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History of North Africa
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North Africa is a relatively thin strip of land between the Sahara desert and the Mediterranean, stretching from Moroccan Atlantic coast to Egypt. The region comprises seven countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, and Western Sahara.[1] The history of the region is a mix of influences from many different cultures. The development of sea travel firmly brought the region into the Mediterranean world, especially during the classical period. In the 1st millennium AD, the Sahara became an equally important area for trade as the camel caravans brought goods and people from the south. The region also has a small but crucial land link to the Middle East, and that area has also played a central role in the history of North Africa.
Contents
1 Prehistory
2 Classical period
3 Arrival of Islam
3.1 The Arab Conquest
3.2 Kharijite Berber Rebellion
3.3 Rustamids
3.4 Banu Midrar
3.5 Aghlabids
3.6 Abbasids
3.7 Idrisids
3.8 Fatimids
4 The Muslim Berber Dynasties
4.1 Zirids
4.2 Almoravids
4.3 Almohads
4.4 Marinids
4.5 Hafsids
4.6 Zayyanids
4.7 Wattasids
5 Ottoman rule
6 European colonization
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Prehistory[edit]
Main articles: Prehistoric Egypt and Prehistoric North Africa
Further information: History of ancient Egypt and Nubia
The earliest known humans lived in North Africa around 260,000 BC.[2] Through most of the Stone Age the climate in the region was very different from today, the Sahara being far more moist and savanna like. Home to herds of large mammals, this area could support a large hunter-gatherer population and the Aterian culture that developed was one of the most advanced paleolithic societies.
In the Mesolithic, the Capsian culture dominated the eastern part of North Africa with Neolithic farmers becoming predominant by 6000 BC. Over this period, the Sahara region was steadily drying, creating a barrier between North Africa and the rest of the African continent.
Various populations of pastoralists have left paintings of abundant wildlife, domesticated animals, chariots, and a complex culture that dates back to at least 10,000 BCE in Northern Niger and neighboring parts of Algeria and Libya. Several former northern Nigerian villages and archaeological sites date from the Green Sahara period of 7,500-7,000 to 3,500-3,000 BCE[citation needed]
The Nile Valley on the Eastern edge of North Africa is one of the richest agricultural areas in the world. The desiccation of the Sahara is believed to have increased the population density in the Nile Valley and large cities developed. Eventually Ancient Egypt unified in one of the world's first civilizations.
Classical period[edit]
See also: North Africa during the Classical Period, Ptolemaic Egypt, Roman Egypt
The expanse of the Libyan Desert cut Egypt off from the rest of North Africa. Egyptian boats, while well suited to the Nile, were not usable in the open Mediterranean. Moreover, the Egyptian merchant had far more prosperous destinations on Crete, Cyprus and the Levant.
Greeks from Europe and the Phoenicians from Asia also settled along the coast of Northern Africa. Both societies drew their prosperity from the sea and from ocean-born trade. They found only limited trading opportunities with the native inhabitants, and instead turned to colonization. The Greek trade was based mainly in the Aegean, Adriatic, Black, and Red Seas and they only established major cities in Cyrenaica, directly to the south of Greece. In 332 BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and for the next three centuries it was ruled by the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty.
The Phoenicians developed an even larger presence in North Africa with colonies from Tripoli to the Atlantic. One of the most important Phoenician cities was Carthage, which grew into one of the greatest powers in the region. At the height of its power, Carthage controlled the Western Mediterranean and most of North Africa outside of Egypt. However, Rome, Carthage's major rival to the north, defeated it in a series of wars known as the Punic Wars, resulting in Carthage's destruction in 146 BC and the annexation of its empire by the Romans. In 30 BC, Roman Emperor Octavian conquered Egypt, officially annexing it to the Empire and, for the first time, unifying the North African coast under a single ruler.
The Carthaginian power had penetrated deep into the Sahara ensuring the quiescence of the nomadic tribes in the region. The Roman Empire was more confined to the coast, yet routinely expropriated Berber land for Roman farmers. They thus faced a constant threat from the south. A network of forts and walls were established on the southern frontier, eventually securing the region well enough for local garrisons to control it without broader Imperial support.
When the Roman Empire began to collapse, North Africa was spared much of the disruption until the Vandal invasion of 429 AD. The Vandals ruled in North Africa until the territories were regained by Justinian of the Eastern Empire in the 6th century. Egypt was never invaded by the Vandals because there was a thousand-mile buffer of desert and because the Eastern Roman Empire was better defended.
Arrival of Islam[edit]
See also Egypt in the Middle Ages, Medieval Muslim Algeria, Berbers and Islam, Islam in Africa
The Arab Conquest[edit]
see also Umayyad conquest of North Africa, Byzantine-Arab Wars, and the Battle of Carthage (698)
The Mosque of Uqba also known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan was founded by the Arab conqueror Uqba Ibn Nafi al-Fihiri in 670 AD; it is the oldest and most important mosque in North Africa,[3] city of Kairouan, Tunisia.
