text:
Dr. Watson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the Sherlock Holmes character. For other uses, see Dr. Watson (disambiguation).
John H. Watson
Sherlock Holmes character
Dr. Watson (left) and Sherlock Holmes, by Sidney Paget.
First appearance
A Study in Scarlet
Last appearance
His Last Bow
Created by
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Information
Species
Human
Occupation
Physician
Title
Doctor
Family
H. Watson Sr (father; deceased)
Spouse(s)
Mary Morstan (1889-c.1900)
Second unnamed wife (c.1903-??)
Nationality
British
Alma mater
St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College
John H. Watson, known as Dr. Watson, is a fictional character in the Sherlock Holmes stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Watson is Sherlock Holmes' friend, assistant and sometime flatmate, and the first person narrator of all but four of these stories. He is described as the typical Victorian-era gentleman, unlike the more eccentric Holmes. He is astute, although he can never match his friend's deductive skills.
Whilst retaining his role as Holmes's friend and confidant, Watson has been adapted in various films, television series, video games, comics and radio programmes.
Contents
1 Character creation
2 Fictional character biography
2.1 Watson as Holmes's biographer
3 Personal characteristics
3.1 Physical appearance
3.2 Skills and personality
4 Adaptations
4.1 Theatre
4.2 Film
4.3 Television
4.4 Prose and radio
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Character creation[edit]
Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930), creator of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson. Photo from 1914
In Conan Doyle's early rough plot outlines, Sherlock Holmes's associate was named "Ormond Sacker"[1][2] before Conan Doyle finally settled on "John Watson". He was probably inspired by one of Doyle's colleagues, Dr. James Watson. William L. DeAndrea wrote that "Watson also serves the important function of catalyst for Holmes's mental processes... From the writer's point of view, Doyle knew the importance of having someone to whom the detective can make enigmatic remarks, a consciousness that's privy to facts in the case without being in on the conclusions drawn from them until the proper time. Any character who performs these functions in a mystery story has come to be known as a 'Watson'."[citation needed]
Fictional character biography[edit]
Dr Watson's first name is mentioned on only four occasions. Part one of the very first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet, is subtitled Being a reprint from the Reminiscences of John H. Watson, M.D., Late of the Army Medical Department.[3] The preface of the collection His Last Bow is signed 'John H. Watson, M.D', and in "The Problem of Thor Bridge", Watson says that his dispatch box is labelled 'John H. Watson, M.D'.[4] His wife Mary Watson calls him 'James' in "The Man with the Twisted Lip"; Dorothy L. Sayers speculates that Mary may be referring to his middle name Hamish (an Anglicisation of 'Sheumais', the vocative form of 'Seumas', the Scottish Gaelic for James), though Doyle himself never addresses this beyond including the initial.[5]
In A Study in Scarlet, Watson, as the narrator, establishes having studied at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, receiving his medical degree from the University of London in 1878, and subsequently being trained at Netley as an assistant surgeon in the British Army. (In a non-canonical story, "The Field Bazaar", Watson is described as having received his Bachelor of Medicine from Doyle's alma mater, Edinburgh University; this would likely have been in 1874.)[6] He joined British forces in India with the 5th Northumberland Fusiliers before being attached to the 66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot, saw service in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, was wounded at the Battle of Maiwand (July 1880) by a jezail bullet,[Note 1] suffered enteric fever and was sent back to England on the troopship HMS Orontes following his recovery.[7] With his health ruined, he was then given a daily pension of 11 shillings and 6 pence for nine months.[8]
In 1881, Watson is introduced by his friend Stamford to Sherlock Holmes, who is looking for someone to share rent at a flat in 221B Baker Street. Concluding that they are compatible, they subsequently move into the flat. When Watson notices multiple eccentric guests frequenting the flat, Holmes reveals that he is a "consulting detective" and that the guests are his clients.[9]
Watson witnesses Holmes's skills of deduction on their first case together, concerning a series of murders related to Mormon intrigue. When the case is solved, Watson is angered that Holmes is not given any credit for it by the press. When Holmes refuses to record and publish his account of the adventure, Watson endeavours to do so himself. In time, Holmes and Watson become close friends.
In The Sign of the Four, John Watson becomes engaged to Mary Morstan, a governess. In "The Adventure of the Empty House", a reference by Watson to "my own sad bereavement" implies that Morstan has died by the time Holmes returns after faking his death; that fact is confirmed when Watson moves back to Baker Street to share lodgings with Holmes. In "The Adventure of the Blanched Soldier" (set in January 1903), Holmes mentions that "Watson had at that time deserted me for a wife", but this wife was never named or described.
At the beginning of A Study in Scarlet, Watson states he had "neither kith nor kin in England". In the Sign of the Four, it is established his father and older brother are deceased, and both shared the initial 'H', when Holmes examines an old watch in Watson's possession, formerly his father's before inherited by his brother. Holmes estimates the watch to have a value of 50 guineas,[Note 2] so H. Watson, Sr., was a very prosperous man if he could have afforded such an item. Holmes deduced from the watch that Watson's brother was "a man of untidy habits—very untidy and careless. He was left with good prospects but threw away his chances, lived for some time in poverty with occasional short intervals of prosperity and finally, taking to drink he died."
Watson as Holmes's biographer[edit]
Throughout Doyle's novels, Watson is presented as Holmes's biographer. At the end of the first published Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet, Watson is so incensed by Scotland Yard's claiming full credit for its solution that he exclaims: "Your merits should be publicly recognised. You should publish an account of the case. If you won't, I will for you". Holmes suavely responds: "You may do what you like, Doctor".[10] Therefore, the story is presented as "a reprint from the reminiscences of John H. Watson", and most other stories of the series share this by implication.[9]
In the first chapter of The Sign of Four, Holmes comments on Watson's first effort as a biographer: "I glanced over it. Honestly, I cannot congratulate you upon it. Detection is, or ought to be, an exact science and should be treated in the same cold and unemotional manner. You have attempted to tinge it with romanticism... The only point in the case which deserved mention was the curious analytical reasoning from effects to causes, by which I succeeded in unravelling it"; whereupon Watson admits, "I was annoyed at this criticism of a work which had been specially designed to please him. I confess, too, that I was irritated by the egotism which seemed to demand that every line of my pamphlet should be devoted to his own special doings".[11]
In "The Adventure of Silver Blaze", Holmes confesses: "I made a blunder, my dear Watson—which is, I am afraid, a more common occurrence than anyone would think who only knew me through your memoirs"; and in The Hound of the Baskervilles, chapters 5–6, Holmes says: "Watson, Watson, if you are an honest man you will record this also and set it against my successes!"; whereas in his prologue to "The Adventure of the Yellow Face," Watson himself remarked: "In publishing these short sketches [of Holmes’s cases]...it is only natural that I should dwell rather upon his successes than upon his failures", on grounds that where Holmes failed, often nobody else succeeded.
Sometimes Watson (and through him, Conan Doyle) seems determined to stop publishing stories about Holmes: in "The Adventure of the Second Stain", Watson declares that he had intended the previous story (“The Adventure of the Abbey Grange”) "to be the last of those exploits of my friend, Mr Sherlock Holmes, which I should ever communicate to the public", but later decided that "this long series of episodes should culminate in the most important international case which he has ever been called upon to handle" ("The Second Stain" being that case). Despite this, it was succeeded by twenty other stories.
In the later stories, written after Holmes's retirement (c. 1903–04), Watson repeatedly refers to "notes of many hundreds of cases to which I have never alluded”, on grounds that after Holmes's retirement, the detective showed reluctance "to the continued publication of his experiences. So long as he was in actual professional practice the records of his successes were of some practical value to him, but since he has definitely retired...notoriety has become hateful to him" ("The Adventure of the Second Stain"). After Holmes's retirement, Watson often cites special permission from his friend for the publication of further stories; but received occasional unsolicited suggestions from Holmes of what stories to tell, as noted at the beginning of "The Adventure of the Devil's Foot".
In "The Adventure of the Blanched Soldier," one of only two stories narrated by Holmes himself, the detective remarks about Watson: "I have often had occasion to point out to him how superficial are his accounts and to accuse him of pandering to popular taste instead of confining himself rigidly to facts and figures"; but the narrative style seldom differs, and Holmes confesses that Watson would have been the better choice to write the story, noting when he starts writing that he quickly realizes the importance of presenting the tale in a manner that would interest the reader. In any case, Holmes regularly referred to Watson as my "faithful friend and biographer," and once exclaims, "I am lost without my Boswell".
At the beginning of "The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger", Watson makes strong claims about "the discretion and high sense of professional honour" that govern his work as Holmes's biographer, but which do not keep Watson from expressing himself and quoting Holmes with candour of their antagonists and their clients. In "The Red-Headed League," for example, Watson introduces Jabez Wilson: "Our visitor bore every mark of being an average commonplace British tradesman, obese, pompous, and slow"—wearing "a not over-clean black frock-coat".
Personal characteristics[edit]
Physical appearance[edit]
In A Study in Scarlet, having just returned from Afghanistan, John Watson is described "as thin as a lath and as brown as a nut."[12] In subsequent texts, he is variously described as strongly built, of a stature either average or slightly above average, with a thick, strong neck and a small moustache.[13]
