text:
Lighthouse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Lighthouse (disambiguation).
The lighthouse of Aveiro, on the west coast of Portugal.
Play media
Aerial drone footage of the Roman Rock Lighthouse off the southern coast of South Africa.
A lighthouse is a tower, building, or other type of structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a navigational aid for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways.
Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous shoals, reefs, and safe entries to harbors; they also assist in aerial navigation. Once widely used, the number of operational lighthouses has declined due to the expense of maintenance and use of electronic navigational systems.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Ancient lighthouses
1.2 Modern construction
1.3 Lighting improvements
1.4 Optical systems
1.5 Recent
1.6 Famous lighthouse builders
2 Lighthouse technology
2.1 Power
2.2 Lens
2.3 Light characteristics
3 Building
3.1 Design
3.2 Components
3.3 Range lights
4 Maintenance
5 Preservation
6 Public good
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of lighthouses
Ancient lighthouses[edit]
Graphic reconstruction of the Pharos according to a 2006 study
The Tower of Hercules lighthouse
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Before the development of clearly defined ports, mariners were guided by fires built on hilltops. Since raising the fire would improve the visibility, placing the fire on a platform became a practice that led to the development of the lighthouse. In antiquity, the lighthouse functioned more as an entrance marker to ports than as a warning signal for reefs and promontories, unlike many modern lighthouses. The most famous lighthouse structure from antiquity was the Pharos of Alexandria, Egypt, although it collapsed during an earthquake centuries later.
The intact Tower of Hercules at A Coruña, Spain gives insight into ancient lighthouse construction; other evidence about lighthouses exists in depictions on coins and mosaics, of which many represent the lighthouse at Ostia. Coins from Alexandria, Ostia, and Laodicea in Syria also exist.
Modern construction[edit]
The modern era of lighthouses began at the turn of the 18th century, as lighthouse construction boomed in lockstep with burgeoning levels of transatlantic commerce. Advances in structural engineering and new and efficient lighting equipment allowed for the creation of larger and more powerful lighthouses, including ones exposed to the sea. The function of lighthouses shifted toward the provision of a visible warning against shipping hazards, such as rocks or reefs.
Winstanley's lighthouse at the Eddystone Rocks marked the beginning in a new phase of lighthouse development.
The Eddystone Rocks were a major shipwreck hazard for mariners sailing through the English Channel.[1] The first lighthouse built there was an octagonal wooden structure, anchored by 12 iron stanchions secured in the rock, and was built by Henry Winstanley from 1696 to 1698. His lighthouse was the first tower in the world to have been fully exposed to the open sea.[2]
The civil engineer, John Smeaton, rebuilt the lighthouse from 1756–59;[3] his tower marked a major step forward in the design of lighthouses and remained in use until 1877. He modelled the shape of his lighthouse on that of an oak tree, using granite blocks. He rediscovered and used "hydraulic lime," a form of concrete that will set under water used by the Romans, and developed a technique of securing the granite blocks together using dovetail joints and marble dowels.[4] The dovetailing feature served to improve the structural stability, although Smeaton also had to taper the thickness of the tower towards the top, for which he curved the tower inwards on a gentle gradient. This profile had the added advantage of allowing some of the energy of the waves to dissipate on impact with the walls. His lighthouse was the prototype for the modern lighthouse and influenced all subsequent engineers.[5]
John Smeaton's rebuilt version of the Eddystone Lighthouse, 1759. This represented a great step forward in lighthouse design.
One such influence was Robert Stevenson, himself a seminal figure in the development of lighthouse design and construction.[6] His greatest achievement was the construction of the Bell Rock Lighthouse in 1810, one of the most impressive feats of engineering of the age. This structure was based upon Smeaton's design, but with several improved features, such as the incorporation of rotating lights, alternating between red and white.[7] Stevenson worked for the Northern Lighthouse Board for nearly fifty years[6] during which time he designed and oversaw the construction and later improvement of numerous lighthouses. He innovated in the choice of light sources, mountings, reflector design, the use of Fresnel lenses, and in rotation and shuttering systems providing lighthouses with individual signatures allowing them to be identified by seafarers. He also invented the movable jib and the balance crane as a necessary part for lighthouse construction.
Alexander Mitchell designed the first screw-pile lighthouse – his lighthouse was built on piles that were screwed into the sandy or muddy seabed. Construction of his design began in 1838 at the mouth of the Thames and was known as the Maplin Sands lighthouse, and first lit in 1841.[8] Although its construction began later, the Wyre Light in Fleetwood, Lancashire, was the first to be lit (in 1840).[8]
Lighting improvements[edit]
The source of illumination had generally been wood pyres or burning coal. The Argand lamp, invented in 1782 by the Swiss scientist, Aimé Argand, revolutionized lighthouse illumination with its steady smokeless flame. Early models used ground glass which was sometimes tinted around the wick. Later models used a mantle of thorium dioxide suspended over the flame, creating a bright, steady light.[9] The Argand lamp used whale oil, colza, olive oil[10] or other vegetable oil as fuel which was supplied by a gravity feed from a reservoir mounted above the burner. The lamp was first produced by Matthew Boulton, in partnership with Argand, in 1784 and became the standard for lighthouses for over a century.
South Foreland Lighthouse was the first tower to successfully use an electric light in 1875. The lighthouse's carbon arc lamps were powered by a steam-driven magneto.[11] John Richardson Wigham was the first to develop a system for gas illumination of lighthouses. His improved gas 'crocus' burner at the Baily Lighthouse near Dublin was 13 times more powerful than the most brilliant light then known.[12]
A 85mm Chance Brothers Incandescent Petroleum Vapour Installation which produced the light for the Sumburgh Head lighthouse until 1976. The lamp (made in approx. 1914) burned vaporized kerosene (paraffin); the vaporizer was heated by a denatured alcohol (methylated spirit) burner to light. When lit some of the vaporised fuel was diverted to a Bunsen burner to keep the vaporizer warm and the fuel in vapor form. The fuel was forced up to the lamp by air; the keepers had to pump the air container up every hour or so. This in turn pressurized the paraffin container to force the fuel to the lamp. The "white sock" is in fact an unburnt mantle on which the vapor burned.
The vaporized oil burner was invented in 1901 by Arthur Kitson, and improved by David Hood at Trinity House. The fuel was vaporized at high pressure and burned to heat the mantle, giving an output of over six times the luminosity of traditional oil lights. The use of gas as illuminant became widely available with the invention of the Dalén light by Swedish engineer, Gustaf Dalén. He used Agamassan (Aga), a substrate, to absorb the gas allowing safe storage and hence commercial exploitation. Dalén also invented the 'sun valve', which automatically regulated the light and turned it off during the daytime. The technology was the predominant form of light source in lighthouses from the 1900s through the 1960s, when electric lighting had become dominant.[13]
Optical systems[edit]
Diagram depicting how a spherical Fresnel lens collimates light
With the development of the steady illumination of the Argand lamp, the application of optical lenses to increase and focus the light intensity became a practical possibility. William Hutchinson developed the first practical optical system in 1763, known as a catoptric system. This rudimentary system effectively collimated the emitted light into a concentrated beam, thereby greatly increasing the light's visibility.[14] The ability to focus the light led to the first revolving lighthouse beams, where the light would appear to the mariners as a series of intermittent flashes. It also became possible to transmit complex signals using the light flashes.
French physicist and engineer Augustin-Jean Fresnel developed the multi-part Fresnel lens for use in lighthouses. His design allowed for the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length, without the mass and volume of material that would be required by a lens of conventional design. A Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, in some cases taking the form of a flat sheet. A Fresnel lens can also capture more oblique light from a light source, thus allowing the light from a lighthouse equipped with one to be visible over greater distances.
The first Fresnel lens was used in 1823 in the Cordouan lighthouse at the mouth of the Gironde estuary; its light could be seen from more than 20 miles (32 km) out.[15] Fresnel’s invention increased the luminosity of the lighthouse lamp by a factor of four and his system is still in common use.
Recent[edit]
The advent of electrification, and automatic lamp changers began to make lighthouse keepers obsolete. For many years, lighthouses still had keepers, partly because lighthouse keepers could serve as a rescue service if necessary. Improvements in maritime navigation and safety such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) have led to the phasing out of non-automated lighthouses across the world.[16] In Canada, this trend has been stopped and there are still 50 staffed light stations, with 27 on the west coast alone.[17]
Remaining modern lighthouses are more functional and less picturesque; usually they use solar-charged batteries and have a single stationary flashing light sitting on a steel skeleton tower.[18]
Famous lighthouse builders[edit]
