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House of Cards (season 5)
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House of Cards (season 5)
Promotional poster
Starring
Kevin Spacey
Robin Wright
Michael Kelly
Boris McGiver
Jayne Atkinson
Derek Cecil
Paul Sparks
Neve Campbell
Joel Kinnaman
Campbell Scott
Patricia Clarkson
Dominique McElligott
Korey Jackson
Damian Young
James Martinez
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 4
List of House of Cards episodes
The fifth season of the American web television drama series House of Cards was announced by Netflix on January 28, 2016, and released on May 30, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Cast
3 Episodes
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Accolades
5 References
6 External links
Production[edit]
Casting began for the season on June 17, 2016.[1] Filming had begun by July 20, 2016,[2] and finished by February 14, 2017.[3]
On January 28, 2016, Netflix renewed House of Cards for a fifth season. It was also announced that series creator Beau Willimon would step down as showrunner following the fourth season.[4] It was announced in February 2016 that Melissa James Gibson and Frank Pugliese, who both joined the show in the third season, would serve as co-showrunners for the fifth season,[5] which was released on May 30, 2017.[6] In October 2016, it was announced that Patricia Clarkson and Campbell Scott had been cast for the fifth season.[7] The first trailer for the season was released on May 1, 2017.[8]
Cast[edit]
Kevin Spacey as Francis "Frank" J. Underwood, the President of the United States[9]
Robin Wright as Claire Underwood, First Lady of the United States, former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Democratic Vice Presidential Nominee, Vice President of the United States and the President of the United States[9]
Michael Kelly as Douglas "Doug" Stamper, the White House Chief of Staff[9]
Campbell Scott as Mark Usher,[10] top-level Republican campaign adviser and strategist
Patricia Clarkson as Jane Davis,[10] Deputy Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade
Paul Sparks as Thomas Yates,[9] speechwriter and Claire Underwood's lover
Derek Cecil as Seth Grayson,[11] the White House Press Secretary
Neve Campbell as LeAnn Harvey,[9] a Texas-based political consultant, the Underwood campaign manager
Joel Kinnaman as Will Conway, the Republican nominee for president and Governor of New York[9]
Dominique McElligott as Hannah Conway,[9] wife of New York Governor and Republican presidential nominee Will Conway
Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt, an editor at The Washington Herald and Lucas Goodwin's former boss
Korey Jackson as Sean Jeffries, a young reporter at The Washington Herald working under Hammerschmidt
Jayne Atkinson as Catherine Durant, Secretary of State[11]
Colm Feore as General Ted Brockhart, Republican Vice-Presidential Nominee
Damian Young as Aidan Macallan, a data scientist and NSA contractor who is friends with LeAnn Harvey
James Martinez as Alex Romero, a Democratic congressman from Arizona
Michel Gill as Garrett Walker, the former President of the United States and Frank's predecessor
Gerald McRaney as Raymond Tusk, former associate of President Walker's and Frank's adversary
Larry Pine as Bob Birch, the House Minority Leader and a Democratic U.S. Representative from Michigan
Curtiss Cook as Terry Womack, the House Minority Whip
Lars Mikkelsen as Viktor Petrov, the President of the Russian Federation
Wendy Moniz as Laura Moretti, widow of a liver transplant candidate
Reed Birney as Donald Blythe, the Vice President of the United States
Malcolm Madera as Eric Rawlings, a Civil War reenactor and personal trainer
Kate Lyn Sheil as Lisa Williams, a girlfriend of Rachel Posner's before Rachel's death
Jeremy Holm as Agent Nathan Green, the Deputy Director of the FBI
Kim Dickens as Kate Baldwin, a journalist and former White House Correspondent for the Wall Street Telegraph
Dan Ziskie as Jim Matthews, former Vice President of the United States and Governor of Pennsylvania.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of House of Cards episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code
53
1 "Chapter 53" Daniel Minahan Frank Pugliese May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-501
Chaos erupts when Frank steals the floor of the House and demands that Congress formally declare war on ICO. When the Speaker insists that Frank yield the floor, he insists that he "will not yield." Later, Frank and Claire attend Jim Miller's funeral, which is also attended by Will Conway and his wife. During the service, Jim's daughter Melissa blames Frank for the death of her father, before whispering something in his ear. Claire appears on Charlie Rose to debate Hammerschmidt, who claims that Frank's war on ICO is a diversion. Meanwhile, Conway goes into damage control when his wife claims that the mother of Josh Masterson is a victim, too. Claire speaks with Ms. Masterson and asks that she tell her son to surrender. The manhunt for Masterson heats up as the FBI closes in on a location on the Virginia border. However, Frank has been holding Masterson captive in an unknown location and has him summarily executed, informing the press that he "wishes" Masterson had been taken alive. Frank calls to speak with the Millers, but Jim's widow hangs up on him. Afterwards, Frank and Claire greet people outside the White House, telling them they have nothing to be afraid of.
