text:
Twins of Evil: The Second Coming Tour
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Twins of Evil: The Second Coming Tour
Tour by Rob Zombie and Marilyn Manson
Start date
July 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)
End date
August 29, 2018 (2018-08-29)
Legs
1
No. of shows
32 in North America
34 total (2 canceled)
Rob Zombie and Marilyn Manson concert chronology
Twins of Evil Tour
(2012)
Twins of Evil: The Second Coming Tour
(2018)
Twins of Evil: The Second Coming Tour is a double bill concert tour co-headlined by American rock bands Rob Zombie and Marilyn Manson, launched in support of Manson's tenth studio album Heaven Upside Down (2017) and Zombie's sixth solo album The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser (2016),[1] as well as a vinyl boxed set released by Zombie on March 30, 2018.[2][3] The tour is scheduled to visit arena-sized venues from July 11 28, 2018 until August 29.[4] The tour is the follow-up to the 2012 "Twins of Evil Tour".[5]
Contents
1 "Helter Skelter"
2 Set lists
3 Shows
4 Canceled shows
5 Line-up
6 References
"Helter Skelter"[edit]
In advance of the tour, Rob Zombie and Marilyn Manson met in Los Angeles and discussed the possibility of collaborating on a newly-recorded song.[6] The pair eventually decided to cover The Beatles' "Helter Skelter", which was released as a one-track digital single on the day the tour commenced—July 11.[7] The recording features instrumental contributions from two former members of Marilyn Manson: guitarist John 5 and drummer Ginger Fish, who both joined Zombie's band soon after departing Manson's. This is Manson's first collaboration with either of these former members since The Golden Age of Grotesque (2003) and The High End of Low (2009), respectively.[8] Zombie said of the cover: "I think it's cool because we dirtied it up, slowed it down and made it even heavier and groovier, but still true to the song".[6] The track peaked at number nine on Billboard's Hard Rock Digital Songs,[9] and was performed by both artists together on the first night of the tour,[10] although Zombie has said he is unsure if the two would perform the song together on every night of the tour.[6]
Set lists[edit]
These set lists are representative of the tour's opening performance on July 11 at the DTE Energy Music Center in Detroit.[11][10] They are not expected to represent the set list of all concerts for the duration of the tour.
Marilyn Manson:
"Irresponsible Hate Anthem"
"Angel with the Scabbed Wings"
"Deep Six"
"This Is the New Shit"
"Disposable Teens"
"mOBSCENE"
"Kill4Me"
"I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me)" / "The Dope Show"
"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)"
"Say10"
"Antichrist Superstar"
"The Beautiful People"
"Cry Little Sister"
Rob Zombie:
"Meet the Creeper"
"Superbeast"
"Well, Everybody's Fucking in a U.F.O."
"Living Dead Girl"
"In the Age of the Consecrated Vampire We All Get High"
"Dead City Radio and the New Gods of Supertown"
"More Human than Human"
"The Hideous Exhibitions of a Dedicated Gore Whore"
"Pussy Liquor"
"Thunder Kiss '65"
"Helter Skelter" (with Marilyn Manson)
"Dragula"
Shows[edit]
List of concerts, showing date, city, country and venue
Date
City
Country
Venue
North America[2][12]
July 11, 2018 Detroit United States DTE Energy Music Center
July 14, 2018 St. Louis Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre
July 15, 2018 Chicago Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre
July 17, 2018 Cuyahoga Falls Blossom Music Center
July 18, 2018 Noblesville Ruoff Home Mortgage Music Center
July 20, 2018 Virginia Beach Veterans United Home Loans Amphitheater
July 22, 2018 Syracuse K-Rockathon
July 24, 2018 Holmdel PNC Bank Arts Center
July 25, 2018 Pittsburgh KeyBank Pavilion
July 26, 2018[a] Toronto Canada Budweiser Stage
July 28, 2018 Montreal Heavy Montréal
July 29, 2018 Bangor United States Impact Festival
July 31, 2018[b] Bristow Jiffy Lube Live
August 8, 2018 Mansfield Xfinity Center
August 9, 2018 Camden BB&T Pavilion
August 11, 2018 Hartford Xfinity Theatre
August 12, 2018 Darien Lake Darien Lake Performing Arts Center
August 14, 2018 Atlanta Cellairis Amphitheatre
August 16, 2018 Dallas Starplex Pavilion
August 17, 2018 Austin Austin360 Amphitheater
August 18, 2018 Houston Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion
August 20, 2018 Denver Pepsi Center
August 22, 2018 Salt Lake City USANA Amphitheatre
