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List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
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Hurricane Isabel, as seen from the International Space Station in September 2003.
This is a List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes. A total of 33 recorded tropical cyclones have reached Category 5 strength on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale in the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes of such intensity occur once every three years in this region on average.
Only in six seasons—1932, 1933, 1961, 2005, 2007, and 2017—has more than one Category 5 hurricane formed. Only in 2005 have more than two Category 5 hurricanes formed, and only in 2007 and 2017 did more than one make landfall at Category 5 strength.[1]
Contents
1 Background
2 Systems
3 Listed by month
4 Landfalls
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Saffir–Simpson scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Tracks of all known Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes between 1851 and 2014
A Category 5 Atlantic hurricane is one that is considered by the United States National Hurricane Center (NHC), to have had sustained wind speeds greater than 136 knots (157 mph; 252 km/h; 70 m/s) on the Saffir–Simpson scale. The NHC considers sustained wind speeds to be those that occur over a one-minute period at 10 metres (32.8 ft) above ground. These wind speeds are estimated by using a blend of data from a variety of sources, which include observations from nearby ships, reconnaissance aircraft, or automatic weather stations and pictures from various satellites.
Officially, from 1924 to 2017, 33 Category 5 hurricanes have been recorded. No Category 5 hurricanes were observed officially before 1924. It can be presumed that earlier storms reached Category 5 strength over open waters, but the strongest winds were not measured. The anemometer, a device used for measuring wind speed, was invented in 1846. However, during major hurricane strikes, the instruments as a whole were often blown away, leaving the hurricane's peak intensity unrecorded. For example, as the Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879 struck North Carolina, the anemometer cups were blown away when indicating 138 mph (222 km/h).[2]
A reanalysis of weather data is ongoing by researchers who may upgrade or downgrade other Atlantic hurricanes currently listed at Categories 4 and 5.[3] For example, the 1825 Santa Ana hurricane is suspected to have reached Category 5 strength.[4] Furthermore, paleotempestological research aims to identify past major hurricanes by comparing sedimentary evidence of recent and past hurricane strikes. For example, a "giant hurricane" significantly more powerful than Hurricane Hattie (Category 5) has been identified in Belizean sediment, having struck the region sometime before 1500.[5]
An October Category 5 that hit Cuba in 1924
Officially, the decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes is 2000–2009, with eight Category 5 hurricanes having occurred: Isabel (2003), Ivan (2004), Emily (2005), Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), Wilma (2005), Dean (2007), and Felix (2007). The previous decades with the most Category 5 hurricanes were the 1930s and 1960s, with six occurring between 1930 and 1939 (before naming began).[1]
Nine Atlantic hurricanes—Camille, Allen, Andrew, Isabel, Ivan, Dean, Felix, Irma and Maria—reached Category 5 intensity on more than one occasion; that is, by reaching Category 5 intensity, weakening to a Category 4 status or lower, and then becoming a Category 5 hurricane again. Such hurricanes have their dates shown together. Camille, Andrew, Dean, Felix, Irma, and Maria each attained Category 5 status twice during their lifespans. Allen, Isabel, and Ivan reached Category 5 intensity on three separate occasions. However, no Atlantic hurricane has reached Category 5 intensity more than three times during its lifespan. The 1932 Cuba hurricane holds the record for the most time spent as a Category 5 hurricane (although it took place before satellite or aircraft reconnaissance, so this record may be somewhat suspect). Irma holds the record for the longest continuous span as a Category 5 storm in the satellite era.[1][6]
Thirty-three Category 5 hurricanes have been recorded in the Atlantic basin since 1851, when records began. Only one Category 5 has been recorded in July, eight in August, nineteen in September, five in October, and one in November. There have been no officially recorded June or off-season Category 5 hurricanes.[1]
The July and August Category 5 hurricanes reached their high intensities in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. These are the areas most favorable for tropical cyclone development in those months.[1][7]
September sees the most Category 5 hurricanes. This coincides with the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, which occurs in early September.[8] September Category 5s reached their strengths in any of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and open Atlantic. These places are where September tropical cyclones are likely to form.[7] Many of these hurricanes are either Cape Verde-type storms, which develop their strength by having a great deal of open water; or so-called Bahama busters, which intensify over the warm Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico.[9]
All six Category 5 hurricanes in October and November reached their intensities in the western Caribbean, a region that Atlantic hurricanes strongly gravitate toward late in the season.[7] This is due to the climatology of the area, which sometimes has a high-altitude anticyclone that promotes rapid intensification late in the season, as well as warm waters.
