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List of longest-living organisms
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For Oldest life forms, see Earliest known life forms.
This is a list of the longest-living organisms, that is, the individuals (in some instances, clones) of a species. This may be, for a given species:
Oldest known individuals that are currently living
Record holders, such as the most long-lived human, Jeanne Calment, or the most long-lived domestic cat, Creme Puff.
Ordinarily, this does not consider the age of the species itself, comparing species by the range of age-span of their individuals, or the time between first appearance (speciation) and extinction of the species.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biological immortality
2 Revived into activity after stasis
3 Clonal plant and fungal colonies
4 Individual microorganisms
5 Individual plant specimens
6 Humans
7 Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals
8 Aquatic animals
9 See also
10 Further reading
11 References
12 External links
Biological immortality[edit]
Hydras may not grow old.
Main article: Biological immortality
If the mortality rate of a species does not increase after maturity, the species does not age and is said to be biologically immortal. Many examples exist of plants and animals for which the mortality rate actually decreases with age, for all or part of the lifecycle.[1]
If the mortality rate remains constant, the rate determines the mean lifespan. The lifespan can be long or short, though the species technically "does not age".
Hydra species were observed for four years without any increase in mortality rate.[2]
Other species have been observed to regress to a larval state and regrow into adults multiple times.
The hydrozoan species Turritopsis dohrnii (formerly Turritopsis nutricula) is capable of cycling from a mature adult stage to an immature polyp stage and back again. This means no natural limit to its lifespan is known.[3] However, no single specimen has been observed for any extended period, and estimating the age of a specimen is impossible.
At least one hydrozoan (Laodicea undulata[4]) and one scyphozoan (Aurelia sp.1[5]) can also revert from medusa stage into polyp stage.
The larvae of skin beetles undergo a degree of "reversed development" when starved, and later grow back to the previously attained level of maturity. The cycle can be repeated many times.[6]
Revived into activity after stasis[edit]
This Judean Date Palm sprouted from a 2,000-year-old seed.
Various claims have been made about reviving bacterial spores to active metabolism after millions of years. Claims have been made of spores from amber being revived after 40 million years,[7] and spores from salt deposits in New Mexico being revived after 240 million years, the longest living organisms in history.[8][9] In a related find, a scientist was able to coax 34,000-year-old salt-captured bacteria to reproduce. His results were duplicated at a separate independent laboratory facility.[10]
A seed from the previously extinct Judean date palm was revived and managed to sprout after nearly 2,000 years.[11]
Silene stenophylla was grown from fruit found in an ancient squirrel's cache. The germinated plants bore viable seeds. The fruit was dated to be 31,800 years old ± 300 years.[12]
In 1994, a seed from a sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), dated at roughly 1,300 years old ± 270 years, was successfully germinated.[13][14]
During the 1990s, Raul Cano, a microbiologist at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, revived yeast trapped in amber for 25 million years.[15] Cano went on to found a brewery and crafted an "amber ale" with a 45-million-year-old variant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.[16] Cano's work and initial success were achieved with the help of entomologist George Poinar, the scientist whose 1982 paper on reviving specimens[17] influenced Michael Crichton to write his award-winning Jurassic Park.[18]
Clonal plant and fungal colonies[edit]
Pando is a clonal colony of quaking aspens that is at least 80,000 years old.
As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire colony. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[19]
Pando is a Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen) tree or clonal colony that has been estimated at 80,000 years old.[20] Unlike many other clonal "colonies", the above-ground trunks remain connected to each other by a single massive subterranean root system. Whether it is to be considered a single tree is disputed, as it depends on one's definition of an individual tree.
The Jurupa Oak colony is estimated to be at least 13,000 years old, with other estimates ranging from 5,000 to 30,000 years old.[21]
A huge colony of the sea grass Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea is estimated to be between 12,000 and 200,000 years old. The maximum age is theoretical, as the region it occupies was above water at some point between 10,000 and 80,000 years ago.[22][23][24]
Lomatia tasmanica in Tasmania: the sole surviving clonal colony of this species is estimated to be at least 43,600 years old.[25]
Eucalyptus recurva: clones in Australia are claimed to be 13,000 years old.[26]
King Clone is a creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in the Mojave Desert estimated at 11,700 years old.[27] Another creosote bush has been said to be 12,150 years old, but this is as yet unconfirmed.
A Huon pine colony on Mount Read, Tasmania, is estimated at 10,000 years old, with individual specimens living over 3,000 years.[28]
Old Tjikko, a Norway spruce in Sweden, is a tree on top of roots that have been carbon dated to 9,550 years old. The tree is part of a clonal colony that was established at the end of the last ice age. Discovered by Professor Leif Kullman, at Umeå University, the tree is located in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. Old Tjikko is small, only 5 m (16 ft) in height.[29][30][31][32]
A box huckleberry bush in Pennsylvania is thought to be perhaps 8,000 years old.
