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Groundhog Day
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For other uses, see Groundhog Day (disambiguation).
Groundhog Day
Groundhog Day 2005 in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Observed by
United States
Canada
Type
Cultural
Significance
Supposedly predicts the arrival of spring
Celebrations
Announcing whether a groundhog sees its shadow after it emerges from its burrow
Date
February 2
Frequency
Annual
Related to
Candlemas
Groundhog Day, (Pennsylvania German: Grund'sau dåk, Grundsaudaag, Grundsow Dawg, Murmeltiertag; Nova Scotia: Daks Day[1]) is a popular tradition celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2. It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog (Deitsch: Grundsau, Grunddax, Dax) emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather, it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks, and if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness, spring will arrive early. While the tradition remains popular in modern times, studies have found no consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow or not and the subsequent arrival time of spring-like weather.[2]
The weather lore was brought from German-speaking areas where the badger (German: dachs) is the forecasting animal. This appears to be an enhanced version of the lore that clear weather on Candlemas forebodes a prolonged winter.
The Groundhog Day ceremony held at Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania, centering around a semi-mythical groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil, has become the most attended. Grundsow Lodges in Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the southeast part of the state celebrate them as well. Other cities in the United States and Canada have also adopted the event.
The 1993 film Groundhog Day helped boost recognition of the custom, and the celebration has spread even further afield. In 2009, Quebec began to mark the day (Canadian French: Jour de la Marmotte) with its own groundhog.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Punxsutawney beginnings
1.2 Punxsutawney today
2 Other locations
3 Origins
3.1 Protestant Germany
3.1.1 Groundhog as badger
3.2 Bear-rat
3.3 Simpler Candlemas lore
3.4 British Isles
4 Accuracy
4.1 Statistics
4.2 Pseudoscientific evaluation
5 Characteristics of groundhogs
6 Similar customs
7 Explanatory notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
The groundhog (Marmota monax) is a rodent of the family Sciuridae, belonging to the group of large ground squirrels.
The observance of Groundhog Day in the United States first occurred in German communities in Pennsylvania, according to known records.
The earliest mention of Groundhog Day is a February 2, 1840 entry in the diary of James L. Morris of Morgantown, Pennsylvania, in Pennsylvania Dutch Country, according to the book on the subject by Don Yoder. This was a Welsh enclave but the diarist was commenting on his neighbors who were of German stock.[a][b][4][5]
Punxsutawney beginnings[edit]
The first reported news of a Groundhog Day observance was arguably made by the Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper of Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania in 1886:[c] "up to the time of going to press, the beast has not seen its shadow". However, it was not until the following year in 1887 that the first Groundhog Day considered "official" was commemorated here,[6] with a group making a trip to the Gobbler's Knob part of town to consult the groundhog. People have gathered annually at the spot for the event ever since.[7][8]
Clymer Freas (1867–1942)[d] who was city editor at the Punxsutawney Spirit is credited as the "father" who conceived the idea of "Groundhog Day".[9][e] It has also been suggested that Punxsutawney was where all the Groundhog Day events originated, from where it spread to other parts of the United States and Canada.[11]
The Groundhog Day celebrations of the 1880s were carried out by the Punxsutawney Elks Lodge. The lodge members were the "genesis" of the Groundhog Club formed later, which continued the Groundhog Day tradition. But the lodge started out being interested in the groundhog as a game animal for food. It had started to serve groundhog at the lodge, and had been organizing a hunting party on a day each year in late summer.[12]
The chronologies given are somewhat inconsistent in the literature. The first "Groundhog Picnic" was held in 1887 according to a book for popular reading by an academic,[9] but given as post-circa-1889 by a local historian in a journal. The historian states that around 1889 the meat was served in the lodge's banquet, and the organized hunt started after that.[12]
Either way, the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club was formed in 1899, and continued the hunt and "Groundhog Feast", which took place annually in September.[13][14] The "hunt" portion of it became increasingly a ritualized formality, because the practical procurement of meat had to occur well ahead of time for marinating. A drink called the “groundhog punch” was also served.[f][15][16] The flavor has been described as a "cross between pork and chicken".[17] The hunt and feast did not attract enough outside interest, and the practice discontinued.[13]
Punxsutawney today[edit]
The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, where crowds as large as 40,000 gather each year[18] (nearly eight times the year-round population of the town).[19] The average draw had been about 2,000 until the year after the movie screened in 1993, after which attendance rose to about 10,000.[13] The official Phil is pretended to be a supercentenarian, having been the same forecasting beast since 1887.[13]
Other locations[edit]
Banner of Grundsow Lodsh Nummer Sivva (Groundhog Lodge Number Seven), of Pennsburg, Pennsylvania
The Slumbering Groundhog Lodge, which was formed in 1907, has carried out the ceremonies that take place in Quarryville, Pennsylvania.[20] It used to be a contending rival to Punxsutawney over the Groundhog Day fame. It employs a taxidermic specimen (stuffed woodchuck).[13]
In southeastern Pennsylvania, Groundhog Lodges (Grundsow Lodges) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge,[21] social events in which food is served, speeches are made, and one or more g'spiel (plays or skits) are performed for entertainment. The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event, and those who speak English pay a penalty, usually in the form of a nickel, dime, or quarter per word spoken, with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table.[22]
Staten Island Chuck is the official weather-forecasting woodchuck for New York City.[23] Dunkirk Dave (a stage name for numerous groundhogs that have filled the role since 1960) is the local groundhog for Western New York, handled by Bob Will, a typewriter repairman who runs a rescue shelter for groundhogs.[24][25]
In Washington, DC, the Dupont Circle Groundhog Day event features Potomac Phil, another taxidermic specimen. In addition to the spring prediction, if Potomac Phil sees its shadow, it portents six more months of political gridlock.[citation needed]
In the American South, the General Beauregard Lee of Lilburn, Georgia is known to have the most accurate prediction, standing at 94%.[citation needed] The University of Dallas in Irving, Texas has boasted of hosting the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world.[26]
The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America beyond the United States,[27] including Wiarton Willie of Wiarton, Ontario,[28] and Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia which, due to Nova Scotia's Atlantic Time Zone, makes the first Groundhog Day prediction in North America.[29] "Daks Day" (from the German dachs) is Groundhog Day in the dialect of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.[1]
In French Canada, Fred la marmotte of Val-d'Espoir[30][31] has been the representative forecaster for the province of Quebec since 2009.[32][31] A study also shows that in Quebec, the marmot or groundhog (siffleux) are regarded as Candlemas weather-predicting beasts in some scattered spots, but the bear is the more usual animal.[33][g]
In 2017 Groundhog Day was scheduled to be observed at zoos in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Samara, Russia.[36]
Origins[edit]
The Pennsylvania Dutch were immigrants from German-speaking areas of Europe. The Germans already had a tradition of marking Candlemas (February 2) as "Badger Day" (Dachstag), where if a badger emerging found it to be a sunny day thereby casting a shadow, it foreboded the prolonging of winter by four more weeks.
