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Emilia Clarke
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Emilia Clarke
Clarke in 2013
Born
Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose Clarke
(1986-10-23) 23 October 1986 (age 31)
London, England
Residence
Hampstead, London
Venice Beach, Los Angeles
Alma mater
Drama Centre London
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2009–present
Height
5 ft 2 in (157 cm)[1]
Awards
Full list
Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose Clarke (born 23 October 1986)[2][3][4][5] is an English actress. Born in London and brought up in Berkshire, Clarke first gained an interest in acting as a child after seeing the musical Show Boat, on which her father was working as a sound engineer. Clarke studied at the Drama Centre London, and appeared in a number of stage productions. Her television debut came with a guest appearance in an episode of the British soap opera Doctors. In 2010, she was named as one of the UK Stars of Tomorrow by Screen International magazine for her role in Syfy's film Triassic Attack (2010).
Clarke rose to prominence in 2011 for her breakthrough role as Daenerys Targaryen in the HBO series Game of Thrones (2011–present), a performance that has gained her critical acclaim. She has been nominated for three Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, and two Critics Choice Television Awards for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, among other accolades.
Clarke made her Broadway debut as Holly Golightly in a production of Breakfast at Tiffany's in 2013. In 2015, she was named Esquire's Sexiest Woman Alive. She is also known for her starring roles as Sarah Connor in the science fiction film Terminator Genisys (2015) and as Louisa Clark in the romance film Me Before You (2016).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Early career
2.2 Breakthrough (2010–present)
2.2.1 Upcoming projects
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
4.4 Theatre
5 Works and accolades
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose Clarke[6] was born in London, and grew up in Berkshire.[7][8][9] Her father was a theatre sound engineer.[10] Her mother is Jennifer "Jenny" Clarke,[11] the director of The Anima Foundation.[12] She has an older brother.[13] Clarke's interest in acting began at the age of three after seeing the musical Show Boat on which her father was working.[7] She was educated at Rye St Antony School and at St Edward's School, Oxford (graduated 2005).[14] She attended Drama Centre London, and graduated in 2009.[15]
Career[edit]
Early career[edit]
Clarke's early work includes two plays at St. Edwards,[14] ten plays at Drama Centre London, the 2009 Company of Angels production of Sense,[15] and two 2009 commercials for Samaritans.[16] One of her first film roles was for a University of London students' short film.[17] Her first television roles were Saskia Mayer in a 2009 episode of the British soap opera Doctors and Savannah in Syfy's 2010 film Triassic Attack. Screen International magazine named her as one of the "UK Stars of Tomorrow".[18]
Breakthrough (2010–present)[edit]
In 2010 Clarke was cast as Daenerys Targaryen in the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones, based on the book series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin. She was cast after fellow British actress Tamzin Merchant was replaced for undisclosed reasons.[19] In an interview, Clarke stated that she did the funky chicken and robot dance during her audition.[20] The show debuted in April 2011 to positive reviews and was quickly picked up by the network for a second season.[21] Clarke won the 2011 EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama for her role as Daenerys.[22] In 2013, Clarke was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards.[23] She was nominated again in the category in 2015 and 2016.[24]
Clarke has received widespread praise for her performance. Her acting, as she closed Daenerys's arc initiated in the first episode from a frightened girl to an empowered woman, was praised. Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe called her scenes "mesmerizing", adding that "Clarke doesn't have a lot of emotional variety to work with as Daenerys, aside from fierce determination, and yet she is riveting."[25] Todd VanDerWerff for The A.V. Club commented on the difficulty of adapting such an evolution from page to screen, but concluded that "Clarke [...] more than seal[s] the deal here.[26] In 2017, Clarke reportedly became one of the highest paid actors on television, earning £2 million per episode of Game of Thrones.[27][28]
Clarke speaking at Comic-Con International in 2013
In 2012, Clarke appeared in Spike Island, a film named after the location of The Stone Roses's seminal 1990 gig.[29] From March to April 2013, Clarke played Holly Golightly in a Broadway production of Breakfast at Tiffany's.[30] That year, she also starred in Dom Hemingway alongside Jude Law. Critical reaction to the film was mostly positive, though it was a commercial failure.[31][32]
In May 2014, it was announced that she had joined the feature film Garden of Last Days alongside James Franco,[33] but the movie was scrapped two weeks before production was due to begin. Clarke was offered the role of Anastasia Steele in Fifty Shades of Grey but turned down the part because of the nudity required.[34] She played Sarah Connor in Terminator Genisys (2015), opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jai Courtney, and Jason Clarke.[35] The film grossed over $400 million worldwide, but received generally unfavorable reviews from critics,[36] despite this she did receive nominations for awards like the Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer Movie Star - Female and Germany's Jupiter Award for Best International Actress.
In 2016, Clarke starred as the female lead, opposite Sam Claflin, in the movie adaption of the best selling book (of the same name), Me Before You, released on 3 June 2016.[37] The film was a commercial success, grossing over $200 million worldwide and is Clarke's highest-rated film on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.[38][39] For her role as Louisa Clark, she shared nominations with Sam Claflin for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Liplock and the MTV Television Tearjerker Award.
