text:
Cole Turner
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Cole Turner
Charmed character
Julian McMahon as Cole Turner
First appearance
October 5, 2000
(episode 3.01; "The Honeymoon's Over")
Last appearance
April 10, 2005
(episode 7.16; "The Seven Year Witch")
Created by
Brad Kern
Portrayed by
Julian McMahon (human form)
Michael Bailey Smith (demon form)
Information
Aliases
Belthazor and The Source of All Evil
Species
Human
Demon
Occupation
Lawyer
Family
Benjamin Turner
(father; deceased)
Elizabeth Turner
(mother; deceased)
Penny 'Grams' Halliwell
(ex-grandmother-in-law; deceased)
Allen Halliwell
(ex-grandfather-in-law; deceased)
Patricia 'Patty' Halliwell
(ex-mother-in-law; deceased)
Victor Bennett
(ex-father-in-law)
Prue Halliwell
(ex-sister-in-law; deceased)
Piper Halliwell
(ex-sister-in-law)
Paige Matthews
(ex-sister-in-law)
Leo Wyatt
(ex-brother-in-law)
Spouse(s)
Phoebe Halliwell
(ex-wife)
Cole Turner is a fictional character on the WB television series Charmed, portrayed by series regular Julian McMahon between seasons three and five. McMahon returned for a guest appearance in the show's seventh season, for its 150th episode. Charmed is a series which focuses on three good witches, the prophesied "Charmed Ones", sisters who battle the forces of evil. Cole is an adversary-turned-ally of the sisters introduced in the third season and a love interest of main character Phoebe Halliwell, portrayed by Alyssa Milano. Like the show's main characters, Cole also possessed a number of magical abilities; the most commonly used were the power to teleport and the power to throw projective energy balls which could stun or kill.
Within the series' narrative, Cole is half-human and half-demon by blood, and better known to the demonic world for over a hundred years as the legendary demonic assassin Belthazor. Cole is dispatched by the Source of all Evil himself to kill the Charmed Ones only to fall in love with then-youngest sister Phoebe, renounce evil and become a close ally of the Charmed Ones. Though Cole eventually completely rids himself of his demonic nature, and marries Phoebe in the fourth season, he never gains the trust of new youngest sister Paige (Rose McGowan).
As part of his storyline, the character later returns to evil after unwillingly becoming the new Source. As the Source, Cole is eventually vanquished by the Charmed Ones, only to come back from death itself in his attempts to win Phoebe back. By this point he is one of the most powerful beings to ever exist. Driven insane, Cole is, through his own doing, once again killed by the sisters in the fifth season. When the character returns for a guest appearance in the seventh season, it is unclear what kind of being he is, but he states that he is caught somewhere between life and death, atoning for his sins.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character arc
1.1 Season three (2000–01)
1.2 Season four (2001–02)
1.3 Season five (2002–03) and other appearances
2 Analysis
3 Influence
4 References
Character arc[edit]
Season three (2000–01)[edit]
Cole Turner makes his first appearance in the third-season (2000–01) premiere episode, "The Honeymoon's Over". Charmed Ones Phoebe (Alyssa Milano) and Prue (Shannen Doherty) run into Assistant District Attorney Cole Turner at the site where they killed a demon, and cover their tracks. Over the course of the episode, it becomes apparent to the audience that Cole is himself a very powerful demon, pursuing Phoebe romantically and deceiving the sisters as to his true nature in order to finally kill them.
In "Power Outage", Cole's superiors, the demonic Triad, learn that he may have developed genuine romantic feelings for Phoebe; Cole responds by killing them, forcing him into hiding. Meanwhile, the sisters acquire a target in the red-and-black-skinned demon Belthazor (Michael Bailey Smith). In "Sleuthing with the Enemy", the Charmed Ones discovers Cole and Belthazor are one and the same, but when Cole convinces Phoebe that he, being half human, truly loves her, she fakes his death so that her sisters Piper (Holly Marie Combs) and Prue will not hunt for him.
When Cole re-emerges, causing a rift between Phoebe and her sisters, he attempts to re-ingratiate himself with his demonic peers, the Brotherhood of the Thorn, as the sisters' double agent. When Prue and Piper are both killed following a successful mission by the Source's assassin Shax (Michael Bailey Smith) in the season finale "All Hell Breaks Loose", Cole begs the Source (again, Michael Bailey Smith) to turn back time and prevent the exposure of magic. The Source agrees on the condition that Phoebe remain in the Underworld under his command, though he secretly orders her to be killed. Shax attacks the Halliwell Manor once more after time is reversed, but this time Leo (Brian Krause), Piper's husband who is also the sisters' guardian angel (whitelighter) is not available to heal either Piper or Prue, who lie gravely wounded.
Season four (2001–02)[edit]
The season four premiere "Charmed Again" reveals Leo arrived in time to heal Piper, but Prue died of her injuries, reflecting Doherty's departure from the series. Leo assisted Phoebe to escape the Underworld, absconding on the Source's deal. With Prue dead, the sisters are no longer the Charmed Ones, and Cole does what he can to assist Phoebe and Piper from Shax's continued attacks. Piper and Phoebe regain their full abilities—becoming Charmed Ones once again—when they discover their younger half-sister, Paige Matthews (Rose McGowan), alongside whom they finally destroy Shax.
In "Black as Cole", Cole proposes to Phoebe whilst they vanquish a low level demon. Later they find that Sykes has been mimicking Belthazor and in a bid to vanquish him Cole takes on his demonic form but has Phoebe create a potion to kill his demonic half if he can not change back. Before he can change back, a woman looking to revenge his killing of her love picks up the potion and throws it at him, causing Belthazor to die. In "Lost and Bound", Paige gets Cole a job as a legal aid lawyer. However he can't control his emotions and soon quits but not before the landlord who he was arguing with agrees to put the heating back on.
