text:
Scarlet macaw
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Scarlet macaw
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Ara
Species: A. macao
Binomial name
Ara macao
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Extant distribution of the scarlet macaw
The scarlet macaw (Ara macao) is a large red, yellow, and blue South American parrot, a member of a large group of Neotropical parrots called macaws. It is native to humid evergreen forests of tropical South America. Range extends from south-eastern Mexico to the Peruvian Amazon, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil in lowlands up to 500 m (1,640 ft) (at least formerly) up to 1,000 m (3,281 ft). It has suffered from local extinction through habitat destruction and capture for the parrot trade, but locally it remains fairly common.[clarification needed] Formerly it ranged north to southern Tamaulipas. It can still be found on the island of Coiba. It is the national bird of Honduras.
Contents
[hide]
1 Taxonomy and naming
2 Description
2.1 Genetics
3 Behavior
3.1 Feeding
3.2 Breeding
4 Distribution and habitat
4.1 Conservation status
5 Aviculture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Taxonomy and naming[edit]
The scarlet macaw (Ara macao Linnaeus 1758) is a member of the genus Ara (Lacepede, 1799), one of 6 genera of Central and South American macaws. Carolus Linnaeus described and named the scarlet macaw in his Systemae Naturae in 1758. Protonym: Psittacus macao.
Both subspecies can be recognized by size and color detail in the feathers on the wings.:
A. macao macao: South American scarlet macaw, the nominate subspecies. In the wings the medium and secondary coverts have green tip.
A. macao cyanopterus Wiedenfeld, 1995: North Central American scarlet macaw. The Central American scarlet macaw is larger and has blue on its wings instead of green.
Description[edit]
It is about 81 centimetres (32 in) long, of which more than half is the pointed, graduated tail typical of all macaws, though the scarlet macaw has a larger percentage of tail than the other large macaws. The average weight is about 1 kilogram (2.2 lb). The plumage is mostly scarlet, but the rump and tail-covert feathers are light blue, the greater upper wing coverts are yellow, the upper sides of the flight feathers of the wings are dark blue as are the ends of the tail feathers, and the undersides of the wing and tail flight feathers are dark red with metallic gold iridescence. Some individuals may have green in the wings.
At Fort Worth Zoo.
There is bare white skin around the eye and from there to the bill. Tiny white feathers are contained on the face patch. The upper mandible is mostly pale horn in color and the lower is black. Juveniles have dark eyes; adults have light yellow eyes.
It is frequently confused with the slightly larger green-winged macaw, which has more distinct red lines in the face and no yellow in the wing.
Scarlet macaws make very loud, high and sometimes low-pitched, throaty squawks, squeaks and screams designed to carry many miles to call for their groups.
The scarlet macaw can live up to 75 years in captivity, although a more typical lifespan is 40 to 50 years.[2]
Genetics[edit]
In May 2013 it was announced that a team of scientists, led by Dr. Christopher M. Seabury and Dr. Ian Tizard of Texas A&M University had sequenced the complete genome of the scarlet macaw.[3][4]
Behavior[edit]
A typical sighting is of a single bird or a pair flying above the forest canopy, though in some areas flocks can be seen. They may gather at clay licks.[5] Scarlet macaws communicate primarily through raucous honks; however, vocal communication is highly variable, and captive macaws are known to be adept mimics of human speech.
Ara macao feeding on Attalea fruits
Feeding[edit]
Scarlet macaws eat mostly fruits, nuts and seeds, including large, hard seeds.
Breeding[edit]
While comparatively docile at most times of the year, scarlet macaws may be formidably aggressive during periods of breeding. Scarlet macaws are monogamous birds, with individuals remaining with one partner throughout their lives. The hen lays two or three white eggs in a tree cavity. The female incubates the eggs for about five weeks, and the chicks fledge from the nest about 90 days after hatching.[6] and leave their parents about a year later. Juveniles reach sexual maturity at five years of age.
Distribution and habitat[edit]
The South American range is extensive and covers the Amazon basin; extending to Peru east of the Andes, to Bolivia.[7]
Scarlet macaw in flight
In Central American the range extends from extreme eastern and southern Mexico and Panama through Guatemala and Belize, the island of Coiba and infrequently on the mainland of Panama, and two isolated regions on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica; the Carara National Park and Peninsula de Osa.
Scarlet macaws inhabit humid lowland subtropical rain forests, open woodlands, river edges, and savannas.
Conservation status[edit]
The habitat of scarlet macaws is also considered to have the greatest latitudinal range for any bird in the genus Ara, as the estimated maximum territorial range covers 6,700,000 km2. Nevertheless, the scarlet macaw's habitat is fragmented, and the bird is mostly confined to tiny populations scattered throughout its original range in Middle America.[8] However, as they still occur in large numbers over most of their original range in South America, the species is classified by IUCN as least concern.[1]
A pair of scarlet macaws at Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa, Florida.
It is listed on CITES Appendix 1 due to predation for the pet and cage bird trade.[9] Both subspecies are listed by USFWS as endangered.