"Humongous Fungus", an individual of the fungal species Armillaria solidipes in the Malheur National Forest, is thought to be between 2,000 and 8,500 years old.[33][34] It is thought to be the world's largest organism by area, at 2,384 acres (965 hectares).
Individual microorganisms[edit]
Some endoliths have extremely long lives. In August 2013, researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor with a generation time of 10 millennia.[35] These are slowly metabolizing, not in a dormant state.
Individual plant specimens[edit]
The Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest tree in Europe.
A Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) is measured by ring count to be 5067 years old.[36] This is the oldest known tree in North America, and the oldest known living individual nonclonal tree in the world.
Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest individual tree in Europe and second- or third-oldest individual tree in the world. Believed to be aged between 4,000 years and 5,000 years old, this ancient yew (Taxus baccata) is in the churchyard of the village of Llangernyw in North Wales.
Fortingall Yew, an ancient yew (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire, Scotland, is one of the oldest known individual trees in Europe. Various estimates have put its age between 2,000 and 5,000 years, although now believed to be at the lower end of this range.
Fitzroya cupressoides is the species with the second-oldest verified age, a specimen in Chile being measured by ring count as 3,622 years old.[19]
The President, located in Sequoia National Park, California, is the oldest known living giant sequoia at approximately 3,200 years of age.[36][not in citation given]
A sacred fig (Ficus religiosa), the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, is 2,300 years old (planted in 288 BC).[37] It is the oldest known living to date human-planted tree in the world.[38]
A specimen of Lagarostrobos franklinii in Tasmania is thought to be about 2,000 years old.[39]
Numerous olive trees are purported to be 2,000 years old or older. An olive tree in Ano Vouves, Crete, claiming such longevity, has been confirmed on the basis of tree ring analysis.[40][41]
Jōmon Sugi, the cryptomeria naturally grown in Yakushima Island, Kagoshima, Japan, is 2,170 to 7,200 years old.
Great sugi of Kayano, the cryptomeria deemed planted by humans in Kaga, Ishikawa, Japan, had an estimated age of 2,300 years in 1928.
Welwitschia is a monotypic genus of gymnosperm plant, composed solely of the distinct Welwitschia mirabilis. The plant is considered a living fossil. Radiocarbon dating has confirmed many individuals have lived longer than 1,000 years, and some are suspected to be older than 2,000 years.[citation needed]
Yareta is a tiny flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to South America, occurring in the Puna grasslands of the Andes in Peru, Bolivia, the north of Chile, and the west of Argentina between 3,200 and 4,500 m altitude. Some yaretas could be up to 3,000 years old.[42]
Humans[edit]
Main articles: List of the verified oldest people and List of oldest living people
>80
77.5-80
75-77.5
72.5-75
70-72.5
67.5-70
65-67.5
60-65
55-60
50-55
45-50
40-45
<40
Life expectancy by region
Jeanne Calment lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days, becoming the oldest recorded human who ever lived. She died on August 4, 1997.[43]
The longest-living person who is still living and known is Nabi Tajima. (born 4 August 1900).[44]
These are single examples; for a broader view, see Life expectancy (includes humans).
Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals[edit]
Adwaita, an Aldabra giant tortoise, died at an estimated age of 255 in March 2006 in Alipore Zoo, Kolkata, India.[45] If verified, it will have been the oldest terrestrial animal in the world.
Tu'i Malila, a radiated tortoise, died at an age of 188 years in May 1965, at the time the oldest verified vertebrate.[46]
Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise living on the island of Saint Helena, is reported to be about 184 years old, and may, therefore, be the oldest currently living terrestrial animal if the claim is true.[47]
Harriet, a Galápagos tortoise, died at the age of 175 years in June 2006.[48]
Timothy, a spur-thighed tortoise, born in Turkey died at an age of 165 years in 3 April 2004 in the UK.[49]
Nonja, a Sumatran orangutan, died at the age of 55 years in December 2007. She was claimed to be the oldest-living orangutan of her species.[50]
The tuatara, a lizard-like reptile native to New Zealand, can live well above 100 years. Henry, a tuatara at the Southland Museum in New Zealand, mated for the first time at the estimated age of 111 years in 2009 with an 80-year-old female and fathered 11 baby tuatara.[51]
Muja, the world's oldest alligator
Muja, an American alligator from Belgrade Zoo, is considered to be the oldest alligator in the world.[52] Muja is more than 80 years old.[53]
A female blue-and-yellow macaw named Charlie was reportedly hatched in 1899, which would make her 117 years old, as of 2016. Her age has not been independently confirmed and the claim may not be reliable. She is claimed to have formerly belonged to Winston Churchill, but Churchill's daughter denies the claim.[54]
Lin Wang, an Asian elephant, was the oldest elephant in the Taipei Zoo. He was born in January 18, 1917, and died in February 26, 2003, at 86 years, surpassing the previous record of 84. Normally, elephants live up to 50 years, while their maximum lifespan is generally estimated at 70.
