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National Archives Building
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For the museum in Indonesia, see National Archives Building, Jakarta.
National Archives Building
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Contributing property
The National Archives building Constitution Avenue façade
Location
Constitution Avenue between 7th Street and 9th Street, NW
Nearest city
Washington, D.C.
Coordinates
38°53′34″N 77°01′23″W / 38.89278°N 77.02306°W / 38.89278; -77.02306Coordinates: 38°53′34″N 77°01′23″W / 38.89278°N 77.02306°W / 38.89278; -77.02306
Built
1933–1935
Architect
John Russell Pope
Architectural style
Classical Revival
Part of
Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site (#66000865[2])
NRHP reference #
71001004[1]
Added to NRHP
May 27, 1971
The National Archives Building, known informally as Archives I, is the original headquarters of the National Archives and Records Administration. It is located north of the National Mall at 700 Pennsylvania Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C.. The Rotunda entrance is on Constitution Avenue, while the research entrance is on Pennsylvania Avenue.[3] A second larger facility, known as "Archives II" (or simply as "A2"), is located in College Park, Maryland.
Contents
[hide]
1 Exhibits
2 History
2.1 Before the National Archives Building
2.2 Planning stages
2.3 Breaking ground
2.4 Construction
2.5 Completion
2.6 Reencasement and renovation
2.7 Timeline
3 Warren Commission
4 Gallery
5 References
6 External links
Exhibits[edit]
Archives of the United States of America
Close up of the National Archives Building facade
It holds the original copies of the three main formative documents of the United States and its government: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. It also hosts an original version of the 1297 Magna Carta confirmed by Edward I.[4] These are displayed to the public in the main chamber of the National Archives, which is called the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom. The National Archives Building also exhibits other important American historical documents such as the Articles of Confederation, the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, the Emancipation Proclamation, and collections of photography and other historically and culturally significant American artifacts.
Once inside the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom, there are no lines to see the individual documents and visitors are allowed to walk from document to document as they wish. Photography is not permitted in the National Archives Museum.[5] Photography with natural light is permitted in research rooms.[6]
History[edit]
Before the National Archives Building[edit]
From its founding, the U.S. federal government has documented its policies and decisions, but for almost 150 years it had virtually no method or place to safeguard historically important records. During those years, officials occasionally decried federal neglect, or too often, fires destroyed important documents, reinforcing the need for an archives. By the end of the 19th century, a few architects had even submitted plans to the government for an archives or a hall of records. By the early 20th century an organized effort aimed at creating the National Archives began, but not until 1926 did Congress finally approve the National Archives Building.[7]
Planning stages[edit]
That year, Congress authorized construction of the National Archives Building as part of a massive public buildings program designed to beautify the center of Washington, DC, and provide office space for the growing federal bureaucracy. This program led to the design and construction of buildings within the Federal Triangle. Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon gave the responsibility for designing the Triangle grouping to a Board of Architectural Consultants. Louis A. Simon, the Supervisory Architect of the Treasury Department, drafted a preliminary design for the Archives, placing it along Pennsylvania Avenue between 9th and 10th Streets, NW.
In late 1927, preliminary drawings of the individual Triangle buildings were incorporated into a formal presentation of the entire project. The drawings became the basis for a three-dimensional scale model that was publicly unveiled in April 1929. The next month, after examining the model, the Commission of Fine Arts was highly critical of Simon's design for an archives. Commissioners suggested that the noted architect John Russell Pope be added to the Board of Architectural Consultants and that he design the National Archives. Pope was asked to join when the death of a board member created a vacancy.