The Arab invasion of the Maghrib began in 642 AD when Amr ibn al-As, the governor of Egypt, invaded Cyrenaica, advancing as far as the city of Tripoli by 645 AD. Further expansion into North Africa waited another twenty years, due to the First Islamic civil war. In 670 AD, Uqba ibn Nafi al-Fihiri invaded what is now Tunisia in an attempt to take the region from the Byzantine Empire, but was only partially successful. He founded the town of Kairouan but was replaced by Abul-Muhajir Dinar in 674 AD. Abul-Muhajir successfully advanced into what is now eastern Algeria incorporating the Berber confederation ruled by Kusaila into the Islamic sphere of influence.[4]
In 681 AD Uqba was given command of the Arab forces again and advanced westward again in 682 AD, holding Kusaya as a hostage. He advanced as far as the Atlantic Ocean in the west and penetrated the Draa River Valley and the Sus region in what is now Morocco. However, Kusaila escaped during the campaign and attacked Uqba on his return and killed him near Biskra in what is now Algeria. After Uqba's death, the Arab armies retreated from Kairouan, which Kusaila took as his capital. He ruled there until he was defeated by an Arab army under Zuhair ibn Kays. Zuhair himself was killed in 688 AD while fighting against the Byzantine Empire who had reoccupied Cyrenaica while he was busy in Tunisia.[4]
In 693 AD, Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan sent an army of 40,000 men, commanded by Hasan ibn al-Nu'man, into Cyrenaica and Tripolitania in order to remove the Byzantine threat to the Umayyads advance in North Africa. They met no resistance until they reached Tunisia where they captured Carthage and defeated the Byzantines and Berbers around Bizerte.[4]
Soon afterwards, al-Nu'man's forces came into conflict with the indigenous Berbers of the Jrāwa tribe under the leadership of their queen, Al-Kahina. The Berbers defeated al-Nu'man in two engagements, the first on the river Nini and the second near Gabis, upon which al-Nu'man's forces retreated to Cyrenaica to wait for reinforcements. Reinforcements arrived in 697 AD and al-Nu'man advanced into what is now Tunisia, again meeting Al-Kahina near Gabis. This time he was successful and Al-Kahina retreated to Tubna where her forces were defeated and she was killed.[4]
al-Nu'man next recaptured Carthage from the Byzantines, who had retaken it when he retreated from Tunisia. He founded the city of Tunis nearby and used it as the base for the Ummayad navy in the Mediterranean Sea. The Byzantines were forced to abandon the Maghreb and retreat to the islands of the Mediterranean Sea. However, in 705 AD he was replaced by Musa bin Nusair, a protégé of then governor of Egypt, Abdul-Aziz ibn Marwan. Nusair attacked what is now Morocco, captured Tangier, and advanced as far as the Sus river and the Tafilalt oasis in a three-year campaign.[4]
Kharijite Berber Rebellion[edit]
see also Berber Revolt
see also Kharijites
Rustamids[edit]
See also: Rustamid
Banu Midrar[edit]
Main article: Banu Midrar
Aghlabids[edit]
See also: Aghlabid
Abbasids[edit]
See also: Abbasid
Idrisids[edit]
See also: Idrisid Dynasty
Fatimids[edit]
See also: Fatimid
The Muslim Berber Dynasties[edit]
Zirids[edit]
See also: Zirid
Almoravids[edit]
See also: Almoravid dynasty
In the 11th century, Berbers of the Sahara began a jihad to reform Islam in North Africa and remove any trace of cultural or religious pluralism. This movement created an empire encompassing parts of Spain and North Africa. At its greatest extent, it appears to have included southern and eastern Iberia and roughly all of present-day Morocco. This movement seems to have assisted the southern penetration of Africa, one that was continued by later groups. In addition, the Almoravids are traditionally believed to have attacked and brought about the destruction of the West African Ghana Empire.[5]
Moorish Princes.
However, this interpretation has been questioned. Conrad and Fisher (1982) argued that the notion of any Almoravid military conquest at its core is merely perpetuated folklore, derived from a misinterpretation or naive reliance on Arabic sources[6] while Dierke Lange agrees but argues that this doesn't preclude Almoravid political agitation, claiming that Ghana's demise owed much to the latter.[7]
Almohads[edit]
See also: Almohad Dynasty
The Almohads (or Almohadis) were similar to the Almoravids, in that they similarly attacked any alternative beliefs that they saw as corruptions of Islam. They managed to conquer southern Spain, and their North African empire extended further than that of the Almoravids, reaching to Egypt.
Marinids[edit]
See also: Marinid Dynasty
Hafsids[edit]
See also: Hafsid Dynasty
The Hafsids were a Masmuda-Berber dynasty ruling Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) from 1229 to 1574. Their territories were stretched from east of modern Algeria to west of modern Libya during their zenith.
The dynasty was named after Muhammad bin Abu Hafs a Berber from the Masmuda tribe of Morocco. He was appointed governor of Ifriqiya (present day Tunisia) by Muhammad an-Nasir, Caliph of the Almohad empire between 1198-1213. The Banu Hafs, were a powerful group amongst the Almohads; their ancestor is Omar Abu Hafs al-Hentati, a member of the council of ten and a close companion of Ibn Tumart. His original name was "Fesga Oumzal", which later changed to "Abu Hafs Omar ibn Yahya al-Hentati" (also known as "Omar Inti") since it was a tradition of Ibn Tumart to rename his close companions once they had adhered to his religious teachings. The Hafsids as governors on behalf of the Almohads faced constant threats from Banu Ghaniya who were descendents of Almoravid princes which the Almohads had defeated and replaced as a ruling dynasty.
