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Hurricane Frances
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This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2004. For other storms of the same name, see Hurricane Frances (disambiguation).
Hurricane Frances
Category 4 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Frances near peak intensity north of Puerto Rico on August 31
Formed
August 24, 2004 (August 24, 2004)
Dissipated
September 10, 2004 (September 10, 2004)
(Extratropical after September 8)
Highest winds
1-minute sustained: 145 mph (230 km/h)
Lowest pressure
935 mbar (hPa); 27.61 inHg
Fatalities
7 direct, 43 indirect
Damage
$9.8 billion (2004 USD)
Areas affected
Virgin Islands
Puerto Rico
Turks and Caicos Islands
The Bahamas
East Coast of the United States (particularly Florida)
Atlantic Canada
Part of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricane Frances was the sixth named storm, the fourth hurricane, and the third major hurricane, of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. The system crossed the open Atlantic in mid and late August, moving to the north of the Lesser Antilles while strengthening. Its outer bands struck Puerto Rico and the British Virgin Islands while passing north of the Caribbean Sea. The storm's maximum sustained wind peaked at 145 miles per hour (233 km/h), achieving Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. As the system's forward motion slowed, the eye passed over San Salvador Island and very close to Cat Island in the Bahamas. Frances was the first hurricane to impact the entire Bahamian archipelago since 1928, and almost completely destroyed the agricultural economy there.
Frances then passed over the central sections of Florida, in the United States, three weeks after Hurricane Charley, causing significant damage to the state's citrus crop, closing major airports and schools, and forcing the cancellation of a collegiate football game. The storm then moved briefly offshore from Florida, into the northeast Gulf of Mexico, and made a second U.S. landfall, at the Florida Panhandle, before accelerating northeast through the eastern United States near the Appalachians and into Atlantic Canada while weakening. A significant tornado outbreak accompanied the storm across the eastern United States, nearly equaling the outbreak from Hurricane Beulah. Very heavy rains fell in association with this slow-moving and relatively large hurricane, which caused floods in Florida and North Carolina. Some 49 people died from the cyclone. Damages totaled US$12 billion (2004 dollars).
Contents
[hide]
1 Meteorological history
2 Preparations
3 Impact
3.1 Bahamas
3.2 Florida
3.3 Georgia
3.4 Carolinas
3.5 Canada
4 Aftermath
4.1 Bahamas
4.2 Florida
4.3 Georgia and the Carolinas
4.4 Retirement
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Meteorological history[edit]
Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
A strong tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on August 21.[1] Moving under the base of the subtropical ridge,[2] it moved westward for several days, remaining disorganized despite favorable conditions.[3] Thunderstorms associated with the wave finally began organizing early on August 24,[4] and the system became a tropical depression that evening.[5] Good upper-level outflow was observed in all but the eastern quadrants as the depression continued on its path,[6] and the depression strengthened to tropical storm status on August 25, approximately 1,420 miles (2,290 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.[7]
The tropical storm, now named Frances, further intensified on August 26 in an environment of low vertical wind shear as its track bent to the west-northwest.[8] Frances rapidly intensified, developing an eye and reaching hurricane strength late that afternoon.[9] An approaching upper level trough caused Frances to move more northwesterly on August 27.[10] The cyclone reached its primary peak intensity of 135 miles per hour (217 km/h) on August 28.[11] The hurricane turned back to its original westward motion on August 29, as the upper trough moved away the region and the subtropical ridge strengthened to Frances' north.[12]
Photo of Hurricane Frances taken by Mike Fincke aboard the International Space Station on August 27, 2004
Over the next day, the hurricane underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, during which the maximum sustained winds decreased to 115 miles per hour (185 km/h).[13] This weakening trend was short lived, and the storm reintensified during the afternoon of August 30, as vertical wind shear remained low.[14] The storm continued strengthening as it turned west-northwestward, reaching its peak intensity of 145 miles per hour (233 km/h) on September 2 while 555 miles (893 km) east-southeast of West Palm Beach, Florida.[15] On September 2, Frances entered the Bahamas, passing directly over San Salvador Island and very close to Cat Island. The storm weakened to a Category 3 hurricane by 2 pm, which was initially attributed to inner core processes,[16] but increasing westerly winds aloft, and the resultant vertical wind shear, was later determined to be the cause.[13] On September 3, Frances passed into the vicinity of Abaco Island and directly over Grand Bahama while continuing to slowly weaken. The storm regained Category 2 hurricane intensity prior to passing over Grand Bahama Island and also slowed in forward speed due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge to its north. Parts of South Florida began to be affected by squalls and the outer rainbands of the hurricane at this time. Gusts from 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) to as high as 87 miles per hour (140 km/h) were reported from Jupiter Inlet to Miami.[13]
Frances moved slowly, between 5 to 10 miles per hour (8.0 to 16.1 km/h), as it crossed the warm Gulf Stream between the Bahamas and Florida, leading to the concern that it could restrengthen. However, Frances remained stable at Category 2 intensity with 105 miles per hour (169 km/h) maximum sustained winds while it battered the east coast of Florida between Fort Pierce and West Palm Beach for much of September 4. At 11 pm, the western edge of Frances' eyewall began moving onshore. Because of Frances' large eye, which was roughly 80 miles (130 km) across, and its slow forward motion, the center of circulation remained offshore for several more hours. At 1 am EDT on September 5 (0500 UTC), the center of the broad eye of Frances made landfall along the Florida coast, at the southern end of Hutchinson Island, near Sewall's Point, Jensen Beach and Port Salerno, Florida.[13] Late on September 5, Frances picked up speed due to a strengthening high pressure system to its north and crossed the Florida Peninsula, emerging over the Gulf of Mexico near Tampa as a tropical storm. After a short trip over the Gulf of Mexico, Frances made a second landfall near St. Marks, Florida. Frances headed inland, weakening to a tropical depression and causing heavy rainfall over the southern and eastern United States. As Tropical Depression Frances turned northeast,[13] United States meteorologists at the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center continued issuing advisories on the system until it crossed the Canada–United States border into Quebec, where heavy rainfall also fell.[17]
Preparations[edit]
Radar mosaic of Hurricane Frances at 12:57 am EDT, 5 September.