Pope's architectural vision transformed both the location and design of the National Archives Building. He successfully proposed relocating the Archives to the block between Seventh and Eighth Streets, a site he believed demanded a monumental building such as the National Archives. In place of Simon's design, Pope's National Archives was to be a neoclassical temple befitting an institution dedicated to American history.[7]
Breaking ground[edit]
Ground was broken for the National Archives on September 5, 1931, by the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, Ferry K. Heath.[8] By the time President Herbert Hoover laid the cornerstone of the building in February 1933, significant problems had arisen. Because the massive structure was to be constructed above an underground stream, 8,575 piles had been driven into the unstable soil, before pouring a huge concrete bowl as a foundation.[clarification needed] Another difficulty arose over the choice of building materials. Both limestone and granite were authorized as acceptable, but construction began during the darkest days of the Great Depression, and suppliers of each material lobbied fiercely to have the government use their stone. Ultimately, as in the other Federal Triangle buildings, limestone was used for the exterior superstructure and granite for the base.[7]
Construction[edit]
Constructing the National Archives was a mammoth task. Not only was the building the most ornate structure on the Federal Triangle, but it also called for installation of specialized air-handling systems and filters, reinforced flooring, and thousands of feet of shelving to meet the building's archival storage requirements. The building's exterior took more than 4 years to finish and required a host of workers ranging from sculptors and model makers to air-conditioning contractors and structural-steel workers.[7]
Completion[edit]
Guardiaship, a 1935 sculpture by James Earle Fraser, exhibited outside the NARA
In November 1935, 120 National Archives staff members moved into their uncompleted building. Most of the exterior work was complete, but many stack areas, where records would be stored, had no shelving for incoming records. Work also continued on the Rotunda and other public spaces. More significantly, earlier estimates about the need for future stack space proved to be quite insufficient. Almost as soon as Pope's original design was complete, a project to fill the Archives' interior courtyard began, doubling storage space from 374,000 square feet to more than 757,000 square feet.[clarification needed]
John Russell Pope's vision of the Archives as a temple of history has been preserved through maintenance and periodic restoration work on the building since the mid-1930s. Over the years, however, more records filled the building and even the courtyard expansion proved to be inadequate. By the late 1960s, the building reached its storage capacity of 900,000 cubic feet and the agency began renting large amounts of storage and administrative space.[clarification needed] The 1993 completion of a second National Archives building in College Park, Maryland, added 1.8 million square feet to the National Archives, providing the nation with the most modern archives facility in the world.[7]
Reencasement and renovation[edit]
The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights have been displayed to the public in the Rotunda of the National Archives Building since 1952. That year National Bureau of Standards placed the documents into hermetically sealed encasements filled with inert helium gas, which the Bureau believed would preserve the Charters well into the next century. Since the 1952 installation, National Archives conservators have conducted regular visual inspections of the encased documents. Since 1987, these inspections have been greatly enhanced through the use of an electronic imaging monitoring system developed for NARA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California.
In an electronic inspection of the documents in 1995, conservators noticed changes in the glass encasements of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights. Glass experts from Libby-Owens-Ford (the original manufacturer of the encasement glass) and the Corning Glass Museum determined that the case glass components were showing signs of deterioration. Both the glass experts and the National Archives Advisory Committee on Preservation recommended that the Charters be reencased within seven years (by 2002) to ensure the continued safety and preservation of the documents.
In July 2001, the Charters were taken off display in the Rotunda to be removed from their deteriorating cases. National Archives conservators removed the documents from their cases and analyzed their condition. Appropriate conservation measures were taken on each document and they have been installed in the new encasements, returning to public display in September 2003.[7]
Timeline[edit]
Congress authorized construction in 1926.[8]
Ground was broken on September 5, 1931.[8]
President Herbert Hoover laid the cornerstone in February 1933.[8]
First opened in 1935.[8]
Completed in 1937.[8]
A renovation was completed in late 2004.[9][10]
Public display space expanded from 12,000 to more than 19,000 square feet in 2013.[11]
Warren Commission[edit]
Investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the Warren Commission met formally for the first time on December 5, 1963 in a hearing room on the second floor of the National Archives Building.[12]
Gallery[edit]
National Archives Building at night
National Archives Building, June 2016
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2008-04-15). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ The National Archives in Washington, DC
Jump up ^ "Magna Carta". Archivesfoundation.org. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
Jump up ^ "Visit the National Archives Museum". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions - Visiting and Using the National Archives". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f History of the National Archives Building Archived 2012-01-06 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "A Short History of the National Archives Building, Washington, DC". archives.gov. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Progressive Engineer: Feature - National Archives Building Renovation
Jump up ^ National Archives Building Renovation - Grunley Construction
Jump up ^ Lee, Felicia R. (June 10, 2013). "Expansion at the National Archives Means More Focus on Human Rights". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Warren Commission Meets". Lodi News-Sentinel. Lodi, California. UPI. December 6, 1964. p. 2. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Archives and Records Administration.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Archives Building, Washington, D.C..
Geographic data related to National Archives Building at OpenStreetMap
National Archives Museum official website
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration official website
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text:
Lab Rats: Elite Force
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Lab Rats: Elite Force
Promotional poster
Genre
Sitcom
Superhero[1]
Created by
Chris Peterson
Bryan Moore
Starring
William Brent
Bradley Steven Perry
Jake Short
Paris Berelc
Kelli Berglund
Theme music composer
Niclas Molinder
Joacim Persson
Johan Alkenäs
Composer(s)
Bert Selen
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
15 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Chris Peterson
Bryan Moore
Producer(s)
Ken Blankstein
Greg A. Hampson
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
21–24 minutes
Production company(s)
Britelite Productions
It's a Laugh Productions
Release
Original network
Disney XD
Picture format
720p (HDTV)
Original release
March 2 (2016-03-02) – October 22, 2016 (2016-10-22)
Chronology
Related shows
Lab Rats (2012–16)
Mighty Med (2013–15)
External links
Website
Production website
Lab Rats: Elite Force is an American sitcom created by Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore that aired on Disney XD, premiering on March 2, 2016, and ending on October 22, 2016. The series is a combined spinoff of Lab Rats and Mighty Med and stars William Brent, Bradley Steven Perry, Jake Short, Paris Berelc, and Kelli Berglund.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
2.1 Notes
3 Production
4 Broadcast
5 Reception
6 Episodes
7 Ratings
8 References
9 External links
Premise[edit]
Davenport has come up with a plan to form an elite team of bionic heroes and superheroes to fight a common threat from their headquarters in Centium City. He puts his plan into action after villains have destroyed Mighty Med Hospital.