In "Charmed and Dangerous", the Source (Peter Woodward) breaks an aged old agreement and consumes the hollow. The Seer (Debbi Morgan) tricks Cole into consuming the hollow which allows him to assist the Charmed Ones in vanquishing the physical version of the Source. It is revealed that the Seer tricked Cole into absorbing the old Source's power, eventually causing him to become the new Source of Evil in "The Three Faces of Phoebe". An older version of Phoebe has turned bitter because of what he has done and warns her to save herself and states that they never got married but she can't help but think what might have been. Present-day Phoebe asks him if he is hiding anything; he says he is not.
The Source takes over Cole completely in "Marry-Go-Round". The Seer warns him that marrying Phoebe would be the worst thing possible as they would have a son, the most powerful magical creature ever, who would be on the side of good, following the Charmed Ones' destiny. She tells him the only way the child will grow up evil is if Cole marries Phoebe in a dark ceremony. As the Source, he puts a spell on the Charmed Ones which makes Phoebe spotty and Piper and Paige over sleep. Paige and Phoebe argue as the latter suspects the former of trying to disrupt the wedding, having already made a mistake with the dress. When Paige tries to make an amends with Phoebe's spots it causes her to become invisible.
Suspecting evil magic to be involved, the sisters try and reverse it without success but pass the invisibility on to Paige. Cole asks the Seer to send a Lazarus demon (who she summoned to lure Phoebe to a cemetery for the purposes of a dark ceremony) to attack at the wedding which causes Phoebe to call it off, thus reversing the magic on her, which had been switched to Paige. When the Charmed Ones question the demon, he accuses Cole of betraying him and tells them that he sent him to attack them. But before he can out Cole as the Source, Cole vanquishes him and pretends to be the Seer before teleporting and pretending to be unconscious after she attacked him. Cole marries Phoebe in a dark wedding at the end of the episode, without her suspecting drinking her blood when a throne pricks her with the ceremony held at night with a dark priest.
Cole pretends to be the perfect husband by sending Leo and Piper on honeymoon to Hawaii and buying expensive gifts such as a new car in "The Fifth Halliwheel". Paige begins to suspect that Cole is a demon again especially when she catches Cole using powers on an innocent but is not sure of what she has seen. Cole as Leo calms Paige's fears before sending the power broker demon who had already gone after the innocent after her. The Seer also puts in a plan to make Phoebe pregnant using the full moon and a tonic. The Seer and Cole create a tonic which will ensure that the child is evil. From taking the tonic, the child will take over Phoebe's body and ensure that she remains by his side when she finds out that he is the Source. Phoebe eventually takes the tonic laced with chocolate to make the plan work.
In "Bite Me" different factions have tried to become ruler of the Underworld so Cole tries to make them all work together to beat good. However one of the leaders encourages a group of vampires to rise up and rebel, which they do so after Cole refuses to listen to them. He almost gets exposed by Paige when she orbs in his home but he quickly covers this up by saying he has a migraine, hence why the blinds were down. The vampires try to turn Paige into one to get the other sisters and then overthrow the Source and become the new leaders. To keep himself on top, Cole kills the Queen after Phoebe and Piper inadvertently tell him what to do. Phoebe later discovers that she is pregnant before informing him in "We're Off to See the Wizard."
Cole tries to give up the Source to the Wizard after his human side becomes strong and Phoebe learns through a premonition that he is a demon again. But before the ritual is complete, the Seer, who has manipulated Phoebe, interrupts and vanquishes the Wizard. Cole is crowned the new Source with Phoebe as his Queen. Cole faces a coup in "Long Live the Queen" when Phoebe stops the killing of an innocent. Cole demands she make a choice. Phoebe later learns from the Seer and Cole that the tonic they were giving her was turning her evil. Phoebe eventually sides with her sisters and before Cole can destroy them she traps him in a crystal cage which allows the Charmed Ones to vanquish him.
In the season finale "Witch Way Now?", Phoebe discovers Cole is able to linger in the Demonic Wasteland, where vanquished demons go, because of his human soul. Phoebe visits him there, insisting to him that he move on to his afterlife. After she leaves, he accidentally discovers he can acquire the powers of other demons vanquished there. He becomes powerful enough to kill the beast that consumes the essence of those vanquished there and, finally, to escape. Once back in the real world, he saves the sisters' lives from a witch hunter.
Season five (2002–03) and other appearances[edit]
In the season-five premiere "A Witch's Tail", Cole returns with numerous new abilities, making him more powerful than ever. Though he still loves Phoebe, she wants to move on from him and is frustrated by his attempts to win her back. In "Siren Song," he saves the life of a young future whitelighter named Melissa in a failed attempt to impress Phoebe. When he tries to confront the demonic Siren the sisters are pursuing, the Siren puts him under her control. Under this influence, he tries to strangle Phoebe to death before the Siren is ultimately vanquished, and Phoebe nearly dies. As a result, Cole finally understands the threat he poses to Phoebe and promises to stop using his powers, but succumbs to temptation and kills again when confronted by a sleazy landlord.
In "Sympathy for the Demon", Cole is taunted by the spirit of the demon Barbas (Billy Drago), who convinces him to use a power-stripping potion, inadvertently granting Barbas his powers and a corporeal form. To stop the threat of Barbas or anyone else possessing Cole's powers, Paige strips Barbas of Cole's powers and Cole takes them back. The sisters, however, fear that these abilities will make him evil again. In "Sam, I Am", Cole misuses his abilities and incinerates two robbers/murderers, and is later visited by two mysterious beings who identify themselves as Avatars. Neither good or evil, the Avatars offer Cole the opportunity to join their ranks and enjoy their powers; he refuses.
Instead, Cole tries to provoke the sisters to kill him by sending an assassin after them, knowing that they will be able to recover thanks to their recent contact with Paige's father, whitelighter Sam Wilder (Scott Jaeck). He is distraught to learn he cannot be killed, and is pushed over the edge into insanity. Cole reverts to malevolent means of winning Phoebe back, striking at the Charmed Ones in various underhand ways over several episodes. In Charmed's 100th episode "Centennial Charmed", Cole accepts the Avatars' offer and uses their powers to create an alternate reality where Piper and Phoebe never met Paige, who was instead killed by the Source before the Elders discovered her. In the new reality, Cole is once again Belthazor and no longer indestructible. He acts as the right-hand man of the Source and owns Halliwell Manor with Phoebe, but they are unhappy together. Paige however is accidentally brought along from the real world and teams up with Piper and Leo to destroy Cole. After convincing Phoebe to join their side, the Charmed Ones vanquish Cole for good.
