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Rajya Sabha
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Coordinates: 28°37′0″N 77°12′30″E / 28.61667°N 77.20833°E / 28.61667; 77.20833
Rajya Sabha
Council of States
Emblem of India
Type
Type
Upper house of the Parliament of India
Term limits
6 years
Leadership
Chairman
(Vice-President)
Venkaiah Naidu[1]
Since 11 August 2017
Deputy Chairman
P. J. Kurien, INC
Since 21 August 2012[2]
Leader of the House
Arun Jaitley, BJP
Since 2 June 2014[3]
Leader of the Opposition
Ghulam Nabi Azad, INC
Since 8 June 2014[3]
Structure
Seats
245
233 Elected
12 Nominated
4 Vacant (1 Elected and 3 Nominated Seats)[4]
Political groups
Government coalition (85)
National Democratic Alliance (85)
BJP (69)
JD(U) (6)
SAD (3)
SS (3)
BPF (1)
NPF (1)
RPI(A) (1)
SDF (1)
Opposition Parties (160)
United Progressive Alliance (62)
INC (50)
DMK (4)
BSP (4)
IUML (1)
JD(S) (1)
KC(M) (1)
Janata Parivar Parties (6)
RJD (5)
INLD (1)
Unaligned Parties (78)
AIADMK (13)
AITC (13)
SP (13)
BJD (9)
TDP (6)
TRS (6)
CPI(M) (5)
NCP (4)
AAP (3)
CPI (2)
JKPDP (2)
YSRCP (2)
Others (15)
Nominated (5)
Independents (6)
Vacant (4)
Elections
Voting system
Single transferable vote
Last election
21 July and 08 August 2017
Next election
16 January, 23 March and 21 June 2018
Meeting place
Chamber of Rajya Sabha, Sansad Bhavan,
Sansad Marg, New Delhi, India
Website
rajyasabha.nic.in
The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sit for staggered six-year terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years.[5]
The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions, and unlike the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, is not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held. However, since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, the former would normally hold the greater power. Joint sittings of the Houses of Parliament of India are rare, and in the history of the Republic, only three such joint-sessions have been held; the latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act.
The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952.[6] The salary and other benefits for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha.
Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method.
Contents
[hide]
1 Qualifications
2 Limitations
2.1 Money bills
2.2 Joint Sitting of the Parliament
2.3 No-confidence motion
3 Powers
3.1 Union-States Relations
3.2 Creation of All-India Services
4 Membership and Composition
4.1 List of constituencies by States/Union Territories
4.2 Membership by party
5 Officers
5.1 Leader of the House
5.2 Leader of the Opposition
6 Secretariat
7 Media
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Qualifications[edit]
Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament. A member of the Rajya Sabha must:[7]
Must be a citizen of India.
Must make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution.
Must be at least 30 years old.
Must be elected by the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of Single transferable vote through Proportional representation.[8]
Cannot be a proclaimed criminal.
Cannot be an insolvent, i.e. he/she should not be in debt that he/she is not capable of repaying in a current manner and should have the ability to meet his/her financial expenses.
Should not hold any other office of profit under the Government of India.
Should not be of unsound mind.
Must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.
In addition, twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge in various areas like arts and science. However, they are not entitled to vote in Presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution.
Limitations[edit]
The Constitution of India places some restrictions on Rajya Sabha which makes Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas in comparison.