54
2 "Chapter 54" Daniel Minahan Melissa James Gibson May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-502
At an event in New York City, Claire is informed that one of Frank's old friends has gone missing and is presumed dead. Meanwhile, Frank hosts a luncheon of the nation's governors, seeking to gain the support of the governors from five critical swing states. Catherine Durant states her opposition to Frank's "war" on terror, while Donald Blythe believes it has helped his poll numbers. Meanwhile, Aidan Macallan attempts to hack into a telecom switching center and delete everything that may implicate him and the Underwoods. As Aidan nervously awaits the file deletion, electronic devices around the Washington, D.C. area are affected in what Frank claims is an ICO cyber attack. He uses the incident to pressure Congress to accept his declaration of war. Meanwhile, Conway takes his kids trick-or-treating, but as the military mobilizes in response to the cyber attack, he has an outburst on live TV which Frank and Claire drink to.
55
3 "Chapter 55" Alik Sakharov John Mankiewicz May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-503
The day before the 2016 election, Conway holds a 24-hour live-stream call-in with voters and is asked a question by someone who knows about his time in the military; Hannah insists that Will is too humble to discuss the topic. While Claire and Frank campaign together in Pennsylvania, Doug confronts Governor Matthews for not following through with establishing voting centers or bringing in the National Guard. Back in D.C., Cathy alerts Frank to a Syrian national with strong ICO connections named Mohammad Kalabi. With Conway getting all the publicity, Frank calls into the 24-hour live stream and tells Conway that he can ask him any question he wants. Will responds by asking why he was never given a chance to complete the mission and save Mr. Miller after successfully negotiating the release of Miller's wife and daughter. Frank says the terrorists could tell Conway was weak, meaning Frank had to step in and take control. Frank's last-minute call grabs the morning headlines. However, the Underwoods are given worrying news: voter turnout is unsettlingly low across the country. Frank, however, insists that they are not going anywhere.
56
4 "Chapter 56" Alik Sakharov Kenneth Lin May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-504
On Election Day, voter turnout for Frank and Claire is low, and the polls are working in Conway's favor, yet he remains cautious. Frank calls the governor of Tennessee and tells him that the home of a suspected terrorist has been raided and a plot to bomb the state's polling stations has been uncovered, urging him to shut them down. A riot caused by a bomb-sniffing dog occurs at one Tennessee polling station and injures several people. Frank is able to convince the governor to halt voting and declare a state of emergency. A curfew is enacted, much to Conway's dismay. Amid terrorist threats, the governor of Ohio calls Frank and says he is considering closing down polling stations, while Frank adamantly tells him not to, pretending that he doesn’t want that to happen. After Conway wins the state of Pennsylvania, Frank calls him to concede the election, but slyly says to the camera audience, "What, do you think I learned nothing from Al Gore?" In the wake of the call, Conway, his wife Hannah, and some of his advisers are elated, but his campaign manager Mark Usher remains skeptical. Several hours pass and Frank has yet to publicly announce his concession, frustrating Conway. At that moment, the governor of Ohio makes a national TV broadcast to announce he felt he had no choice to close the Ohio polls due to the potential terror threat and that the results are not certifiable as a result. Several more states hold their election results as well, thereby leaving the election contested. In the Oval Office, Frank and Claire discuss remaining in power for decades to come.
57
5 "Chapter 57" Michael Morris Laura Eason May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-505
Nine weeks have passed since the unresolved election, which will now be decided by a contingent election in the House. A frustrated Conway believes he was fairly elected, and begins to show signs of a potential breakdown. Despite Frank's approval rating falling to 19%, Claire says they are done winning the American people and must now win over Congress. Hammerschmidt meets with Lisa Williams to discuss information regarding Doug, but he is hesitant to believe her. Frank talks to convince Alex Romero, a Democratic congressman, to sway other House Democrats to vote for him. Aidan, who had previously gone missing, calls LeAnn to tell her that he will leak incriminating information on the Underwoods if she doesn't get the authorities off his back. While LeAnn is able to flip a vote from Maine, Doug fails to win New Hampshire. On the day of the vote, Claire asks Donald to prevent a filibuster and keep Republicans off the floor. When he refuses, Claire begins insulting him and his late wife. Neither Conway nor Frank receive the 26 votes in the House needed to win, meaning that the Senate's vice presidential selection between Claire and General Ted Brockhart will assume the duties of the Presidency until the House votes again. Claire, alone in the White House residence, walks toward the camera and briefly looks directly at the camera audience as the episode ends.
58
6 "Chapter 58" Michael Morris Bill Kennedy May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-506
Claire becomes Acting President of the United States until the House votes again. Frank congratulates her on the position, even if it's just for a few weeks. Durant informs the Underwoods that a research facility in Antarctica has been taken over by an unidentified military group, suspecting the Russians. Meanwhile, it appears that Aidan has been kidnapped and may be forced to reveal secrets. Conway's campaign manager Mark Usher is able to secure a meeting for Conway with the Congressional Black Caucus, in the hopes they will consider supporting him instead of Frank, but the meeting goes very poorly. On a private plane back to New York, an exasperated Conway finally cracks under the pressure and curses out Usher, threatening to leave him on the tarmac upon arrival, then berates the pilots for not allowing him to fly the plane and declares maniacally that he will be President. Sean visits Lisa then tells Hammerschmidt, who fires him after discovering that Sean looked through his notes. He later investigates the death of Zoe Barnes. To avoid a mixed-ticket White House, Frank and Claire are able to convince Usher to support new elections in Ohio and Tennessee, so long as the Speaker approves. Claire, Frank, and Cathy learn it is the Russians who have kidnapped Aidan.