A tropical storm watch was issued for Frances for the Leeward Islands during the afternoon of August 29, which was upgraded to a warning that night and expanded to include the islands of Anguilla, Antigua, Barbuda, Nevis, Saba, Saint Kitts, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten. A hurricane watch was issued during the night of August 29 for the northern British Virgin Islands, the northern United States Virgin Islands, Culebra, and Vieques. On the morning of August 30, the hurricane watch for Vieques was downgraded to a tropical storm watch. That afternoon, hurricane watches were changed to tropical storm warnings across Puerto Rico, Culebra, Vieques, British Virgin Islands, and the northern U. S. Virgin Islands while a tropical storm watch was issued for St. Croix while all remaining hurricane watches were dropped. That night, tropical storm watches were issued for eastern portions of the northern coast of the Dominican Republic while a tropical storm warning was issued for Guadeloupe.[13]
Early on the morning of August 31, tropical storm warnings were dropped for Antigua, Barbuda, Nevis, and St. Kitts while hurricane watches were issued for the southeast Bahamas as well as the Turks and Caicos Islands. Hurricane watches were upgraded to hurricane warnings later that morning. Toward noon, tropical storm warnings were issued for the remainder of the northern coast of the Dominican Republic, a hurricane watch was issued for the central Bahamas, while all watches and warnings were dropped for northeast portion of the Dominican Republic and portions of the Lesser Antilles south of the British Virgin Islands. That afternoon, tropical storm warnings were dropped from Puerto Rico eastward. On the morning of September 1, a hurricane watch was issued for the northwest Bahamas while the watch for the central Bahamas was upgraded to a warning. That afternoon, warnings were dropped for the Dominican Republic.[13]
Hurricane Frances making landfall on Hutchinson Island near Port St. Lucie, Florida, on September 5
On the evening of September 1, hurricane warnings were issued for the northwest Bahamas while hurricane watches were issued for the lower east coast of Florida and tropical storm watches were issued for the Florida Keys. There was the potential for catastrophic damage along Florida's heavily populated east coast, with warnings that damages from Frances could exceed the insured losses of Hurricane Andrew.[18] These damage estimates were in anticipation that Frances would strike Florida as a strong Category Four hurricane. Preparations for the storm were stepped up in Florida on September 1. Governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency,[19] Kennedy Space Center closed down,[20] and evacuations of 500,000 people were initially ordered. Eventually 41 counties received evacuation orders, covering 2.8 million residents, the largest evacuation in Florida's history.[21] The state education system also responded to the pending crisis. Many universities across Florida canceled classes. Both the University of Central Florida and the University of North Florida told all students to leave their dorms. Evacuation at the University of South Florida was performed on a dorm-by-dorm basis. Florida Atlantic University was closed for a week and a half. Most schools were shut down from southern Miami-Dade County to just south of Melbourne two days before the hurricane. The annual Florida State University-University of Miami college football game was rescheduled for the following week.[22]
Early during the morning of September 2, hurricane watches were extended southward to Craig Key. Later that morning, hurricane watches were upgraded to hurricane warnings for the lower east coast of Florida while a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning was raised for most of the Florida Keys and Florida Bay. Hurricane warnings were dropped for the Turks and Caicos Islands late on the morning of September 1 and for the Southeast Bahamas late that night. Late on the morning of September 3, hurricane watches were issued for the northeast coast of Florida, while early that afternoon tropical storm warnings were issued for the same area. Hurricane warnings were dropped for the central Bahamas that afternoon. That night, tropical storm warnings were issued for the southwest coast of the Florida peninsula with watches issued for the northwest Florida peninsula. On the morning of September 4, tropical storm warnings were extended northward to Anna Maria Island and along the Georgia coast. Tropical storm watches were extended northward to St. Marks, Florida. That afternoon, hurricane watches were dropped for most of the northwest Bahamas while warnings were extended up the coast to St. Marks, and watches were extended westward to Panama City, Florida.[13]
Early on morning of September 5, hurricane warnings were downgraded to tropical storm warnings south of Deerfield Beach, Florida, while tropical storm warnings were extended westward through the western Florida Keys. Later that morning, hurricane warnings were issued for most of the northwest Florida coast while hurricane watches were lowered for northeast Florida and hurricane warnings were dropped for the remainder of the northwest Bahamas. That afternoon, all warnings were dropped for southeast Florida south of Jupiter Inlet, while the remaining hurricane warnings along the east Florida coast were downgraded to tropical storm warnings. Hurricane warnings along the coast of western Florida were extended southward to Anna Maria Island. Late that night, tropical storm warnings were dropped south of Bonita Beach including all the Florida Keys. Early on the morning of September 6, all warnings were dropped in Florida south of Englewood and Cocoa Beach. Later that morning, hurricane warnings were downgraded to tropical storm warnings between Indian Pass and Destin as well as between Anna Maria Island and the Suwannee River while all remaining warnings were dropped south of Anna Maria Island, as well as the Florida east coast and the Georgia coast. That afternoon, all hurricane warnings were downgraded to tropical storm warnings, with all warnings dropped between west of St. Marks and south of the Suwannee river. On the night of September 6, all remaining tropical cyclone warnings were dropped.[13]
Impact[edit]
Storm total Rainfall from Frances
The economic effect was felt early, as the storm struck during Labor Day weekend, traditionally the final summer vacation weekend in the United States.[23] Many hotel reservations from South Carolina to Florida were cancelled as people, seeing the destruction caused weeks earlier by Hurricane Charley, decided to avoid the coastal areas for safety. One death in the Bahamas, one in Ohio, and five in Florida were directly attributed to the storm. 42 more deaths - 32 in Florida, eight in Georgia, one in the Bahamas and one in Ohio, are indirectly attributed to Frances.[13]
The total civilian damage from Frances was determined to be approximately US$8,830,000,000 (2004 dollars). Add in the estimated US$100 million damage (2004 dollars) done to space and military facilities at Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and Patrick Air Force Base, Florida and the total damage was estimated to be about US$9 billion (2004 dollars), making it the fourth costliest hurricane in United States history at that time, behind Hurricane Andrew of 1992 and Hurricanes Charley and Ivan of 2004.[24] At the time, adjusted for inflation, it became the seventh costliest hurricane for the lower 48 United States.[25] Flooding was also reported in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Minor flooding happened along the banks of the three rivers and more damage was associated with river tributaries.[26]
Bahamas[edit]
Hurricane Frances over the Bahamas on September 3
About 75% of the island chain lost power for a few hours during the storm. Damage occurred to downed trees and wooden homes. Between 13 and 17 percent of the non-native Australian pine on San Salvador Island experienced damage, primarily from snapping, though some browning from salt spray was noted.[27] Several feet of water flooded the international airport at Freeport.[28] In the Bahamas, insurers and reinsurers estimated industry insured losses at about $300 million (2004 dollars).[29] All cool-season vegetable plantings, and the entire banana crop, were lost during Frances. The pineapple crop was significantly impacted by wind damage in Eleuthera, while the entire fruit crop was lost for similar reasons. The corn crop in Long Island and Cat Island was completely lost. Significant poultry losses were experienced.[30]
Florida[edit]
Xenon lights illuminate the 525 ft (160 m) tall Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center, Florida where workers make repairs on September 30, 2004.