Aviculture[edit]
The scarlet macaw is an early example of a parrot breeding in captivity. Captive breeding occurred in Northern Mexico at Paquime (also called Casas Grandes) and very likely Southwest New Mexico Mimbres Valley in the 11th century. Breeding pens, perches, bones, and eggshell fragments have been uncovered. The straightforward nature of scarlet macaw breeding and the value of their plumes in trade created a market for trade wherein the animals were used in religious rites north to the Colorado Plateau region.[1]
Today the scarlet macaw is found worldwide in captivity, but is best represented in captivity in the Americas. Captive techniques developed from the pet trade have positively affected wild populations: in areas with low macaws populations, the "extra" babies that typically die in the nest may be reared by humans hands and released into the wild to bolster the population, as has been done by the Tambopata Macaw Project. Their captive diet, egg incubation, assisted hatching, hand rearing, co-parenting, parent-rearing, fledgling, maturation, and breeding are well understood within the avicultural community (AFA Watchbird magazine).
The birds can hybridize with other members of genus Ara in captivity, leading to hybrids. In the United States, hybrids scarlet macaws are created for their appearance and value in the bird trade. Hybrid scarlet macaws are also created because of fear of prosecution, as birds breeders find themselves potentially liable for enormous fines and felonies (i.e., Lacey Act) as their captive-bred pets are added to the U.S. Endangered Species List. As punishments are not given to those who sell or work with hybrid macaws, breeders are encouraged to mix genes to avoid punishment.
Colombian 200 pesos coin, with an image of a Scarlet macaw and text "guacamaya bandera – Ara macao" on the obverse.
See also[edit]
The Ara Project (macaw reintroduction)
List of macaws
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b BirdLife International (2012). "Ara macao". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Animal Diversity Web — Scarlet Macaw". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved May 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Seabury, Christopher M.; Dowd, Scot E.; Seabury, Paul M.; Raudsepp, Terje; Brightsmith, Donald J.; Liboriussen, Poul; Halley, Yvette; Fisher, Colleen A.; Owens, Elaine; Viswanathan, Ganesh; Tizard, Ian R. (8 May 2013). "A Multi-Platform Draft de novo Genome Assembly and Comparative Analysis for the Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)". PLoS ONE. 8 (5): e62415. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862415S. PMC 3648530  . PMID 23667475. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062415.
Jump up ^ "Save the Parrots: Texas A&M Team Sequences Macaw Genome". Newswise.com. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Photo of Scarlet Macaws and several other parrots at clay-lick in Tambopata-Candamo – The Wonders of Peru with Boyd Norton [http://www.nscspro.com/peru.htm "?". Retrieved 20 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 234. ISBN 1-84309-164-X.
Jump up ^ "Ara macao (Scarlet Macaw)". Iucnredlist.org. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2015-03-19.
Jump up ^ Juniper, T., and M. Parr., (1998). Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press.
Jump up ^ "Scarlet Macaw". Species Database: CITES-Listed Species. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scarlet macaw.
Wikispecies has information related to: Scarlet macaw
Scarlet Macaw in-depth research article.
Tambopata Macaw project long term research project in south east Peru
World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia — Species Profiles
Scarlet macaw videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Page of photographs of Scarlet and green-winged macaws at a clay lick from Parrots International
Scarlet macaw photo on PBase
Stamps (15 countries) with RangeMap
Ara macao conservation and reintroduction in Costa Rica
Scarlet macaw in illegal traffic in Nicaragua
The Scarlet Macaw Genome Project
[show]
v
t
e
Macaws
Genus
Species (extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct, ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils)
Anodorhynchus
Glaucous macaw
Hyacinth macaw
Lear's macaw
Cyanopsitta
Spix's macaw
Ara
Blue-and-yellow macaw (or blue-and-gold macaw)
Blue-throated macaw
Military macaw
Great green macaw (or Buffon's macaw)
Scarlet macaw
Red-and-green macaw (or green-winged macaw)
Red-fronted macaw
Chestnut-fronted macaw (or severe macaw)
Cuban macaw †
Saint Croix macaw † ₴
Lesser Antillean macaw † ₴
Orthopsittaca
Red-bellied macaw
Primolius
Blue-headed macaw
Blue-winged macaw (or Illiger's macaw)
Golden-collared macaw (or yellow-collared macaw)
Diopsittaca
Red-shouldered macaw (Hahn's macaw or noble macaw)
Hypothetical extinct macaws
Martinique macaw
Red-headed macaw
Jamaican red macaw
Dominican green-and-yellow macaw
Neotropical parrots (tribe: Arini)
List of macaws
Mini-macaws
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q243761
ADW: Ara_macao
eBird: scamac1
EoL: 1177962
GBIF: 5959227
IBC: scarlet-macaw-ara-macao
iNaturalist: 19022
ITIS: 177665
IUCN: 22685563
NCBI: 176014
Species+: 4650
Xeno-canto: Ara-macao
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarlet_macaw&oldid=807087112"
Categories:
IUCN Red List least concern species
Ara
Macaws
Birds of Central America
Birds of Colombia
Birds of the Amazon Basin
Birds of Ecuador
Birds of Venezuela
Talking birds
National symbols of Honduras
Birds described in 1758
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Vikings (season 5)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Vikings (season 5)
DVD cover art for the season's first half
Country of origin
Canada / Ireland
No. of episodes
10
Release
Original network
History
Original release
Part 1: November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29) – January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 4
List of Vikings episodes
The fifth season of the historical drama television series Vikings premiered on November 29, 2017 on History in Canada.[1] The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, and later those of his sons. The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793.