Protestant Germany[edit]
The Candlemas was a Catholic festival officially eliminated by the Protestant Reformers, but it had been retained and continued to be celebrated by the folk.[37]
The weather-predicting animal on Candlemas was usually the badger, although regionally the animal was the bear or the fox.[38] The original weather-predicting animal in Germany had been the bear, another hibernating mammal, but when they grew scarce the lore became altered.[39]
Similarity to the groundhog lore has been noted for the German formula "Sonnt sich der Dachs in der Lichtmeßwoche, so geht er auf vier Wochen wieder zu Loche" (If the badger sunbathes during Candlemas-week, for four more weeks he will be back in his hole).[h][40] A slight variant is found in a collection of weather lore (bauernregeln, lit. "farmers' rules") printed in Austria in 1823.[41]
Groundhog as badger[edit]
So the same tradition as the Germans, except that winter's spell would be prolonged for six weeks instead of four, was maintained by the Pennsylvanians on Groundhog Day.[42] In Germany, the animal was dachs or badger. For the Pennsylvania Dutch, it became the dox which in Deitsch referred to "groundhog".[i][3][43]
The standard term for "groundhog" was grun′daks (from German dachs), with the regional variant in York County being grundsau, a direct translation of the English name, according to a 19th-century book on the dialect.[44] The form was a regional variant according to one 19th century source.[44] However, the weather superstition that begins "Der zwet Hær′ning is Grund′sau dåk. Wânn di grundau îr schâtte sent... ("February second is Groundhog day. If the groundhog sees its shadow...)" is given as common to all 14 counties in Dutch Pennsylvania Country, in a 1915 monograph.[j][45] The form grundsow has been used by the lodge in Allentown and elsewhere.[46]
Bear-rat[edit]
The groundhog was once also known by the obsolete Latin alias Arctomys monax. The genus name signified "bear-rat".[35][47] The European marmot is of the same genus and was formerly called Arctomys alpinus. It was speculated that the European counterpart might have lore similar to the groundhog attached to it.[35][k]
Simpler Candlemas lore[edit]
See also: weather lore
The German version, with the introduction of the badger (or other beasts) was an expansion on a more simple tradition that if the weather was sunny and clear on Candlemas Day people expected winter to continue.[42] The simpler version is summarized in the English (Scots dialect) couplet that runs "If Candlemas is fair and clear / There'll be twa winters in the year",[l][m] with equivalent phrases in French and German.[34] And the existence of a corresponding Latin couplet has been suggested as evidence of the great antiquity of this tradition.[n][34]
In fact, the Christian Candlemas itself was an assimilation of the Roman rite for the goddess Februa with a procession on February 2, to honor her, according to Yoder. The Roman calendar, in turn, had Celtic origins. Candlemas concurs with Imbolc, one of the Celtic ‘cross-quarter days’, the four days which marked the midpoints between solstice and equinox.[48][4]
British Isles[edit]
Scholar Rhys Carpenter in 1946 emphasized that the Badger Day tradition was strong in Germany, but absent in the British Isles (England, Scotland, or Ireland), and he referred to this as a reason that the U.S. Groundhog Day was not brought by immigrants from these places.[49]
There did exist a belief among Roman Catholics in Britain that the hedgehog predicted the length of winter, or so it has been claimed, but without demonstration of its age, in a publication by the Scotland-born American journalist Thomas C. MacMillan in 1886,[34] and American writer/journalist Samuel Adams Drake's book published in 1900.[50][o]
There are also claims of Irish lore that the hedgehog emerging out of hibernation on Brigid's Day (February 1) is a predictor of weather, and a few Celtic scholars advocate this modern Christian Irish lore to be the source of the Groundhog Day tradition in the United States.[51][52]
Accuracy[edit]
In Pennsylvania, Punxsutawney Phil has become a popular tradition. On February 2, people within the city will gather to find out whether or not Phil’s shadow is revealed. With that, he will allegedly determine whether spring will soon begin by not seeing his shadow, or if winter will ensue for six more weeks.
Statistics[edit]
Punxsutawney Phil's statistics are kept by the Pennsylvania’s Groundhog Club which cares for the animal. Phil has predicted 103 forecasts for winter and just 17 for an early spring.[53] Most assessments of Phil's accuracy have given accuracy lower than would be expected with random chance, with Stormfax Almanac giving an estimate of 39%,[54] and meteorologist Tim Roche of Weather Underground giving a 36% accuracy rate between 1969 and 2016 (a range chosen because local weather data was most reliable from 1969 onward) and a 47% record in that time span when predicting early spring.[53] Other poor results from analysis are reported by the Farmer's Almanac (which itself has been known for forecasts of questionable accuracy) as "exactly 50 percent" accuracy,[55] and The National Geographic Society reporting only 28% success.[56] But a Middlebury College team found that a long-term analysis of temperature high/low predictions were 70% accurate, although when the groundhog predicted early spring it was usually wrong.[57] Canadian meteorologist Cindy Day has estimated that Nova Scotia's "Shubenacadie Sam" has an accuracy rate of about 45% compared to 25% for Wiarton Willy in Ontario.[58]
Part of the problem with pinning down an accuracy rate for the groundhog is that what constitutes an early spring is not clearly defined. Other groundhogs such as Staten Island Chuck do use an objective formula (in Chuck's case, a majority of days that reach 40 °F (4 °C) in New York City between Groundhog Day and the March equinox) to assess accuracy.[59]
Pseudoscientific evaluation[edit]
Prediction based on an animal’s behavior, which may seem ridiculous nowadays, used to be given more credence in the past when stores of food became scarce as winter progressed.[60]
One theory states that the groundhog naturally comes out of hibernation in central Pennsylvania in early February because of the increasing average temperature. Under this theory, if German settlement had been centered further north, Groundhog Day would take place at a later date.[61] However, the observed behavior of groundhogs in central New Jersey was that they mostly come out of their burrows in mid-March, regardless of Groundhog Day weather.[62]
Characteristics of groundhogs[edit]
Further information: Groundhog
Groundhogs are creatures within the rodent family that weigh between 12 and 15 pounds and can live up to 8 years.[63] These animals are omnivores, but commonly feast on grass, vegetables, and fruit. Groundhogs have the ability to climb trees and, much like beavers, swim. Each fall, groundhogs go into hibernation until March. When the animals emerge from hibernation, their initial purpose is to find a mate.