She played the lead as Nurse Verena, in the film Voice from the Stone which was released on April 2017 in limited release, video on demand and digital HD.[40][41]
Upcoming projects[edit]
Clarke is also set to be attached to the films The Guns of August opposite Helena Bonham Carter,[42] Set It Up opposite Glen Powell,[43] and Above Suspicion opposite Jack Huston.[44] In November 2016, Clarke was cast as the female lead in Solo: A Star Wars Story, set to be released 25 May 2018.[45] In January 2017, Clarke was cast as the lead in the upcoming English language adaptation of the 2015 Korean romantic comedy, The Beauty Inside.[46]
Personal life[edit]
In 2012, Clarke began dating comedian and filmmaker Seth MacFarlane. The two broke up after approximately six months but remain friends.[47] As of October 2015, Clarke resides in Hampstead, London.[48] In 2016, she purchased a house in Venice Beach, Los Angeles.[49] She was voted the most desirable woman in the world by AskMen readers in 2014.[50] She was named Esquire's Sexiest Woman Alive in 2015.[51] On International Women's Day 2017, she published a well-received op-ed on HuffPost UK regarding modern feminism and encouraging gender equality.[52]
Clarke was the cover feature for the edition of 13 July 2017 of Rolling Stone, and revealed in the interview that she lost her father to cancer on 10 July 2016.[53]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Title
Year
Role
Director
Notes
Ref.
Drop the Dog
2009 Julie !Julie Unknown !Unknown Short film
Spike Island
2012 Harris !Sally Harris Whitecross !Mat Whitecross [54]
Shackled
Malu Wazzi !Nour Wazzi Short film [55]
Dom Hemingway
2013 Hemingway !Evelyn Hemingway Shepard !Richard Shepard [56]
Terminator Genisys
2015 Connor !Sarah Connor Taylor !Alan Taylor [57]
Me Before You
2016 Clark !Louisa Clark Sharrock !Thea Sharrock [58]
Voice from the Stone
2017 Verena D. Howell !Eric D. Howell [59]
Above Suspicion
Smith !Susan Smith Noyce !Phillip Noyce Post-production [60]
Solo: A Star Wars Story
2018 Kira Howard !Ron Howard [61]
Key
Denotes films that have not yet been released
Television[edit]
Title
Year
Role
Network
Notes
Ref.
Doctors
2009 Mayer !Saskia Mayer BBC One Episode: "Empty Nest" [62]
Triassic Attack
2010 Roundtree !Savannah Roundtree Syfy Film [63]
Game of Thrones
2011–present Targaryen !Daenerys Targaryen HBO Main role [64]
Futurama
2013 Marianne (voice) Comedy Central Episode: "Stench and Stenchibility" [65]
Robot Chicken
2016 Bridget (voice) Adult Swim Episode: "Joel Hurwitz Returns" [66]
Animals.
2017 Lumpy (voice) HBO Episode: "Rats." [67]
Thunderbirds Are Go
2017 Doyle (voice) ITV Episode: TBA [68]
Video games[edit]
Title
Year
Voice role
Ref.
Game of Thrones
2015 Daenerys Targaryen [69]
Theatre[edit]
Title
Year
Role
Venue
Ref.
Breakfast at Tiffany's
2013 Holly Golightly Cort Theatre [70]
Works and accolades[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Emilia Clarke
According to the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, Clarke's most critically acclaimed films are Dom Hemingway (2014) and Me Before You (2016).[39]
Clarke has been nominated three times for a Primetime Emmy Awards: Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for Game of Thrones.[71]
Biography portal
Film portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mayer, Erin (25 March 2014). "10 Short, Badass Actors Who Prove That Height is Only a Number". Bustle. BDG Media Inc. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017. At only 5'2", the Game of Thrones actress (and our one true Khaleesi) proves that you don't need to be tall to be fierce. Daenerys Targaryen is one shortie we'd definitely want on our side in any fight, with or without the dragons.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Emilia [@mebeforeyou] (20 May 2016). "@LANNISTERSPRIDE [my lucky number is] 23!! Ironically enough because it's my birthday" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016 – via Twitter. (For archive, scroll down to Clarke reply)
Jump up ^ "England & Wales births 1837-2006". FindMyPast.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016. Clarke, Emelia Isabelle E R [born] 1986
Jump up ^ "Certification of Incorporation of a Private Limited Company: Scenic Root Limited". The Registrar of Companies for England and Wales via Companies House. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose Clarke: Date of Birth 23/10/1986, Nationality British, Occupation Actor
Jump up ^ Some sources give 1 May 1987, including
"Emilia Clarke Biography: Actress (1987–)". Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks). Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
"Emilia Clarke". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose CLARKE - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Game of Thrones star Emilia Clarke: I feel just like Khaleesi in real life". Now. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Celebrates 28th Birthday on 'Game of Thrones' Set – See Epic Cake!". tooFab. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Actor Bio: Emilia Clarke". Game of Thrones: Cast and Crew. HBO. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "In Vogue: Emilia Clarke". Vogue. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Don (10 April 2015). "Dragon lady Emilia Clarke heats up a career with 'Thrones'". NY Daily News. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jennifer CLARKE - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Interview". 27 October 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "OSE to star in new HBO drama". St Edward's School. 14 February 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Spotlight: Emilia Clarke". Spotlight. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Lisa's Story (YouTube). Samaritans. 16 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Video of Emilia Clarke in Student Movie". sitmovie.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "UK Stars of Tomorrow 2010". Screen Daily. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Was Not the First Choice to Play Daenerys Targaryen on 'Game of Thrones'". Yahoo!. 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Kevin, Patrick (20 March 2014). "Did the Funky Chicken land Emilia Clarke her 'Game of Thrones' role?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "HBO Re-commissions 'Game of Thrones'". IFTN. 19 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "EWwy Awards 2011: Meet Your Winners!". Entertainment Weekly. 19 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Emmy Nominees Full List: Breaking Bad, Homeland, Downton Abbey Dominate 2013 Awards". The Huffington Post. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (16 July 2015). "Emmy Nominations 2015 – Full List". Deadline.com. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Matthew (28 March 2013). "Fantasy gets real on 'Game of Thrones'". The Boston Globe. John W. Henry. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd. "A Golden Crown" (for experts)". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Parker, Mike (25 April 2017). "Game Of Thrones season 7: Stars set to earn £2 Million per episode". Daily Express. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher (25 April 2017). "Game of Thrones season 7: Actors 'set to earn £2million per episode', making them highest-paid ever". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lesley Manville and Emilia Clarke Travel to 'Spike Island' With The Stone Roses". Thefilmstage.com. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Breakfast at Tiffany's Coming to Broadway with Emilia Clarke". Broadway Tour. BroadwayTour.net. 13 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dom Hemingway Movie Reviews, Pictures – Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dom Hemingway (2013) – Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Loading... (2 May 2013). "Games of Thrones Star Emilia Clarke Cast in New Film Garden of Last Days Alongside James Franco". Entertainmentwise. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Game of Thrones' Star Emilia Clarke Turned Down 'Fifty Shades of Grey'". The Huffington Post. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Game of Thrones' Emilia Clarke Set For 'Terminator' In Sarah Connor Role". Deadline.com. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Terminator Genisys". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Bryan (3 February 2016). "Trailer reveal: Emilia Clarke and Sam Claflin in 'Me Before You'". USA Today. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Me Before You (2016) – Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Emilia Clarke". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (16 June 2014). "'Game of Thrones' Star Emilia Clarke Set for Thriller 'Voice From the Stone'". Variety. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Boone, John (13 January 2017). "Exclusive: Emilia Clarke Is a Long Way From Westeros in First Look at 'Voice From the Stone'". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Ge, Linda (19 May 2014). "Emilia Clarke Joins WWI Drama 'The Guns of August' Opposite Helena Bonham Carter". Up and Comers. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (27 April 2016). "Glen Powell to Star With Emilia Clarke in 'The Set Up'". Variety. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke & Jack Huston in Talks For Beyond Suspicion Adaptation". Contactmusic.com. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Carbone, Gina (18 November 2016). "Emilia Clarke Joins Han Solo Movie as Female Lead". Moviefone. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca (27 January 2017). "Emilia Clarke to Star in 'The Beauty Inside' for Fox 2000, Temple Hill". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Finally Opens Up About Dating Seth MacFarlane". E! Online. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Markovitz, Benjamin (13 October 2015). "The Gorgeous Balance of Emilia Clarke, Sexiest Woman Alive 2015". Esquire. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Purchases Venice Beach Mansion". Retrieved 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Voted Most Desirable Woman". Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Gorgeous Balance of Emilia Clarke, Sexiest Woman Alive 2015". Esquire. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Emilia (7 March 2017). "The New Sexy". HuffPost UK. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Morris, Alex (28 June 2017). "'Game of Thrones': Emilia Clarke, the Queen of Dragons, Tells All". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spike Island (2012) – Cast e personaggi". Movieplayer.it. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Shackled". Filmshortage.com. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ McNally, Kelby (25 March 2014). "EXCLUSIVE: Emilia Clarke gushes over Jude Law as she speaks about Dom Hemingway role". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (13 December 2013). "'Game of Thrones' star Emilia Clarke cast as Sarah Connor in 'Terminator' reboot". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (2 September 2014). "'GOT's Emilia Clarke, 'Hunger Games' Sam Claflin To Star In MGM's 'Me Before You'". Deadline. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Siegel, Tatiana (16 June 2014). "Emilia Clarke to Star in Indie Psychological Thriller 'Voice From the Stone'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (3 May 2016). "Cannes: Emilia Clarke, Jack Huston to Star in Thriller 'Above Suspicion'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "EMILIA CLARKE JOINS THE HAN SOLO STAND-ALONE FILM". StarWars.com. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "WATCH: Emilia Clarke's First Appearance on TV". BBC America. 1 April 2015. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Was In Syfy's 'Triassic' Before 'Game Of Thrones' (VIDEO)". The Huffington Post. 31 August 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones: Cast". HBO. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Futurama: "Stench and Stenchibility"". The A.V. Club. 28 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Game Of Thrones' Star Emilia Clarke Shares Secret On Overcoming The Downsides Of Fame". Movienewsguide.com. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Hanh (1 March 2017). "'Animals' Trailer: Season 2 Throws Down With Emilia Clarke, Judy Greer, Rupaul and Dan Harmon". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Westbrook, Caroline (18 July 2017). "David Tennant and Emilia Clarke have signed up for Thunderbirds Are Go". Metro. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Futter, Mike (20 November 2014). "[Exclusive] Meet The Exiled Son Of Game Of Thrones' House Forrester". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben (20 March 2013). "More Waifish Than Wild, the Ingénue Returns". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones". Emmys.com. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emilia Clarke.
Emilia Clarke at the Internet Broadway Database
Emilia Clarke on IMDb
Emilia Clarke – Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere in Hollywood
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilia_Clarke&oldid=807776071"
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Unity of command
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality. Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For The video game, see Unity of Command (video game).
Unity of command is ensuring unity of effort under one responsible person (or commander) for completing a task.
American Military Principles[edit]
This unity of command is one of the twelve principles of joint operations, and is defined as:[1]
Unity of command means that all forces operate under a single commander with the requisite authority to direct all forces employed in pursuit of a common purpose. During multinational operations and interagency coordination, unity of command may not be possible, but the requirement for unity of effort becomes paramount. Unity of effort—the coordination and cooperation toward common objectives, even if the participants are not necessarily part of the same command or organization—is the product of successful unified action.
Military Problems[edit]
When this unity of command principle is violated problems quickly develop. A recent example involves the unprecedented departure of this principle in Afghanistan in 2006 when Combined Forces Command-Afghanistan passed control of the ground fight to the International Security Assistance Force. This caused the operations to split between several unified commanders in charge of U.S. Central Command, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the U.S. Special Operations Command, which caused significant operational problems.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff (11 August 2011). "Joint Operations (Joint Publication 3-0)" (PDF). Washington, DC. p. A-2. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Hope, Ian (November 2008). "Unity of Command in Afghanistan: A Forsaken Principle of War" (PDF). Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute. Retrieved 23 September 2015.