A greater flamingo named Greater died at Adelaide Zoo in January 2014 at the age of at least 83.[55]
Thaao, an Andean condor, died at the age of 80.[56]
Cookie, (hatched June 30, 1933) an Australian-born Major Mitchell's cockatoo resident at Brookfield Zoo, Illinois, was the oldest member of his species in captivity, and died in August 2016 at a verified age of 83.[57]
A female Laysan albatross named Wisdom successfully laid an egg at Midway Atoll in December 2016, at the age of 66. As of 2017, she is the oldest known wild bird in the world.[58]
The oldest living horse on record was named Ol' Billy. Bill was allegedly born in the year 1760 in London, England. Bill died in 1822 at the age of 62 years. Henry Harrison, an occupant of London during the time, had also allegedly known Ol' Billy for 59 years until Bill's death.[59]
Creme Puff, a cat owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas, was born August 3, 1967, and died three days after her 38th birthday on August 6, 2005.[60]
The oldest bear on record was Andreas, a European brown bear, living in the ARCTUROS bear sanctuary in northern Greece. He was at least 50 years old at the time of his death.
Debby, the polar bear, an inhabitant of the Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg, Canada, was the oldest polar bear and third-oldest bear species on record when she died in 2008, at the age of 42 years.[61]
A wild-born black rhino called "Elly" was the oldest in North America at an estimated 45 years of age, and resided in California's San Francisco Zoo from April 1974 until passing in May of 2017.[62]
Yoda was named as the oldest mouse in 2004 at age 4.[63]
The oldest bat recorded, a Brandt's bat, is at least 41 years old.[64]
Aquatic animals[edit]
Giant barrel sponges can live more than 2,000 years.
Glass sponges found in the East China Sea and Southern Ocean have been found over 10,000 years old.[65][66][67]
Specimens of the black coral genus Leiopathes, such as Leiopathes glaberrima, are among the oldest continuously living organisms on the planet: around 4,265 years old.[68]
The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is one of the longest-lived animals, with the largest specimens in the Caribbean estimated to be in excess of 2,300 years old.[69]
The black coral Antipatharia in the Gulf of Mexico may live more than 2,000 years.[70]
The Antarctic sponge Cinachyra antarctica has an extremely slow growth rate in the low temperatures of the Southern Ocean. One specimen has been estimated to be 1,550 years old.[71]
A specimen, "Ming" of the Icelandic cyprine Arctica islandica (also known as an ocean quahog), a mollusk, was found to have lived 507 years.[72] Another specimen had a recorded lifespan of 374 years.[73]
Many sub-families of the Oreosomatidae, including the Allocyttus, Neocyttus, and Pseudocyttus (collectively referred to as the Oreos) have been reported to live up to 170 years, based on otolith-increment estimates and radiometric dating [74][75][76]
Greenland shark had been estimated to live to about 200 years, but a study published in 2016 found that a 5.02 m (16.5 ft) specimen was 392 ± 120 years old, resulting in a minimum age of 272 and a maximum of 512.[77][78] That makes the Greenland shark the longest-lived vertebrate.
Some koi fish have reportedly lived more than 200 years, the oldest being Hanako, which died at an age of 226 years on July 7, 1977.[79][80]
Rougheye rockfish - 205 years old.[81]
Orange roughy, also known as deep sea perch, can live up to 149 years.[82]
Some confirmed sources estimate bowhead whales to have lived at least to 211 years of age, making them the oldest mammals.[83]
The maximum life-span of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) may be 210–250 years.[84][85][86]
Specimens of the Red Sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, have been found to be over 200 years old.[87]
The deepsea hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi (Annelida, Polychaeta) lives for more than 170 years.[88]
Tardigrades, capable of cryptobiosis, have been shown to survive nearly 120 years in a dry state.[89]
Geoduck, a species of saltwater clam native to the Puget Sound, have been known to live more than 160 years.[90][91]
George the lobster was estimated to be about 140 years old by PETA in January 2009.[92]
In 2012, a sturgeon was caught in a Wisconsin river that was estimated to be 125 years old.[93]
A killer whale of the "Southern Resident Community" identified as J2 or Granny was estimated by some researchers to have been approximately 105 years old at her death in 2017; however, other dating methods estimated her age as 65-80.[94][95]
A Swedish man claimed that a European eel named Ale was 155 years old when it died in 2014. If correct, it would have been the world's oldest, having been hatched in 1859.[96]
See also[edit]
Biological immortality
Earliest known life forms
Immortality
Largest organism
Life timeline
List of oldest dogs
List of oldest trees
Lists of organisms by population
Longevity
Maximum life span
Nature timeline
Oldest people and List of oldest people
Regeneration
Further reading[edit]
Rachel Sussman (2014). The Oldest Living Things in the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226057507.