Similar customs[edit]
See also: Weather lore § animal signs, and Weather lore § February
In Croatia and Serbia, Orthodox Christians have a tradition that on February 2 (Candlemas) or February 15 (Sretenje, The Meeting of the Lord), the bear will awaken from winter dormancy, and if it sees (meets) its own shadow in this sleepy and confused state, it will get scared and go back to sleep for an additional 40 days, thus prolonging the winter. Thus, if it is sunny on Sretenje, it is a sign that the winter is not over yet. If it is cloudy, it is a good sign that the winter is about to end.[64]
Similarly in Germany, on the 27th of June, they recognize the Seven Sleepers' Day (Siebenschläfertag). If it rains that day, the rest of summer is supposedly going to be rainy. As well, in the United Kingdom, the 15th of July is known as St. Swithin's day.[65] It was traditionally believed that, if it rained on that day, it would rain for the next 40 days and nights.[65]
Explanatory notes[edit]
Jump up ^ February 2, 1840 read: "Today the Germans say the groundhog comes out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he returns in and remains there 40 days."
Jump up ^ Some sources stated that Morris's February 4, 1841 entry was the oldest. It read: "Last Tuesday, the 2nd, was Candlemas day, the day on which, according to the Germans, the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap, but if the day be cloudy he remains out, as the weather is to be moderate."[3]
Jump up ^ Some books attribute this positively to Clymer Freas.
Jump up ^ Also styled H. C. Freas, H. Clymer Freas, or Clymer H. Freas
Jump up ^ Other contemporaries of Freas (his colleagues at the paper and fellow-members of the club, etc.) have been given credit for the promotion of Groundhog Day: W. O. Smith, another editor of the paper and later elected to U. S. Congress, cartoonist C. M. Payne, and John P. Cowan of the Pittsburgh Gazette.[10]
Jump up ^ a combination of vodka, milk, eggs and orange juice, among many other ingredients.
Jump up ^ There were beliefs in Switzerland and France that the marmot predicted the weather, according to MacMillan.[34] "S. S. R." also speculated there might be similar lore for the European marmot, Arctomys alpinus.[35]
Jump up ^ Noted by Uwe Johnson; the formula was printed in the Voß un Haas (nds) "Fox and Hare" calendars of Mecklenburg.
Jump up ^ "Of course everybody knows that February 2 is groundhog day. If the dox (the dialect word for groundhog) sees its shadow on this day, the belief is that six weeks of bad weather will follow".
Jump up ^ The letter "â" is actually "a with circumflex below".
Jump up ^ Signed "S. S. R." of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Note that S. S. Rathvon wrote the editorial "The Ground-Hog" and "More of the Ground-hogs" where he refers to the creature as "Old Arctomyx" in the editorial in the March 1884 issue of the Lancaster Farmer XV:3.
Jump up ^ A couplet the same as this except "two winters" in standard English is given in Davis (1985), p. 103, alongside two other variants.
Jump up ^ "Second Winter"[8] appears to be a neologism that paraphrases "two winters".
Jump up ^ "Si Sol splenescat Maria purificante / Major erit glacies post festum quam fuit ante". Note that Maria purificante or The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the reference to Candlemas day, since this is the biblical event that Candlemas is supposed to commemorate.[4]
Jump up ^ Drake also states that the German lore about the badger predicting the winter's duration was firmly accepted in New England. The groundhog, badger/bear, and hedgehog are all noted as paralleling each other.
References[edit]
Citations
^ Jump up to: a b Poteet, Lewis J. (2004) [1988], The South Shore Phrase Book (New, revised, and expanded ed.), Hantsport: Lancelot Press
Jump up ^ https://www.livescience.com/49665-groundhog-day-predictions.html
^ Jump up to: a b Shoemaker, Alfred L. (February 1, 1954), February Lore, 5 (11) (download)
^ Jump up to: a b c Kruesi, Margaret (Summer 2007). "Reviewed Work: Groundhog Day by Don Yoder". Journal of American Folklore. 120 (477): 367–368. JSTOR 20487565
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), pp. 49, 54, 143, diary printed in "Folklore from the Diary of James L. Morris, 1845–1646", Pennsylvania Dutchman 3:17 (February 1, 1952)"
Jump up ^ Davis (1985), p. 110.
Jump up ^ Davis (1985), p. 109.
^ Jump up to: a b "This Is the Story Behind Groundhog Day". Time. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Yoder (2003), p. 10.
Jump up ^ Davis (1985).
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), Chapter II, "Punxsutawney to the World"
^ Jump up to: a b Davis (1985), p. 106.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Carlson, Peter (February 3, 2004). "His Moment In the Sun". The Washington Post. 23.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. 11.
Jump up ^ Davis (1985), p. 107.
Jump up ^ "The Original Groundhog Day Involved Eating the Groundhog". Time. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Gazette, September 27, 1903, cited by Davis (1985), p. 106, note 12.
Jump up ^ Park, PhD, David (February 2, 2006). "Happy Groundhog Day to You!". Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. 9.
Jump up ^ Davis (1985), p. 105.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. xii.
Jump up ^ Rosenberger, Homer Tope (1966). The Pennsylvania Germans: 1891–1965. Lancaster, PA: Pennsylvania German Society. pp. 194–199. OCLC 1745108.
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Eli (February 2, 2016). "Staten Island Groundhog Makes Star Turn, This Year Without de Blasio". N.Y./Region. New York, New York: The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Punxsutawney Phil and seven other famous groundhogs you should know". Fox News. February 2, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kirst, Sean (February 2, 2018). "Sean Kirst: For Dunkirk Dave's caretaker, every day is Groundhog Day". The Buffalo News. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Colleges in the Midwest: Compare Colleges in Your Region (24 ed.). Peterson's. 2009. p. 298. ISBN 9780768926903. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. 33.
Jump up ^ "Hopeful Canadians look to Groundhog Day for predictions of an early spring". Canadian Press. February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Shubenacadie Sam prepping for Groundhog Day". King's County Register. January 30, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day: Quebec groundhog disagrees with Shubenacadie Sam, Wiarton Willie". The Gazette. Montreal, CA. February 2, 2012. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Le jour de la marmotte, science ou folklore?". Radio-Canada. February 2, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fred la marmotte : encore six semaines d'hiver!". Radio-Canada. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015. la marmotte officielle du Québec
Jump up ^ Rodrigue, Denise (1983). Le cycle de Pâques au Québec et dans l'Ouest de la France. Presses Université Laval. pp. 34, 36. ISBN 9782763769035.
^ Jump up to: a b c d MacMillan, Thomas C., ed. (1886). Ground-Hog Day ― Candlemas. The Inter Ocean Curiosity Shop for the year 1885 (3 ed.). Chicago: The Inter Ocean Publishing Company. pp. 68–69.