Hafsids were Ifriqiya governors of Almohads until 1229, when they declared independence. After the split of the Hafsids from the Almohads under Abu Zakariya (1229–1249), Abu Zakariya organised the administration in Ifriqiya (the Roman province of Africa in modern Maghreb; today's Tunisia, eastern Algeria and western Libya) and built Tunis up as the economic and cultural centre of the empire. At the same time, many Muslims from Al-Andalus fleeing the Spanish Reconquista of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal were absorbed. He also conquered Tlemcen in 1242 and took Abdalwadids as his vassal. His successor Muhammad I al-Mustansir (1249–1277) took the title of Caliph.
In the 14th century the empire underwent a temporary decline. Although the Hafsids succeeded for a time in subjugating the Kingdom of Tlemcen of the Abdalwadids, between 1347 and 1357 they were twice conquered by the Merinids of Morocco. The Abdalwadids however could not defeat the Bedouin; ultimately, the Hafsids were able to regain their empire. During the same period plague epidemics caused a considerable fall in population, further weakening the empire. Under the Hafsids, commerce with Christian Europe grew significantly, however piracy against Christian shipping grew as well, particularly during the rule of Abd al-Aziz II (1394–1434). The profits were used for a great building programme and to support art and culture. However, piracy also provoked retaliation from Aragon and Venice, which several times attacked Tunisian coastal cities. Under Utman (1435–1488) the Hafsids reached their zenith, as the caravan trade through the Sahara and with Egypt was developed, as well as sea trade with Venice and Aragon. The Bedouins and the cities of the empire became largely independent, leaving the Hafsids in control of only Tunis and Constantine.
In the 16th century the Hafsids became increasingly caught up in the power struggle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire-supported Corsairs. Ottomans conquered Tunis in 1534 and held one year. Due to Ottoman threat, Hafsids were vassal of Spain after 1535. Ottomans again conquered Tunis in 1569 and held it for 4 years. Don Juan of Austria recaptured it in 1573. The latter conquered Tunis in 1574 and the Hafsids accepted becoming a Spanish vassal state to offset the Ottoman threat. Muhammad IV, the last Caliph of the Hafsids was brought to Constantinople and was subsequently executed due to his collaboration with Spain and the desire of the Ottoman Sultan to take the title of Caliph as he now controlled Mecca and Medina. The Hafsid lineage survived the Ottoman massacre by a branch of the family being taken to the Canary Island of Tenerife by the Spanish.
Zayyanids[edit]
See also: Zayyanid
Wattasids[edit]
See also: Wattasid Dynasty
Ottoman rule[edit]
See also History of Ottoman Egypt
After the Middle Ages, Northern Africa was loosely under the control of the Ottoman Empire, except for the region of Morocco. Ottoman rule was centered on the cities of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli.
European colonization[edit]
Further information: European enclaves in North Africa before 1830
During the 18th and 19th century, North Africa was colonized by France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Italy. During the 1950s and 1960s, and into the 1970s, all of the North African states gained independence from their colonial European rulers, except for a few small Spanish colonies on the far northern tip of Morocco, and parts of the Sahara region, which went from Spanish to Moroccan rule.
In modern times the Suez canal in Egypt (constructed in 1869) has caused a great deal of controversy. The Convention of Constantinople in 1888 declared the canal a neutral zone under the protection of the British, after British troops had moved in to protect it in 1882. Under the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, the United Kingdom insisted on retaining control over the canal. In 1951 Egypt repudiated the treaty, and by 1954 Great Britain had agreed to pull out.
After the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to support the construction of the Aswan Dam, president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal, which caused Britain, France and Israel to invade in the week-long Suez War. As a result of damage and sunken ships, the canal was closed until April 1957, after it had been cleaned up with UN assistance. A United Nations force (UNEF) was established to maintain the neutrality of the canal and the Sinai Peninsula.
See also[edit]
History of Africa#North Africa
History of Algeria
History of Egypt
History of Libya
History of Morocco
History of Tunisia
History of Western Sahara
References[edit]
Jump up ^ According to UN country classification here: http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm. The disputed territory of Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) is mostly administered by Morocco; the Polisario Front claims the territory in militating for the establishment of an independent republic, and exercises limited control over rump border territories.
Jump up ^ Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano (2017-06-07). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens". Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. doi:10.1038/nature22336. ISSN 0028-0836.
Jump up ^ Hans Kung, Tracing the Way : Spiritual Dimensions of the World Religions, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, page 248
^ Jump up to: a b c d e A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Jump up ^ Lange, Dierk (1996). "The Almoravid expansion and the downfall of Ghana", Der Islam 73, pp. 122-159
Jump up ^ Masonen & Fisher 1996.
Jump up ^ Lange 1996, pp. 122-159.
Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33184-6.
Stearns, Peter N., et al. World Civilizations: The Global Experience. AP Edition DBQ Update. New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006. 174.
