text:
Free-trade agreements of Canada
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Canada
Countries and territories with free-trade agreements
Canada is regularly described as a trading nation as its total trade is worth more than two-thirds of its GDP (the second highest level in the G7 after Germany).[1][2] Of that total trade, roughly 75% is done with countries which are part of free-trade agreements with Canada, primarily the United States through NAFTA.[3] By the end of 2014, Canada bilateral trade hit C$1 trillion for the first time.[4]
The North American Free Trade Agreement among Canada, the United States, and Mexico came into force on January 1, 1994, creating the largest free-trade region in the world. By 2014, the NAFTA area GDP was estimated to be over C$20 trillion with a market encompassing 474 million people.[5][6] Building on that success, Canada continues to negotiate and has concluded free-trade agreements with more than 40 countries, most recently with South Korea, which represents Canada's first FTA with a partner in the Asia-Pacific region. As of 2016, Canada has also concluded two trade agreements that are potentially bigger than NAFTA: the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with the European Union and the twelve-nation Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).[7] On 21 September 2017, CETA was provisionally applied, immediately eliminating 98 per cent of EU's tariff lines on Canadian goods.[8] Since CETA's provisional application, Canada has free trade agreements with all of the G7 countries except Japan.
Contents
[hide]
1 World Trade Organization
2 Free-trade agreements
2.1 Free-trade agreements in force or provisionally in force
2.2 Free-trade agreements concluded
2.3 Free-trade agreements under negotiation
2.4 Free-trade agreements under exploratory discussions
3 Foreign investment promotion and protection agreements
3.1 FIPAs in force
3.2 FIPAs signed
3.3 FIPA negotiations concluded
3.4 Ongoing FIPA negotiations
4 See also
5 References
World Trade Organization[edit]
Part of a series on the
Economy of Canada
Economic history of Canada
Banking history
Petroleum history
Energy policy of Canada
Canadian dollar
Sectors
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Agriculture
Energy
Petroleum
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Banking in Canada
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Canada is an original member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since January 1, 1995.
Free-trade agreements[edit]
Free-trade agreements in force or provisionally in force[edit]
The following is a list of countries Canada has current FTAs with. First is the name of the agreement. In parentheses, the abbreviation is given if applicable, countries involved if not previously stated, and the date of coming into force.[7]
Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (Signed 12 October 1987, entered into force 1 January 1989, later superseded by NAFTA)
North American Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 1 January 1994, includes Canada, U.S. and Mexico)
Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 1 January 1997, modernization ongoing)
Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 5 July 1997)
Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 1 November 2002, modernization ongoing)
Canada-European Free Trade Association Free Trade Agreement (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein; entered into force 1 July 2009)
Canada-Peru Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 1 August 2009)
Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (Signed 21 November 2008, entered into force 15 August 2011; Canada's ratification of this FTA had been dependent upon Colombia's ratification of the "Agreement Concerning Annual Reports on Human Rights and Free Trade Between Canada and the Republic of Colombia" signed on 27 May 2010)
Canada-Jordan Free Trade Agreement (Signed on 28 June 2009, entered into force 1 October 2012)
Canada-Panama Free Trade Agreement (Signed on 14 May 2010, entered into force 1 April 2013)
Canada-Honduras Free Trade Agreement (Signed on 5 November 2013, entered into force on 1 October 2014)
Canada-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (Signed on 11 March 2014, entered into force 1 January 2015)
Canada-Ukraine Free Trade Agreement (CUFTA) (signed 11 July 2016, entered into force on 1 August 2017)
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (concluded 5 August 2014, signed 30 October 2016, provisionally applied on 21 September 2017[9])
Canada Free Trade Agreement (CFTA, signed July 1, 2017), free trade within Canada.[10]
Free-trade agreements concluded[edit]
Trans-Pacific Partnership (signed 4 February 2016)[7]
Free-trade agreements under negotiation[edit]
The following is a list of countries Canada is currently making FTA negotiations with. First is the name of the agreement. In parentheses is the abbreviation if applicable and the countries involved if not previously stated.
Canada is negotiating bilateral FTAs with the following countries and trade blocs:[7]
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Dominican Republic
Guatemala, Nicaragua and El Salvador
India
Japan[11]
Morocco
Singapore
Canada was previously involved in negotiations to create the following regional trade blocks:
Canada-Central American Free Trade Agreement
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
Free-trade agreements under exploratory discussions[edit]
Canada is undertaking discussions of bilateral or multilateral FTAs with the following countries and trade blocs, although formal negotiations have not yet begun:[7]
China
Mercosur (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay)
Pacific Alliance (Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, separate FTAs already in force with all countries)
Philippines
Thailand
Turkey
Foreign investment promotion and protection agreements[edit]
A foreign investment promotion and protection agreement (FIPA) is an agreement to promote foreign investing.