Money bills[edit]
The definition of a money bill is given in article 110 of constitution of India. A money bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha by a minister and only on recommendation of President of India. When the Lok Sabha passes a money bill then the Lok Sabha sends money bill to the Rajya Sabha council of states for 14 days during which it can make recommendations. Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form the Lok Sabha finally passes it. This is because the Lok Sabha has largest number of representatives of peoples of India and so the Lok Sabha lower house also called house of the peoples is more powerful in comparison with Rajya Sabha council of states upper house. Hence, Rajya Sabha can only give recommendations for a money bill but Rajya Sabha cannot amend a money bill this is to ensure that Rajya Sabha must not add any non money matters in money bill. Lok Sabha can reject all the recommendations of Rajya Sabha or can accept some or all of the recommendations. Decisions of the speaker of the Lok Sabha are final. There is no joint sitting of both the houses with respect to money bills, because all final decisions are taken by the Lok Sabha.[9]
Joint Sitting of the Parliament[edit]
Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases. A joint sitting can be convened by the President of India when one house has either rejected a bill passed by the other house, has not taken any action on a bill transmitted to it by the other house for six months, or has disagreed to the amendments proposed by the Lok Sabha on a bill passed by it. Considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha tends to have a greater influence in a joint sitting of Parliament. A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Also, because the joint session is convened by the President on advice of the government, which already has a majority in Lok Sabha, the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority.
Joint sessions of Parliament are a rarity, and have been convened three times in last 71 years, for the purpose of passage of a specific legislative act, the latest time being in 2002:
1961: Dowry Prohibition Act, 1958
1978: Banking Services Commission (Repeal) Act, 1977
2002: Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002
No-confidence motion[edit]
Unlike the Lok Sabha, a member of the Rajya Sabha cannot bring to the house a no-confidence motion against the government.
Powers[edit]
In Indian federal structure, Rajya Sabha is a representative of the States in the Union legislature (Hence the name, Council of States). Hence, Rajya Sabha is granted powers that protect the rights of States against the Union.
Union-States Relations[edit]
The Constitution empowers Parliament of India to make laws on the matters reserved for States (States List). However, this can only be done if Rajya Sabha first passes a resolution by two-thirds special majority granting such a power to the Union Parliament. The union government cannot make a law on a matter reserved for states without any authorisation from Rajya Sabha.
Creation of All-India Services[edit]
Rajya Sabha, by a two-thirds super majority can pass a resolution empowering the Government of India to create more All-India Services common to both Union and States, including a judicial service.
Membership and Composition[edit]
Seats are allotted in proportion to the population of people of each state or union territory in such a manner that smaller states have slight advantage over more populous states.[10] As the members are elected by the state legislature, smaller Union Territories which are not States and do not have legislatures cannot have representation in Rajya Sabha. Hence, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Chandigarh, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli do not send any representatives to Rajya Sabha. 12 members are nominated by the President.[11][12]
As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States.[12] The present strength, however, is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by the President.[12] The twelve nominated members of the Rajya Sabha are persons who are eminent in particular fields, and are well known contributors in the particular field. A few examples of such nominated persons are cricketing icon Sachin Tendulkar, former RBI Governor Bimal Jalan and famous lyricist and poet Javed Akhtar. As of March 2014, each state or union territory specified in the first column of the following table, there shall be allotted the number of seats specified in the second column thereof opposite to that State or that union territory, as the case may be:[13]
List of constituencies by States/Union Territories[edit]
Name of state and union territory
No. of Seats
Andhra Pradesh[14] 11
Arunachal Pradesh 1
Assam 7
Bihar 16
Chhattisgarh 5
Goa 1
Gujarat 11
Haryana 5
Himachal Pradesh 3
Jammu & Kashmir 4
Jharkhand 6
Karnataka 12
Kerala 9
Madhya Pradesh 11
Maharashtra 19
Manipur 1
Meghalaya 1
Mizoram 1
Nagaland 1
National Capital Territory of Delhi 3
Nominated 12
Odisha 10
Puducherry 1
Punjab 7
Rajasthan 10
Sikkim 1
Tamil Nadu 18
Telangana[14] 7
Tripura 1
Uttar Pradesh 31
Uttarakhand 3
West Bengal 16
Total 245
Membership by party[edit]
Main article: List of current members of the Rajya Sabha
Rajya Sabha Secretariat (As of 19 June 2018):[15]
Alliances
Party
MP
National Democratic Alliance
Seats: 85 Bharatiya Janata Party 69
Janata Dal (United) 6
Shiromani Akali Dal 3
Shiv Sena 3
Bodoland People's Front 1
Naga People's Front 1
Republican Party of India (A) 1
Sikkim Democratic Front 1
United Progressive Alliance
Seats: 57 Indian National Congress 50
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 4
Indian Union Muslim League 1
Janata Dal (Secular) 1
Kerala Congress (M) 1
Janata Parivar
Seats: 6 Rashtriya Janata Dal 5
Indian National Lok Dal 1
Other Parties
Seats: 82 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 13
All India Trinamool Congress 13
Samajwadi Party 13
Biju Janata Dal 9
Telugu Desam Party 6
Telangana Rashtra Samithi 6
Communist Party of India (Marxist) 5
Bahujan Samaj Party 4
Nationalist Congress Party 4
Aam Aadmi Party 3
Communist Party of India 2
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party 2
YSR Congress Party 2
Nominated 5
Independents 6
Vacant Seats 1 Seat from Bihar and 3 Nominated Seats 4
Total 245
Officers[edit]
Leader of the House[edit]
Main article: Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)
Besides the Chairman (Vice-President of India) and the Deputy Chairman, there is also a position called Leader of the House. This is a cabinet minister – the prime minister if he is a member of the House, or another nominated minister. The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman, in the front row.