Systems[edit]
Name
Dates as a
Category 5
Duration
(hours)
Sustained
wind speeds
Pressure
Areas affected
Deaths
Damage
(USD)
Refs
"Cuba" October 19, 1924 7001120000000000000♠12 165 mph (270 km/h) 7004910000000000000♠910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Central America, Mexico, Cuba
Florida, The Bahamas 7001900000000000000♠90 [10]
"San Felipe II
Okeechobee" September 13–14, 1928 7001120000000000000♠12 160 mph (260 km/h) 7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada 7003400000000000000♠4,000 $100 million
"Bahamas" September 5–6, 1932 7001240000000000000♠24 160 mph (260 km/h) 7004921000000000000♠921 hPa (27.20 inHg) The Bahamas, Northeastern United States 7001160000000000000♠16
"Cuba" November 5–8, 1932 7001780000000000000♠78 175 mph (280 km/h) 7004915000000000000♠915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Cayman Islands
Cuba, The Bahamas, Bermuda 7003310300000000000♠3,103 $40 million
"Cuba–Brownsville" August 30, 1933 7001120000000000000♠12 160 mph (260 km/h) 7004930000000000000♠930 hPa (27.46 inHg) The Bahamas, Cuba, Florida
Texas, Tamaulipas 7002179000000000000♠179 $27.9 million
"Tampico" September 21, 1933 7001120000000000000♠12 160 mph (260 km/h) 7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Jamaica, Yucatán Peninsula 7002184000000000000♠184 $5 million
"Labor Day" September 3, 1935 7001180000000000000♠18 185 mph (295 km/h) 7004892000000000000♠892 hPa (26.34 inHg) The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia, The Carolinas, Virginia 7002408000000000000♠408
"New England" September 19–20, 1938 7001180000000000000♠18 160 mph (260 km/h) 7004940000000000000♠940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Southeastern United States, Northeastern United States, Southwestern Quebec 7002682000000000000♠682 $306 million
Carol September 3, 1953 7001120000000000000♠12 160 mph (260 km/h) 7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Bermuda, New England, Atlantic Canada 7000500000000000000♠5 $2 million
Janet September 27–28, 1955 7001180000000000000♠18 175 mph (280 km/h) 7004914000000000000♠914 hPa (26.99 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Central America 7003102300000000000♠1,023 $65.8 million [11]
Carla September 11, 1961 7001180000000000000♠18 175 mph (280 km/h) 7004931000000000000♠931 hPa (27.49 inHg) Texas, Louisiana, Midwestern United States 7001430000000000000♠43 $326 million [12][13]
Hattie October 30–31, 1961 7001180000000000000♠18 160 mph (260 km/h) 7004920000000000000♠920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Central America 7002319000000000000♠319 $60.3 million [14][15]
Beulah September 20, 1967 7001180000000000000♠18 160 mph (260 km/h) 7004923000000000000♠923 hPa (27.26 inHg) The Caribbean, Mexico, Texas 7002688000000000000♠688 $208 million [16]
Camille August 16–18, 1969 † 7001300000000000000♠30 175 mph (280 km/h) 7004900000000000000♠900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Cuba, United States Gulf Coast 7002259000000000000♠259 $1.42 billion [12][17]
Edith September 9, 1971 7000600000000000000♠6 160 mph (260 km/h) 7004943000000000000♠943 hPa (27.85 inHg) The Caribbean, Central America, Mexico, United States Gulf Coast 7001370000000000000♠37 $25.4 million
Anita September 2, 1977 7001120000000000000♠12 175 mph (280 km/h) 7004926000000000000♠926 hPa (27.34 inHg) Mexico 7001110000000000000♠11 Extensive [18]
David August 30–31, 1979 7001420000000000000♠42 175 mph (280 km/h) 7004924000000000000♠924 hPa (27.29 inHg) The Caribbean, United States East coast 7003206800000000000♠2,068 $1.54 billion [19][20]
Allen August 5–9, 1980 † 7001720000000000000♠72 190 mph (305 km/h) 7004899000000000000♠899 hPa (26.55 inHg) The Caribbean, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, South Texas 7002269000000000000♠269 $1.24 billion [19][21][22]
Gilbert September 13–14, 1988 7001240000000000000♠24 185 mph (295 km/h) 7004888000000000000♠888 hPa (26.22 inHg) Jamaica, Venezuela, Central America, Hispaniola, Mexico 7002318000000000000♠318 $7.1 billion [23][24]
Hugo September 15, 1989 7000600000000000000♠6 160 mph (260 km/h) 7004918000000000000♠918 hPa (27.11 inHg) The Caribbean, United States East Coast 7002107000000000000♠107 $10 billion [17][25][26]