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Daytime television in the United States
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Daytime television is the general term for television shows produced for airing during the daytime hours on weekdays. The hours and days for daytime television in the United States usually run from 6:00am to 8:00pm ET, Monday through Friday; although it may vary depending on time zone/region, networks, and/or local stations. This article is only about American daytime television; for information about international daytime television, see Daytime television.
Contents
1 Types of daytime programming
1.1 Court shows
1.1.1 Current American daytime court shows
1.2 Daytime serials/soap operas
1.2.1 Current American daytime serials
1.2.2 Retired American daytime serials
1.3 Game shows
1.3.1 Current daytime game shows
1.4 Morning news programs
1.4.1 Current morning news programs
1.5 Tabloid news
1.5.1 Current tabloid television news shows
1.6 Sunday morning news programs
1.6.1 Current Sunday morning news and public affairs programs
1.7 Talk shows
1.7.1 Current American daytime talk shows
1.7.2 Notable past daytime talk shows
1.8 Off-network syndicated programming
1.8.1 Off-network series currently in syndication
2 Daytime programming breakdown
3 See also
4 References
Types of daytime programming[edit]
There are several different genres or formats of daytime programming that are produced. Most of these shows can be produced on a low budget, as these shows have to be able to make at least five new episodes per week (sometimes more) for most of the year. Most daytime shows are syndicated, meaning local stations buy the rights to air them. Commercials aired during daytime programming mostly advertise food & drink, household goods and feminine products geared toward housewives and stay-at-home moms, who of course make up the largest portion of the daytime viewing audience.
Court shows[edit]
There are currently many different court shows produced in United States daytime television. Most of these shows usually deal with one, sometimes two small-claims cases per episode. Other shows deal with family law or reenactments of more serious cases. The cases are typically a form of binding arbitration between two litigating parties who agree to drop their conventional lawsuit to appear on television; they are not scripted, the participants are not actors, and decisions are handed down by real judges or attorneys. All of the following court shows are syndicated. Court shows usually occupy the morning and late-afternoon time slots.
Current American daytime court shows[edit]
Show Presiding Judge(s)
Judge Mathis Greg Mathis
Divorce Court Lynn Toler
Judge Judy Judith Sheindlin
The People's Court Marilyn Milian
America's Court with Judge Ross Kevin A. Ross
Supreme Justice with Judge Karen Karen Mills-Francis
Justice for All with Judge Cristina Pérez Cristina Pérez
Paternity Court Lauren Lake
Hot Bench Patricia DiMango, Tanya Acker and Michael Corriero
Couples Court[1] Keith and Dana Cutler
Daytime serials/soap operas[edit]
A staple of daytime television since the 1950s, serials continue to be among the most popular programs among daytime audiences. They are dramatic serials that tell ongoing stories of the day-to-day lives of large casts of characters, each still having its own identity. The term "soap opera" is somewhat of a misnomer, dating to the early days of radio and television when purveyors of detergents and soaps such as Procter & Gamble, Colgate Palmolive and Lever Bros. generally sponsored, financed and produced these shows individually. Soap operas usually occupy the afternoon time slots in daytime programming.
Current American daytime serials[edit]
The Bold and the Beautiful (CBS; 1987–present)
Days of Our Lives (NBC; 1965–present)
General Hospital (ABC; 1963–present)
The Young and the Restless (CBS; 1973–present)
Retired American daytime serials[edit]
Ryan's Hope
All My Children
One Life to Live
Another World
Search for Tomorrow
The Edge of Night
As the World Turns
The Secret Storm
Loving
Santa Barbara
The Guiding Light
Love of Life
Passions
Game shows[edit]
Game shows, another long-time mainstay of daytime television, involve real people playing a game, or a series of games, as contestants like the title suggests, with the ultimate goal of winning a prize (usually a large amount of money or an expensive luxury item, such as a new car or a trip).
The 1960s through the 1980s could be considered the golden age of game shows, as all three of the major broadcast networks carried several game shows during their daytime lineups, usually occupying the mid/late-morning and late-afternoon time slots. ABC Daytime ended their block in 1985 (with occasional stand-alone game shows such as Bargain Hunters in 1987 and Match Game in 1990 airing in the years that followed) followed by NBC Daytime in 1991 (with a brief revival in 1993) and CBS Daytime in 1993. CBS still carries two daytime game shows, the long-running The Price Is Right and a revival of Let's Make a Deal. CBS currently allows both daytime game shows to be arranged as a two-hour block by affiliates (10AM ET) if preferred instead of bookending the schedule (11 AM and 3 PM ET).