Cast[edit]
See also: List of Lab Rats characters and List of Mighty Med characters
William Brent as Chase[note 1]
Bradley Steven Perry as Kaz[note 1]
Jake Short as Oliver
Paris Berelc as Skylar
Kelli Berglund as Bree
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b William Brent and Bradley Steven Perry are given equal billing as lead actors in the series.
Production[edit]
Lab Rats: Elite Force is created by Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore, the duo who created Lab Rats. It is produced by Britelite Productions and It's a Laugh Productions for Disney XD. On September 3, 2015, it was announced that Lab Rats and Mighty Med would have a joint spinoff series called Lab Rats: Elite Force. Only William Brent, formerly credited as Billy Unger, and Kelli Berglund from Lab Rats and Bradley Steven Perry, Jake Short, and Paris Berelc from Mighty Med were announced as returning for the new spinoff series. Production on the series began in October 2015.[3] It was subsequently announced that Lab Rats: Elite Force would premiere on Disney XD broadcast services on March 2, 2016, and will be available for earlier viewing on the channel's video-on-demand services on February 29, 2016.[1]
In October 2016, actress Kelli Berglund reported on Twitter that there would not be a second season of Lab Rats: Elite Force.[4]
Broadcast[edit]
The series premiered in Canada on Disney XD on March 2, 2016,[5] and on Disney Channel on March 6, 2016.[6]
On October 13, 2016, series co-creator Bryan Moore posted on Twitter that there would be a Lab Rats marathon followed by the finale of Lab Rats: Elite Force, "The Attack", which aired on October 22, 2016.[7]
Reception[edit]
Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the series four out of five stars.[8]
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title [9][10]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [9][10]
Prod.
code [9][11]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"The Rise of Five" Guy Distad Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore March 2, 2016 (2016-03-02) 101 0.52[12]
Following the events of the Lab Rats finale, Davenport introduces Chase and Bree to their new team's headquarters in Centium City and new teammates, Kaz, Oliver, and Skylar, and together they will form an Elite Force. Kaz immediately wants to find the people who recently destroyed Mighty Med, while the others want to come up with a plan first. A mysterious box then shatters their window, which contains a flash drive that shows a video of the two people who destroyed Mighty Med. The pair declares that Kaz, Oliver, and Skylar will be eliminated as well as anyone else who protects them. Kaz runs off to find the culprits and meets them in an alley, but he is surprised to find that they are shapeshifters Roman and Riker, the sons of a former superhero named Rodissius whose superpowers Kaz and Oliver had earlier taken away in order to save his life, and as such, Roman and Riker want to eliminate Kaz and Oliver to get revenge. A confrontation between the villains and the Elite Force takes place, but they are eventually knocked out cold and Roman and Riker take Skylar away. The remaining heroes later locate the villains and Skylar and Oliver freezes the cloud that Roman and Riker form into. As the Elite Force team celebrates with a team selfie, Roman and Riker escape.
Special guest star: Hal Sparks as Davenport
Guest stars: Booboo Stewart as Roman, Ryan Potter as Riker
2
"Holding Out for a Hero" Guy Distad Mark Brazill March 9, 2016 (2016-03-09) 102 0.64[13]
Oliver works to master his superpowers after being outshined by Kaz during superhero training. Meanwhile, when Bree says Skylar is like a sister to her, they work out their new sisterhood. Later, Kaz discovers a new superpower, which enables him to shoot fire out of his mouth and Chase and Davenport are impressed; however, Oliver feels intimidated as he's still struggling with controlling his new superpowers. Meanwhile, Bree is having trouble bonding with Skylar as a sister because on her planet all girls roughhouse with their siblings as a way of having fun and showing love to them. Oliver later discovers a new superpower that he calls cyclone fingers, but when Oliver shows Davenport his new superpower, things go awry and he knocks him off his feet and Davenport is sent flying in the air and goes over the terrace railing. Rather than plummeting to the ground below, Davenport is able to hang off a bust of his head on the side of the skyscraper. Oliver goes to save him, while Kaz and Chase watch him with no backup plan. Oliver hangs from the head for a while, but he eventually saves Davenport. Later, Skylar and Bree finally form a bond in the meantime.