^ Jump up to: a b c S.S.R. (February 15, 1890), "Arctomyx monax", American Notes and Queries, 4: 188
Jump up ^ "Groundhog Day 2017: Furry Forecasters Around the World". sputniknews.com. February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. 42.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), pp. 52–53.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. 54.
Jump up ^ Uwe Johnson, cited by Grambow, Jürgen (1994), "Möglichkeiten einer intellektuellen Kritik an diesem Mecklenburg", Johnson-Jahrbuch, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1, p. 77
Jump up ^ Lewenau, Joseph Arnold Ritter von (1823), Der angewandte Fresenius; oder, Sammlung geordneter allgemeiner Witterungs- und sogenannter Bauernregeln, Vienna, J.G. Mösle, p. 20: "Wenn sich der Dachs zu Lichtmeß sonnt, so gehet er wieder auf vier Wochen in sein Loch. (If the badger is in the sun at Candlemas, he will have to go back into his hole for another four weeks)"
^ Jump up to: a b Yoder (2003), p. 52.
Jump up ^ dachs is glossed as meaning "raccoon, groundhog, or short-legged dog" in : Lambert, Marcus Bachman (1924), "Pennsylvania-German Dictionary", Pennsylvania-German Society: 35
^ Jump up to: a b Haldeman, Samuel Stehman (1872), Pennsylvania Dutch: A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English, Reformed Church Publication Board, pp. 5–6
Jump up ^ Fogel, Edwin Miller (1915). Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans. 18. Philadelphia: American Germanica Press. p. 236.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), pp. 67, 76.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), pp. 54–57.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), pp. 52, 42–43.
Jump up ^ Yoder (2003), p. 53.
Jump up ^ Drake, Samuel Adams (1900). The Myths and Fables of To-day. Frank T. Merill (illustr.). Boston: Lee and Shepard. pp. 43–44.
Jump up ^ Minard, Antone (2012), "Imbolc", The Celts, ABC-CLIO, 1, p. 444, ISBN 978-1-5988-4964-6
Jump up ^ Danaher, Kevin (1972) The Year in Ireland, Cork/Dublin, Mercier Press, pp. 13–14, cited by MacLeod, Sharon Paice (2003). "Oenach Aimsire na mBan: Early Irish Seasonal Celebrations, Gender Roles and Mythological Cycles". Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. 23: 274. and note 81.JSTOR 25660739: "To see a hedgehog come out of its hole was a good sign. If the animal stayed out, this indicated the return of good weather". "This custom was transformed into Groundhog Day in the United States".
^ Jump up to: a b "How Accurate Are Punxsutawney Phil's Groundhog Day Forecasts?". Live Science. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stormfax. "Groundhog Day History from Stormfax® 2016". www.stormfax.com. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
Jump up ^ Thomas, R. B. (1998), The Farmer's Almanac, p. 67, cited in Aaron et al. (2001), p. 28
Jump up ^ Allison, Christine (1995), 365 days of gardening, p. 353, cited in Aaron et al. (2001), p. 28
Jump up ^ Aaron, Michael A.; Boyd, Brewster B., Jr.; Curtis, Melanie J.; Sommers, Paul M. (January 2001), "Punxsutawney's Phenomenal Phorecaster", The College Mathematics Journal, 32 (1): 26–29, doi:10.2307/2687216, JSTOR 2687216 .
Jump up ^ Tom Ayers, "Shubenacadie Sam unlikely to see his shadow", Chronicle Herald, January 31, 2018a
Jump up ^ Groundhog Day 2017: Staten Island Chuck calls for an early spring
Jump up ^ Lewis, Danny. "A Short History of Groundhog Day". Smithsonian. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Coin, Glenn (February 1, 2015). Groundhog Day 2016: Do you trust a rodent to predict the weather? Syracuse Post-Standard. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Happy Groundhog Day...again?". caucus99percent.com. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "First Groundhog Day — Feb 02, 1887 - HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lodge, Olive (1942), Peasant Life in Yugoslavia, Ams Press Inc, p. 142
^ Jump up to: a b Keever, Homer M. (1976), Iredell, Piedmont County, Iredell County Bicentennial Commission, p. 26
Bibliography
Davis, Christopher R. (April 1985), "Totemism and Civic Boosterism in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, 1899-1909", The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, 68 (2)
Yoder, Don (2003). Groundhog Day. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0811700291. OCLC 52542605.
Further reading[edit]
Old, W. C., and P. Billin-Frye (2004). The Groundhog Day Book of Facts and Fun. Morton Grove, IL: Albert Whitman.
Pulling, A. F. (2001). Around Punxsutawney. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia.
External links[edit]
Gobblers Knobb Punxsatawney's Mascot
Groundhog Day – The Official Website of the Punxsatawney Groundhog Club
Groundhogstuff.com. The Official Punxsutawney Phil Souvenir Shop located in Punxsutawney, PA.
Short Punxsutawney Groundhog Day Documentary: A Holiday for Everyone
Groundhog Days in Woodstock, IL
Wiarton Willie Festival – Wiarton, Ontario
Groundhog Day (1993) movie on IMDb
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text:
Depolarization
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Depolarization (disambiguation).
In biology, depolarization is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell. Depolarization is essential to the function of many cells, communication between cells, and the overall physiology of an organism.
Action potential in a neuron, showing depolarization, in which the cell's internal charge becomes less negative (more positive), and repolarization, where the internal charge returns to a more negative value.
Most cells in higher organisms maintain an internal environment that is negatively charged relative to the cell's exterior. This difference in charge is called the cell's membrane potential. In the process of depolarization, the negative internal charge of the cell temporarily becomes more positive (less negative). This shift from a negative to a more positive membrane potential occurs during several processes, including an action potential. During an action potential, the depolarization is so large that the potential difference across the cell membrane briefly reverses polarity, with the inside of the cell becoming positively charged.
The change in charge typically occurs due to an influx of sodium ions into a cell, although it can be mediated by an influx of any kind of cation or efflux of any kind of anion. The opposite of a depolarization is called a hyperpolarization.
Usage of the term "depolarization" in biology differs from its use in physics. In physics it refers instead to situations in which any form of polarity changes to a value of zero.
Depolarization is sometimes referred to as "hypopolarization".[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Physiology
1.1 Resting potential
1.2 Depolarization
1.3 Repolarization
2 Hyperpolarization
3 Neurons
3.1 Response to stimulus
3.2 Integration of stimuli
3.3 Response
3.4 Rod cells of the eye
4 Vascular endothelium
5 Heart
6 Depolarization blockers
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Physiology[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The process of depolarization is entirely dependent upon the intrinsic electrical nature of most cells. When a cell is at rest, the cell maintains what is known as a resting potential. The resting potential generated by nearly all cells results in the interior of the cell having a negative charge compared to the exterior of the cell. To maintain this electrical imbalance, microscopic positively and negatively charged particles called ions are transported across the cell's plasma membrane. The transport of the ions across the plasma membrane is accomplished through several different types of transmembrane proteins embedded in the cell's plasma membrane that function as pathways for ions both into and out of the cell, such as ion channels, sodium potassium pumps, and voltage gated ion channels.