59
7 "Chapter 59" Alik Sakharov Tian Jun Gu May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-507
Claire and Frank argue over Mark Usher and are briefed in the Situation Room about the potential location of Ahmed Al Ahmadi, the leader of ICO. The generals believe Ahmed is in Damascus, but they’re divided on how to approach the situation. Hammerschmidt continues his investigation into Rachel Posner and her possible connection to Doug. Claire holds a meeting with Cathy and Jane Davis, but the three are moved to a bunker underground when a truck carrying radioactive material is missing. Doug calls LeAnn and Seth from the bunker, telling them to keep calm. Frank and Claire question Jane's security clearance. Doug informs Frank of a hot-mic recording where Brockhart says he’d actively tell his troops to disobey orders if Frank put them on the borders of Syria. Frank leaves the bunker and accuses Brockhart of orchestrating a fake terrorist threat in order to make them evacuate D.C. and effectively stage a coup d'etat to sabotage his election; after Brockhart names the general behind the plot, the truck is "found." The general is forced to resign, but not before telling Claire that neither she nor her husband deserve to be in the White House. The next day, the Underwoods accuse Usher of being involved in the incident, playing the Brockhart audio tape. When Usher insists he stop, Frank says "it gets so much better".
60
8 "Chapter 60" Roxann Dawson John Mankiewicz May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-508
Frank attends an elite weekend retreat to firm up support for the upcoming elections in Ohio and Tennessee. Among the attendees are Usher, Brockhart, Raymond Tusk, and Benjamin Grant, the head of Pollyhop. Claire is awakened in the middle of the night and hurried into the Situation Room, informed that a Russian research vessel carrying 100 people is sinking in the Antarctic. The next morning, Frank and Brockhart chat about the Al Ahmadi situation. After negotiating trade deals with China, Jane reveals to Claire that they are willing to aid the rescue, as there’s an American aboard the Russian ship. Claire asks for proof of the American's presence before moving forward. In the woods, Frank contacts Doug and tells him that Brockhart is making a deal with Tusk, and orders Doug to stop it. Frank remembers something that Tusk mentioned ("A little restraint would be unexpected") and tells Doug not to act on it. Claire plays hard ball with China on the rescue operation and a trade deal. Though China is hesitant at first, the rescue mission goes through and China gets credit, but the lost American is not found. On his way out, Grant gives Frank a recording of Conway's tirade on the plane. The next day, Frank and Claire meet with Usher in the Oval Office and inform him of the recording. With that leverage, the Underwoods are able to recruit Usher, who advises them how to release the recording.
61
9 "Chapter 61" Roxann Dawson Bill Kennedy May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-509
After winning the Ohio election, Frank becomes President-elect of the United States. Frank offers Conway a menial position when he calls to concede, prompting Conway to curse him. Frank and Claire celebrate with champagne in the Oval Office. Doug believes it is unwise to allow LeAnn and Usher into the administration; Frank agrees that LeAnn's connection to Aidan is worrisome, but Usher should stay. Meanwhile, LeAnn has lunch with Kate Baldwin, revealing she is being kicked out because Aidan stole NSA files and might leak classified material in Russia. Tom informs Claire that he is finished being her speechwriter. Romero threatens the Underwoods, saying he will convince Congress to reopen the Declaration of War Committee to investigate them. He demands two seats on the dais at Frank's inauguration and a line in the inaugural address about Medicare. Frank is sworn in, but his address does not address Romero or his concerns. Aidan unwillingly agrees to do an interview in Russia with Kate. However, he calls LeAnn, who tells him policemen have come to arrest him. During the inaugural ball, Frank and Eric Rawlings, the civil war re-enactor and personal trainer, share a darkly intimate moment. In the halls of the West Wing, Frank tells Claire that Congress is reopening its investigation into Frank. As the party breaks up, Frank blackmails Tom and tells him not to cheat on Claire again. Meanwhile, Hammerschmidt contacts Zoe's father, who reluctantly meets with him and says he had no idea that Zoe was in trouble. LeAnn, under the impression that giving up Aidan would save her job, is shocked when Doug fires her. In the Oval Office, Claire and Frank meet with Jane. Frank says he wants Aidan back on American soil.