Cole makes a guest appearance in the 150th episode, "The Seven Year Witch", in season seven; Piper's disembodied spirit receives advice from Cole, who claims to be in limbo atoning for his sins. However, it is later revealed that Cole, watching over the sisters, orchestrated Piper's illness and sent Phoebe's short-lived boyfriend Drake (Billy Zane) to her, all so that Phoebe could learn to believe in love again. However he also did this to get Piper and Leo back together so that they could be a beacon for Phoebe not to give up on love and turn into the bitter old woman as seen in "The Three Faces of Phoebe". In 2010, Cole returned in the Charmed Season 9 comic book series. This time he has a minor role and only supporting in the spirit realm with Prue.
Analysis[edit]
As a lawyer and a demon, one writer notes that Cole is part of the same "corporate" metaphor as the Wolfram & Hart firm in the television series Angel.[1]
Influence[edit]
The erotic romance novels and novellas of Jennifer Dunne feature a heroine "obsessed" with Julian McMahon's portrayal of Cole in her book Dancing in the Dark.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Day, Peter (2006). "Piercing the corporate veil". Vampires: myths and metaphors of enduring evil. Editions Rodopi B.V. ISBN 90-420-1669-8.
Jump up ^ Dunne, Jennifer (2005). "Will the Real Phoebe Please Stand up". In Jennifer Crusie. Totally Charmed: Demons, Whitelighters and the Power of Three. BenBella Books. ISBN 1-932100-60-1.
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History of the World Wide Web
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
World Wide Web
The web's logo designed by Belgian Robert Cailliau
Type
Aspect of history
Inventor
Tim Berners-Lee[1][2]
Inception
1989 (1989)/1990; 28 years ago (1990)
Available
Worldwide
The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as e-mail also does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web. Web is the global information system.
Contents
[hide]
1 Precursors
2 1980–1991: Invention and implementation of the Web
3 1992–1995: Growth of the Web
3.1 Early browsers
3.2 Web governance
4 1996–1998: Commercialization of the Web
5 1999–2001: "Dot-com" boom and bust
6 2002–present: The Web becomes ubiquitous
6.1 Web 2.0
6.2 The semantic web
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Precursors[edit]
The hypertext portion of the Web in particular has an intricate intellectual history; notable influences and precursors include Vannevar Bush's Memex,[3] IBM's Generalized Markup Language,[4] and Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu.[3]
Paul Otlet's Mundaneum project has also been named as an early 20th century precursor of the Web.[5]
The concept of a global information system connecting homes is prefigured in "A Logic Named Joe", a 1946 short story by Murray Leinster, in which computer terminals, called "logics," are present in every home. Although the computer system in the story is centralized, the story anticipates a ubiquitous information environment similar to the Web. The cultural impact of the web was imagined even further back in a short story by E. M. Forster, "The Machine Stops," first published in 1909.
1980–1991: Invention and implementation of the Web[edit]
The NeXTcube used by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN became the first Web server.
In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee, an English independent contractor at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland, built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models, but also as a way to play with hypertext; each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to an existing page.[3]
Berners-Lee's contract in 1980 was from June to December, but in 1984 he returned to CERN in a permanent role, and considered its problems of information management: physicists from around the world needed to share data, yet they lacked common machines and any shared presentation software.
Shortly after Berners-Lee's return to CERN, TCP/IP protocols were installed on some key non-Unix machines at the institution, turning it into the largest Internet site in Europe within a few years. As a result, CERN's infrastructure was ready for Berners-Lee to create the Web.[6]
Berners-Lee wrote a proposal on March 13, 1989 for "a large hypertext database with typed links".[7] Although the proposal attracted little interest, Berners-Lee was encouraged by his boss, Mike Sendall, to begin implementing his system on a newly acquired NeXT workstation.[8] He considered several names, including Information Mesh,[7] The Information Mine or Mine of Information, but settled on World Wide Web.[9]
Robert Cailliau, Jean-François Abramatic and Tim Berners-Lee at the 10th anniversary of the WWW Consortium.
Berners-Lee found an enthusiastic supporter in Robert Cailliau. Berners-Lee and Cailliau pitched Berners-Lee's ideas to the European Conference on Hypertext Technology in September 1990, but found no vendors who could appreciate his vision of marrying hypertext with the Internet.[10]
By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9,[11] the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (named WorldWideWeb, which was also a Web editor), the first HTTP server software (later known as CERN httpd), the first web server (http://info.cern.ch), and the first Web pages that described the project itself. The browser could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files as well. However, it could run only on the NeXT; Nicola Pellow therefore created a simple text browser, called the Line Mode Browser, that could run on almost any computer.[12] To encourage use within CERN, Bernd Pollermann put the CERN telephone directory on the web — previously users had to log onto the mainframe in order to look up phone numbers.[12]
While inventing and working on setting up the Web, Berners-Lee spent most of his working hours in Building 31 (second floor) at CERN (46°13′57″N 6°02′42″E / 46.2325°N 6.0450°E / 46.2325; 6.0450 (CERN Building 31, Birthplace of the World Wide Web)), but also at his two homes, one in France, one in Switzerland.[13] In January 1991 the first Web servers outside CERN itself were switched on.[14]
The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina revealed in May 2013 that he has a copy of a page sent to him in 1991 by Berners-Lee which is the oldest known web page. Jones stored the plain-text page, with hyperlinks, on a floppy disk and on his NeXT computer.[15] CERN put the oldest known web page back online in 2014, complete with hyperlinks that helped users get started and helped them navigate what was then a very small web.[16][17]
On August 6, 1991,[18] Berners-Lee posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup, inviting collaborators.[19] This date is sometimes confused with the public availability of the first web servers, which had occurred months earlier.