FIPAs in force[edit]
The following is a list of FIPAs in force, including date of entry into force.[7]
Canada-Argentina (29 April 1993)
Canada-Armenia (29 March 1999)
Canada-Barbados (17 January 1997)
Canada-Benin (18 January 2013)
Canada-Cameroon (16 December 2016)
Canada-China (1 October 2014)
Canada-Costa Rica (29 September 1999)
Canada-Côte d'Ivoire (14 December 2015)
Canada-Croatia (30 January 2001)
Canada-Czech Republic (22 January 2012)
Canada-Ecuador (6 June 1997)
Canada-Egypt (3 November 1997)
Canada-Guinea (27 March 2017)
Canada-Hong Kong (6 September 2016)
Canada-Hungary (21 November 1993)
Canada-Jordan (14 December 2009)
Canada-Kuwait (19 February 2014)
Canada-Latvia (24 November 2011)
Canada-Lebanon (19 June 1999)
Canada-Mali (8 June 2016)
Canada-Mongolia (24 February 2017)
Canada-Panama (13 February 1998)
Canada-Peru (20 June 2007)
Canada-Philippines (13 November 1996)
Canada-Poland (22 November 1990)
Canada-Romania (23 November 2011)
Canada-Russian Federation (27 June 1991)
Canada-Senegal (5 August 2016)
Canada-Serbia (27 April 2015)
Canada-Slovak Republic (14 March 2012)
Canada-Tanzania (9 December 2013)
Canada-Thailand (24 September 2008)
Canada-Trinidad & Tobago (8 June 1996)
Canada-Ukraine (24 June 1995)
Canada-Uruguay (2 June 1999)
Canada-Venezuela (28 January 1998)
FIPAs signed[edit]
The following is a list of FIPAs that have been concluded and signed, but have not yet entered into force.[7]
Canada-Burkina Faso (April 2015)
Canada-Nigeria (May 2014)
FIPA negotiations concluded[edit]
The following is a list of FIPA negotiations concluded, and are not in force. First is the country, then the date it was concluded.[7]
Canada-Albania (November 2013)
Canada-Bahrain (February 2010)
Canada-Madagascar (August 2008)
Canada-Moldova (December 2013)
Canada-Zambia (March 2013)
Ongoing FIPA negotiations[edit]
The following is a list of FIPA negotiations that have not yet concluded.[7]
Canada - Ghana
Canada - India
Canada - Kazakhstan
Canada - Kenya
Canada - Kosovo
Canada - Republic of Macedonia
Canada - Pakistan
Canada - Tunisia
Canada - United Arab Emirates
See also[edit]
Canada portal
International relations portal
Canada's Global Markets Action Plan
Economy of Canada
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hart, M. (2003). A Trading Nation: Canadian Trade Policy from Colonialism to Globalization. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 9780774808958. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Jump up ^ OECD. "OECD Statistics". stats.oecd.org. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Coyne, Andrew (March 16, 2012), Andrew Coyne: Canada at the crossroad of trade, retrieved 2 May 2014
Jump up ^ "Imports, exports and trade balance of goods on a balance-of-payments basis, by country or country grouping". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, 20 November 2015, retrieved 28 November 2015
Jump up ^ Proximity to Market, Invest in Ontario, Government of Ontario, 2010, retrieved 2 May 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Trade and investment agreements". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
Jump up ^ "CETA: A progressive trade agreement for a strong middle class". Global Affairs Canada. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "CETA in effect today as Canada-EU trade pact comes into force". CBC News. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.cfta-alec.ca/canadian-free-trade-agreement/
Jump up ^ The Canadian Press (2011-02-24). "Canada, Japan study free-trade pact". CBC News. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
[hide]
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Free-trade agreements
By country / economic union
Canada
China
European Union
Hong Kong
Korea
New Zealand
United States
By type
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text:
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
Department overview
Formed
1971 (1971)
Preceding department
Alabama Department of Conservation
Jurisdiction
State of Alabama
Headquarters
Montgomery, Alabama[1]
Department executive
Christopher M. Blankenship, Commissioner of Conservation
Website
outdooralabama.com
The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) is the state agency responsible for the conservation and management of Alabama's natural resources including state parks, state lands, wildlife and aquatic resources. ADCNR also issues hunting and fishing licenses for the state. The department promotes wise stewardship and enjoyment of the state’s natural resources through five divisions: Marine Police, Marine Resources, State Lands, State Parks and Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries. Supporting those divisions are seven support sections: Accounting, Diversity and Recruiting, Engineering, Information and Education, Information Technology, Legal, and Personnel and Payroll.
The department is led by a commissioner who is appointed by the governor, and advised by the ten-member Conservation Advisory Board. Advisory board members are appointed by the governor for terms of six years. The governor, Agriculture and Industries Commissioner, and Alabama Cooperative Extension System Director serve as advisory board ex officio members, while the ADCNR Commissioner serves as the board’s ex officio secretary.
The department receives no funding from the state general fund. Funds are generated through the sale of hunting and fishing licenses, boat registration fees, oil and gas royalties from leases of state lands, and State Parks usage fees. The funds are supplemented with federal matching funds.
Contents
[hide]
1 Scope of Operation
2 History
3 Magazine
4 Divisions
5 Department activities
6 Fallen officers
7 References
8 Additional Sources
9 External links
Scope of Operation[edit]
The Department's primary responsibility is to manage the wildlife and public lands of Alabama. This includes: 22 state parks, 23 public fishing lakes, three freshwater fish hatcheries, 34 wildlife management areas, two waterfowl refuges, two wildlife sanctuaries, a mariculture center with 35 ponds, and 645,000 acres (2,610 km2) of trust lands managed for the benefit of several state agencies, the General Fund and Alabama Trust Fund. The Department also works to acquire additional land for public use under the Forever Wild Program and provides public education resources.[2]
History[edit]
Alabama has a long history of wildlife conservation which dates back to 1867. That year the first laws in the state to regulate hunting and fishing were introduced. With the creation of the State Oyster Inspector in 1891 the state legislature began to pave the way for the creation of a state conservation agency, and in 1907 the Department of Game and Fish was established through a bill authored by Representative Henry Stegall of Dale County. State Representative John Wallace of Madison County was appointed as the first commissioner of the Department. The Department’s duties included regulating wild bird and game harvests, setting hunting seasons and harvest limits, and issuing certificates for the scientific study of birds. [3]
In the early 1900s most of Alabama’s peace officers were required by the state legislature to function as game and fish wardens in addition to their regular duties. That changed in November 1907 when H.M Henderson and W.F. Sirmon were appointed as the first official state game wardens, which also made them the first state law enforcement officers in Alabama. Sixty five non-salary officers were soon added, and by 1922 game wardens were salaried and hired through an examination and training process.[4]
In 1915 several agencies and commissions responsible for the state’s wildlife and natural resources were consolidated under the Department of Game and Fish, and in 1919 the agency was renamed the Alabama Department of Conservation. The Department would undergo many name changes as the focus and overall scope of operations evolved until settling on its current name, the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, in 1971. [5]
Magazine[edit]
The Department has published a magazine continuously since 1929 making it one of the longest running state wildlife publications in the country. From 1929 to 1940 the magazine was called Alabama Game and Fish News. Then in 1940 the name was changed to Alabama Conservation until it was changed to Outdoor Alabama in 1995. Since the magazine’s inception it has profiled the state’s wildlife, natural diversity, outdoor recreational opportunities and scenic beauty.
Divisions[edit]
Marine Resources
The Marine Resources Division manages state marine resources through research and enforcement programs. The Marine Resources Division is a law enforcement entity with police powers statewide.[[3]
State Lands
The State Lands Division manages undeveloped state-owned land, most of which is held in trust for specific public purposes. The State Lands Division is a law enforcement entity with police powers statewide.[4]
State Parks
The State Parks Division is the Division which is most well known by the public due to the role of maintaining and operating Alabama's State Parks. The Division is charged with acquiring and preserving natural areas, managing those areas for public benefit, and educating the public on Alabama's environment.[3]
Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries
The Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division manages and protects wildlife and freshwater aquatic resources in Alabama and is responsible for the management of Alabama's Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs). The Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division is a law enforcement entity with police powers statewide.[2]
Administrative Division
The Administrative Division provides support services such as human resources, legal, and payroll to the operating divisions.[3]
Department activities[edit]
Forever Wild
Amendment 543 of the Constitution of Alabama of 1901 established the Forever Wild Land Trust in 1992. Run by the Department’s State Lands Division, the Trust allows for the purchase of land for public recreational use, the creation of nature preserves, additions to Wildlife Management Areas and state parks, and as a way to preserve Alabama’s natural heritage. As of January 2009 Forever Wild has acquired 67 tracts of land totaling 139,844 acres (565.9 km2).
Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center
Run by the Department’s Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division, the AABC is the largest state non-game recovery program in the United States. Located in Marion, the center’s mission is to promote the conservation and restoration of rare freshwater species in Alabama and in turn restore cleaner water to state waterways. Recent projects include an extensive effort to restore various aquatic mollusk populations in the state that have been in decline for various environmental reasons. The Mobile River Basin will be the first major focus of the mollusk restoration effort.
Artificial Reef System
With approximately 1,200 square miles (3,100 km2) of offshore waters included in the Alabama’s Artificial Reef Program it is currently the largest in the United States. The program is the product of a cooperative agreement between the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Department’s Marine Resources Division. Started in 1953, the program continues to expand helping to reinforce the Gulf’s natural aquatic diversity.
State Parks System
The Alabama State Parks system encompasses approximately 48,000 acres (190 km2) of land and water in Alabama. Park activities and accommodations include hotels and motels, tent and RV camping, boating, hiking, swimming, championship-level golf courses, and other activities. Park environments range from Gulf Coast beaches to the Appalachian Mountains, which showcase the state’s dynamic natural diversity.
Public Education
A major component of the Department’s mission is education. The Department’s Marine Police Division, in a joint effort with the Alabama State Department of Education, Driver Education Section, teaches boating education in public schools as required by the Alabama Boating Safety Reform Act of 1994. The act extends the same laws that apply to driving a car or other motorized vehicle to boating.
In 2008 the State Lands Division opened the 5 Rivers Delta Resource Center. The conservation education facility also serves as hub of outdoor recreation in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta in South Alabama.
In addition to hunting and boating education programs the Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division conducts several educational outreach programs such as Archery in Schools and various fishing education classes.
Department biologists conduct a wide array of scientific studies of Alabama’s plant and animal species including the monitoring of wildlife and aquatic species populations as well as habitat studies that will inform future management practices. Department Biologists also regularly contribute to Outdoor Alabama magazine.
In addition to publishing Outdoor Alabama, the Department’s Information and Education section annually conducts several teacher training workshops designed to help teachers incorporate conservation and natural resources education into public school curricula.
Fallen officers[edit]
Since the establishment of the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, 7 officers have died in the line of duty. The following list contains officers from both the Wildlife & Freshwater Fishers Division and the Marine Police Division.[5][6]
Officer
Date of Death
Details
Conservation Officer Loyd C. Hays Friday, May 1, 1964 Gunfire
Marine Patrolman Walter E. Sawyer Wednesday, December 7, 1966 Automobile accident
Conservation Officer Frank Stewart Jr. Sunday, December 24, 1978 Gunfire
Conservation Officer Cecil C. Chatman Sunday, November 28, 1982 Assault
Deputy Game Warden James C. Vines Saturday, January 26, 1985 Gunfire
Game Warden Jimmy Dean Hutto Monday, March 25, 2002 Gunfire
Conservation Officer James Lansford (Lance) Horner Jr. Sunday, June 22, 2003 Drowned
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "About the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources". Retrieved 23 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.dcnr.alabama.gov/about/05-06_AnnualReport.pdf - 2005-06 Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Annual Report
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.dcnr.alabama.gov/about/ Alabama DNR; About Us
Jump up ^ http://www.dcnr.alabama.gov/public-lands/stateLands/ Alabama DNR; State Lands
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Additional Sources[edit]
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources: Functional Analysis and Records Disposition Authority 2002, held on file at the Alabama Department of Archives and History, also available online.[6]
Alabama’s Artificial Reef Program: A Brief History, available online. [7]
The First 100 Years: 2007 Marks the 100th Anniversary of Alabama’s Conservation Enforcement Officers, by Kevin Dodd, Outdoor Alabama magazine, October 2007.[8]
Chronological List of ADNCR publications, held on file at the Alabama Department of Archives and History, also available online. [9]
ADCNR 2007-08 Annual Report, online. [8]
External links[edit]
Outdoor Alabama - Official Web site of Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
Official Alabama DCNR Hunting and Fishing Regulations Guide
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Department_of_Conservation_and_Natural_Resources&oldid=799445481"
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El Clásico
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see El Clásico (disambiguation).
El Clásico
Team kits – Real Madrid in white, Barcelona in blue and red
Locale
Spain
Teams
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Latest meeting
Barcelona 2–2 Real Madrid
La Liga
(6 May 2018)
Stadiums
Camp Nou (Barcelona)
Santiago Bernabéu (Real Madrid)
Statistics
Meetings total
Competitive matches: 237
Exhibition matches: 34
Total matches: 271
Most wins
Competitive matches: Real Madrid (95)
Exhibition matches: Barcelona (20)
Total matches: Barcelona (112)
Most player appearances
Manolo Sanchís (43)
Top scorer
Lionel Messi (26)[note 1]
Largest victory
Real Madrid 11–1 Barcelona
Copa del Rey
(19 June 1943)
El Clásico (Spanish pronunciation: [el ˈklasiko]; Catalan: El Clàssic,[1] pronounced [əɫ ˈkɫasik]; "The Classic") is the name given in football to any match between fierce rivals Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. Originally it referred only to those competitions held in the Spanish championship, but nowadays the term has been generalized, and tends to include every single match between the two clubs: UEFA Champions League, Copa del Rey, etc. Other than the UEFA Champions League Final, it is considered one of the biggest club football games in the world, and is among the most viewed annual sporting events.[2][3][4] The match is known for its intensity.[5]
The rivalry comes about as Madrid and Barcelona are the two largest cities in Spain, and they are sometimes identified with opposing political positions, with Real Madrid viewed as representing Spanish nationalism and Barcelona viewed as representing Catalan nationalism.[6][7] The rivalry is regarded as one of the biggest in world sport.[8][9][10] The two clubs are among the richest and most successful football clubs in the world; in 2014 Forbes ranked them the world's two most valuable sports teams.[3] Both clubs have a global fanbase; they are the world's two most followed sports teams on social media.[11][12]
Real Madrid leads the head to head results in competitive matches with 95 wins to Barcelona's 92, while Barcelona leads in total matches with 112 wins to Real Madrid's 99. Along with Athletic Bilbao, they are the only clubs in La Liga to have never been relegated.
Contents
[hide]
1 Rivalry
1.1 History
1.2 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals
1.3 Di Stéfano transfer
1.4 Luís Figo Transfer
1.5 Recent issues
2 Results
3 Records
3.1 Biggest wins (5+ goals)
3.2 Longest runs
3.2.1 Most consecutive wins
3.2.2 Most consecutive draws
3.2.3 Most consecutive matches without a draw
3.2.4 Longest undefeated runs
3.2.5 Longest undefeated runs in the league
3.2.6 Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal
3.2.7 Most consecutive games scoring
3.3 Goalscoring
3.3.1 Top goalscorers
3.3.2 Consecutive goalscoring
3.4 Most hat-tricks
3.5 Most assists
3.6 Most appearances
4 Players who played for both clubs
5 Honours
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Rivalry
History
Santiago Bernabéu, home of Real Madrid, hosted its first Clásico in 1948.