Andrew August 23–24, 1992 † 7001160000000000000♠16 175 mph (280 km/h) 7004922000000000000♠922 hPa (27.23 inHg) The Bahamas, Florida, United States Gulf Coast 7001650000000000000♠65 $26.5 billion [17][27]
Mitch October 26–28, 1998 7001420000000000000♠42 180 mph (285 km/h) 7004905000000000000♠905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, South Florida 7004193250000000000♠19,325 $6.2 billion [28][29][30][31]
Isabel September 11–14, 2003 † 7001420000000000000♠42 165 mph (270 km/h) 7004915000000000000♠915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Eastern United States, Ontario 7001510000000000000♠51 $5.37 billion [17][32]
Ivan September 9–14, 2004 † 7001600000000000000♠60 165 mph (270 km/h) 7004910000000000000♠910 hPa (26.87 inHg) The Caribbean, Venezuela, United States Gulf Coast 7002124000000000000♠124 $23.3 billion [17][33]
Emily July 16, 2005 7000600000000000000♠6 160 mph (260 km/h) 7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Windward Islands, Jamaica, Mexico, Texas 7001170000000000000♠17 $1.01 billion [34]
Katrina August 28–29, 2005 7001180000000000000♠18 175 mph (280 km/h) 7004902000000000000♠902 hPa (26.64 inHg) Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast 7003183600000000000♠1,836 $125 billion [35]
Rita September 21–22, 2005 7001240000000000000♠24 180 mph (285 km/h) 7004895000000000000♠895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Cuba, United States Gulf Coast 7002125000000000000♠125 $12 billion [36]
Wilma October 19, 2005 7001180000000000000♠18 185 mph (295 km/h) 7004882000000000000♠882 hPa (26.05 inHg) Greater Antilles, Central America, Florida 7001870000000000000♠87 $29.4 billion [37][38][39][40]
Dean August 18–21, 2007 † 7001240000000000000♠24 175 mph (280 km/h) 7004905000000000000♠905 hPa (26.72 inHg) The Caribbean, Central America 7001450000000000000♠45 $1.76 billion [19][41][42]
Felix September 3–4, 2007 † 7001240000000000000♠24 175 mph (280 km/h) 7004929000000000000♠929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Nicaragua, Honduras 7002133000000000000♠133 $720 million [43][44][45][46]
Matthew October 1, 2016 7001120000000000000♠12 165 mph (270 km/h) 7004934000000000000♠934 hPa (27.58 inHg) Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada 7002603000000000000♠603 $15.1 billion [47]
Irma September 5–9, 2017 † 7001720000000000000♠72 180 mph (285 km/h) 7004914000000000000♠914 hPa (26.99 inHg) Cape Verde, The Caribbean, British Virgin Islands
U.S. Virgin Islands, Cuba, Florida 7002138000000000000♠138 >$64.8 billion [48]
Maria September 18–20, 2017 † 7001300000000000000♠30 175 mph (280 km/h) 7004908000000000000♠908 hPa (26.81 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands 7003305700000000000♠3,057[citation needed] >$91.6 billion [49]
Overall reference for Name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:[1]
†Discontinuous duration (weakened below Category 5 then restrengthened to that classification at least once)
Listed by month[edit]
Month
Number of recorded storms
July 1
August 7
September 19
October 5
November 1
Source
National Hurricane Center[1]
Landfalls[edit]
Hurricane Camille, a landfalling Category 5 hurricane
All Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes have made landfall at some location at hurricane strength. Most Category 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic make landfall because of their proximity to land in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, where the usual synoptic weather patterns carry them towards land, as opposed to the westward, oceanic mean track of Eastern Pacific hurricanes.[50] Sixteen of the storms made landfall while at Category 5 intensity;[1] 2007 and 2017 are the only years in which two storms made landfall at this intensity.[1]
Many of these systems made landfall shortly after weakening from a Category 5 hurricane. This weakening can be caused by dry air near land, shallower waters due to shelving, interaction with land, or cooler waters near shore.[35] In southern Florida, the return period for a Category 5 hurricane is roughly once every 50 years.[51]
The following table lists these hurricanes by landfall intensity.