The fifth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes, split into two parts of ten episodes; the second half will premiere in 2018.[2] The premise of the fifth season differs from the previous four after the departure of Travis Fimmel as Ragnar, and it now follows the adventures of his sons. Jonathan Rhys Meyers is introduced as a major character, after his initial appearance in the fourth season's finale.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Guest
2 Episodes
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
5 Historical inaccuracies
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Vikings characters
Main[edit]
Katheryn Winnick as Queen Lagertha, a shieldmaiden and Ragnar's ex-wife; she is the queen of Kattegat.
Gustaf Skarsgård as Floki, a gifted shipbuilder
Alexander Ludwig as Bjorn Ironside, Ragnar and Lagertha's son and Torvi's husband
John Kavanagh as The Seer, the seiðrmann of Kattegat
Peter Franzén as King Harald Finehair, a Viking ambitious to become the first King of Norway
Jasper Pääkkönen as Halfdan the Black, Harald's violent younger brother
Moe Dunford as King Aethelwulf of Wessex
Alex Høgh as Ivar the Boneless, fourth son of Ragnar and Aslaug
Marco Ilsø as Hvitserk, second son of Ragnar and Aslaug
Jordan Patrick Smith as Ubbe, eldest son of Ragnar and Aslaug
Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Bishop Heahmund, a very religious warrior priest[4]
Main characters Sigurd, King Ecbert and Athelstan, who all died in previous seasons, briefly appear in "The Departed" played by body doubles.[5][6] Additionally, George Blagden's voice as Athelstan is heard in "Full Moon", although the actor is uncredited.
Recurring[edit]
Josefin Asplund as Queen Astrid, Lagertha's lover and, later, King Harald's wife
Ida Marie Nielsen as Margrethe, wife of Ubbe
Ferdia Walsh-Peelo as Prince/King Alfred, Queen Judith and Athelstan's son
Georgia Hirst as Torvi, wife of Bjorn and Lagertha's advisor
Jennie Jacques as Queen Judith of Northumbria, daughter of King Aelle, wedded to King Aethelwulf
Jonathan Delaney Tynan as Lord Cuthred, a nobleman in service of King Aethelwulf and Bishop Heahmund
Keith McErlean as Lord Denewulf, a nobleman in service of Bishop Heahmund
Darren Cahill as Prince Aethelred, Queen Judith and King Aethelwulf's son
Ben Roe as Guthrum, Jarl Borg and Torvi's son
Kieran O'Reilly as "White Hair", Ivar's bodyguard
Frankie McCafferty as Sindric, a polyglot drifter
Albano Jerónimo as Euphemius, a Byzantine commander
Karima McAdams as Kassia, a Byzantine abbess
Paul Reid as Mannel, Queen Judith's cousin
Khaled Abol Naga as Emir Ziyadat Allah, an Arab ruler
Adam Copeland as Kjetill Flatnose (/ʃjetil/), a violent and bold warrior who joins Floki's expedition to set up a colony
Kris Holden-Ried as Eyvind (/eɪvɪnd/), a Viking of Kattegat who also joins Floki's expedition
Leah McNamara as Aud the Deep-Minded (/eɪθ/), Kjetill Flatnose and Ingvild's daughter
Jack McEvoy as Helgi the Lean, Eyvind and Rafarta's son, who also joins Floki's expedition
Mei Bignall as Thorunn, Kjetill Flatnose and Ingvild's daughter and Helgi's wife, who also joins Floki's expedition
Kelly Campbell as Ingvild, Kjetill Flatnose's wife, who also joins Floki's expedition
James Craze as Bul, Eyvind and Rafarta's son, who also joins Floki's expedition
Elijah Rowen as Asbjorn, who also joins Floki's expedition
Donna Dent as Rafarta, Eyvind's wife, who also joins Floki's expedition
Rob Malone as Thorgrim, Kjetill Flatnose and Ingvild's son, who also joins Floki's expedition
Scott Graham as Frodi, who also joins Floki's expedition
Tallulah Belle Earley as Jorunn, Kjetill Flatnose and Ingvild's daughter, who also joins Floki's expedition
Ryan Henson as Hali, who also joins Floki's expedition
Svea Killoran as Asa, who also joins Floki's expedition
Anthony Brophy as King Svase, a Sami chief and an ally of Lagertha
Dagny Backer Johnsen as Princess Snaefrid, Svase's daughter
Guest[edit]
India Mullen as Aethegyth, a noblewoman from Wessex
Frank Prendergast as Bishop Cynebert of York
Laurence O'Fuarain as Hakon, a whale hunter of Vestfold
Bosco Hogan as Lord Abbot of Lindisfarne
Mabel Hurley as young Lagertha, appearing in a flashback
Ross Matthew Anderson as Lagertha's father, appearing in a flashback
Clive Standen as Duke Rollo, a warrior and Ragnar's brother; he was granted the title of Duke of Normandy by Emperor Charles.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Vikings episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Part 1
50
51
1
2 "The Departed"[a] David Wellington Michael Hirst November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
After Sigurd's death, Ubbe, Ivar and Hvitserk rule jointly over their newly acquired land in East Anglia. Bjorn and Halfdan sail back to the Mediterranean Sea; Floki sets sail for the unknown; King Harald heads back to Kattegat. Meanwhile, Bishop Heahmund arrives at King Ecbert's villa, celebrates the late sovereign's funeral, and begins rebuilding the place. Aethelwulf and Judith are in exile with princes Aethelred and Alfred, the latter struck by sickness. Ivar persuades his brothers to go north and conquer the city of York. In Kattegat, Lagertha suggests that Harald was expecting to find Egil in her place, so he could take over the kingdom. Harald confesses and dares that she kill him.