External links[edit]
Maroc-history: A Taste of Maghribi History
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List of solar eclipses in the 20th century
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lists of solar eclipses
Geometry of a total solar eclipse
(not to scale)
Centuries
BC
20th
19th
18th
17th
16th
15th
14th
13th
12th
11th
10th
9th
8th
7th
6th
5th
4th
3rd
2nd
1st
AD
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th
Eclipses seen from
Australia
China
Philippines
Russia
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
See also Lists of lunar eclipses
This is a list of solar eclipses in the 20th century. During the period 1901 to 2000 there were 228 solar eclipses of which 78 were partial, 73 were annular (two non-central), 71 were total (three non-central) and 6 were hybrids. The greatest number of eclipses in one year was five, in 1935, and one month, July 2000, had two eclipses.[1]
Notable eclipses of the 20th century[edit]
29 May 1919: this total eclipse was photographed by Arthur Eddington to verify general relativity[2]
20 June 1955: longest total eclipse between 1901 and 2000, lasting a maximum of 7 minutes and 8 seconds[3]
30 June 1973: a Concorde jet flew along the path, thereby extending the length of totality to 74 min.[4]
29 March 1987: second hybrid eclipse in less than one year, the first being on 1986 October 3.
31 July 2000: the second solar eclipse within one calendar month, the first being on 2000 July 1.
Table[edit]
The table gives the date and time of the greatest eclipse (in dynamical time, which in this case is the time when the axis of the Moon's shadow cone passes closest to the centre of Earth).[5] It also gives the type of eclipse (either Total, Annular, Partial or Hybrid) and for total and annular eclipses it gives the duration of the eclipse. The location of the greatest eclipse and the path width are also given, as well as the geographical areas affected.
Date
Type
Time (greatest)
Saros
Member
Gamma
Magnitude
Path
width
(km)
Duration
Chart
May 18, 1901 Total 5:33:48 136 31 -0.3626 1.068 238 6m29s
November 11, 1901 Annular 7:28:21 141 17 0.4758 0.9216 336 11m1s
April 8, 1902 Partial 14:05:06 108 76 1.5024 0.0643
May 7, 1902 Partial 22:34:16 146 21 -1.0831 0.8593
October 31, 1902 Partial 8:00:18 151 8 1.1556 0.696
March 29, 1903 Annular 1:35:23 118 62 0.8413 0.9767 153 1m53s
September 21, 1903 Total 4:39:52 123 47 -0.8967 1.0316 241 2m12s
March 17, 1904 Annular 5:40:44 128 52 0.1299 0.9367 237 8m7s
September 9, 1904 Total 20:44:21 133 39 -0.1625 1.0709 234 6m20s
March 6, 1905 Annular 5:12:26 138 25 -0.5768 0.9269 334 7m58s
August 30, 1905 Total 13:07:26 143 17 0.5708 1.0477 192 3m46s
February 23, 1906 Partial 7:43:20 148 15 -1.2479 0.5386
July 21, 1906 Partial 13:14:19 115 70 -1.3637 0.3355
August 20, 1906 Partial 1:12:50 153 3 1.3731 0.3147
January 14, 1907 Total 6:05:43 120 55 0.8628 1.0281 189 2m25s
July 10, 1907 Annular 15:24:32 125 48 -0.6313 0.9456 258 7m23s
January 3, 1908 Total 21:45:22 130 46 0.1934 1.0437 149 4m14s
June 28, 1908 Annular 16:29:51 135 33 0.1389 0.9655 126 4m0s
December 23, 1908 Hybrid 11:44:28 140 23 -0.4985 1.0024 10 0m12s
June 17, 1909 Hybrid 23:18:38 145 16 0.8957 1.0065 51 0m24s
December 12, 1909 Partial 19:44:48 150 11 -1.2456 0.5424
May 9, 1910 Total 5:42:13 117 63 -0.9437 1.06 594 4m15s
November 2, 1910 Partial 2:08:32 122 52 1.0603 0.8515
April 28, 1911 Total 22:27:22 127 52 -0.2294 1.0562 190 4m57s
October 22, 1911 Annular 4:13:02 132 40 0.3224 0.965 133 3m47s
April 17, 1912 Hybrid 11:34:22 137 30 0.528 1.0003 1 0m2s
October 10, 1912 Total 13:36:14 142 17 -0.4149 1.0229 85 1m55s
April 6, 1913 Partial 17:33:07 147 17 1.3147 0.4244
August 31, 1913 Partial 20:52:12 114 71 1.4512 0.1513
September 30, 1913 Partial 4:45:49 152 7 -1.1005 0.8252
February 25, 1914 Annular 0:13:01 119 60 -0.9416 0.9248 839 5m35s
August 21, 1914 Total 12:34:27 124 49 0.7655 1.0328 170 2m14s
February 14, 1915 Annular 4:33:20 129 46 -0.2024 0.9789 77 2m4s
August 10, 1915 Annular 22:52:25 134 38 0.0124 0.9853 52 1m33s
February 3, 1916 Total 16:00:21 139 24 0.4987 1.028 108 2m36s