62
10 "Chapter 62" Agnieszka Holland Kenneth Lin May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-510
As Frank discovers Jackie Sharp will be testifying before the Declaration of War Committee, Claire is informed that the American from the Antarctic expedition froze to death. Claire wants the body to get lost in transit. With Romero heading the committee, Frank tries to get in his good graces again by offering him the position of party whip. Romero, however, is not looking to negotiate. Jackie pleads the Fifth during her testimony. LeAnn becomes concerned about Aidan, who isn't willing to reveal what he told the Russians. Jane makes it clear that what is important is learning what Aidan divulged. She also informs the Underwoods that a gas attack is imminent in Homs, Syria, advising that they send in 30,000 troops after the attack and divert the committee's attention. When Frank and Claire tell Durant, she begins questioning the operation and later voices her protest to Jane. Doug confronts a frightened Lisa, who then calls Hammerschmidt and tells him about the encounter. LeAnn is confronted in a parking garage by Aidan, who is alive. The two share a close moment before he leaves. Frank is informed that Garrett Walker will be testifying. Though he is expected to plead the Fifth, tension arises when he and Frank meet before the hearing. Walker breaks his silence, revealing that it was Frank who got him involved in the Chinese money dealings. That night, LeAnn is given a voice recording revealing that Aidan has been murdered in his hotel room. Meanwhile, Jane shreds files regarding the dead Antarctic worker and Aidan.
63
11 "Chapter 63" Agnieszka Holland Laura Eason May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-511
On MSNBC, Seth and Hammerschmidt debate Walker's credibility in the wake of his testimony. Frank, Claire, Doug, and Usher discuss impeachment and the idea of censure, which Frank and Doug oppose. The next day, Hammerschmidt discovers leaked information that the White House staged the terrorist threat on Election Day. Seth panics in his office, while Frank discusses spying on all White House personnel to identify the leaker. While alone one night in the White House residence, Claire truly breaks the fourth wall for the first time in the series, and speaks directly to the camera audience, telling them that she has always known they have been there, but she is suspicious of them and their intentions, and that she is "ambivalent about attention." The FBI tells LeAnn that Aidan's death looked like a suicide, but the gun is missing. Meanwhile, Claire tells Tom she wants him to leave. Frank is confronted by Bob Birch and Terry Womack, who want Frank to consider resignation. Frank is speechless, partially because Womack himself is under investigation. Doug spies on West Wing staffers and is intrigued when LeAnn receives something unknown from Aidan. After confessing to Laura Moretti that he is the reason her husband died, Doug goes to LeAnn's apartment and the two have sex. An article drops the next day reporting that a source within the White House confirmed that Frank used questionable intelligence to close polling stations during the election. Frank confronts Cathy about this; she is cooperating with Romero. Frank later states that he believes Cathy is the leak, and that he has held on to her resignation. News breaks that Cathy will testify before the committee. An unknown source gives Hammerschimdt a "birthday card" containing a USB flash drive.
64
12 "Chapter 64" Robin Wright Frank Pugliese & Melissa James Gibson May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-512
In the Executive Residence, Frank tries to dissuade Cathy Durant from testifying before the committee, but she adamantly refuses his request. On her way out, Frank then pushes her down a flight of stairs, knocking her unconscious, and calls for help, claiming she's fallen. Cathy is hospitalized and thus prevented from testifying. Frank holds a press conference in the Oval Office regarding the Syrian gas bombings. However, reporters ask him about the growing possibility of impeachment. Frank is informed that Hammerschmidt is investigating Zoe's death and believes that it was not an accident. Needing to focus attention away from them, Frank and Claire agree that someone must take the fall for this alleged investigation. The next night, Claire and Frank hold a dinner for Doug, where they try to convince him to take the blame for Zoe's murder. Though initially off-put, Doug goes to LeAnn and "confesses" to the murder, though she doesn't believe him. It is revealed that Doug is in possession of birthday cards similar to those sent to Hammerschmidt. Claire discovers that Tom has been continuing his manuscript, which includes her confessions about the deaths of Zoe and Peter Russo. She goes to visit Tom to convince him not to publish his recent work, but he refuses and threatens to blackmail her. Claire and Tom have sex, but he suddenly dies from poison Claire had put in his whiskey. Mark then comes home the next morning and discovers his body, whereupon he is forced to quietly "dispose" of it. LeAnn and Nathan Green give their testimony. Frank, watching, debates whether he should testify as well. While he is urged not to, Frank goes to the committee, and while he claims to have done nothing wrong, he accuses the committee of trying to sabotage his presidency and that he respects the office too much to allow the investigation to go on. As a result, he announces he will resign the following day.