Near the point of its first landfall, few structures were destroyed and ocean overwash across the barrier island was limited, though the extent of the damage far exceeded that of Hurricane Charley.[31] Wind damage to citrus groves led to a near total loss near the coast of east-central Florida between West Palm Beach and Melbourne, with lesser damage farther to the west across the Kissimmee River basin.[32] Between Hurricane Charley and Frances, citrus losses totaled $2 billion (2004 dollars).[33] Significant tree damage was reported within golf courses along the Treasure Coast, with an average of 300-500 trees experiencing damage per course.[34]
Some areas of Florida received over 13 inches (330 mm) of rain as the system moved slowly through the state.[35] Heavy rains caused a large sinkhole to develop on Interstate 95 in Palm Beach County, which closed the highway to traffic.[36] Similar to Hurricane Charley earlier in the month, the Florida citrus crops took large amounts of damage. Frances caused heavy damage to the large Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center, ripping off 820 4-by-10 foot aluminum panels covering the building.[37] While Charley caused $700,000 damage (2004 dollars), Frances' damage was significantly greater. Two external fuel tanks for the space shuttle were in the building but seemed undamaged. The Space Shuttle Discovery's hangar was without power.[38] The total damage to space and military facilities around Cape Canaveral, Florida was reported at about $100 million (2004 dollars).[citation needed] Orlando, Florida's theme parks closed Sunday —[39] only the third time Walt Disney World closed for a hurricane, but the second time in a month.[40]
Georgia[edit]
Frances dropped significant rain on Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and North and South Carolina. The passage of tropical depression Frances into Georgia dumped up to 5 inches (130 mm) of rain onto the state and caused the closings of schools in 56 counties. Across Georgia, winds of 30 to 40 miles per hour (48 to 64 km/h), with gusts to 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) led to the downing of tree branches and power lines.[41] At one point on September 7, a total of 380,000 residences were without power.[42] Significant crop damage was seen, particularly to the cotton and the peanut crops. On average, 30 percent of the crops were lost during Frances.[43]
Carolinas[edit]
Flooding was reported even in the mid-Atlantic and Northeast states, particularly along the Appalachian Mountains. A strip of upslope-induced rainfall along the Blue Ridge escarpment produced as much as 23 inches (580 mm) of rain in some areas of western North Carolina as the warm tropical air surged up and over the mountains.[35] The flooding from this along the Swannanoa River near Asheville, North Carolina caused a major break in the Asheville's water distribution system, leaving the city without water for several days. Significant crop damage was seen into North Carolina, which reported $55 million in crop damage.[44] Frances also spawned 101 tornadoes from Florida to as far north as Virginia, shy of the single storm tornado record set during Hurricane Beulah.[24] Power outages affected up to six million people. Over 20 airports closed during the storm.
Canada[edit]
As an extratropical cyclone, Frances passed through southern Ontario. The storm dropped up to 5.39 inches (137 mm),[45] washing out roads and causing localized flooding in Quebec, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. This rainfall smashed all-time rainfall records in a 24-hour period (most of the rain fell in a 6 to 8 hour-period). Ottawa's O-Train Trillium Line was halted because of a landslide that obstructed the railroad corridor. Several major roads in Gatineau and Ottawa were under several inches of water, locally chest-high. More than $45 million (2004 CAD; $41 million USD) in insured damage was reported in Ontario.[46]
Aftermath[edit]
Bahamas[edit]
Frances is the first hurricane to impact the entire archipelago since 1866. On September 4, teams from the Ministry of Works, the Department of Environmental Health Services, the Royal Bahamas Defence Force and the Royal Bahamas Police Force were used to clear roadways of tree debris while utilities attempted to restore power and water in New Providence. The Family Islands were surveyed on September 5 and 6, when it was noted that major damage occurred within the island group. Telecommunications were restored to most of the island chain within 24 hours. As of September 21, electricity had been restored to half of the Bahamians who had lost power. Western sections of Grand Bahama Island remained without power into Hurricane Jeanne, which was the most significantly impacted island. The onion crop was expected to be late in 2005 due to the loss of seedbeds and seedlings during the storm.[30]
Florida[edit]
President George W. Bush helps deliver water at a relief center in Ft. Pierce, Florida.
In the aftermath of the storm, many colleges and school districts across Florida remained closed. President George W. Bush declared all of Florida a federal disaster area.[47] Kennedy Space Center did not restore its complete work force until September 13 due to relief operations, as well as a lack of gasoline, ice, and water in the area.[48] A total of 8000 members of the National Guard helped out with recovery efforts soon after the storm left the Florida peninsula. Residents in the areas of impact after the storm were under a boil water order, because of the lack of electricity to area water systems.[36] Churches prepared meals for those without power and food themselves.[49] Federal employees were granted excused absences if they helped with law enforcement and the cleanup.[50] Thousands of portable generators were sent to the state by Home Depot and Lowe's home improvement stores.[51] The United States Army Corps of Engineers installed blue tarpaulins on 41,556 damaged roofs statewide.[52] Damage to the Florida citrus crop caused orange futures to rise four cents a pound due to Frances.[53]
Georgia and the Carolinas[edit]
On September 24, the southern two-thirds of Georgia was declared a disaster by President Bush.[54] The state lost 50 percent of its pecan crop due to Frances, which led to a price rise in pecans by late October.[55] Lost peach trees were expected to lower output during 2005, and increase peach prices.[56] A disaster declaration was made for the northeast section of South Carolina on October 7.[57] On September 10, President Bush declared 34 counties within North Carolina a disaster area, making them eligible for US$6.5 million (2004 dollars) in public assistance. A Wildlife Commission removed its North Carolina Mountain State Fair exhibit due to Frances midway through the fair. Over 100,000 trout were lost due to the storm in the Pisgah, Table Rock, Marion, and Armstrong state fish hatcheries.[58] Red Cross volunteers distributed over 200,000 gallons of water by its 600 volunteers in four days. After Frances and Hurricane Ivan, Asheville determined that it needed $14 million in order to buy out willing businesses and homes within the floodplain.[59]
Retirement[edit]
See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
Because of its effects in the United States, the name Frances was retired in the spring of 2005 by the World Meteorological Organization, and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with Fiona for the 2010 season. Due to a request by France in the 2003 WMO Meeting, the name Frances was to be removed from the rotating cyclone lists after the 2004 hurricane season, even if Frances wasn't as destructive,[60] but the destruction caused by Frances in the United States was enough to warrant retirement on its own merit.