July 30, 1916 Annular 2:06:10 144 11 -0.7709 0.9447 313 6m24s
December 24, 1916 Partial 20:46:22 111 78 -1.5321 0.0114
January 23, 1917 Partial 7:28:31 149 15 1.1508 0.7254
June 19, 1917 Partial 13:16:21 116 67 1.2857 0.4729
July 19, 1917 Partial 2:42:42 154 1 -1.5101 0.0863
December 14, 1917 Annular 9:27:20 121 55 -0.9157 0.9791 189 1m17s
June 8, 1918 Total 22:07:43 126 42 0.4658 1.0292 112 2m23s
December 3, 1918 Annular 15:22:02 131 45 -0.2387 0.9383 236 7m6s
May 29, 1919 Total 13:08:55 136 32 -0.2955 1.0719 244 6m51s
November 22, 1919 Annular 15:14:12 141 18 0.4549 0.9198 341 11m37s
May 18, 1920 Partial 6:14:55 146 22 -1.0239 0.9734
November 10, 1920 Partial 15:52:15 151 9 1.1287 0.742
April 8, 1921 Annular 9:15:01 118 63 0.8869 0.9753 192 1m50s
October 1, 1921 Total 12:35:58 123 48 -0.9383 1.0293 291 1m52s
March 28, 1922 Annular 13:05:26 128 53 0.1711 0.9381 233 7m50s
September 21, 1922 Total 4:40:31 133 40 -0.213 1.0678 226 5m59s
March 17, 1923 Annular 12:44:58 138 26 -0.5438 0.931 305 7m51s
September 10, 1923 Total 20:47:29 143 18 0.5149 1.043 167 3m37s
March 5, 1924 Partial 15:44:20 148 16 -1.2232 0.5819
July 31, 1924 Partial 19:58:20 115 71 -1.4459 0.192
August 30, 1924 Partial 8:23:00 153 4 1.3123 0.4245
January 24, 1925 Total 14:54:03 120 56 0.8661 1.0304 206 2m32s
July 20, 1925 Annular 21:48:42 125 49 -0.7193 0.9436 300 7m15s
January 14, 1926 Total 6:36:58 130 47 0.1973 1.043 147 4m11s
July 9, 1926 Annular 23:06:02 135 34 0.0538 0.968 115 3m51s
January 3, 1927 Annular 20:22:53 140 24 -0.4956 0.9995 2 0m3s
June 29, 1927 Total 6:23:27 145 17 0.8163 1.0128 77 0m50s
December 24, 1927 Partial 3:59:41 150 12 -1.2416 0.549
May 19, 1928 Total 13:24:20 117 64 1.0048 1.014 - ms
June 17, 1928 Partial 20:27:28 155 1 1.5107 0.0375
November 12, 1928 Partial 9:48:24 122 53 1.0861 0.8078
May 9, 1929 Total 6:10:34 127 53 -0.2887 1.0562 193 5m7s
November 1, 1929 Annular 12:05:10 132 41 0.3514 0.9649 134 3m54s
April 28, 1930 Hybrid 19:03:34 137 31 0.473 1.0003 1 0m1s
October 21, 1930 Total 21:43:53 142 18 -0.3804 1.023 84 1m55s
April 18, 1931 Partial 0:45:35 147 18 1.2643 0.5107
September 12, 1931 Partial 4:41:25 114 72 1.506 0.0471
October 11, 1931 Partial 12:55:40 152 8 -1.0607 0.9005
March 7, 1932 Annular 7:55:50 119 61 -0.9673 0.9277 1083 5m19s
August 31, 1932 Total 20:03:41 124 50 0.8307 1.0257 155 1m45s
February 24, 1933 Annular 12:46:39 129 47 -0.2191 0.9841 58 1m32s
August 21, 1933 Annular 5:49:11 134 39 0.0869 0.9801 71 2m4s
February 14, 1934 Total 0:38:41 139 25 0.4868 1.0321 123 2m53s
August 10, 1934 Annular 8:37:48 144 12 -0.689 0.9436 280 6m33s
January 5, 1935 Partial 5:35:46 111 79 -1.5381 0.0013
February 3, 1935 Partial 16:16:20 149 16 1.1438 0.739
June 30, 1935 Partial 19:59:46 116 68 1.3623 0.3375
July 30, 1935 Partial 9:16:28 154 2 -1.4259 0.2315
December 25, 1935 Annular 17:59:52 121 56 -0.9228 0.9752 234 1m30s
June 19, 1936 Total 5:20:31 126 43 0.5389 1.0329 132 2m31s
December 13, 1936 Annular 23:28:12 131 46 -0.2493 0.9349 251 7m25s
June 8, 1937 Total 20:41:02 136 33 -0.2253 1.0751 250 7m4s
December 2, 1937 Annular 23:05:45 141 19 0.4389 0.9184 344 12m0s
May 29, 1938 Total 13:50:19 146 23 -0.9607 1.0552 675 4m5s
November 21, 1938 Partial 23:52:25 151 10 1.1077 0.7781
April 19, 1939 Annular 16:45:53 118 64 0.9388 0.9731 285 1m49s
October 12, 1939 Total 20:40:23 123 49 -0.9737 1.0266 418 1m32s
April 7, 1940 Annular 20:21:21 128 54 0.219 0.9394 230 7m30s
October 1, 1940 Total 12:44:06 133 41 -0.2573 1.0645 218 5m35s
March 27, 1941 Annular 20:08:08 138 27 -0.5025 0.9355 276 7m41s
September 21, 1941 Total 4:34:03 143 19 0.4649 1.0379 143 3m22s
March 16, 1942 Partial 23:37:07 148 17 -1.1908 0.6393
August 12, 1942 Partial 2:45:12 115 72 -1.5244 0.0561
September 10, 1942 Partial 15:39:32 153 5 1.2571 0.523
February 4, 1943 Total 23:38:10 120 57 0.8734 1.0331 229 2m39s
August 1, 1943 Annular 4:16:13 125 50 -0.8041 0.9409 367 6m59s
January 25, 1944 Total 15:26:42 130 48 0.2025 1.0428 146 4m9s
July 20, 1944 Annular 5:43:13 135 35 -0.0314 0.97 108 3m42s
January 14, 1945 Annular 5:01:43 140 25 -0.4937 0.997 12 0m15s
July 9, 1945 Total 13:27:46 145 18 0.7356 1.018 92 1m15s