65
13 "Chapter 65" Robin Wright Melissa James Gibson & Frank Pugliese May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) HOC-513
Claire protests Frank's resignation, but he concludes it's the best outcome for everyone. Frank reveals that he has been planning this since the weekend retreat before the Ohio and Tennessee elections, where he concluded that the real power is not in who occupies the White House, but who “owns” it. He reveals he is behind the leaks to Hammerschmidt. Claire then confesses to him that she has killed Tom Yates and that there is no way it will lead back to them. After Frank resigns, Claire is sworn in and assumes the presidency, whereupon she leads an operation to track down Yusef Al-Ahmadhi, the elusive ICO terrorist plaguing the U.S. Doug gets interviewed by Hammerschmidt, who is continuing his investigation into Zoe's death. LeAnn is appointed as Claire’s Chief of Staff with the agreement that she turn over everything she knew about Aidan to Jane. However, shortly after she does so, Claire, Davis and Usher claim that the impending war means a more experienced Chief of Staff is needed, and LeAnn is presumably fired or forced to resign. That night, on her way to meet with Doug, LeAnn’s car is run off the road and she is presumed dead. Seth is also replaced at Claire's behest. Frank asks for a public pardon from Claire for both him and Doug. She agrees to do so in her upcoming TV broadcast, but tells Frank that for their secret arrangement to work, he has to leave the White House and make it appear that they are estranged. Frank reluctantly does so. That night, Claire gives her first televised address as the new President, informing the nation that they have killed Ahmadhi and that the U.S. is going to war with ICO. However, she gives no mention of a pardon to Frank or Doug, despite having agreed to do so. Frank, who has been watching the broadcast from his hotel room, angrily calls her to presumably demand an explanation, but Claire rejects the call, and stares towards the camera audience and coldly declares: "My turn."
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 72% based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The consensus reads, "House of Cards enjoys a confident return to form this season, though its outlandish edge is tempered slightly by the current political climate."[12] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 60 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[13]
Accolades[edit]
House of Cards received four major nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series, Kevin Spacey for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, Robin Wright for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, and Michael Kelly for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.[14]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Zumer, Bryna (June 17, 2016). "Another casting call for 'popular political drama' set for Saturday in Bel Air". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘House of Cards’ Spotted Filming Around Baltimore". CBS Baltimore. July 21, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wright, Robin (February 14, 2017). "last day of @houseofcards Season 5. Happy Valentine's Day 🌹#HOCinMD". Instagram. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Steiner, Amanda Michelle (January 28, 2016). "House of Cards renewed for season 5, showrunner exits". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia Michelle (February 26, 2016). "‘House of Cards’ Promotes Pair as Showrunners For Season 5". Variety. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra (February 26, 2016). "‘House of Cards’ Season 5 Gets Premiere Date, Teaser". Variety. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (October 21, 2016). "'House of Cards' Adds Patricia Clarkson, Campbell Scott (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (May 1, 2017). "'House of Cards' Season 5 Trailer Hints at Underwood Victory". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Stack, Tim (April 21, 2017). "House of Cards: 'The battlefield for season 5 is the American psyche'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Allen, Ben (May 22, 2017). "Meet the cast of House of Cards season 5". Radio Times. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "House of Cards". Netflix. January 21, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "House of Cards: Season 5 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "House of Cards: Season 5 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bacle, Ariana (July 13, 2017). "Emmys 2017: See the full list of nominees here". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of House of Cards episodes on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
House of Cards (U.S. TV series)
Seasons
1
"Chapter 1"
"Chapter 2"
"Chapter 3"
"Chapter 4"
"Chapter 5"
"Chapter 6"
"Chapter 7"
2
3
4
5
Characters
Frank Underwood
Claire Underwood
See also
Awards and nominations
Related
House of Cards (UK TV series)
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Argiope aurantia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the North American species of garden spider. For the European species, see European garden spider. For the Italian short documentary, see The Garden Spider.
Yellow garden spider
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Araneidae
Genus: Argiope
Species: A. aurantia
Binomial name
Argiope aurantia
Lucas, 1833
Synonyms[citation needed]
Nephila vestita
Epeira aurantia
Epeira cophinaria
Epeira ambitoria
Epeira riparia
Epeira sutrix
Argiope riparia
Argiope personata
Argiope cophinaria
Argiope godmani
Miranda cophinaria
The spider species Argiope aurantia is commonly known as the yellow garden spider,[1][2] black and yellow garden spider,[3] golden garden spider,[4] writing spider, corn spider, or McKinley spider.[5] It is common to the contiguous United States, Hawaii, southern Canada, Mexico, and Central America. It has distinctive yellow and black markings on the abdomen and a mostly white cephalothorax. Its scientific Latin name translates to "gilded silver-face" (the genus name Argiope meaning "silver-face", while the specific epithet aurantia means "gilded"). Males range from 5–9 mm (0.20–0.35 in); females range from 19–28 mm (0.75–1.10 in). These spiders may bite if disturbed or harassed, but the venom is seemingly harmless to humans.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Habitat
2 Venom
3 Reproduction
4 Eating habits
5 Gallery
6 References
7 External links
Habitat[edit]
Yellow garden spiders often build webs in areas adjacent to open sunny fields where they stay concealed and protected from the wind. The spider can also be found along the eaves of houses and outbuildings or in any tall vegetation where they can securely stretch a web.
Female Argiope aurantia spiders tend to be somewhat local, often staying in one place throughout much of their lifetime.
The web of the yellow garden spider is distinctive: a circular shape up to 2 feet (60 cm) in diameter, with a dense zigzag of silk, known as a stabilimentum, in the center. The purpose of the stabilimentum is disputed. It is possible that it acts as camouflage for the spider lurking in the web's center, but it may also attract insect prey, or even warn birds of the presence of the otherwise difficult-to-see web. Only those spiders that are active during the day construct stabilimenta in their webs.
