hallows Wally Hammond Douglas Jardine Vallance Jupp
1929 Les Ames George Duckworth Maurice Leyland Sam Staples Jack White
1930 Ted Bowley Duleepsinhji Tuppy Owen-Smith Walter Robins Bob Wyatt
1931 Donald Bradman Clarrie Grimmett Beverley Lyon Ian Peebles Maurice Turnbull
1932 Bill Bowes Stewie Dempster James Langridge Nawab of Pataudi senior Hedley Verity
1933 Ewart Astill Freddie Brown Alec Kennedy C. K. Nayudu Bill Voce
1934 Fred Bakewell George Headley Stan Nichols Leslie Townsend Cyril Walters
1935 Stan McCabe Bill O'Reilly George Paine Bill Ponsford Jim Smith
1936 Jock Cameron Errol Holmes Bruce Mitchell Denis Smith Arthur Wellard
1937 Charlie Barnett Bill Copson Alf Gover Vijay Merchant Stan Worthington
1938 Tom Goddard Joe Hardstaff Jr Len Hutton Jim Parks Sr Eddie Paynter
1939 Hugh Bartlett Bill Brown Denis Compton Kenneth Farnes Arthur Wood
1940 Learie Constantine Bill Edrich Walter Keeton Brian Sellers Doug Wright
1947 Alec Bedser Laurie Fishlock Vinoo Mankad Peter Smith Cyril Washbrook
1948 Martin Donnelly Alan Melville Dudley Nourse Jack Robertson Norman Yardley
1949 Lindsay Hassett Bill Johnston Ray Lindwall Arthur Morris Don Tallon
1950 Trevor Bailey Roly Jenkins John Langridge Reg Simpson Bert Sutcliffe
1951 Godfrey Evans Sonny Ramadhin Alf Valentine Everton Weekes Frank Worrell
1952 Bob Appleyard Tom Dollery Jim Laker Peter May Eric Rowan
1953 Harold Gimblett Tom Graveney David Sheppard Stuart Surridge Fred Trueman
1954 Neil Harvey Tony Lock Keith Miller Johnny Wardle Willie Watson
1955 Bruce Dooland Fazal Mahmood Eric Hollies Brian Statham George Tribe
1956 Colin Cowdrey Doug Insole Jackie McGlew Hugh Tayfield Frank Tyson
1957 Dennis Brookes Jim Burke Malcolm Hilton Gil Langley Peter Richardson
1958 Peter Loader Arthur McIntyre Collie Smith Mickey Stewart Clyde Walcott
1959 Les Jackson Roy Marshall Arthur Milton John Reid Derek Shackleton
1960 Ken Barrington Donald Carr Ray Illingworth Geoff Pullar M. J. K. Smith
1961 Neil Adcock Ted Dexter Roy McLean Raman Subba Row Vic Wilson
1962 Bill Alley Richie Benaud Alan Davidson Bill Lawry Norm O'Neill
1963 Don Kenyon Mushtaq Mohammad Peter Parfitt Phil Sharpe Fred Titmus
1964 Brian Close Charlie Griffith Conrad Hunte Rohan Kanhai Garfield Sobers
1965 Geoffrey Boycott Peter Burge Jack Flavell Graham McKenzie Bob Simpson
1966 Colin Bland John Edrich Dick Motz Peter Pollock Graeme Pollock
1967 Bob Barber Basil D'Oliveira Colin Milburn John Murray Seymour Nurse
1968 Asif Iqbal Hanif Mohammad Ken Higgs Jim Parks junior Nawab of Pataudi junior
1969 Jimmy Binks David Green Barry Richards Derek Underwood Ossie Wheatley
1970 Basil Butcher Alan Knott Majid Khan Mike Procter Don Shepherd
1971 Jack Bond Clive Lloyd Brian Luckhurst Glenn Turner Roy Virgin
1972 Geoff Arnold Bhagwat Chandrasekhar Lance Gibbs Brian Taylor Zaheer Abbas
1973 Greg Chappell Dennis Lillee Bob Massie John Snow Keith Stackpole
1974 Keith Boyce Bevan Congdon Keith Fletcher Roy Fredericks Peter Sainsbury
1975 Dennis Amiss Mike Denness Norman Gifford Tony Greig Andy Roberts
1976 Ian Chappell Peter Lee Rick McCosker David Steele Bob Woolmer
1977 Mike Brearley Gordon Greenidge Michael Holding Viv Richards Bob Taylor
1978 Ian Botham Mike Hendrick Alan Jones Ken McEwan Bob Willis
1979 David Gower John Lever Chris Old Clive Radley John Shepherd
1980 Joel Garner Sunil Gavaskar Graham Gooch Derek Randall Brian Rose
1981 Kim Hughes Robin Jackman Allan Lamb Clive Rice Vintcent van der Bijl
1982 Terry Alderman Allan Border Richard Hadlee Javed Miandad Rod Marsh
1983 Imran Khan Trevor Jesty Alvin Kallicharran Kapil Dev Malcolm Marshall
1984 Mohinder Amarnath Jeremy Coney John Emburey Mike Gatting Chris Smith
1985 Martin Crowe Larry Gomes Geoff Humpage Jack Simmons Sidath Wettimuny
1986 Phil Bainbridge Richard Ellison Craig McDermott Neal Radford Tim Robinson
1987 John Childs Graeme Hick Dilip Vengsarkar Courtney Walsh James Whitaker
1988 Jonathan Agnew Neil Foster David Hughes Peter Roebuck Saleem Malik
1989 Kim Barnett Jeff Dujon Phil Neale Franklyn Stephenson Steve Waugh
1990 Jimmy Cook Dean Jones Jack Russell Robin Smith Mark Taylor
1991 Mike Atherton Mohammad Azharuddin Alan Butcher Desmond Haynes Mark Waugh
1992 Curtly Ambrose Phillip DeFreitas Allan Donald Richie Richardson Waqar Younis
1993 Nigel Briers Martyn Moxon Ian Salisbury Alec Stewart Wasim Akram
1994 David Boon Ian Healy Merv Hughes Shane Warne Steve Watkin
1995 Brian Lara Devon Malcolm Tim Munton Steve Rhodes Kepler Wessels
1996 Dominic Cork Aravinda de Silva Angus Fraser Anil Kumble Dermot Reeve
1997 Sanath Jayasuriya[22] Mushtaq Ahmed Saeed Anwar Phil Simmons Sachin Tendulkar
1998 Matthew Elliott Stuart Law Glenn McGrath Matthew Maynard Graham Thorpe
1999 Ian Austin Darren Gough Muttiah Muralitharan Arjuna Ranatunga Jonty Rhodes
2000 Chris Cairns Rahul Dravid Lance Klusener Tom Moody Saqlain Mushtaq
2001 Mark Alleyne Martin Bicknell Andrew Caddick Justin Langer Darren Lehmann
2002 Andy Flower Adam Gilchrist Jason Gillespie V. V. S. Laxman Damien Martyn
2003 Matthew Hayden Adam Hollioake Nasser Hussain Shaun Pollock Michael Vaughan
2004 Chris Adams Andrew Flintoff Ian Harvey Gary Kirsten Graeme Smith
2005 Ashley Giles Steve Harmison Robert Key Andrew Strauss Marcus Trescothick
2006 Matthew Hoggard Simon Jones Brett Lee Kevin Pietersen Ricky Ponting
2007 Paul Collingwood Mahela Jayawardene Mohammed Yousuf Monty Panesar Mark Ramprakash
2008 Ian Bell Shivnarine Chanderpaul Ottis Gibson Zaheer Khan Ryan Sidebottom
2009 James Anderson Dale Benkenstein Mark Boucher Neil McKenzie Claire Taylor
2010 Stuart Broad Michael Clarke Graham Onions Matt Prior Graeme Swann
2011 Tamim Iqbal Eoin Morgan Chris Read Jonathan Trott Not awarded[23]