Resting potential[edit]
The resting potential must be established within a cell before the cell can be depolarized. There are many mechanisms by which a cell can establish a resting potential, however there is a typical pattern of generating this resting potential that many cells follow. The cell uses ion channels, ion pumps, and voltage gated ion channels to generate a negative resting potential within the cell. However, the process of generating the resting potential within the cell also creates an environment outside the cell that favors depolarization. The sodium potassium pump is largely responsible for the optimization of conditions on both the interior and the exterior of the cell for depolarization. By pumping three positively charged sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell for every two positively charged potassium ions (K+) pumped into the cell, not only is the resting potential of the cell established, but an unfavorable concentration gradient is created by increasing the concentration of sodium outside the cell and increasing the concentration of potassium within the cell. Although there is an excessive amount of potassium in the cell and sodium outside the cell, the generated resting potential keeps the voltage gated ion channels in the plasma membrane closed, preventing the ions that have been pumped across the plasma membrane from diffusing to an area of lower concentration. Additionally, despite the high concentration of positively-charged potassium ions, most cells contain internal components (of negative charge), which accumulate to establish a negative inner-charge.
Depolarization[edit]
Voltage-gated sodium channel. Open channel (top) carries an influx of Na+ ions, giving rise to depolarization. As the channel becomes closed/inactivated (bottom), the depolarization ends.
After a cell has established a resting potential, that cell has the capacity to undergo depolarization. During depolarization, the membrane potential rapidly shifts from negative to positive. For this rapid change to take place within the interior of the cell, several events must occur along the plasma membrane of the cell. While the sodium–potassium pump continues to work, the voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels that had been closed while the cell was at resting potential are opened in response to an initial change in voltage. As the sodium ions rush back into the cell, they add positive charge to the cell interior, and change the membrane potential from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell becomes more positively charged, depolarization of the cell is complete, and the channels close again.
Repolarization[edit]
After a cell has been depolarized, it undergoes one final change in internal charge. Following depolarization, the voltage-gated sodium ion channels that had been open while the cell was undergoing depolarization close again. The increased positive charge within the cell now causes the potassium channels to open. Potassium ions (K+) begin to move down the electrochemical gradient (in favor of the concentration gradient and the newly established electrical gradient). As potassium moves out of the cell the potential within the cell decreases and approaches its resting potential once more. The sodium potassium pump works continuously throughout this process.[4]
Hyperpolarization[edit]
The process of repolarization causes an overshoot in the potential of the cell. Potassium ions continue to move out of the axon so much so that the resting potential is exceeded and the new cell potential becomes more negative than the resting potential. The resting potential is ultimately re-established by the closing of all voltage-gated ion channels and the activity of the sodium potassium ion pump.[5]
Neurons[edit]
Structure of a neuron
Depolarization is essential to the functions of many cells in the human body, which is exemplified by the transmission of stimuli both within a neuron and between two neurons. The reception of stimuli, neural integration of that stimuli, and the neuron's response to stimuli all rely upon the ability of neurons to utilize depolarization to transmit stimuli either within a neuron or between neurons.
Response to stimulus[edit]
Stimuli to neurons can be a physical, electrical, chemical stimulus, which can either inhibit or excite the neuron being stimulated. An inhibitory stimulus is transmitted to the dendrite of a neuron, causing hyperpolarization of the neuron. The hyperpolarization following an inhibitory stimulus causes a further decrease in voltage within the neuron below the resting potential. By hyperpolarizing a neuron, an inhibitory stimulus results in a greater negative charge that must be overcome for depolarization to occur. Excitation stimuli, on the other hand, increases the voltage in the neuron, which leads to a neuron that is easier to depolarize than the same neuron in the resting state. Regardless of excitatory or inhibitory, the stimuli travel down the dendrites of a neuron to the cell body for integration.
Integration of stimuli[edit]
Summation of stimuli at an axon hillock
Once the stimuli have reached the cell body, the nerve must integrate the various stimuli before the nerve can respond. The stimuli that have traveled down the dendrites converge at the axon hillock, where they are summed to determine the neuronal response. If the sum of the stimuli reaches a certain voltage, known as the threshold potential, depolarization continues from the axon hillock down the axon.
Response[edit]
The surge of depolarization traveling from the axon hillock to the axon terminal is known as an action potential. Action potentials reach the axon terminal, where the action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the neuron. The neurotransmitters that are released from the axon continue on to stimulate other cells such as other neurons or muscle cells. After an action potential travels down the axon of a neuron, the resting membrane potential of the axon must be restored before another action potential can travel the axon. This is known as the recovery period of the neuron, during which the neuron cannot transmit another action potential.
Rod cells of the eye[edit]
The importance and versatility of depolarization within cells can be seen in the relationship between rod cells in the eye and their associated neurons. When rod cells are in the dark, they are depolarized. In the rod cells, this depolarization is maintained by ion channels that remain open due to the higher voltage of the rod cell in the depolarized state. The ion channels allow calcium and sodium to pass freely into the cell, maintaining the depolarized state. Rod cells in the depolarized state constantly release neurotransmitters which in turn stimulate the nerves associated with rod cells. This cycle is broken when rod cells are exposed to light; the absorption of light by the rod cell causes the channels that had facilitated the entry of sodium and calcium into the rod cell to close. When these channels close, the rod cell produces less neurotransmitter, which is perceived by the brain as light. In the case of rod cells and neurons, depolarization actually prevents a signal from reaching the brain as opposed to stimulating the transmission of the signal.[6][page needed]
Vascular endothelium[edit]
Endothelium is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial cells that line the interior of both blood and lymph vessels. The endothelium that lines blood vessels is known as vascular endothelium, which is subject to and must withstand the forces of blood flow and blood pressure from the cardiovascular system. To withstand these cardiovascular forces, endothelial cells must simultaneously have a structure capable of withstanding the forces of circulation while also maintaining a certain level of plasticity in the strength of their structure. This plasticity in the structural strength of the vascular endothelium is essential to overall function of the cardiovascular system. Endothelial cells within blood vessels can alter the strength of their structure to maintain the vascular tone of the blood vessel they line, prevent vascular rigidity, and even help to regulate blood pressure within the cardiovascular system. Endothelial cells accomplish these feats by using depolarization to alter their structural strength. When an endothelial cell undergoes depolarization, the result is a marked decrease in the rigidity and structural strength of the cell by altering the network of fibers that provide these cells with their structural support. Depolarization in vascular endothelium is essential not only to the structural integrity of endothelial cells, but also to the ability of the vascular endothelium to aid in the regulation of vascular tone, prevention of vascular rigidity, and the regulation of blood pressure.[7]
Heart[edit]
Electrocardiogram
Depolarization occurs in the four chambers of the heart: both atria first, and then both ventricles.