To construct the web, several radial lines are stretched among four or five anchor points that can be more than three feet apart. The radial lines meet at a central point. The spider makes a frame with several more radial lines and then fills the center with a spiral of silk, leaving a 5⁄16-to-3⁄8-inch (7.9 to 9.5 mm) gap between the spiral rings, starting with the innermost ring and moving outward in a clockwise motion. To ensure that the web is taut, the spider bends the radial lines slightly together while applying the silk spiral. The female builds a substantially larger web than the male's small zigzag web, often found nearby. The spider occupies the center of the web, usually facing straight down, waiting for prey to become ensnared in it. If disturbed by a possible predator, she may drop from the web and hide on the ground nearby. The web normally remains in one location for the entire summer, but spiders can change locations usually early in the season, perhaps to find better protection or better hunting.
The yellow garden spider can oscillate her web vigorously while she remains firmly attached in the center.[7] This action might prevent predators like wasps and birds from drawing a good bead, and also to fully entangle an insect before it cuts itself loose. However, in a case observed in Georgia, Davis witnessed a Vespa crabro fly into the spider’s web and get tangled up. Upon looking closer it was found that V. crabro was actually cutting free prey that had been caught in the A. aurantia web. In this case, A. aurantia did not interfere or fight with the European hornet, probably because it dropped from the web and hid nearby.[8]
In a nightly ritual, the spider consumes the circular interior part of the web and then rebuilds it each morning with fresh new silk. The radial framework and anchoring lines are not usually replaced when the spider rebuilds the web. The spider may be recycling the chemicals used in web building. Additionally, the fine threads that she consumes appear to have tiny particles of what may be minuscule insects and organic matter that may contain nutrition.[9]
The yellow garden spider does not live in very dense location clusters like other orb spiders such as the golden orb web spider. The yellow garden spider keeps a clean orderly web in comparison to the cluttered series of webs built and abandoned by groups of golden orb spiders.
Venom[edit]
Argiope spiders are not aggressive. They might bite if grabbed, but other than for defense they do not attack large animals. Their venom often contains a library of polyamine toxins with potential as therapeutic medicinal agents. Notable among these is the argiotoxin ArgTX-636.[10]
A bite by Argiope aurantia is comparable to a bee sting with redness and swelling. For a healthy adult, a bite is not considered an issue. Though they are not aggressive spiders, the very young, elderly, and those with compromised immune systems should exercise caution, just as they would around a beehive.[11]
Reproduction[edit]
Yellow garden spiders breed twice a year. The males roam in search of a female, building a small web near or actually in the female's web, then court the females by plucking strands on her web. Often, when the male approaches the female, he has a safety drop line ready, in case she attacks him. The male uses the palpal bulbs on his pedipalps to transfer sperm to the female. After inserting the second palpal bulb, the male dies, and is sometimes then eaten by the female.[12]
She lays her eggs at night on a sheet of silky material, then covers them with another layer of silk, then a protective brownish silk. She then uses her legs to form the sheet into a ball with an upturned neck. Egg sacs range from 5/8" to 1" in diameter. She often suspends the egg sac right on her web, near the center where she spends most of her time. Each spider produces from one to four sacs with perhaps over a thousand eggs inside each. She guards the eggs against predation as long as she is able. However, as the weather cools, she becomes more frail, and dies around the time of the first hard frost.[6]
In the spring, the young spiders exit the sac. They are so tiny that they look like dust gathered inside the silk mesh. Some of the spiderlings remain nearby, but others exude a strand of silk that gets caught by the breeze, carrying the spiderling to a more distant area.[6]
Eating habits[edit]
Females of the species are the most commonly seen in gardens. Their webs are usually characterized by a zigzag shaped stabilimentum (an extra thick line of silk) in the middle extending vertically. The spiders spend most of their time in their webs, waiting for prey to become ensnared. When prey becomes caught in the web, the spider may undulate the web back and forth to further trap the insect. When the prey is secure, the spider kills it by injecting its venom and then wraps the prey in a cocoon of silk for later consumption (typically 1–4 hours later). Prey includes small vertebrates, such as geckos and green anoles, as well as insects.[6][13]
Gallery[edit]
Female
Underside
Male
Yellow garden spider zig zag web
Egg sac
Argiope aurantia spiderlings
Writing spider eating a swallowtail butterfly in Holly Springs, North Carolina
Female consuming a moth
Play media
Capturing and wrapping several honey bees
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pictures of yellow garden spider A. aurantia (free for noncommercial use)
Jump up ^ Weber, Larry (2003). Spiders of the North Woods. Duluth, MN: Kollath-Stensons. pp. 76–77.
Jump up ^ Black and Yellow Garden Spider - Argiope aurantia Creative Commons Licensed
Jump up ^ Eaton, E. R. & K. Kaufman (2007). Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America. New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 22.
Jump up ^ Rotary International (July 1951). The Rotarian. Rotary International. pp. 41–. ISSN 0035-838X.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hammond, George. "Argiope aurantia at the University of Michigan's Animal Diversity Web". Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
Jump up ^ Garden Spider Oscillating Web - Video
Jump up ^ Davis, M. (2011). "A Hornet (Vespa crabro) Steals Prey from a Spider (Argiope aurantia)". Southeastern Naturalist. 10 (1): 191–192. doi:10.1656/058.010.0119.