Name
Year
Category 5 Category 4 Category 3 Category 2 Category 1 Tropical storm Tropical depression References
"Cuba" 1924 Cuba Florida The Bahamas [1][52]
"Okeechobee" 1928 Puerto Rico Guadeloupe, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, & Florida South Carolina
"Bahamas" 1932 The Bahamas
"Cuba" 1932 Little Cayman & Cuba The Bahamas Martinique
"Cuba–Brownsville" 1933 The Bahamas Cuba & Texas
"Tampico" 1933 Yucatán Peninsula Mainland Mexico
"Labor Day" 1935 Florida Keys Northwest Florida The Bahamas
"New England" 1938 New York & Connecticut
Carol 1953 Canada
Janet 1955 Yucatán Peninsula Mainland Mexico
Carla 1961 Texas
Hattie 1961 Belize Mexico
Beulah 1967 Texas Yucatán Peninsula
Camille 1969 Mississippi Cuba
Edith 1971 Nicaragua Louisiana Belize & Mexico
Anita 1977 Mexico
David 1979 Dominican Republic Dominica Florida Cuba, The Bahamas, & Georgia
Allen 1980 Texas
Gilbert 1988 Quintana Roo Jamaica & Tamaulipas [23]
Hugo 1989 Guadeloupe, Saint Croix, & South Carolina Puerto Rico [25]
Andrew 1992 Eleuthera & Florida Berry Islands Louisiana [27]
Mitch 1998 Guanaja Honduras Campeche & Florida [28]
Isabel 2003 North Carolina [32]
Ivan 2004 Alabama Louisiana [33]
Emily 2005 Quintana Roo Tamaulipas Grenada [34]
Katrina 2005 Louisiana & Mississippi Florida [35]
Rita 2005 Louisiana [36]
Wilma 2005 Cozumel & Quintana Roo Florida [37]
Dean 2007 Quintana Roo Veracruz [41]
Felix 2007 Nicaragua Grenada [43]
Matthew 2016 Haiti, Cuba & Grand Bahama South Carolina [47]
Irma 2017 Barbuda, Saint Martin, British Virgin Islands & Cuba Little Inagua & Florida Keys Southwest Florida [48]
Maria 2017 Dominica Puerto Rico [53]
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
Weather portal
List of Atlantic hurricanes
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Lawrence, Miles B; Pelissier, Joseph M (1981). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 109 (7): 1567–1582. Bibcode:1981MWRv..109.1567L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1567:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center. Hurricane Allen July 31 – August 11 (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. pp. 1–6. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark, Gilbert B (October 26, 1988). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Gilbert (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 9. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Lawrence, Miles B (November 15, 1989). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Hugo (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. pp. 1–2, 7. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Rappaport, Edward N (December 10, 1993). Hurricane Andrew: August 16 – 28 (Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Guiney, John L; Lawrence, Miles B (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Mitch: October 22 – November 5, 1998 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Beven, John L; Cobb, Hugh (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Isabel: September 6–19, 2003 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Stewart, Stacy R (December 16, 2004). Hurricane Ivan September 2 – 24, 2004 (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Franklin, James L; Brown, Daniel P (March 10, 2006). Hurricane Emily July 11 – 21, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 24, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b Franklin, James L (January 31, 2008). Hurricane Dean: August 13 – 23, 2007 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), Nicaragua (2007). "Evaluación de Daños Causados por el Huracán Félix en el Caribe de Nicaragua" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved December 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Beven, John L (January 16, 2008). Hurricane Felix: August 31 – September 5, 2007 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Stewart, Stacy R (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Matthew: September 28 – October 9, 2016 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Cangialosi, Jong P, Layton, Andrew S and Berg, Robbie (March 9, 2018). Hurricane Irma: August 30 – September 12, 2017 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 13, 2018. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
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External links[edit]
NHC web site
hide
v
t
e
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
1920s
"Cuba (1924)"
"Okeechobee" (1928)
1930s
"Bahamas" (1932)
"Cuba (1932)"
"Cuba–Brownsville" (1933)
"Tampico" (1933)
"Labor Day" (1935)
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Ontario Place (theme park)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that this article be merged into Ontario Place. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2017.
Ontario Place
Slogan
Experience... Ontario Place
kids just want to have fun
It's more fun by the water – it just is!
Location
Toronto, Canada
Coordinates
43°37′44″N 79°24′54″W / 43.628993°N 79.415048°W / 43.628993; -79.415048Coordinates: 43°37′44″N 79°24′54″W / 43.628993°N 79.415048°W / 43.628993; -79.415048
Owner
Government of Ontario
Opened
May 22, 1971
Closed
September 25, 2011[1]
Operating season
May through October (some venues open year round)
Website
www.ontarioplace.com
Ontario Place was an entertainment and exhibition complex located in Toronto, Ontario that operated annually during the summer months from 1971 until 2011. Owned by the Government of Ontario, it is located on the shore of Lake Ontario, just south of Exhibition Place, and south-west of downtown Toronto. Three artificially constructed, landscaped islands were built to house the facility as well as several 'Pod' buildings suspended over the water and the Cinesphere geodesic dome IMAX theatre, the first permanent IMAX theatre. One of the islands was dedicated to an open-air concert space, while the other two were used for amusements, restaurants, parkland and exhibits. Three old lake freighters were sunk to provide a breakwater for a public marina between the main islands.[2]
Designed originally to promote the Province of Ontario through exhibits and entertainment,[2] its focus changed over time to be that of a theme park for families with a water park, a children's play area, and amusement rides. Exhibits in the pods were discontinued and the building became a venue for private events. The concert stage was turned over to a private concert operator and rebuilt as the Amphitheatre. After a long period of declining attendance, the Government of Ontario closed the facility except for its music venue and marina. It plans to re-open the facility after redevelopment into a year-round multiple-use facility.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Background
1.2 Design and construction
1.3 Promotion
1.4 Changes over time
1.5 2010 refurbishment
1.6 Closure for redevelopment
2 In popular media
3 Attractions
3.1 Former attractions and venues
3.2 Final attractions, first era
4 Facts and figures
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Background[edit]
Cinesphere at Ontario Place
Built in 1926 the CNE Ontario Government Building displayed exhibits about Ontario at the annual Canadian National Exhibition (CNE). After the success of Expo 67 in Montreal, the Government of Ontario decided to replace the facility with a new state-of-the-art showcase.