The sinoatrial (SA) node on the wall of the right atrium initiates depolarization in the right and left atria, causing contraction, which is symbolized by the P wave on an electrocardiogram.
The SA node sends the depolarization wave to the atrioventricular (AV) node which—with about a 100 ms delay to let the atria finish contracting—then causes contraction in both ventricles, seen in the QRS wave. At the same time, the atria re-polarize and relax.
The ventricles are re-polarized and relaxed at the T wave.
This process continues regularly, unless there is a problem in the heart.[8]
Depolarization blockers[edit]
There are drugs, called depolarization blocking agents, that cause prolonged depolarization by opening channels responsible for depolarization and not allowing them to close, preventing repolarization. Examples include the nicotinic agonists suxamethonium and decamethonium.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Marvin (1991-05-31). Psychobiology of Personality. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521359429.
Jump up ^ Gorsuch, Joseph W. (1993-01-01). Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: 2nd volume. ASTM International. ISBN 9780803114852.
Jump up ^ A., Persinger, Michael; M., Lafrenie, Robert (2014-01-01). "The Cancer Cell Plasma Membrane Potentials as Energetic Equivalents to Astrophysical Properties". International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy. 36. doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILCPA.36.67. ISSN 2299-3843.
Jump up ^ Lodish, H; Berk, A; Kaiser, C; Krieger, M; Bretscher, A; Ploegh, H; Amon, A (2000). Molecular Cell Biology (7th ed.). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 1021–1022, 1025, 1045.
Jump up ^ Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology for Edexcel A2 Biology. Pearson Wducation, by Angela Hall, 2009, ISBN 9781408205914
Jump up ^ Lodish, H; Berk, A; Kaiser, C; Krieger, M; Bretscher, A; Ploegh, H; Amon, A (2000). Molecular Cell Biology (7th ed.). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 695.
Jump up ^ Callies, C; Fels, J; Liashkovich, I; Kliche, K; Jeggle, P; Kusche-Vihrog, K; Oberleithner, H (June 1, 2011). "Membrane potential depolarization decreases the stiffness of vascular endothelial cells". Journal of Cell Science. 124: 1936–1942. doi:10.1242/jcs.084657. PMID 21558418.
Jump up ^ Marieb, E. N., & Hoehn, K. (2014). Human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education Inc.
Jump up ^ Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07145-4. Page 149
Further reading[edit]
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., eds. (2001). Neuroscience (2. ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. ISBN 0-87893-742-0.
External links[edit]
Neuroscience portal
"Depolarization (Animation)". Psychology Department, Hanover College. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
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text:
Toby Jones
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other people named Toby Jones, see Toby Jones (disambiguation).
Toby Jones
Jones in October 2003
Born
Toby Edward Heslewood Jones
(1966-09-07) 7 September 1966 (age 51)
Hammersmith, London, UK
Education
University of Manchester
(1986–1989)
L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq
(1989–1991)
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1992–present
Spouse(s)
Karen Jones
Children
2
Parent(s)
Freddie Jones
Jennifer Heslewood
Toby Edward Heslewood Jones[1] (born 7 September 1966)[1] is an English actor.
After appearing in supporting roles in films between 1992 and 2005, Jones made his breakthrough as Truman Capote in the biopic Infamous (2006). Since then, his films have included The Mist (2007), W. (2008), Frost/Nixon (2008), Your Highness (2011), Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), Berberian Sound Studio (2012), The Hunger Games (2012), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), and Dad's Army (2016). He also provided the voice of Dobby in the Harry Potter films, and Aristides Silk in The Adventures of Tintin (2011).
Jones' television credits include the 2012 Titanic miniseries, Agent Carter, Wayward Pines and Doctor Who. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for his role as Alfred Hitchcock in The Girl (2012) and a BAFTA for his role in Detectorists (2015). In 2017, he portrayed Culverton Smith in "The Lying Detective", an episode of the BBC crime drama Sherlock.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Film and television
2.2 Radio
2.3 Theatre
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Jones was born in Hammersmith, London,[1] the son of actors Jennifer (née Heslewood) and Freddie Jones. He has two brothers: Rupert, a director, and Casper, also an actor.[2] He attended Christ Church Cathedral School and Abingdon School in Oxfordshire in the 1980s. He studied drama at the University of Manchester from 1986 to 1989, and at L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq in Paris from 1989 to 1991.
Career[edit]
Film and television[edit]
Jones has appeared in more than 20 films since his first acting role in the 1992 film Orlando. He voiced Dobby in two Harry Potter films: Chamber of Secrets (2002) and The Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010). He played Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury in the HBO/Channel 4 production Elizabeth I. In 2006, he portrayed Truman Capote in the biopic Infamous. He appeared in the film adaptation of Stephen King's The Mist in 2007. In 2008, he portrayed Karl Rove in Oliver Stone's W and Hollywood agent Swifty Lazar in Frost/Nixon. He appeared alongside his father in the 2004 film Ladies in Lavender.[3]
Jones appeared in the 2010 episode "Amy's Choice", of Doctor Who, as the Dream Lord, and in the Big Finish Productions series' Dark Eyes (audio drama) as Kotris. He also played the role of Samuel Ratchett in Agatha Christie's Poirot TV Series 12 episode "Murder on the Orient Express". In 2011, he played the role of the British spy master Percy Alleline in the adaptation of John Le Carré's Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and Arnim Zola in Captain America: The First Avenger, a role which he reprised in the sequel Captain America: The Winter Soldier three years later as well as in a cameo in the TV series Agent Carter the following year. In 2012, he had a leading role in the ITV mini-series Titanic, starred as one of the seven dwarves in Snow White and the Huntsman, played Dr. Paul Shackleton in Red Lights, and Max in Virginia. He also portrayed film director Alfred Hitchcock in the HBO television film The Girl, a role that earned him his first Golden Globe Award nomination, as well as his first Primetime Emmy Award nomination.
He appears in the music video for Gomez's song "Whippin' Picadilly".[4]
He played Neil Baldwin in the BBC drama Marvellous in 2014.[5][6][7][8][9][10] Sam Wollaston, in The Guardian, praised Jones's "lovely, very human, performance",[11] one that earned him his second British Academy Television Award nomination. In 2014, he also appeared in the BBC Four television series Detectorists,[12] for which he received a nomination for the British Academy Television Award for Best Male Comedy Performance in 2016.