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Major League Baseball wild card
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Part of a series on the
Major League Baseball postseason
Wild Card
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In Major League Baseball (MLB), the wild card teams are the two teams in each of the two leagues (American and National) that have qualified for the postseason despite failing to win their division. Both teams in each league possess the two best winning percentages in their respective league after the three division winners. The wild card was first instituted in MLB in 1994, with one wild-card team per league advancing to the Division Series in the postseason to face a division winner. In 2012, the system was modified to add a second wild-card team per league and put each league's wild-card teams against each other in a play-in game—the MLB Wild Card Game—the winner of which would then advance to the Division Series and play the team with the best record. This system ensures that the team with the second-best record in each league, after the three division winners and the team with the first-best record in the league that is a non-division winner, will also get a postseason berth, even if it isn't a division champion.
Contents
1 One wild card per league (1994–2011)
2 Historic anomalies
3 Two wild cards per league (2012–present)
4 Wild-card winners by year and by most wild-card titles
5 Combined postseason series record as wild-card winners
6 Notable wild-card team achievements
7 See also
8 Footnotes
One wild card per league (1994–2011)[edit]
From 1969 through 1993, division leaders in each league advanced to the League Championship Series, with the winners of each LCS meeting in the World Series. However, an expanding number of teams over the years made making the playoffs increasingly difficult. The new system was instituted in 1994 (but first used in 1995 because a players strike canceled the 1994 playoffs) when Major League Baseball expanded from two to three divisions per league. In the new three-division leagues, each league had four teams in the playoffs. In addition to the three division winners, a wild-card team made the playoffs as the fourth seed. This was the team with the most wins amongst non-division winners. The wild-card matchup was played in the first round between the League leader in wins and the wild-card team, unless both teams were in the same division, which resulted in the wild card facing the second-best division winner in the league.
Historic anomalies[edit]
A "wild card" rule was used in the 1981 season after a players' strike wiped out the "middle third" of the season. The owners decided that the winners (in each division) of either "half" of the abbreviated season would make playoffs, with the caveat that if the same team won both halves then the team from the division with the second-best record from the second half would enter the playoffs as a wild card. However, the wild-card rule was not actually used since all four divisions had different first half and second-half winners. As a result of the hastily contrived format, the Cincinnati Reds finished the regular season with the best record in all of baseball (66-42 .611) but failed to qualify for the playoffs because they finished 0.5 game behind the Dodgers in the first half and 1.5 games behind the Astros in the second half. The Astros finished 8 games back in the first half and the Dodgers 6 back in the second.
Two wild cards per league (2012–present)[edit]
Further information: Major League Baseball Wild Card Game
On November 17, 2011, MLB announced that it would be adding two wild-card teams to the postseason.[1] The two wild-card teams in each league face each other in a one-game playoff. The winner of this game advances to meet the top seed in the Division Series. The revised playoff system began with the 2012 season.[2]
Wild-card winners by year and by most wild-card titles[edit]
For each league's list of wild-card winners by year and teams with most wild-card titles, see:
List of American League Wild Card winners
List of National League Wild Card winners
Combined postseason series record as wild-card winners[edit]
Wild-card team
Series record*
World Series wins
Playoff losses
Arizona Diamondbacks 1–1 2017 NLDS
Atlanta Braves 0–2 2010 NLDS, 2012 NLWC
Baltimore Orioles 2–3 1996 ALCS, 2012 ALDS, 2016 ALWC
Boston Red Sox 6–6 2004 World Series 1998 ALDS, 1999 ALCS, 2003 ALCS, 2005 ALDS, 2008 ALCS, 2009 ALDS
Chicago Cubs 2–3 1998 NLDS, 2015 NLCS, 2018 NLWC
Cincinnati Reds 0–1 2013 NLWC
Cleveland Indians 0–1 2013 ALWC
Colorado Rockies 3–5 1995 NLDS, 2007 World Series, 2009 NLDS, 2017 NLWC, 2018 NLDS
Detroit Tigers 2–1 2006 World Series
Houston Astros 4–3 2004 NLCS, 2005 World Series, 2015 ALDS
Kansas City Royals 3–1 2014 World Series
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 3–0 2002 World Series
Los Angeles Dodgers 0–2 1996 NLDS, 2006 NLDS
Miami Marlins 6–0 1997 World Series, 2003 World Series
Milwaukee Brewers 0–1 2008 NLDS
Minnesota Twins 0–1 2017 ALWC
New York Mets 3–3 1999 NLCS, 2000 World Series, 2016 NLWC
New York Yankees 4–7 1995 ALDS, 1997 ALDS, 2007 ALDS, 2010 ALCS, 2015 ALWC, 2017 ALCS, 2018 ALDS
Oakland Athletics 0–3 2001 ALDS, 2014 ALWC, 2018 ALWC
Pittsburgh Pirates 1–3 2013 NLDS, 2014 NLWC, 2015 NLWC
San Francisco Giants 6–2 2014 World Series 2002 World Series, 2016 NLDS
Seattle Mariners 1–1 2000 ALCS
St. Louis Cardinals 5–2 2011 World Series 2001 NLDS, 2012 NLCS
Tampa Bay Rays 1–2 2011 ALDS, 2013 ALDS
Texas Rangers 0–1 2012 ALWC
Toronto Blue Jays 2–1 2016 ALCS
(*) – Counts one-game wild-card playoff in the statistics.