Paul Kunz from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center visited CERN in September 1991, and was captivated by the Web. He brought the NeXT software back to SLAC, where librarian Louise Addis adapted it for the VM/CMS operating system on the IBM mainframe as a way to display SLAC's catalog of online documents;[12] this was the first Web server outside of Europe and the first in North America.[20] The www-talk mailing list was started in the same month.[14]
In 1992 the Computing and Networking Department of CERN, headed by David Williams, did not support Berners-Lee's work. A two-page email sent by Williams stated that the work of Berners-Lee, with the goal of creating a facility to exchange information such as results and comments from CERN experiments to the scientific community, was not the core activity of CERN and was a misallocation of CERN's IT resources. Following this decision, Tim Berners-Lee left CERN despite many of his peers in the IT center advocating for his support, in particular, M. Ben Segal from the distributed computing SHIFT project. He left for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he continued to develop the HTTP protocol.
An early CERN-related contribution to the Web was the parody band Les Horribles Cernettes, whose promotional image is believed to be among the Web's first five pictures.[21]
1992–1995: Growth of the Web[edit]
In keeping with its birth at CERN and the first page opened, early adopters of the World Wide Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as Fermilab and SLAC. By January 1993 there were fifty Web servers across the world. In April 1993 CERN made the World Wide Web available on a royalty-free basis.[22] By October 1993 there were over five hundred servers online.[14] Two of the earliest webcomics started on the World Wide Web in 1993: Doctor Fun and NetBoy.[23][24]
Early websites intermingled links for both the HTTP web protocol and the then-popular Gopher protocol, which provided access to content through hypertext menus presented as a file system rather than through HTML files. Early Web users would navigate either by bookmarking popular directory pages, such as Berners-Lee's first site at http://info.cern.ch/, or by consulting updated lists such as the NCSA "What's New" page. Some sites were also indexed by WAIS, enabling users to submit full-text searches similar to the capability later provided by search engines.
By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was still minute compared to present figures, but quite a number of notable websites were already active, many of which are the precursors or inspiring examples of today's most popular services.
Early browsers[edit]
Initially, a web browser was available only for the NeXT operating system. This shortcoming was discussed in January 1992,[14] and alleviated in April 1992 by the release of Erwise, an application developed at the Helsinki University of Technology, and in May by ViolaWWW, created by Pei-Yuan Wei, which included advanced features such as embedded graphics, scripting, and animation.[12] ViolaWWW was originally an application for HyperCard. Both programs ran on the X Window System for Unix.[12] In 1992, the first tests between browsers on different platforms were concluded successfully between buildings 513 and 31 in CERN, between browsers on the NexT station and the X11-ported Mosaic browser.
Students at the University of Kansas adapted an existing text-only hypertext browser, Lynx, to access the web. Lynx was available on Unix and DOS, and some web designers, unimpressed with glossy graphical websites, held that a website not accessible through Lynx wasn’t worth visiting.
The first Microsoft Windows browser was Cello, written by Thomas R. Bruce for the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School to provide legal information, since access to Windows was more widespread amongst lawyers than access to Unix. Cello was released in June 1993.[12]
The Web was first popularized by Mosaic,[25] a graphical browser launched in 1993 by Marc Andreessen's team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC).[26] The origins of Mosaic date to 1992. In November 1992, the NCSA at the University of Illinois (UIUC) established a website. In December 1992, Andreessen and Eric Bina, students attending UIUC and working at the NCSA, began work on Mosaic with funding from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a US-federal research and development program.[27] Andreessen and Bina released a Unix version of the browser in February 1993; Mac and Windows versions followed in August 1993.[14] The browser gained popularity due to its strong support of integrated multimedia, and the authors’ rapid response to user bug reports and recommendations for new features.
After graduation from UIUC, Andreessen and James H. Clark, former CEO of Silicon Graphics, met and formed Mosaic Communications Corporation in April 1994, to develop the Mosaic Netscape browser commercially. The company later changed its name to Netscape, and the browser was developed further as Netscape Navigator.
Web governance[edit]
In May 1994, the first International WWW Conference, organized by Robert Cailliau,[28][10] was held at CERN;[29] the conference has been held every year since. In April 1993, CERN had agreed that anyone could use the Web protocol and code royalty-free; this was in part a reaction to the perturbation caused by the University of Minnesota's announcement that it would begin charging license fees for its implementation of the Gopher protocol.
In September 1994, Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the European Commission. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made the Web available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The W3C decided that its standards must be based on royalty-free technology, so they can be easily adopted by anyone.
1996–1998: Commercialization of the Web[edit]
Main article: Web marketing
By 1996 it became obvious to most publicly traded companies that a public Web presence was no longer optional.[citation needed] Though at first people saw mainly[citation needed] the possibilities of free publishing and instant worldwide information, increasing familiarity with two-way communication over the "Web" led to the possibility of direct Web-based commerce (e-commerce) and instantaneous group communications worldwide. More dotcoms, displaying products on hypertext webpages, were added into the Web.
1999–2001: "Dot-com" boom and bust[edit]
Low interest rates in 1998–99 facilitated an increase in start-up companies. Although a number of these new entrepreneurs had realistic plans and administrative ability, most of them lacked these characteristics but were able to sell their ideas to investors because of the novelty of the dot-com concept.
Historically, the dot-com boom can be seen as similar to a number of other technology-inspired booms of the past including railroads in the 1840s, automobiles in the early 20th century, radio in the 1920s, television in the 1940s, transistor electronics in the 1950s, computer time-sharing in the 1960s, and home computers and biotechnology in the 1980s.