Special guest star: Hal Sparks as Davenport
3
"Power Play" Guy Distad Andy Schwartz March 16, 2016 (2016-03-16) 103 0.58[14]
Oliver has always had a major crush on Skylar, and now that Oliver has superpowers, Skylar does not like it because she has lost her superpowers. Chase decides to come up with a solution to give Skylar her superpowers back, but he must inject coal into her body, though it is her one weakness. Oliver gets jealous because he wants to be the one to give Skylar her superpowers back, so Chase decides to let Oliver take the credit despite being reluctant to it. After injecting the cure, Skylar starts to become weak and ill from the coal and is coughing up vapor that can kill everyone in the building. Skylar pulls through and gets her superpowers back and learns that the illness was just a side effect. Meanwhile, Kaz goes behind Bree's back and agrees to babysit Mrs. Ramsey's pig; however, this is all just a scheme for the woman impersonating their neighbor to rob the penthouse. Later, the pig outsmarts both Kaz and Bree and locks them out on the balcony and they then watch Mrs. Ramsey stealing everything until Kaz notices an open window above them and flies back into the penthouse. Chase, Oliver, and Skylar come upstairs and Skylar stops Mrs. Ramsey with her newly restored superpowers.
Guest star: Patrika Darbo as Mrs. Ramsey
4
"The Superhero Code" Victor Gonzalez Julia Miranda March 23, 2016 (2016-03-23) 106 0.44[15]
When Kaz's little brother, Kyle, visits, Kaz becomes jealous that Kyle seems to like Chase more than him, and Kaz cannot reveal his identity as a superhero due to the "superhero code". Chase's controlling attitude gets on Kaz's nerves and Kaz and Kyle explore the unauthorized areas of the base. Kyle ends up trapped after messing with the mainframe computer and Chase attempts to get him out of the cage, but he is knocked out by a shock from the cage. Kaz is forced to reveal his superhero identity and uses his firepower to break the cage open. As Kaz is about to reveal the truth, Kyle thinks they made Kaz bionic, with which he goes along. Oliver and Skylar agree they will also have to pass themselves off as bionic in public so that they can use their superpowers freely.
Guest star: Tristan DeVan as Kyle
5
"Need for Speed" Victor Gonzalez Greg Schaffer March 30, 2016 (2016-03-30) 104 0.50[16]
Douglas comes to see the team and wants to start making the mission suits for them. Chase initially competes with Douglas to make the mission suits for the team and Chase and Kaz work together to make their version of mission suits while Oliver and Douglas work together to make their version of the mission suits. When Kaz and Oliver test out their mission suits, they fail to catch a fly, which proves their suits' impracticality. Chase and Douglas decide to put their differences aside and work together to make the best mission suits for the team. Meanwhile, Bree is filming a shoe commercial and she and Skylar compete in a super speed race. The shoe commercial is not successful as Bree and Skylar end up sabotaging each other in the super speed race.
Guest stars: Jeremy Kent Jackson as Douglas, Johnathan McClain as Tony
6
"Follow the Leader" Guy Distad Ken Blankstein April 6, 2016 (2016-04-06) 105 0.58[17]
After Chase is left behind during a mission because Perry shot out the controls of the hyperlift, Skylar steps in as mission leader. However, this makes Chase jealous, and on the next mission, when Skylar is downstairs with Perry, Chase disables the hyperlift. Perry helps Skylar out of headquarters and to the mission site through the underground tunnels that Perry used to break into headquarters. At the mission location, the tunnel becomes unstable and almost collapses on Skylar and Perry, but Chase pushes them out of the way; however, it traps them in the process. Perry tells Skylar that Chase disabled the hyperlift before the mission so that he could be mission leader again and Chase later admits that he feared losing the respect of the entire team. On the other side of the rubble, Kaz manages to make a stable tunnel to where Chase, Skylar, and Perry are trapped and rescues Chase, Skylar, and Perry. Later, when Skylar is asked by the rest of the team as to why she missed the mission, she tells them that the hyperlift malfunctioned again. When Chase asks why she didn't say anything about the incident, she explains it was the exact same way she felt when she lost her superpowers and that she would not wish that to happen to anyone. Perry uses this opportunity to blackmail Chase into getting her a penthouse next door to theirs.