August 24, 2018 San Diego Mattress Firm Amphitheatre
August 25, 2018 Las Vegas MGM Grand Garden Arena
August 26, 2018 Phoenix Ak-Chin Pavilion
August 28, 2018 Concord Concord Pavilion
August 29, 2018 Irvine FivePoint Amphitheatre
Notes
Jump up ^ Marilyn Manson did not perform on this date, as the vocalist had been diagnosed with influenza.[13] However, the concert still went ahead, with Rob Zombie performing an extended set.[14]
Jump up ^ Originally scheduled for July 21. Postponed due to severe weather.[15][16]
Canceled shows[edit]
List of cancelled concerts, showing date, city, country, venue and reason for cancellation
Date
City
Country
Venue
Reason
July 13, 2018 Oshkosh United States Rock USA Festival Thunderstorms[17]
August 7, 2018 Wantagh Jones Beach Theater Venue flooded[18][16]
Line-up[edit]
Line-up
Role
Artist
Co-headlining Rob Zombie
Co-headlining Marilyn Manson
Opening act Deadly Apples
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Leight, Elias (March 5, 2018). "Marilyn Manson, Rob Zombie Revive 'Twins of Evil' for Co-Headlining Tour". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Childers, Chas (March 5, 2018). "Rob Zombie + Marilyn Manson to Co-Headline Tour Dates This Summer". Loudwire. Townsquare Media. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (March 2, 2018). "Rob Zombie Announces Giant Vinyl Box Set, New Live Album". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Daly, Rhian (March 5, 2018). "Marilyn Manson and Rob Zombie are bringing back their 'Twins Of Evil' tour". NME. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Camp, Zoe (May 17, 2018). "See Marilyn Manson and Rob Zombie's Endearingly Awkward Tour Promos". Revolver. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kaufman, Gil (July 11, 2018). "Rob Zombie Talks Simple Reason Behind Latest Joint Tour With Marilyn Manson: 'We're Both Rock Stars'". Billboard. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bienstock, Richard (July 11, 2018). "Hear Marilyn Manson, Rob Zombie Cover Beatles' 'Helter Skelter'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Spencer (July 11, 2018). "Rob Zombie and Marilyn Manson team up for cover of The Beatles' "Helter Skelter": Stream". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hard Rock Digital Song Sales | July 28, 2018". Billboard. July 28, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2018. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b "Rob Zombie Concert Setlist at DTE Energy Music Theatre, Clarkston on July 11, 2018". Setlist.fm. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Marilyn Manson Concert Setlist at DTE Energy Music Theatre, Clarkston on July 11, 2018". Setlist.fm. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Jacob (March 29, 2018). "K-Rockathon returning to Lakeview Amphitheater; 2-day lineup announced". Syracuse.com. The Post-Standard. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Marilyn Manson (July 27, 2018). "Marilyn Manson was unable to perform in Toronto last night". Facebook. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Spencer (July 27, 2018). "Marilyn Manson cancels Toronto show at last minute; Rob Zombie performs "Sweet Dreams" in his absence". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Marilyn Manson (July 21, 2018). "Tonight's show at Jiffy Lube Live in Bristow is postponed due to severe weather". Facebook. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Tornow, Sam (August 8, 2018). "Marilyn Manson & Rob Zombie's Jones Beach Show Cancelled Due to Dangerous Weather". Billboard. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Rock USA on Twitter: "After looking at the conditions of the weather, stage, and grounds with all parties involved, we have made the decision to cancel the rest of tonight's show. Please exit the venue to your campsites and vehicles..." Twitter. July 13, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hartmann, Graham (August 8, 2018). "Rob Zombie + Marilyn Manson Show Canceled After Venue Floods". Loudwire. Townsquare Media. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
show
v
t
e
Rob Zombie
Rob Zombie
John 5
Piggy D
Ginger Fish
Mike Riggs
John Tempesta
Blasko
Tommy Clufetos
Joey Jordison
Studio albums
Hellbilly Deluxe (1998)
The Sinister Urge (2001)
Educated Horses (2006)
Hellbilly Deluxe 2 (2010)
Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor (2013)