2012 Tim Bresnan Alastair Cook Glen Chapple Alan Richardson Kumar Sangakkara
2013 Nick Compton Hashim Amla Jacques Kallis Dale Steyn Marlon Samuels
2014[24] Shikhar Dhawan Charlotte Edwards Ryan Harris Chris Rogers Joe Root
2015 Moeen Ali Gary Ballance Adam Lyth Angelo Mathews Jeetan Patel
2016 Jonny Bairstow Brendon McCullum Steve Smith Ben Stokes Kane Williamson
2017 Ben Duckett Younis Khan Misbah-ul-Haq Toby Roland-Jones Chris Woakes
See also[edit]
Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World
Wisden Leading Woman Cricketer in the World
Six Giants of the Wisden Century
Wisden Australia's Cricketer of the Year
Wisden Cricketers of the Century
ICC Awards
References[edit]
General
"Wisden's Five Cricketers of the Year". Wisden. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Wisden tribute to England stars". BBC Sport. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Wisden – 1889". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Wisden's Five Cricketers of the Year". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony Bradbury. "The first century, 1989 – Wisden's cricketers of the year". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
^ Jump up to: a b A. S. Dixon. "Cricketers of the Year". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2008-04-07. "Also I have left out of my reckoning John Wisden, founder of the Almanack, to whose memory the whole feature was devoted in the Jubilee issue of 1913—he died in 1884." As such, he is not a true Cricketer of the Year, but is included here for the sake of comprehensiveness.
Jump up ^ "20 things you never knew about Wisden". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
Jump up ^ The 1889 award was subtitled Six Great Bowlers of the Year.
Jump up ^ The 1890 award was subtitled Nine Great Batsmen of the Year.
Jump up ^ The 1891 award was subtitled Five Great Wicket-Keepers.
Jump up ^ The 1892 award was subtitled Five Great Bowlers.
Jump up ^ The 1893 award was subtitled Five Batsmen of the Year.
Jump up ^ The 1894 award was subtitled Five All-Round Cricketers.
Jump up ^ The 1895 award was subtitled Five Young Batsmen of the Season.
Jump up ^ The 1897 award was subtitled Five Cricketers of the Season.
Jump up ^ The 1899 award was subtitled Five Cricketers of the Year.
Jump up ^ The 1900 award was subtitled Five Cricketers of the Season.
Jump up ^ The 1901 award was subtitled Mr R. E. Foster and Four Yorkshiremen.
Jump up ^ The 1909 award was subtitled Lord Hawke and Four Cricketers of the Year.
Jump up ^ The 1912 award was subtitled Five Members of the MCC's Team in Australia.
Jump up ^ The 1919 award was subtitled Five Public School Cricketers of the Year.
Jump up ^ The 1920 award was subtitled Five Batsmen of the Year.
Jump up ^ "Wisden – 1997". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2008-04-07. "The success of Sanath Jayasuriya in inspiring Sri Lanka to World Cup victory [i]n March 1996 also inspired a change of policy: he was chosen as one of the Five Cricketers of the Year even though he did not play in the English season."
Jump up ^ Awarded to a Pakistani player but not listed as a result of alleged match-fixing. "If [the player in question] were exonerated, then it would be possible to reconsider the position," explained [Scyld] Berry. "That's why I didn't pick anyone else instead. But as things stand, we don't feel we can choose him. It's all very sad."
Jump up ^ "Wisden honour for Dhawan, Edwards". Wisden India. April 9, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wisden online archive (includes copies of the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack essays on each Cricketer of the Year)
Full List on Cricinfo
[hide]
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Wisden awards
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Wisden Leading Woman Cricketer in the World
Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World
Young Wisden Schools Cricketer of the Year
Wisden Australia's Cricketer of the Year
Wisden Cricketers of the Century
Six Giants of the Wisden Century
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text:
Samantha Sloyan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Samantha Sloyan
Born
Samantha Sloyan
(1979-01-04) January 4, 1979 (age 38)
Los Angeles County, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2003–present
Parent(s)
James Sloyan
Deirdre Lenihan
Samantha Sloyan (born January 4, 1979) is an American actress. Sloyan is best known for her roles in In the Key of Eli and Scandal. Samantha was also seen playing Sarah in the 2016 film Hush as well as Dr. Penelope Blake in the medical drama Grey's Anatomy in Season 11 and 12.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Films
3.2 Television
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Samantha Sloyan was born in 1979 in California, U.S.. She is the daughter of the American actor James Sloyan and actress Deirdre Lenihan, and has one brother named Dan Sloyan.[1]
Career[edit]
Sloyan first appeared the 2003 Independent feature film My Life With Morrissey as a florist. She continued to appear in a few short films such as No Shoulder, Shamelove and Autodoc. In 2009 she produced and starred in the short film Plus One. Sloyan has also guest starred in several television series such as The Beast, The Forgotten, Law & Order: LA and NCIS. She played a recurring role as a White House employee named Jeannine Locke in the first three seasons of Scandal. She also guest starred in another ShondaLand produced show named Private Practice in 2010. Sloyan continued to appear in smaller films including In the Key of Eli, Tape 407, and in the television movie Murder in Mexico: The Bruce Beresford-Redman Story.