Leader of the Opposition[edit]
Main article: Leader of the Opposition (India)
Besides the Leader of the House, who is leading the majority, there is also a Leader of the Opposition (LOP) – leading the opposition parties. The function was only recognized in the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of the Opposition in Parliament Act 1977. This is commonly the leader of the largest non-government party, and is recognized as such by the Chairman.
The following people have been the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha:
Sr No
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister
1 Shyam Nandan Mishra December 1969 March 1971 INC (O) Indira Gandhi
2 M. S. Gurupadaswamy March 1971 April 1972
3 Kamalapati Tripathi 30 March 1977 15 February 1978 INC Morarji Desai
4 Bhola Paswan Shastri 24 February 1978 23 March 1978 INC (O)
5 Kamalapati Tripathi 23 March 1978 8 January 1980 INC
Charan Singh
6 Lal Krishna Advani 21 January 1980 7 April 1980 Janata Party Indira Gandhi
7 P. Shiv Shankar 18 December 1989 2 January 1991 INC V. P. Singh
Chandra Shekhar
8 M. S. Gurupadaswamy 28 June 1991 21 July 1991 Janata Dal P. V. Narasimha Rao
9 S. Jaipal Reddy 22 July 1991 29 June 1992
10 Sikander Bakht 7 July 1992 23 May 1996 BJP
11 Shankarrao Chavan 23 May 1996 1 June 1996 INC Atal Bihari Vajpayee
12 Sikander Bakht 1 June 1996 19 March 1998 BJP H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral
13 Manmohan Singh 21 March 1998 21 May 2004 INC Atal Bihari Vajpayee
14 Jaswant Singh 3 June 2004 16 May 2009 BJP Manmohan Singh
15 Arun Jaitley 3 June 2009 26 May 2014
16 Ghulam Nabi Azad 8 June 2014 Incumbent INC Narendra Modi
Secretariat[edit]
The Secretariat of Rajya Sabha was set up pursuant to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. The said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat of Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament.
The Rajya Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Chairman. The main activities of the Secretariat inter alia include the following :
(i) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) possible to Members of Rajya Sabha; (iv) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees; (v) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications; (vi) recruitment of manpower in the Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; and (vii) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Rajya Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Rajya Sabha and its Committees.