The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser (2016)
Live albums
Zombie Live
Spookshow International Live
Remix albums
American Made Music to Strip By
Mondo Sex Head
Compilations
House of 1000 Corpses Soundtrack
Past, Present & Future
The Best of Rob Zombie
Icon
Video albums
The Zombie Horror Picture Show
Singles
"Dragula"
"Living Dead Girl"
"Superbeast"
"Feel So Numb"
"Demon Speeding"
"Two-Lane Blacktop"
"Foxy Foxy"
"What?"
"Sick Bubblegum"
"Dead City Radio and the New Gods of Supertown"
"We're an American Band"
Promotional singles
"Scum of the Earth"
"Dead Girl Superstar"
"Never Gonna Stop (The Red Red Kroovy)"
"American Witch"
"Let It All Bleed Out"
Other songs
"Hands of Death (Burn Baby Burn)"
"House of 1000 Corpses"
"The Lords of Salem"
Tours
Hellbilly Deluxe 2 World Tour
Twins of Evil Tour
Twins of Evil: The Second Coming Tour
Filmography
House of 1000 Corpses (2003)
The Devil's Rejects (2005)
Grindhouse ("Werewolf Women of the S.S.") (2007)
Halloween (2007)
Halloween II (2009)
The Haunted World of El Superbeasto (2009)
The Lords of Salem (2012)
31 (2016)
3 from Hell
Related articles
Discography
White Zombie
The Electro-Industrial Tribute to Rob Zombie
Sheri Moon Zombie
Spider One
Powerman 5000
show
v
t
e
Marilyn Manson
Marilyn Manson
Gil Sharone
Paul Wiley
Tyler Bates
Juan Alderete
Zsa Zsa Speck
Olivia Newton Bundy
Gidget Gein
Sara Lee Lucas
Daisy Berkowitz
Zim Zum
John 5
Madonna Wayne Gacy
Tim Sköld
Ginger Fish
Chris Vrenna
Fred Sablan
Twiggy Ramirez
Studio albums
Portrait of an American Family
Antichrist Superstar
Mechanical Animals
Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)
The Golden Age of Grotesque
Eat Me, Drink Me
The High End of Low
Born Villain
The Pale Emperor
Heaven Upside Down
Live albums
The Last Tour on Earth
Compilations
Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows
Lest We Forget: The Best Of
Lost & Found
Extended plays
Smells Like Children
Remix & Repent
Singles
Commercial
"Get Your Gunn"
"Lunchbox"
"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)"
"The Beautiful People"
"Tourniquet"
"Long Hard Road Out of Hell"
"The Dope Show"
"I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me)"
"Rock Is Dead"
"Disposable Teens"
"The Fight Song"
"The Nobodies"
"Tainted Love"
"Mobscene"
"This Is the New Shit"
"Personal Jesus"
"Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand)"
"Putting Holes in Happiness"
"Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon"
"No Reflection"
"Slo-Mo-Tion"
"Third Day of a Seven Day Binge"
"Deep Six"
"Cupid Carries a Gun"
"We Know Where You Fucking Live"
"Kill4Me"
"Cry Little Sister"
Promotional
"Dope Hat"
"Antichrist Superstar"
"Man That You Fear"
"Coma White"
"Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes"
"You and Me and the Devil Makes 3"
"We're from America"
"The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles"
"The Devil Beneath My Feet"
"Tattooed in Reverse"
Other songs
"Apple of Sodom"
"This Is Halloween"
"If I Was Your Vampire"
"Running to the Edge of the World"
"Wow"
"Killing Strangers"
"Say10"
Video albums
Dead to the World
God Is in the T.V.
Guns, God and Government
Books
The Long Hard Road Out of Hell
Holy Wood
Genealogies of Pain
Campaign
Films
Doppelherz
Born Villain
Concert tours
Independent touring
Portrait of an American Family Tour
Smells Like Children Tour
Dead to the World Tour
Mechanical Animals Tour
Beautiful Monsters Tour
Rock Is Dead Tour
Guns, God and Government Tour
Grotesk Burlesk Tour
Against All Gods Tour
Rape of the World Tour
The High End of Low Tour
Hey Cruel World... Tour
Twins of Evil Tour
Masters of Madness Tour
The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour
The End Times Tour
Heaven Upside Down Tour
Twins of Evil: The Second Coming Tour
Related
Articles
Discography
Awards and nominations
Band members
The Manson Family Album
MarilynManson.com
Posthuman Records
Hell, etc.
Marilyn Manson–Columbine High School massacre controversy
Bands
Alice Cooper
gODHEAD
Goon Moon
Jack Off Jill
Loser
Nine Inch Nails
Rob Zombie
Slipknot
The Smashing Pumpkins
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twins_of_Evil:_The_Second_Coming_Tour&oldid=855096638"
Categories:
Marilyn Manson (band) concert tours
2018 concert tours
Co-headlining concert tours
Hidden categories:
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 15 August 2018, at 22:33 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: caption