Watson used to be an athlete: it is mentioned in "The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire" (1924) that he used to play rugby union for Blackheath (a famous old London club), but he fears his physical condition has declined since that point. In "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton" (1899), Watson is described as "a middle-sized, strongly built man -- square jaw, thick neck, moustache..." In "His Last Bow," set in August 1914, Watson is described as "..a heavily built, elderly man with a grey moustache...".
Watson reading bad news to Holmes in "The Five Orange Pips." One of Sidney Paget's iconic illustrations from The Strand magazine.
Skills and personality[edit]
John Watson is intelligent, if lacking in Holmes's insight, and serves as a perfect foil for Holmes: the archetypal late Victorian / Edwardian gentleman against the brilliant, emotionally detached analytical machine. Furthermore, he is considered an excellent doctor and surgeon, especially by Holmes. For instance, in "The Adventure of the Dying Detective," Holmes creates a ruse that he is deathly ill to lure a suspect to his presence, which must fool Watson as well during its enactment. To that effect in addition to elaborate makeup and starving himself for a few days for the necessary appearance, Holmes firmly claims to Watson that he is highly contagious to the touch, knowing full well that the doctor would immediately deduce his true medical condition upon examination.
Watson is well aware of both the limits of his abilities and Holmes's reliance on him:
"Holmes was a man of habits... and I had become one of them... a comrade... upon whose nerve he could place some reliance... a whetstone for his mind. I stimulated him... If I irritated him by a certain methodical slowness in my mentality, that irritation served only to make his own flame-like intuitions and impressions flash up the more vividly and swiftly. Such was my humble role in our alliance." – "The Adventure of the Creeping Man"
Watson sometimes attempts to solve crimes on his own, using Holmes's methods. For example, in The Hound of the Baskervilles, Watson efficiently clears up several of the many mysteries confronting the pair, and Holmes praises him for his zeal and intelligence. However, because he is not endowed with Holmes's almost-superhuman ability to focus on the essential details of the case and Holmes's extraordinary range of recondite, specialised knowledge, Watson meets with limited success in other cases. Holmes summed up the problem that Watson confronted in one memorable rebuke from "A Scandal in Bohemia": "Quite so... you see, but you do not observe." In "The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist," Watson's attempts to assist Holmes's investigation prove unsuccessful because of his unimaginative approach, for example, asking a London estate agent who lives in a particular country residence. (According to Holmes, what he should have done was "gone to the nearest public house" and listened to the gossip.) Watson is too guileless to be a proper detective. And yet, as Holmes acknowledges, Watson has unexpected depths about him; for example, he has a definite strain of "pawky humour", as Holmes observes in The Valley of Fear.
Watson and Holmes in a Sidney Paget illustration for "The Adventure of Silver Blaze".
Watson never masters Holmes's deductive methods, but he can be astute enough to follow his friend's reasoning after the fact. In "The Adventure of the Norwood Builder," Holmes notes that John Hector McFarlane is "a bachelor, a solicitor, a Freemason, and an asthmatic". Watson comments as narrator: "Familiar as I was with my friend's methods, it was not difficult for me to follow his deductions, and to observe the untidiness of attire, the sheaf of legal papers, the watch-charm, and the breathing which had prompted them." Similar episodes occur in "The Adventure of the Devil's Foot," "The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist," and "The Adventure of the Resident Patient." In "The Adventure of the Red Circle", we find a rare instance in which Watson rather than Holmes correctly deduces a fact of value.[Note 3] In The Hound of the Baskervilles,[14] Watson shows that he has picked up some of Holmes's skills at dealing with people from whom information is desired. (As he observes to the reader, "I have not lived for years with Sherlock Holmes for nothing." )
Watson is endowed with a strong sense of honour. At the beginning of "The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger," Watson makes strong claims about "the discretion and high sense of professional honour" that govern his work as Holmes's biographer, but discretion and professional honour do not block Watson from expressing himself and quoting Holmes with remarkable candor on the characters of their antagonists and their clients. Despite Watson's frequent expressions of admiration and friendship for Holmes, the many stresses and strains of living and working with the detective make themselves evident in Watson's occasional harshness of character. The most controversial of these matters is Watson's candor about Holmes's drug use. Though the use of cocaine was legal and common in Holmes's era, Watson directly criticizes Holmes's habits.
Watson is also represented as being very discreet in character. The events related in "The Adventure of the Second Stain" are supposedly very sensitive: "If in telling the story I seem to be somewhat vague in certain details, the public will readily understand that there is an excellent reason for my reticence. It was, then, in a year, and even in a decade, that shall be nameless, that upon one Tuesday morning in autumn we found two visitors of European fame within the walls of our humble room in Baker Street." Furthermore, in "The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger," Watson notes that he has "made a slight change of name and place" when presenting that story. Here he is direct about a method of preserving discretion and confidentiality that other scholars have inferred from the stories, with pseudonyms replacing the "real" names of clients, witnesses, and culprits alike, and altered place-names replacing the real locations.
Adaptations[edit]
Main article: List of actors who have played Dr. Watson
Theatre[edit]
Holmes (William Gillette, right) with Dr Watson (Bruce McRae, left), in the 1899 Broadway production of Sherlock Holmes
Bruce McRae created the character of Dr Watson in the 1899 Broadway production of Sherlock Holmes, a play by William Gillette and Arthur Conan Doyle.
Film[edit]
The series of Sherlock Holmes films with Basil Rathbone as Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Watson portrayed the doctor as a lovable but incompetent assistant.[15] Some later treatments have presented a more competent Watson.
Ian Fleming played Watson in the 1931 Sherlock Holmes film series except for The Sign of Four in which he was played by Ian Hunter.
Holmes and Watson (right), as they appear in Sherlock Holmes: The Case of the Silver Earring video game
Watson was played by actor André Morell in the 1959 film version of The Hound of the Baskervilles, wherein Morell preferred that his version of Watson should be closer to that originally depicted in Conan Doyle's stories, not Nigel Bruce's interpretation.[16] Other depictions include Robert Duvall opposite Nicol Williamson's Holmes in The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1978); Donald Houston, who played Watson to John Neville's Holmes in A Study in Terror (1965); a rather belligerent, acerbic Watson portrayed by Colin Blakely in Billy Wilder's The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970), in which Holmes was played by Robert Stephens (who starts the rumour that they are homosexual lovers to discourage female interest); and James Mason's portrayal in Murder by Decree (1978), with Christopher Plummer as Holmes. Alan Cox played a teenage Watson in the 1985 film Young Sherlock Holmes, narrated by Michael Hordern as an older Watson. Ian Hart portrayed a young, capable, and fit Watson twice for BBC Television, once opposite Richard Roxburgh as Holmes (in a 2002 adaptation of The Hound of the Baskervilles) and for a second time opposite Rupert Everett as the Great Detective in the new story Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking (2004).
In the Soviet Sherlock Holmes film series, directed by Igor Maslennikov, Dr. Watson was played by Vitaly Solomin. He is portrayed as a brave and intelligent man, but not especially physically strong.
In the 1988 parody film Without a Clue, the roles of a witless Watson and an extremely intelligent Holmes are reversed. In the film, Holmes (Michael Caine) is an invention of Watson (Ben Kingsley) played by an alcoholic actor; when Watson initially offers suggestions on how to solve a case to some visiting policemen, he is at the time applying for a post in an exclusive medical practice, and so invents the fictional Holmes to avoid attracting attention to himself, continuing the "lie" of Holmes's existence after he fails to get the post. At the same time, Watson becomes increasingly frustrated that his own talents are unrecognised, and unavailingly attempts to win celebrity for himself as "the Crime Doctor."[17]
In the Guy Ritchie-directed Sherlock Holmes movies, Watson is portrayed by Jude Law. Law portrays Watson as knowledgeable, brave, strong-willed, and thoroughly professional, as well as a competent detective in his own right. Apart from being armed with his trademark sidearm, his film incarnation is also a capable swordsman. The film portrays Watson as having a gambling problem, which William S. Baring-Gould had inferred from a reference in "The Adventure of the Dancing Men" to Holmes keeping Watson's cheque book locked in a drawer in his desk.[18] Law also portrayed Watson in the 2011 sequel, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows.
Watson appears on the 2010 direct-to-DVD Asylum film Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes, a science fiction reinvention in which he was portrayed by actor Gareth David-Lloyd. At the beginning of the film, Watson is an elderly man portrayed by David Shackleton during the Blitz in 1940. He tells his nurse the tale of the adventure which he and Holmes vowed never to tell the public. In 1889, he is a home doctor and personal physician and biographer of Sherlock Holmes (Ben Syder). Here, Watson is portrayed as easily confused by Holmes's abilities, but the story is set in 1881, the same year as A Study in Scarlet, which may account for this. He is a skilled gunman and is loyal, if often irritated, by Holmes's methods.
Watson, portrayed by Colin Starkey, appears briefly in the 2015 film Mr. Holmes (although he has no dialogue and his face is not shown). Reflecting on his career as a detective, Holmes (Ian McKellen) comments that Watson took considerable latitude in writing up the cases for publication, to the point that he views the finished products as little more than "penny dreadfuls." Holmes remarks that several key details of his literary counterpart, including his pipe, deerstalker hat, and 221B Baker Street address, were entirely fictitious.
The 2015 mashup anime film The Empire of Corpses features a younger, re-imagined Watson as the protagonist, in a steampunk world where the dead are reanimated and used as a labor force. He was voiced by Yoshimasa Hosoya in Japanese, and Jason Liebrecht in the English dub.
Television[edit]