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
List of Florida hurricanes (2000-present)
List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
Hurricane Frances tornado outbreak
List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lawrence (2004). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Beven (2004). "Hurricane Frances Forecast Discussion #3". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Stewart (2004). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Avila (2004). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Pasch (2004). "NHC Public Advisory #1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Pasch (2004). "Hurricane Frances Forecast Discussion #2". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Beven (2004). "NHC Public Advisory #4". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Avila (2004). "Hurricane Frances Forecast Discussion #6". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Stewart (2004). "Hurricane Frances Forecast Discussion #8". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Stewart (2004). "Hurricane Frances Forecast Discussion #12". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Stewart (2004). "Hurricane Frances Forecast Discussion #16". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Avila (2004). "Hurricane Frances Forecast Discussion #19". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Beven (2004). "Hurricane Frances Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pasch (2004). "Hurricane Frances Forecast Discussion #24". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ Beven (2004). "Hurricane Frances Public Advisory #33A". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ Avila (2004). "Hurricane Frances Discussion #36". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ Glenn Lader. Public Advisory Number 65 for Remnants of Frances. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ CNN (2004).Frances could be most costly storm. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ Bloomberg News (2004). Hurricane Frances Strikes Bahamas, Heads Toward Florida's Coast. Archived March 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ Maggie McKee (2004). Hurricane Frances could destroy space shuttles. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ CNN (2004). Downgraded Frances blows across Florida. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ About.com (2004). Hurricane Frances Update - Sunday 12 NOON. Archived April 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (2004). Hurricane Frances floods streets, knocks out power as it crosses Florida. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b John L. Beven II (2005). Hurricane Frances. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center (2005). Table 3b. The thirty costliest mainland United States tropical cyclones, 1900-2004. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 WFO Pittsburgh Weather Stories/Events of the Decade (2000-2009)". National Weather Service Forecast Office: Pittsburgh, PA. 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
Jump up ^ John C Rodgers III and Douglas W. Gamble (2008). The impact of Hurricane Frances (2004) on the invasive Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia L.) on San Salvador Island, The Bahamas. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, Jul-Sep 2008. Retrieved on 2009-04-08.
Jump up ^ Joseph B. Treaster (2004). Hurricane Frances: The Bahamas; Damage is Mostly Light as Storm Pelts Island Chain. New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ Guy Carpenter (2004). Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan & Jeanne Caribbean Impact. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
^ Jump up to: a b The Commonwealth of the Bahamas Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2004). Communication to Parliament on Hurricane Frances and an addendum report on Hurricane Jeanne by the Rt. Hon. Perry G. Christie, Prime Minister and Minister of Finance. Archived October 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2009-04-06.
Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey (2008). Coastal Change Hazards: Hurricanes and Extreme Storms: Hurricane Frances. Retrieved on 2009-04-08.
Jump up ^ Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (2007). Hurricane Impact to Agriculture Industry. Archived February 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2009-04-08.
Jump up ^ Janette Ballman (2004). Winds of Change: Hurricanes Devastate Florida Businesses. Archived November 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Disaster Recovery Journal, Fall 2004 - Volume 17, Issue 4. Retrieved on 2009-04-08.
Jump up ^ John H. Foy (2004). The Impact Of The 2004 Hurricane Season On Florida Golf Courses. Archived December 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. United States Golf Association. Retrieved on 2009-04-08.
^ Jump up to: a b David M. Roth (2004). Hurricane Frances Rainfall. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Online NewsHour (2004). Frances' Fury. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved on 2009-04-05.
Jump up ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/cdcom_090804.html
Jump up ^ CNN (2004). Frances tears panels from NASA shuttle hangar. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
Jump up ^ WDWmagic.com. What's New Archive 2004. Archived June 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Walt Disney World. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
Jump up ^ Brendan Farrington. Dangerous Hurricane Charley Poised to Pound Florida . Archived October 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Space.com. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ National Weather Service Office, Peachtree City, Georgia (2004). Frances Pays a Visit to North and Central Georgia. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ Office of Energy Assurance (2004). Tropical Storm Frances Situation Report: September 7, 2004 (10:00 am EDT). United States Department of Energy. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ Julia Beckhusen, Joseph B. Goodenbery, Gerrit Hoogenboom, and Jeffrey D. Mullen. Effects of Hurricane Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne on Georgia Irrigators.[permanent dead link] Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ Farm Press Staff Report (2004). Hurricane Crop Damage Is Widespread. Archived August 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Penton Media, Inc. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Ontario Weather Review - September 2004". Environment Canada. September 30, 2004. Archived from the original on September 19, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Twenty-seventh Session RA IV Hurricane Committee" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ State of Florida State Emergency Response Team (2004). Hurricane Frances Disaster Assistance Briefing Sheet: As of 9:00 am, September 9, 2004. Government of the state of Florida. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ Jim Kennedy (2004). From Jim Kennedy Concerning Frances Aftermath. NASA. Retrieved on 2009-04-06.
Jump up ^ Tom Hazelwood (2004). Hurricane Frances Aftermath & Response. Archived July 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. United Methodist Committee in Relief. Retrieved on 2009-04-05.
Jump up ^ Daniel Pulliam (2004). OPM prepares for aftermath of Hurricane Frances. National Journal Group, Inc. Retrieved on 2009-04-05.
Jump up ^ CNN (2004). CNN Live Today. Retrieved on 2009-04-05.
Jump up ^ United States Army Corps of Engineers South Atlantic Division (2004). Hurricane Frances in Florida.[permanent dead link] Retrieved on 2009-04-08.
Jump up ^ CNN (2004). Frances' costs: $3B or more. Retrieved on 2009-04-08.
Jump up ^ FEMA (2004). President Authorizes Disaster Funds For Georgia To Aid State And Local Government Recovery From Tropical Storm Frances. Archived May 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2009-04-06.