January 3, 1946 Partial 12:16:11 150 13 -1.2392 0.5529
May 30, 1946 Partial 21:00:24 117 65 -1.0711 0.8865
June 29, 1946 Partial 3:51:58 155 2 1.4361 0.1802
November 23, 1946 Partial 17:37:12 122 54 1.105 0.7758
May 20, 1947 Total 13:47:47 127 54 -0.3528 1.0557 196 5m13s
November 12, 1947 Annular 20:05:37 132 42 0.3743 0.965 135 3m59s
May 9, 1948 Annular 2:26:04 137 32 0.4133 0.9999 0 0m0s
November 1, 1948 Total 5:59:18 142 19 -0.3517 1.0231 84 1m56s
April 28, 1949 Partial 7:48:53 147 19 1.2068 0.6092
October 21, 1949 Partial 21:13:01 152 9 -1.027 0.9638
March 18, 1950 Annular 15:32:01 119 62 0.9988 0.962 - ms
September 12, 1950 Total 3:38:47 124 51 0.8903 1.0182 134 1m14s
March 7, 1951 Annular 20:53:40 129 48 -0.242 0.9896 38 0m59s
September 1, 1951 Annular 12:51:51 134 40 0.1557 0.9747 91 2m36s
February 25, 1952 Total 9:11:35 139 26 0.4697 1.0366 138 3m9s
August 20, 1952 Annular 15:13:35 144 13 -0.6102 0.942 264 6m40s
February 14, 1953 Partial 0:59:30 149 17 1.1331 0.7596
July 11, 1953 Partial 2:44:14 116 69 1.4388 0.2015
August 9, 1953 Partial 15:55:03 154 3 -1.344 0.3729
January 5, 1954 Annular 2:32:01 121 57 -0.9296 0.972 278 1m42s
June 30, 1954 Total 12:32:38 126 44 0.6135 1.0357 153 2m35s
December 25, 1954 Annular 7:36:42 131 47 -0.2576 0.9323 262 7m39s
June 20, 1955 Total 4:10:42 136 34 -0.1528 1.0776 254 7m8s
December 14, 1955 Annular 7:02:25 141 20 0.4266 0.9176 346 12m9s
June 8, 1956 Total 21:20:39 146 24 -0.8934 1.0581 429 4m45s
December 2, 1956 Partial 8:00:35 151 11 1.0923 0.8047
April 30, 1957 Annular 0:05:28 118 65 0.9992 0.9799 - ms
October 23, 1957 Total 4:54:02 123 50 1.0022 1.0013 - ms
April 19, 1958 Annular 3:27:17 128 55 0.275 0.9408 228 7m7s
October 12, 1958 Total 20:55:28 133 42 -0.2951 1.0608 209 5m11s
April 8, 1959 Annular 3:24:08 138 28 -0.4546 0.9401 247 7m26s
October 2, 1959 Total 12:27:00 143 20 0.4207 1.0325 120 3m2s
March 27, 1960 Partial 7:25:07 148 18 -1.1537 0.7058
September 20, 1960 Partial 22:59:56 153 6 1.2057 0.6139
February 15, 1961 Total 8:19:48 120 58 0.883 1.036 258 2m45s
August 11, 1961 Annular 10:46:47 125 51 -0.8859 0.9375 499 6m35s
February 5, 1962 Total 0:12:38 130 49 0.2107 1.043 147 4m8s
July 31, 1962 Annular 12:25:33 135 36 -0.113 0.9716 103 3m33s
January 25, 1963 Annular 13:37:12 140 26 -0.4898 0.9951 20 0m25s
July 20, 1963 Total 20:36:13 145 19 0.6571 1.0224 101 1m40s
January 14, 1964 Partial 20:30:08 150 14 -1.2354 0.5591
June 10, 1964 Partial 4:34:07 117 66 -1.1393 0.7545
July 9, 1964 Partial 11:17:53 155 3 1.3623 0.3221
December 4, 1964 Partial 1:31:54 122 55 1.1193 0.7518
May 30, 1965 Total 21:17:31 127 55 -0.4225 1.0544 198 5m15s
November 23, 1965 Annular 4:14:51 132 43 0.3906 0.9656 134 4m2s
May 20, 1966 Annular 9:39:02 137 33 0.3467 0.9991 3 0m5s
November 12, 1966 Total 14:23:28 142 20 -0.33 1.0234 84 1m57s
May 9, 1967 Partial 14:42:48 147 20 1.1422 0.7201
November 2, 1967 Total 5:38:56 152 10 1.0007 1.0126 - ms
March 28, 1968 Partial 23:00:30 119 63 -1.037 0.899
September 22, 1968 Total 11:18:46 124 52 0.9451 1.0099 104 0m40s
March 18, 1969 Annular 4:54:57 129 49 -0.2704 0.9954 16 0m26s
September 11, 1969 Annular 19:58:59 134 41 0.2201 0.969 114 3m11s
March 7, 1970 Total 17:38:30 139 27 0.4473 1.0414 153 3m28s
August 31, 1970 Annular 21:55:30 144 14 -0.5364 0.94 258 6m47s
February 25, 1971 Partial 9:38:07 149 18 1.1188 0.7872
July 22, 1971 Partial 9:31:55 116 70 1.513 0.0689
August 20, 1971 Partial 22:39:31 154 4 -1.2659 0.508
January 16, 1972 Annular 11:03:22 121 58 -0.9365 0.9692 321 1m53s
July 10, 1972 Total 19:46:38 126 45 0.6872 1.0379 175 2m36s
January 4, 1973 Annular 15:46:21 131 48 -0.2644 0.9303 271 7m49s
June 30, 1973 Total 11:38:41 136 35 -0.0785 1.0792 256 7m4s
December 24, 1973 Annular 15:02:44 141 21 0.4171 0.9174 345 12m2s
June 20, 1974 Total 4:48:04 146 25 -0.8239 1.0592 344 5m9s
December 13, 1974 Partial 16:13:13 151 12 1.0797 0.8266
May 11, 1975 Partial 7:17:33 118 66 1.0647 0.8636
November 3, 1975 Partial 13:15:54 123 51 -1.0248 0.9588
April 29, 1976 Annular 10:24:18 128 56 0.3378 0.9421 227 6m41s
October 23, 1976 Total 5:13:45 133 43 -0.327 1.0572 199 4m46s