In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Chairman, Rajya Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent[16] to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat. Present secretary-general is Desh Deepak Sharma, IAS. [16]
Media[edit]
Rajya Sabha Television (RSTV) is a 24-hour a day, seven day a week parliamentary TV channel fully owned and operated by the Rajya Sabha. The channel is aimed at providing in-depth coverage and analysis of parliamentary affairs especially the functioning of and developments related to Rajya Sabha. During sessions of Parliament, apart from telecasting live coverage of the proceedings of Rajya Sabha, RSTV presents incisive analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day-to-day parliamentary events and developments.[17]
See also[edit]
Lok Sabha
List of current members of the Rajya Sabha
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President". The Hindu. New Delhi, India. 11 August 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India". Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "RAJYA SABHA – AN INTRODUCTION". rajyasabha.nic.in. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA (STATE WISE LIST)". Rajya Sabha. 4 May 2018. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Deshmukh, Yashwant (11 June 2016). "Crucial polls today: A guide to calculus of Rajya Sabha for dummies". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "OUR PARLIAMENT". Indian Parliament. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Council of States (Rajya Sabha) – rajyasabha.in". Archived from the original on 18 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "HANDBOOK FOR RETURNING OFFICERS – FOR ELECTIONS TO THE COUNCIL OF STATES AND STATE LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS" (PDF). Election Commission of India. 1992. pp. 400–426. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Website of the Rajya Sabha – Legislation".
Jump up ^ "642 Sidharth Chauhan, Bicameralism: comparative insights and lessons". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT RAJYA SABHA". Indian Parliament. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Composition of Rajya Sabha – Rajya Sabha At Work" (PDF). rajyasabha.nic.in. Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fourth Schedule" (PDF). Ministry of Law. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rajya Sabha members alloted [sic] to Telangana, Andhra Pradesh". The Economic Times. 30 May 2014. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "STRENGTHWISE PARTY POSITION IN THE RAJYA SABHA". Rajya Sabha. 4 May 2018. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017.
Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/newsite/rssorgchart/sg.aspx
Jump up ^ "About Rajya Sabha TV". Rajya Sabha. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Further reading[edit]
The Nominated Members of India's Council of States: A Study of Role-Definition J. H. Proctor, Legislative Studies Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb 1985, pp. 53–70.
Alistair, McMillan. "Constitution 91st Amendment Bill: A Constitutional Fraud?". nuff.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
External links[edit]
Rajya Sabha homepage hosted by the Indian government
Rajya Sabha FAQ page hosted by the Indian government
37 Rajya Sabha members have criminal background: Study – analysis by the Association for Democratic Reforms and National Election Watch
Nominated members list
State wise list
Rajya Sabha Television
MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA (STATE WISE LIST) TN
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List of Members of Rajya Sabha by States and Territories
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List of current members of the Rajya Sabha
See also: List of current members of the Lok Sabha
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Star Wars: The Last Jedi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with the 2005 young adult book series Star Wars: The Last of the Jedi.
Star Wars: The Last Jedi
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Rian Johnson
Produced by
Kathleen Kennedy
Ram Bergman
Written by
Rian Johnson
Based on
Characters
by George Lucas
Starring
Mark Hamill
Carrie Fisher
Adam Driver
Daisy Ridley
John Boyega
Oscar Isaac
Andy Serkis
Lupita Nyong'o
Domhnall Gleeson
Anthony Daniels
Gwendoline Christie
Kelly Marie Tran
Laura Dern
Benicio del Toro
Music by
John Williams[1]
Cinematography
Steve Yedlin[2]
Edited by
Bob Ducsay[2]
Production
company
Lucasfilm Ltd.
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15) (United States)
Country
United States
Language
English
Star Wars: The Last Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VIII – The Last Jedi[3]) is an upcoming American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson. It is the second film in the Star Wars sequel trilogy, following Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). The film is produced by Lucasfilm and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It stars Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Andy Serkis, Lupita Nyong'o, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, and Gwendoline Christie in returning roles. New cast members include Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern, and Benicio del Toro. Fisher died in December 2016, making The Last Jedi her final film role.
The film was announced after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012. It is produced by Ram Bergman and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy. John Williams, composer for the previous seven films, returns to compose the score. Scenes that required shooting at Skellig Michael in Ireland were filmed during pre-production in September 2015, with principal photography beginning at Pinewood Studios in England in February 2016 and ending in July 2016. Post-production wrapped up in September 2017.[4] The Last Jedi is scheduled for release on December 15, 2017.