In 2015, Jones played the part of Roger Yount, a banker, in the three-part BBCs series Capital based on John Lanchester's novel of the same name.[13] Discussing working with Jones on Capital, writer Peter Bowker said, "I think Toby is a genius and thought that long before I worked with him. He always wants to know a character's needs, and what's beneath those needs. Then he takes all that material and somehow embeds it into the character and physically inhabits the character, so that you never think he's playing the character. It's fascinating to watch him close up. He carries the emotional complexities in every tiny gesture that his character makes so that you immediately can see what his character is like. A character like Roger is full of contradictions, a city banker with an air of entitlement but also a little insecurity picking away at him. Toby can portray that in his walk alone. That's what's great about him, he can portray cold he can portray warm and he can portray both of those things at once."[14]
He plays Captain Mainwaring in the film Dad's Army, released in February 2016. In July the same year he starred as the eponymous agent Verloc in the BBC's 3-part television adaptation of Joseph Conrad's 1907 novel The Secret Agent.[15]
In 2017, he portrayed Culverton Smith in "The Lying Detective", an episode of the BBC crime drama Sherlock.
Jones will play a character in the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park series.[16]
Radio[edit]
In 2003 Jones played the part of Lord Brideshead in BBC Radio adaptation of Brideshead Revisited. Jones voiced the title character of the 2005 BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Oblomov. He also read the 2009 Radio 4 adaptation of John Irving's A Prayer for Owen Meany. He played Inspector Goole in 2010 BBC Radio adaptation of An Inspector Calls. Since 2013 Jones has been the voice of the lead character, Joey Oldman in the BBC Radio 4 series The Corrupted an adaptation of the G. F. Newman novel Crime and Punishment. On 2 December 2012 he played Napoleon Bonaparte in Anthony Burgess's Napoleon Rising on Radio 3.
Theatre[edit]
In 2001, he starred in the London West End comedy The Play What I Wrote, directed by Kenneth Branagh. His comic turn as Arthur earned him the Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, and when the play moved to Broadway in 2003.
In 2009, he returned to the stage in Every Good Boy Deserves Favour at the National Theatre,[17] Parlour Song at the Almeida Theatre,[18] and The First Domino at Brighton Festival Fringe.[19] In 2011, he played JMW Turner in The Painter at the Arcola Theatre.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992 Orlando Valet
1993 Naked Man at tea bar
Dropping the Baby Babyman Short film
1994 Triphony Man at Fire
1997 Numbertime Time Tim
1998 Cousin Bette Man in Café des Artistes
Les Misérables Door keeper
Ever After Royal page
1999 Simon Magus Buchholz
The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc English judge
2000 Hotel Splendide Kitchen boy
The Nine Lives of Tomas Katz Civil servant
2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Dobby the house elf Voice only
2004 Ladies in Lavender Hedley
Finding Neverland Smee
2005 Mrs Henderson Presents Gordon
2006 Infamous Truman Capote London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Actor of the Year
The Sickie Douglas Knott
The Painted Veil Waddington Nominated – London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Supporting Actor of the Year
2007 Amazing Grace Duke of Clarence
Nightwatching Gerard Dou
The Mist Ollie Weeks
St Trinian's Bursar
2008 City of Ember Bardon Snode
W. Karl Rove
Frost/Nixon Swifty Lazar
2009 Creation Thomas Huxley
St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold Bursar
2010 Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll Hargreaves
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Dobby the house elf Voice only
Virginia Max
2011 The Rite Father Matthew
Your Highness Julie
Captain America: The First Avenger Arnim Zola[20]
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy Percy Alleline
My Week with Marilyn Arthur P. Jacobs
The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn Aristides Silk[21]
2012 The Hunger Games Claudius Templesmith[22]
Red Lights Dr Paul Shackleton
Snow White and the Huntsman Coll
Berberian Sound Studio Gilderoy BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film
London Film Critics' Circle Award for Best British Actor of the Year
2013 The Hunger Games: Catching Fire Claudius Templesmith
Leave to Remain Mr. Nigel
Hardwire Max Short film
2014 Captain America: The Winter Soldier Arnim Zola
Muppets Most Wanted Museo del Prado Guard #2 Cameo
Serena Sheriff McDowell
By the Gun Jerry
2015 Tale of Tales King of Highhills
By Our Selves John Clare
The Man Who Knew Infinity John Littlewood
2016 Dad's Army Captain Mainwaring Film adaptation of original BBC sitcom.
Anthropoid Jan Zelenka-Hajský
Morgan Dr Simon Ziegler
Kaleidoscope Carl
2017 Atomic Blonde Eric Gray
Happy End Lawrence Bradshaw
The Entertainer Paul Limp Short film
Journey's End Mason
The Snowman Svenson
Zoo Security Guard Charlie Post-production
2018 Normandie nue Newman
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Post-production
Out of Blue Professor Ian Strammi Post-production
Christopher Robin Owl (voice) Filming
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1993 Lovejoy Sgt. Protheroe Episode: "Pig in a Poke"
1994 Cadfael Griffin Episode: "The Sanctuary Sparrow"
1995 Performance Wart Episode: "Henry IV"
1996 Death of a Salesman Waiter Television film
1998 Out of Hours Martin Styles Miniseries
1999 Underground Beast Television film
Aristocrats Ste Fox 4 episodes
1999–2000 Midsomer Murders Dan Peterson 4 episodes
2001 The Way We Live Now Squercum Serial
Victoria & Albert Edward Oxford Serial
In Love and War Bolo Television film
Love or Money Phil Television film
2002 15 Storeys High Obsessive-compulsive man Episode: "Ice Queen"
2005 Coming Up Simon Episode: "Loving Ludmilla"
2005 Elizabeth Robert Cecil Miniseries
2006 A Harlot's Progress William Hogarth Television film
2007 The Old Curiosity Shop Daniel Quilp Television film
The Last Detective Bennett Episode: "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Willesden"
2008 Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic Wizardry order head
2010 Mo Dr Mark Glaser Television film
Doctor Who The Dream Lord Episode: "Amy's Choice"
Agatha Christie's Poirot Samuel Rachett Episode: "Murder on the Orient Express"
2011 Christopher and His Kind Gerald Hamilton Television film
2012 Titanic John Batley Miniseries
The Girl Alfred Hitchcock Nominated – British Academy Television Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Movie/Miniseries Actor
Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor Miniseries or Television Film
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie
2013 Murder on the Victorian Railway Narrator Television film
Words of Everest Jan Morris
2014 Marvellous Neil Baldwin Nominated – Royal Television Society Programme Award for Best Actor
Nominated – British Academy Television Award for Best Actor
2014–2017 Detectorists Lance Stater 19 episodes
Nominated – British Academy Television Award for Best Male Comedy Performance
2015 Wayward Pines David Pilcher/Dr. Jenkins 15 episodes
Pending – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television
Agent Carter Arnim Zola Episode: "Valediction"
Capital Roger Yount Miniseries
The Last Days Of... Narrator 4 episodes
2016 The Secret Agent Anton Verloc Three-part miniseries
The Witness for the Prosecution John Mayhew Two-part miniseries
2017 Sherlock Culverton Smith[23] Episode: "The Lying Detective"

References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Births, Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales, 1916–2005.; at ancestry.com
Jump up ^ Braun, Liz (10 October 2006). "'Infamous' shows another look at Capote". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Toby Jones Biography (1964?-)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gomez – Whippin' Piccadilly". YouTube. 28 February 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Toby Jones on playing Neil Baldwin in Marvellous". BBC News. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Simon, Jane (25 September 2014). "Marvellous – Toby Jones is outstanding portraying extraordinary life of Stoke City kit man Neil Baldwin". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Dickson, E Jane (25 September 2014). "Neil Baldwin: "Prince Edward is the best royal I've met – I just knocked on his door"". Radio Times. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Jeffries, Stuart (21 September 2014). "Toby Jones: totally Stoked". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Collin, Robbie (23 September 2014). "Toby Jones interview: 'Every character has a special need'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Walsh, John (13 September 2014). "Quiet genius of Toby Jones: From The Hunger Games to Truman Capote, Hollywood can't get enough of British acting's most versatile talent". The Independent. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Wollaston, Sam (26 September 2014). "Marvellous; Your Home in their Hands review – two Neil Baldwins meet real Lou Macari and real Gary Lineker". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Rupert Hawksley (2 October 2014). "Detectorists, BBC Four, review: 'first-rate writing'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "BBC One: Capital". BBC Online. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Adapting 'Capital' for BBC One". BBC Online. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Secret Agent: Episode 1: Credits". BBC Online. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (November 7, 2016). "Toby Jones and Rafe Spall in Talks to Join Sequel to 'Jurassic World' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.