John Smeaton is noteworthy for having designed the third and most famous Eddystone Lighthouse, but some builders are well known for their work in building multiple lighthouses. The Stevenson family (Robert, Alan, David, Thomas, David Alan, and Charles) made lighthouse building a three-generation profession in Scotland. Irishman Alexander Mitchell invented and built a number of screwpile lighthouses despite his blindness. Englishman James Douglass was knighted for his work on lighthouses.
United States Army Corps of Engineers Lieutenant George Meade built numerous lighthouses along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts before gaining wider fame as the winning general at the Battle of Gettysburg. Colonel Orlando M. Poe, engineer to General William Tecumseh Sherman in the Siege of Atlanta, designed and built some of the most exotic lighthouses in the most difficult locations on the U.S. Great Lakes.[19]
French merchant navy officer Marius Michel Pasha built almost a hundred lighthouses along the coasts of the Ottoman Empire in a period of twenty years after the Crimean War (1853–1856).[20]
Lighthouse technology[edit]
Power[edit]
In a lighthouse, the source of light is called the "lamp" (whether electric or fueled by oil) and the concentration of the light is by the "lens" or "optic". Originally lit by open fires and later candles, the Argand hollow wick lamp and parabolic reflector were introduced in the late 18th century.
Whale oil was also used with wicks as the source of light. Kerosene became popular in the 1870s and electricity and carbide (acetylene gas) began replacing kerosene around the turn of the 20th century.[18] Carbide was promoted by the Dalén light which automatically lit the lamp at nightfall and extinguished it at dawn.
During the Cold-War, many remote Soviet lighthouses were powered by radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). These had the advantage of providing power day or night and did not need refuelling or maintenance. However, after the breakdown of the Soviet Union, there are no official records of the locations or condition of all of these lighthouses.[21] As time passes, their condition is degrading; many have fallen victim to vandalism and scrap metal thieves, who may not be aware of the dangerous radioactive contents. [22]
Lens[edit]
See also: Fresnel lens
Cape Meares Lighthouse; first-order Fresnel lens
Before modern strobe lights, lenses were used to concentrate the light from a continuous source. Vertical light rays of the lamp are redirected into a horizontal plane, and horizontally the light is focused into one or a few directions at a time, with the light beam swept around. As a result, in addition to seeing the side of the light beam, the light is directly visible from greater distances, and with an identifying light characteristic.
This concentration of light is accomplished with a rotating lens assembly. In early lighthouses, the light source was a kerosene lamp or, earlier, an animal or vegetable oil Argand lamp, and the lenses rotated by a weight driven clockwork assembly wound by lighthouse keepers, sometimes as often as every two hours. The lens assembly sometimes floated in liquid mercury to reduce friction. In more modern lighthouses, electric lights and motor drives were used, generally powered by diesel electric generators. These also supplied electricity for the lighthouse keepers.[18]
Efficiently concentrating the light from a large omnidirectional light source requires a very large diameter lens. This would require a very thick and heavy lens if a conventional lens were used. The Fresnel lens (pronounced /freɪˈnɛl/) focused 85% of a lamp's light versus the 20% focused with the parabolic reflectors of the time. Its design enabled construction of lenses of large size and short focal length without the weight and volume of material in conventional lens designs.[23]
Fresnel lighthouse lenses are ranked by order, a measure of refracting power, with a first order lens being the largest, most powerful and expensive; and a sixth order lens being the smallest. The order is based on the focal length of the lens. A first order lens has the longest focal length, with the sixth being the shortest. Coastal lighthouses generally use first, second, or third order lenses, while harbor lights and beacons use fourth, fifth, or sixth order lenses.[24]
Some lighthouses, such as those at Cape Race, Newfoundland, and Makapuu Point, Hawaii, used a more powerful hyperradiant Fresnel lens manufactured by the firm of Chance Brothers.
In recent times, many Fresnel lenses have been replaced by rotating aerobeacons which require less maintenance. In modern automated lighthouses, this system of rotating lenses is often replaced by a high intensity light that emits brief omnidirectional flashes (concentrating the light in time rather than direction). These lights are similar to obstruction lights used to warn aircraft of tall structures. Recent innovations are "Vega Lights", and initial experiments with light-emitting diode (LED) panels.[18]
Light characteristics[edit]
See also: Light characteristic
In any of these designs an observer, rather than seeing a continuous weak light, sees a brighter light during short time intervals. These instants of bright light are arranged to create a light characteristic or pattern specific to a lighthouse.[25] For example, the Scheveningen Lighthouse flashes are alternately 2.5 and 7.5 seconds. Some lights have sectors of a particular color (usually formed by colored panes in the lantern) to distinguish safe water areas from dangerous shoals. Modern lighthouses often have unique reflectors or Racon transponders so the radar signature of the light is also unique.
Building[edit]
Design[edit]
For effectiveness, the lamp must be high enough to be seen before the danger is reached by a mariner. The minimum height is calculated by trigonometric formula d = 1.17 H {\displaystyle d=1.17{\sqrt {H}}} where H is the height above water in feet, and d is the distance to the horizon in nautical miles.[26]
Where dangerous shoals are located far off a flat sandy beach, the prototypical tall masonry coastal lighthouse is constructed to assist the navigator making a landfall after an ocean crossing. Often these are cylindrical to reduce the effect of wind on a tall structure, such as Cape May Light. Smaller versions of this design are often used as harbor lights to mark the entrance into a harbor, such as New London Harbor Light.
Where a tall cliff exists, a smaller structure may be placed on top such as at Horton Point Light. Sometimes, such a location can be too high, for example along the west coast of the United States, where frequent low clouds can obscure the light. In these cases, lighthouses are placed below clifftop to ensure that they can still be seen at the surface during periods of fog or low clouds, as at Point Reyes Lighthouse. Another victim of fog was the Old Point Loma lighthouse, which was replaced in 1891 with a lower lighthouse, New Point Loma lighthouse.
As technology advanced, prefabricated skeletal iron or steel structures tended to be used for lighthouses constructed in the 20th century. These often have a narrow cylindrical core surrounded by an open lattice work bracing, such as Finns Point Range Light.
Sometimes a lighthouse needs to be constructed in the water itself. Wave-washed lighthouses are masonry structures constructed to withstand water impact, such as Eddystone Lighthouse in Britain and the St. George Reef Light off California. In shallower bays, Screw-pile lighthouse ironwork structures are screwed into the seabed and a low wooden structure is placed above the open framework, such as Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse. As screw piles can be disrupted by ice, steel caisson lighthouses such as Orient Point Light are used in cold climates. Orient Long Beach Bar Light (Bug Light) is a blend of a screw pile light that was converted to a caisson light because of the threat of ice damage.[27]
In waters too deep for a conventional structure, a lightship might be used instead of a lighthouse, such as the former lightship Columbia. Most of these have now been replaced by fixed light platforms (such as Ambrose Light) similar to those used for offshore oil exploration.[28]
Components[edit]
Lighthouse lantern room from mid-1800s
While lighthouse buildings differ depending on the location and purpose, they tend to have common components.
A light station comprises the lighthouse tower and all outbuildings, such as the keeper's living quarters, fuel house, boathouse, and fog-signaling building. The Lighthouse itself consists of a tower structure supporting the lantern room where the light operates.
The lantern room is the glassed-in housing at the top of a lighthouse tower containing the lamp and lens. Its glass storm panes are supported by metal Astragal bars running vertically or diagonally. At the top of the lantern room is a stormproof ventilator designed to remove the smoke of the lamps and the heat that builds in the glass enclosure. A lightning rod and grounding system connected to the metal cupola roof provides a safe conduit for any lightning strikes.
Immediately beneath the lantern room is usually a Watch Room or Service Room where fuel and other supplies were kept and where the keeper prepared the lanterns for the night and often stood watch. The clockworks (for rotating the lenses) were also located there. On a lighthouse tower, an open platform called the gallery is often located outside the watch room (called the Main Gallery) or Lantern Room (Lantern Gallery). This was mainly used for cleaning the outside of the windows of the Lantern Room.[29]
Lighthouses near to each other that are similar in shape are often painted in a unique pattern so they can easily be recognized during daylight, a marking known as a daymark. The black and white barber pole spiral pattern of Cape Hatteras Lighthouse is one example. Race Rocks Light in western Canada is painted in horizontal black and white bands to stand out against the horizon.
Range lights[edit]
Main article: Range lights
Range Lights in Margaree Harbour, Nova Scotia. When the vessel is on the correct course, the two lights line up above one another.
Aligning two fixed points on land provides a navigator with a line of position called a range in the U.S. and a transit in Britain. Ranges can be used to precisely align a vessel within a narrow channel such as in a river. With landmarks of a range illuminated with a set of fixed lighthouses, nighttime navigation is possible.