A sequel, tentatively titled Star Wars: Episode IX, is scheduled for December 20, 2019.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
2 Production
2.1 Development
2.2 Casting
2.3 Filming
2.4 Music
3 Release
3.1 Marketing
4 Sequel
5 References
6 External links
Cast
Main articles: List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members
Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker, a powerful Jedi Master who has been in self-imposed exile on the planet Ahch-To, and the son of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala.[5][6]
Carrie Fisher as General Leia Organa, twin sister to Luke, former princess of Alderaan, and a leading general in the Resistance.[6] The Last Jedi was the final film that Fisher worked on. She died on December 27, 2016,[7] after completing her work on the film.[8][9]
Adam Driver as Kylo Ren, Supreme Leader Snoke's loyal servant who is strong with the dark side of the Force and leader to the Knights of Ren. He was born Ben Solo, the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa, nephew of Luke Skywalker, and the grandson of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala.[6]
Daisy Ridley as Rey, a highly Force-sensitive scavenger from the desert planet Jakku who joined the Resistance and goes to find Luke Skywalker.[6]
John Boyega as Finn, a former stormtrooper of the First Order who defected to the Resistance.[6][10]
Oscar Isaac as Poe Dameron, an X-wing fighter pilot in the Resistance.[6][11]
Andy Serkis as Supreme Leader Snoke, the mysterious leader of the First Order and Kylo Ren's master.[6]
Lupita Nyong'o as Maz Kanata, a pirate and longtime friend of Han Solo and Chewbacca.[6]
Domhnall Gleeson as General Hux, the former head of the First Order's Starkiller Base.[6]
Anthony Daniels as C-3PO, a humanoid protocol droid in the service of Leia Organa.[6]
Gwendoline Christie as Captain Phasma, the commander of the First Order's stormtroopers.[6][12]
Kelly Marie Tran as Rose Tico, a member of the Resistance who works in maintenance.[13][14]
Laura Dern as Vice Admiral Amilyn Holdo, an officer in the Resistance.[15][2]
Benicio del Toro as an unnamed character, referred to by writer and director Rian Johnson as "DJ".[15]
Other cast members include Peter Mayhew and Joonas Suotamo, both returning to portray Chewbacca,[6][16][17] Mike Quinn as Nien Nunb,[18] Timothy D. Rose as Admiral Ackbar,[17] Billie Lourd as Lieutenant Connix,[19] and Simon Pegg as Unkar Plutt, all of whom are reprising their roles.[20][not in citation given] Jimmy Vee will play R2-D2.[21][22] Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, Prince Harry and Tom Hardy will make cameo appearances as stormtroopers.[23][24] Gary Barlow also has a cameo appearance in the film.[25] Gareth Edwards, director of the Star Wars Anthology film Rogue One, has a cameo in the film.[26] Joseph Gordon-Levitt has a voice cameo in the film.[27] Warwick Davis[28] and Noah Segan have been cast in unspecified roles.[29] Veronica Ngo portrays Paige Tico, a Resistance gunner and Rose's sister.[15] Justin Theroux will play a slicer, an individual who specializes in breaking encryption.[30]
Production
Development
See also: Star Wars sequel trilogy
The movie marked the final film performance of Carrie Fisher, who died in 2016.