Camp Nou, home of FC Barcelona, hosted its first Clásico in 1958.
The conflict between Real Madrid and Barcelona has long surpassed the sporting dimension,[13][14] so that elections to the clubs' presidencies are strongly politicized.[15]
As early as the 1930s, Barcelona "had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity, opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid".[16][17] In 1936, when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic, the president of Barcelona, Josep Sunyol, member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes, was arrested and executed without trial by Franco's troops[15] (Sunyol was exercising his political activities, visiting Republican troops north of Madrid).[16]
Barcelona was on top of the list of organizations to be purged by the National faction, just after communists, anarchists, and independentists.[15][18] During the Franco dictatorship, most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist-like régime. Phil Ball, the author of Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football, says about the match; "they hate each other with an intensity that can truly shock the outsider".[19]
During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and of Francisco Franco, all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained. In this period, Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club (English: More than a club) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs.[20] During Franco's regime, however, Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level, even giving two awards to him.[21] The links between senior Real Madrid representatives and the Francoist regime were undeniable;[15] for most of the Catalans, Real Madrid was regarded as "the establishment club", despite the fact that presidents of both clubs like Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra, suffered at the hands of Franco's supporters in the Spanish Civil War.[16][22][23]
The image for both clubs was further affected by the creation of Ultras groups, some of which became hooligans. In 1980, Ultras Sur was founded as a far-right-leaning Real Madrid ultras group, followed in 1981 by the foundation of the initially left-leaning and later on far-right, Barcelona ultras group Boixos Nois. Both groups became known for their violent acts,[15][24][25] and one of the most conflictive factions of Barcelona supporters, the Casuals, became a full-fledged criminal organisation.[26]
For many people, Barcelona is still considered as "the rebellious club", or the alternative pole to "Real Madrid's conservatism".[27][28] According to polls released by CIS (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas), Real Madrid is the favorite team of most of the Spanish residents, while Barcelona stands in the second position. In Catalonia, forces of all the political spectrum are overwhelmingly in favour of Barcelona. Nevertheless, the support of the blaugrana club goes far beyond from that region, earning its best results among young people, sustainers of a federal structure of Spain and citizens with left-wing ideology, in contrast with Real Madrid fans which politically tend to adopt right-wing views.[29][30]
1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals
On 13 June 1943, Real Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 at home in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo, the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco.[31] The first leg, played at Barcelona's Les Corts stadium in Catalonia, had ended with Barcelona winning 3–0. Madrid complained about all the three goals that referee Fombona Fernández had allowed for Barcelona,[32] with the home supporters also whistling Madrid throughout, whom they accused of employing roughhouse tactics, and Fombona for allowing them to. A campaign began in Madrid. Barcelona player Josep Valle recalled: "The press officer at the DND and ABC newspaper wrote all sorts of scurrilous lies, really terrible things, winding up the Madrid fans like never before". While former Real Madrid goalkeeper Eduardo Teus, who admitted that Madrid had "above all played hard", wrote in a newspaper: "the ground itself made Madrid concede two of the three goals, goals that were totally unfair".[33]
Barcelona fans were banned from traveling to Madrid. Real Madrid released a statement after the match which former club president (1985–1995) Ramón Mendoza explained, "The message got through that those fans who wanted to could go to El Club bar on Calle de la Victoria where Madrid's social center was. There, they were given a whistle. Others had whistles handed to them with their tickets." The day of the second leg, the Barcelona team were insulted and stones were thrown at their bus as soon as they left their hotel. Barcelona's striker Mariano Gonzalvo said of the incident, "Five minutes before the game had started, our penalty area was already full of coins." Barcelona goalkeeper Lluis Miró rarely approached his line—when he did, he was armed with stones. As Francisco Calvet told the story, "They were shouting: Reds! Separatists!... a bottle just missed Sospedra that would have killed him if it had hit him. It was all set up."[34]
Real Madrid went 2–0 up within half an hour. The third goal brought with it a sending off for Barcelona's Benito García after he made what Calvet claimed was a "completely normal tackle". Madrid's José Llopis Corona recalled, "At which point, they got a bit demoralized," while Mur countered, "at which point, we thought: 'go on then, score as many as you want'." Madrid scored in minutes 31', 33', 35', 39', 43' and 44', as well as two goals ruled out for offside, made it 8–0. Basilo de la Morena had been caught out by the speed of the goals. In that atmosphere and with a referee who wanted to avoid any complications, it was humanly impossible to play... If the azulgranas had played badly, really badly, the scoreboard would still not have reached that astronomical figure. The point is that they did not play at all." Both clubs were fined 2,500 pesetas by the Royal Spanish Football Federation and, although Barcelona appealed, it made no difference. Piñeyro resigned in protest, complaining of "a campaign that the press has run against Barcelona for a week and which culminated in the shameful day at Chamartín".[35][36]
The match report in the newspaper La Prensa described Barcelona's only goal as a "reminder that there was a team there who knew how to play football and that if they did not do so that afternoon, it was not exactly their fault".[37] Another newspaper called the scoreline "as absurd as it was abnormal".[32] According to football writer Sid Lowe, "There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid. Indeed, the 11–1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history. This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims."[32] Fernando Argila, Barcelona's reserve goalkeeper from the game, said, "There was no rivalry. Not, at least, until that game."[38]
Di Stéfano transfer
Alfredo Di Stéfano's controversial 1953 transfer to Real Madrid instead of Barcelona intensified the rivalry.
The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano. Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá, Colombia, during a players' strike in his native Argentina.[39] Both Real Madrid and Barcelona attempted to sign him and, due to confusion that emerged from Di Stéfano moving to Millonarios from River Plate following the strike, both clubs claimed to own his registration.[39] After intervention from FIFA representative Muñoz Calero, it was decided that both Barcelona and Real Madrid had to share the player in alternate seasons. Barcelona's humiliated president was forced to resign by the Barcelona board, with the interim board cancelling Di Stéfano's contract.[39] This ended the long struggle for Di Stéfano, as he moved definitively to Real Madrid.[39]
Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid, scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona. With him, Real Madrid won the initial five European Champions Cup competitions. The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice at the European Cup, Real Madrid winning in 1960 and Barcelona winning in 1961.
Luís Figo Transfer
Luís Figo's transfer from Barcelona to Real Madrid in 2000 resulted in a hate campaign by some of his former club's fans.