Notable wild-card team achievements[edit]
The following wild-card teams have won the World Series: the Florida Marlins, in 1997 and 2003; the Anaheim Angels, in 2002; the Boston Red Sox, in 2004; the St. Louis Cardinals, in 2011; and the San Francisco Giants, in 2014. Thus, three consecutive titles, from 2002 to 2004, were won by a wild card.
A wild-card team appeared in the World Series each year from 2002 to 2007.
So far, the 2002 World Series and the 2014 World Series have been the only times when both teams were wild cards.
The Baltimore Orioles, in 1996, were the first wild-card team to win a Division Series.
The Marlins, in 1997, were the first wild-card team to reach the World Series and the first to win the World Series. By winning again in 2003, they became the first team to win the World Series twice as a wild card. The Marlins are also the only team to win the World Series without ever winning a division title.
The Red Sox and New York Yankees have been a wild card seven times. The Cardinals, the Houston Astros, the Colorado Rockies, and the Pittsburgh Pirates have been a wild card three times each.
The Houston Astros were the first team to have won a wild card in different leagues. NL (2004-2005) and AL (2015)
The following teams have qualified as a wild card in consecutive years: the Red Sox (1998-1999, 2003-2005, 2008-2009), the Astros (2004-2005), the New York Mets (1999-2000), the Cardinals (2011-2012), the Pirates (2013-2015), the Yankees (2017-2018), and the Rockies (2017-2018).
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Wild card (sports)#Major League Baseball
Wild card (sports)#Record disparities
Major League Baseball division winners (and wild-card winners)
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Lacques,Gabe (2010-11-17). "MLB adds 2 wild cards, moves Astros to AL". USA Today. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Barry M. (March 2, 2012). "Addition of Wild Card berths finalized for 2012". MLB.com. MLB.com.
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Galactic Center
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the Milky Way's center. For galaxy centers in general, see Bulge (astronomy) and Central massive object. For the book saga, see Galactic Center Saga.
The Galactic Center, as seen by one of the 2MASS infrared telescopes, is located in the bright upper left portion of the image.
The Galactic Center is the rotational center of the Milky Way. The estimates for its location range from 24–28.4 kilolight-years (7.4–8.7 kiloparsecs) from Earth in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius, Ophiuchus, and Scorpius where the Milky Way appears brightest. It coincides with the compact radio source Sagittarius A*.
There are around 10 million stars within one parsec of the Galactic Center, dominated by red giants. There is also a significant population of massive supergiants and Wolf-Rayet stars from a star formation event around one million years ago. There is a supermassive black hole at the centre, which powers the Sagittarius A* radio source.
Contents
[hide]
1 Discovery
2 Distance to the Galactic Center
3 Supermassive black hole
4 Stellar population
4.1 Gallery
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 Further reading
8 External links
Discovery[edit]
Play media
This pan video gives a closer look at a huge image of the central parts of the Milky Way made by combining thousands of images from ESO's VISTA telescope on Paranal in Chile and compares it with the view in visible light. Because VISTA has a camera sensitive to infrared light it can see through much of the dust blocking the view in visible light, although many more opaque dust filaments still show up well in this picture.
Because of interstellar dust along the line of sight, the Galactic Center cannot be studied at visible, ultraviolet or soft (low-energy) X-ray wavelengths. The available information about the Galactic Center comes from observations at gamma ray, hard (high-energy) X-ray, infrared, sub-millimetre and radio wavelengths.
Harlow Shapley stated in 1918 that the halo of globular clusters surrounding the Milky Way seemed to be centered on the star swarms in the constellation of Sagittarius, but the dark molecular clouds in the area blocked the view for optical astronomers.[1] In the early 1940s Walter Baade at Mount Wilson Observatory took advantage of wartime blackout conditions in nearby Los Angeles to conduct a search for the center with the 100 inch Hooker Telescope. He found that near the star Alnasl (Gamma Sagittarii) there is a one-degree-wide void in the interstellar dust lanes, which provides a relatively clear view of the swarms of stars around the nucleus of our Milky Way Galaxy.[2] This gap has been known as Baade's Window ever since.[3]
At Dover Heights in Sydney, Australia a team of radio astronomers from the Division of Radiophysics at the CSIRO, led by Joseph Lade Pawsey, used 'sea interferometry' to discover some of the first interstellar and intergalactic radio sources, including Taurus A, Virgo A and Centaurus A. By 1954 they had built an 80 feet (24.4 meters) fixed dish antenna and used it to make a detailed study of an extended, extremely powerful belt of radio emission that was detected in Sagittarius. They named an intense point-source near the center of this belt Sagittarius A, and realised that it was located at the very center of our Galaxy, despite being some 32 degrees south-west of the conjectured galactic center of the time.[4]
In 1958 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) decided to adopt the position of Sagittarius A as the true zero co-ordinate point for the system of galactic latitude and longitude.[5] In the equatorial coordinate system the location is: RA 17h 45m 40.04s, Dec −29° 00′ 28.1″ (J2000 epoch).
Distance to the Galactic Center[edit]
Play media
Animation of a barred galaxy like the Milky Way showing the presence of an X-shaped bulge. The X-shape extends to about one half of the bar radius. It is directly visible when the bar is seen from the side, but when the viewer is close to the long axis of the bar it cannot be seen directly and its presence can only be inferred from the distribution of brightnesses of stars along a given direction.