In 2014, Sloyan guest starred in four television series including, Castle, Parks and Recreation, Hawaii Five-0 and Rizzoli & Isles. She began a recurring role in the ShondaLand produced show Grey's Anatomy as Dr. Penelope Blake. She first appeared in the eleventh season highly critical episode "How to Save a Life", which included the death of lead character, Derek Shepherd, played by Patrick Dempsey who had starred on the series since the beginning. She appeared again in the twelfth season, including the show's 250th episode "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner" which was mostly focused on Sloyan's character.[2]
Filmography[edit]
Films[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003 My Life with Morrissey Florist Independent feature film
2005 No Shoulder Bobbie Short film
2006 Shamelove Julie
2009 Plus One Lindsay Short film, credited as producer
2009 Autodoc Emmy Hennings
2011 In the Key of Eli Megs
2012 Tape 407 Lois
2013 Do You Have a Cat? Marissa Short film
2015 Murder in Mexico: The Bruce Beresford-Redman Story Gretchen Television movie
2016 Hush Sarah
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2009 The Beast Grace Morton Episode: "No Turning Back"
2009 The Forgotten Nurse Episode: "Railroad Jane"
2010 Law & Order: LA Rachel Forester Episode: "Echo Park"
2010 Private Practice ER Nurse Episode: "What Happens Next"
2011 The Cape Television reporter Episode: "Endgame"
2011 NCIS Emily Goodwin 1 episode
2012-2014 Scandal Jeannine Locke Recurring role (8 episodes)
2013 The Fosters ER Doctor 1 episode
2014 Castle Pam Clark 1 episode
2014 Parks and Recreation Erica Episode: "New Slogan"
2014 Hawaii Five-0 Sarah Richmond 1 episode
2014 Rizzoli & Isles Alex Ruebens Episode: "If You Can't Stand the Heat"
2015-2016 Grey's Anatomy Dr. Penelope Blake Recurring role
2015 Criminal Minds Tracy Senarak Episode: "The Witness"
2017 The Good Doctor Evan's Mother Episode: "Point Three Percent"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Samantha Sloyan". IMDb. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Denninger, Lindsay (October 22, 2015). "Who Plays Penny On 'Grey's Anatomy'? Samantha Sloyan Is The Hospital's Newest Resident". Bustle. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
External links[edit]
Samantha Sloyan on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samantha_Sloyan&oldid=811398762"
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Actresses from Los Angeles County, California
21st-century American actresses
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Hurricane Dora
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 1964. For other storms of the same name, see Tropical Storm Dora.
Hurricane Dora
Category 4 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Satellite image of Dora on September 5
Formed
August 28, 1964
Dissipated
September 14, 1964
Highest winds
1-minute sustained: 130 mph (215 km/h)
Lowest pressure
942 mbar (hPa); 27.82 inHg
Fatalities
5 total
Damage
$250 million (1964 USD)
Areas affected
Leeward Islands, Bermuda, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, The Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Northeastern United States, Atlantic Canada
Part of the 1964 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricane Dora was the first tropical cyclone on record to make landfall over the First Coast of Florida. The sixth tropical storm and second hurricane of the 1964 season, Dora developed from a tropical wave near the coast of Senegal on August 28. After a reconnaissance aircraft flight on September 1, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Dora. It then curved northeastward and continued to strengthen. By early on September 3, Dora became a Category 1 hurricane. Six hours later, the storm reached Category 2 intensity. Intensification slowed somewhat, though Dora became a Category 3 on September 5. Deepening further, the storm peaked as a Category 4 with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) early the following day. At 18:00 UTC on September 6, Dora weakened to a Category 3 hurricane, then a Category 2 hurricane while curving westward early the following day.
Later on September 7, Dora re-strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane. Approaching the east coast of Florida, Dora's motion became erratic, making a few cyclonic loops. Around 04:00 UTC on September 10, the hurricane made landfall near St. Augustine, Florida, with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Two hours later, Dora weakened to a Category 2 hurricane. However, deterioration then slowed, with the hurricane falling to tropical storm intensity over Jefferson County on September 11. Dora then briefly drifted over southwestern Georgia, until turned east-northeastward late the next day. Early on September 14, the storm re-emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone several hours later. The remnants of Dora moved rapidly northeastward and dissipated offshore Newfoundland early on September 16.
Along the coast, tides reached up to 10 ft (3 m) above mean sea level. Strong winds lashed North Florida, with sustained wind of 125 mph (205 km/h) observed in St. Augustine. In Jacksonville, approximately 156,000 customers were left without electricity, while about 19% of phones in Duval County were out of service. Much of the damage in the Jacksonville area occurred to older buildings and those located in coastal areas. Additionally, sections of the city experienced wind-induced river flooding in the vicinity of the St. Johns River. Heavy rainfall damaged many unharvested crops and inundated numerous of roads and bridges, isolated some communities for several days. Throughout Florida, 74 dwellings were flattened and 9,374 received damage, while 14 mobile homes were destroyed and 218 others suffered severe impact. About 50 farm buildings and 423 small businesses were severely damaged or demolished. Three deaths and at least $230 million in damage occurred. In Georgia, the storm damaged about 1,135 homes and obliterated five others. Additionally, 18 trailers suffered major impact, while 43 small businesses were destroyed or experienced severe damage. There was one death in the state and at least $9 million in damage. A few other states were affected by the storm, though impact there was much lesser. One death occurred in Virginia. Overall, Dora caused $280 million in damage and five deaths.