Jump up ^ Cavendish, Dominic (9 January 2009). "Toby Jones takes the lead in Tom Stoppard's classic Every Good Boy Deserves Favour". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Parlour Song - The Cast". Almeida Theatre. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Emily-Ann Elliott (5 May 2009). "Bomb survivor writes Brighton play". The Argus (Brighton). Retrieved 27 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Toby Jones to play evil scientist in 'Captain America' (exclusive)". Heatvisionblog.com. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Jay A.; Kit, Borys (27 January 2009). "Daniel Craig to star in "Tintin"". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Valby, Karen (24 May 2011). "'The Hunger Games' finds its voice: Toby Jones cast as Claudius Templesmith". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.denofgeek.com/us/tv/sherlock/257518/culverton-smith-is-sherlocks-darkest-villain-yet
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toby Jones.
Toby Jones on IMDb
[show]
Awards for Toby Jones
[show]
v
t
e
BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film
Ray Winstone (1998)
Ian McKellen (1999)
Daniel Craig (2000)
Ben Kingsley (2001)
James Nesbitt (2002)
Chiwetel Ejiofor (2003)
Phil Davis (2004)
Ralph Fiennes (2005)
Tony Curran (2006)
Viggo Mortensen (2007)
Michael Fassbender (2008)
Tom Hardy (2009)
Colin Firth (2010)
Michael Fassbender (2011)
Toby Jones (2012)
James McAvoy (2013)
Brendan Gleeson (2014)
Tom Hardy (2015)
Dave Johns (2016)
Josh O'Connor (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role
1977–1984
Actor
Nigel Hawthorne (1977)
Robert Eddison (1978)
Patrick Stewart (1979)
David Threlfall (1980)
Joe Melia (1981)
David Healy (1982)
Alan Devlin (1983)
Edward Petherbridge (1984)
Actress
Mona Washbourne (1977)
Elizabeth Spriggs (1978)
Doreen Mantle (1979)
Suzanne Bertish (1980)
Gwen Watford (1981)
Anna Massey (1982)
Abigail McKern (1983)
Marcia Warren (1984)
1985–1990
Merged
Imelda Staunton (1985)
Paul Jesson (1986)
Michael Bryant (1987)
Eileen Atkins (1988)
Michael Bryant (1989/1990)
1991–1995
Actor
David Bradley (1991)
Oleg Menshikov (1992)
Julian Glover (1993)
Joseph Mydell (1994)
Ken Stott (1995)
Actress
Sara Crowe (1991)
Frances de la Tour (1992)
Barbara Leigh-Hunt (1993)
Helen Burns (1994)
Dora Bryan (1995)
1996–2002
Actor
Trevor Eve (1997)
Roger Allam (2000)
Ben Daniels (2001)
Toby Jones (2002)
Actress
Deborah Findlay (1997)
Patricia Hodge (2000)
Essie Davis (2001)
Marcia Warren (2002)
Merged
Simon Russell Beale (1996)
Sarah Woodward (1998)
Brendan Coyle (1999)
2003–2009
Merged
Essie Davis (2003)
Warren Mitchell (2004)
Amanda Harris (2005)
Noma Dumezweni (2006)
Jim Norton (2007)
Rory Kinnear (2008)
Patrick Stewart (2009)
2010–present
Actor
Eddie Redmayne (2010)
Adrian Scarborough (2011)
Richard McCabe (2013)
Jack Lowden (2014)
Nathaniel Parker (2015)
Mark Gatiss (2016)
Anthony Boyle (2017)
Actress
Ruth Wilson (2010)
Michelle Terry (2011)
Nicola Walker (2013)
Sharon D. Clarke (2014)
Angela Lansbury (2015)
Judi Dench (2016)
Noma Dumezweni (2017)
Merged
Sheridan Smith (2012)
[show]
v
t
e
London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Actor of the Year
Alan Rickman (1991)
Daniel Day-Lewis (1992)
David Thewlis (1993)
Ralph Fiennes (1994)
Nigel Hawthorne (1995)
Ewan McGregor / Ian McKellen (1996)
Robert Carlyle (1997)
Brendan Gleeson (1998)
Jeremy Northam (1999)
Jim Broadbent (2000)
Paul Bettany (2001)
Hugh Grant (2002)
Paul Bettany (2003)
Daniel Craig (2004)
Ralph Fiennes (2005)
Toby Jones (2006)
James McAvoy (2007)
Michael Fassbender (2008)
Colin Firth (2009)
Christian Bale (2010)
Michael Fassbender (2011)
Toby Jones (2012)
James McAvoy (2013)
Timothy Spall (2014)
Tom Hardy (2015)
Andrew Garfield (2016)
Daniel Kaluuya (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 61319333
LCCN: no2007038557
ISNI: 0000 0000 7357 9114
GND: 1035824493
SUDOC: 139929592
BNF: cb16172820x (data)
BNE: XX4811352
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toby_Jones&oldid=824201650"
Categories:
1966 births
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Laurence Olivier Award winners
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
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