Such paired lighthouses are called range lights in the U.S. and leading lights in the United Kingdom. The closer light is referred to as the beacon or front range; the furthest away is called the rear range. The rear range light is almost always taller than the front.
When the vessel is on the correct course, the two lights line up vertically. But when the observer is out of position, the difference in alignment indicates the proper direction of travel to correct the course.
Maintenance[edit]
In the United States, lighthouses are maintained by the United States Coast Guard (USCG).[30] Those in England and Wales are looked after by Trinity House; in Scotland, by the Northern Lighthouse Board; and in Ireland by the Commissioners of Irish Lights. In Canada, they are managed by the Canadian Coast Guard. In Australia, lighthouses are conducted by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority.
The Soviet Union built a number of automated lighthouses powered by radioisotope thermoelectric generators in remote locations. They operated for long periods without external support with great reliability.[31] However numerous installations deteriorated, were stolen, or vandalized. Some cannot be found due to poor record keeping.[32]
Preservation[edit]
As lighthouses became less essential to navigation, many of their historic structures faced demolition or neglect. In the United States, the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act of 2000 provides for the transfer of lighthouse structures to local governments and private non-profit groups, while the USCG continues to maintain the lamps and lenses. In Canada, the Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society won heritage status for Sambro Island Lighthouse, and sponsored the Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act to change Canadian federal laws to protect lighthouses.[33]
Many groups formed to restore and save lighthouses around the world. They include the World Lighthouse Society and the United States Lighthouse Society.[34] A further international group is the Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society, which sends amateur radio operators to publicize the preservation of remote lighthouses throughout the world.[35]
Public good[edit]
Lighthouses were once regarded as an archetypal public good, because ships could benefit from the light without being forced to pay. The Confederate States Constitution explicitly allowed public funds to be spent on navigation, including lighthouses.[36]
See also[edit]
List of lighthouses and lightvessels
Day beacon
Lens lantern
Pintsch gas
Pharology
Foghorn
Lighthouse keeper
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Smiles, Samuel (1861), The Lives of the Engineers, Vol 2, p. 16
Jump up ^ "lighthouse". Retrieved 2012-12-17.
Jump up ^ Majdalany, Fred: The Eddystone Light. 1960
Jump up ^ "Eddystone – Gallery". Trinity House. Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ Douglass, James Nicholas (1878). "Note on the Eddystone Lighthouse". Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. vol. 53, part 3. London: Institution of Civil Engineers. pp. 247–248.
^ Jump up to: a b "NLB – Robert Stevenson". Retrieved January 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Boucher, Cyril Thomas Goodman (1963), John Rennie, 1761–1821: The Life and Work of a Great Engineer, p. 61
^ Jump up to: a b Tomlinson, ed. (1852–54). Tomlinson's Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts. London: Virtue & Co. p. 177. [Maplin Sands] was not, however, the first screw-pile lighthouse actually erected, for during the long preparation process which was carried on at Maplin Sands, a structure of the same principle had been begun and completed at Port Fleetwood...
Jump up ^ "Lamp Glass Replacement Glass Lamp Shades, Oil Lamp Shades, Oil Lamp Chimneys, Oil Lamp Spares". Archived from the original on 2014-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Lamp." Encyclopædia Britannica: or, a dictionary of Arts, Science, and Miscellaneous Literature. 6th ed. 1823 Web. 5 Dec. 2011
Jump up ^ Baird, Spencer Fullerton (1876). Annual record of science and industry. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 460. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "John Richardson Wigham 1829–1906" (PDF). BEAM. Commissioners of Irish Lights. 35: 21–22. 2006–2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-12.
Jump up ^ "The Linde Group - Gases Engineering Healthcare -". Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lighthouse". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
Jump up ^ Watson, Bruce. "Science Makes a Better Lighthouse Lens." Smithsonian. August 1999 v30 i5 p30. produced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2005.
Jump up ^ "Maritime Heritage Program - National Park Service". Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lighthouses of British Columbia".
^ Jump up to: a b c d Crompton & Rhein (2002)
Jump up ^ "Maritime Heritage Program - National Park Service". Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Guigueno, Vincent. "Review of Thobie, Jacques, L'administration generale des phares de l'Empire ottoman et la societe Collas et Michel, 1860–1960. H-Mediterranean, H-Net Reviews. January, 2006". Humanities and Social Sciences Net Online. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
Jump up ^ lighthouses
Jump up ^ deadly
Jump up ^ "Lighthouses: An Administrative History". Maritime Heritage Program – Lighthouse Heritage. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
Jump up ^ "Maritime Heritage Program".
Jump up ^ Aids To Navigation Abbreviations Archived 2008-09-25 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "How far is the horizon? - BoatSafe Kids!".
Jump up ^ "Maritime Heritage Program - National Park Service". Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Maritime Heritage Program".
Jump up ^ "Light Station Components". nps.gov.
Jump up ^ "Maritime Heritage Program".
Jump up ^ "RTG Heat Sources: Two Proven Materials - Atomic Insights". 1 September 1996. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators – Bellona Archived 2006-06-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Douglas Franklin. "Lighthouse Bill Protecting Our Lighthouses – The Icons of Canada's Maritime Heritage". Featured Heritage Buildings. Canadian Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
Jump up ^ "The United States Lighthouse Society - Home Page".
Jump up ^ "Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society – Contacting the Light Beacons of the World". Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Avalon Project : Constitution of the Confederate States". Yale Law Web. March 11, 1861. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012.
Bibliography
Bathurst, Bella. The lighthouse Stevensons. New York: Perennial, 2000. ISBN 0-06-093226-0
Beaver, Patrick. A History of Lighthouses. London: Peter Davies Ltd, 1971. ISBN 0-432-01290-7.
Crompton, Samuel, W; Rhein, Michael, J. The Ultimate Book of Lighthouses. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press, 2002. ISBN 1-59223-102-0.
Jones, Ray; Roberts, Bruce. American Lighthouses. Globe Pequot, 1998. 1st ed. ISBN 0-7627-0324-5.
Stevenson, D. Alan. The world's lighthouses before 1820. London: Oxford University Press, 1959.
Further reading
Noble, Dennis. Lighthouses & Keepers: U. S. Lighthouse Service and Its Legacy. Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1997. ISBN 1-55750-638-8.
Putnam, George R. Lighthouses and Lightships of the United States. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1933.
Weiss, George. The Lighthouse Service, Its History, Activities and Organization. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1926.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lighthouses.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lighthouses.
"Lighthouses Of Strange Designs, December 1930, Popular Science
Rowlett, Russ. "The Lighthouse Directory". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Research tool with details of over 14,700 lighthouses and navigation lights around the world with photos and links.
Pharology Website: http://www.pharology.eu . Reference source for the history and development of lighthouses of the world.
Marc de Kleijn Lighthouse Gallery: http://marcdekleijn.nl Lighthouse photographs from all around the world.
"International Marine Aids to Navigation" by Brian Clearman, Mt. Angel Abbey Press, 1988 :
https://books.google.com/books/about/International_marine_aids_to_navigation.html?id=QpoZAQAAIAAJ
Historical Landmarks - United States Lighthouses
[hide]
v
t
e
Lighthouses
History of lighthouses
Conservation of lighthouses
Museums
Types
Location
Land
Offshore
Lightvessel
Construction
Aerial
Caisson
Crib
Integral
Pile
Screw-pile
Skeletal tower
Navigational purpose
Daymark
Leading lights
Sector light
Fixtures
Aerobeacon
Argand lamp
Automatic lamp changer
Bird-cage lantern
Carcel lamp
Dalén light
Fresnel lens
Lens lantern
Lewis lamp
VRB-25
Maintenance
Keepers
Light dues
Pharologists
Tender
Locations
Africa
Antarctica
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Categories
Lighthouse builders
Lighthouses by century
Lighthouses by heritage register
lighthouses by year of completion
Global organizations
General lighthouse authority
International Association of Lighthouse Authorities
Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society
International Lighthouse and Lightship Weekend
Lighthouse Digest
Category
Commons
Portal
Wiktionary
WikiProject
Authority control
GND: 4035481-7
NDL: 00573146
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&oldid=831686857"
Categories:
Lighthouses
Heraldic charges
Greek inventions
Ancient Greek technology
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Articles needing additional references from June 2016
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
ગુજરાતી
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Kaszëbsczi
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Latgaļu
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Magyar
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Nouormand
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Sardu
Scots
Seeltersk
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
West-Vlams
Winaray
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
83 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 March 2018, at 19:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Lighthouse_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Lighthouse (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Aveiro_Light
mw-redirect
Aveiro Light