In 2000, Real Madrid's then-presidential candidate, Florentino Pérez, offered Barcelona's vice-captain Luís Figo $2.4 million just to sign an agreement binding him to Madrid if he won the elections. If the player broke the deal, he would have to pay Pérez $30 million in compensation. When his agent confirmed the deal, Figo denied everything, insisting, "I'll stay at Barcelona whether Pérez wins or loses." He accused the presidential candidate of "lying" and "fantasizing". He told Barcelona teammates Luis Enrique and Pep Guardiola he was not leaving and they conveyed the message to the Barcelona squad.[40]
On 9 July, Sport ran an interview in which he said, "I want to send a message of calm to Barcelona's fans, for whom I always have and always will feel great affection. I want to assure them that Luís Figo will, with absolute certainty, be at the Camp Nou on the 24th to start the new season... I’ve not signed a pre-contract with a presidential candidate at Real Madrid. No. I'm not so mad as to do a thing like that."[40]
The only way Barcelona could prevent Figo's transfer to Real Madrid was to pay the penalty clause, $30 million. That would have effectively meant paying the fifth highest transfer fee in history to sign their own player. Barcelona's new president, Joan Gaspart, called the media and told them, "Today, Figo gave me the impression that he wanted to do two things: get richer and stay at Barça." Only one of them happened. The following day, 24 July, Figo was presented in Madrid and handed his new shirt by Alfredo Di Stéfano. His buyout clause was set at $180 million. Gaspart later admitted, "Figo's move destroyed us."[41]
On his return to Barcelona in a Real Madrid shirt, banners with "Judas", "Scum" and "Mercenary" were hung around the stadium. Thousands of fake 10,000 peseta notes had been printed and emblazoned with his image, were among the missiles of oranges, bottles, cigarette lighters, even a couple of mobile phones were thrown at him.[42] In his third season with Real Madrid, the 2002 Clásico at Camp Nou produced one of the defining images of the rivalry. Figo was mercilessly taunted throughout; missiles of coins, a knife, a whisky bottle, were raining down from the stands, mostly from areas populated by the Boixos Nois where he had been taking a corner. Among the debris was a pig's head.[43][44]
Recent issues
During the last three decades, the rivalry has been augmented by the modern Spanish tradition of the Pasillo, where one team is given the guard of honor by the other team, once the former clinches the La Liga trophy before El Clásico takes place. This has happened in three occasions. First, during El Clásico that took place on 30 April 1988, where Real Madrid won the championship on the previous round. Then, three years later, when Barcelona won the championship two rounds before El Clásico on 8 June 1991.[45] The last pasillo, and most recent, took place on 7 May 2008, and this time Real Madrid had won the championship.[46]
The two teams met again in the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 2002, with Real Madrid winning 2–0 in Barcelona and a 1–1 draw in Madrid. The match was dubbed by Spanish media as the "Match of the Century".[47]
In 2005, Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player, after Diego Maradona in 1983, to receive a standing ovation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu.
While El Clásico is regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in world football, there have been rare moments when fans have shown praise for a player on the opposing team. In 1980, Laurie Cunningham was the first Real Madrid player to receive applause from Barcelona fans at Camp Nou; after excelling during the match, and with Madrid winning 2–0, Cunningham left the field to a standing ovation from the locals.[48][49] On 26 June 1983, during the second leg of the Copa de la Liga final at the Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid, having dribbled past the Real Madrid goalkeeper, Barcelona star Diego Maradona ran towards an empty goal before stopping just as the Madrid defender came sliding in an attempt to block the shot and crashed into the post, before Maradona slotted the ball into the net.[48] The manner of Maradona's goal led to many Madrid fans inside the stadium start applauding.[48][50] In November 2005, Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player to receive a standing ovation from Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu.[48] After dribbling through the Madrid defence twice to score two goals in a 3–0 win, Madrid fans paid homage to his performance with applause.[51][52] On 21 November 2015, Andrés Iniesta became the third Barcelona player to receive applause from Real Madrid fans while he was substituted during a 4–0 away win, with Iniesta scoring Barça's third.[53]
A 2007 survey by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas showed that 32% of the Spanish population supported Real Madrid, while 25% supported Barcelona. In third place came Valencia, with 5%.[54] According to a poll performed by Ikerfel in 2011, Barcelona is the most popular team in Spain with 44% of preferences, while Real Madrid is second with 37%. Atlético Madrid, Valencia and Athletic Bilbao complete the top five.[55] Both clubs have a global fanbase and are the world's two most followed sports teams on social media—on Facebook, as of March 2016, Barcelona has 91 million fans, Real Madrid has 87 million fans.[11][56]
Barcelona's Lionel Messi and Real Madrid midfielder Lassana Diarra in a 2011 Clásico.