Writer and director Rian Johnson
In October 2012, Star Wars creator George Lucas sold his production company Lucasfilm, and with it the Star Wars franchise, to The Walt Disney Company. Disney announced a new trilogy of Star Wars films.[31] J. J. Abrams was named director of the first episode in the trilogy, The Force Awakens, in January 2013.[32][33] In June 2014, director Rian Johnson was reported to be in talks to write and direct its sequel, dubbed Episode VIII, and to write a treatment for the third film, Episode IX, with Ram Bergman producing both films.[34][35] Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII.[36] In September, filmmaker Terry Gilliam asked Johnson about what it felt like to take over something that was made famous by another filmmaker, to which Johnson responded:
I'm just starting into it, but so far, honestly, it's the most fun I've ever had writing. It's just joyous. But also for me personally, I grew up not just watching those movies but playing with those toys, so as a little kid, the first movies I was making in my head were set in this world. A big part of it is that direct connection, almost like an automatic jacking back into childhood in a weird way. But I don't know, ask me again in a few years and we'll be able to talk about that.[37]
According to Johnson, the story begins immediately after the last scene of The Force Awakens.[26] He had his story group watch films such as Twelve O'Clock High, The Bridge on the River Kwai, Gunga Din, Three Outlaw Samurai, Sahara, and Letter Never Sent for inspiration while developing ideas.[26][38] He felt it was difficult to work on the film while The Force Awakens was being finished.[26]
In December 2015, Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy admitted that "we haven't mapped out every single detail [of the sequel trilogy] yet". She said that Abrams was collaborating with Johnson and that Johnson would in turn work with (then) Episode IX director Colin Trevorrow to ensure a smooth transition.[39] Abrams is an executive producer along with Jason McGatlin and Tom Karnowski.[40]
Lucasfilm announced the film's title, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, on January 23, 2017.[41]
Casting
In September 2015, Disney shortlisted the female cast members to Gina Rodriguez, Tatiana Maslany, and Olivia Cooke.[42] Later that month, Benicio del Toro confirmed that he will play the villain in the film,[43] and Mark Hamill was also confirmed.[5] In October 2015, Gugu Mbatha-Raw was rumored to have been cast in the film.[44] In November, Jimmy Vee was cast as R2-D2.[21] In November, Kennedy announced at the London premiere for The Force Awakens that the entire cast would return for Episode VIII, along with "a handful" of new cast members.[6] In February 2016, at the start of filming, it was confirmed that Laura Dern and Kelly Marie Tran had been cast in unspecified roles.[2] In April 2017, at Star Wars Celebration Orlando, Lucasfilm announced that Tran plays Resistance maintenance worker Rose Tico, which Johnson described as the film's largest new role.[13][14]
Filming
Skellig Michael, one of the film's locations
Second unit photography began during pre-production at Skellig Michael in Ireland on September 14, 2015, due to the difficulties of filming at that location during other seasons. It would have lasted four days,[45][46][47] but filming was canceled for the first day due to poor weather and rough conditions.[48] In November 2014, Ivan Dunleavy, chief executive of Pinewood Studios, confirmed that the film would be shot at Pinewood,[49] with filming also occurring in Mexico.[10] In September 2015, del Toro revealed that principal photography would begin in March 2016;[43] however, Kennedy later stated that filming would begin in January 2016.[6] The production began work on the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios on November 15, 2015.[50] Rick Heinrichs served as production designer.[51]
In January 2016, production of Episode VIII was delayed until February 2016, due to script rewrites.[52] Additionally, filming was potentially in danger of being delayed further due to an upcoming strike between the Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television and the Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union.[53] On February 10, 2016, Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed that principal photography had begun,[54] under the working title Space Bear.[26] Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to 16, 2016,[55][56] as well as in Ireland in May.[57] Malin Head in County Donegal and a mountain headland, Ceann Sibeal in County Kerry, served as additional filming locations.[58] Principal photography wrapped on July 22, 2016,[59] though as of early September 2016, Nyong'o had not filmed her scenes.[60] In February 2017, it was announced that sequences from the film were shot in IMAX.[61]
Music
In July 2013, Kennedy announced at Star Wars Celebration Europe that John Williams would return to score the Star Wars sequel trilogy.[1][62] At a Tanglewood concert in August 2016, Williams confirmed he is scheduled to start scoring Episode VIII.[63] Williams said he would begin recording the score "off and on" in December 2016 until March or April 2017.[64] On February 21, 2017, it was confirmed that recording was underway, with Williams conducting.[65]
Release
In January 2015, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Episode VIII would be released in 2017,[66] and in March, Lucasfilm announced a release date of May 26, 2017.[67][68] In January 2016, The Last Jedi was rescheduled for December 15, 2017 in 3D and IMAX 3D.[40][69] On January 23, 2017, the film's title was announced as Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[41] Similarly to The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens, "Episode VIII" will be included in the film's opening crawl, although not in its official title.[70]