attrs: class style

attrs: alt style src

value: span

attrs: href title target

attrs: id class style videopayload

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/854px--Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="106.734" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1009416" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Original WebM file, 1,920 × 1,080 (2.34 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="2335164" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2917984" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.1080p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="3201816" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="130384" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="256632" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="507712" data-framerate="25"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Aerial_navigation
mw-redirect
Aerial navigation

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Magneto_(generator)
mw-redirect
Magneto (generator)

values:
/wiki/Substrate_(materials_science)
mw-redirect
Substrate (materials science)

values:
/wiki/Cordouan_lighthouse
mw-redirect
Cordouan lighthouse

values: Edit section: Famous lighthouse builders

values:
/wiki/Orlando_M._Poe
mw-redirect
Orlando M. Poe

values:
/wiki/General_William_Tecumseh_Sherman
mw-redirect
General William Tecumseh Sherman

values:
/wiki/Acetylene_gas
mw-redirect
Acetylene gas

values:
/wiki/Cape_Meares_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
Cape Meares Lighthouse

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.448ex; height:3.009ex;

values:
/wiki/Cape_May_Light
mw-redirect
Cape May Light

values:
/wiki/Old_Point_Loma_lighthouse
mw-redirect
Old Point Loma lighthouse

values:
/wiki/New_Point_Loma_lighthouse
mw-redirect
New Point Loma lighthouse

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Point_Shoal_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse

values: United States lightship Columbia (WLV-604)

values:
/wiki/Range_lights
mw-redirect
Range lights

values:
/wiki/Line_of_position
mw-redirect
Line of position

values:
/wiki/Navigational_transit
mw-redirect
Navigational transit

values: National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act

values: Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society

values:
/wiki/Sambro_Island_Lighthouse
mw-redirect
Sambro Island Lighthouse

values: World Lighthouse Society (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Pintsch_gas
mw-redirect
Pintsch gas

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.fogwhistle.ca/bclights

values:
nofollow
http://arlhs.com/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.pharology.eu

values:
nofollow
external free
http://marcdekleijn.nl

values:
nofollow
http://unitedstateslighthouses.com/
external text

values: Conservation and restoration of lighthouses

values: Brier Island Lighthouse (3) - cropped.jpg

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Category:Lighthouses by heritage register

values: Category:Lighthouses by year of completion

values: International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities

values: International Lighthouse and Lightship Weekend

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Lighthouses padding:3px

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4035481-7

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2016

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Lighthouse
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: منارة – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro
Faro – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faru
Faru – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayak
Mayak – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: বাতিঘর – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Маяк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Морски фар – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour-tan
Tour-tan – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far
Far – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Çуткăç – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goleudy
Goleudy – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuletorn
Tuletorn – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Φάρος – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro
Faro – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumturo
Lumturo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsasargi
Itsasargi – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: فانوس دریایی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phare
Phare – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjoertoer
Fjoertoer – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: દીવાદાંડી – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: प्रकाशस्तम्भ – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro
Faro – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercusuar
Mercusuar – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viti
Viti – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro
Faro – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: מגדלור – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercusuar
Mercusuar – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliza
Bliza – Kashubian
csb
csb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-csb
display: none;

values: Шамшырақ – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speidyns
Speidyns – Latgalian
ltg
ltg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharus
Pharus – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81ka
Bāka – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuurtore
Vuurtore – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: വിളക്കുമാടം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_api
Rumah api – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values: မီးပြတိုက် – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuurtoren
Vuurtoren – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: जःछेँ – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyr
Fyr – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyr
Fyr – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ਚਾਨਣ ਮੁਨਾਰਾ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farol
Farol – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far
Far – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharu
Pharu – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faru
Faru – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetilnik
Svetilnik – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Светионик – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majakka
Majakka – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyr
Fyr – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parola
Parola – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: கலங்கரை விளக்கம் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: దీపస్తంభం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ประภาคาร – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: روشنی کا مینار – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parola
Parola – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Lighthouse rootpage-Lighthouse skin-vector action-view