Jump up ^ FoodNavigator.com (2004). Pecan prices rise on hurricane aftermath. Decision News Media SAS. Retrieved on 2009-04-06.
Jump up ^ Sharon Omahen (2004). Frances' Winds Damage Trees, Reduce Pecan Crop. University of Georgia. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
Jump up ^ FEMA (2004). South Carolina Tropical Storm Frances. Archived May 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2009-04-06.
Jump up ^ North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (2004). Hurricanes Wash Out Wildlife Commission Plans. Retrieved on 2009-04-06.
Jump up ^ Zhang Lizhong (2004). Hurricane Frances & Ivan in Western North Carolina and Issues in the Recovery. Archived May 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk Management Crisis and Emergency Management. Retrieved on 2009-04-06.
Jump up ^ RA IV Hurricane Committee: Final Report of the Twenty-Fifth Session. Retrieved on 2007-04-08 via Wayback Machine
External links[edit]
Find more aboutHurricane Francesat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
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Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
NHC Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Frances
NHC advisory archive on Hurricane Frances
HPC rainfall report on Frances
State of Florida - Hurricane Frances preparedness
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PlayStation 2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"PS2" redirects here. For other uses, see PS2 (disambiguation).
PlayStation 2
Left: Original PlayStation 2, with vertical stand
Right: Slimline PlayStation 2, with vertical stand, 8 MB memory card and DualShock 2 controller
Also known as
PS2
Developer
Sony Computer Entertainment
Manufacturer
Sony
Product family
PlayStation
Type
Home video game console
Generation
Sixth generation
Release date
PlayStation 2
JP: March 4, 2000
NA: October 26, 2000
EU: November 24, 2000
AU: November 30, 2000
PlayStation 2 Slimline
EU: October 29, 2004
JP: November 3, 2004
NA: November 25, 2004
AU: December 2, 2004
Retail availability
2000–2013
Discontinued
JP: December 28, 2012[1]
WW: January 4, 2013[2]
Units sold
Approximately 155 million (as of March 31, 2012)[3]
Media
DVD, CD
CPU
"Emotion Engine"[4][5] @ 300 MHz[4]
Memory
32 MB of RDRAM (system RAM)[6]
4 MB of eDRAM (video RAM)[7][8]
Storage
40 GB hard drive (add-on)
Removable storage
8 MB PlayStation 2 memory card
128 KB PlayStation memory card
Display
Video output formats[show]
Composite video
S-Video
SCART/JP21 RGB
VGA (progressive scan capable software only)
YPBPR component video/D-Terminal
Graphics
150 MHz "Graphics Synthesizer"[4]
Sound
Dolby Digital 5.1 and DTS 5.1
Controller input
DualShock 2, DualShock, EyeToy
Connectivity
100 Mbit Ethernet/modem (requires adapter on SCPH-10000-500xx models), 2 × USB 1.1, 1 × IEEE 1394 interface
Online services
Dynamic Network Authentication System
Best-selling game
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas: 17.33 million sold (as of February 2009)[9]
Backward
compatibility
PlayStation
Predecessor
PlayStation
Successor
PlayStation 3
The PlayStation 2 (PS2) is a home video game console that was developed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the successor to the PlayStation, and is the second installment in the PlayStation lineup of consoles. It was released on March 4, 2000 in Japan, October 26, 2000 in North America, November 24, 2000 in Europe, and November 17, 2000 in Australia. It competed with Sega's Dreamcast, Microsoft's Xbox, and Nintendo's GameCube in the sixth generation of video game consoles.
Announced in 1999, the PlayStation 2 was the first PlayStation console to offer backwards compatibility for its predecessor's DualShock controller, as well as for its games. The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling video game console of all time, selling over 155 million units, with 150 million confirmed by Sony in 2011.[10] More than 3,874 game titles have been released for the PS2 since launch, and more than 1.5 billion copies have been sold.[11] Sony later manufactured several smaller, lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 and well on, and in 2006, announced and launched its successor, the PlayStation 3.
Even with the release of its successor, the PlayStation 2 remained popular well into the seventh generation and continued to be produced until January 4, 2013, when Sony finally announced that the PlayStation 2 had been discontinued after 13 years of production – one of the longest runs for a video game console. Despite the announcement, new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013, including Final Fantasy XI: Seekers of Adoulin for Japan, Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for North America and Europe, and FIFA 14 for Brazil.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Hardware
2.1 Audio/video
2.2 Retail configurations
2.3 Disc Read Error (DRE) lawsuit
3 Games
4 Online functionality
5 Reception
5.1 Sales
6 Accessories
6.1 General
6.2 Music
6.3 Controllers
6.4 Mouse and Keyboard
7 Homebrew development
8 See also
9 References
History[edit]
Though Sony has kept details of the PlayStation 2's development secret, work on the console began around the time that the original PlayStation was released (in late 1994).[12] Sony announced the PlayStation 2 (PS2) on March 1, 1999. The video game console was positioned as a competitor to Sega's Dreamcast, the first sixth-generation console to be released, although ultimately the main rivals of the PS2 were Nintendo's GameCube and Microsoft's Xbox.[13][14] The Dreamcast itself launched very successfully in North America later that year, selling over 500,000 units within two weeks.[15]
Soon after the Dreamcast's North American launch, Sony unveiled the PlayStation 2 at the Tokyo Game Show on September 20, 1999.[16] Sony showed fully playable demos of upcoming PlayStation 2 games including Gran Turismo 2000 (later released as Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec) and Tekken Tag Tournament – which showed the console's graphic abilities and power.[17]
The PS2 was launched in March 2000 in Japan, October in North America and November in Europe. Sales of the console, games and accessories pulled in $250 million on the first day, beating the $97 million made on the first day of the Dreamcast.[18] Directly after its release, it was difficult to find PS2 units on retailer shelves[19] due to manufacturing delays.[20] Another option was purchasing the console online through auction websites such as eBay, where people paid over a thousand dollars for the console.[21] The PS2 initially sold well partly on the basis of the strength of the PlayStation brand and the console's backward compatibility, selling over 980,000 units in Japan by March 5, 2000, one day after launch.[22] This allowed the PS2 to tap the large install base established by the PlayStation – another major selling point over the competition. Later, Sony added new development kits for game developers and more PS2 units for consumers. The PS2's built-in functionality also expanded its audience beyond the gamer,[2] as its debut pricing was the same or less than a standalone DVD player. This made the console a low cost entry into the home theater market.[23]