In 2001 the bubble burst, and many dot-com startups went out of business after burning through their venture capital and failing to become profitable. Many others, however, did survive and thrive in the early 21st century. Many companies which began as online retailers blossomed and became highly profitable. More conventional retailers found online merchandising to be a profitable additional source of revenue. While some online entertainment and news outlets failed when their seed capital ran out, others persisted and eventually became economically self-sufficient. Traditional media outlets (newspaper publishers, broadcasters and cablecasters in particular) also found the Web to be a useful and profitable additional channel for content distribution, and an additional means to generate advertising revenue. The sites that survived and eventually prospered after the bubble burst had two things in common; a sound business plan, and a niche in the marketplace that was, if not unique, particularly well-defined and well-served.
2002–present: The Web becomes ubiquitous[edit]
In the aftermath of the dot-com bubble, telecommunications companies had a great deal of overcapacity as many Internet business clients went bust. That, plus ongoing investment in local cell infrastructure kept connectivity charges low, helped to make high-speed Internet connectivity more affordable. During this time, a handful of companies found success developing business models that helped make the World Wide Web a more compelling experience. These include airline booking sites, Google's search engine and its profitable approach to keyword-based advertising, as well as eBay's auction site and Amazon.com's online department store.
This new era also begot social networking websites, such as MySpace and Facebook, which gained acceptance rapidly and became a central part of youth culture. The 2010s also saw the emergence of various controversial trends, such as the expansion of cybercrime, of the manosphere and of internet censorship.[30]
Web 2.0[edit]
Main article: Web 2.0
Beginning in 2002, new ideas for sharing and exchanging content ad hoc, such as Weblogs and RSS, rapidly gained acceptance on the Web. This new model for information exchange, primarily featuring user-generated and user-edited websites, was dubbed Web 2.0. The Web 2.0 boom saw many new service-oriented startups catering to a newly democratized Web.
As the Web became easier to query, it attained a greater ease of use overall and gained a sense of organization which ushered in a period of rapid popularization. Many new sites such as Wikipedia and its Wikimedia Foundation sister projects were based on the concept of user-edited content. In 2005, three former PayPal employees created a video viewing website called YouTube, which quickly became popular and introduced a new concept of user-submitted content in major events.
The popularity of YouTube, Facebook, etc., combined with the increasing availability and affordability of high-speed connections has made video content far more common on all kinds of websites. Many video-content hosting and creation sites provide an easy means for their videos to be embedded on third party websites without payment or permission.
This combination of more user-created or edited content, and easy means of sharing content, such as via RSS widgets and video embedding, has led to many sites with a typical "Web 2.0" feel. They have articles with embedded video, user-submitted comments below the article, and RSS boxes to the side, listing some of the latest articles from other sites.
Continued extension of the Web has focused on connecting devices to the Internet, coined Intelligent Device Management. As Internet connectivity becomes ubiquitous, manufacturers have started to leverage the expanded computing power of their devices to enhance their usability and capability. Through Internet connectivity, manufacturers are now able to interact with the devices they have sold and shipped to their customers, and customers are able to interact with the manufacturer (and other providers) to access new content.
"Web 2.0" has found a place in the English lexicon.[31]
The semantic web[edit]
Main article: Semantic Web
Popularized by Berners-Lee's book Weaving the Web[32] and a Scientific American article by Berners-Lee, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila,[33] the term Semantic Web describes an evolution of the existing Web in which the network of hyperlinked human-readable web pages is extended by machine-readable metadata about documents and how they are related to each other, enabling automated agents to access the Web more intelligently and perform tasks on behalf of users. This has yet to happen. In 2006, Berners-Lee and colleagues stated that the idea "remains largely unrealized".[34]
See also[edit]
History of computing
Hardware
Hardware before 1960
Hardware 1960s to present
Software
Software
Unix
Free software and open-source software
Computer science
Artificial intelligence
Compiler construction
Computer science
Operating systems
Programming languages
Prominent pioneers
Software engineering
Modern concepts
General-purpose CPUs
Graphical user interface
Internet
Laptops
Personal computers
Video games
World Wide Web
By country
Bulgaria
Poland
Romania
Soviet Bloc
Soviet Union
Yugoslavia
Timeline of computing
before 1950
1950–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
more timelines ...
Glossary of computer science
Category
v
t
e
Hypermedia
Linked Data
Computer Lib / Dream Machines
History of hypertext
History of the Internet
History of the web browser
History of web syndication technology
List of websites founded before 1995
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Quittner, Joshua (March 29, 1999). "Network designer". Time. Archived from the original on August 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Tim Berners-Lee. "Frequently asked questions". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Berners-Lee, Tim. "Frequently asked questions - Start of the web: Influences". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "Frequently asked questions - Why the //, #, etc?". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Wright, Alex (2014-07-10). Cataloging the World: Paul Otlet and the Birth of the Information Age. Oxford ; New York: OUP USA. pp. 8–15. ISBN 9780199931415.
Jump up ^ Segal, Ben (1995). "A Short History of Internet Protocols at CERN". W3C.org.
^ Jump up to: a b Berners-Lee, Tim (March 1989). "Information Management: A Proposal". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Gromov, Gregory (2011). "The Next Crossroad of Web History". Net Valley.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (2000-11-07). Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. San Francisco: Harper. p. 23. ISBN 9780062515872.
^ Jump up to: a b Tim Berners-Lee. "Frequently asked questions - Robert Cailliau's role". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "The Original HTTP as defined in 1991". W3C.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Berners-Lee, Tim (c. 1993). "A Brief History of the Web". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Galbraith, David (July 8, 2010). "Tim Berners-Lee: Confirming the exact location of the invention of the web". DavidGalbraith.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Raggett, Dave; Jenny Lam; Ian Alexander (April 1996). HTML 3: Electronic Publishing on the World Wide Web. Harlow, England ; Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley. p. 21. ISBN 9780201876932.
Jump up ^ Murawski, John (24 May 2013). "Hunt for world's oldest WWW page leads to UNC Chapel Hill". News & Observer.
Jump up ^ Shubber, Khadim (April 13, 2013). "First ever web page put back online by CERN". Wired.
Jump up ^ Brodkin, John (April 30, 2013). "First website ever goes back online on the open Web's 20th birthday". Ars Technica.