text:
Majuli
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mājuli
Doriya River of Majuli.
Mājuli
Geography
Location
Brahmaputra River
Coordinates
26°57′0″N 94°10′0″E / 26.95000°N 94.16667°E / 26.95000; 94.16667
Area
352 km2 (136 sq mi)
Highest elevation
84.5 m (277.2 ft)
Administration
India
State
Assam
District
Majuli (Formally Declared on 8 September 2016)
Demographics
Population
167,304 Approx (2011)
Pop. density
300 /km2 (800 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups
Mishing, Deori, Sonowal Kacharis, Ahom, Chutiya, Kalita, Brahmin, Kewat
Additional information
Time zone
IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN
785102, 785104, 785105, 785110, 785106
Telephone code
03775
Vehicle registration
AS-03
Mājuli or Majoli (pron: ˈmʌʤʊlɪ))[1] is the world's biggest river island in the Brahmaputra River, Assam and in 2016 became the first island to be made a district in India.[2] It had an area of 880 square kilometres (340 sq mi) at the beginning of the 20th century,[3] but having lost significantly to erosion it covers 352 square kilometres (136 sq mi) as at 2014.[4] Majuli has shrunk as the river surrounding it has grown.[5] It is recognised as the world's largest river island, although Ilha do Bananal meets the same qualifications and is much larger.
The island is formed by the Brahmaputra river in the south and the Kherkutia Xuti, an anabranch of the Brahmaputra, joined by the Subansiri River in the north. Mājuli island is accessible by ferries from the city of Jorhat. The island is about 300–400 kilometres (186–249 mi) east from the state's largest city —Guwahati. It was formed due to course changes by the river Brahmaputra and its tributaries, mainly the Lohit. Mājuli is the abode of the Assamese neo-Vaishnavite culture.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Economy
3 People
4 Culture
5 Neo-Vaishnavite Satras
6 Photo gallery
7 Ecosystem
8 Tourist interests
9 Birdwatching
10 Educational Institute
10.1 Colleges
10.2 Junior Colleges
10.3 Schools
10.4 Schools
11 Politics
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
History[edit]
Originally, the island was a long, narrow piece of land called Majoli (land in the middle of two parallel rivers) that had the Brahmaputra flowing in the north and the Burhidihing flowing in the south until they met at Lakhu. It was once known as Ratnapur and was the capital of the powerful Chutia kingdom.[7] Frequent earthquakes in the period 1661–1696 set the stage for a catastrophic flood in 1750 that continued for 15 days, which is mentioned in historical texts and reflected in folklore. As a result of this flood, part of the Brahmaputra discharged southward into what was the Burhidihing's lower channel and Mājuli island was formed.
The Burhidihing's point of confluence moved 190 km east and the southern channel which was the Burhidihing became the Burhi Xuti. The northern channel, which was previously the Brahmaputra, became the Luit Xuti. In due course, the flow in the Luit Xuti decreased, and it came to be known as the Kerkota Xuti; and the Burhi Xuti expanded via erosion to become the main Brahmaputra River.
The locals speak in the Mising language and its dialects mainly. A few speak in the Deori language as well.
Mājuli has been the cultural capital of Assamese civilisation since the 16th century; based on written records describing the visit of Srimanta Sankardeva — a 16th-century social reformer. Sankardeva, a pioneer of the medieval-age neo-Vaishnavite movement, preached a monotheist form of Hinduism called Vaishnavism and established monasteries and hermitages known as satra on the islet.
The island soon became the leading center of Vaishnavinism with the establishment of these satras. After the arrival of the British, Majuli was under the rule of the British until India gained independence in 1947. It is as at 2016 the world's biggest river island.[8]
Economy[edit]
A household in Majuli
The main industry is agriculture, with paddy being the chief crop. Mājuli has a rich and diverse agricultural tradition, with as many as 100 varieties of rice grown, all without pesticides or artificial fertilisers.[citation needed] Fishing is also among the main industry after agriculture. Among the fascinating arrays of rice produced are the Komal Saul, a unique type that can be eaten after immersing the grains in warm water for 15 minutes and usually eaten as a breakfast cereal; the bao dhan, that grows under water and is harvested after ten months; and the Bora saul, a sticky brown rice used to make the traditional cake with fish is known as pitha. Fishing, dairying, pottery, handloom and boat-making are other important economic activities.[9]
Jengraimukh
Handloom is a major occupation among the distaff population of the villages. Although largely a non-commercial occupation, it keeps many of the inhabitants occupied. Weaving is exquisite and intricate with the use of a variety of colours and textures of cotton and silk, especially Muga silk. On November 4, 2017, Assam Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal launched 647 schemes with a total financial outlay of Rs. 24.57 crore to boost Majuli’s development.
People[edit]
A village in Majuli
A Deori Community Women weaving Gamusa
From Kamalabari
Kamalabari Satra
The population of Majuli comprises the tribals, non-tribals and the scheduled castes.The tribal communities include the Misings, the Deoris and the Sonowal Kacharis.The scheduled castes include the Kaivartas, the Brittial Banias etc.The non-tribal communities includes Koch, Kalitas, Ahoms, Chutiyas, Keot, Yogis etc.The Mising community has the largest population in the island who immigrated from Arunachal Pradesh to Majuli centuries ago . Languages spoken are Mising, Assamese, and Deori. The island has 144 villages with a population of over 150,000 and a density of 300 individuals per square km.
Ferry service which operates six times a day connects Majuli to Jorhat city. Night super buses ply between Guwahti to Majuli via Lakhimpur. Despite inherent drawbacks faced, modernism has touched this island, with the setting up of medical centers and educational institutions. Housing, too, has segued from traditional bamboo and mud construction to ones made of concrete.
The heart of all villages is the Namghar, where villagers episodically gather to sing and pray and to perform religious drama. It is the most important public place for the villagers. After the rituals are complete, villagers decide on issues concerning the village such as auctioning of fishing rights, what to do with money raised, and other topics of significance to the community as a whole.
The inhabitants are expert navigators by boat; their expertise is most visible during the monsoon season when they navigate the turbulent waters of the Brahmaputra.
Culture[edit]
Gayan Bayan in Majuli
Raas leela in Majuli
The festival of Ali aye ligang is celebrated during mid-February with great pomp and show. It is celebrated for five days starting from second Wednesday of February till the next week. Local dishes like purang apin (rice wrapped in special leaves), apong (rice beer) and dishes made of pork, fish and chickens are served. Traditional Mising dance Gumrag Soman is performed in every village worshiping the almighty Donyi polo (mother sun and father moon) asking for good year of harvest.
Other festivals like Christmas is celebrated by the majority Christians of Mising tribe in upper Majuli where Jengraimukh village is the epicentre of Christians. Majuli has been the cultural capital and the cradle of Assamese civilization for the past 500 years. The satras set up preserve antiques like weapons, utensils, jewellery and other items of cultural significance. Pottery is made in Mājuli from beaten clay and burnt in driftwood fired kilns in the same mode carried out by the peoples of the ancient Harrappan Civilisation. Sociologists have stressed the preservation of these unique peoples, whose culture and dance forms are untouched by modernism. The hand-loom work of these tribes is internationally famous.
Virtually every person on the island is involved in the three-day long raas festival, depicting the life of Krishna. People from hundreds of kilometers away come to celebrate this festival including a number of expatriate members of community. The satras have honed certain art and craft traditions, which can now be found only here. In Natun Samuguri Satra for example, one can still find the craft of mask-making; and in the Kamalabari Satra the finest boats are made.
Neo-Vaishnavite Satras[edit]