The success of the PS2 at the end of 2000 caused Sega problems both financially and competitively, and Sega announced the discontinuation of the Dreamcast in March 2001, just 18 months after its successful launch. The PS2 remained as the only active sixth generation console for over 6 months, before it would face competition from newer rivals; Nintendo's GameCube and Microsoft's Xbox, which were then released. Many analysts predicted a close three-way matchup among the three consoles; the Xbox having the most powerful hardware, while the GameCube was the least expensive console, and Nintendo changed its policy to encourage third-party developers. While the PlayStation 2 theoretically had the weakest specification of the three, it had a head start due to its installed base plus strong developer commitment, as well as a built-in DVD player (the Xbox required an adapter, while the GameCube lacked support entirely).[24] While the PlayStation 2's initial games lineup was considered mediocre, this changed during the 2001 holiday season with the release of several blockbuster games that maintained the PS2's sales momentum and held off its newer rivals. Sony also countered the Xbox by temporarily securing PlayStation 2 exclusives for highly anticipated games such as the Grand Theft Auto series and Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.[25]
Sony cut the price of the console in May 2002 from US$299 to $199 in North America,[26] making it the same price as the GameCube and $100 less than the Xbox. It also planned to cut the price in Japan around that time.[27] It cut the price twice in Japan in 2003.[28] In 2006, Sony cut the cost of the console in anticipation of the release of the PlayStation 3.[28]
Sony, unlike Sega with its Dreamcast, originally placed little emphasis on online gaming during its first few years, although that changed upon the launch of the online-capable Xbox. Coinciding with the release of Xbox Live, Sony released the PlayStation Network Adapter in late 2002, with several online first–party titles released alongside it, such as SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs to demonstrate its active support for Internet play.[citation needed] Sony also advertised heavily, and its online model had the support of Electronic Arts (EA); EA did not offer online Xbox titles until 2004. Although Sony and Nintendo both started out late, and although both followed a decentralized model of online gaming where the responsibility is up to the developer to provide the servers, Sony's moves made online gaming a major selling point of the PS2.
In September 2004, in time for the launch of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Sony revealed a newer, slimmer PS2. In preparation for the launch of the new models (SCPH-700xx-9000x), Sony stopped making the older models (SCPH-3000x-500xx) to let the distribution channel empty its stock of the units.[citation needed] After an apparent manufacturing issue – Sony reportedly underestimated demand – caused some initial slowdown in producing the new unit caused in part by shortages between the time the old units were cleared out and the new units were ready. The issue was compounded in Britain when a Russian oil tanker became stuck in the Suez Canal, blocking a ship from China carrying PS2s bound for the UK. During one week in November, British sales totalled 6,000 units – compared to 70,000 units a few weeks prior.[29] There were shortages in more than 1,700 stores in North America on the day before Christmas.[30]
Hardware[edit]
Main article: PlayStation 2 technical specifications
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
PlayStation 2 software is distributed on CD-ROM and DVD-ROM. In addition the console can play audio CDs and DVD movies, and is backwards compatible with PlayStation games. The PS2 also supports PlayStation memory cards and controllers, although original PlayStation memory cards only work with original PlayStation games and the controllers may not support all functions (such as analog buttons) for PS2 games.
The standard PlayStation 2 memory card has an 8 MB capacity. There are a variety of non-Sony manufactured memory cards available for the PlayStation 2, allowing for a memory capacity larger than the standard 8 MB.
The console also features USB and IEEE 1394 (Firewire) expansion ports. A hard disk drive can be installed in an expansion bay on the back of the console, and is required to play certain games, notably the popular Final Fantasy XI.[31] This is only available on certain models.
The hardware uses the Emotion Engine CPU, a custom-designed processor based on the MIPS architecture with a floating point performance of 6.2 GFLOPS, and the custom-designed Graphics Synthesizer GPU, with a fillrate of 2.4 gigapixels/second, capable of rendering up to 75 million polygons per second.[32] When accounting for features such as lighting, texture mapping, artificial intelligence, and game physics, it has a real-world performance of 3 million to 16 million polygons per second.[32][33]
Audio/video[edit]
The PlayStation 2 may natively output video resolutions on SDTV and HDTV from 480i to 480p while other games, such as Gran Turismo 4 and Tourist Trophy are known to support up-scaled 1080i resolution[34] using any of the following standards: composite video (480i), S-Video (480i), RGB (480i/p), VGA (for progressive scan games and PS2 Linux only), YPBPR component video (which display most original PlayStation games in their native 240p mode which most HDTV sets do not support), and D-Terminal. Cables are available for all of these signal types; these cables also output analog stereo audio. Additionally, an RF modulator is available for the system to connect to older TVs.
Digital (S/PDIF) audio may also be output by the console via its TOSLINK connector which outputs 5.1 channel sound.
Retail configurations[edit]
Main article: PlayStation 2 retail configurations
The PS2's controller, the DualShock 2, had the same form factor as the PlayStation DualShock.
The PS2 has undergone many revisions, some only of internal construction and others involving substantial external changes.
The PS2 is primarily differentiated between models featuring the original "fat" case design and "slimline" models, which were introduced at the end of 2004. In 2010, the Sony Bravia KDL-22PX300 was made available to consumers. It was a 22" HD-Ready television which incorporated a built-in PlayStation 2.
The PS2 standard color is matte black. Several variations in color were produced in different quantities and regions, including ceramic white, light yellow, metallic blue (aqua), metallic silver, navy (star blue), opaque blue (astral blue), opaque black (midnight black), pearl white, sakura purple, satin gold, satin silver, snow white, super red, transparent blue (ocean blue), and also Limited Edition color Pink, which was distributed in some regions such as Oceania, and parts of Asia.[35][36][37]
In September 2004, Sony unveiled its third major hardware revision. Available in late October 2004, it was smaller, thinner, and quieter than the original versions and included a built-in Ethernet port (in some markets it also had an integrated modem). Due to its thinner profile, it did not contain the 3.5" expansion bay and therefore did not support the internal hard disk drive. It also lacked an internal power supply until a later revision (excluding the Japan version), similar to the GameCube, and had a modified Multitap expansion. The removal of the expansion bay was criticized as a limitation due to the existence of titles such as Final Fantasy XI, which required the use of the HDD.
Sony also manufactured a consumer device called the PSX that can be used as a digital video recorder and DVD burner in addition to playing PS2 games. The device was released in Japan on December 13, 2003, and was the first Sony product to include the XrossMediaBar interface. It did not sell well in the Japanese market and was not released anywhere else.