Contents
[hide]
1 Meteorological history
2 Preparations
2.1 Caribbean
2.2 United States
3 Impact
3.1 Bahamas and Florida
3.1.1 First Coast
3.1.2 North Central Florida and Florida Panhandle
3.1.3 Central Florida southward
3.2 Elsewhere in North America
4 Aftermath
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Meteorological history[edit]
Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Hurricane Dora was first identified as a broad area of low pressure on August 28, 1964, as it moved off the west coast of Africa into the Atlantic Ocean near Dakar, Senegal.[1] Traveling west-southwestward,[2] the system brushed the Cape Verde Islands the following day. By August 31, images from the eighth Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS VIII) depicted a developing storm with a central dense overcast, banding features and cirrus outflow. Observations from ships in the vicinity of the storm indicated decreasing barometric pressures and wind gusts up to 40 mph (65 km/h). On September 1, reconnaissance aircraft flew into the system and determined that it had already become a tropical storm, with sustained winds reaching 60 mph (95 km/h). Shortly thereafter, the first advisory was issued on Tropical Storm Dora and the center was estimated to be roughly 850 mi (1,370 km) east of Trinidad.[1][3]
Upon being classified on September 1, Dora turned towards the northwest and intensified.[2] Several reconnaissance missions into the storm indicated that it attained hurricane status during the afternoon of September 2;[1] however, in the official Atlantic hurricane database, it is not listed as reaching this intensity until the nighttime hours.[2] Increasing in size and strength,[1] Dora attained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) early on September 3, the equivalent of a Category 2 on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.[2] At the time, meteorologists expected the storm to maintain a northwesterly course and be steered over open waters by a trough associated with Hurricane Cleo to the west.[3][4] However, Dora "missed" the trough and gradually turned towards the west on September 6.[3] That day, the hurricane attained its peak intensity as a Category 4 equivalent storm with winds estimated at 130 mph (215 km/h) and a central pressure of 942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg).[2]
Enlarged track of Hurricane Dora detailing its erratic track prior to landfall
While executing the turn, Dora steadily weakened as its low-level inflow was disrupted. By September 8, the storm restrengthened slightly and attained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).[1][3][2] Tracking westward towards Florida, Dora's forward movement decreased and became erratic as it neared the coast. Early on September 9, the storm abruptly turned southeastward before moving north for several hours. Throughout the remainder of September 9, the hurricane executed three distinct cyclonic loops while maintaining a general westward motion.[1] During the afternoon hours, Dora passed over the Gulf Stream, resulting in its central pressure decreasing 9 mbar (hPa; 0.27 inHg) in a few hours.[5]
Around 12:20 a.m. EST on September 10, Hurricane Dora made landfall about 6 mi (9.7 km) north of St. Augustine, Florida, with sustained winds between 115 and 125 mph (185 and 205 km/h).[1] Although estimated to have been a Category 3 at landfall, the highest winds onshore were believed to have been in the Category 2 range.[6] Striking northeastern Florida, Dora became the first tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in the region.[1] Once onshore the storm gradually weakened, losing hurricane status about 24 hours later, and began a gradual turn towards the northeast. During the morning of September 12, Dora became almost stationary over the southern border between Alabama and Georgia. However, the storm rapidly accelerated and re-emerged into the Atlantic Ocean on September 14 near the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Hours after moving over water, the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. The remnants of Dora were last mentioned on September 16 off the northeast coast of Newfoundland.[2]
Preparations[edit]
Caribbean[edit]
Upon Dora's classification on September 1, a small craft advisory was issued for the Leeward Islands and the northern Windward Islands.[3]
United States[edit]
As Dora approached Florida, gale warnings were issued for the northeast section of the coastline.[7] As Dora moved inland, gale warnings were issued from Sarasota to Pensacola.[8] In addition, small craft for much of the Gulf Coast to the west coast of Florida, and later in the Mid-Atlantic were advised to stay in port until the storm subsided.[8]
Impact[edit]
Overall, Hurricane Dora was responsible for five deaths and $280 million in damage, much of which occurred in Florida.[9]
Bahamas and Florida[edit]
Damage caused by storm surge in Atlantic Beach
In the Bahamas, Dora brought heavy rains and high winds to Nassau.[10] Along the coast of Florida, tides reached up to 10 ft (3.0 m) above mean sea level.[3] The hurricane also produced storm surge and abnormally high tides on the Gulf Coast of Florida, especially from Tampa Bay to St. Marks, where tides between 2 and 6 ft (0.61 and 1.83 m) were observed. Residents were forced to evacuate their homes. Strong winds lashed northeastern Florida, with sustained wind of 125 mph (205 km/h) observed in St. Augustine.[3] Many locations north of Daytona Beach received sustained winds of at least 100 mph (160 km/h).[11] Because of the slow movement of Dora, some places experienced the worst of the storm for as much as 24 hours.[3] Many areas of North Florida received at least 10 in (250 mm) of rainfall, damaging many unharvested crops and inundating numerous roads and bridges, which isolated some communities for several days.[3] Throughout Florida, 74 dwellings were flattened and 9,374 received damage, while 14 mobile homes were destroyed and 218 others suffered severe impact. About 50 farm buildings and 423 small businesses were severely damaged or demolished.[12]
First Coast[edit]
Jacksonville was one of the most severely impacted cities. Approximately 156,000 customers were left without electricity, while about 19% of phones in Duval County were out of service. The power supply for Jacksonville and surrounding towns was lost for six days.[13] Much of the damage in the Jacksonville area occurred to older buildings and those located in coastal areas. Additionally, sections of the city experienced wind-induced river flooding in the vicinity of the St. Johns River.[3] Along the coast, Atlantic Beach and Jacksonville Beach were lashed by storm surge, which flooded low-lying areas and swept away houses and roads. One street in the latter was inundated with about 6 ft (1.8 m) of water. Three homes were destroyed and 3,992 suffered damage, while 5 mobile homes were demolished and 25 experienced impact, overall in Duval County.[14]
The Beatles at their hotel in Key West
The storm was also one of the factors that nearly led to the cancellation of a Beatles concert at Gator Bowl Stadium in Jacksonville on September 11; other reasons included that the Beatles would not perform with a segregated audience, the American Guild of Variety Artists forced the Fab Four to pay union dues, and that a group of filmmakers attempted to create bootleg footage of the concert. Those issues were eventually resolved. Initially, the Beatles planned to fly to Jacksonville after their concert in Montreal on September 8, but the storm forced their plane to be diverted to Key West. Just hours before the concert began, the Beatles arrived at Imeson Field. More than 20,000 fans attended the concert, though thousands of others could not attend due to power outages in the city. Because winds were still gusting up to 45 mph (72 km/h), Ringo Starr's drums were nailed to the stage.[15]