Jump up ^ Streed, Janelle L. (August 30, 2012). "Black and Yellow Garden Spider, Writing Spider, or Corn Spider Argiope aurantia". Project Noah. Networked Organisms. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nentwig, Wolfgang (2013-02-15). Spider Ecophysiology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642339899.
Jump up ^ Hawkinson, Candice. "Beneficials in the Garden: Black-and-Yellow Argiope Spider". Texas A&M University. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Hickey, Georgina; Lee, Michael (2004). "Loved to Death". Nature Australia. 12: 11–13.
Jump up ^ Gorham, J. R. and T. B. Rheney. 1968. Envenomation by the spiders Chiracanthium inclusum and Agriope aurantia. JAMA 206 (9): 1958–1962.
External links[edit]
Argiope aurantia at the Encyclopedia of Life
Garden Spider Web video CC Licensed
Garden Spider Posture During Rain - Video
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Argiope aurantia.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argiope_aurantia&oldid=801824374"
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Mountains and hills of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Scotland is the most mountainous country in the United Kingdom. The area north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault is known as the Highlands, and contains the country's main mountain ranges. Scotland's mountain ranges, in a rough north to south direction are: The Highlands & Islands, The Hills of the Central Lowlands, the Southern Uplands. The zone includes Britain's highest peaks, especially Ben Nevis at over 4000 feet, with several similar peaks in the Cairngorms.
Sgurr Fiona and the Corrag Bhuidhe pinnacles on An Teallach
The main ridge of the Cuillin in Skye
The steep south face of Ben Nevis from Sgurr a' Mhàim
Some of the most spectacular mountains occur in the northwest highlands, especially on Skye, the largest island off the coast. On the mainland nearby lie some great ranges based on the Torridonian sandstone, a Precambrian rock which overlies yet older rocks such as the Lewisian gneiss. Some of the highest peaks, such as Beinn Eighe are crowned by white quartzite, which gives those peaks a distinctive appearance. The trend continues to the north with larger caps of the white rock at Foinaven and Arkle (hill). Some of the quartzite contains fossilized worm burrows. It is known as pipe rock and is circa 500 million years old.
The formation continues to the north with gigantic peaks such as An Teallach near Ullapool and Stac Polly in Sutherland. The Torridonian rocks continue south to Applecross opposite Skye, where similar massive mountains occur. The Black Cuillin are mainly composed of basalt and gabbro, the latter being a very rough rock which makes for superb grip for mountaineers. It is from the dark colour of the gabbro that the Black Cuillin receive their name. The summits of the Cuillin are bare rock, jagged in outline and with steep cliffs and deep cut corries and gullies.
The Northwest Highlands, lying to the north and west of the Great Glen
The Cuillin, on the Isle of Skye
The Grampians, the main belt of mountains across the centre of Scotland also includes the Cairngorms
The Torridon Hills of Wester Ross
The mountains exhibit many notable individual peaks and many exceed 1,000 metres (3,280 ft) in height, so qualifying as Munros. Ben Nevis exceeds 1,300 metres (4,265 ft). To the south, Glen Coe has many notable mountains, such as Buachaille Etive Mòr and Bidean nam Bian, both of which are Munros. There is also a famous ridge walk, the Aonach Eagach, on the opposite side of the glen. The ridge is one of the most popular scrambles in the entire country, being a craggy arête with few escape routes.
The Grampians, extend southwest to northeast between the Highland Boundary Fault and the Great Glen, occupying almost half of the land-area of Scotland and including the Cairngorms and the Lochaber hills. The range includes many of the highest mountains in the British Isles, including Ben Nevis and Ben Macdui the two highest. The Cairngorm Plateau is the highest, coldest and snowiest plateau in the British Isles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hills of the Central Lowlands
2 Southern Uplands
3 Scotland's highest mountains
4 Listings
5 References
6 See also
Hills of the Central Lowlands[edit]
Ochil Hills (Wood Hill and Elistoun Hill) viewed from South-West of Tillicoultry
The Campsie Fells from Bar Hill above Twechar
The southern and eastern parts of Scotland are usually referred to as the Scottish Lowlands, but these areas also have significant ranges of hills, although these are lower than the Highland mountains. Because they are much closer to towns and cities, they are more popular for hill walking and rambling than the more distant mountains of the northern Highlands.
Sidlaw Hills, north of Dundee but south east of the Highland Boundary Fault
Ochil Hills, east of Stirling
Campsie Fells, north of Glasgow
In addition to the main ranges, there are numerous individual hills in the Lowlands, often volcanic in origin. Many are known by the Scots word Law, meaning hill
Southern Uplands[edit]
Ice climbing in the Black Gutter, Merrick, Galloway Hills
The Southern Uplands form a continuous belt of hills across southern Scotland from Galloway to the Borders. The Uplands are divided into several local ranges. The heartland of the Galloway hills lies to the north of Loch Trool and many excellent walks into that particularly wild remote territory start from the extensive car park by Bruce's Stone. There are three ridges which run northwards from the Loch Trool/Loch Dee/Clatteringshaws area - The Awful Hand on the west, The Rhinns of Kells to the east, and the Dungeon hills in between.