Guest star: Maile Flanagan as Perry
7
"The List" Victor Gonzalez Kenny Byerly April 13, 2016 (2016-04-13) 107 0.62[18]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The team receives a box from Davenport with all the gadgets they used back at Mission Creek. Chase hosts a team meeting and compiles a list of all the superheroes from Mighty Med and warns them that they are being hunted. Along with Skylar's mentor and first friend: Crossbow. Skylar wants to see her again, but Chase refuses. Skylar is worried that Crossbow did not get the message and she and Oliver set out to find her. When they leave, it's discovered that Roman and Riker had been eavesdropping on them as ravens. As soon as they start to leave, Roman shows up and attacks Crossbow who suffers a tough blow. When Bree talks about the dolls that Kaz was playing with, he does not remember it as he's not Kaz and transforms into Riker, who was looking for the list. Back at the park, Oliver tries to attack Roman, but he is easily defeated; then Skylar attacks him, but she is defeated as well. As Roman tries to walk away with Crossbow, Riker shows up and informs him that the other superheroes know of their presence. Chase and Bree follow Riker to the park and Roman and Riker try to form their deadly swarm. Bree informs Roman that Riker is locked in a freezer, causing Roman to make a deal. Skylar agrees and Bree brings back Riker; however, when Roman tosses the list to Riker, Crossbow destroys it and is defeated in the process. Skylar becomes upset and attacks Roman and Riker and defeats them. Roman and Riker retreat. Later, Kaz and Oliver are able to revive Crossbow.
Guest stars: Booboo Stewart as Roman, Ryan Potter as Riker, Eric Steinberg as Rodissius, Pepi Sonuga as Crossbow
8
"Coming Through in the Clutch" Hal Sparks Jason Dorris July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25) TBA 0.44[19]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
When Oliver's hero is in town, he gets excited and wants to meet him at the Olympics Send-off Celebration at the park. Kaz, Oliver, and Skylar go to meet Clutch while Chase and Bree go to a mini-Olympics competition for children, where they run into Bob. When Clutch arrives, he shows off his skills, impressing Oliver. However, things go wrong when Oliver asks Kaz to hold his sign and Clutch notices Kaz instead and asks Kaz to be his spotter, which causes Oliver to become jealous. Clutch attempts to lift 1,000 pounds, but he quickly starts struggling; when Oliver attempts to help, he drops the weight on Clutch's foot. Later, Oliver feels sorry for hurting his hero and Skylar runs to the hospital and abducts Clutch. She brings Clutch back to the penthouse and Skylar pep talks Oliver to fix him with his old Mighty Med supplies. Meanwhile, Bree has found a child named Zoe who was originally going to compete in the competition with her dad; however, something had come up and Bree decides to become her new coach, though her plan is also to use her bionics. When Chase sees that Zoe is winning, he cheats and uses his bionics to hold Zoe back, so Bree uses her bionics and pushes Bob back. Chase and Bree start fighting while Bob and Zoe run to the finish line.
Guest stars: Brandon Salgado-Telis as Bob, Justin Lopez as Clutch, Sanai Victoria as Zoe
9
"The Intruder" Jody Margolin Hahn Ken Blankstein September 10, 2016 (2016-09-10) 112 0.41[20]
A ten-year-old computer genius boy living on the floor below the Elite Force manages to break into the penthouse, so Chase improves the security system by installing retina scanners, but the boy manages to get back in because he hacked Chase's chip. He later uses his tablet to make Chase disable the security system. Meanwhile, the others are having a contest to determine who can go longer without using superpowers or bionics and they make two teams: Oliver and Kaz versus Bree and Skylar. Bree uses her super speed when Oliver lies and says he sees Harry Styles from One Direction in front of their building. In retaliation, Bree asks to borrow Oliver's phone and throws it off from the terrace and Oliver uses his flying power to go after it, which gets him disqualified. Bree tries the same thing with Kaz by throwing off many of his valuables, but he resists using his superpowers. Meanwhile, Chase's magnetism app glitches because of what AJ did to his chip and every metal object starts flying toward Chase. As a result, Kaz and Skylar have to put the contest on hold to help Chase. AJ then realizes that Chase's capsule can reset his operating system and fix the glitch and Oliver and Bree quickly bring down his capsule. With Chase rescued, the contest is back on and Bree manages to trick Kaz into using his superpowers by using her cyber cloak to pretend to be Oliver and make him fire up the grill; as a result, the girls win the contest.