April 18, 1977 Annular 10:31:30 138 29 -0.399 0.9449 220 7m4s
October 12, 1977 Total 20:27:27 143 21 0.3836 1.0269 99 2m37s
April 7, 1978 Partial 15:03:47 148 19 -1.1081 0.7883
October 2, 1978 Partial 6:28:43 153 7 1.1616 0.6905
February 26, 1979 Total 16:55:06 120 59 0.8981 1.0391 298 2m49s
August 22, 1979 Annular 17:22:38 125 52 -0.9632 0.9329 953 6m3s
February 16, 1980 Total 8:54:01 130 50 0.2224 1.0434 149 4m8s
August 10, 1980 Annular 19:12:21 135 37 -0.1915 0.9727 100 3m23s
February 4, 1981 Annular 22:09:24 140 27 -0.4838 0.9937 25 0m33s
July 31, 1981 Total 3:46:37 145 20 0.5792 1.0258 108 2m2s
January 25, 1982 Partial 4:42:53 150 15 -1.2311 0.5663
June 21, 1982 Partial 12:04:33 117 67 -1.2102 0.6168
July 20, 1982 Partial 18:44:44 155 4 1.2886 0.4643
December 15, 1982 Partial 9:32:09 122 56 1.1293 0.735
June 11, 1983 Total 4:43:33 127 56 -0.4947 1.0524 199 5m11s
December 4, 1983 Annular 12:31:15 132 44 0.4015 0.9666 131 4m1s
May 30, 1984 Annular 16:45:41 137 34 0.2755 0.998 7 0m11s
November 22, 1984 Total 22:54:17 142 21 -0.3132 1.0237 85 2m0s
May 19, 1985 Partial 21:29:38 147 21 1.072 0.8406
November 12, 1985 Total 14:11:27 152 11 -0.9795 1.0388 690 1m59s
April 9, 1986 Partial 6:21:22 119 64 -1.0822 0.8236
October 3, 1986 Hybrid 19:06:15 124 53 0.9931 1 1 0m0s
March 29, 1987 Hybrid 12:49:47 129 50 -0.3053 1.0013 5 0m8s
September 23, 1987 Annular 3:12:22 134 42 0.2787 0.9634 137 3m49s
March 18, 1988 Total 1:58:56 139 28 0.4188 1.0464 169 3m46s
September 11, 1988 Annular 4:44:29 144 15 -0.4681 0.9377 258 6m57s
March 7, 1989 Partial 18:08:41 149 19 1.0981 0.8268
August 31, 1989 Partial 5:31:47 154 5 -1.1928 0.6344
January 26, 1990 Annular 19:31:24 121 59 -0.9457 0.967 373 2m3s
July 22, 1990 Total 3:03:07 126 46 0.7597 1.0391 201 2m33s
January 15, 1991 Annular 23:53:51 131 49 -0.2727 0.929 277 7m53s
July 11, 1991 Total 19:07:01 136 36 -0.0041 1.08 258 6m53s
January 4, 1992 Annular 23:05:37 141 22 0.4091 0.9179 340 11m41s
June 30, 1992 Total 12:11:22 146 26 -0.7512 1.0592 294 5m21s
December 24, 1992 Partial 0:31:41 151 13 1.0711 0.8422
May 21, 1993 Partial 14:20:15 118 67 1.1372 0.7352
November 13, 1993 Partial 21:45:51 123 52 -1.0411 0.928
May 10, 1994 Annular 17:12:27 128 57 0.4077 0.9431 230 6m13s
November 3, 1994 Total 13:40:06 133 44 -0.3522 1.0535 189 4m23s
April 29, 1995 Annular 17:33:20 138 30 -0.3382 0.9497 196 6m37s
October 24, 1995 Total 4:33:30 143 22 0.3518 1.0213 78 2m10s
April 17, 1996 Partial 22:38:12 148 20 -1.058 0.8799
October 12, 1996 Partial 14:03:04 153 8 1.1227 0.7575
March 9, 1997 Total 1:24:51 120 60 0.9183 1.042 356 2m50s
September 2, 1997 Partial 0:04:48 125 53 -1.0352 0.8988
February 26, 1998 Total 17:29:27 130 51 0.2391 1.0441 151 4m9s
August 22, 1998 Annular 2:07:11 135 38 -0.2644 0.9734 99 3m14s
February 16, 1999 Annular 6:34:38 140 28 -0.4726 0.9928 29 0m40s
August 11, 1999 Total 11:04:09 145 21 0.5062 1.0286 112 2m23s
February 5, 2000 Partial 12:50:27 150 16 -1.2233 0.5795
July 1, 2000 Partial 19:33:34 117 68 -1.2821 0.4768
July 31, 2000 Partial 2:14:08 155 5 1.2166 0.6034
December 25, 2000 Partial 17:35:57 122 57 1.1367 0.7228
References[edit]
^ "NASA — Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses". NASA. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
^ F. W. Dyson, A. S. Eddington, and C. Davidson, "A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character (1920): 291-333, on 332.
^ http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SE1901-2000.html
^ Mulkin, Barb (1981). "In Flight: The Story of Los Alamos Eclipse Missions, p.42" (PDF). Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
^ "NASA — Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses". NASA. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
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Total/hybrid eclipses

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1560 Aug 21
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1970 Mar 7
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2005 Apr 8
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2008 Aug 1
2009 Jul 22
2010 Jul 11
2012 Nov 13