Examples of a more competent Watson on television are the portrayals by David Burke and later by Edward Hardwicke in the 1980s and 1990s television series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, The Return of Sherlock Holmes, The Casebook of Sherlock Holmes and The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, all starring Jeremy Brett as Holmes.
The 1950s Sherlock Holmes US TV series featured Howard Marion-Crawford as a stable Watson with a knockout punch.
In the TV series, Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century, Holmes acquires a 'new' Watson in the form of a robot. The robot, having absorbed all lore of the original, believes itself to be Watson, and Holmes treats it as such, concluding that the "spirit" is Watson's though the "body" is not.
The character of Alexandra Eames (as portrayed by Kathryn Erbe) in Law & Order: Criminal Intent is loosely based on the character of Doctor Watson. The series ran from 2001-2011.
In the 2010– BBC television show Sherlock, Martin Freeman portrays Watson as a discharged military doctor who strikes a complicated yet good friendship with the brilliant but eccentric Holmes (Benedict Cumberbatch). As with the original character, Watson served in the British Army in Afghanistan. The adaptation is set in contemporary London.
The 2012 CBS show Elementary changes the character to a Asian American woman, Dr Joan H. Watson (Lucy Liu), an ex-surgeon turned sober companion. She is appointed to monitor the recovery of former heroin addict Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller), but takes to detective work, becoming his protégée and eventually his partner. The adaptation is set in New York.
In the 2013 Russian adaptation Sherlock Holmes, Dr Watson is portrayed as older than Holmes. The character was played by Andrei Panin, in his last role, as he died shortly after the filming was finished.
In the 2014 Japanese puppetry Sherlock Holmes, John H. Watson who transfers from Australia is a son of doctor and roommate of Sherlock Holmes in 221B of Baker House. Though being at loss how to deal with Holmes at first, he becomes too close to the strange roommate. He records the investigation of Holmes in a notebook that is called "Watoson memo" [19](Memo by John H. Watson) and writes articles based on it for the school's wall newspaper. Wataru Takagi voices him and narrates the show.
Prose and radio[edit]
Stephen King, the American novelist, wrote a short story called "The Doctor's Case" in the collection Nightmares & Dreamscapes, where Watson actually solves the case instead of Holmes.
Nigel Bruce reprised his film role of Watson on the radio opposite first Basil Rathbone, then Tom Conway as Holmes in the 1940s.
Carleton Hobbs portrayed Holmes in a series of BBC radio broadcasts that ran from 1952 to 1969, with Norman Shelley playing Watson. Many of these were broadcast on Children's Hour. Of the many actors who have portrayed Holmes and Watson for the BBC, the Hobbs and Shelley duo is the longest running.
In 1954, Sir Ralph Richardson played Watson in a short radio series on NBC opposite Sir John Gielgud as Holmes.
Watson was also portrayed by English-born actor Michael Williams for the BBC Radio adaptation of the complete run of the Holmes canon from November 1989 to July 1998. Williams, together with Clive Merrison, who played Holmes, are the only actors who have portrayed the Conan Doyle characters in all the short stories and novels of the canon.[citation needed] After Williams' death, the BBC continued the shows with The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Four series were produced, all written by Bert Coules who had been the head writer on the complete canon project, with Andrew Sachs starring opposite Merrison.
In January 1998, Jim French Productions received the rights from the estate of Dame Jean Conan Doyle to produce new radio stories of Holmes and Watson. Lawrence Albert plays Watson to the Holmes of first John Gilbert and later John Patrick Lowrie.
In popular culture[edit]
Microsoft named the debugger in Microsoft Windows "Doctor Watson".
In the TV series Sanctuary, Watson (Peter Wingfield) is a member of "The Five" and the actual detective in the Conan Doyle stories. The character of Holmes is created and Watson is made his sidekick at Watson's request to Conan Doyle.
In the TV series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the character Geordi La Forge takes on the role of Dr. Watson in holodeck simulations with his shipmate and friend, Data.
In the first season of The Muppet Show there is a skit starring Rowlf the Dog as Sherlock Holmes and Baskerville the Hound as Dr Watson that is titled "The Case of the Disappearing Clues."
American author Michael Mallory began a series of stories in the mid-1990s featuring Watson's mysterious second wife, whom he called Amelia Watson.[20] In Sherlock Holmes's War of the Worlds, Watson's second wife is Violet Hunter, from "The Adventure of the Copper Beeches".
Watson appears as a supporting character in several of American author Laurie R. King's Mary Russell detective novels.
Dr Watson appears in Dai Gyakuten Saiban: Naruhodō Ryūnosuke no Bōken, where he is murdered during a visit to Japan.[21] The protagonist, Ryūnosuke Naruhodō, is accused of his murder. Iris Watson, a 10-year-old daughter of Dr John Watson, takes his place as Sherlock Holmes's assistant.[22]
See also[edit]
Sherlock Holmes portal
Fictional characters portal
List of actors who have played Dr. Watson
Sherlock Holmes pastiches
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Also known as a Jazail, Jazair, or Janjal, a Jezail was a very large flintlock or matchlock musket, with a barrel up to 8 feet (2 m) long. They often fired a .50 or .75 inch calibre bullet weighing up to 2 ounces (57 g).see Butalia (1998), p.52. They were accurate at long range and often used as a sniper's weapon in warfare. Watson's wound was contradictorily located in his leg and his shoulder, depending on the story.
Jump up ^ Fifty guineas is around £4860 when adjusted for inflation. This was more than a year's wages for a servant or manual labourer at the time.
Jump up ^ Watson, rather than Holmes, guesses that the mysterious lodger printed their notes so as to conceal their handwriting, though initially neither one guesses precisely why they would want to.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Allen Eyles (1986). Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Celebration. Harper & Row. pp. 11–12. ISBN 0-06-015620-1.
Jump up ^ Alan Barnes (2002). Sherlock Holmes on Screen. Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. p. 10. ISBN 1-903111-04-8.
Jump up ^ Arthur Conan Doyle, "A Study in Scarlet", subtitle.
Jump up ^ The Problem of Thor Bridge Wikisource. Retrieved on 23 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Dorothy L. Sayers, "Dr. Watson's Christian Name," in Unpopular Opinions (London: Victor Gollancz, 1946), 148–151.
Jump up ^ Arthur Conan Doyle (1896). "The Field Bazaar". In Peter Haining (ed.), The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1980; p. 81. ISBN 1-56619-831-3.
Jump up ^ A Study in Scarlet/Part 1/Chapter 1 Wikisource. Retrieved on 23 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Arthur Conan. A Study in Scarlet.
^ Jump up to: a b A Study in Scarlet/Part 1/Chapter 1 Wikisource. Retrieved on 7 June 2013.
Jump up ^ A Study in Scarlet/Part 2/Chapter 7 Wikisource. Retrieved on 7 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Arthur Conan Doyle (1890). The Sign of the Four.
Jump up ^ A Study in Scarlet
Jump up ^ The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton
Jump up ^ Literary Qualities of The Hound of the Baskervilles | Novel Summaries Analysis. Novelexplorer.com (26 January 2009). Retrieved on 23 August 2011.
Jump up ^ 'Sherlock Holmes': Hollywood finally plays by the book with Watson - Los Angeles Times
Jump up ^ Kinsey, Wayne (2002). Hammer Films—The Bray Studios Years. Richmond: Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. p. 133. ISBN 1-903111-11-0.
Jump up ^ Willistein, Paul (19 November 1988), "It's Elementary, Comedy's Afoot In 'Without A Clue'", The Morning Call, Lehigh Valley
Jump up ^ Baring-Gould, William S. (1967). The Annotated Sherlock Holmes. Vol 2, pp. 527–528.
Jump up ^ Japanese-style pronunciation of Watson is "Watoson".
Jump up ^ Mallory, Michael (2009). The Adventures of the Second Mrs. Watson. Dallas: Top Publications. ISBN 1-929976-57-7
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Character: Iris Watson
Bibliography[edit]
Butalia, Romesh C. (1998). The Evolution of the Artillery in India: From the Battle of Plassey (1757) to the Revolt of 1857. Allied Publishers. ISBN 8170238722.
External links[edit]
The Sherlock Holmes Museum
Who2 biography
Sherlock Holmes Public Library
An analytical profile of The Good Doctor
Speculation on Dr. Watson's Six Wives
A post-colonial canonical and cultural revision of Conan Doyle's Holmes narratives
hide
v
t
e
Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes
Canon
Adaptations
Popular culture
Novels
A Study in Scarlet (1887)
The Sign of the Four (1890)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1902)
The Valley of Fear (1915)
Story collections
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1892)
The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1894)
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1905)
His Last Bow (1917)
The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes (1927)
Characters
Sherlock Holmes
Dr. Watson
Professor Moriarty
Sebastian Moran
Irene Adler
Inspector Lestrade
Mycroft Holmes
Baker Street Irregulars
Minor characters
Uncollected stories
"The Field Bazaar"
"The Lost Special"
"How Watson Learned the Trick"
Lists
List of cases
List of investigators
Universe
221B Baker Street
Baritsu
Diogenes Club
The Dynamics of an Asteroid
A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem
Related
Sherlock fandom
Sherlockian game
Sherlockiana
Sherlock Holmes Museum
The Sherlock Holmes
The Baker Street Irregulars
Holmesian studies
The Strand Magazine
Naked Is the Best Disguise
Undershaw
Category
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb16607023c (data)
GND: 119430886
ISNI: 0000 0003 5939 9872
LCCN: no2014068518
SUDOC: 162483988
VIAF: 90776671
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Watson&oldid=856999245"
Categories:
Fictional characters introduced in 1887
Fictional English people
Fictional British medical doctors
Fictional British Army officers
Fictional Indian Army personnel
Fictional British military snipers
Fictional military medical personnel
Fictional surgeons
Fictional detectives
Fictional gentleman detectives
Fictional private investigators
Fictional Second Anglo-Afghan War veterans
Fictional writers
Male characters in film
Male characters in literature
Male characters in television
Female characters in television
Crime film characters
Sherlock Holmes characters
Sidekicks in literature
Film sidekicks
University of London in fiction
Hidden categories:
Use British English from August 2011
Use dmy dates from August 2011
Pages using deprecated image syntax
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenčina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
42 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 22:16 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Dr._Watson_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Dr. Watson (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