In American Beach, which was once an African-American beach community established by Abraham Lincoln Lewis, many of its historical buildings were damaged or destroyed.[16] Additionally, several homes and businesses were also affected or demolished.[17] Some homes were swept away in Fernandina Beach, while the foundations of several other dwellings were threatened.[18] Approximately 40 residences were damaged or destroyed.[19] At Fort Clinch, located near the northern tip of Amelia Island, the exterior of the fort was severely impacted by erosion.[20] Throughout Nassau County, Dora destroyed about 50 homes and damaged 500 others, while 25 small businesses were either demolished or suffered major impact.[21]
Aerial view of Ponte Vedra Beach
In St. Johns County, 14 beach homes and 2 car garages were destroyed by erosion between Vilano Beach and southern Ponte Vedra Beach. A number of other dwellings were damaged. Waves inundated many areas of St. Augustine with a few inches to as much as several feet of water.[22] The heaviest impact occurred at the bay front, in Davis Shores, and along the San Sebastian River. At Slave Market Square, floodwaters were "hip deep",[23] while floodwaters outside the Monson Motor Lodge, where Martin Luther King, Jr. launched his St. Augustine movement, was described as "hubcap deep". The St. Augustine Record office was submerged,[24] while some motel lobbies along the Matanzas River were flooded with 30 in (760 mm) of water.[25] Additionally, Castillo de San Marcos was surrounded by water.[23] Winds unroofed some homes and downed giant, centuries old oak trees.[22] Much of the city was left without electricity. Damage in St. Augustine totaled about $5 million.[25] The pier and boardwalk at St. Augustine Beach were majorly damaged, as well as a section of State Road A1A, causing it to be closed to traffic.[24] Approximately 1,027 homes and 19 others were destroyed, while 20 businesses suffered major losses or were demolished in St. Johns County alone.[21]
High tides were also reported Flagler County, especially at Flagler Beach. About half of the municipal pier was destroyed, with some of its debris scattered over State Road A1A. In addition to the debris, washouts forced the road to be temporarily closed. Impact to private property was mainly limited to lost shingles, flooded yards, and a few downed trees. Seedling cabbage plants may have been completely ruined. Damage in the county was minor, reaching approximately $500,000.[26] Tides of about 8 ft (2.4 m) along the St. Johns River in Palatka threatened to wash away the eastern side of the memorial bridge. Extensive erosion occurred elsewhere in Putnam County along the river. A 75 ft (23 m) yacht was beached at a county commissioner's riverfront home. Then-State Road 309 was flooded in the vicinity of Georgetown.[27] Some trees were downed and a few classrooms suffered water leaks at St. Johns River Junior College in Palatka, but damage overall was minor.[28] Approximately 1,800 people were left without telephone service in Palatka, Pomona Park, and Welaka.[27]
North Central Florida and Florida Panhandle[edit]
West of the Jacksonville area, the storm brought heavy rainfall, with over 10 in (250 mm) of precipitation falling in a 10,000 sq mi (26,000 km2) area.[3] Precipitation from the hurricane peaked at 23.73 in (603 mm) in Mayo,[29] including 14.62 in (371 mm) that fell in a 24‑hour period.[24]
In Ocala, 11.7 in (300 mm) of rain fell since September 1, about 11.46 in (291 mm) in association with Dora. A few blocks were closed in the city due to flooding.[30] One lane along Route 441 was inundated at Orange Lake. Throughout Marion County, 15 to 20 county roads were submerged. Additionally, Interstate 75 was flooded between Route 27 and County Road 318, resulting in the closure of that section of the highway.[31] The storm inflicted minor damage on 18 homes and severe impacts on 8 others residences in Marion County.[21]
Farther north, in Gainesville, "scores" of dwellings and 25 homes at Highland Court Manor and Lincoln Estates were invaded by water. Several residences on Northwest 10th Avenue were also flooded,[32] while another 25 dwellings experienced water damage in High Springs after the Santa Fe River overflowed.[33] A trailer park on Archer Road was inundated waist-deep. At Clear Lake, several homes were threatened by the rising body of water. A 25,000 US gal (95,000 l; 21,000 imp gal) fuel tank at Stengel Field emerged from the ground due to saturation.[32] At the University of Florida, the half-basements of Anderson, Flint, Matherly, and Tigert halls were flooded, though classes remained in session while crews pumped out the water.[34] Throughout the city, saturation downed trees, some of which fell on power lines, roads, and houses. Damage in Gainesville alone exceeded $300,000.[32] Overall, 225 dwellings and 36 mobile homes in Alachua County were impacted, while 4 businesses received major damage or were destroyed.[12]
Flooding in Live Oak
At Live Oak, 18.62 in (473 mm) of precipitation was observed over the course of four days. Flooding left the town almost completely isolated, with all highways leading into Live Oak closed. Portions of the downtown business district were inundated with more than 10 ft (3.0 m) of water. Some homes floated away, while others were flooded with water above the second story window. In a few neighborhoods, only the tops of the chimneys were visible. Many residents were stranded on their rooftops and required rescue by boats.[24] One person died directly as a result of the storm from a drowning in Live Oak.[11] Throughout Suwannee County, 100 homes suffered major damage, while 219 other dwellings were dealt minor impairments and 5 mobile homes received severe impacts. Additionally, seven farm buildings were extensively damaged and 80 small businesses suffered either destruction or significant effects.[35]
Many roads were flooded in Lafayette County, including U.S. Route 27 and State Road 51,[36][37] causing school to be canceled for several days. Much of the town of Mayo was inundated.[33] Thirteen homes were damaged in the county, while four mobile homes received major impacts.[14] In Madison County, 18 homes were inflicted minor damage.[21]
In Taylor County, the city of Perry was flooded, with water entering more than 100 homes. Farther south, Steinhatchee was effected by freshwater flooding and storm surge. High water left State Road 51 – the only highway to and from Steinhatchee – closed for a few days. Throughout Taylor County, the storm damaged 300 homes to some degree, 25 severely. A total of 30 mobile homes suffered major impact. Additionally, 10 small businesses and 30 boats experienced major damage or were demolished.[35]
Central Florida southward[edit]
In New Smyrna Beach, two concrete decks at the beach were swept away. More than 200 ft (61 m) of sand was lost at the Coast Guard station.[24] Strong winds downed power lines and trees, which struck six homes.[38] Sixty-three dwellings in Daytona Beach were damaged and over 1,000 sq ft (93 m2) of the roof at Daytona Beach International Airport was lost.[24] One house burned down in Glenwood, a community between DeLeon Springs and DeLand, after the owner forgot to extinguish a kerosene lantern before falling asleep.[39] In DeLand, winds uprooted many trees and caused power and telephone service outages. The winds and rainfall ranging from 6 to 7 in (150 to 180 mm) caused some losses of oranges and grapefruits.[38] In western Volusia County, one dwelling was destroyed and twenty-nine suffered major impact, while one hundred twenty-seven homes experienced minor damage. Additionally, 15 trailers were significantly impacted.[35]