The rivalry intensified in 2011 where, due to the final of the Copa Del Rey and the meeting of the two in the UEFA Champions League, Barcelona and Real Madrid were scheduled to meet each other four times in 18 days. Several accusations of unsportsmanlike behaviour from both teams and a war of words erupted throughout the fixtures which included four red cards. Spain national team coach Vicente del Bosque stated that he was "concerned" that due to the rising hatred between the two clubs, that this could cause friction in the Spain team.[57]
In recent years, the rivalry has been "encapsulated" by the rivalry between Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi.[58] Following the star signings of Neymar and Luis Suárez to Barcelona, and Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema to Madrid, the rivalry has been expanded to a battle of the clubs attacking trios, "BBC" (Bale, Benzema, Cristiano) against "MSN" (Messi, Suárez, Neymar).[59]
Results
Main article: List of El Clásico matches
As of 6 May 2018[60]
Matches
Wins
Draws
Goals
Home Wins
Home Draws
Away Wins
M
B
M
B
M
B
M
B
M
B
La Liga
176 72 70 34 286 282 52 49 15 19 20 21
Copa del Rey
33 12 14 7 64 63 5 7 5 2 3 5
Copa de la Liga
6 0 2 4 8 13 0 1 2 2 0 1
Supercopa de España
14 8 4 2 30 18 6 4 1 1 2 0
Champions League
8 3 2 3 13 10 1 1 2 1 2 1
All competitions
237
95
92
50
401
386
64
61
25
25
27
28
Friendly
34 4 20 10 44 86 3 11 4 6 1 8
All matches
271
99
112
60
445
472
67
72
29
31
28
36
Records
Biggest wins (5+ goals)
10 Real Madrid 11–1 Barcelona 19 June 1943 Copa del Rey
6 Real Madrid 8–2 Barcelona 3 February 1935 La Liga
5 Barcelona 7–2 Real Madrid 24 September 1950 La Liga
Barcelona 6–1 Real Madrid 19 May 1957 Copa del Rey
Real Madrid 6–1 Barcelona 18 September 1949 La Liga
Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid 21 April 1935
Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid 25 March 1945
Real Madrid 5–0 Barcelona 5 October 1953
Real Madrid 0–5 Barcelona 17 February 1974
Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid 8 January 1994
Real Madrid 5–0 Barcelona 7 January 1995
Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid 29 November 2010
Longest runs
Most consecutive wins
Games
Club
Period
6 Barcelona 25 January 1948 – 15 January 1949
6 Real Madrid 30 September 1962 – 28 February 1965
5 Real Madrid 5 March 1933 – 3 February 1935
5 Barcelona 13 December 2008 – 29 November 2010
Most consecutive draws
Games
Period
3 11 September 1991 – 7 March 1992
3 1 May 2002 – 20 April 2003
Most consecutive matches without a draw
Games
Period
18 25 January 1948 – 21 November 1954
17 23 November 1960 – 19 March 1967
14 4 December 1977 – 4 June 1983
12 19 May 1957 – 27 April 1960
10 5 March 1933 – 28 January 1940
Longest undefeated runs
Games
Club
Period
14 Real Madrid 31 January 1931 – 3 February 1935
13 Barcelona 1 November 1917 – 3 June 1928
Longest undefeated runs in the league
Games
Club
Period
7 (5 Wins) Real Madrid 31 January 1932 – 3 February 1935
7 (5 Wins) Barcelona 13 December 2008 – 10 December 2011
6 (6 Wins) Real Madrid 30 September 1962 – 28 February 1965
6 (4 Wins) Barcelona 11 May 1997 – 13 October 1999
6 (3 Wins) Barcelona 28 November 1971 – 17 February 1974
5 (4 Wins) Barcelona 30 March 1947 – 15 January 1949
5 (3 Wins) Barcelona 11 May 1975 – 30 January 1977
Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal
Games
Club
Period
5 Barcelona 3 April 1972 – 17 February 1974
3 Barcelona 10 January 1914 – 7 March 1916
3 Real Madrid 29 June 1974 – 11 May 1975
3 Barcelona 29 November 2009 – 29 November 2010
Most consecutive games scoring
Games
Club
Period
23 Barcelona 27 April 2011 – 13 August 2017
18 Real Madrid 3 May 2011 – 22 March 2015
17 Barcelona 27 November 1982 – 31 January 1987
14 Real Madrid 15 February 1959 – 21 January 1962
14 Real Madrid 5 December 1990 – 16 December 1993
13 Real Madrid 1 December 1946 – 23 November 1952
13 Real Madrid 22 April 1962 – 9 April 1968
12 Barcelona 26 March 1916 – 26 April 1926
11 Barcelona 11 September 1991 – 7 May 1994
10 Barcelona 30 January 1997 – 13 October 1999
Goalscoring
Top goalscorers
Players in bold are still active
Player
Club
La Liga
Copa
Super Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
Lionel Messi Barcelona 18 — 6 — 2 26[note 1]
Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 14 2 2 — — 18
Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 9 5 4 — — 18
Raúl Real Madrid 11 — 3 — 1 15
César Barcelona 12 2 — — — 14
Francisco Gento Real Madrid 10 2 — — 2 14
Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 9 2 — — 3 14
Santillana Real Madrid 9 2 — 1 — 12
Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 8 — 2 — — 10
Juanito Real Madrid 8 — — 2 — 10
Josep Samitier Barca / Real 4 6 — — — 10
Estanislao Basora Barcelona 8 1 — — — 9
Jaime Lazcano Real Madrid 8 — — — — 8
Karim Benzema Real Madrid 6 1 1 — — 8
Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 4 2 2 — — 8
Eulogio Martínez Barcelona 2 5 — — 1 8
Luis Suárez Barcelona 2 4 — — 2 8
Santiago Bernabéu Real Madrid — 8 — — — 8
Consecutive goalscoring
Player
Club
Consecutive matches
Total goals in the run
Start
End
Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 6 7 2011–12 Copa del Rey (1st leg) 2012–13 La Liga (7th round)
Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 5 5 1992–93 La Liga (20th Round) 1993 Supercopa de España (2nd leg)
Simón Lecue Real Madrid 4 5 1935–36 La Liga (7th Round) 1939–40 La Liga (9th Round)
Ronaldinho Barcelona 4 5 2004–05 La Liga (12th Round) 2005–06 La Liga (31st Round)
Giovanni Barcelona 4 4 1997 Supercopa de España (1st leg) 1997–98 La Liga (28th Round)
Lionel Messi is the all-time top scorer in El Clásico history with 26 goals.
Most hat-tricks
Five players have been able to score more than one hat trick: Jaime Lazcano, Santiago Bernabéu, Paulino Alcántara, Lionel Messi and Ferenc Puskás have all scored two hat-tricks in El Clásico history (2).
Most assists
Lionel Messi has delivered the most assists in El Clásico history (14).[61]
Most appearances
Players in bold are still active
Appearances
Player
Club
43 Manuel Sanchís Real Madrid
42 Francisco Gento Real Madrid
42 Xavi Barcelona
38 Lionel Messi Barcelona
38 Sergio Ramos Real Madrid
38 Andrés Iniesta Barcelona
37 Fernando Hierro Real Madrid
37 Raúl Real Madrid
37 Iker Casillas Real Madrid
Players who played for both clubs
Javier Saviola was the most recent player to transfer between the two rivals, in 2007.
Barcelona then Madrid
1902: Alfonso Albéniz
1906: José Quirante
1911: Alfonso Albéniz
1911: Arsenio Comamala
1913: Walter Rozitsky
1930: Ricardo Zamora (via Espanyol)
1932: Josep Samitier
1950: Alfonso Navarro
1961: Justo Tejada
1962: Evaristo
1965: Fernand Goyvaerts
1988: Bernd Schuster
1990: Luis Milla
1992: Nando
1994: Michael Laudrup
1995: Miquel Soler (via Sevilla)
2000: Luís Figo
2000: Albert Celades (via Celta Vigo)
2002: Ronaldo (via Inter Milan)
2007: Javier Saviola
Madrid then Barcelona
1905: Luciano Lizarraga
1939: Hilario (via Valencia)
1961: Jesús María Pereda (via Real Valladolid, then Sevilla)
1965: Lucien Muller
1980: Lorenzo Amador (via Hércules)
1994: Gheorghe Hagi (via Brescia)
1994: Julen Lopetegui (via Logroñés)
1995: Robert Prosinečki (via Real Oviedo)
1996: Luis Enrique
1999: Dani García (via Mallorca)
2000: Alfonso Pérez (via Real Betis)
2004: Samuel Eto'o (via Mallorca)
From Barcelona to Madrid 16
From Barcelona to another club before Madrid 4
Total 20
From Madrid to Barcelona 3
From Madrid to another club before Barcelona 9
Total 12
Total Switches 32
Honours
The rivalry reflected in El Clásico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain. As seen below, Barcelona leads Real Madrid 94–91 in terms of official overall trophies.[62] While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup, it was not organised by UEFA. Consequently, UEFA does not consider clubs' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record.[63] However, FIFA does view the competition as a major honour.[64]
Real Madrid
Competition
Barcelona
Domestic
33 La Liga 25
19 Copa del Rey 30
10 Supercopa de España 12
1 Copa Eva Duarte (defunct) 3
1 Copa de la Liga (defunct) 2
64 Aggregate 72
European and Worldwide
13 UEFA Champions League 5
— UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (defunct) 4
2 UEFA Europa League —
4 UEFA Super Cup 5
— Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (defunct) 3
3 Intercontinental Cup (defunct) —
2 Latin Cup (defunct) 2
3 FIFA Club World Cup 3
27 Aggregate 22
91 Total Aggregate 94
Note: FIFA recognized the winner of the Intercontinental Cup as a World Champion.