value: th

attrs: colspan style

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle
mw-redirect
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

values:
/wiki/Mary_Morstan
mw-redirect
Mary Morstan

values: St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College

values:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

values:
/wiki/First_person_narrator
mw-redirect
First person narrator

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Fictional character biography

values: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry

values:
/wiki/Edinburgh_University
mw-redirect
Edinburgh University

values:
/wiki/5th_Northumberland_Fusiliers
mw-redirect
5th Northumberland Fusiliers

values:
/wiki/Enteric_fever
mw-redirect
Enteric fever

values:
/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)
mw-redirect
Guinea (British coin)

values: Edit section: Watson as Holmes's biographer

values: The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton

values:
/wiki/Strand_Magazine
mw-redirect
Strand Magazine

values: Holmes (in deerstalker hat) talking to Watson (in a bowler hat) in a railway compartment

values: List of actors who have played Dr. Watson

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 film)

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002 film)

values: The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson

values:
/wiki/Penny_dreadfuls
mw-redirect
Penny dreadfuls

values:
/wiki/The_Casebook_of_Sherlock_Holmes
mw-redirect
The Casebook of Sherlock Holmes

values:
/wiki/Asian_American
mw-redirect
Asian American

values:
/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(puppetry)
mw-redirect
Sherlock Holmes (puppetry)

values: List of BBC Radio Sherlock Holmes dramatisations

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)

values: The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes

values:
/wiki/Dame_Jean_Conan_Doyle
mw-redirect
Dame Jean Conan Doyle

values:
/wiki/Doctor_Watson_(debugger)
mw-redirect
Doctor Watson (debugger)

values:
/wiki/Mary_Russell_(fictional)
mw-redirect
Mary Russell (fictional)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.Sherlock-Holmes.co.uk

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.who2.com/drwatson.html

values:
nofollow
http://sherlock.mindcop.net/
external text

values: Popular culture references to Sherlock Holmes

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of time and places in cases of Sherlock Holmes

values: List of detectives, constables, and agents in Sherlock Holmes

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/119430886

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000359399872

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/162483988

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/90776671

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1887

values: Category:Fictional British medical doctors

values: Category:Fictional British Army officers

values: Category:Fictional Indian Army personnel

values: Category:Fictional British military snipers

values: Category:Fictional military medical personnel

values: Category:Fictional Second Anglo-Afghan War veterans

values: Category:Female characters in television

values: Category:University of London in fiction

values: Category:Use British English from August 2011

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Dr._Watson
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: دكتور واطسون – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: ড. জন ওয়াটসন – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Доктар Ватсан – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Доктор Уотсън – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: دکتر واتسن – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Բժիշկ Վաթսոն – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: Dr. Watson (Sherlock Holmes) – Indonesian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: דוקטור ווטסון – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ექიმი უოტსონი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Дәрігер Ватсон – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Доктур Ватсон – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ഡോക്ടർ വാട്സൺ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson
Watson – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ジョン・H・ワトスン – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Доктор Ватсон – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Доктор Вотсон – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: จอห์น เอช. วอตสัน – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Доктор Ватсон – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Dr_Watson rootpage-Dr_Watson skin-vector action-view


text:
Sherman's March to the Sea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Sherman's March (disambiguation).
Savannah Campaign
(Sherman's March to the Sea)
Part of the American Civil War