In Seminole County, wind damage was mainly limited a to downed power lines, electrical poles, and trees, some of which fell on homes and blocked streets, particularly in Altamonte Springs, Geneva, and Sanford.[40] Two deaths occurred on September 9 when a helicopter being evacuated from the storm crashed near Sanford, killing two Navy personnel.[3] Farther south, storm surge and above normal tides caused the loss of about 10 to 12 ft (3.0 to 3.7 m) of sand in Fort Pierce. Winds in the area left some power outages and toppled a steel, concrete sign at a courthouse.[38]
Elsewhere in North America[edit]
Map of rainfall from Hurricane Dora in the Southeastern United States
Some locations in Georgia also experienced hurricane-force winds and heavy rainfall from the storm, particularly in the southeastern portion of the state. Winds estimated at 90 mph (140 km/h) were experienced on the coastal islands, while gale force winds were observed as far north as Savannah and as far west as Waycross. Hundreds of trees were toppled, which downed trees and power lines, with some areas experiencing a near complete lost of electricity. The storm also brought heavy rainfall, with some areas observing more than 10 in (250 mm) of rain, while much of the southern half of Georgia experienced more than 3 in (76 mm) of precipitation. Storm surge and higher tides resulted in erosion and coastal flooding.[41] On Jekyll Island, two motels lost portions of their roofs and a ferris wheel was destroyed. Extensive erosion also occurred on the island.[42] Damage on Jekyll Island was conservatively estimated at $1 million.[43] At least five homes were swept away on St. Simons Island, while sections of the pier and seawall were demolished. The causeway connecting Sea Island and St. Simons Island to Brunswick was flooded.[42]
Many streets in Brunswick were covered with 1 to 3 ft (0.30 to 0.91 m) of water, leaving them impassible. In one section of the city, about 100 homes were deroofed, while 25 other homes in another section were severely damaged. An estimated 35%-40% of dwellings were damaged to some degree in Brunswick. Many trees, and power lines were downed, limiting communication between the islands and the mainland to radio networks. Portions of Route 17 south of Brunswick was washed out.[42] One man drowned in the Little Satilla River near Brunswick while attempting to secure his boat.[44] Glynn County suffered over $3.6 million in damage.[43] Soil erosion caused by heavy rainfall in Waycross resulted in extensive damage to buildings and streets.[42] Throughout Georgia, the storm structurally impacted about 1,135 homes and obliterated five others. Additionally, 18 trailers suffered major impact, while 43 small businesses were destroyed or experienced severe damage.[12] Although many pastures were flooded,[41] impact on agriculture was minor.[44] Overall, the storm left at least $9 million in damage in Georgia.[3]
A few other states were affected by the storm, though impact there was much lesser. One death occurred in Virginia.[3]
In Newfoundland, over 100 ships sought shelter at the St. John's harbor. The central portions of the province experienced heavy rainfall and winds up to 59 mph (95 km/h).[45]
Aftermath[edit]
See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
Following the storm, President Lyndon Johnson toured the devastated area with Florida governor Farris Bryant, U.S. senators Spessard Holland and George Smathers, Jacksonville mayor and Democratic nominee for governor Haydon Burns. President Johnson also personally assessed the damage in coastal Georgia, including at Brunswick and St. Simons Island.[46] In the flooded areas, the Red Cross delivered typhoid serum by helicopter.[24]
The name "Dora" had replaced "Donna" on the hurricane lists, and it was retired from the Atlantic hurricane lists and replaced with "Dolly" for the 1968 season.
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
1898 Georgia hurricane
List of Atlantic hurricanes
List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
List of Florida hurricanes (1950-1974)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h George Cry (1961). "Hurricane Dora Preliminary Report" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division (April 11, 2017). "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gordon E. Dunn; Paul L. Moore; Gilbert B. Clark; Neil L. Frank; Elbert C. Hill; Raymond II Kraft; Arnold L. Sugg (March 1965). "The Hurricane Season of 1964" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 93 (3): 175–187. Bibcode:1965MWRv...93..175D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493-93.3.175. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "New Hurricane Churns Waters Off Puerto Rico". United Press International. The Hartford Courant. September 15, 1964. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Irving Perlboth (May 1967). "Hurricane behavior as related to oceanographic environmental conditions" (PDF). 19 (2). Tellus: 258–268. doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01481.x. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b Allen Weather Bureau New Orleans (1964). "Hurricane Dora Public Advisory Number 41". NOAA. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Barbara Foster (September 30, 1984). "The day Dora roared through town". The Gainesville Sun. p. 77. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Taylor Plans To Seek Aid In Flooding". Tallahassee Democrat. September 16, 1964. p. 11. Retrieved August 17, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "City-By-City Report On Dora's Damage". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. September 11, 1964. p. 11. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b Horace S. Carter (September 21, 1964). Additions to the Preliminary Report on Hurricane Dora. United States Weather Bureau (Report). Athens, Georgia. p. 1. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Horace S. Carter (September 11, 1964). Preliminary Report on Hurricane Dora (continued). United States Weather Bureau (Report). Athens, Georgia. p. 2. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ 1964-Dora (Report). Environment Canada. November 6, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Johnson Promises Aid To Devastated Areas". Tucson Citizen. Washington, D.C. Associated Press. September 12, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved April 1, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Dora.
NHC 1964 Preliminary Report on Dora
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text:
List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nuclear tests
Information
Country
North Korea
Test site
Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, North Korea
Period
2006–present
Number of tests
6
Test type
underground
Max. yield
~140 kt (U.S. intelligence)[1]
160 kt (Revised estimates from Japanese Government)[2]
250 kt (38 North and revised NORSAR estimate)[3][4]
North Korea has conducted six nuclear tests, in 2006, 2009, 2013, twice in 2016, and 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Testing
2 Summary
3 See also
4 References
5 Sources
[Full screen]
Location of North Korea's Nuclear tests[5]
1: 2006; 2: 2009; 3: 2013; 4: 2016/1; 5: 2016/9; 6: 2017;
V
Testing[edit]
North Korea's nuclear tests series tests and detonations
Sequence
Date time (UT)
Local time zone[note 1][6]
Location
Elevation, depth
Delivery
Yield [note 2]
Fallout [note 3]
References
(1)
000000002006-10-09-00009 October 2006 01:35:27 KST
(+9 hrs) Punggye-ri Test Site, North Korea 41°17′06″N 129°06′30″E / 41.28505°N 129.1084°E / 41.28505; 129.1084 ((1)) 001030 !1,340 m (4,400 ft), 310 m (1,020 ft) underground 000010000 !0.7 - 2 kt [7]
Possibly a fizzle. East Tunnel approximately 1 km NE from the entrance.