Guest stars: Jeremy Kent Jackson as Douglas, Elisha Henig as AJ
10
"The Rock" Hal Sparks Mark Brazill September 17, 2016 (2016-09-17) 114 0.46[21]
AJ reveals that he knows that Kaz, Oliver, and Skylar are superheroes and compiles a list of the team's usefulness, causing hurt feelings with Chase and Bree. Meanwhile, Oliver discovers that Kaz has been keeping the Arcturion in storage, though he wasn't aware of it, and Chase tells Kaz and Oliver to take the Arcturion to Facility Y, which is one of Davenport's storage locations. However, they discover it is missing and suspect AJ who was fascinated by it earlier. Chase kicks AJ out of the penthouse in anger, but the team later realizes that Bree took it because she was jealous of the others. Meanwhile, Bree plans on touching the Arcturion to get more powers, but Skylar blasts the Arcturion before Bree can grab it; however, the blast redirects and hits Bree. Later, Chase is determined to raise his rank and builds a hover bike with AJ in order to get to missions faster; however, when the bike goes missing and it's discovered that AJ has taken it, Chase, Kaz, and Oliver go to his rescue. Meanwhile, Bree grows weak from the Arcturion's blast and Skylar is forced to touch the Arcturion to redirect its healing energy into Bree. However, it comes with a cost because Skylar loses a few of her superpowers. Since Bree made indirect contact with the Arcturion, she gains superpowers known as thermo touch and proton ring generation, which makes Bree the world's first bionic superhero hybrid, and Bree and Skylar agree to keep Bree's new powers a secret for now.
Guest star: Elisha Henig as AJ
11
"Home Sweet Home" Victor Gonzalez Greg Schaffer & Andy Schwartz September 24, 2016 (2016-09-24) 110 0.54[22]
When Skylar's friend Scarlett from Caldera visits. She attempts to convince Skylar to come back to Caldera. But when she refuses, Scarlett kidnaps her and takes her to Caldera and imprisons her. Scarlett reveals that Caldera is having a civil war with ones wanting to help others and the opposition, who want to help themselves and she is part of the opposition. Bree and Oliver find out about Skylar and head to Caldera to rescue her. There Bree reveals her new superpowers to Oliver when they are attacked by Scarlett. Oliver and Bree find Skylar but are too imprison with Skylar. Scarlett threatens Oliver and Bree unless Skylar joins. Skylar agrees and is stripped of her powers. Bree send an email to Chase. Skylar reveals that she is leaving the team and joining the opposition. Meanwhile, Chase creates a robotic girlfriend named Sabrina. But she falls in love with Kaz. Chase creates multiple girlfriends but they all fall in love with Kaz. When they get Bree's message they head for Caldera. When Bree and Oliver try to leave Caldera, Oliver refuses to leave Skylar but is beaten by Scarlett, who imprisons them in a metal cage hovering over lava. Chase, Kaz and the robotic girls come and saves them. Bree reveals her superpowers to Kaz and Chase when she uses it to defeat Scarlett. Scarlett attempts to kill the group but falls to her death trying to do so. Once they get back home, Skylar is depressed over Caldera's civil war. But Bree informs her that Earth is her home. Kaz and Chase play a prank on Oliver using the robotic girls.
Guest stars: Angeline Appel as Christina, Alexxis Lemire as Scarlett Double, Melissa Christine as Skylar Double
Note: This is a double-length special episode.
12
"Sheep-Shifting" Bradley Steven Perry Maxwell Theodore Vivian October 1, 2016 (2016-10-01) 115 0.41[23]
Chase attempts to learn more about Roman and Riker's shape-shifting abilities by developing a potion. While Chase is not around, Kaz drinks the potion to test it out on himself, and gains shape-shifting abilities. While demonstrating his abilities to Oliver and Skylar, Kaz turns himself into a sheep, but then does not revert to his human appearance. Chase discovers that Kaz drank the potion, and explains that when he became a sheep, he took on the mental capacity of the animal, preventing him from knowing how to change back. The effects of the potion eventually wear off and Kaz returns to his former self. Meanwhile, Perry reveals to Bree that she starred on a television series when she was a child, and that a cast or crew member has died on every Halloween since the show ended. Perry is the last surviving member of the series and fears for her life, so she has Bree protect her.
Guest star: Maile Flanagan as Perry
13
"Game of Drones" Guy Distad Mark Brazill October 8, 2016 (2016-10-08) 108 0.34[24]
Oliver becomes jealous when Kaz begins spending time with Chase to build a drone for a drone race. Chase agrees to implement Kaz's unusual ideas into the drone design, but reveals to Oliver that he plans to remove the designs before the competition to increase the chances of winning. After Oliver tells Kaz about Chase's plans, they decide to take one of Davenport's drones to enter it in the competition against Chase. At the competition, Chase tells Kaz and Oliver that the drone they activated is an attack drone designed to destroy any threat it senses. Chase also reveals that he chose to leave Kaz's design ideas intact. Meanwhile, Perry reveals that she comes from a family of circus people, and that the women in her family were skilled tightrope walkers. Perry, feeling the need to achieve an accomplishment of her own, decides to tightrope-walk between two skyscrapers, which makes Bree nervous for Perry's safety. Perry dresses up with a circus outfit and umbrella for the stunt. Perry slips from the tightrope after the attack drone flies past her, although she manages to grab onto the rope before falling. The attack drone targets Perry, who destroys it with her umbrella.