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values: Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre (Maryland Heights, Missouri)

values: Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre (Tinley Park, Illinois)

values: Xfinity Center (Mansfield, Massachusetts)

values:
/wiki/Starplex_Pavilion
mw-redirect
Starplex Pavilion

values:
/wiki/Austin360_Amphitheater
mw-redirect
Austin360 Amphitheater

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values: The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.

values:
Rob_Zombie
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
*_Rob_Zombie
*_John_5
*_Piggy_D
*_Ginger_Fish

*_Mike_Riggs
*_John_Tempesta
*_Blasko
*_Tommy_Clufetos
*_Joey_Jordison

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Past, Present & Future (Rob Zombie album)

values:
/wiki/What%3F_(Rob_Zombie_song)
mw-redirect
What? (Rob Zombie song)

values:
/wiki/Sick_Bubble-Gum_(Rob_Zombie_song)
mw-redirect
Sick Bubble-Gum (Rob Zombie song)

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
Marilyn_Manson
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
/wiki/Daisy_Berkowitz
mw-redirect
Daisy Berkowitz

values:
*_Marilyn_Manson
*_Gil_Sharone
*_Paul_Wiley
*_Tyler_Bates
*_Juan_Alderete

*_Zsa_Zsa_Speck
*_Olivia_Newton_Bundy
*_Gidget_Gein
*_Sara_Lee_Lucas
*_Daisy_Berkowitz
*_Zim_Zum
*_John_5
*_Madonna_Wayne_Gacy
*_Tim_Sköld
*_Ginger_Fish
*_Chris_Vrenna
*_Fred_Sablan
*_Twiggy_Ramirez

values: List of awards and nominations received by Marilyn Manson

values: Category:Marilyn Manson (band) concert tours

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Twins_of_Evil_The_Second_Coming_Tour rootpage-Twins_of_Evil_The_Second_Coming_Tour skin-vector action-view