Note: The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is not recognized in the UEFA records and statistics
See also
Association football portal
Madrid derby
Derbi barceloní
Major football rivalries
Nationalism and sport
Sports rivalry
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Does not include a goal scored in the 2017 International Champions Cup.
References
Jump up ^ "El clàssic es jugarà dilluns". El Punt. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Johanthan (12 December 2008). "Barca & Real renew El Clasico rivalry". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million-A-Year Deal With Barcelona". Forbes. Retrieved 1 October 2014
Jump up ^ Benjamin Morris. "Is Messi vs. Ronaldo Bigger Than The Super Bowl?". FiveThirtyEight.
Jump up ^ El Clasico: Real Madrid Vs Barcelona • Fights, Fouls, Dives & Red Cards
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Jump up ^ "Barcelona in the strange and symbolic eye of a storm over Catalonia". The Guardian. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "AFP: Barcelona vs Real Madrid rivalry comes to the fore". Google.com. 14 April 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Rookwood, Dan (28 August 2002). "The bitterest rivalry in world football". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ "El Clasico: When stars collide". FIFA.com. Retrieved 21 October 2014
^ Jump up to: a b "Barça, the most loved club in the world". Marca. Retrieved 8 May 2015
Jump up ^ Ozanian, Mike. "Barcelona becomes first sports team to have 50 million Facebook fans". Forbes.com.
Jump up ^ Palomares, Cristina The quest for survival after Franco: moderate Francoism and the slow journey, p.231
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e McNeill, Donald (1999) Urban change and the European left: tales from the new Barcelona p.61
^ Jump up to: a b c Burns, Jimmy, 'Don Patricio O’Connell: An Irishman and the Politics of Spanish Football' in "Irish Migration Studies in Latin America" 6:1 (March 2008), p. 44. Available online pg. 3,pg. 4. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Ham, Anthony p. 221
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Jump up ^ Ball, Phil (21 April 2002). "Mucho morbo". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Franco recibió dos medallas del Barça" (in Spanish). Diario AS. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "El deporte en la guerra civil" (in Spanish). EL CULTURAL. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Rafael Sánchez Guerra" (in Spanish). elpueblodeceuta.es. 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Ultra Sur | El Centrocampista - Spanish Football and La Liga News in English". El Centrocampista. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Dos Manzanas (14 June 2011). "Tres Boixos Nois detenidos por agredir a una mujer transexual en Barcelona". Dos manzanas. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "La mafia de boixos nois se especializó en atracar a narcos - Sociedad - El Periódico". Elperiodico.com. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Great similarities between Barcelona and Celtic". vavel.com. 21 April 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "FourFourTwo's 50 Biggest Derbies in the World, No.2: Barcelona vs Real Madrid". fourfourtwo.com. 29 April 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "La izquierda es culé y la derecha, merengue, según el CIS" (in Spanish). LaVanguardia.com. 20 July 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "¿Del Madrid o del Barça?" (in Spanish). elpais.com. 23 February 2003. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid v Barcelona: six of the best 'El Clásicos'". London: The Telegraph. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sid Lowe: Fear and loathing in La Liga.. Barcelona vs Real Madrid" p. 67. Random House. 26 September 2013
Jump up ^ "Sid Lowe: Fear and loathing in La Liga.. Barcelona vs Real Madrid" p. 68. Random House. 26 September 2013
Jump up ^ "Sid Lowe: Fear and loathing in La Liga.. Barcelona vs Real Madrid" p. 70. Random House. 26 September 2013
Jump up ^ Spaaij, Ramn (2006). Understanding football hooliganism: a comparison of six Western European football clubs. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5629-445-8. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid. p. 73
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Jump up ^ "Sid Lowe: Fear and loathing in La Liga.. Barcelona vs Real Madrid" p. 77. Random House. 26 September 2013
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^ Jump up to: a b Lowe, Sid. p. 344
Jump up ^ "Sid Lowe: Fear and loathing in La Liga.. Barcelona vs Real Madrid" p. 345, 346. Random House. 26 September 2013
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"Classic Football: Clubs: AS Roma". FIFA. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Real Madrid-FC Barcelona rivalry.
Ball, Phill (2003). Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football. WSC Books Limited. ISBN 0-9540134-6-8.
Farred, Grant (2008). Long distance love: a passion for football. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-374-6.
Lowe, Sid (2013). Fear and Loathing in La Liga: Barcelona vs Real Madrid. Random House. ISBN 9780224091800.