Guest star: Maile Flanagan as Perry
14
"They Grow Up So Fast" Paul Hoen Julia Miranda October 15, 2016 (2016-10-15) 113 0.27[25]
Chase becomes obsessed with developing an age-reversal device after Kaz uses a mobile phone app to show him a picture of what he will look like when he is older. Tasha brings her baby daughter Naomi to visit the Elite Force. Naomi cries whenever she is held by Bree, who becomes jealous when she sees that Naomi likes being held by Skylar. Tasha says she has had little free time since Naomi was born, and asks the children if they would like to watch the baby for a while. Despite that she is not well-liked by Naomi, Bree insists on taking care of the baby to show Tasha that she can be trusted. While Bree is distracted by cleaning baby food off of her shirt, Naomi wanders away and finds the mission command center, where she uses Chase's anti-aging device. However, the device was not finished and instead ages Naomi by 12 years. Tasha returns and meets the older Naomi, whom Bree and Skylar say is actually a friend of theirs. When Chase is unable to turn Naomi back into a baby, Bree realizes she must confess to Tasha. As Bree is about to tell Tasha, Chase realizes how to turn Naomi back, and successfully does so without Tasha finding out what happened.
Guest stars: Angel Parker as Tasha, Camille Hyde as Naomi
15
"The Attack" William Brent Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore October 22, 2016 (2016-10-22) 116 0.55[26]
The Elite Force is surprised to see that Chase now has a girlfriend named Reese, who he just met at a library. They later learn that Roman and Riker are using their shape-shifting abilities to terrorize the city. Power goes out all over the city, and the Elite Force goes out to stop Roman and Riker. Reese is left at the penthouse with Douglas. Perry comes to be with Douglas as she is afraid of the chaos outside. Douglas leaves to activate the skyscraper's emergency generator, while Perry insists on her and Reese giving each other makeovers. The Elite Force arrives on the city streets to battle Roman and Riker, but they realize that they are actually up against a dozen shape-shifters. Rodissius arrives and reveals that the shape-shifters are his children, who are avenging him and the loss of his powers by attacking the city. Rodissius reveals that Reese is one of his children, and that his plan is for her to obtain the superhero list from the mission command center while it is unprotected by the Elite Force. Bree uses a new superhero ability to attack Rodissius. Douglas activates the generator, and then flees after seeing Perry's makeover, allowing Reese to enter the mission command center. Douglas retreats to the command center, where he is attacked by Reese. She escapes with the superhero list and then rescues her father. Perry and the Elite Force find Douglas badly injured, and discover that communications have been blocked, preventing them from warning the superheroes of Rodissius' plan. Chase declares war against Rodissius and his children.
Guest stars: Maile Flanagan as Perry, Jeremy Kent Jackson as Douglas, Eric Steinberg as Rodissius, Fivel Stewart as Reese
Ratings[edit]
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 15 March 2, 2016 (2016-03-02) 0.52[12] October 22, 2016 (2016-10-22) 0.55[26] 0.49
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Disney XD's New Spinoff Series Lab Rats: Elite Force Premieres Wednesday, March 2, 2016". The Futon Critic. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister (September 3, 2015). "Disney XD Greenlights Lab Rats and Mighty Med Spinoff Series". Variety. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Maldonado (October 18, 2016). "</3: Kelli Berglund Confirms 'Lab Rats: Elite Force' Is Ending". M magazine. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Corina Galdamez (February 11, 2016). "Lab Rats: Elite Force: Fact Sheet". Disney XD. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lab Rats: Elite Force, a Spinoff of Popular Comedy Series Lab Rats and Mighty Med, Premieres Wednesday, March 2, 2016". Corus Entertainment. February 3, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bryan Moore [@MooreBryan] (October 13, 2016). "Next week get ready for the ultimate #LabRats marathon! And it all leads up to the finale of #LabRatsEliteForce!" (Tweet). Retrieved June 4, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Emily Ashby. "Lab Rats: Elite Force TV Review". Common Sense Media. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Lab Rats: Elite Force Episode Listings". The Futon Critic.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lab Rats: Elite Force". Zap2it.