Of the current daytime game shows, The Price Is Right began as part of CBS's daytime game show block in 1972 and is the only show to have aired continuously on daytime network television since the end of that era. Family Feud, Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune (the latter two of which usually airs during the pre-prime time hour, but are also occasionally scheduled in the daytime, especially in the Central Time Zone and in markets where Jeopardy! airs two episodes a day) have all transitioned from network daytime shows to syndication, while Millionaire is a daytime spinoff of a network prime time program. Both current CBS Daytime game shows began as 30-minute game shows that transitioned into one-hour formats (Price in 1975 and Deal in 2009).
Current daytime game shows[edit]
Network television
Let's Make a Deal (CBS; 1963–)
The Price Is Right (CBS; 1956–)
Syndicated
Family Feud - syndicated by Debmar-Mercury; formerly aired on ABC from 1976 to 1985 and on CBS from 1988 to 1993
Funny You Should Ask - syndicated by Entertainment Studios
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire - syndicated by Disney-ABC Domestic Television; formerly aired in primetime on ABC from 1999 to 2002
Jeopardy! - syndicated by CBS Television Distribution; formerly aired on NBC from 1964 to 1975 and from 1978 to 1979
Wheel of Fortune - syndicated by CBS Television Distribution; formerly aired on NBC from 1975 to 1989 and on CBS from 1989 to 1991; moved back to NBC in 1991
Classic reruns of retired game shows from the 1970s and 1980s (such as Password, etc.) are currently airing on Game Show Network in its daytime slot, and 24/7 on the digital multicast network Buzzr. In addition, Buzzr launched "daytime buzz" featuring classic game shows. Also, Pyramid, Match Game, Celebrity Family Feud and To Tell The Truth are airing as summer primetime shows on ABC.
Morning news programs[edit]
Main article: Breakfast television
These network news programs provide more in-depth coverage of news and current events that are broadcast on the evening news. These programs may also cover life-improvement tips; such as healthy dieting and exercise, do-it-yourself household projects, and other advice and tips to enhance one's well-being. They may also include celebrity guests and concert performances by popular music acts. Most morning shows follow a particular format with hard news and interviews with newsmakers and correspondents in the first half-hour, true crime stories in the second, and lighter fare such as celebrity and lifestyle stories in the second hour (with the concert, if any, closing out the show in the last half-hour). Morning news programs usually occupy the 6:00am to 8:00am or the 7:00 am to 9:00 am time slot.
Current morning news programs[edit]
Good Morning America (ABC; 1975–)
The Today Show (NBC; 1952–)
CBS This Morning (CBS; 1987–1999, 2012–)
Some local stations may also air their own versions of morning news programs along with their network-affiliated morning news program.
Tabloid news[edit]
Half-hour newsmagazines generally focus on sensationalist tabloid-style news and entertainment coverage. Originally, the tone was light in nature, focusing on notable events involving celebrities. But market forces and ratings concerns eventually forced programs into a tabloid format, covering such topics as celebrity scandals and major crime events that make national headlines. These programs usually air during the late-afternoon or pre-prime time hours.
Current tabloid television news shows[edit]
Access - syndicated by NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Celebrity Page - syndicated by Trifecta Entertainment and Media
DailyMailTV - syndicated by CBS Television Distribution
Dish Nation - syndicated by Twentieth Television
Entertainment Tonight - syndicated by CBS Television Distribution
Extra - syndicated by Telepictures/Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Inside Edition - syndicated by CBS Television Distribution
Page Six TV - syndicated by Twentieth Television
TMZ on TV - syndicated by Telepictures/Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Retired newsmagazine shows include PM Magazine (from the 1980s); and Hard Copy and A Current Affair (both from the 1990s); and The Insider (from the 2000s). A Current Affair attempted a comeback in the mid-2000s, but was later canceled due to low ratings.
Sunday morning news programs[edit]
Main article: Sunday morning talk show
During the week, daytime television is generally devoid of or lacking news programming. However, on Sundays, most networks devote at least part of their Sunday morning schedule to serious news programming, as the viewers who would normally be at work during the daytime on weekdays are generally at home on Sunday mornings.
Current Sunday morning news and public affairs programs[edit]
Face the Nation (CBS)
Fox News Sunday (Fox)
Meet the Press (NBC)
This Week (ABC)
Talk shows[edit]
In the early years NBC and ABC added daytime talk shows during late mornings and afternoon hours. In the years that followed with daytime soap operas fill the daytime slots, talk shows become limited and some of which has since moved into syndication during the 1970s. In recent years, CBS added talk shows for the first time as a replacement for cancelled soap operas, most notably As the World Turns. This makes ABC the only network to air 2 talk shows having air continuously since the 1950s. Talk shows typically last one hour, and are more often than not hosted by celebrities. Talk shows deal with a variety of topics, like educational or self-help related subjects; to variety shows featuring celebrity interviews, comedic monologues, and stage performances; to tabloid talk shows. Talk shows usually occupy the morning and late-afternoon hours. Syndicated talk shows on the other hand have made a comeback in recent years to 12 talk shows, however it might will decrease to 11 if any new talk shows will be added.