Disc Read Error (DRE) lawsuit[edit]
A class action lawsuit was filed against Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc. on July 16, 2002, in the Superior Court of California, County of San Mateo. The lawsuit addresses consumer reports of inappropriate "no disc error" (disc read error) messages and other problems associated with playing DVDs and CDs on the PlayStation 2.
Sony settled its "disc read error" lawsuit by compensating the affected customers with USD $25, a free game from a specified list, and the reduced cost repair or replacement (at SCEA's discretion) of the damaged system. This settlement was subject to the courts' approval, and hearings began in the US and Canada on April 28, 2006, and May 11, 2006, respectively.[38]
Games[edit]
See also: List of PlayStation 2 games, List of best-selling PlayStation 2 video games, List of PlayStation games incompatible with PlayStation 2, and List of PlayStation 2 games with HD support
PlayStation 2 software is distributed on CD-ROM and DVD-ROM; the two formats are differentiated by the color of their discs' bottoms, with CD-ROMs' being blue and DVD-ROMs' being silver. The PlayStation 2 offered some particularly high-profile exclusive games. Most main entries in the Grand Theft Auto, Final Fantasy, and Metal Gear Solid series were released exclusively for the console. Several series got their start on the PlayStation 2, including God of War, Ratchet & Clank, Jak and Daxter, Devil May Cry, and Kingdom Hearts. Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas was the best-selling game on the console.
Game releases peaked in 2004, but declined with the release of the PlayStation 3 in 2006. The last new game for the console in Asia is Final Fantasy XI: Seekers of Adoulin, in North America and Europe is Pro Evolution Soccer 2014, and in South America is FIFA 14. As of 30 June 2007, a total of 10,035 software titles have been released worldwide (counting games released in multiple regions as separate titles).[39]
Online functionality[edit]
Main article: PlayStation 2 online functionality
See also: List of PlayStation 2 online games
PlayStation 2 users had the option to play select games over the Internet, using a broadband internet connection and a PlayStation 2 Network Adaptor. Instead of having a unified, subscription-based online service like Xbox Live as competitor Microsoft later chose for its Xbox console, online multiplayer functionality on the PlayStation 2 was the responsibility of the game publisher and ran on third-party servers. Most recent[when?] PlayStation 2 online games have been developed to exclusively support broadband internet access. Xbox Live similarly requires a broadband Internet connection.
Reception[edit]
Sales[edit]
Main article: PlayStation 2 sales
The PlayStation 2 has sold over 150 million units worldwide as of March 31, 2012.[40][41] In Europe, it has sold 48 million units as of May 6, 2008 according to Sony Computer Entertainment Europe,[42] while in North America, it has sold 50 million units as of December 2008.[43] In Japan, the PS2 has sold 21,454,325 units as of October 1, 2008, according to Famitsu/Enterbrain.[44] In 2005, the PlayStation 2 became the fastest game console to reach 100 million units shipped, accomplishing the feat within 5 years and 9 months from its launch.
Accessories[edit]
Main article: PlayStation 2 accessories
The EyeToy – a motion detecting camera
The PlayStation 2's DualShock 2 controller is largely identical to the PlayStation's DualShock, with the same basic functionality. However, it includes analog pressure sensitivity on the face, shoulder and D-pad buttons, replacing the digital buttons of the original.[45] (These buttons would later become digital again with the release of the DualShock 4.[46]) Like its predecessor, the DualShock 2 controller has force feedback, or "vibration" functionality. It is lighter and includes two more levels of vibration.
The PlayStation 2 DVD remote control
General[edit]
The PlayStation 2 memory card
Optional hardware includes DualShock or DualShock 2 controllers, a PS2 DVD remote control, an internal or external hard disk drive (HDD), a network adapter, horizontal and vertical stands, PlayStation or PS2 memory cards, the multitap for PlayStation or PS2, a USB motion camera (EyeToy), a USB keyboard and mouse, and a headset.
The original PS2 multitap (SCPH-10090) cannot be plugged into the newer slim models, as the multitap connects to the memory card slot as well as the controller slot and the memory card slot on the slimline is shallower. New slim-design multitaps (SCPH-70120) were manufactured for these models, however third-party adapters also exist to permit original multitaps to be used.
Early versions of the PS2 could be networked via an i.LINK port, though this had little game support and was dropped. Some third party manufacturers have created devices that allow disabled people to access the PS2 through ordinary switches etc.
Some third-party companies, such as JoyTech, have produced LCD monitor and speaker attachments for the PS2, which attach to the back of the console. These allow users to play games without access to a television as long as there is access to mains electricity or a similar power source. These screens can fold down onto the PS2 in a similar fashion to laptop screens.
Music[edit]
SingStar microphones
There are many accessories for musical games, such as dance pads for Dance Dance Revolution, In the Groove, and Pump It Up titles and High School Musical 3: Senior Year Dance. Konami microphones for use with the Karaoke Revolution games, dual microphones (sold with and used exclusively for SingStar games), various "guitar" controllers (for the Guitar Freaks series and Guitar Hero series), the drum set controller (sold in a box set (or by itself) with a "guitar" controller and a USB microphone (for use with Rock Band and Guitar Hero series, World Tour and newer), and a taiko drum controller for Taiko: Drum Master.
Controllers[edit]
Specialized controllers include light guns (GunCon), fishing rod and reel controllers, a Dragon Quest VIII "slime" controller, a Final Fantasy X-2 "Tiny Bee" dual pistol controller, an Onimusha 3 katana controller, and a Resident Evil 4 chainsaw controller.
Mouse and Keyboard[edit]
Unlike the PlayStation, which requires the use of an official Sony PlayStation Mouse to play mouse-compatible games, the few PS2 games with mouse support work with a standard USB mouse as well as a USB trackball.[47] In addition, some of these games also support the usage of a USB keyboard for text input, game control (in lieu of a DualShock or DualShock 2 gamepad, in tandem with a USB mouse), or both.
Homebrew development[edit]
Main article: PlayStation 2 homebrew
Using homebrew programs, it is possible to play various audio and video file formats on a PS2. Homebrew programs can also be used to play patched backups of original PS2 DVD games on unmodified consoles, and to install retail discs to an installed hard drive on older models. Homebrew emulators of older computer and gaming systems have been developed for the PS2.[48]
Sony released a Linux-based operating system for the PS2 in a package that also includes a keyboard, mouse, Ethernet adapter and HDD. In Europe and Australia, the PS2 comes with a free Yabasic interpreter on the bundled demo disc. This allows users to create simple programs for the PS2. A port of the NetBSD project and BlackRhino GNU/Linux, an alternative Debian-based distribution, are also available for the PS2.