a new focal point for our province.... a new attitude to our lakefronts.... a new showcase for our province and people.
— Ontario Premier John Robarts, [3]
The park itself was originally conceived as an onshore exhibit, but this idea was discarded in favour of five large, architecturally unique, three-level Pods. Each Pod would be approximately 8,000 square feet (743 m²) in area, and suspended by steel cables from four large central pylons driven deep into the lake bed. These Pods would initially house various Ontario-themed exhibits in an aquatic setting somewhat similar in concept to Montreal's Expo 67 grounds (which were in the middle of the Saint Lawrence River).
Design and construction[edit]
Ontario Place Pods are anchored into the water.
During the design phase, a difficult design problem developed. The cost of the open-water Pod foundations alone (at the time, estimated at C$9 million) would consume almost the entire budget for the Pods' construction. Architect Eb Zeidler was faced with a dilemma: how to construct the Pods without the necessary budget. Zeidler developed an innovative solution: after a trip to the Caribbean, he realized that a "barrier reef" concept would cut down on wave action from the lake enough to reduce the cost of the Pods' foundation to 1/10 of the original open-water estimate. After some quarrels with the Toronto Harbour Commission (due to the dangers of the unseen reef to shipping), the reef plan was modified to incorporate three artificial "barrier islands" made from city landfill. Ironically, the barrier islands were to be so well crafted, they became an integral part of the Ontario Place experience.
The five steel and aluminum pavilion pods are square with 88-foot (27 m) sides. The pods are supported on four pipe columns, rising 105 feet (32 m) above the lake. Tension cables support the short-span trusses. They sit on concrete filled caissons, driven 30 feet (9.1 m) into the lake's bedrock. Each of the pavilions is connected to one another and the land by glazed steel bridges. Ontario Place was designed to have a modular use and appearance. Zeidler says that the structures were designed to "give an illusion of dimensionless space, exploiting technology to shape the society of tomorrow." [4]
The Forum, an outdoor concert venue, was featured on a central hub-island, while a children's village would occupy an eastern island. A commercial section overlooked the water, with modular construction for shops and restaurants to the west. All would be connected by an intricately planned set of walkways and bridges. In addition, each island would have a unique colour scheme, and the entire complex was later infused with the brilliant colours and graphic design that were typical of the late 1960s and early 1970s. The children's village was designed by Eric McMillan.
The Forum theatre sat 3,000 and had additional grass 'seats'. The roof structure was a hyperbolic paraboloid positioned on cement bastions. It covered a 68-foot (21 m) revolving stage, giving near 360 degree sightlines. The roof was made out of tongue and groove plywood, covered by copper sheathing.
Landscape architect Michael Hough overlaid a scale model of the University of Toronto's excellent walking paths onto the Ontario Place plans to check for appropriate walking distances. This ensured that comfortable rest areas were placed appropriately, so that children and the elderly would not need to walk too far without a comfortable seat. Soon after opening in 1971, a rubber-wheeled tractor train was used to take visitors between key points on the various islands, though this has long since been discontinued.
Prevailing wind and wave conditions were also considered in the design, a scale model of which was tested in the University of Toronto's wind tunnel. Large earthwork berms planted with tall native Ontario trees were created to shelter walkways from the prevailing southwesterly winds.
To the south, a cost-effective and theme-congruent plan to sink three large obsolete Great Lakes shipping vessels was implemented, which sheltered the artificial harbour from intense open-lake waves. (The same technique would later be used on Toronto Island and the Outer Harbour.) The first phase of construction was the sinking of the ships onto a stone bed, then covered in concrete forming a 1,500-foot (460 m) long breakwater. Once the perimeter was finished, work began on the 50 acres (20 ha) of the three artificial islands.
There was originally some controversy about allowing a public facility to house an upscale boating dock within the new artificial harbour. However, supporters of the plan believed that the dock's integration into Ontario Place would tie the location closer to the lake via boating activity, and improve the general ambiance.