The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state-run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield at 2 kilotons back in 2013[8] but has since revised to 0.7 kt.[9]
The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and authoritative data for this event.
(2)
000000002009-05-25-000025 May 2009 00:54:43 KST
(+9 hrs) Punggye-ri Test Site, North Korea 41°17′29″N 129°04′54″E / 41.29142°N 129.08167°E / 41.29142; 129.08167 ((2)) 000850 !1,340 m (4,400 ft), 490 m (1,610 ft) underground 000040000 !2 - 5.4 kt [10][11]
West Tunnel at about 1.2 km NW from the tunnel entrance.
The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state-run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield at 13 kt back in 2013[8] but has since revised to 5.4 kt.[9]
The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and authoritative data for this event.
(3)
000000002013-02-12-000012 February 2013 02:57:51 KST
(+9 hrs) Punggye-ri Test Site, North Korea 41°16′05″N 129°04′51″E / 41.26809°N 129.08076°E / 41.26809; 129.08076 ((3)) 000340 !1,340 m (4,400 ft), 1,000 m (3,300 ft) underground 000070000 !6 - 16 kt [10][12]
Likely the test took place in the West Tunnel. South tunnel damaged by flooding in 2012.
The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, a state-run geology research institute in Germany, estimated the yield at 40 kilotons back in 2013[8] but has since revised the yield as 14 kT.[9]
The University of Science and Technology of China estimates the yield at around 12.2 kt, with a margin of error of 3.8 kt.[13] Hence the max yield could be 16kT for this test.
The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and authoritative data for this event.
(4)
000000002016-01-06-00006 January 2016 01:30:01 PYT
(+8:30 hrs) Punggye-ri Test Site, North Korea 41°18′32″N 129°02′02″E / 41.30900°N 129.03399°E / 41.30900; 129.03399 ((4))
1,340 m
(4,400 ft),
1,000 m
(3,300 ft)
underground 000100000 !7 - 16.5 kt [14][15]
Claimed to be a hydrogen bomb.
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources has originally estimated the yield as 14kT[9] but has since revised to 10kT.[16]
The University of Science and Technology of China estimates the yield at around 11.3 kt, with a margin of error of 4.2 kt.[17] Hence the max yield could be 16.5kT for this test.
The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and authoritative data for this event.
(5)
000000002016-09-09-00009 September 2016 00:30:01 PYT
(+8:30 hrs) Punggye-ri Test Site, North Korea 41°17′53″N 129°00′54″E / 41.298°N 129.015°E / 41.298; 129.015 ((5))[note 4]
1,340 m
(4,400 ft),
1,000 m
(3,300 ft)
underground 000150000 !15 - 25 kt [18][19][20]
North Korea announced that this is a successful test of a warhead that can be mounted onto a rocket.[21]
Siegfried S. Hecker, former director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, estimated yield at 15 to 25 kt[22]
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources has initially estimated the yield as 25 kt[16]
The University of Science and Technology of China estimates the yield at around 17.8 kt, with a margin of error of 5.9 kt.[23]
The International Seismological Centre will have authoritative data for this event in due course.
(6)
000000002017-09-03-00003 September 2017 03:30:01.940 PYT
(+8:30 hrs) Punggye-ri Test Site, North Korea 41°20′35″N 129°02′10″E / 41.343°N 129.036°E / 41.343; 129.036 ((2)) 000000 !1,340 m (4,400 ft), 0 m (0 ft) underground 000100000 !70 - 280 kt [24][25][26][27][28][29]
Claimed to be a hydrogen bomb (but may only be a boosted fission weapon rather than an actual staged Teller–Ulam thermonuclear weapon).[30]
On 3 September, South Korea’s weather agency, the Korea Meteorological Administration, estimated that the nuclear weapons blast yield of the presumed test was between 50 and 60 kilotons based on a magnitude 5.6 detection.[31]
South Korean Government's initial yield estimate is 100 kt,[26] and it detected a 5.7 magnitude earthquake,[32]
NORSAR Seismology Center initial estimate is 120 kt,[27] based on a magnitude 5.8 tremor. On 12 Sept 2017, this was revised to an estimate of 250 kt based on a magnitude 6.1 instead.[4]
The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources estimate is "a few hundred kt",[28] based on a 6.1 detected tremor. The Japan Meteorological Agency also detected a 6.1 magnitude tremor.[33]
from USGS: "[Magnitude] 6.3 Explosion ... Possible explosion, located near the site where North Korea has detonated nuclear explosions in the past. If this event was an explosion, the USGS National Earthquake Information Center cannot determine its type, whether nuclear or any other possible type." Depth and lat/lon location approximate.
The China Earthquake Administration also detected a 6.3 magnitude earthquake.[34]
The University of Science and Technology of China[35] estimated the yield at 108.1 ± 48.1 kt.
The Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences registered a 6.4 magnitude earthquake.[36]
The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory estimated 250 kilotons.[29]
Japanese Government: 160 kt[2]
U.S. Intelligence/Air Force Technical Applications Center: 70 to 280 kilotons.[24] Earlier U.S. Intelligence had given an estimate of 140 kt with unspecified margin of error.[1]
The International Seismological Centre will have authoritative data for this event in due course.
Map this section's coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
Jump up ^ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. North Korea changed from UTC+9 hours to UTC+8:30 hours on 15 August 2015. All historical timezone data are derived from here:
Jump up ^ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
Jump up ^ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.
Jump up ^ Location from seismic data, about 6.4 km west northwest Punggye-ri and locus of previous tests.