The exact distance between the Solar System and the Galactic Center is not certain,[6] although estimates since 2000 have remained within the range 24–28.4 kilolight-years (7.4–8.7 kiloparsecs).[7] The latest estimates from geometric-based methods and standard candles yield the following distances to the Galactic Center:
7000740000000000000♠7.4±0.2(stat) ± 0.2(syst) or 7020228340141028572♠7.4±0.3 kpc (7020227057531341939♠≈24±1 kly)[7]
7020235128631707800♠7.62±0.32 kpc (7020234626115720003♠≈24.8±1 kly)[8]
7020237597173772973♠7.7±0.7 kpc (7020237464334861778♠≈25.1±2.3 kly)[9]
7.94 or 7020246854206517375♠8.0±0.5 kpc (7020245978992287100♠≈26±1.6 kly)[10][11][12]
7000798000000000000♠7.98±0.15(stat) ± 0.20(syst) or 7020246854206517375♠8.0±0.25 kpc (7020245978992287100♠≈26±0.8 kly)[13]
7020257036942536217♠8.33±0.35 kpc (7020255439722759681♠≈27±1.1 kly)[14]
7020268453949587645♠8.7±0.5 kpc (7020268684745421294♠≈28.4±1.6 kly)[15]
An accurate determination of the distance to the Galactic Center as established from variable stars (e.g. RR Lyrae variables) or standard candles (e.g. red-clump stars) is hindered by countless effects, which include: an ambiguous reddening law; a bias for smaller values of the distance to the Galactic Center because of a preferential sampling of stars toward the near side of the Galactic bulge owing to interstellar extinction; and an uncertainty in characterizing how a mean distance to a group of variable stars found in the direction of the Galactic bulge relates to the distance to the Galactic Center.[16][17]
The nature of the Milky Way's bar, which extends across the Galactic Center, is also actively debated, with estimates for its half-length and orientation spanning between 1–5 kpc (short or a long bar) and 10–50°.[15][16][18] Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars, one nestled within the other.[19] The bar is delineated by red-clump stars (see also red giant); however, RR Lyr variables do not trace a prominent Galactic bar.[16][20][21] The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the "5-kpc ring" that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way, as well as most of the Milky Way's star formation activity. Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy, it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way.[22]
Supermassive black hole[edit]
There is a supermassive black hole in the bright white area to the right of the center of image. This composite photograph covers about half of a degree.
The complex astronomical radio source Sagittarius A appears to be located almost exactly at the Galactic Center (approx. 18 hrs, −29 deg), and contains an intense compact radio source, Sagittarius A*, which coincides with a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. Accretion of gas onto the black hole, probably involving a disk around it, would release energy to power the radio source, itself much larger than the black hole. The latter is too small to see with present instruments.
Artist impression of a supermassive black hole at the centre of a galaxy[23]
A study in 2008 which linked radio telescopes in Hawaii, Arizona and California (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) measured the diameter of Sagittarius A* to be 44 million kilometers (0.3 AU).[24][25] For comparison, the radius of Earth's orbit around the Sun is about 150 million kilometers (1.0 AU), whereas the distance of Mercury from the Sun at closest approach (perihelion) is 46 million kilometers (0.3 AU). Thus the diameter of the radio source is slightly less than the distance from Mercury to the Sun.
Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany using Chilean telescopes have confirmed the existence of a supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center, on the order of 4.3 million solar masses.[14]
On 5 January 2015, NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*, according to astronomers.[26]
Stellar population[edit]
Galactic Center of the Milky Way and a meteor
The central cubic parsec around Sagittarius A* contains around 10 million stars.[27] Although most of them are old red giant stars, the Galactic Center is also rich in massive stars. More than 100 OB and Wolf–Rayet stars have been identified there so far.[28] They seem to have all been formed in a single star formation event a few million years ago. The existence of these relatively young stars was a surprise to experts, who expected the tidal forces from the central black hole to prevent their formation. This paradox of youth is even stronger for stars that are on very tight orbits around Sagittarius A*, such as S2 and S0-102. The scenarios invoked to explain this formation involve either star formation in a massive star cluster offset from the Galactic Center that would have migrated to its current location once formed, or star formation within a massive, compact gas accretion disk around the central black-hole. Most of these 100 young, massive stars seem to be concentrated within one or two disks, rather than randomly distributed within the central parsec.[29][30] This observation however does not allow definite conclusions to be drawn at this point.
Star formation does not seem to be occurring currently at the Galactic Center, although the Circumnuclear Disk of molecular gas that orbits the Galactic Center at two parsecs seems a fairly favorable site for star formation. Work presented in 2002 by Antony Stark and Chris Martin mapping the gas density in a 400-light-year region around the Galactic Center has revealed an accumulating ring with a mass several million times that of the Sun and near the critical density for star formation. They predict that in approximately 200 million years there will be an episode of starburst in the Galactic Center, with many stars forming rapidly and undergoing supernovae at a hundred times the current rate. This starburst may also be accompanied by the formation of galactic jets as matter falls into the central black hole. It is thought that the Milky Way undergoes a starburst of this sort every 500 million years.
In addition to the paradox of youth, there is also a "conundrum of old age" associated with the distribution of the old stars at the Galactic Center. Theoretical models had predicted that the old stars—which far outnumber young stars—should have a steeply-rising density near the black hole, a so-called Bahcall–Wolf cusp. Instead, it was discovered in 2009 that the density of the old stars peaks at a distance of roughly 0.5 parsec from Sgr A*, then falls inward: instead of a dense cluster, there is a "hole", or core, around the black hole.[31] Several suggestions have been put forward to explain this puzzling observation, but none is completely satisfactory.[32][33] For instance, although the black hole would eat stars near it, creating a region of low density, this region would be much smaller than a parsec. Because the observed stars are a fraction of the total number, it is theoretically possible that the overall stellar distribution is different than what is observed, although no plausible models of this sort have yet been proposed.
Gallery[edit]
White Dwarfs in Milky Way's Central Hub[34]
The center of the Milky Way - image taken by ISAAC, the VLT's near- and mid-infrared spectrometer and camera
Infrared image from Spitzer Space Telescope
A view of the night sky near Sagittarius, enhanced to show better contrast and detail in the dust lanes. The principal stars in Sagittarius are indicated in red.