At Expo 67, the new IMAX movie technology was first exhibited. A great success, it was decided to build the first permanent IMAX installation at Ontario Place. The Cinesphere, an 800-seat theatre, was built. Its building is a 'spherical triodetic dome', with a 61-foot (19 m) outer radius, and a 56-foot (17 m) inner radius. The dome is supported by prefabricated steel aluminum alloy tubes.
The final cost of construction was CA$29 million ($178 million in 2016 dollars)[5].[6]
Promotion[edit]
To commemorate the opening of the theme park and promote the province of Ontario, a multi-media exhibition was created and presented inside the pavilion. Dolores Claman wrote the music and Richard Morris wrote lyrics for the music to this presentation, entitled "Theme from Ontario Place". "Theme from Ontario Place" was subsequently released by the Ontario Department of Trade and Development as a double sided 45 manufactured by Quality Records (OP1971), side A containing a "Pop" version and Side B an "Easy Listening" recording. A photo of the still under construction Ontario Place was used on the cover.
Changes over time[edit]
Molson Amphitheatre and Ontario Place waterpark
The park was altered considerably since its inception. Redevelopment occurred on all three islands of the park; the pod buildings themselves were eventually closed to exhibit space and rented out as the "Atlantis" private event facility.
In the 1980s, the west island was redeveloped with the "Ontario North Now" exhibit being installed to showcase Northern Ontario. It was a combination of inter-connected silo-like buildings, topped with domes reminiscent of the Cinesphere, connected by overhead walkways, and a smaller domed movie theatre. A boat-based water ride was added, along with a smaller exhibition center consisting of three concrete silo-like buildings. A large reflecting pool nearby was drained and used to house the addition of a major "climber" structure, a smaller stage for kids shows and several other kid-oriented attractions, reducing the complete separation of areas that had been featured in the original design.
The popular outdoor concert stage, The Forum, was torn down in the mid-1990s and replaced with the Molson Canadian Amphitheatre, a much larger facility based on a bandshell design. An additional "Echo Beach" outdoor music venue was added to the north shore of the east island.
On the east island, the original children's area, which was primarily "non-powered", has largely been removed. The large wood-and-rope climber area was replaced with the large "Soak City" waterpark, the first water park in Ontario. Several small fair-ground rides were later added. The large tension structure tent that covered most of the children's park was removed in 2009/10, leaving a large open area with a new stage. Many of the concrete bollards used to secure the various tents and structures can still be seen.
2010 refurbishment[edit]
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From the fall of 2010 through to the fall of 2011, Ontario Place embarked upon an aggressive period of remediation and renewal. Over $10,000,000 in provincial capital funds were spent on the property during this 12-month period. These investments were directed toward:
a significant refreshing and expansion of the waterpark. Froster Soak City added a new "family" waterslide, an outdoor "spa pool" and waterfall, and over 100 metres of new landscaped beach and public promenades. These upgrades expanded Soak City's variety, and added new views of the Toronto downtown waterfront. The new slide, called "Topsy Turvy", was purchased from ProSlide Technology of Ottawa, Ontario. Topsy Turvy was recognized as the "2010 Best New Waterslide" from the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA). The installation of Topsy Turvy and the engineering systems needed for its operation were completed in October 2011, too late for the 2011 final season;
a restoration of the Cinesphere. The original projection system was replaced by state-of-the-art IMAX 3D film technology, making Cinesphere the largest 3D theatre in Canada and second largest in North America. New sound systems, seats, concession areas, and interiors were also added;
introduction of an "in-habitat" ecology, conservation, and animal care exhibit called the Eco-Learning Centre. A former arcade building, the Eco-Learning Centre was established in a lagoon area of Ontario Place as a fun and informative "edutainment" attraction, and was created with displays by the World Wildlife Fund, the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, the Royal Ontario Museum, Parks Canada, the Toronto Humane Society, and the Ministry of Natural Resources. The Eco-Learning Centre attracted over 300,000 visitors in its first year of operation.
Echo Beach, a 5000-person capacity outdoor concert venue on the east side of Ontario Place. Developed in collaboration with concert promoter Live Nation, Echo Beach is a general-admission concert venue designed to help re-create the popular ambience of the original Ontario Place Forum, minus the revolving stage but introducing a real sandy beach section with views of the Toronto nighttime skyline. Some of the first performers Echo Beach in 2011 included Sloan, Robyn and Platinum Blonde. Toronto Life Magazine wrote, "The new Echo Beach is a reason to love Toronto because music sounds better under the stars". For 2012, based on strong reviews and rising attendance, Live Nation increased substantially the number of concerts scheduled for Echo Beach, including Our Lady Peace, Sam Roberts, and Counting Crows.
a new, digitally-based, point-of-sale system installed throughout the park. This modernization was undertaken to reduce retail transaction times, improve accounting efficiency, and enable significantly-enhanced data analytics.
a new website, that would more easily enable in-house publishing, and new social marketing and mobile technology applications.
general cleanliness of the park was also upgraded significantly, including the removal of over 1,000 feet of obsolete fencing.