Jump up ^ Ward, Mark (3 August 2006). "How the web went world wide". BBC News. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "Qualifiers on Hypertext links..." alt.hypertext. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (2000-11-07). Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. San Francisco: Harper. p. 46. ISBN 9780062515872.
Jump up ^ Heather McCabe (1999-02-09). "Grrl Geeks Rock Out". Wired magazine.
Jump up ^ "Twenty years of a free, open web | CERN". home.cern. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
Jump up ^ Campbell, T. (2006-06-08). The History of Webcomics. Antarctic Press. ISBN 0976804395.
Jump up ^ Atchison, Lee (2008-01-07). "A Brief History of Webcomics — The Third Age of Webcomics". Sequential Tart.
Jump up ^ Stewart, William. "Mosaic: The First Global Web Browser". The Living Internet.
Jump up ^ "NCSA Mosaic -- September 10, 1993 Demo".
Jump up ^ Gore, Al (February 14, 1996). "The Technology Challenge: How Can America Spark Private Innovation?".
Jump up ^ Robert Cailliau (November 2, 1995). "A Short History of the Web: Text of a speech delivered at the launching of the European branch of the W3 Consortium". Net Valley. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "IW3C2 - Past and Future Conferences". International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee. 2010-05-02. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Owen, Tim, Wayne Noble, and Faye Christabel Speed. "Virtual Violence: Cyberspace, Misogyny and Online Abuse." New Perspectives on Cybercrime. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017. 141–158.
Jump up ^ "'Millionth English Word' declared". BBC News. June 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (2000-11-07). Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. San Francisco: Harper. pp. 177–198. ISBN 9780062515872.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; James Hendler; Ora Lassila (May 1, 2001). "The Semantic Web". Scientific American. Retrieved March 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Shadbolt, Nigel; Wendy Hall; Tim Berners-Lee (2006). "The Semantic Web Revisited" (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
External links[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Wikinews interviews World Wide Web co-inventor Robert Cailliau
The first website
Bemer, Bob, "A History of Source Concepts for the Internet/Web"
The World Wide Web History Project
Important Events in the History of the World Wide Web
"Principal Figures in the Development of the Internet and the World Wide Web". University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on May 7, 2006. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
"How It All Started" (slides), Tim Berners-Lee, W3C, December 2004
"A Little History of the World Wide Web: from 1945 to 1995", Dan Connolly, W3C, 2000
"The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future", Tim Berners-Lee, August 1996
Internet History, Computer History Museum
25 Years of the Internet
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&oldid=840678262"
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Model Parliament
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses of "Model Parliament", see Model parliament.
The Model Parliament is the term, attributed to Frederic William Maitland, used for the 1295 Parliament of England of King Edward I.
This assembly included members of the clergy and the aristocracy, as well as representatives from the various counties and boroughs. Each county returned two knights, two burgesses were elected from each borough, and each city provided two citizens. This composition became the model for later parliaments, hence the name.[1]
A similar scheme had been used in summoning Simon de Montfort's Parliament in 1265. That Parliament, however, had been called by Simon de Montfort in the midst of the Second Barons' War against Henry III of England; that the same scheme should be adopted by a king (Henry's son and heir, who had quelled Montfort's uprising) was remarkable.
Edward I summoned the parliament on 13 November 1295. In calling the parliament, Edward proclaimed in his writ of summons, "what touches all, should be approved of all, and it is also clear that common dangers should be met by measures agreed upon in common."[2] At the time, Parliament's legislative authority was limited and its primary role was to levy taxes. Edward's paramount goal in summoning the parliament was to raise funds for his wars, specifically planned campaigns against the French and the Scots for the upcoming year, and countering an insurgency in Wales. This "sound finance" by taxation was a goal of summoning the parliament, but it was tied into "counsel" to the king and "the element of service" for feudalism.[1]
However, the resulting parliament became a model for a new function as well: the addressing of grievances with the king. "The elected members were far more anxious to establish the second function: to discuss grievances. A kind of quid pro quo was looked for: money for the Scottish campaign of 1296 would be forthcoming if certain grievances were addressed. This consciousness was growing, even if all was still in an embryonic state."[3] The concept of "Parliament" was, in fact, such that the division into House of Commons and House of Lords had not yet taken place; the Model Parliament was unicameral, summoning 49 lords to sit with 292 representatives of the Commons.[4]
The Model Parliament created a precedent, whereby each "successor of a baron" (which includes Lords Spiritual) who received a writ to the parliament of 1295 "had a legal right to receive a writ."[1] However, that strictly hereditary right was not recognised formally until 1387.[1]
See also[edit]
Parliament of England
Provisions of Oxford and Provisions of Westminster
List of Parliaments of England
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Powicke, Maurice, Medieval England: 1066-1485, pp. 96-97 (London: Oxford University Press paperback edition 1969).
Jump up ^ "Edward I," Encyclopædia Britannica (1911).
Jump up ^ Michael L. Nash, "Crown, Woolsack and Mace: the model Parliament of 1295." Contemporary Review, November 1995.
Jump up ^ Nash mentions these figures in discussing separate houses, but the Parliament website "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-01. indicates that the Commons did not deliberate apart until 1341. This article accepts the Parliament's version.
External links[edit]
Parliament of UK documents
Michael L. Nash, "Crown, Woolsack and Mace: the model Parliament of 1295." Contemporary Review, November 1995.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Model_Parliament&oldid=801739688"
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Political history of medieval England
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text:
Me Before You (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Me Before You
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Thea Sharrock
Produced by
Karen Rosenfelt
Alison Owen
Screenplay by
Jojo Moyes
Based on
Me Before You
by Jojo Moyes
Starring
Emilia Clarke
Sam Claflin
Jenna Coleman
Charles Dance
Janet McTeer
Matthew Lewis
Music by
Craig Armstrong
Cinematography
Remi Adefarasin
Edited by
John Wilson
Production
company
New Line Cinema
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Sunswept Entertainment
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
May 23, 2016 (2016-05-23) (New York City)
June 3, 2016 (2016-06-03) (United States)
Running time
110 minutes[1]
Country
United Kingdom[2]
United States[2]
Language
English
Budget
$20 million[3]
Box office
$208.3 million[4]
Me Before You is a 2016 British-American romantic drama film directed by Thea Sharrock in her directorial debut and adapted by English author Jojo Moyes from her 2012 novel of the same name. The film stars Emilia Clarke, Sam Claflin, Jenna Coleman, Charles Dance, Matthew Lewis, Janet McTeer, Vanessa Kirby, Joanna Lumley and Steve Peacocke.