Union soldiers destroying telegraph poles and railroads, and freeing slaves, who are assisting Union soldiers in making their way to safety.
Date
November 15 – December 21, 1864
Location
Georgia
Result
Union victory
Belligerents
United States (Union) Confederate States (Confederacy)
Commanders and leaders
William T. Sherman William J. Hardee
Joseph Wheeler
Units involved
Army of the Tennessee[1]
Army of Georgia[1]
Confederate militia
Strength
59,545–62,204[2] 12,466[3]
Casualties and losses
? ?
[show]
v
t
e
Savannah Campaign
(Sherman's March to the Sea)
Griswoldville
Buck Head Creek
Honey Hill
Waynesboro
Tulifinny
Fort McAllister
Altamaha Bridge
Sherman's March to the Sea, more formally known as the Savannah Campaign, was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 to December 21, 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. His forces destroyed military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property and disrupted the Confederacy's economy and its transportation networks. Sherman's bold move of operating deep within enemy territory and without supply lines is considered to be one of the major achievements of the war.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and objectives
1.1 Military situation
2 Opposing forces
2.1 Union
2.2 Confederate
3 March
4 Aftermath
5 Legacy
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
8.1 Primary sources
9 Further reading
10 External links
Background and objectives[edit]
Military situation[edit]
Main article: Atlanta Campaign
Further information: Western Theater of the American Civil War and American Civil War
Sherman's "March to the Sea" followed his successful Atlanta Campaign of May to September 1864. He and the Union Army's commander, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, believed that the Civil War would come to an end only if the Confederacy's strategic, economic, and psychological capacity for warfare were decisively broken.[4] Sherman therefore planned an operation that has been compared to the modern principles of scorched earth warfare, or total war. Although his formal orders (excerpted below) specified control over destruction of infrastructure in areas in which his army was unmolested by guerrilla activity, he recognized that supplying an army through liberal foraging would have a destructive effect on the morale of the civilian population it encountered in its wide sweep through the state.[5]
The second objective of the campaign was more traditional. Grant's armies in Virginia continued in a stalemate against Robert E. Lee's army, besieged in Petersburg, Virginia. By moving in Lee's rear and performing a massive turning movement against him, Sherman could possibly increase pressure on Lee, allowing Grant the opportunity to break through, or at least keep Southern reinforcements away from Virginia.
The campaign was designed by Grant and Sherman to be similar to Grant's innovative and successful Vicksburg Campaign and Sherman's Meridian Campaign, in that Sherman's armies would reduce their need for traditional supply lines by "living off the land" after consuming their 20 days of rations. Foragers, known as "bummers", would provide food seized from local farms for the Army while they destroyed the railroads and the manufacturing and agricultural infrastructure of Georgia. In planning for the march, Sherman used livestock and crop production data from the 1860 census to lead his troops through areas where he believed they would be able to forage most effectively.[6] The twisted and broken railroad rails that the troops heated over fires and wrapped around tree trunks and left behind became known as "Sherman's neckties". As the army would be out of touch with the North throughout the campaign, Sherman gave explicit orders, Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 120, regarding the conduct of the campaign. The following is an excerpt from the general's orders:
... IV. The army will forage liberally on the country during the march. To this end, each brigade commander will organize a good and sufficient foraging party, under the command of one or more discreet officers, who will gather, near the route traveled, corn or forage of any kind, meat of any kind, vegetables, corn-meal, or whatever is needed by the command, aiming at all times to keep in the wagons at least ten day's provisions for the command and three days' forage. Soldiers must not enter the dwellings of the inhabitants, or commit any trespass, but during a halt or a camp they may be permitted to gather turnips, apples, and other vegetables, and to drive in stock of their camp. To regular foraging parties must be instructed the gathering of provisions and forage at any distance from the road traveled.
V. To army corps commanders alone is entrusted the power to destroy mills, houses, cotton-gins, &c., and for them this general principle is laid down: In districts and neighborhoods where the army is unmolested no destruction of such property should be permitted; but should guerrillas or bushwhackers molest our march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless according to the measure of such hostility.
VI. As for horses, mules, wagons, &c., belonging to the inhabitants, the cavalry and artillery may appropriate freely and without limit, discriminating, however, between the rich, who are usually hostile, and the poor or industrious, usually neutral or friendly. Foraging parties may also take mules or horses to replace the jaded animals of their trains, or to serve as pack-mules for the regiments or brigades. In all foraging, of whatever kind, the parties engaged will refrain from abusive or threatening language, and may, where the officer in command thinks proper, give written certificates of the facts, but no receipts, and they will endeavor to leave with each family a reasonable portion for their maintenance.
VII. Negroes who are able-bodied and can be of service to the several columns may be taken along, but each army commander will bear in mind that the question of supplies is a very important one and that his first duty is to see to them who bear arms....
—  William T. Sherman, Military Division of the Mississippi Special Field Order 120, November 9, 1864.
The march was made easier by able assistants such as Orlando Metcalfe Poe, chief of the bridge building and demolition team. Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman selected Poe as his chief engineer in 1864. Poe oversaw the burning of Atlanta, for which action he was honored by Sherman. Poe directly supervised the dismantling of all buildings and structures in Atlanta that could have provided any military value to the Rebels once Sherman abandoned the city; rail depots, roundhouses, arsenals and storage areas were manually disassembled and the combustible materials then destroyed by controlled fires (however, Poe was incensed at the level of uncontrolled arson by marauding soldiers not of his unit which resulted in heavy damage to civilian homes.) He served in this capacity past the fall of Atlanta to the end of the war. Dozens of river crossings, poor or non-existent roads and the extensive swamps of southern Georgia would have fatally slowed Sherman's force had not Poe's skills as leader of the bridge, road and pontoon building units kept the army moving. He also continued to supervise destruction of Confederate infrastructure. Promoted by Sherman by two steps in rank to colonel after the fall of Savannah, he continued in that capacity in the war's concluding Carolinas Campaign as Sherman headed northwards from Savannah to link up with Grant and the Army of the Potomac in Virginia and to cut another swath through South and North Carolina.
Opposing forces[edit]
Union[edit]
Further information: Savannah Campaign Union order of battle
Sherman, commanding the Military Division of the Mississippi, did not employ his entire army group in the campaign. Confederate Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood was threatening Sherman's supply line from Chattanooga, and Sherman detached two armies under Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas to deal with Hood in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign. For the Savannah Campaign, Sherman's remaining force of 62,000 men (55,000 infantry, 5,000 cavalry, and 2,000 artillerymen manning 64 guns) was divided into two columns for the march:[7]
The right wing was the Army of the Tennessee, commanded by Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, consisting of two corps:
XV Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus, with the divisions of Brig. Gens. Charles R. Woods, William B. Hazen, John E. Smith, and John M. Corse.
XVII Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Frank Blair, Jr., with the divisions of Maj. Gen. Joseph A. Mower and Brig. Gens. Mortimer D. Leggett and Giles A. Smith.
The left wing was the Army of Georgia, commanded by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, also with two corps:
XIV Corps, commanded by Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis, with the divisions of Brig. Gens. William P. Carlin, James D. Morgan, and Absalom Baird.
XX Corps, commanded by Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams, with the divisions of Brig. Gens. Nathaniel J. Jackson, John W. Geary, and William T. Ward.
A cavalry division under Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick operated in support of the two wings.
Confederate[edit]
Further information: Savannah Campaign Confederate order of battle
The Confederate opposition from Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee's Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida was meager. Hood had taken the bulk of forces in Georgia on his campaign to Tennessee in hopes of diverting Sherman to pursue him. Considering Sherman's military priorities however, this tactical maneuver by his enemy to get out of his force's path was welcomed to the point of remarking, "If he will go to the Ohio River, I'll give him rations."[8] There were about 13,000 men remaining at Lovejoy's Station, south of Atlanta. Maj. Gen. Gustavus W. Smith's Georgia militia had about 3,050 soldiers, most of whom were boys and elderly men. The Cavalry Corps of Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, reinforced by a brigade under Brig. Gen. William H. Jackson, had approximately 10,000 troopers. During the campaign, the Confederate War Department brought in additional men from Florida and the Carolinas, but they never were able to increase their effective force beyond 13,000.[9]
March[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Both U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and General Ulysses S. Grant had serious reservations about Sherman's plans.[10] Still, Grant trusted Sherman's assessment and on November 2, 1864, he sent Sherman a telegram stating simply, "Go as you propose."[11] The 300-mile (480 km) march began on November 15. Sherman recounted in his memoirs the scene when he left at 7 a.m. the following day:
... We rode out of Atlanta by the Decatur road, filled by the marching troops and wagons of the Fourteenth Corps; and reaching the hill, just outside of the old rebel works, we naturally paused to look back upon the scenes of our past battles. We stood upon the very ground whereon was fought the bloody battle of July 22d, and could see the copse of wood where McPherson fell. Behind us lay Atlanta, smouldering and in ruins, the black smoke rising high in air, and hanging like a pall over the ruined city. Away off in the distance, on the McDonough road, was the rear of Howard's column, the gun-barrels glistening in the sun, the white-topped wagons stretching away to the south; and right before us the Fourteenth Corps, marching steadily and rapidly, with a cheery look and swinging pace, that made light of the thousand miles that lay between us and Richmond. Some band, by accident, struck up the anthem of "John Brown's Body"; the men caught up the strain, and never before or since have I heard the chorus of "Glory, glory, hallelujah!" done with more spirit, or in better harmony of time and place.
—  William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman, Chapter 21
Savannah Campaign (Sherman's March to the Sea): detailed map.
Savannah Campaign (Sherman's March to the Sea).
Sherman's advance: Tennessee, Georgia and Carolinas (1863-65).
Sherman's personal escort on the march was the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment, a unit made up entirely of Southerners who remained loyal to the Union.
The two wings of the army attempted to confuse and deceive the enemy about their destinations; the Confederates could not tell from the initial movements whether Sherman would march on Macon, Augusta, or Savannah. Howard's wing, led by Kilpatrick's cavalry, marched south along the railroad to Lovejoy's Station, which caused the defenders there to conduct a fighting retreat to Macon. The cavalry captured two Confederate guns at Lovejoy's Station, and then two more and 50 prisoners at Bear Creek Station. Howard's infantry marched through Jonesboro to Gordon, southwest of the state capital, Milledgeville. Slocum's wing, accompanied by Sherman, moved to the east, in the direction of Augusta. They destroyed the bridge across the Oconee River and then turned south.[12]