The island has been the hub of Assamese neo-Vaishnavite culture, initiated around 15th century by the revered Assamese saint Srimanta Sankardeva and his disciple Madhavdeva. Many Satras or monasteries constructed by the saint still survive and represent the colourful Assamese culture. The saint took refuge in Mājuli and spent a couple of months at Beloguri in West Mājuli, which was a place of grandeur for the historic and auspicious, 'Manikanchan Sanjog' between Shankardeva and Madhavdeva, this was the first satra in Mājuli. After the "Manikanchan Sanjog", sixty five satras were set up. However, today only twenty-two of the original sixty-five are operational. Sixty-five out of the six hundred and sixty-five original satras in Assam were situated in Mājuli. Mur nam Majuli The main surviving Satras (Satra) are:
During Rass Mahotsav, artists perform Bhawna wearing masks.
Dakhinpat Satra: Founded by Banamalidev, a supporter of Raasleela, which is now observed as one of the National Festivals of Assam.
Garamurh Satra: This "Satra" was founded by Lakshmikantadeva. During the end of autumn, the traditional the Raasleela is enacted with pomp and celebrations. Ancient weapons called "Bartop" or cannons are preserved here.
Auniati Satra: Founded by Niranjan Pathakdeva, the satra is famous for the "Paalnaam" and Apsara Dances and also its extensive assortment of ancient Assamese artefacts, utensils, jewellery and handicrafts. It also has a hundred and twenty five disciples and over seven hundred thousand followers worldwide.
Kamalabari Satra: The Kamalabari Satra, founded by Bedulapadma Ata, is a centre of art, cultural, literature and classical studies on the island. Its branch the Uttar Kamalabari Satra has performed cultural programmes of the Satria Art all around the country and abroad.
Narashingha Satra: ln the year of 1746 shri shri alengi narasingha satra was established by Ahom king Promottra singha.The founder person of the satra was NRISHING CHARAAN. The Narasingha satra is specially famous for sashi puthi, mask, THIO NAAM, ancient architec, Bor geet, satriya nritya, gupi nritya, sutradhar etc.
Benegenaati Satra: It is a reliquary of antiques of cultural importance and an advance centre of performing art. Muraridev, the grandson of Sankaradeva's stepmother was the founder of the Satra. The royal raiment belongs to the Ahom king Swargadeo Godadhar Singha, is made of gold. Also preserved is the royal umbrella made in gold.
Shamaguri Satra: The satra is famous for the mask making in India.
Bihimpur satra Satra: These satras are the treasure house of "Borgeet" Matiakhara, Satriya Dances (Jumora Dance, Chali Dance, Notua Dance, Nande Vringee, Sutradhar, Ozapali, Apsara Dance, Satria Krishna Dance and Dasavater Dance), all promulgated by Srimanta Sankardeva. It has become a center for shuddhi in the Northeast of India, due to the efforts of Pitambar Deva Goswami.
Photo gallery[edit]
Kamalabari Satra
Dakhinpat Satra
Pooja at Dakhinpat Satra
From one of the satras
Aauniati satra gate
Kamalabari Post Office
Ecosystem[edit]
Majuli wetland
The island is shrinking due to erosion.
A wetland, Mājuli is a hotspot for flora and fauna, harbouring many rare and endangered avifauna species including migratory birds that arrive in the winter season. Among the birds seen here are the greater adjutant stork, pelican, Siberian crane and the whistling teal. After dark wild geese and ducks fly in flocks to distant destinations. The island is almost pollution free owing to the lack of polluting industries and factories and also the chronic rainfall.
The island is under threat due to the extensive soil erosion on its banks. The reason for this magnitude in erosion is the large embankments built in neighbouring towns upriver to prevent erosion during the monsoon season when the river distends its banks. The upshot is a backlash of the tempestuous Brahmaputra's fury on the islet, eroding most of the area. According to reports, in 1853, the total area of Mājuli was 1,150 km2 and about 33% of this landmass has been eroded in the latter half of 20th century. Since 1991, over 35 villages have been washed away. Surveys show that in 15–20 years from now, Mājuli would cease to exist.
To save the island, the Union Government of India has sanctioned ₹ 250 crores (US $55 million) for the protection of the island. The water resource department & The Brahmaputra Board are struggling to solve the erosion problem of this island for the last three decade but without much success. Recently it was suggested that a four-lane highway protected by concrete mat along the southern boundary of Majuli and excavation of river bed of the Brahmaputra River, only can solve the problem. The project also includes two flood gates for the Kherkatia suti which is a tributary of the Brahmaputra. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project is yet to be implemented by the government. However, a nomination has been sent to the UNESCO for the declaration of Mājuli to be as a world heritage site.[10]
Local environmental activist Jadav Payeng has planted a 550 hectare forest, known as Molai Forest to combat erosion on the island. Much of the island was barren sandbars that were vulnerable to erosion, but thanks to Payeng's afforestation, has become a lush forest. The forest has become habitat for animals including elephants, tigers, deer, and vultures.[11]
Tourist interests[edit]
A view of Majuli
FALGU RATH YATRA (narasingha satra)
Majuli - A paradise for bird watchers
Mājuli is 20 km from Jorhat. One can take the bus or a hired taxi to the Nimati Steamer Ghat from where ferry services ply. The distance takes over three hours to cover, with three bus rides and two ferry rides.
On the north bank is the river Subansiri and on the south bank, the mighty Brahmaputra has excided the island from the main land. Lakhimpur town is to the north and Golaghat is to its southwest. The town of Sibsagar is on the southeast and Jorhat is to the south. On the extreme east is Dibrugarh District.
The Vaishnava Satras founded by Sankardeva
The colourful culture of the tribes
Migratory birds
The Ali-ai-ligang festival in Feb-March
Pottery making
Mask making
Paal Namm festival in the end of winter
Folgu utsaav(holi)
Madhya Majuli
Namoni Majuli
Ujoni Majuli
The sunset in winter
Exotic homespun masks crafts
the natural beauty.
Birdwatching[edit]
The southern part of the island is a bird lover's paradise. The best time to visit is between November to March as the weather and wildlife view is satisfactory. There are three locales for birdwatching:
The southeast of the island
The southwest of the island
The northern part
.Sakuli Beel, near Kamalabari. .Magurmari Beel, Dakhinpaat Satra. .Verki Beel, near Kamalabari.
Educational Institute[edit]
Main article: List of educational institutes in Majuli
Colleges[edit]
Majuli College Kamalabari
Jengraimukh College, Jengraimukh
Ujoni Majuli Kherkotia Mahavidyalaya, Nayabazar
Rangachahi College
Pub Majuli College, Bongoan
Garamur college, Garamur
Junior Colleges[edit]
Namoni Majuli Junior College
Pitambar Deva Goswami College
Majuli Janajati Jr. College.
Utar Majuli Janajati Jr. College,
ISLAND ACADEMY, Kamalabari
Ratanpur Higher secondary,Nayabazar
Rangachahi TN HS school, Rangachahi
Schools[edit]
Alimur Bamun Goan LP School
Keshab Ram Borah High school
Milita Ratanpur Doloni LP School
Ratanpur Gabhorumelia LP school (Founder Mr Bishwajit Sarmah)
Ratanpur Highschool
Nikinikhowa LP school, Nikinikhowa
Mohkhuti Gereki L.P. School
Gereki Janajati M.E. School
Island academy
Jengraimukh High School
Jengraimukh Girl's High School
St. Paul's High School, Majuli
Sri Lohit High School
Majuli Auniati Hem Chandra High School
Meragarh Narayan Dev Higher Secondary School
Chamaguri Satra Rawanapar [CSR] Model Higher Secondary School [estd.1962]
N. S. Greenwood English Medium High School
Mekheligaon Janata Girls' High School
Karatipar High School, established 1940
Milonjyoti High School, Totoya Gaon
Bapuji High school
RangachahiTanuram Nath high school
RangachahiTanuram Nath M.E. school
208 no Rangachahi Nimno Buniyadi Bidyaloy
Madhya Majuli Parijat Higher secondary School, Kakotibari gaon.
Jonaki Chamahiya Ati Higher Secondary School.
Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya Majuli
Phulani High School
Phulani ME School
No. 1 Phulani LP school
Garamur Sri Sri Pitambor Dev High School
Chiram High school
Bhakatiduar Higher Secondary School
Ratanpur Miri High School, Nayabazar
Chiram Banamalidev Higher Secondary School
Mudoibil Teliabari Senior basic School
Major Deori Tribal High School
Swarnasiri HS.
Rangachahi Rupjyoti LPS.
Jamudchuk Lahan HS
1 No.Kamalabari L.P
17 No.Bechamora L.P
2 No.Kamalabari L.P
68 No.Namkatoni L.P
Kamalabari Academy, Dariya
Kharjanpar Tribal High School
Jonaki Jatiya Bidyalaya
No.48 Kakotibari LP school, Kakotibari
136 No. Prachin Chamaguri Satra L.P. School
Schools[edit]
Alimur Bamun Goan LP School
Keshab Ram Borah High school