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text:
Broken Halos
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Broken Halos"
Single by Chris Stapleton
from the album From A Room: Volume 1
Released
July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)[1]
Format
Digital download
Studio
RCA Studio A
Genre
Country rock
folk rock
Southern gospel
Length
3:00
Label
Mercury Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Chris Stapleton
Mike Henderson
Producer(s)
Dave Cobb
Chris Stapleton
Chris Stapleton singles chronology
"Either Way"
(2017) "Broken Halos"
(2017) "Say Something"
(2018)
"Either Way"
(2017) "Broken Halos"
(2017) "Say Something"
(2018)
"Broken Halos" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Chris Stapleton. Written by Stapleton and Mike Henderson, it was released on April 14, 2017 as a promotional single from his second studio album From A Room: Volume 1.[2] The lead track on Volume 1, it was serviced to country radio on July 17 as the album's second single.[1] It won the award for Best Country Song at the 60th Grammy Awards[3] and received a nomination for Single Record of the Year at the 53rd Academy of Country Music Awards.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition and lyrical interpretation
2 Critical reception
3 Chart performance
4 Live performances
5 Charts
6 Certifications
7 References
8 External links
Composition and lyrical interpretation[edit]
Musically, it was defined by critics as a multi-genre song. Stapleton said the song was inspired by "people who have passed away before their time." The singer recorded the song a day after a longtime friend passed away.[5] "Broken Halos" is a mid-tempo country rock number in which Stapleton "meditates on the wounds people suffer and the road toward healing that they travel," as noted by a Los Angeles Times' reviewer.[6] An NPR editor described it as Southern gospel,[7] and a Rolling Stone reviewer, as folk rock.[8] Another Rolling Stone writer, Chris Parton, named it country gospel after listening to a live performance of the song, and interpreted it as:
...[The track] offers a tender, lump-in-your-throat reminder to keep the faith, even in the midst of tragedy. Angels appear to help us on our way, Stapleton sings, but when their job is done they leave. . . and we're not meant to understand why.[9]
The song is composed in the key of A-flat major with a moderate tempo. It primarily follows the chord pattern A♭-D♭-A♭-Fm-A♭-D♭-A♭.[10]
Critical reception[edit]
Writing for Billboard, Spotify editors opined the song "helps build a strong argument that [Stapleton] is one of the most refreshing and consistent country artists to emerge in recent memory."[11] Laura McClellan of Taste of Country wrote "the stripped-down tune is a commentary on, essentially, stumbling along this life together as human beings, and its lyrics are poignant enough to affect even the most cynical of us." She commented its mid-tempo, "laid-back" feel with only guitar and vocals featuring prominently "makes it easy listening, but its core is significant."[12] In Paste, Ben Salmon described it a "a perfectly paced song that lyrically spans the spiritual and the earthbound."[13]
In Rolling Stone, Robert Crawford commented, "Equal parts folk-rock anthem and Sunday-morning spiritual, [the song] begins with five seconds of Stapleton in solo mode, howling over an acoustic guitar. When the band joins him halfway through the first verse, it's an understated entrance, stripped free of radio-friendly gloss... [The song] is a straightforward, uncluttered opener, designed to welcome – not overwhelm – the listener."[8]
Chart performance[edit]
"Broken Halos" entered the top 10 on the US Country Airplay on the chart dated February 10, 2018, becoming his second single to do so following "Nobody to Blame".[14] It topped the chart in its March 24, 2018 issue, becoming his first career number one on Country Airplay.[15] It also entered the top 10 on the Hot Country Songs chart in its 42nd chart week, being Stapleton's second top 10 following his two-week leading song "Tennessee Whiskey".[16] "Broken Halos" has sold 524,000 downloads in the United States as of May 2018.[17] It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[18]
Live performances[edit]
Stapleton premiered the song during Dolly Parton's Tennessee wildfires telethon in December 2016.[19] On July 18, 2017 the singer performed it on The Today Show, along with "Tennessee Whiskey" and "Second One to Know".[20] Stapleton also performed the song at the 2017 CMT Artists of the Year awards[21] and at the Country Music Association Awards.[22] The song is featured on the setlist of his All-American Road Show Tour. During his live performances in late 2017, the singer dedicated the song to the victims of deadly tragedies that happened in the country.[23]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017–18)
Peak
position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[24]
67
Canada Country (Billboard)[25]
3
US Billboard Hot 100[26]
45
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[27]
1
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[28]
5
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[29]
Gold 40,000^
United States (RIAA)[18]
Platinum 524,000[17]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Country > Future Releases". All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hear Chris Stapleton's Redemptive 'Broken Halos' Off Upcoming New Album". Rolling Stone. April 13, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grammy Awards Winners List: Updating Live". Variety. January 28, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Gil (March 1, 2018). "ACM Awards 2018 Nominations: See the Full List". Billboard. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Whitaker, Sterling (July 5, 2017). "Chris Stapleton, 'Broken Halos' [Listen]". Taste of Country. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Randy (April 13, 2017). "Chris Stapleton premieres 'Broken Halos,' first track from 'From a Room: Volume 1'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Powers, Ann (April 14, 2017). "Hear Chris Stapleton's First Single From His Forthcoming Album". NPR. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Crawford, Robert (May 4, 2017). "Chris Stapleton's 'From A Room: Volume 1': Track-by-Track Guide". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Parton, Chris (December 14, 2016). "Hear Chris Stapleton Perform Powerful New Song 'Broken Halos'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Broken Halos' sheet music". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kendrick Lamar, Chris Stapleton, PWR BTTM & More Are Spotify Editors' Picks for April 14". Billboard. April 14, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chris Stapleton Releases Powerful New Song, 'Broken Halos'". Taste of Country. April 14, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Salmon, Ben (May 4, 2017). "Chris Stapleton: From A Room, Vol. 1 Review". Paste. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (February 7, 2018). "Chris Stapleton: Format 'Traveller,' From Country to Pop, Rock & Adult R&B". Billboard. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Asker, Jim (March 20, 2018). "Chris Stapleton Claims First Country Airplay Leader With 'Broken Halos'". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Asker, Jim (February 6, 2018). "Chris Stapleton Is First Artist to Hold Top Three Spots on Top Country Albums Chart Since Garth Brooks in 1992". Billboard. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Bjorke, Matt (May 14, 2018). "Top 30 Digital Country Singles: May 14, 2018". Roughstock. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "American album certifications". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Chris Stapleton Ships 'Broken Halos' to Radio, Opens for Tom Petty". Rolling Stone. July 7, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Crawford, Robert (July 18, 2017). "See Chris Stapleton's Mesmerizing 'Today Show' Performances". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Partpn, Chris (October 19, 2017). "Chris Stapleton, Luke Bryan Preach Unity at 'CMT Artists of the Year' Show". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Payne, Chris (November 8, 2017). "Chris Stapleton Delivers Heavenly 'Broken Halos' Performance at 2017 CMAs". Billboard. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitaker, Sterling (October 14, 2017). "Chris Stapleton Tributes Las Vegas Victims, Drops New Album News at Nashville Gig". Taste of Country. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chris Stapleton Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chris Stapleton Chart History (Canada Country)". Billboard. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chris Stapleton Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chris Stapleton Chart History (Country Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chris Stapleton Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Chris Stapleton – Broken Halos". Music Canada. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
"Broken Halos" (Audio) on YouTube
Preceded by
"Marry Me"
by Thomas Rhett Billboard Country Airplay
number-one single
March 24, 2018 Succeeded by
"Most People Are Good"
by Luke Bryan
[hide]
v
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Chris Stapleton
Awards and nominations
Discography
Studio albums
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From A Room: Volume 1
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Singles
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"Nobody to Blame"
"Parachute"
"Either Way"
"Broken Halos"
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Featured singles
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Other songs
"Fire Away"
"Tennessee Whiskey"
"Last Thing I Needed, First Thing This Morning"
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Related articles
The SteelDrivers
The Jompson Brothers
Morgane Stapleton
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