Summary[edit]
See also: List of nuclear weapons tests
North Korea's nuclear testing series summary
Series or years
Years covered
Tests [Summ 1]
Devices fired
Devices with unknown yield
Peaceful use tests
Non-PTBT tests [Summ 2]
Yield range (kilotons) [Summ 3]
Total yield (kilotons) [Summ 4]
Notes
nuclear tests
2006–2017 0006 !6 0006 !6 0000 ! 0000 ! 0000 ! 0.7 to 250 0053 !197.8
Totals
2006-Oct-9 to 2017-Sep-3 6 6 0.7 to 250 197.8 (Based on average yield from lower to upper estimates as the Government of DPRK does not announce the exact yield.) Total country yield is 0.03% of all nuclear testing.
Jump up ^ Includes all tests with potential for nuclear fission or fusion explosion, including combat use, singleton tests, salvo tests, zero yield fails, safety experiments, and bombs incapacitated by accidents but still intended to be fired. It does not include hydronuclear and subcritical tests, and misfires of a device which was subsequently fired successfully.
Jump up ^ Number of tests which would have been in violation of the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963, such as atmospheric, space or underwater tests. Some "peaceful use" cratering tests which should have been violations were protested, and later quietly dropped.
Jump up ^ "Small" refers to a value greater than zero but less than 0.5 kt.
Jump up ^ Some yields are described like "< 20 kt"; such are scored at one half of the numeric amount, i.e., yield of 10k in this example. "Unknown yield" adds nothing to the total.
See also[edit]
Index of Korea-related articles
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Panda, Ankit (6 September 2017). "US Intelligence: North Korea's Sixth Test Was a 140 Kiloton 'Advanced Nuclear' Device". The Diplomat. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "North Korean nuke test put at 160 kilotons as Ishiba urges debate on deploying U.S. atomic bombs". The Japan Times. 5 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.38north.org/2017/09/punggye091217/
^ Jump up to: a b "The nuclear explosion in North Korea on 3 September 2017: A revised magnitude assessment". NORSAR. 12 September 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Search Results". USGS.
Jump up ^ "Timezone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
Jump up ^ USGS Earthquake Hazards Program (9 October 2006). "Magnitude 4.7–North Korea". USGS. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nordkorea: BGR registriert vermutlichen Kernwaffentest – BGR (In German), 12 Feb 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nordkorea: BGR registriert vermutlichen Kernwaffentest – BGR, 6 Jan 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Kalinowski, Martin (25 May 2009). "Second nuclear test conducted by North Korea on 25 May 2009" (PDF). Arms Control Wonk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ USGS Earthquake Hazards Program (26 May 2009). "Magnitude 4.7–North Korea". USGS. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Davenport, Kelsey (March 2013). "North Korea Conducts Nuclear Test". Arms Control Association. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chinese underground nuclear test North Korea reached an unprecedented precision measurement". 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "North Korean carries out fourth nuclear test". The Guardian. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "North Korea Tests Nuclear Device, Claims Successful Thermonuclear Detonation". The Diplomat. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nordkorea: BGR registriert vermutlichen Kernwaffentest – BGR (In German), 9 Sep 2016
Jump up ^ "North Korea's January 6 2016 Nuclear Test Location and Yield: Seismic Results from USTC". 6 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "M5.3 Explosion – 19km ENE of Sungjibaegam, North Korea". United States Geological Survey. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "North Korea nuclear test: Japan confirms huge quake caused by explosion". The Guardian. 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ North Korea conducts fifth and largest nuclear test – South Korea and Japan – Reuters, Sep 9, 2016 5:39am British Standard Time
Jump up ^ The Latest: N. Korea Confirms 'Successful' Nuclear Test – Associated Press, 2016 Sep 9, 12:52 AM EDT
Jump up ^ "North Korea has made a nuclear weapon small enough to fit on a missile. How worried should the world be?". Los Angeles Times. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "North Korea's September 9 2016 Nuclear Test Location and Yield: Seismic Results from USTC". 10 September 2016. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Michelle Ye Hee Lee (13 September 2017). "North Korea nuclear test may have been twice as strong as first thought". Washington Post. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "M 6.3 Explosion - 22km ENE of Sungjibaegam, North Korea".
^ Jump up to: a b "N. Korea's apparent sixth nuke test estimated to have yield of 100 kilotons: lawmaker".
^ Jump up to: a b "Large nuclear test in North Korea on 3 September 2017".
^ Jump up to: a b "BGR registers a presumed nuclear test in North Korea".
^ Jump up to: a b "Seismic Detective Weighs In on North Korea's Latest Nuclear Test".
Jump up ^ Buckley, Chris (September 3, 2017). "What's the Difference Between a Hydrogen Bomb and a Regular Atomic Bomb?". New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "North Korea nuclear test: what we know so far". Guardian. 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Latest: EU calls on U.N. to adopt further NK sanctions". New York Daily News. Associated Press. September 3, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "North Korea tests most powerful nuclear bomb yet". ABC. CNN, Scripps National Desk. September 3, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wen, Philip (September 2, 2017). "China Earthquake Administration detects 'suspected explosion' in North Korea". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "North Korea's 3 September 2017 Nuclear Test Location and Yield: Seismic Results from USTC". Lianxing Wen's Geography. University of Science and Technology of China. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "North Korea likely to have conducted another nuclear test — Japanese TV". TASS. Government of Russia. September 3, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Sources[edit]
Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000), CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3), SMDC Monitoring Research
Andryushi, LA; Voloshin, N.P.; Ilkaev, R.I.; Matushchenko, A.M.; Ryabev, L.D.; Strukov, V.G.; Chernyshev, A.K.; Yudin, Yu.A., Mikhailov, V.N., ed., Catalog of Worldwide Nuclear Testing, archived from the original on 19 December 2013, retrieved 4 March 2013
Wm Robert Johnston, PhD, Johnston Archive of Nuclear Weapons, retrieved 31 December 2013
[hide]
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Main topics
Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program
Nuclear power in North Korea
Agreed Framework
Six-party talks
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Sanctions against North Korea
2017–18 North Korea crisis
Missile tests
1993
2006
2009
2013
2014
2017
Nuclear tests
2006
2009
2013
January 2016
September 2016
2017
Facilities
Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site
Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center
Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization
UN resolutions
825
1695
1718
1874
1928
1985
2087
2094
2270
2321
2371
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values: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction

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values: Template talk:Nuclear program of North Korea

values: Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program

values: Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center

values: List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 825

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values: Category:North Korean nuclear weapons testing

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values: Liste d'essais d'armes nucléaires de la Corée du Nord – French

values: Lista de testes nucleares da Coreia do Norte – Portuguese

values: 朝鲜核试验列表 – Chinese

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