Pre-sale tickets went on sale in the United States on October 9, 2017, and as with The Force Awakens and Rogue One, ticket service sites like Fandango had their servers crash due to heavy traffic and demand.[71]
Marketing
A set of eight promotional postage stamps were released on October 12, 2017 in the UK by the Royal Mail with artwork by Malcolm Tween.[72] On September 19, 2017, the Australia Post released a set stamp packs in the country.[73]
Sequel
Episode IX, the final installment of the sequel trilogy, is scheduled to be released on December 20, 2019.[74] Prior to her death in December 2016, Carrie Fisher had been expected to appear in Episode IX.[75][76] Though Fisher's family granted the rights to use recent footage of Fisher for Star Wars: Episode IX,[77] Fisher will not appear in the film[78][79] and Lucasfilm will not digitally generate new footage of her.[80] Principal photography of Star Wars: Episode IX is set to begin in January 2018.[81][82] On September 5, 2017, Lucasfilm announced that Trevorrow had stepped down as director.[83] A week later, Lucasfilm announced that J. J. Abrams would return to direct Episode IX and co-write it with Chris Terrio.[84]
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External links
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Star Wars: The Last Jedi on IMDb
Star Wars: The Last Jedi at AllMovie
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Star Wars: The Last Jedi at Box Office Mojo
[show]
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Star Wars: The Last Jedi
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars:_The_Last_Jedi&oldid=808987178"
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Master of Public Administration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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See also: Master of Public Affairs and Master of Public Policy
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Example of a diploma from Harvard University conferring the MPA degree. It belongs to Felipe Calderón, former president of Mexico.
The Master of Public Administration (M.P.Adm., M.P.A., or MPA) is a professional graduate degree in public administration, similar to the Master of Business Administration but with an emphasis on the issues of governance.
Contents
1 Overview
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Overview[edit]
The MPA program is a professional degree and a graduate degree for the public sector and it prepares individuals to serve as managers, executives and policy analysts in the executive arm of local, state/provincial, and federal/national government, and increasingly in non-governmental organization (NGO) and nonprofit sectors; it places a focus on the systematic investigation of executive organization and management. Instruction includes the roles, development, and principles of public administration; public policy management and implementation.
Through its history, the MPA degree has become more interdisciplinary by drawing from fields such as economics, sociology, law, anthropology, political science, and regional planning in order to equip MPA graduates with skills and knowledge covering a broad range of topics and disciplines relevant to the public sector. A core curriculum of a typical MPA program usually includes courses on microeconomics, public finance, research methods, statistics, policy analysis, managerial accounting, ethics, public management, geographic information systems (GIS), and program evaluation. MPA students may focus their studies on public sector fields such as urban planning, emergency management, transportation, health care (especially public health), economic development, community development, non-profit management, environmental policy, cultural policy, and criminal justice.
MPA graduates currently serve in some important positions within the public sector including Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong, former UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon, former CIA Director David Petraeus, former president of Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, former president of Mexico Felipe Calderón, Foreign Minister of Serbia Vuk Jeremić, Chairman of the World Toilet Organization Jack Sim, former New York City Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly, former Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius, former Treasurer of Australia Wayne Swan. Other notable MPA graduates include Bill O'Reilly and pilot Chesley Sullenberger.[1]
A Master of Public Administration can be acquired at various institutions. See List of schools offering MPA degrees.
See also[edit]
Master of Public Affairs
Master of Public Policy
Master of Nonprofit Organizations
Public policy schools
Master of Business Administration
Doctor of Public Administration
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "15 notable graduates from MPA and MPP programmes". Retrieved 2018-02-17.
External links[edit]
Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration - Accrediting body for MPA and MPP programs in the U.S.
Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
American Society for Public Administration - Professional society for public administration (PA) practitioners and educator]
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Undergraduate
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ISCED level 6
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Public_Administration&oldid=850565207"
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values: ماجستير الإدارة العامة – Arabic

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