The central parts of the Milky Way, as observed in the near-infrared with the NACO instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope
Infra-red image of the center of the Milky Way revealing a new population of massive stars
Detection of an unusually bright X-Ray flare from Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy[26]
See also[edit]
Space portal
Cosmic noise
Galactic anticenter
Galactic coordinate system
Great Rift
Sagittarius A
Sagittarius A*
Sagittarius B2
Supermassive black hole
SDSS J090745.0+024507
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Shapley, H (1918). "Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. VII. The distances, distribution in space, and dimensions of 69 globular clusters". Astrophysical Journal. 48: 154. Bibcode:1918ApJ....48..154S. doi:10.1086/142423.
Jump up ^ Baade, W (1946). "A Search for the Nucleus of Our Galaxy". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 58: 249. Bibcode:1946PASP...58..249B. doi:10.1086/125835.
Jump up ^ Ng, Y. K; Bertelli, G; Chiosi, C; Bressan, A (1996). "The galactic structure towards the Galactic Centre. III. A study of Baade's Window: Discovery of the bar population?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 310: 771. Bibcode:1996A&A...310..771N.
Jump up ^ Pawsey, J. L (1955). "A Catalogue of Reliably Known Discrete Sources of Cosmic Radio Waves". Astrophysical Journal. 121: 1. Bibcode:1955ApJ...121....1P. doi:10.1086/145957.
Jump up ^ Blaauw, A.; Gum, C.S.; Pawsey, J.L.; Westerhout, G. (1960). "The new IAU system of galactic coordinates (1958 revision)". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 121 (2): 123–131. Bibcode:1960MNRAS.121..123B. doi:10.1093/mnras/121.2.123.
Jump up ^ Malkin, Zinovy M. (February 2013). "Analysis of Determinations of the Distance between the Sun and the Galactic Center". Astronomy Reports. 57 (2): 128–133. arXiv:1301.7011  . Bibcode:2013ARep...57..128M. doi:10.1134/S1063772913020078. Russian original Малкин, З. М. (2013). "Об определении расстояния от Солнца до центра Галактики". Astronomicheskii Zhurnal (in Russian). 90 (2): 152–157. doi:10.7868/S0004629913020072.
^ Jump up to: a b Francis, Charles; Anderson, Erik (June 2014). "Two estimates of the distance to the Galactic Centre". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 441 (2): 1105–1114. arXiv:1309.2629  . Bibcode:2014MNRAS.441.1105F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu631.
Jump up ^ Eisenhauer, F.; Genzel, R.; Alexander, T.; Abuter, R.; Paumard, T.; Ott, T.; Gilbert, A.; Gillessen, S.; Horrobin, M.; Trippe, S.; Bonnet, H.; Dumas, C.; Hubin, N.; Kaufer, A.; Kissler-Patig, M.; Monnet, G.; Ströbele, S.; Szeifert, T.; Eckart, A.; Schödel, R.; Zucker, S. (2005). "SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month". Astrophysical Journal. 628: 246. arXiv:astro-ph/0502129  . Bibcode:2005ApJ...628..246E. doi:10.1086/430667.
Jump up ^ Majaess, D. J.; Turner, D. G.; Lane, D. J. (2009). "Characteristics of the Galaxy according to Cepheids". MNRAS. 398: 263–270. arXiv:0903.4206  . Bibcode:2009MNRAS.398..263M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15096.x.
Jump up ^ Reid, Mark J. (1993). "The distance to the center of the Galaxy". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 31 (1): 345–372. Bibcode:1993ARA&A..31..345R. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.002021.
Jump up ^ Eisenhauer, F.; Schödel, R.; Genzel, R.; Ott, T.; Tecza, M.; Abuter, R.; Eckart, A.; Alexander, T. (2003). "A Geometric Determination of the Distance to the Galactic Center". The Astrophysical Journal. 597 (2): L121–L124. arXiv:astro-ph/0306220  . Bibcode:2003ApJ...597L.121E. doi:10.1086/380188.
Jump up ^ Horrobin, M.; Eisenhauer, F.; Tecza, M.; Thatte, N.; Genzel, R.; Abuter, R.; Iserlohe, C.; Schreiber, J.; Schegerer, A.; Lutz, D.; Ott, T.; Schödel, R. (2004). "First results from SPIFFI. I: The Galactic Center" (PDF). Astronomische Nachrichten. 325 (2): 120–123. Bibcode:2004AN....325...88H. doi:10.1002/asna.200310181. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
Jump up ^ Malkin, Zinovy (2012). "The current best estimate of the Galactocentric distance of the Sun based on comparison of different statistical techniques". 1202: arXiv:1202.6128. arXiv:1202.6128  [astro-ph.GA]. Bibcode:2012arXiv1202.6128M.
^ Jump up to: a b Gillessen, S.; Eisenhauer; Trippe; Alexander; Genzel; Martins; Ott (2009). "Monitoring Stellar Orbits Around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center". The Astrophysical Journal. 692 (2): 1075–1109. arXiv:0810.4674  . Bibcode:2009ApJ...692.1075G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075.
^ Jump up to: a b Vanhollebeke, E.; Groenewegen, M. A. T.; Girardi, L. (April 2009). "Stellar populations in the Galactic bulge. Modelling the Galactic bulge with TRILEGAL". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 498 (1): 95–107. Bibcode:2009A&A...498...95V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/20078472.
^ Jump up to: a b c Majaess, D (March 2010). "Concerning the Distance to the Center of the Milky Way and Its Structure". Acta Astronomica. 60 (1): 55–74. arXiv:1002.2743  . Bibcode:2010AcA....60...55M.