After days at sea, Floki finally reaches land, which he believes to be Asgard, the land of the Gods. In Kattegat, Harald is held prisoner by Lagertha. He proposes an alliance with her through marriage, but she refuses and has sex with him while he remained tied up. Harald's men free him and capture Astrid; they leave Kattegat and Harald offers Astrid the same proposition that he had to Lagertha. Prince Alfred has a vision in which Athelstan tells him the Vikings are in York, so King Aethelwulf joins forces with Bishop Heahmund. In York, Ivar shows his brothers that he can now stand and walk on his own feet with the help of new leg braces and a crutch.
52
3 "Homeland" Steve Saint Leger Michael Hirst December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
Floki explores the new land he has encountered. In Norway, Astrid tempts Harald with the possibility of her alliance, whilst resisting his sexual advances. In the Mediterranean, Sindric advises Bjorn to arrive as a trader, with a few ships, and not as a warrior in command of an entire fleet. In England, the Saxons led by King Aethelwulf and Bishop Heahmund attack York, but are led into a trap. Aethelwulf's son Aethelred is wounded and the Saxons are forced to retreat. Ubbe and Hvitserk propose a peace, but Ivar wants to continue the war. Aethelwulf seemingly accepts their offer, but Heahmund arranges to have the brothers humiliated. With Ubbe having lost face, Ivar secures his position as the leader of the Great Army. Ubbe and Hvitserk prepare to leave for Kattegat with their few followers; however, at the last minute, Hvitserk defects to join Ivar.
53
4 "The Plan" Steve Saint Leger Michael Hirst December 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)
Bjorn reaches Sicily, and agrees to act as bodyguard to its commander Euphemius. However, Sindric discovers that Euphemius is merely a client of the Arab Emir Ziyadat Allah, and Bjorn asks to visit him. Euphemius refuses but is persuaded to agree by Kassia, a famous nun, and they set sail for Kairouan in Africa. Meanwhile, in Kattegat, Ubbe agrees to ally with Lagertha against both Ivar and Harald. In Vestfold, Astrid finally agrees to Harald's proposal, and they are married. Floki asks the gods for permission to bring settlers to his new land and prepares to sail. Outside York, the Saxons are joined by Judith's cousin Mannel and his men from Northumbria. Heahmund persuades Aethelwulf to lay siege, and attack only when the Vikings are starving. Inside York, the Vikings pretend to burn bodies, and Ivar humiliates Hvitserk by not sharing his plan. Aethelwulf and Heahmund see the smoke from the fires and enter the apparently deserted city; Heahmund is concerned that there are rats above ground.
54
5 "The Prisoner" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst December 20, 2017 (2017-12-20)
In York, Saxon celebrations are cut short when Vikings appear from the sewers and engage in battle. Heahmund is surrounded, but spared by Ivar, and captured. The Vikings retake and garrison the city, as the Saxons retreat. Ivar and Hvitserk sail for Kattegat, taking Heahmund with them. In Africa, Bjorn travels by caravan across the desert to meet Emir Ziyadat Allah, who welcomes him and offers to trade. Euphemius disappears and, at a banquet, the Emir explains that he had defected to support the Emperor and has now been captured and executed. The Vikings realise that Euphemius is the meal they are eating and that Kassia is more powerful than she seems. Bjorn, Halfdan and Sindric are arrested and are about to be executed as a sandstorm approaches. Meanwhile, Floki returns to Kattegat with tales of his fabulous new land and recruits settlers to return, despite Lagertha forbidding him from taking her warriors away.