Jump up ^ "Lab Rats: Elite Force Episodes". Disney ABC Press. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (March 3, 2016). "Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.2.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (March 10, 2016). "Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.9.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (March 17, 2016). "Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.16.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (March 24, 2016). "Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.23.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (March 31, 2016). "Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.30.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (April 7, 2016). "Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.6.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (April 14, 2016). "Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.13.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Salem (July 26, 2016). "Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.25.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on July 28, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 20, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.10.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 20, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.17.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (September 27, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.24.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 4, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.1.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Salem (October 11, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.8.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 18, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.15.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitch Metcalf (October 25, 2016). "Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.22.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
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text:
River valley civilization
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A river civilization or river culture is an agricultural nation or civilization situated beside and drawing sustenance from a river. A river gives the inhabitants a reliable source of water for drinking and agriculture. Additional benefits include fishing, fertile soil due to annual flooding, and ease of transportation. The first great civilizations all grew up in river valleys.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Causes
3 Early civilizations
3.1 Mesopotamia
3.2 Egypt
3.3 Indus valley
3.4 Yellow River
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
History[edit]
Civilization first began in 3500 BCE, which along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East; the name given to that civilization, Mesopotamia, means "land between the rivers". The Nile valley in Egypt had been home to agricultural settlements as early as 5500 BCE, but the growth of Egypt as a civilization began around 3100 BCE. A third civilization grew up along the Indus River around 2600 BCE, in parts of what are now India and Pakistan. The fourth great river civilization emerged around 1700 BCE along the Yellow River in China, also known as the Huang-He River Civilization.[1][2]
Causes[edit]
Civilizations tended to grow up in river valleys for a number of reasons. The most obvious is access to a usually reliable source of water for agriculture and human needs. Plentiful water, and the enrichment of the soil due to annual floods, made it possible to grow excess crops beyond what was needed to sustain an agricultural village. This allowed for some members of the community to engage in non-agricultural activities such as construction of buildings and cities (the root of the word "civilization"), metal working, trade, and social organization.[3][4] Boats on the river provided an easy and efficient way to transport people and goods, allowing for the development of trade and facilitating central control of outlying areas.[5]
Early civilizations[edit]
Mesopotamia[edit]
Mesopotamia was the earliest river valley civilization, starting to form around 3500 BCE. The civilization was created after regular trading started relationships between multiple cities and states around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Mesopotamian cities became self-run civil governments. One of the cities within this civilization, Uruk, was the first literate society in history. Eventually, they all joined together to irrigate the two rivers in order to make their dry land fertile for agricultural growth. The increase in successful farming in this civilization allowed population growth throughout the cities and states within Mesopotamia.[6]
Egypt[edit]
Egypt also created irrigation systems from its local river, the Nile River, more intricate than previous systems. The Egyptians would rotate legumes with cereal which would stop salt buildup from the fresh water and enhance the fertility of their fields. The Nile River also allowed easier travel among the civilization, eventually resulting in the creation of two kingdoms in the north and south areas of the river until both were unified into one society by 3000 BCE.[7]
Indus valley[edit]
Much of the history of the Indus valley civilization, discovered in the 1920s, is unknown. Discovered in the 1920s, Harappan society remains a mystery because the Harappan system of writing has not yet been deciphered. It was larger than either Egypt or Mesopotamia. Historians have found no evidence of violence or a ruling class; there are no distinctive burial sites and there is not a lot of evidence to suggest a formal military. However, historians believe that the lack of knowledge about the ruling class and the military is mainly due to the inability to read Harappan writing.[8]
Yellow River[edit]
The Yellow River (Huang He) area became settled around 4000 BC.[9] Many tribes settled along the river, sixth longest in the world, which was distinguished by its heavy load of yellow silt and its periodic devastating floods. Recorded Chinese history begins with the first great wall, the Xia Dynasty, which went through the Yellow River valley from 2100 to 1600 BC. A major impetus for the tribes to unite into a single kingdom was the desire to find a solution to the frequent deadly floods. The Xia dug canals to channel excess water away from the area, resulting in a strong civilization with bountiful harvests and powerful leaders. The Yellow River is often called "The Cradle of Chinese Civilization".[10]
See also[edit]
Hydraulic empire
Irrigation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McCannon, John (2008). Barron's AP World History. Barron's Educational Series Inc. pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-0-7641-3822-5.
Jump up ^ "The River Valley Civilization Guide". rivervalleycivilizations.com. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Rivers and Civilization: What's the Link?. Mindsparks. 2007. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-57596-251-1.
Jump up ^ Mountjoy, Shane (2005). Rivers in World History: The Indus River. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 15.
Jump up ^ "Indus River Valley Civilization". The River Valley Civilization Guide. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Adrian Cole and Stephen Ortega, The Thinking Past (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 83, 95-101.
Jump up ^ Adrian Cole and Stephen Ortega, The Thinking Past (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 83, 95-101.
Jump up ^ Adrian Cole and Stephen Ortega, The Thinking Past (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 106-108.
Jump up ^ The Yellow River, Rivervalleycivilizations.com
Jump up ^ Szczepanski, Kallie (March 29, 2017). "The Yellow River and its role in Chinese history". Thoughtco. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Clayton, Peter A. & Dent, John (1973). The Ancient River Civilizations: Western Man & the Modern World. Elsevier. ISBN 9780080172095
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_valley_civilization&oldid=804748512"
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