Jump up ^ Vovk, Olga "Universe at a glance blog: Milky Way: Distance to the Galactic Centre". April 2011
Jump up ^ Cabrera-Lavers, A.; González-Fernández, C.; Garzón, F.; Hammersley, P. L.; López-Corredoira, M. (December 2008). "The long Galactic bar as seen by UKIDSS Galactic plane survey". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 491 (3): 781–787. arXiv:0809.3174  . Bibcode:2008A&A...491..781C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810720.
Jump up ^ Nishiyama, Shogo; Nagata, Tetsuya; Baba, Daisuke; Haba, Yasuaki; Kadowaki, Ryota; Kato, Daisuke; Kurita, Mikio; Nagashima, Chie; Nagayama, Takahiro; Murai, Yuka; Nakajima, Yasushi; Tamura, Motohide; Nakaya, Hidehiko; Sugitani, Koji; Naoi, Takahiro; Matsunaga, Noriyuki; Tanabé, Toshihiko; Kusakabe, Nobuhiko; Sato, Shuji (March 2005). "A Distinct Structure inside the Galactic Bar". Astrophysical Journal. 621 (2): L105–L108. arXiv:astro-ph/0502058  . Bibcode:2005ApJ...621L.105N. doi:10.1086/429291.
Jump up ^ Alcock, C.; Allsman, R. A.; Alves, D. R.; Axelrod, T. S.; Becker, A. C.; Basu, A.; Baskett, L.; Bennett, D. P.; Cook, K. H.; Freeman, K. C.; Griest, K.; Guern, J. A.; Lehner, M. J.; Marshall, S. L.; Minniti, D.; Peterson, B. A.; Pratt, M. R.; Quinn, P. J.; Rodgers, A. W.; Stubbs, C. W.; Sutherland, W.; Vandehei, T.; Welch, D. L. (January 1998). "The RR Lyrae Population of the Galactic Bulge from the MACHO Database: Mean Colors and Magnitudes". Astrophysical Journal. 492 (1): 190–199. Bibcode:1998ApJ...492..190A. doi:10.1086/305017.
Jump up ^ Kunder, Andrea; Chaboyer, Brian (December 2008). "Metallicity Analysis of MACHO Galactic Bulge RR0 Lyrae Stars from their Light Curves". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (6): 2441–2452. arXiv:0809.1645  . Bibcode:2008AJ....136.2441K. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/6/2441.
Jump up ^ Staff (September 12, 2005). "Introduction: Galactic Ring Survey". Boston University. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
Jump up ^ "ALMA Reveals Intense Magnetic Field Close to Supermassive Black Hole". ESO Press Release. European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Doeleman, Sheperd S.; et al. (2008). "Event-horizon-scale structure in the supermassive black hole candidate at that Galactic Centre". Nature. 455 (7209): 78–80. arXiv:0809.2442  . Bibcode:2008Natur.455...78D. doi:10.1038/nature07245. PMID 18769434.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Christopher S. (2008). "Bringing black holes into focus". Nature. 455 (7209): 39–40. Bibcode:2008Natur.455...39R. doi:10.1038/455039a. PMID 18769426.
^ Jump up to: a b Chou, Felicia; Anderson, Janet; Watzke, Megan (5 January 2015). "RELEASE 15-001 - NASA's Chandra Detects Record-Breaking Outburst from Milky Way's Black Hole". NASA. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~ryden/ast162_7/notes31.html
Jump up ^ Mauerhan, J. C.; Cotera, A.; Dong, H. (2010). "Isolated Wolf-Rayet Stars and O Supergiants in the Galactic Center Region Identified Via Paschen-α Excess". The Astrophysical Journal. 725: 188–199. arXiv:1009.2769  . Bibcode:2010ApJ...725..188M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/188.
Jump up ^ http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~ghezgroup/gc/
Jump up ^ http://www.mpe.mpg.de/ir/GC/
Jump up ^ Buchholz, R. M.; Schödel, R.; Eckart, A. (May 2009). "Composition of the galactic center star cluster: Population analysis from adaptive optics narrow band spectral energy distributions". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 499 (2): 483–501. arXiv:0903.2135  . Bibcode:2009A&A...499..483B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811497.
Jump up ^ Merritt, David (May 2011). "Dynamical Models of the Galactic Center". In Morris, Mark; Wang, Daniel Q.; Yuan, Feng. Dynamical Models of the Galactic Center. The Galactic Center: A Window on the Nuclear Environment of Disk Galaxies. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
Jump up ^ Chown, Marcus (Sep 2010). "Something's been eating the stars". New Scientist. 207 (2778): 30–33. Bibcode:2010NewSc.207...30M. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(10)62278-6.
Jump up ^ "Hubble Spots White Dwarfs in Milky Way's Central Hub". Retrieved 9 November 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Eckart, A.; Schödel, R.; Straubmeier, C. (2005). The Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 1-86094-567-8.
Melia, Fulvio (2003). The Black Hole in the Center of Our Galaxy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09505-1.
Melia, Fulvio (2007). The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13129-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galactic Center.
UCLA Galactic Center Group
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Galactic Center Group
The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole
The Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way
The dark heart of the Milky Way
Animation showing orbits of stars near the center of the Milky Way galaxy
Zooming in on the centre of the Milky Way
Dramatic Increase in Supernova Explosions Looms
APOD:
Journey to the Center of the Galaxy
A Galactic Cloud of Antimatter
Fast Stars Near the Galactic Center
At the Center of the Milky Way
Galactic Centre Starscape
Annotated Galactic Center
A simulation of the stars orbiting the Milky Way's central massive black hole
Galactic Center on arxiv.org
Milky Way: Distance to the Galactic Centre
Milky Way: a Distance to the Galactic Center - 2
Milky Way: a Distance to the Galactic Center - 3
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Wolf-Rayet star

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Dover Heights

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Standard candles

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Reddening law

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