Milita Ratanpur Doloni LP School
Ratanpur Gabhorumelia LP school (Founder Mr Bishwajit Sarmah)
Ratanpur Highschool
Nikinikhowa LP school, Nikinikhowa
Mohkhuti Gereki L.P. School
Gereki Janajati M.E. School
Island academy
Jengraimukh High School
Jengraimuk Girl's High School
St. Paul's high School, majuli
Sri Lohit High School
Majuli Auniati Hem Chandra High School
Meragarh Narayan Dev Higher Secondary School
Chamaguri Satra Rawanapar [CSR] Model Higher Secondary School [estd.1962]
N. S. Greenwood English Medium High School
Mekheligaon Janata Girls' High School
Karatipar High School, established 1940
Milonjyoti High School, Totoya Gaon
Bapuji High school
RangachahiTanuram Nath high school
RangachahiTanuram Nath M.E. school
208 no Rangachahi Nimno Buniyadi Bidyaloy
Madhya Majuli Parijat Higher secondary School, Kakotibari gaon.
Jonaki Chamahiya Ati Higher Secondary School.
Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya Majuli
Phulani High School
Phulani ME School
No. 1 Phulani LP school
Garamur Sri Sri Pitambor Dev High School
Chiram High school
Bhakatiduar Higher Secondary School
Ratanpur Miri High School
Chiram Banamalidev Higher Secondary School
Mudoibil Teliabari Senior basic School
Major Deori Tribal High School
Swarnasiri HS.
Rangachahi Rupjyoti LPS.
Jamudchuk Lahan HS
1 No.Kamalabari L.P
17 No.Bechamora L.P
2 No.Kamalabari L.P
68 No.Namkatoni L.P
Kamalabari Academy, Dariya
Kharjanpar Tribel High School
Jonaki Jatiya Bidyalaya
No.48 Kakotibari LP school, Kakotibari
136 No. Prachin Chamaguri Satra L.P. School
110 No Guwalbari L.P. School
65 No Balichapori L.P. School
Politics[edit]
Majuli (Vidhan Sabha constituency) falls under the 99 constituency of legislative assembly of Assam. It is a reserved seat for the Scheduled tribes (ST). It is under jurisdiction of Mising Autonomous Council having three constituencies. Rajiv Lochan Pegu [2001-2006 & 2006-2011, 2011- 2016] was MLA (Member of legislative assembly) from Mājuli in Assam Assembly until 2016. He was bearing the portfolio of Minister of State (Ind.), Water Resources Dev., WPT & BC, in the Government of Assam. Sarbananda Sonowal won constituency in Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2016 and presently chief minister of assam.[12][3][2]
Mājuli is one of the 9 assembly segments of Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency. At present Sarbananda Sonowal (2014-) is the MP (Member of Parliament) from Bharatiya Janata Party. He is currently the Chief Minister of Assam.[13]
See also[edit]
Jadav Payeng
Molai forest
Tourism in Assam
List of villages in Majuli
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Official Website
^ Jump up to: a b Majuli, District (8 September 2016). "World's largest river island, Majuli, becomes India's first island district". FP India. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Sarma, J. N.; Phukan, M. K. (2004-05-03). "Origin and some geomorphological changes of Majuli Island of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India". Geomorphology. 60 (1–2): 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.013.
Jump up ^ Manogya Loiwal (18 February 2014). "Majuli, world's largest river island is shrinking and sinking". India Today. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
Jump up ^ 'A Capricious River, an Indian Island’s Lifeline, Now Eats Away at It', 14 April 2013, New York Times
Jump up ^ World Heritage Nominee, India-north-east.com
Jump up ^ [1], Agrarian System of Medieval Assam, by Jahnabi Gogoi, pg 21
Jump up ^ Majuli, River Island. "Largest river island". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Jump up ^ The Only Govt Jobs updates website open from Majuli Archived 1 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=93119
Jump up ^ Kalita, Jitu. "India Man Plants Forest Bigger Than Central Park to Save His Island". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
Jump up ^ One more Govt Regn Computer education Centre at Majuli
Jump up ^ "List of Winning Candidates of Assam State in General Election 2014". Election Commission of India.
Nagchoudhury, Subrata (28 February 1997). "Majuli: Island On The Ebb". India Today. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
Ribhaba Bharali - Future of Brahmaputra & Majuli Published in Amar Assam a daily news paper in Nov2012. & Brahmaputra River Restoration Project Published in Assamese Pratidin & Amar Assam in October 2012 & Restoration of Majuli published on Assamese Pratidin in June 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Majuli.
Majuli travel guide from Wikivoyage
Majuli Conservation: Impact Tourism
Jadav Payeng's Majuli
majuli.org maintained by Majuli Island Protection & Development Council (MIPDC)
[2] Disaster Management plan for 2011-12 for Jorhat district
India Man Plants Forest Bigger Than Central Park to Save His Island National Geographic award-winning short film aboout one man's lifework planting a forest since 1979 to protect Majuli
hide
v
t
e
Hydrography of Northeast India
Rivers
Bhogdoi
Siang/Dihang/Brahmaputra
Dhansiri
Dihing
Diphlu
Feni
Gumti
Haora
Iril
Kaladan
Kameng or Jia Bhoreli
Karnaphuli
Khowai
Kolong
Lohit
Manas/ Drangme Chhu
Manu
Mora Dhansiri
Muhuri
Myntdu
Mora Diphlu
Sankosh or Puna Tsang Chhu
Simsang or Someshwari
Surma
Surma-Meghna River System
Thega River
Tirap
Lakes
Kamalasagar
Loktak
Umiam Lake
Waterfalls
Bishop
Kynrem
Langshiang
Nohkalikai
Nohsngithiang
Vantawng
Fluvial islands
Majuli
Hydrography of surrounding areas
Bhutan
Bengal
Mizoram
show
v
t
e
Assam topics
Capital: Dispur
Topics
Etymology
Assam Valley
Biodiversity
Cuisine
Culture
Economy
Education
List of educational institutions in Assam
Physical Geography
Politics
Tourism
Assam Tea
Assam Silk
Assam Rifles
Assam Regiment
History
Kamarupa
Chutiya Kingdom
Kamata Kingdom
Ahom Kingdom
Kachari Kingdom
Colonial Assam
Assam Province (1912 – 1947)
Legislature of Assam (Since 1937)
Assam Mail
Assam Accord
Assam History Timeline
Administration
Government
Legislative Assembly
Chief Ministers
Governors
High Court
Police
Political Party
Golaghat Convention
Districts and divisions
North Assam
Biswanath
Darrang
Sonitpur
Udalguri
Lower Assam
Baksa
Barpeta
Bongaigaon
Chirang
Dhubri
Kokrajhar
Kamrup
Kamrup Metro
Goalpara
Nalbari
South Salmara-Mankachar
Central Assam
Dima Hasao
Hojai
Karbi Anglong
Karbi Anglong (West)
Morigaon
Nagaon
Upper Assam
Charaideo
Dibrugarh
Dhemaji
Golaghat
Jorhat
Lakhimpur
Majuli
Sibsagar
Tinsukia
Barak Valley
Cachar
Hailakandi
Karimganj
Geography
Upper-Assam (East Assam)
Lower-Assam (West Assam)
Barak Valley (South Assam)
The Brahmaputra
Majuli
Mora Dhansiri River
Dhansiri
Dihing
Diphlu
Halflong (The Hill station of Assam)
Culture
Assamese
Assamese Script
Assamese Jalpan
Traditional crafts of Assam
Bihu
Folk dances of Assam
Bagurumba
Bihu Dance
Ekasarana Dharma
Borgeet
Sattra
Sattriya Dance
Saraai
Gamosa
Textiles and dresses of Assam (Muga and Eri)
Arts, literature,
music and cinema
Assamese literature
Assamese poetry
List of Assamese Poets
List of Assamese writers Pen Names
List of Assamese Periodicals
The Arunodoi (Orunodoi - 1846)
The Hemkosh
The Assam Tribune
Assam Rhetorical Congress
Buranji
Kirtan Ghosa
Dasham
Namghosa
Kotha Ramayana
Jonaki
Music of Assam
Goalpariya Lokageet
Tokari Geet
Dihanaam
Hiranaam
Dhol
Gogona
Pepa
Cinema of Assam
Joymati, first Assamese motion picture
Guwahati Theatre Festival
People
History
Assamese people
Ahom
Assamese Brahmins
Kalitas
Koch
Chutiya
List of people from Assam
Notable surnames
Barua (and its variations)
Borah
Bharali
Borbarua
Borgohain
Borpatrogohain
Borphukan
Burhagohain
Chakraborty
Choudhury (and its variations)
Das
Deka
Dutta
Gayen
Gogoi
Gohain
Goswami
Hazarika
Kalita
Saikia
Sarma
Chutia
Sutradhar
Urban areas
Barpeta
Bongaigaon
Dhubri
Dibrugarh
Diphu
Goalpara
Golaghat
Guwahati
Jorhat
Karimganj
Nagaon
North Lakhimpur
Sivasagar
Silchar
Tezpur
Tinsukia
Fairs and Festivals
Hindu Temples
History
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majuli&oldid=845789955"
Categories:
Islands of Assam
Tourism in Assam
Districts of Assam
Majuli
Islands of the River Brahmaputra
Tourism in North East India
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from January 2017
Use Indian English from January 2017
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Articles needing additional references from December 2012
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
অসমীয়া
বাংলা
Cebuano
Deutsch
Español
Français
ગુજરાતી
한국어
हिन्दी
മലയാളം
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Português
Simple English
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
中文
9 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 June 2018, at 04:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/File:India_Assam_location_map.svg
image
Mājuli is located in Assam