Set in the United Kingdom, the film is shot in various historic locations around the country, including Pembroke Castle in Wales, and Chenies Manor House in Buckinghamshire, England. Released on June 3, 2016, in the United States, the film received mixed reviews and grossed $207 million worldwide.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 Controversy
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
26-year-old Louisa Clark (Emilia Clarke) is a happy, outgoing woman who lives with and supports her working-class family. After losing her job at a local cafe, she is hired as the caregiver of Will Traynor (Sam Claflin), a former successful banker and once active young man who became paralyzed after being involved in a motorcycle accident two years prior. Louisa has no experience but Will's mother believes her cheery personality will help lift his spirits. Will only spends time with Nathan, his nurse, who assists with his care, exercise and movement and knows that he will never regain use of his body due to the damage to his spinal cord.
Cynical and depressed because he can no longer live an active life, Will initially reacts coldly to Louisa's upbeat demeanor and treats her with contempt. After two weeks, Will has a visit from his former best friend Rupert and ex-girlfriend Alicia who reveal that they are engaged. Will manages to smash all the photographs on his dresser in anger and indignation, which Louisa tries to repair the next day, leading to a verbal altercation during which Louisa chastises him for being an arse. The next day, Will asks Louisa to watch a film with subtitles with him, and she accepts. The two begin to bond and eventually become close friends. Louisa and Will continue to talk daily; she learns that he is cultured and worldly, having traveled extensively. In contrast, her life so far has been simple, without many interests or hobbies or travel away from home. Her long-term boyfriend, Patrick (Matthew Lewis), is training to take part in a Viking triathlon in Norway, a hobby that he often chooses over spending time with her. Will urges Louisa to broaden her horizons and tells her that it's her responsibility to live life as fully as possible.
While taking care of him during one of his occasional illnesses, Louisa notices Will's scarred wrists from a previous suicide attempt. While at work one day, Louisa overhears an argument of Will's parents and she learns that Will has given his parents six months before checking in to Dignitas in Switzerland for assisted suicide. Will refuses to accept life with a disability that entails dependency, pain and suffering without any hope for recovery of his old self. Louisa then takes it upon herself to change his mind. She organizes various trips and adventures to show Will that life is worth living, despite his disability. Will gradually becomes more communicative and open to her plans. The pair attends the horse-racing, with disastrous consequences and a few days afterwards, goes to a Mozart concert. Will then decides to attend Alicia's wedding and asks Louisa to accompany him. At the wedding, Louisa and Will enjoy offending the straight-laced guests. Louisa learns from the bride's godmother that she considers Will to be Alicia's 'one that got away'.
Will joins Louisa's family for dinner on her birthday, where they learn that Louisa's father had lost his job in a leveraged buyout that happened to have been organized by a younger associate of Will. Shortly thereafter Louisa's father is offered the head of maintenance job at Stortfold Castle which belongs to Will's family and Louisa realizes that Will is trying to help her secure her freedom from her family. Gradually they develop strong feelings for one another, which makes Patrick jealous and causes problems in Louisa's long-standing relationship, leading to their break-up.
During a luxurious trip to the island of Mauritius together, undertaken after another bout with pneumonia and with help from Will's nurse, Will informs Louisa that he still intends to follow through with the euthanasia. He wants her to live a full life instead of "half a life" with him. He says their time together has been special, but he cannot bear to live in a wheelchair. He asks her to accompany him to Switzerland to be with him through his last moments. Heartbroken, she informs Will's parents upon arrival in London that she is quitting immediately and travels back to her home by bus. She does not speak to Will for the days that follow. However, at home, Louisa's father convinces her to go to Will in Switzerland. She finds out that he has already left for Switzerland, and decides to go to Switzerland herself to be with Will in his final moments.
A few weeks after Will's death, sitting in his favorite cafe in Paris, she rereads the letter Will left for her. In it he encourages her to seek out a specific perfume shop and ends off the letter with 'just live', which she can afford to do because he has left her enough money to follow her dreams.