Over and above these capital and cleanliness projects, Ontario Place also made significant investments in entertainment, marketing and sponsorship for its 40th anniversary celebrations. Free grounds admission was offered to the public for the first time in 20 years. Live entertainment performances were quadrupled, to over 2,000. Advertising was reinstated, with a new ad campaign developed by Draft FCB of Toronto. And a significant sponsorship of the 40th birthday celebration by CTV generated over $1,500,000 in extra advertising value. Ontario Place was recognized in 2011 by IAAPA as a worldwide finalist for a "Brass Ring Award" in the category of "Best Integrated Marketing Campaign."
The results of this considerable and broad-based effort generated a significant, measurable, and immediate turnaround in the attendance numbers, park revenues, and public perceptions of Ontario Place in 2011. Total park attendance increased 9% to 880,001 despite a below average year for concerts at the Molson Canadian Amphitheatre and a decline in cross-over attendance from the Canadian National Exhibition. Core park attendance, however, increased 72% to 563,362. First-time visitor attendance increased even more, at 89%. Revenues in all categories increased by double digit figures, despite the fact that there was no charge for actual admission to the grounds.
Scores from interview-based research into visitor perceptions also improved strongly. Favourable response to the question, "Ontario Place has changed for the better", increased by 43%, as did, "Ontario Place is my favourite entertainment park in the GTA", at 50% up. Perceptions of park cleanliness and general upkeep improved, by 34% and 37%, respectively.
Closure for redevelopment[edit]
Main article: Ontario Place
In the summer of 2010, the Ontario government issued a Request for Information calling for ideas from private bidders to completely redevelop the park. Ontario Place general manager Tim Casey told the Toronto Star that "2011 will be our 40th anniversary. It definitely needs a revitalization, that's no surprise. It's a blank slate, we’re open to just about anything."[7] A formal Request for Proposals process began that fall. The government intends to transform the park from a largely seasonal facility to a year-round attraction. Redevelopment may include tearing down the Cinesphere as well as other long standing attractions.[7]
Although a significant investment had been made in 2011 on the facility for the 40th anniversary, the Ontario government decided to close the park. On February 1, 2012, the Ontario government announced that sections of the park were to be closed and redeveloped, with a targeted completion date of 2017, in time for Canada's 150th anniversary. Toronto politician John Tory was announced as being in charge of the consultations on its refurbishment. All facilities were closed except for the marina, the Molson Amphitheatre, Echo Beach, the Atlantis entertainment venue and parking.[8]
The advisory panel reported in July 2012, recommending that the site be turned into a year-round facility, incorporate private-sector components, add an innovation park and residential development on the west island. A new site plan was unveiled in 2014 which incorporated the ideas of the panel, but rejected the redevelopment of the west island into a residential district. Private sector partners would be incorporated into a shopping and dining 'Canal District' north of the Amphitheatre. A new "innovation centre" facility would replace the old facilities on the west island. On the east island, the water park, games and fairground rides were to be removed, replaced by open space. The Cinesphere and the currently open facilities would be preserved. Construction of a park and trail on undeveloped lands on the eastern island began in 2015.
In popular media[edit]
Ontario Place served as a filming location for the episode Angel Of Death from the TV series War Of The Worlds in which it was the setting for the shootout at the end of the episode where Dr Harrison Blackwood, his team, and a supposed alien ally confront the evil aliens which are personally led by the alien advocacy.
Attractions[edit]
Remaining attractions include the Atlantis restaurant and club, the Molson Amphitheatre, TD Echo Beach and the marina. The grounds are closed to the public.
Former attractions and venues[edit]
HMCS Haida is a decommissioned Second World War destroyer that was open to the public. In the early 1960s, the ship was going to be scrapped, but volunteers raised enough money to have it saved and towed to Toronto. It opened as an attraction in August 1965 at the pier on York Street. The city had planned to build a 'Serviceman's Memorial Park' near Prince's Gates at Exhibition Place. When the organization 'Haida Inc.' ran into financial problems, the ship was taken over by the Government of Ontario and moved in 1970 to the Ontario Place site, where it was turned into an attraction. It was also used as a Sea Cadet training camp. In 2002, it was bought by Parks Canada and taken to a new home in Hamilton, Ontario and incorporated into a new marine museum in that city.