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/States_of_India
mw-redirect
States of India

values:
/wiki/Districts_of_Assam
mw-redirect
Districts of Assam

values:
/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India
mw-redirect
States and territories of India

values:
/wiki/Chutiya_kingdom
mw-redirect
Chutiya kingdom

values:
/wiki/Srimanta_Sankardeva
mw-redirect
Srimanta Sankardeva

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Mising_language
mw-redirect
Mising language

values:
/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation
mw-redirect
Indus Valley civilisation

values:
/wiki/Dakshinpat_Satra
mw-redirect
Dakshinpat Satra

values: Niranjan Pathakdeva (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/World_heritage_site
mw-redirect
World heritage site

values:
/wiki/Molai_Forest
mw-redirect
Molai Forest

values:
/wiki/Dibrugarh_District
mw-redirect
Dibrugarh District

values: List of educational institutes in Majuli

values: Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2016

values:
nofollow
http://majulilandscape.gov.in/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.assamlog.com

values:
/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel
mw-redirect
National Geographic Channel

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jadavpayeng.org/majuli

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.majuli.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://on.natgeo.com/1Woq730

values: Template talk:Hydrography of Northeast India

values:
/wiki/Gumti_River,_Tripura
mw-redirect
Gumti River, Tripura

values:
/wiki/Karnaphuli_River
mw-redirect
Karnaphuli River

values:
/wiki/Drangme_Chhu
mw-redirect
Drangme Chhu

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/File:Seal_of_Assam.svg
image
Emblem of Assam

values: List of state and union territory capitals in India

values:
/wiki/Assam_Valley
mw-redirect
Assam Valley

values:
/wiki/Cuisine_of_Assam
mw-redirect
Cuisine of Assam

values: List of educational institutions in Assam

values:
/wiki/Physical_Geography_of_Assam
mw-redirect
Physical Geography of Assam

values:
/wiki/Ahom_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Ahom Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Legislature_of_Assam
mw-redirect
Legislature of Assam

values:
/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Assam
mw-redirect
List of Governors of Assam

values: width:1%;width: 7em; text-align: left; background-color: #eee;

values:
/wiki/Bishwanath_district
mw-redirect
Bishwanath district

values:
/wiki/Darrang_District
mw-redirect
Darrang District

values:
/wiki/Bongaigaon_District
mw-redirect
Bongaigaon District

values:
/wiki/Dhubri_District
mw-redirect
Dhubri District

values:
/wiki/Kokrajhar_District
mw-redirect
Kokrajhar District

values:
/wiki/Goalpara_District
mw-redirect
Goalpara District

values:
/wiki/Nalbari_District
mw-redirect
Nalbari District

values:
/wiki/South_Salmara-Mankachar_District
mw-redirect
South Salmara-Mankachar District

values:
/wiki/Karbi_Anglong_District
mw-redirect
Karbi Anglong District

values:
/wiki/Nagaon_District
mw-redirect
Nagaon District

values:
/wiki/Dhemaji_District
mw-redirect
Dhemaji District

values:
/wiki/Jorhat_District
mw-redirect
Jorhat District

values:
/wiki/Lakhimpur_District
mw-redirect
Lakhimpur District

values:
/wiki/Sibsagar_District
mw-redirect
Sibsagar District

values:
/wiki/Tinsukia_District
mw-redirect
Tinsukia District

values:
/wiki/Cachar_District
mw-redirect
Cachar District

values:
/wiki/Hailakandi_District
mw-redirect
Hailakandi District

values:
/wiki/Karimganj_District
mw-redirect
Karimganj District

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Assam
mw-redirect
Geography of Assam

values:
/wiki/Assamese_script
mw-redirect
Assamese script

values:
/wiki/Assamese_Jolpan
mw-redirect
Assamese Jolpan

values:
/wiki/Traditional_crafts_of_Assam
mw-redirect
Traditional crafts of Assam

values:
/wiki/Textiles_and_dresses_of_Assam
mw-redirect
Textiles and dresses of Assam

values:
/wiki/Cinema_of_Assam
mw-redirect
Cinema of Assam

values:
/wiki/List_of_Assamese_language_poets
mw-redirect
List of Assamese language poets

values: List of Assamese writers with their pen names

values:
/wiki/Oxom_Xahityo_Xobha
mw-redirect
Oxom Xahityo Xobha

values:
/wiki/Bhagavat_of_Sankardeva
mw-redirect
Bhagavat of Sankardeva

values:
/wiki/Kotha_Ramayana
mw-redirect
Kotha Ramayana

values:
/wiki/Goalpariya_lokageet
mw-redirect
Goalpariya lokageet

values:
/wiki/Pepa_(musical_instrument)
mw-redirect
Pepa (musical instrument)

values:
/wiki/Koch_Rajbongshi
mw-redirect
Koch Rajbongshi

values:
/wiki/Borah_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Borah (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Chakraborty_(name)
mw-redirect
Chakraborty (name)

values:
/wiki/Sarma_(surname)
mw-redirect
Sarma (surname)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Islands of the River Brahmaputra

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2017

values: Category:Use Indian English from January 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2012

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Majuli
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Majuli&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values: মাজুলী – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuli
Majuli – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuli
Majuli – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuli
Majuli – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: માજુલી બેટ – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: माजुली द्वीप – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuli
Majuli – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuli
Majuli – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuli
Majuli – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuli
Majuli – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: மாஜுலி – Tamil

values: మజులి – Telugu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Majuli rootpage-Majuli skin-vector action-view