Cast[edit]
Emilia Clarke as Louisa "Lou" Clark[6]
Sam Claflin as William "Will" Traynor[6]
Jenna Coleman as Katrina "Treena" Clark[7]
Charles Dance as Steven Traynor[7]
Janet McTeer as Camilla Traynor[8]
Matthew Lewis as Patrick[9]
Brendan Coyle as Bernard Clark[9]
Vanessa Kirby as Alicia Dewares[9]
Ben Lloyd-Hughes[9] as Rupert Collins
Steve Peacocke as Nathan
Samantha Spiro[9] as Josie Clark
Joanna Lumley[10] as Mary Rawlinson
Christopher Wilson as Major Timothy Dewares (Alicia's father)
Production[edit]
On April 2, 2014, it was announced Thea Sharrock would direct the film.[11] On September 2, 2014, Emilia Clarke and Sam Claflin were cast in the film.[6] Stephen Peacocke was cast on March 24, 2015,[12] with Jenna Coleman and Charles Dance cast on April 2, 2015.[7] On April 9, 2015, Janet McTeer joined the cast;[8] and Brendan Coyle, Matthew Lewis, Samantha Spiro, Vanessa Kirby, and Ben Lloyd-Hughes joined the cast the next day.[9]
Filming[edit]
Pembroke Castle in Wales is one of the locations featured in the film
Principal photography began in April 2015, and ended on June 26, 2015.[13][14] The film was shot in various locations in the UK, including Pembroke, Wales, and Chenies Manor House, Chenies, Buckinghamshire, England for the wedding scenes, while Majorca, Spain, stands in for Mauritius.[15]
Release[edit]
In July 2014, it was announced that the film would be released on August 21, 2015.[16] In May 2015, the film's release date was moved to June 3, 2016.[17] In November 2015, the film's release date was moved back, to March 4, 2016,[18] before being delayed again in January 2016, to its previous June 3, 2016 release date.[19]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Me Before You grossed $56.2 million in North America and over $151.2 million in other territories for a total of $207.4 million, against a budget of $20 million.[4]
In North America, Me Before You opened on June 3, 2016 alongside Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows and was expected to gross around $15 million from 2,704 theaters in its opening weekend.[20] The film grossed $1.4 million from its Thursday night previews and $7.8 million on its first day.[21] In its opening weekend the film grossed $18.3 million, finishing third at the box office behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows ($35.3 million) and X-Men: Apocalypse ($22.3 million).[22]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 58% based on 151 reviews; the average rating is 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Me Before You benefits from Emilia Clarke and Sam Claflin's alluring chemistry, although it isn't enough to compensate for its clumsy treatment of a sensitive subject."[23] On Metacritic the film has a score of 51 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[5] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[24]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
People's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Me Before You Won [25]
Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Liplock Emilia Clarke and Sam Claflin Nominated [26]
MTV Movie & TV Awards Tearjerker Emilia Clarke and Sam Claflin Nominated [27]
Controversy[edit]
The film has suffered a backlash from many people in the disability rights movement due to what they perceive as an underlying message that people with disabilities are a burden on their families and careers, and claim the film promotes the view that people are better off dead than disabled.[28] They view the film as advocating suicide so that their loved ones can "live boldly".[29][30] The #MeBeforeEuthanasia backlash has been led by celebrities with disabilities such as Liz Carr, Penny Pepper,[31] Mik Scarlet[29] and Cherylee Houston and Not Dead Yet UK in the UK,[32][33] and Dominick Evans, Emily Ladau and activists from Not Dead Yet in the US.[34] Protests in the US occurred in Los Angeles, New York City, Boston, various locations in Colorado and Texas, Atlanta, Baltimore, Connecticut, Rochester, San Francisco, and multiple locations around the country. The film was also protested in Australia.[35]
See also[edit]
Disability in the arts
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "ME BEFORE YOU (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. April 21, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Gant, Charles (May 24, 2016). "'Me Before You': Review". Screen Daily. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Riley, Jenelle. "'Me Before You' Aims to Take on Hollywood's Superhero-Heavy Slate". Variety. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Me Before You (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Me Before You reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fleming, Mike (2014-09-02). "'GOT's Emilia Clarke, 'Hunger Games' Sam Claflin To Star In MGM's 'Me Before You'". Deadline. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fleming, Mike (2015-04-02). "'Doctor Who's Jenna Coleman, 'Game Of Thrones' Charles Dance Join 'Me Before You'". Deadline. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Ford, Rebecca (2015-04-09). "Janet McTeer Joins MGM's 'Me Before You' (Exclusive)". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ford, Rebecca. "MGM's 'Me Before You' Rounds Out Cast (Exclusive)". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
Jump up ^ Sarah Doran (2016-03-29). "First look at Matthew Lewis and Joanna Lumley in new Me Before You trailer". Radio Times.com.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (2014-04-02). "Thea Sharrock To Direct 'Me Before You' Movie For MGM". Deadline. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
Jump up ^ Justin Kroll (2015-03-24). "'Me Before You': Stephen Peacocke Joins MGM Movie". Variety. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
Jump up ^ Jocelyn McClurg (2015-02-26). "Moyes writes sequel to 'Me Before You'". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
Jump up ^ "On the Set for 6/29/15: Justin Lin Rolls Cameras on 'Star Trek Beyond', Emilia Clarke Wraps 'Me Before You'". Ssninsider.com. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Thorpe, Vanessa (22 May 2016). "Me Before You: not just a tearjerker". The Observer. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "WB Dates 'Me Before You' For August 2015". Deadline. 2014-07-16. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (2015-05-14). "'Me Before You' Gets Release Date From Warner Bros". Deadline. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro. "Emilia Clare 'Me Before You' Drama Opening In March 2016". Deadline. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (2016-01-15). "Emilia Clare 'Me Before You' Drama Opening In March 2016". Deadline. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
Jump up ^ "'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Sequel to Top Box Office, But Faces Troubled Waters Ahead". TheWrap.com.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (June 3, 2016). "'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2', 'Me Before You' Get Thursday Night Going – Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (June 5, 2016). "'Ninja Turtles 2' Muscles Up On Saturday For OK Est. $35.3M Opening; 'Me Before You' Opens To $18.3M – Sunday AM B.O. Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Me Before You (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2' Struggles With Sequelitis; 'Me Before You' Lures In The Ladies". deadline.com.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 — Full List". Deadline. November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Vulpo, Mike (May 24, 2016). "Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced: See the "First Wave" of Potential Winners". E!. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Zach (April 6, 2017). "Guardians of the Galaxy Lands 7 MTV Movie Awards Nominations". E!. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Me Before You and Disability Article from The Guardian". The Guardian. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Activists protest outside premiere of 'disability snuff movie'". DisabilityNewsService. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Me Before You makes having a disability seem worse than death". The Independent. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "We long to watch disabled characters like us. Instead we get Me Before You". The Guardian. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cherylee Houston Article from The Mirror". TheMirror. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Elyse Wanshel Associate Editor, Good News (2016-06-10). "The Disability Community Is Pissed AF About 'Me Before You'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-06-26. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Why Some Disability Rights Activists Are Protesting 'Me Before You'". Self (magazine). Retrieved 2016-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Me Before You, starring GoT's Emilia Clarke, is a 'disability snuff movie', say protesters". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
External links[edit]
Official website
Me Before You on IMDb
Me Before You at Rotten Tomatoes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me_Before_You_(film)&oldid=826711515"
Categories:
2016 films
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Films shot in Pembrokeshire
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
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