The first real resistance was felt by Howard's right wing at the Battle of Griswoldville on November 22. Confederate Maj. Gen. Wheeler's cavalry struck Brig. Gen. Kilpatrick's, killing one, wounding two and capturing 18. The infantry brigade of Brig. Gen. Charles C. Walcutt arrived to stabilize the defense, and the division of Georgia militia launched several hours of badly coordinated attacks, eventually retreating with about 1,100 casualties (of which about 600 were prisoners), versus the Union's 100.
At the same time, Slocum's left wing approached the state capital at Milledgeville, prompting the hasty departure of Governor Joseph Brown and the state legislature. On November 23, Slocum's troops captured the city and held a mock legislative session in the capitol building, jokingly voting Georgia back into the Union.[13]
Sherman's men destroying a railroad in Atlanta.
Several small actions followed. Wheeler and some infantry struck in a rearguard action at Ball's Ferry on November 24 and November 25. While Howard's wing was delayed near Ball's Bluff, the 1st Alabama Cavalry (a Federal regiment) engaged Confederate pickets. Overnight, Union engineers constructed a bridge 2 miles (3.2 km) away from the bluff across the Oconee River, and 200 soldiers crossed to flank the Confederate position. On November 25–26 at Sandersville, Wheeler struck at Slocum's advance guard. Kilpatrick was ordered to make a feint toward Augusta before destroying the railroad bridge at Brier Creek and moving to liberate the Camp Lawton prisoner of war camp at Millen. Kilpatrick slipped by the defensive line that Wheeler had placed near Brier Creek, but on the night of November 26 Wheeler attacked and drove the 8th Indiana and 2nd Kentucky Cavalry away from their camps at Sylvan Grove. Kilpatrick abandoned his plans to destroy the railroad bridge and he also learned that the prisoners had been moved from Camp Lawton, so he rejoined the army at Louisville. At the Battle of Buck Head Creek on November 28, Kilpatrick was surprised and nearly captured, but the 5th Ohio Cavalry halted Wheeler's advance, and Wheeler was later stopped decisively by Union barricades at Reynolds's Plantation. On December 4, Kilpatrick's cavalry routed Wheeler's at the Battle of Waynesboro.
More Union troops entered the campaign from an unlikely direction. Maj. Gen. John G. Foster dispatched 5,500 men and 10 guns under Brig. Gen. John P. Hatch from Hilton Head, hoping to assist Sherman's arrival near Savannah by securing the Charleston and Savannah Railroad. At the Battle of Honey Hill on November 30, Hatch fought a vigorous battle against G.W. Smith's 1,500 Georgia militiamen, 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Grahamville Station, South Carolina. Smith's militia fought off the Union attacks, and Hatch withdrew after suffering about 650 casualties, versus Smith's 50.
Sherman's armies reached the outskirts of Savannah on December 10 but found that Hardee had entrenched 10,000 men in favorable fighting positions, and his soldiers had flooded the surrounding rice fields, leaving only narrow causeways available to approach the city. Sherman was blocked from linking up with the U.S. Navy as he had planned, so he dispatched cavalry to Fort McAllister, guarding the Ogeechee River, in hopes of unblocking his route and obtaining supplies awaiting him on the Navy ships. On December 13, William B. Hazen's division of Howard's wing stormed the fort in the Battle of Fort McAllister and captured it within 15 minutes. Some of the 134 Union casualties were caused by torpedoes, a name for crude land mines that were used only rarely in the war.
Now that Sherman had contact with the Navy fleet under Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren, he was able to obtain the supplies and siege artillery he required to invest Savannah. On December 17, he sent a message to Hardee in the city:
I have already received guns that can cast heavy and destructive shot as far as the heart of your city; also, I have for some days held and controlled every avenue by which the people and garrison of Savannah can be supplied, and I am therefore justified in demanding the surrender of the city of Savannah, and its dependent forts, and shall wait a reasonable time for your answer, before opening with heavy ordnance. Should you entertain the proposition, I am prepared to grant liberal terms to the inhabitants and garrison; but should I be forced to resort to assault, or the slower and surer process of starvation, I shall then feel justified in resorting to the harshest measures, and shall make little effort to restrain my army—burning to avenge the national wrong which they attach to Savannah and other large cities which have been so prominent in dragging our country into civil war.
—  William T. Sherman, Message to William J. Hardee, December 17, 1864, recorded in his memoirs
Hardee decided not to surrender but to escape. On December 20, he led his men across the Savannah River on a makeshift pontoon bridge. The next morning, Savannah Mayor Richard Dennis Arnold, with a delegation of aldermen and ladies of the city, rode out (until they were unhorsed by fleeing Confederate cavalrymen) to offer a proposition: The city would surrender and offer no resistance, in exchange for General Geary's promise to protect the city's citizens and their property. Geary telegraphed Sherman, who advised him to accept the offer. Arnold presented him with the key to the city, and Sherman's men, led by Geary's division of the XX Corps, occupied the city the same day.[14]
Aftermath[edit]
Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln, "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty guns and plenty of ammunition, also about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton."[15] On December 26, the president replied in a letter:[16]
Many, many thanks for your Christmas gift – the capture of Savannah. When you were leaving Atlanta for the Atlantic coast, I was anxious, if not fearful; but feeling that you were the better judge, and remembering that 'nothing risked, nothing gained' I did not interfere. Now, the undertaking being a success, the honor is all yours; for I believe none of us went farther than to acquiesce. And taking the work of Gen. Thomas into the count, as it should be taken, it is indeed a great success. Not only does it afford the obvious and immediate military advantage; but, in showing to the world that your army could be divided, putting the stronger part to an important new service, and yet leaving enough to vanquish the old opposing force of the whole—Hood's army—it brings those who sat in darkness, to see a great light. But what next? I suppose it will be safer if I leave Gen. Grant and yourself to decide. Please make my grateful acknowledgements to your whole army, officers and men.
The March attracted a huge number of refugees, to whom Sherman assigned land with his Special Field Orders No. 15. These orders have been depicted in popular culture as the origin of the supposed "40 acres and a mule" promise.[17]
From Savannah, after a month-long delay for rest, Sherman marched north in the spring through the Carolinas, intending to complete his turning movement and combine his armies with Grant's against Robert E. Lee. After a successful two-month campaign, Sherman accepted the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston and his forces in North Carolina on April 26, 1865.[18]
We are not only fighting armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies. I know that this recent movement of mine through Georgia has had a wonderful effect in this respect. Thousands who had been deceived by their lying papers into the belief that we were being whipped all the time, realized the truth, and have no appetite for a repetition of the same experience.
Letter, Sherman to Henry W. Halleck, December 24, 1864.[19]
Sherman's scorched earth policies have always been highly controversial, and Sherman's memory has long been reviled by many Southerners. Slaves' opinions varied concerning the actions of Sherman and his army. Some who welcomed him as a liberator chose to follow his armies. Jacqueline Campbell has written, on the other hand, that some slaves looked upon the Union army's ransacking and invasive actions with disdain. They often felt betrayed, as they "suffered along with their owners, complicating their decision of whether to flee with or from Union troops."[20] A Confederate officer estimated that 10,000 liberated slaves followed Sherman's army, and hundreds died of "hunger, disease, or exposure" along the way.[21]
The March to the Sea was devastating to Georgia and the Confederacy. Sherman himself estimated that the campaign had inflicted $100 million (about $1.4 billion in 2010 dollars)[22] in destruction, about one fifth of which "inured to our advantage" while the "remainder is simple waste and destruction."[21] The Army wrecked 300 miles (480 km) of railroad and numerous bridges and miles of telegraph lines. It seized 5,000 horses, 4,000 mules, and 13,000 head of cattle. It confiscated 9.5 million pounds of corn and 10.5 million pounds of fodder, and destroyed uncounted cotton gins and mills.[23] Military historians Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones cited the significant damage wrought to railroads and Southern logistics in the campaign and stated that "Sherman's raid succeeded in 'knocking the Confederate war effort to pieces'."[24] David J. Eicher wrote that "Sherman had accomplished an amazing task. He had defied military principles by operating deep within enemy territory and without lines of supply or communication. He destroyed much of the South's potential and psychology to wage war."[25]
Legacy[edit]
Sherman's March to the Sea was celebrated in music in 1865 with words by S.H.M. Byers and music by J.O. Rockwell.
Union soldiers sang many songs during the March, but it is one written afterward that has come to symbolize the campaign: "Marching Through Georgia", written by Henry Clay Work in 1865. Sung from the point of view of a Union soldier, the lyrics detail the freeing of slaves and punishing the Confederacy for starting the war. Sherman came to dislike the song, in part because he was never one to rejoice over a fallen foe, and in part because it was played at almost every public appearance that he attended.[26] It was widely popular among US soldiers of 20th-century wars.
Hundreds of African Americans drowned trying to cross in Ebenezer Creek north of Savannah while trying to follow Sherman's Army in its March to the Sea. In 2011 a historical marker was erected there by the Georgia Historical Society to commemorate the African Americans who had risked so much for freedom.[27]
See also[edit]
American Civil War portal
Collective punishment
The March (2005 historical novel by E. L. Doctorow)
Scorched earth
Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15
Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 120
Sherman's March (2007 documentary)
Total war
Western Theater of the American Civil War
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Further information: Savannah Campaign Union order of battle (Official Records, Series I, Volume XLIV, pages 19-25)
Jump up ^ Further information: Effective strength of the army in the field under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, November and December, 1864 (Official Records, Series I, Volume XLIV, page 16)
Jump up ^ Further information: Abstract from return of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, Lieut. Gen. W.J. Hardee commanding, November 20, 1864 (Official Records, Series I, Volume XLIV, page 874)
Jump up ^ Eicher, p. 739.
Jump up ^ Trudeau, pp. 47-48, 51-55.
Jump up ^ Trudeau, p. 52.
Jump up ^ Further information: Savannah Campaign Union order of battle (Official Records, Series I, Volume XLIV, pages 19-25)
Jump up ^ Coffey, Walter. "The Civil War This Week: Oct 27-Nov 2, 1864". WalterCoffey.com. Wordpress. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Further information: Savannah Campaign Confederate order of battle (Official Records, Series I, Volume XLIV, pages 875-876)
Jump up ^ Trudeau, pp. 40-41.
Jump up ^ Trudeau, p. 45.
Jump up ^ Nevin, p. 48.
Jump up ^ Melton, p. 288.
Jump up ^ Sherman, Memoirs, p. 693.
Jump up ^ Trudeau, p. 508.
Jump up ^ Trudeau, p. 521.
Jump up ^ Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule'", The Root, 7 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Eicher, pp. 793–94, 797–99, 831–35.
Jump up ^ OR, Series I, Vol. XLIV, Part 1, p. 798.
Jump up ^ Campbell, p. 33.
^ Jump up to: a b Catton, pp. 415-16.
Jump up ^ Inflation Calculator website, accessed April 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kennett, p. 309.
Jump up ^ Hattaway and Jones, p. 655.
Jump up ^ Eicher, p. 768.
Jump up ^ Eicher, p. 763.
Jump up ^ "Historical markers illustrate overlooked stories", 5 September 2011; accessed 28 July 2016
References[edit]
Campbell, Jacqueline Glass. When Sherman Marched North from the Sea: Resistance on the Confederate Home Front. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8078-5659-8.
Catton, Bruce. The Centennial History of the Civil War. Vol. 3, Never Call Retreat. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965. ISBN 0-671-46990-8.
Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. ISBN 0-252-00918-5.
Kennett, Lee. Marching through Georgia: The Story of Soldiers and Civilians During Sherman's Campaign. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1995. ISBN 0-06-092745-3.
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-503863-0.
Melton, Brian C. Sherman's Forgotten General. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8262-1739-4.
Nevin, David, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. Sherman's March: Atlanta to the Sea. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1986. ISBN 0-8094-4812-2.
Trudeau, Noah Andre. Southern Storm: Sherman's March to the Sea. New York: HarperCollins, 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-059867-9.
Primary sources[edit]
Sherman, William T. Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman. 2nd ed. New York: Library of America, 1990. ISBN 0-940450-65-8. First published 1889 by D. Appleton & Co.
U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
Savannah Campaign Union order of battle (Official Records, Series I, Volume XLIV, pages 19-25)
Savannah Campaign Confederate order of battle (Official Records, Series I, Volume XLIV, pages 875-876)
Further reading[edit]
Library resources about
Sherman's March to the Sea
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Davis, Stephen, What the Yankees Did to Us: Sherman's Bombardment and Wrecking of Atlanta. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2012. ISBN 0881463981
Fowler, John D. and David B. Parker, eds. Breaking the Heartland: The Civil War in Georgia 2011 ISBN 9780881462401
Frank, Lisa Tendrich (2015). The Civilian War: Confederate Women and Union Soldiers During Sherman's March. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780807159965. OCLC 894313641.
Glatthaar, Joseph T. The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman's Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns. New York University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8147-3001-9.
Miers, Earl Schenck. The General Who Marched to Hell; William Tecumseh Sherman and His March to Fame and Infamy. New York: Knopf, 1951. OCLC 1107192
Miles, Jim. To the Sea: A History and Tour Guide of the War in the West, Sherman's March across Georgia and through the Carolinas, 1864–1865. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House, 2002. ISBN 1-58182-261-8.
Rubin, Anne Sarah (2014). Through the Heart of Dixie : Sherman's March and American Memory. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469617770. OCLC 875742477.
Smith, David, and Richard Hook. Sherman's March to the Sea 1864: Atlanta to Savannah Osprey Publishing, 2012. ISBN 9781846030352 OCLC 74968763
Smith, Derek. Civil War Savannah. Savannah, Ga: Frederic C. Beil, 1997. ISBN 0-913720-93-3.
Welch, Robert Christopher. "Forage Liberally: The Role of Agriculture in Sherman's March to the Sea." Iowa State University thesis, 2011. online
Whelchel, Love Henry (2014). Sherman's March and the Emergence of the Independent Black Church Movement: From Atlanta to the Sea to Emancipation. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137405173. OCLC 864501780.
External links[edit]
Groce, W. Todd, Rethinking Sherman's March
Today in Georgia History: March to the Sea
Today in Georgia History: Sherman in Savannah
National Park Service battle descriptions for the Savannah Campaign
National Park Service report on preservation and historic boundaries at the Savannah Campaign battlefields
Harper's History: March to the sea
New Georgia Encyclopedia article on the March
Army of Georgia Historical Society
Clark, Frank Oliver, Article on Sherman's March to the Sea
Photographic views of Sherman's campaign, from negatives taken in the field, by Geo. N. Barnard, official photographer of the military div. of the Mississippi. Published/Created: New York, Press of Wynkoop & Hallenbeck, 1866. (searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & layered PDF format)
Sheet music for "Sherman's March to the Sea" from Project Gutenberg
Photo of Sherman's handwritten note for the telegraph, offering Savannah as a present for President Lincoln
Noah Andre Trudeau Webcast Author Lecture at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on September 11, 2008.
Georgia Public Broadcasting: 37 weeks - Sherman on the March
The March to the Sea historical marker
[show]
v
t
e
Georgia in the American Civil War
1861
Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1861
1862
Great Locomotive Chase
Siege of Fort Pulaski
1863
First Battle of Fort McAllister
Battle of Chickamauga
Battle of Davis' Cross Roads
Battle of Ringgold Gap
1864
Battle of Rocky Face Ridge
Battle of Resaca
First Battle of Dalton
Battle of Adairsville
Battle of New Hope Church
Battle of Dallas
Battle of Pickett's Mill
Battle of Marietta
Battle of Kolb's Farm
Battle of Pace's Ferry
Battle of Brown's Mill
Battle of Peachtree Creek
Battle of Kennesaw Mountain
Battle of Atlanta
Battle of Ezra Church
Battle of Utoy Creek
Second Battle of Dalton
Battle of Lovejoy's Station
Battle of Jonesborough
Battle of Allatoona
Battle of Griswoldville
Battle of Buck Head Creek
Second Battle of Fort McAllister
Battle of Altamaha Bridge
1865
Battle of West Point
Battle of Columbus
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Western Theater of the American Civil War
1861
Campaigns
Arkansas 1861–65
Missouri: 1861
Major battles
Wilson's Creek
1862
Campaigns
New Mexico
New Madrid-Island No. 10
Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers
New Orleans Expedition
Pea Ridge
Iuka-Corinth
Kentucky
Prairie Grove
Stones River
Major battles
Fort Donelson
Island No. 10
Pea Ridge
Shiloh
New Orleans
Siege of Corinth
Perryville
Prairie Grove
Chickasaw Bayou
Stones River
1863
Campaigns
Vicksburg
Tullahoma
Little Rock
Morgan's Raid
Chickamauga
Knoxville
Chattanooga
Major battles
Champion Hill
Siege of Vicksburg
Siege of Port Hudson
Chickamauga
Lookout Mountain
Missionary Ridge
1864
Campaigns
Meridian Expedition
Red River
Camden Expedition
Forrest's Expedition
Atlanta
Tupelo
Franklin–Nashville
Price's Raid
Savannah (Sherman's March to the Sea)
Major battles
Kennesaw Mountain
Atlanta
Mobile Bay
Westport
Franklin
Nashville
1865
Campaigns
—
Major battles
—
Armies
Cumberland
Georgia
Mississippi
Ohio
Tennessee
Mississippi
Tennessee
Geography
Departments
—
Landforms
—
[hide]
v
t
e
American Civil War
[show]
Origins
Origins
Issues
Timeline leading to the War
Antebellum era
Bleeding Kansas
Border states
Compromise of 1850
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Lincoln-Douglas debates
Missouri Compromise
Popular sovereignty
Secession
States' rights
President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
Slavery
African Americans
Cornerstone Speech
Emancipation Proclamation
Fugitive slave laws
Plantations in the American South
Slave Power
Slavery in the United States
Treatment of slaves in the United States
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Abolitionism
Susan B. Anthony
John Brown
Frederick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
Elijah Parish Lovejoy
J. Sella Martin
Lysander Spooner
George Luther Stearns
Thaddeus Stevens
Charles Sumner
Harriet Tubman
Underground Railroad
[show]
Combatants
Theaters
Campaigns
Battles
States
Combatants
Union (USA)
Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Revenue Cutter Service
Confederacy (CSA)
Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Theaters
Eastern
Western
Lower Seaboard
Trans-Mississippi
Pacific Coast
Union naval blockade
Major Campaigns
Anaconda Plan
Blockade runners
New Mexico
Jackson's Valley
Peninsula
Northern Virginia
Maryland
Stones River
Vicksburg
Tullahoma
Gettysburg
Morgan's Raid
Bristoe
Knoxville
Red River
Overland
Atlanta
Valley 1864
Bermuda Hundred
Richmond-Petersburg
Franklin–Nashville
Price's Raid
Sherman's March
Carolinas
Appomattox
Major battles
Fort Sumter
1st Bull Run
Wilson's Creek
Fort Donelson
Pea Ridge
Hampton Roads
Shiloh
New Orleans
Corinth
Seven Pines
Seven Days
2nd Bull Run
Antietam
Perryville
Fredericksburg
Stones River
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
Vicksburg
Chickamauga
Chattanooga
Wilderness
Spotsylvania
Cold Harbor
Atlanta
Mobile Bay
Franklin
Nashville
Five Forks
Involvement (by
state or territory)
AL
AK
AR
AZ
CA
CO
CT
DC
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
[show]
Leaders
Confederate
Military
R. H. Anderson
Beauregard
Bragg
Buchanan
Cooper
Early
Ewell
Forrest
Gorgas
Hill
Hood
Jackson
A. S. Johnston
J. E. Johnston
Lee
Longstreet
Morgan
Mosby
Price
Semmes
E. K. Smith
Stuart
Taylor
Wheeler
Civilian
Benjamin
Bocock
Breckinridge
Davis
Hunter
Mallory
Memminger
Seddon
Stephens
Union
Military
Anderson
Buell
Burnside
Butler
Du Pont
Farragut
Foote
Frémont
Grant
Halleck
Hooker
Hunt
McClellan
McDowell
Meade
Meigs
Ord
Pope
D. D. Porter
Rosecrans
Scott
Sheridan
Sherman
Thomas
Civilian
Adams
Chase
Ericsson
Hamlin
Lincoln
Pinkerton
Seward
Stanton
Stevens
Wade
Welles
[show]
Aftermath
U.S. Constitution
Reconstruction amendments
13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Reconstruction
Alabama Claims
Brooks–Baxter War
Carpetbaggers
Colfax Riot of 1873
Eufaula Riot of 1874
Freedmen's Bureau
Freedman's Savings Bank
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Kirk-Holden War
Knights of the White Camelia
Ku Klux Klan
Memphis Riot of 1866
Meridian Riot of 1871
New Orleans Riot of 1866
Pulaski (Tennessee) Riot of 1867
Reconstruction acts
Habeas Corpus Act 1867
Enforcement Act of 1870
Enforcement Act of February 1871
Enforcement Act of April 1871
Reconstruction treaties
Indian Council at Fort Smith
Red Shirts
Redeemers
Confederate refugees
Confederados
Scalawags
South Carolina riots of 1876
Southern Claims Commission
Homestead acts
Southern Homestead Act of 1866
Timber Culture Act of 1873
White League
post-Reconstruction
Commemoration
Centennial
Civil War Discovery Trail
Civil War Roundtables
Civil War Trails Program
Civil War Trust
Confederate History Month
Confederate monuments and memorials
Removal of public symbols of the Confederacy
Historical reenactment
Robert E. Lee Day
Disenfranchisement
Black Codes
Jim Crow
Lost Cause mythology
Modern display of the Confederate flag
Sons of Confederate Veterans
Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
Southern Historical Society
United Daughters of the Confederacy
Monuments and memorials
Union
List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials
List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic
Memorials to Abraham Lincoln
Confederate
List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America
Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
List of memorials to Robert E. Lee
List of memorials to Jefferson Davis
Annapolis
Roger B. Taney Monument
Baltimore
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument
Confederate Women's Monument
Roger B. Taney Monument
Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument
Durham, North Carolina
Robert E. Lee Monument
New Orleans
Battle of Liberty Place Monument
Jefferson Davis Monument
General Beauregard Equestrian Statue
Robert E. Lee Monument
Cemeteries
Confederate Memorial Day
Ladies' memorial associations
U.S. Memorial Day
U.S. national cemeteries
Veterans
1913 Gettysburg Reunion
Confederate Veteran
Grand Army of the Republic
Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
Old soldiers' homes
Southern Cross of Honor
United Confederate Veterans
[show]
Related topics
Related topics
Military
Arms
Campaign Medal
Cavalry
Confederate Home Guard
Confederate railroads
Confederate Revolving Cannon
Field artillery
Medal of Honor recipients
Medicine
Leadership
Naval battles
Official Records
Partisan rangers
POW camps
Rations
Signal Corps
Turning point
Union corps badges
U.S. Balloon Corps
U.S. Home Guard
U.S. Military Railroad
Political
Committee on the Conduct of the War
Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861
Confiscation Act of 1861
Confiscation Act of 1862
Copperheads
Emancipation Proclamation
Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
Hampton Roads Conference
National Union Party
Radical Republicans
Trent Affair
Union leagues
U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
War Democrats
Other topics
Bibliography
Confederate war finance
Confederate States dollar
Espionage
Confederate Secret Service
Great Revival of 1863
Music
Naming the war
Native Americans
Cherokee
Choctaw
New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
New York City Riot of 1863
Photographers
Richmond Riot of 1863
Sexuality
Supreme Court cases
Tokens
U.S. Sanitary Commission
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&oldid=804876314"
Categories:
Savannah Campaign
1864 in the United States
Campaigns of the Western Theater of the American Civil War
Military operations of the American Civil War in Georgia (U.S. state)
Hidden categories:
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles needing additional references from December 2015
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Ænglisc
Dansk
Español
Euskara
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Svenska
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 October 2017, at 17:29.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: class colspan style