See also[edit]
Sony PlayStation portal
Sony portal
Video games portal
GScube
HDD Utility Disc
Linux for PlayStation 2
PCSX2 – PlayStation 2 (PS2) emulator for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS
PlayStation Broadband Navigator
References[edit]
Jump up ^ プレイステーション2の日本国内での出荷が本日（2012年12月28日）で完了. Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. December 28, 2012. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "PlayStation 2 manufacture ends after 12 years". The Guardian. January 4, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sony stops shipping PlayStation 2 units in Japan". Rappler. December 29, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Diefendorff, Keith (April 19, 1999). "Sony's Emotionally Charged Chip" (PDF). Microprocessor Report. 13 (5).
Jump up ^ Shiloy, Anton (February 26, 2007). "Sony Removes Emotion Engine, Graphics Synthesizer from PAL PlayStation 3". X-bit labs. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Shimpi, Anand. "Rambus DRAM: Uncovering Facts & Burying Rumors". AnandTech. Archived from the original on February 19, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Perry, Douglass C. "The Untapped Power of PlayStation 2". IGN. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Leadbetter, Richard (July 21, 2012). "Digital Foundry vs. PS2 Classics on PlayStation 3". Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition. pp. 108–109. ISBN 1-904994-45-8. GTA: San Andreas is the best-selling PlayStation 2 game, with a massive 17.33 million copies sold.
Jump up ^ "PLAYSTATION2 sales reach 150 million units worldwide". Sony Computer Entertainment. February 14, 2011. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (February 15, 2011). "150 million PS2 units shipped worldwide – News at GameSpot". Asia.gamespot.com. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Letters". Next Generation. No. 22. Imagine Media. October 1996. p. 203.
Jump up ^ Whitehead, Dan (February 1, 2009). "Dreamcast: A Forensic Retrospective Article • Page • Articles • Retro •". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "PlayStation 2 Timeline". GameSpy. p. 3. Archived from the original on June 4, 2004. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "A Look Back at the Sega Dreamcast". Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Perry, Douglass C. (September 20, 1999). "TGS 1999: Sony's Grand Showing". Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roosevelt Creative Arts Middle School –". Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sony Pulls in Over $250 Million at Launch. IGN. Retrieved on August 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "PlayStation 2 Timeline". GameSpy. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original on June 4, 2004. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ "PS2 history". gamesindustry.biz. November 22, 2006. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
Jump up ^ "PlayStation 2 Timeline". GameSpy. p. 3. Archived from the original on June 4, 2004. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ "PlayStation 2 Timeline". GameSpy. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 4, 2004. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ What Ever Happened To The Dreamcast?. TechnoBuffalo. Retrieved on August 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hardware Behind the Consoles - Part II: Nintendo's GameCube". AnandTech. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Morris, Chris (May 14, 2002). "Sony slashes PlayStation prices: Preemptive move undercuts competition and could spark video game price war". CNN.
Jump up ^ Gaither, Chris. "Sony to Cut PlayStation 2 Price by $100." New York Times: 0. May 14, 2002. ProQuest. Web. July 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sony to Cut Price of PlayStation 2 in Japan Market --- Move Follows Plan to Lower Cost of Product in U.S. by a Third." Asian Wall Street Journal: 0. May 15, 2002. ProQuest. Web. July 29, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sony to Cut Price of PlayStation 2 Game Console by 20 Percent." Knight Ridder Tribune Business News: 1. November 4, 2003. ProQuest. Web. July 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Elliott, Valerie (December 9, 2004). "Merry Christmas, your PlayStation 2 is stuck in Suez". Times Online. News International.
Jump up ^ "2004 Holiday Sales Results Call". GameStop. Retrieved September 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Final Fantasy XI Review for PlayStation 2 – GameSpot". Uk.gamespot.com. March 23, 2004. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Casamassina, Matt (November 3, 2000). "Gamecube Versus PlayStation 2". IGN. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Reaching for the limits of PS2 performance (page 32), SCEE, 2003
Jump up ^ "Gran Turismo 4 - #9 Top PS2 Games". IGN. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Calvert, Justin (November 4, 2003). "PS2 price drop, new colors for Japan". GameSpot. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Fahey, Rob (March 9, 2004). "Sony launches new PS2 colors in Japan". gamesindustry.biz. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ A list of all console colors and console Limited Editions. Consolecolors.com
Jump up ^ Sony Settles PS2 "Disc Read Error" Class Action Gamasutra, November 10, 2005
Jump up ^ "Cumulative Software Titles". Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Slimmer, Lighter PlayStation 3, new PlayStation Network services, plenty of content and a great value price" (PDF) (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. August 18, 2009. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 2, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "PlayStation2 Worldwide Hardware Unit Sales". Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ellie Gibson (May 6, 2008). "PS3 has outsold Xbox 360 in Europe". Eurogamer. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ Koller, John (January 15, 2009). "PS2 Sells Over 50 Million Units in North America, Breaks Console Sales Record". PlayStation.Blog. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Brightman, James (October 20, 2008). "Xbox 360 Growth in Japan Has Topped All Platforms from March to September". GameDaily. AOL. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Dual Shock 2 Review". IGN. September 27, 2001. Retrieved February 7, 2011. The biggest difference between the Dual Shock 2 and the original… all of the buttons and even the digital pad offer analog support. This means that the d-pad, the four face buttons and the four shift buttons are all pressure-sensitive and have 255 degrees of sensitivity. It is also worth noting that the Dual Shock 2 is a bit lighter than the original Dual Shock because it appears to have less in the way of gears for the vibration function of the controller.
Jump up ^ Cavalli, Earnest (October 24, 2013). "DualShock 4 drops analog buttons, citing lack of interest". Engadget. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "PlayStation Knowledge Center | Support - PlayStation.com". Us.playstation.com. January 10, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ PS2 Emulators – http://www.sksapps.com/index.php?page=emus.html
[show]
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[show]
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[show]
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[show]
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Robbins Entertainment
Syco Music (50%)
Sony Music Australia
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Vevo
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[show]
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2waytraffic
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O = online VOD platform
Americas
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getTV
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Canada
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PlayStation Vue)
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Crackle
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