Galloway Hills
Lowther Hills
Moffat Hills
Pentland Hills
Moorfoot Hills
Lammermuir Hills
Cheviot Hills, which lie mostly in England and form part of the border between the two countries
Scotland's highest mountains[edit]
The ten highest mountains in Scotland are also the ten highest in the UK.
Ben Nevis 1344 m (4409 feet)
Ben Macdui 1309 m (4295 feet)
Braeriach 1296 m (4252 feet)
Cairn Toul 1291 m (4236 feet)
Sgor an Lochain Uaine 1258 m (4127 feet)
Cairn Gorm 1244 m (4081 feet)
Aonach Beag 1234 m (4049 feet)
Aonach Mòr 1221 m (4006 feet)
Càrn Mòr Dearg 1220 m (4003 feet)
Ben Lawers 1214 m (3983 feet)
Listings[edit]
See also: Hill lists in the British Isles
Scottish peaks are categorised by means of the following hill lists. Note that any one peak may ‘qualify’ for inclusion in several lists.
The Munros are the most significant hills in Scotland over 3000 feet (914.4 m), according to original compiler Sir Hugh Munro. The list was first drawn up in 1891, and is modified from time to time by the Scottish Mountaineering Club (SMC). It currently comprises 282 peaks,[1] following the demotion of Sgurr nan Ceannaichean in September 2009 and of Beinn a' Chlaidheimh in 2012.[2]
The Corbetts are hills in Scotland between 2500 and 3000 feet (762 and 914.4 m), with a relative height of at least 500 feet (152.4 m). The list is maintained by the SMC. There are currently 221 hills.
The Grahams are hills in Scotland between 2000 and 2500 feet (609.6 and 762 m), with a relative height of at least 150 metres (492 ft). The list of hills fitting these criteria was first published by Alan Dawson in The Relative Hills of Britain.[3] under the provisional name Elsies (LCs, short for Lesser Corbetts). They were later named Grahams after the late Fiona Torbet (née Graham) who had compiled a similar list around the same time.[4] The SMC incorporated the list into Munro's Tables[5] in 1997 but Dawson continues to maintain the list. There were originally 224 Grahams, but the current total stands at 221 after Corwharn, Ben Aslak and Ladylea Hill were surveyed as falling short of 609.6 m[6]
The Donalds are hills in the Scottish Lowlands over 2000 feet (609.6 m). The list was originally compiled by Percy Donald, and is maintained by the SMC. It comprises 89 summits and 51 subsidiary tops, giving a total of 140 hills.
The Marilyns are hills in the British Isles that have a relative height of at least 150 m, regardless of distance, absolute height or merit. The list was compiled and is maintained by Alan Dawson. There are 1216 Scottish Marilyns, see List of Marilyns in Scotland.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ SMC: List of Munros
Jump up ^ Beinn a' Chlaidheimh on munromagic.com
Jump up ^ Dawson, Alan (1992). The Relative Hills of Britain. Milnthorpe: Cicerone Press. ISBN 1-85284-068-4. Archived from the original on 2010-09-21.
Jump up ^ Dawson, Alan (1999). The Grahams and the New Donalds. Cambuskenneth, Stirling: TACit Press. ISBN 0-9534376-0-4.
Jump up ^ Bearhop, D.A. (1997). Munro's Tables. Scottish Mountaineering Club & Trust. ISBN 0-907521-53-3.
Jump up ^ The Grahams and the Donalds. Scottish Mountaineering Trust. 2015. ISBN 978-1-907233-19-7.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
[1] Database of British and Irish Hills
[2] List of Munros at the Scottish Mountaineering Club
See also[edit]
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Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
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The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, often shortened to Rio Declaration, was a short document produced at the 1992 United Nations "Conference on Environment and Development" (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit. The Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles intended to guide countries in future sustainable development. It was signed by over 170 countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Content
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The international community met twice to assess the progress made in implementing the principles of the document; first in New York in 1997 during a General Assembly Session of the UN, and then in Johannesburg in 2002. While the document helped to raise environmental awareness, evidence shows that little has been achieved in the document's environmental goals.[1]
Content[edit]
The Rio Declaration proclaims 27 principles. It includes formulations of the precautionary principle (principle 15) and of the polluter pays principle (principle 16).
See also[edit]
Three generations of human rights
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Palmer, Robert; Nursey-Bray, Melissa (2007). Robbins, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of Environment and Society. 4. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. pp. 1512–4. ISBN 9781412927611.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
UN Documentation Centre The full text of the Rio Declaration.
Text of the Declaration at the Center for a World in Balance.
Introductory note by Günther Handl, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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VIAF: 185012629
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GND: 7615574-2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development&oldid=823426578"
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This page was last edited on 1 February 2018, at 04:32.
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