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2015 Mar 20
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→ 2019 Jul 2
2020 Dec 14
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2024 Apr 8
2026 Aug 12
2027 Aug 2
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2030 Nov 25
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2033 Mar 30
2034 Mar 20
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2055 Jul 24
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2063 Aug 24
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2066 Dec 17
2067 Dec 6
2068 May 31
2070 Apr 11
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2075 Jan 16
2076 Jan 6
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2079 May 1
2081 Sep 3
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2084 Dec 27
2086 Jun 11
2088 Apr 21
2089 Oct 4
2090 Sep 23
2091 Aug 15
2093 Jan 27
2094 Jan 16
2095 Jun 2
2096 May 22
2097 May 11
2099 Sep 14
2100 Sep 4
2114 Jun 3
2132 Jun 13
2150 Jun 25
2168 Jul 5
2186 Jul 16

Annular eclipses

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1820 Sep 7
1854 May 26
1879 Jan 22
1889 Jun 28
1901 Nov 11
1903 Mar 29
1904 Mar 17
1905 Mar 6
1907 Jul 10
1908 Jun 28
1911 Oct 22
1914 Feb 25
1915 Feb 14
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1916 Jul 30
1917 Dec 14
1918 Dec 3
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1921 Apr 8
1922 Mar 28
1923 Mar 17
1925 Jul 20
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1929 Nov 1
1932 Mar 7
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1943 Aug 1
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1961 Aug 11
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1969 Mar 18
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1972 Jan 16
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1976 Apr 29
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1987 Sep 23
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2008 Feb 7
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2020 Jun 21
2021 Jun 10
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2030 Jun 1
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2034 Sep 12
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2092 Feb 7
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2095 Nov 27
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2099 Mar 21
2100 Mar 10

Partial eclipses

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1902 Apr 8
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1906 Feb 23
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1909 Dec 12
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1913 Apr 6
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1931 Apr 18
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1935 Jan 5
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1971 Feb 25
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2015 Sep 13
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2022 Apr 30
2022 Oct 25
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2025 Sep 21
2029 Jan 14
2029 Jun 12
2029 Jul 11
2032 Nov 3
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2036 Feb 27
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2040 May 11
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2047 Jan 26
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2050 Nov 14
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2051 Oct 4
2054 Mar 9
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2054 Sep 2
2055 Jan 27
2058 May 22
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2058 Nov 16
2062 Mar 11
2062 Sep 3
2065 Feb 5
2065 Jul 3
2065 Aug 2
2065 Dec 27
2068 Nov 24
2069 Apr 21
2069 May 20
2069 Oct 15
2072 Mar 19
2073 Feb 7
2076 Jun 1
2076 Jul 1
2076 Nov 26
2083 Feb 16
2083 Jul 15
2083 Aug 13
2084 Jan 7
2086 Dec 6
2087 May 2
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2087 Oct 26
2090 Mar 31
2091 Feb 18
2094 Jun 13
2094 Jul 12
2094 Dec 7
2098 Apr 1
2098 Sep 25
2098 Oct 24
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_solar_eclipses_in_the_20th_century&oldid=797472708"
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