55
6 "The Message" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst December 27, 2017 (2017-12-27)
Floki and the settlers prepare for their voyage but are betrayed to Lagertha, who is angry but lets them sail. On reaching the new land, the settlers discover that it is not as fertile as Floki had told them. Margrethe is vexed with Lagertha's poor leadership; the Queen threatens to enslave her again if she continues to plot against her. In England, the Saxons have retreated; Alfred swears at Ecbert's grave to pursue the former King's vision of uniting the country. After collapsing during mass, Alfred recovers and decides to make a pilgrimage to Lindisfarne. Ivar returns to meet Harald, and makes an alliance with him; they plan to attack Kattegat in two months' time. Ivar threatens and persuades Heahmund to fight with them. Astrid betrays Harald by bribing Hakon, a fisherman, to warn Lagertha. She is blackmailed and raped by the crew, spied by a young boy. Hakon delivers the warning. Meanwhile, in Africa, Bjorn manages to escape during the sandstorm. With Halfdan and Sindric, he sails back to Kattegat.
56
7 "Full Moon" Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)
Alfred reaches Lindisfarne, in search of the memory of his father, and hears his voice as he prays. Floki and the settlers begin creating a settlement near hot springs in their new land. Floki proposes a co-operative, democratic approach, but Eyvind does not trust him and accuses Floki of wanting to be King. Astrid tells Harald that she is pregnant, while Ivar and Heahmund discuss their plan of attack. Bjorn returns to Kattegat, where Lagertha has allied with King Svase of the Sami. Bjorn rejects Torvi and proposes to marry Snaefrid, Svase's daughter. Lagertha and her allies discuss how to respond to Ivar's attack, and decide to meet him in battle on land, assuming that he will not attack the town from the sea. Margrethe continues to urge Ubbe to betray Lagertha, so that when she is defeated, he can become King.
57
8 "The Joke" Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)
Alfred returns from Lindisfarne, and argues that the Saxons must build a navy as the only way to stop further Viking incursions. In the new land, Floki proposes building a temple to Thor, but is opposed by Eyvind who warns that they all will starve come winter. Meanwhile, the armies of Lagertha, Bjorn and Ubbe, and of Harald, Ivar and Hvitserk, meet above Kattegat. Lagertha proposes peace talks, but Harald, then Ivar, reject a settlement. Before battle, Ivar takes Astrid and a third of their army towards shore, to protect their fleet. Hvitserk and his group try to flank, but are ambushed in the forest by the Sami. Battle begins, and Bjorn and Lagertha gain the upper hand, as Harald's forces are outflanked. Ivar hears the fighting, but says it is too late to help. Heahmund is wounded, and Harald retreats. Lagertha refuses to kill Heahmund and orders that his life be saved.
58
9 "A Simple Story" Daniel Grou Michael Hirst January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
In the aftermath of the battle, Heahmund recovers, makes advances and pledges loyalty to Lagertha. Hvitserk secures reinforcements from Rollo, on condition that Bjorn's life is spared. Bjorn seeks peace with Ivar and Harald, but is rejected; Ivar moves to have him killed but is stopped by Harald. Ubbe, regretting marrying Margrethe, seeks solace with Torvi and the two have an affair. In Wessex, Aethelwulf dies and Judith persuades Aethelred to reject the throne and instead propose to the Witan that Alfred become king. In Floki's colony, Thor's temple is completed, but set afire and destroyed. Thorgrim, Kjetill's son, accuses Bul, Eyvind's son, of the arson. In the ensuing struggle, Thorgrim stabs Bul to death.
59
10 "Moments of Vision" Daniel Grou Michael Hirst January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
In Floki's colony, Floki urges Eyvind to not seek revenge for Bul's death, offering to make him lawgiver, in exchange for not starting a blood feud. When Thorgrim is found dead, Floki proposes that he be sacrificed to the gods. In Kattegat, Margrethe meets the Seer and reveals her ambitions to become queen. The Seer calls her mad and predicts that she will never be queen of Kattegat. The army of Lagertha faces those of Ivar and Harald. As they do battle, Hvitserk remembers Ivar accusing him of regret for his defection. Hvitserk faces Ubbe on the battlefield, but Ubbe is unable to hurt his brother. Hvitserk kills Guthrum, while Svase and Snaefrid are killed by Harald's warriors. Astrid finds Lagertha and asks her to kill her, fearing her pregnancy. Lagertha reluctantly complies. Harald kills his brother Halfdan. As Ivar orders the Frankish reserves onto the field, Lagertha and Bjorn retreat. As Bjorn prepares to leave Kattegat, he finds Lagertha broken with her hair turned white. Across the fjord, Rollo arrives.