Current American daytime talk shows[edit]
Network television
GMA Day (aired under the banner of Good Morning America) (ABC)
Megyn Kelly Today (aired under the banner of Today) (NBC)
The Talk (CBS)
Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda (aired under the banner of Today) (NBC)
The View (ABC)
Syndicated
Access Live - syndicated by NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Daily Blast Live - syndicated by Tegna, Inc.
Dr. Phil - syndicated by CBS Television Distribution
The Doctors - syndicated by CBS Television Distribution
The Dr. Oz Show - syndicated by Sony Pictures Television
The Ellen DeGeneres Show - syndicated by Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Live with Kelly and Ryan - syndicated by Disney-ABC Domestic Television
Maury - syndicated by NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Pickler and Ben - syndicated by E.W. Scripps Company and Disney-ABC Domestic Television
Rachael Ray - syndicated by CBS Television Distribution
The Real - syndicated by Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Sister Circle - syndicated by Tegna, Inc.
Steve - syndicated by NBCUniversal Television Distribution
The Steve Wilkos Show - syndicated by NBCUniversal Television Distribution
TMZ Live - syndicated by Warner Bros. Television Distribution
The Wendy Williams Show - syndicated by Debmar-Mercury
Notable past daytime talk shows[edit]
See also: Tabloid talk show § Past shows
Donahue (1970 to 1996) was one of the first major hit daytime talk shows and dominated the format up until the mid-1980s, when it was surpassed by The Oprah Winfrey Show (1986 to 2011), which in turn was the highest-rated talk show on television for most of its run, except for a period in the late 1990s when The Jerry Springer Show (1991 to 2018) surpassed Oprah.
A number of daytime talk shows that followed a format more closely resembling the late-night talk show have aired over the course of history, including The Mike Douglas Show and Dinah! in the 1970s, and shows such as The Rosie O'Donnell Show, The Howie Mandel Show and The Martin Short Show in the late 1990s and early 2000s (decade).
Off-network syndicated programming[edit]
Syndication is the practice of selling rights to the presentation of television programs, especially to more than one customer such as a television station, a cable channel, or a programming service such as a national broadcasting system. The syndication of television programs is a fundamental financial component of television industries. Long a crucial factor in the economics of the U.S. industry, syndication is now a worldwide activity involving the sales of programming produced in many countries. While most of the series currently in syndication are either still in production or have only recently ended their runs, the most popular series can command syndication runs lasting decades beyond the end of their production (the most extreme example being I Love Lucy, which remains in syndication as of 2012 despite having ended its run in 1957; other examples of series still popular in syndication after over a decade out of production include Seinfeld, Cheers, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, M*A*S*H, Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley, Three's Company, The Wonder Years, among many others). Off-network syndicated series also normally occupy the mid/late morning and late-afternoon time slots.
Networks have also been known to rerun scripted programming in daytime, though much less so with the proliferation of syndication, cable television and direct broadcast satellites in the 1980s and 1990s. The last time a network is known to have done this is when CBS aired reruns of Designing Women from 1991-1992. However, it wasn't until 14 years later in 2006 When Daytime WB aired reruns of Reba (TV series) along with previous shows such as "ER" (TV series) since 2009 no major TV networks has aired any reruns on the daytime slot.
Note that the series listed below are not necessarily restricted to daytime and can air in any open time slot.
Off-network series currently in syndication[edit]
The Big Bang Theory
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
Everybody Hates Chris
Everybody Loves Raymond
Family Guy
Friends
Futurama
How I Met Your Mother
The King of Queens
The Office
Seinfeld
The Simpsons
South Park
'Til Death
That '70s Show
Two and a Half Men
Tyler Perry's House of Payne
Tyler Perry's Meet the Browns
Boy Meets World
Roseanne
Daytime programming breakdown[edit]
See also Dayparting
The following table shows the general breakdown of the American daytime television schedule; although, as mentioned above, it may vary depending on time zone/region, networks, and/or local stations.