The Forum was an outdoor concert venue that was an architectural landmark torn down to make way for the Molson Amphitheatre: it featured covered seating under a unique tent-like, metal framed, solid roof, with extra seating on the open surrounding, grassy hills. While having only half the seating capacity of the current Amphitheatre, it had (arguably) better sound, bench seating, and offered a far more intimate theatre in the round experience; featuring a rotating stage which gave every seat in the house, in turn, an excellent view. It also had the benefit of being generally free with park admission. Featured events included an annual Toronto Symphony rendition of Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture, complete with the firing of the guns from the nearby HMCS Haida, and often performances by well established acts, such as BB King, Glen Campbell, Kenny Rogers, Johnny Cash, Dizzy Gillespie, Pat Metheny and Canadian acts like Lighthouse, Bruce Cockburn, The Nylons, Luba, James Brown,[Men Without Hats]], Doug and the Slugs, Parachute Club and Red Rider. Unfortunately, due to a riot by Teenage Head fans in 1981 (purportedly instigated by their manager, who allegedly was interested in the publicity) harder rock acts were thereafter banned from the venue. In summer of 1983, the Forum was ahead of the curve by bringing in acts like Paul Young and the Royal Family and Tina Turner just before her huge comeback the following year.
"Future Pod" opened in 1982 in Pod 5, featuring displays and exhibits in technology, communications and energy, including a full-sized replica of the Canada Arm.
The Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum originally opened in Ontario Place before moving to its permanent home in St. Marys.
"Ontario North Now" made up the bulk of the west island, including the wilderness adventure ride, a simulated mine, and Muskeg Pete's Main Street. The mine exhibit became a weather exhibit in the 2000s.
Final attractions, first era[edit]
Ontario Place mini bumper boats in action, 2009
East Island
An acrobatic stage show, within the Heritage Square, played for part of the final season. Numerous midway rides were temporarily installed at the park in its final season.
Power Wheels – This ride was closed in June 2011, early in the final season of the first era of the park.
Cyclone
Mini Bumper Boats
First Flight
Free Fall
Tilt-A-Whirl
Mini Greens (mini golf)
Super Slide
4D Ontario
Cyclone Speedway
Aquajet Racers
Froster Soak City
Waterplay Splash Pad
Marina Village
Cinesphere in IMAX 3D
Atlantis – Restaurant/Club
OP Driving School
Bumper Boats
Cool Hoops – Closed as of June 2011
Marina with Lake Ontario access
Boat School
Eco-learning center
Earth Ranger
Mega Bounce
OP Driving School
Wacky Worm – Ontario Place's first roller-coaster
West Island
Wilderness Adventure ride
3D F/X Adventure Theatre
National Helicopters
Megamaze
The Go Zone
Treehouse Live! Waterfall Stage, previously on the East Island
Facts and figures[edit]
Construction start date: March 17, 1969[9]
Opening day: May 22, 1971[9]
Total cost: $29,000,000 (Canadian funds, not adjusted for inflation)
Client: Ontario Department of Trade and Development
Architects: Craig, Zeidler; Strong
Structural Engineers: Gordon Dowdell Associates
Landscape Architects: Hough, Stansbury and Associates
Contractor: Secant Construction
Initial park size: 360,000 m² (96 acres), 206,000 m² (51.4 acres) created by landfill[9]
First-year admission price: $1.00 Adults, $0.50 for Children
Seating: The Forum: 8,000, Molson Amphitheatre: 16,000
Attendance: 2.5 million (1971), 1 million (2009)[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The fun-filled, free entertainment continues in August and September at Ontario Place", Ontario Place press release, August 17, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Bradbeer, Janice. "Will this lakeside gem glisten again?"]. Toronto Star, May 15, 2016. page IN7
Jump up ^ "Ontario Place Revitalization: Minister's Advisory Report" (PDF) (pdf). Ministry of Tourism. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Modern Canadian Architecture. p. 159. ISBN 0-88830-248-7.
Jump up ^ Canadian inflation numbers based on Statistics Canada. "Consumer Price Index, historical summary". CANSIM, table (for fee) 326-0021 and Catalogue nos. 62-001-X, 62-010-X and 62-557-X. And Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada) Last modified 2017-07-21. Retrieved July 28, 2017
Jump up ^ Dar, Ali (February 15, 2012). "No fun this summer at Ontario Place". Toronto Observer. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ontario Place to be torn down and rebuilt", Toronto Star, July 15, 2010
Jump up ^ "Parts of Ontario Place to be closed for overhaul". 680 News. February 1, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c History of Ontario Place
External links[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Mixed success for Brampton Day at Ontario Place
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ontario Place (theme park).
Ontario Place homepage
Theme from Ontario Place – A side
Theme from Ontario Place – B side
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