Notes
Jump up ^ The first two episodes aired together on History as a two-hour premiere, "The Departed", but were released separately on streaming services and in digital stores, with the first part titled "The Fisher King" and the second "The Departed".[7][8]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
An Irish-Canadian co-production presented by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the fifth season of Vikings was developed and produced by TM Productions and Take 5 Productions. Morgan O'Sullivan, Sheila Hockin, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn, John Weber, and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers. This season was produced by Keith Thompson for the first four episodes, and Liz Gill for the fifth to tenth episodes. Bill Goddard and Séamus McInerney act as co-producers.[9]
The production team for this season includes casting directors Frank and Nuala Moiselle, costume designer Susan O'Connor Cave, visual effects supervisor Dominic Remane, stunt action designer Richard Ryan, composer Trevor Morris, production designer Mark Geraghty, editors Aaron Marshall for the first, third, fifth and tenth episodes, Tad Seaborn for the second, fourth, sixth and eighth episodes, and Michele Conroy for the seventh and ninth episodes, and cinematographers Pj Dillon for the first and second episodes, Peter Robertson for the third, fourth, seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth episodes, and Suzie Lavelle for the fifth and sixth episodes.[9]
Casting[edit]
At the same time that the series was renewed for a fifth season, it was announced that Irish actor Jonathan Rhys Meyers would be joining the cast, as Heahmund, a "warrior bishop". Vikings creator Michael Hirst, explained: "I was looking at the history books, and I came across these warrior bishops. The antecedents of the Knights Templar: these are people who were absolutely religious, yet they put on armor and they fought. Don't let their priestly status fool you, either. They were crazy! They believed totally in Christianity and the message, and yet, on the battlefield, they were totally berserk."[3]
Former WWE star Adam Copeland was cast in a recurring role for the fifth season, as Kjetill Flatnose, a violent and bold warrior. He is chosen by Floki to join an expedition to set up a colony in a new land.[10] Irish actor Darren Cahill will play the role of Aethelred in the fifth season.[11] Nigerian actor Stanley Amuzie told local media he had landed a small role in the fifth season.[12] The fifth season will also include Irish actor, musician and real-life police detective, Kieran O'Reilly, who will play the role of "White Hair".[13] In April 2017 it was announced that Danish actor Erik Madsen will join the cast for the fifth season, as King Hemmig.[14] He spent several months of 2016 on the set of The Last Kingdom, portraying a Viking.[15]
Music[edit]
The musical score for the fifth season was composed by Trevor Morris in collaboration with Einar Selvik. The opening sequence is again accompanied by the song "If I Had a Heart" by Fever Ray.
Additional non-original music by Norwegian music group Wardruna is featured in the episodes "The Plan" and "A Simple Story". The featured tracks are "MannaR - Drivande", "Løyndomsriss", and "Heimta Thurs". The episode "Homeland" also features an original song titled "Skidarima", written and performed by Einar Selvik.[9]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating, with an average rating of 8.12/10 based on nine reviews.[16] IGN awarded episode 10, Moments of Vision, with a rating of 9 out of 10.[17] Entertainent Weekly gave the episode an "A".[18]
Historical inaccuracies[edit]
In "A Simple Story", Aethelred is portrayed rejecting the throne in favour of his younger brother Alfred. In history, after the death of Aethelwulf three of Alfred's elder brothers ruled, for two, five and six years respectively, all dying before Alfred took the throne in 871. Writing in Forbes Magazine, Erik Kain described the storyline as "just a huge unforced error".[19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Greg Evans (July 22, 2017). "'Vikings' Gets Trailer & Season Premiere Date – Comic-Con". Deadline. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "History(R) Orders 20 Episode Sixth Season of Hit Drama Series "Vikings"". The Futon Critic. September 12, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Vikings' Creator Talks Jonathan Rhys Meyers' New Character". 26 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Tsoumbakos, Rachel (January 10, 2017). "'VIKINGS,' SEASON 5: JONATHAN RHYS MEYERS ROLE IS FINALLY REVEALED". Inquisitr.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Departed (Part 1)". Vikings. Season 5. Episode 1. 29 November 2017. Event occurs at 1:05 and 8:05. History.
Jump up ^ "The Departed (Part 2)". Vikings. Season 5. Episode 2. 29 November 2017. Event occurs at 19:05. History.
Jump up ^ "Vikings: Season 5 - Part 1 on Amazon". Retrieved December 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings, Season 5 on iTunes". Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vikings. Season 5. November 2017. Event occurs at 2:00 approximately. History.
Jump up ^ "WWE Hall of Famer Adam Copeland on the Edge of TV Stardom".
Jump up ^ "'Red Rock' actor Darren Cahill joins 'Vikings' Season 5". The Irish Film & Television Network.
Jump up ^ Izuzu, Chidumga. "Stanley Aguzie: Nollywood actor lands role in "Vikings"". Pulse.ng.
Jump up ^ "How do we pitch Ireland as a movie location to Hollywood?". Irish Independent. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (12 April 2017). "'UnReal' Casts Tracie Thoms; Erik Madsen Joins 'Vikings'".
Jump up ^ NRK. "Erik Madsen i ny høvdingrolle i "Vikings"".
Jump up ^ "Vikings: Season 5". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Matt (24 January 2018). "Vikings: "Moments of Vision" Review".
Jump up ^ "'Vikings' recap: The mad will inherit the Earth".
Jump up ^ Kain, Erik. "'Vikings' Season 5, Episode 9 Review: 'A Simple (Convoluted) Story'". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Vikings on IMDb
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Evolution of nervous systems
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Neuroevolution.
For a theory of evolution in nervous systems, see Neural Darwinism.