Time Range (ET) Time Slot Type(s) of daytime programming normally aired
6:00am - 9:00am Early morning Local and network morning news programs
9:00am - 11:00am Mid-morning Game shows, talk shows, court shows, newsmagazines, syndicated programming
11:00am - 12:00 noon Late-morning Game shows, talk shows, court shows, newsmagazines, syndicated programming
12:00 noon - 2:00pm Early afternoon Local news (in the 12:00 noon hour), soap operas
2:00pm - 4:00pm Mid-afternoon Soap operas, talk shows, court shows
4:00pm - 6:00pm Late-afternoon Local news (especially in the 5:00 hour), Game shows, talk shows, court shows, newsmagazines, syndicated programming
6:00pm - 7:00pm Early evening Local and network news
7:00pm - 8:00pm Access hour Game shows, newsmagazines, off-network sitcoms
See also[edit]
List of US daytime soap opera ratings
Dayparting
Prime-time television
References[edit]
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text:
The Lotos-Eaters
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c. 1901 illustration to the poem by W. E. F. Britten
"The Lotos-Eaters" is a poem by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, published in Tennyson's 1832 poetry collection. It was inspired by his trip to Spain with his close friend Arthur Hallam, where they visited the Pyrenees mountains. The poem describes a group of mariners who, upon eating the lotos, are put into an altered state and isolated from the outside world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Poem
3 Themes
4 Critical response
5 In music
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Background[edit]
In the summer of 1829, Tennyson and Arthur Hallam made a trek into conflict-torn northern Spain. The scenery and experience influenced a few of his poems, including Oenone, The Lotos-Eaters and "Mariana in the South".[1]
These three poems, and some others, were later revised for Tennyson's 1842 collection.[2] In this revision Tennyson takes the opportunity to rewrite a section of The Lotos Eaters by inserting a new stanza before the final stanza. The new stanza describes how someone may have the feelings of wholeness even when there is great loss. It is alleged by some that the stanza refers to the sense of loss felt by Tennyson upon the death of Hallam in 1833.[3]
Poem[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Lotos-Eaters
The mariners are put into an altered state when they eat the lotos. During this time, they are isolated from the world:[4]
Branches they bore of that enchanted stem,
Laden with flower and fruit, whereof they gave
To each, but whoso did receive of them
And taste, to him the gushing of the wave
Far far away did seem to mourn and rave
On alien shores; and if his fellow spake,
His voice was thin, as voices from the grave;
And deep-asleep he seem’d, yet all awake,
And music in his ears his beating heart did make. (lines 28–36)
The mariners explain that they want to leave reality and their worldly cares:[4]
Why are we weigh’d upon with heaviness,
And utterly consumed with sharp distress,
While all things else have rest from weariness?
All things have rest: why should we toil alone,
We only toil, who are the first of things,
And make perpetual moan,
Still from one sorrow to another thrown;
Nor ever fold our wings,
And cease from wanderings,
Nor steep our brows in slumber’s holy balm;
Nor harken what the inner spirit sings,
'There is no joy but calm!"—
Why should we only toil, the roof and crown of things? (lines 57–69)
The mariners demonstrate that they realise what actions they are committing and the potential results that will follow, but they believe that their destruction will bring about peace:[5]
Let us alone. Time driveth onward fast,
And in a little while our lips are dumb.
Let us alone. What is it that will last?
All things are taken from us, and become
Portions and parcels of the dreadful past.
Let us alone. What pleasure can we have
To war with evil? Is there any peace
In ever climbing up the climbing wave?
All things have rest, and ripen toward the grave
In silence—ripen, fall, and cease:
Give us long rest or death, dark death, or dreamful ease. (lines 88–98)
Although the mariners are isolated from the world, they are connected in that they act in unison. This relationship continues until the very end when the narrator describes their brotherhood as they abandon the world:[6]
Let us swear an oath, and keep it with an equal mind,
In the hollow Lotos-land to live and lie reclined
On the hills like Gods together, careless of mankind.
For they lie beside their nectar, and the bolts are hurl’d
Far below them in the valleys, and the clouds are lightly curl’d
Round their golden houses, girdled with the gleaming world;
Where they smile in secret, looking over wasted lands,
Blight and famine, plague and earthquake, roaring deeps and fiery sands,
Clanging fights, and flaming towns, and sinking ships, and praying hands.
But they smile, they find a music centred in a doleful song
Steaming up, a lamentation and an ancient tale of wrong,
Like a tale of little meaning tho’ the words are strong;
Chanted from an ill-used race of men that cleave the soil,
Sow the seed, and reap the harvest with enduring toil,
Storing yearly little dues of wheat, and wine and oil;
Till they perish and they suffer—some, ’tis whisper’d—down in hell
Suffer endless anguish, others in Elysian valleys dwell,
Resting weary limbs at last on beds of asphodel.