value: tr

attrs: href title

value: td

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Template talk:Campaignbox Savannah Campaign

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Western Theater of the American Civil War

values:
/wiki/Lt._General_(CSA)
mw-redirect
Lt. General (CSA)

values:
/wiki/George_H._Thomas
mw-redirect
George H. Thomas

values:
/wiki/Franklin-Nashville_Campaign
mw-redirect
Franklin-Nashville Campaign

values:
/wiki/Oliver_O._Howard
mw-redirect
Oliver O. Howard

values:
/wiki/Peter_J._Osterhaus
mw-redirect
Peter J. Osterhaus

values:
/wiki/Brigadier_General#United_States
mw-redirect
Brigadier General

values:
/wiki/William_B._Hazen
mw-redirect
William B. Hazen

values:
/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Francis Preston Blair, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Mortimer_D._Leggett
mw-redirect
Mortimer D. Leggett

values:
/wiki/Henry_W._Slocum
mw-redirect
Henry W. Slocum

values:
/wiki/William_P._Carlin
mw-redirect
William P. Carlin

values:
/wiki/William_T._Ward
mw-redirect
William T. Ward

values:
/wiki/Judson_Kilpatrick
mw-redirect
Judson Kilpatrick

values: Savannah Campaign Confederate order of battle (page does not exist)

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Lovejoy%27s_Station
mw-redirect
Lovejoy's Station

values:
/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camp
mw-redirect
Prisoner of war camp

values:
/wiki/John_P._Hatch
mw-redirect
John P. Hatch

values:
/wiki/Hilton_Head,_South_Carolina
mw-redirect
Hilton Head, South Carolina

values:
/wiki/40_acres_and_a_mule
mw-redirect
40 acres and a mule

values:
/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck
mw-redirect
Henry W. Halleck

values: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:35%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Henry Louis Gates, Jr.

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era

values: Official Records of the American Civil War

values:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/894313641

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1107192

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/875742477

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/74968763

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/864501780

values:
nofollow
http://www.armyofgeorgia.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://fax.libs.uga.edu/E476x7xB24/1f/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gpb.org/37-weeks/episodes

values: Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1861

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Davis%27_Cross_Roads
mw-redirect
Battle of Davis' Cross Roads

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Category:Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War

values: commons:Category:Georgia in the American Civil War

values: Template:American Civil War campaigns in the Western Theater

values: Template talk:American Civil War campaigns in the Western Theater

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Island_Number_10
mw-redirect
Battle of Island Number 10

values: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

values: History of the United States (1789–1849)

values:
/wiki/Lincoln-Douglas_debates
mw-redirect
Lincoln-Douglas debates

values: Popular sovereignty in the United States

values: Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War

values: Treatment of slaves in the United States

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Eastern Theater of the American Civil War

values: Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War

values: Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War

values: Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War

values: Blockade runners of the American Civil War

values: Territory of Arizona (Confederate States)

values: Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War

values: New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War

values: North Carolina in the American Civil War

values: Indian Territory in the American Civil War

values: South Carolina in the American Civil War

values:
/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)
mw-redirect
Benjamin Butler (politician)

values: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876

values: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials

values: Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era

values: List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials

values: List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic

values: Roger B. Taney Monument (Annapolis, Maryland)

values: Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument

values: Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument

values: Robert E. Lee Monument (Durham, North Carolina)

values: Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)

values: Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States

values:
Related_topics
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values: List of weapons in the American Civil War

values: Confederate railroads in the American Civil War

values: Field artillery in the American Civil War

values: List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients

values: Military leadership in the American Civil War

values: United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War

values: Confederate States presidential election, 1861

values: United States presidential election, 1864

values:
/wiki/War_Democrats
mw-redirect
War Democrats

values: Native Americans in the American Civil War

values: Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Campaigns of the Western Theater of the American Civil War

values: Category:Military operations of the American Civil War in Georgia (U.S. state)

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Marcha de Sherman hacia el mar – Spanish

values: 셔먼의 대행진 – Korean

values: Marcia verso il mare di Sherman – Italian

values: הצעדה אל הים – Hebrew

values: Марш Шермана к морю – Russian

values: Sherman's March to the Sea – Simple English

values: Шерманов поход – Serbian

values: Марш Шермана до моря – Ukrainian

values: Cuộc tiến quân ra biển của Sherman – Vietnamese

values: 舍曼向大海进军 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sherman_s_March_to_the_Sea rootpage-Sherman_s_March_to_the_Sea vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view