The evolution of nervous systems dates back to the first development of nervous systems in animals (or metazoans). Neurons developed as specialized electrical signaling cells in multicellular animals, adapting the mechanism of action potentials present in motile single-celled and colonial eukaryotes. Simple nerve nets seen in animals like cnidaria evolved first, followed by nerve cords in bilateral animals – ventral nerve cords in invertebrates and dorsal nerve cords supported by a notochord in chordates. Bilateralization led to the evolution of brains, a process called cephalization.
Contents
[hide]
1 Neural precursors
2 Sponges
3 Nerve nets
4 Nerve cords
4.1 Worms
4.2 Arthropods
4.3 In amphibians
4.3.1 Evolution of innate behaviors
5 Evolution of central nervous systems
5.1 Evolution of the human brain
6 See also
7 References
Neural precursors[edit]
See also: Action potential § Taxonomic distribution and evolutionary advantages
Action potentials, which are necessary for neural activity, evolved in single-celled eukaryotes. These use calcium rather than sodium action potentials, but the mechanism was probably adapted into neural electrical signaling in multicellular animals. In some colonial eukaryotes such as Obelia electrical signals do propagate not only through neural nets, but also through epithelial cells in the shared digestive system of the colony.[1]
Sponges[edit]
Sponges have no cells connected to each other by synaptic junctions, that is, no neurons, and therefore no nervous system. They do, however, have homologs of many genes that play key roles in synaptic function. Recent studies have shown that sponge cells express a group of proteins that cluster together to form a structure resembling a postsynaptic density (the signal-receiving part of a synapse).[2] However, the function of this structure is currently unclear. Although sponge cells do not show synaptic transmission, they do communicate with each other via calcium waves and other impulses, which mediate some simple actions such as whole-body contraction.[3]
Nerve nets[edit]
Main article: Nerve net
Jellyfish, comb jellies, and related animals have diffuse nerve nets rather than a central nervous system. In most jellyfish the nerve net is spread more or less evenly across the body; in comb jellies it is concentrated near the mouth. The nerve nets consist of sensory neurons that pick up chemical, tactile, and visual signals, motor neurons that can activate contractions of the body wall, and intermediate neurons that detect patterns of activity in the sensory neurons and send signals to groups of motor neurons as a result. In some cases groups of intermediate neurons are clustered into discrete ganglia.[4]
The development of the nervous system in radiata is relatively unstructured. Unlike bilaterians, radiata only have two primordial cell layers, endoderm and ectoderm. Neurons are generated from a special set of ectodermal precursor cells, which also serve as precursors for every other ectodermal cell type.[5]
Nerve cords[edit]
Nervous system of a bilaterian animal, in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements, and a "brain" at the front
The vast majority of existing animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other. All bilateria are thought to have descended from a common wormlike ancestor that appeared in the Ediacaran period, 550–600 million years ago.[6] The fundamental bilaterian body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from mouth to anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a "ganglion") for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the "brain".
Area of the human body surface innervated by each spinal nerve
Even mammals, including humans, show the segmented bilaterian body plan at the level of the nervous system. The spinal cord contains a series of segmental ganglia, each giving rise to motor and sensory nerves that innervate a portion of the body surface and underlying musculature. On the limbs, the layout of the innervation pattern is complex, but on the trunk it gives rise to a series of narrow bands. The top three segments belong to the brain, giving rise to the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.[7]
Bilaterians can be divided, based on events that occur very early in embryonic development, into two groups (superphyla) called protostomes and deuterostomes.[8] Deuterostomes include vertebrates as well as echinoderms, hemichordates (mainly acorn worms), and Xenoturbellidans.[9] Protostomes, the more diverse group, include arthropods, molluscs, and numerous types of worms. There is a basic difference between the two groups in the placement of the nervous system within the body: protostomes possess a nerve cord on the ventral (usually bottom) side of the body, whereas in deuterostomes the nerve cord is on the dorsal (usually top) side. In fact, numerous aspects of the body are inverted between the two groups, including the expression patterns of several genes that show dorsal-to-ventral gradients. Most anatomists now consider that the bodies of protostomes and deuterostomes are "flipped over" with respect to each other, a hypothesis that was first proposed by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire for insects in comparison to vertebrates. Thus insects, for example, have nerve cords that run along the ventral midline of the body, while all vertebrates have spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline.[10]
Worms[edit]
Earthworm nervous system. Top: side view of the front of the worm. Bottom: nervous system in isolation, viewed from above
Worms are the simplest bilaterian animals, and reveal the basic structure of the bilaterian nervous system in the most straightforward way. [11] As an example, earthworms have dual nerve cords running along the length of the body and merging at the tail and the mouth. These nerve cords are connected by transverse nerves like the rungs of a ladder. These transverse nerves help coordinate the two sides of the animal. Two ganglia at the head end function similar to a simple brain. Photoreceptors on the animal's eyespots provide sensory information on light and dark.[12]
The nervous system of one very small worm, the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, has been mapped out down to the synaptic level. Every neuron and its cellular lineage has been recorded and most, if not all, of the neural connections are known. In this species, the nervous system is sexually dimorphic; the nervous systems of the two sexes, males and hermaphrodites, have different numbers of neurons and groups of neurons that perform sex-specific functions. In C. elegans, males have exactly 383 neurons, while hermaphrodites have exactly 302 neurons.[13]
Arthropods[edit]
Internal anatomy of a spider, showing the nervous system in blue
Arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans, have a nervous system made up of a series of ganglia, connected by a ventral nerve cord made up of two parallel connectives running along the length of the belly.[14] Typically, each body segment has one ganglion on each side, though some ganglia are fused to form the brain and other large ganglia. The head segment contains the brain, also known as the supraesophageal ganglion. In the insect nervous system, the brain is anatomically divided into the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum. Immediately behind the brain is the subesophageal ganglion, which is composed of three pairs of fused ganglia. It controls the mouthparts, the salivary glands and certain muscles. Many arthropods have well-developed sensory organs, including compound eyes for vision and antennae for olfaction and pheromone sensation. The sensory information from these organs is processed by the brain.