Surely, surely, slumber is more sweet than toil, the shore
Than labour in the deep mid-ocean, wind and wave and oar;
O, rest ye, brother mariners, we will not wander more. (lines 154–173)
Themes[edit]
The form of the poem contains a dramatic monologue, which connects it to "Ulysses", St. Simeon Stylites, and Rizpah. However, Tennyson changes the monologue format to allow for ironies to be revealed.[7] The story of The Lotos-Eaters comes from Homer's The Odyssey. However, the story of the mariners in Homer's work has a different effect from Tennyson's since the latter's mariners are able to recognize morality. Their arguments are also connected to the words spoken by Despair in Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, Book One. With the connection to Spenser, Tennyson's story depicts the mariners as going against Christianity. However, the reader is the one who is in the true dilemma, as literary critic James R. Kincaid argues, "The final irony is that both the courageous Ulysses and the mariners who eat the lotos have an easier time of it than the reader; they, at least, can make choices and dissolve the tension."[5]
Tennyson ironically invokes "The Lover's Tale" line 118, "A portion of the pleasant yesterday", in line 92 of The Lotos-Eaters: "Portions and parcels of the dreadful past". In the reversal, the idea of time as a protector of an individual is reversed to depict time as the destroyer of the individual. There is also a twist of the traditionally comic use of repetition within the refrain "Let us alone", which is instead used in a desperate and negative manner. The use of irony within The Lotos-Eaters is different from Tennyson's "The Lady of Shalott" since "the Lady" lacks control over her life. The mariners within The Lotos-Eaters are able to make an argument, and they argue that death is a completion of life. With this argument, they push for a release of tension that serves only to create more tension. Thus, the mariners are appealing yet unappealing at the same time.[8]
In structure, The Lotos-Eaters is somewhere between the form of Oenone and The Hesperides. In terms of story, The Lotos-Eaters is not obscure like The Hesperides nor as all-encompassing as Oenone but it still relies on a frame like the other two. The frame is like The Hesperides as it connects two different types of reality, one of separation and one of being connected to the world. Like Oenone, the frame outlines the song within the poem, and it allows the existence of two different perspectives that can be mixed at various points within the poem. The perspective of the mariners is connected to the perspective of the reader in a similar way found in The Hesperides, and the reader is called to follow that point of view to enjoy the poem. As such, the reader is a participant within the work but they are not guided by Tennyson to a specific answer. As James Kincaid argues, "in this poem the reader takes over the role of voyager the mariners renounce, using sympathy for a sail and judgment for a rudder. And if, as many have argued, the poem is 'about' the conflict between isolation and communality, this meaning emerges in the process of reading."[9]
The poem discusses the tension between isolation and being a member of a community, which also involves the reader of the poem. In the song, there are many images that are supposed to appeal to the reader. This allows for a sympathy with the mariners. When the mariners ask why everything else besides them are allowed peace, it is uncertain as to whether they are asking about humanity in general or only about their own state of being. The reader is disconnected at that moment from the mariner, especially when the reader is not able to escape into the world of bliss that comes from eating lotos. As such, the questioning is transformed into an expression of self-pity. The reader is able to return to being sympathetic with the mariners when they seek to be united with the world. They describe a system of completion, life unto death, similar to Keats's "To Autumn", but then they reject the system altogether. Instead, they merely want death without having to experience growth and completion before death.[10]
Critical response[edit]
Tennyson's 1832 collection of poems was received negatively by the Quarterly Review. In particular, the April 1833 review by John Croker claimed that The Lotos-Eaters was "a kind of classical opium-eaters" and "Our readers will, we think, agree that this is admirable characteristic; and that the singers of this song must have made pretty free with the intoxicating fruit. How they got home you must read in Homer: — Mr Tennyson — himself, we presume, a dreamy lotos-eater, a delicious lotus-eater — leaves them in full song."[11]
In music[edit]
The British romantic composer Edward Elgar set to music the first stanza of the "Choric Song" portion of the poem for a cappella choir in 1907-8. The work, op. 53, no. 1 is a quasi double choir work, in which the female choir responds the male choir in a different tonality. Another British romantic composer Hubert Parry wrote a half-hour-long choral setting of Tennyson's poem for soprano, choir, and orchestra.[12] In the song "Blown Away" by Youth Brigade, lines from the poem are used, such as "Death is the end of life; ah, why/Should life all labour be?/Let us alone. Time driveth onward fast" and "let us alone; what pleasure can we have to war with evil? is their any peace"
See also[edit]
Lotos Club
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Thorn 1992 p. 67
Jump up ^ Kincaid 1975 p. 17
Jump up ^ Hughes 1988 p. 91
^ Jump up to: a b Kincaid 1975 p. 40
^ Jump up to: a b Kincaid 1975 p. 39
Jump up ^ Kincaid 1975 pp. 40–41
Jump up ^ Hughes 1988 pp. 7, 12
Jump up ^ Kincaid 1975 pp. 3, 12, 31, 39
Jump up ^ Hughes 1988 pp. 87–89
Jump up ^ Hughes 1988 pp. 89–90
Jump up ^ Thorn 1992 qtd. pp. 106–107
Jump up ^ BBC Radio 3's The Choir program, broadcast 22 January 2012
References[edit]
Hughes, Linda. The Manyfacèd Glass. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1988.
Kincaid, James. Tennyson's Major Poems. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975.
Thorn, Michael. Tennyson. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.
The Lotos-Eaters public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson
Early poetry
"The Deserted House"
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"The Lotos-Eaters"
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"Break, Break, Break"
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Arthur Hallam (friend)
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