In insects, many neurons have cell bodies that are positioned at the edge of the brain and are electrically passive—the cell bodies serve only to provide metabolic support and do not participate in signalling. A protoplasmic fiber runs from the cell body and branches profusely, with some parts transmitting signals and other parts receiving signals. Thus, most parts of the insect brain have passive cell bodies arranged around the periphery, while the neural signal processing takes place in a tangle of protoplasmic fibers called neuropil, in the interior.[15]
In amphibians[edit]
Amphibian Metamorphosis
Iodine and T4 stimulate the spectacular apoptosis (programmed cell death) of the cells of the larval gills, tail and fins, and also stimulate the evolution of the nervous system transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog with better neurological, visuospatial, olfactory and cognitive abilities for hunting. Contrary to amphibian metamorphosis, thyroidectomy and hypothyroidism in mammals may be considered a sort of phylogenetic, metabolic and neurologic regression to a former stage of reptilian life. Indeed, many disorders that seem to afflict hypothyroid humans have reptilian-like features, such as a general slowdown of nervous reflexes with lethargic cerebration, metabolism, digestion, heart rate, hypothermia and a dry, hairless, scaly, cold skin.[16] [17]
Evolution of innate behaviors[edit]
Main article: Caridoid escape reaction § Evolution of the tail flip escape mechanism
Behaviors such as the "tail-flip" escape reaction in crustacea such as crayfish and lobsters are fixed action patterns that may have evolved from earlier ancestral patterns.
Evolution of central nervous systems[edit]
Main articles: Evolution of the brain, Cephalization, and Brain size
Further information: Evolution of the eye
Evolution of the human brain[edit]
Further information: Evolution of human intelligence and Human brain § Comparative anatomy
There has been a gradual increase in brain volume as the ancestors of modern humans progressed along the human timeline of evolution (see Homininae), starting from about 600 cm3 in Homo habilis up to 1736 cm3 in Homo neanderthalensis. Thus, in general there is a correlation between brain volume and intelligence.[18] However, modern Homo sapiens have a smaller brain volume (brain size 1250 cm3) than neanderthals; women have a brain volume slightly smaller than men, and the Flores hominids (Homo floresiensis), nicknamed "hobbits", had a cranial capacity of about 380 cm3, about a third of the Homo erectus average and considered small for a chimpanzee. It is proposed that they evolved from H. erectus as a case of insular dwarfism. In spite of their threefold smaller brain there is evidence that H. floresiensis used fire and made stone tools as sophisticated as those of their proposed ancestor, H. erectus.[19] Iain Davidson summarizes the opposite evolutionary constraints on human brain size as "As large as you need and as small as you can".[20]
Brain evolution can be studied using endocasts, a branch of neurology and paleontology called paleoneurology.
See also[edit]
Evolutionary developmental biology
Evolutionary neuroscience
Noogenesis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Matthews, Gary G. (2001). "Evolution of nervous systems". Neurobiology: molecules, cells, and systems. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 21. ISBN 0-632-04496-9.
Jump up ^ Sakarya O, Armstrong KA, Adamska M, et al. (2007). Vosshall L, ed. "A post-synaptic scaffold at the origin of the animal kingdom". PLoS ONE. 2 (6): e506. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000506. PMC 1876816  . PMID 17551586.
Jump up ^ Jacobs DK, Nakanishi N, Yuan D, et al. (2007). "Evolution of sensory structures in basal metazoa". Integr Comp Biol. 47 (5): 712–723. doi:10.1093/icb/icm094. PMID 21669752.
Jump up ^ Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 111–124. ISBN 0-03-025982-7.
Jump up ^ Sanes DH, Reh TA, Harris WA (2006). Development of the nervous system. Academic Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-12-618621-5.
Jump up ^ Balavoine G (2003). "The segmented Urbilateria: A testable scenario". Int Comp Biology. 43 (1): 137–47. doi:10.1093/icb/43.1.137.
Jump up ^ Ghysen A (2003). "The origin and evolution of the nervous system". Int. J. Dev. Biol. 47 (7–8): 555–62. PMID 14756331.
Jump up ^ Erwin DH, Davidson EH (July 2002). "The last common bilaterian ancestor". Development. 129 (13): 3021–32. PMID 12070079.
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