text:
Navajo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Navajo (disambiguation).
Navajo
Diné
Naabeehó
Total population
300,460[1] (2015)
Regions with significant populations
United States
( Navajo Nation, Arizona,
New Mexico, Utah, California)
Languages
Navajo, Plains Indian Sign Language (Navajo Sign Language), English, Spanish
Religion
Navajo Traditional, Christianity (mainly Catholicism), Mormonism, Native American Church
Related ethnic groups
Apachean (Southern Athabascan) peoples, (Northern Athabascan) peoples
The Navajo (/næv.ə.hoʊ/; British English: Navaho, Navajo: Diné or Naabeehó) are a Native American people of the Southwestern United States. The Navajo people are politically divided between two federally recognized tribes, the Navajo Nation and the Colorado River Indian Tribes.
At more than 300,000 enrolled tribal members as of 2015[update][1][2], the Navajo Nation is the second largest federally recognized tribe in the U.S. (the Cherokee Nation being the largest), and has the largest reservation in the country. The reservation straddles the Four Corners region and covers more than 27,000 square miles of land in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. The Navajo language is spoken throughout the region, with most Navajos speaking English, as well.
The states with the largest Navajo populations are Arizona (140,263) and New Mexico (108,306). Over three-quarters of the Navajo population reside in these two states.[3] Thousands of Navajos also live in California.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Territory of New Mexico 1846-1863
1.3 The Long Walk
1.4 Reservation era
1.5 Boarding schools and education
1.6 Livestock Reduction 1930s-1950s
1.7 World War II
1.8 After 1945
2 Culture
2.1 Ethnobotany
2.2 Traditional dwellings
2.3 Spiritual and religious beliefs
2.4 Music
3 Visual arts
3.1 Silverwork
3.2 Weaving
4 In the media
5 Notable people with Navajo ancestry
5.1 Artists
5.2 Performers
5.3 Politicians
5.4 Writers
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
Early history[edit]
A 19th-century hogan
Navajos spinning and weaving
The Navajos are speakers of a Na-Dené Southern Athabaskan language known within the language as Diné bizaad (lit. 'People's language'). The language comprises two geographic, mutually intelligible dialects. It is closely related to the Apache language; the Navajos and Apaches are believed to have migrated from northwestern Canada and eastern Alaska, where the majority of Athabaskan speakers reside.[4] Speakers of various other Athabaskan languages located in Canada may still comprehend the Navajo language despite the geographic and linguistic deviation of the languages.[5] Additionally, some Navajos speak Navajo Sign Language, which is either a dialect or daughter of Plains Sign Talk, as well as some being speakers of Plains Sign Talk itself.[6]
Archaeological and historical evidence suggests the Athabaskan ancestors of the Navajos and Apaches entered the Southwest around 1400 CE.[7][8] The Navajo oral tradition is said to retain references of this migration.[citation needed]
Until contact with Pueblos and the Spanish, the Navajos were largely hunters and gatherers. The tribe adopted crop-farming techniques from the Pueblo peoples, growing mainly corn, beans, and squash. When the Spanish arrived, the Navajos began herding sheep and goats as a main source of trade and food, with meat becoming an essential component of the Navajo diet. Sheep also became a form of currency and status symbols among the Navajos based on the overall quantity of herds a family maintained.[9][10] In addition, the practice of spinning and weaving wool into blankets and clothing became common and eventually developed into a form of highly valued artistic expression.
Oral history also indicates a long relationship with Pueblo people[11] and a willingness to adapt Puebloan ideas and linguistic variance into their culture, as well as long-established trading practices between the groups. Spanish records from the mid-16th century speak of the Pueblos exchanging maize and woven cotton goods for bison meat, hides, and stone from Athabaskans traveling to the pueblos or living in the vicinity of them. In the 18th century, the Spanish reported the Navajos' maintaining large herds of livestock and cultivating large crop areas.[citation needed]
Western historians believe that the Spanish before 1600 referred to the Navajo as Apaches (from the Zuni word for enemy) or Quechos. [12]:2–4 Fray Geronimo de Zarate-Salmeron, who was in Jemez in 1622, used Apachu de Nabajo in the 1620s to refer to the people in the Chama Valley region, east of the San Juan River and northwest of present-day Santa Fe, New Mexico. "Navahu" comes from the Tewa, meaning large area of cultivated lands.[12]:7–8 By the 1640s, the Spanish began using the term "Navajo" to refer to the Diné. During the 1670s, the Spanish wrote that the Diné lived in a region known as Dinétah, about 60 miles (100 km) west of the Rio Chama valley region. In the 1770s, the Spanish sent military expeditions against the Navajos in the Mount Taylor and Chuska Mountain regions of New Mexico.[12]:43–50 The Spanish, Navajo and Hopi continued to trade with each other and formed a loose alliance to fight Apache and Commanche bands for the next 20 years. During this time there were relatively minor raids by Navajo bands and Spanish citizens against each other.
In 1800 Governor Chacon led 500 men in an expedition to Tunicha Mountains against the Navajos. 20 Navajo Chiefs asked for peace. In 1804 and 1805 there were major expeditions by Navajos and Spanish against each other's settlements. In May 1805 another peace was established. Similar patterns of peace making, raiding and trading between Navajo, Spanish, Apaches, Comanches and Hopi continued until the arrival of the Americans in 1846.[12]
Territory of New Mexico 1846-1863[edit]
Chief Manuelito
The Navajos came into contact with the United States Army in 1846, when General Stephen W. Kearny invaded Santa Fe with 1,600 men during the Mexican–American War. On November 21, 1846, following an invitation from a small party of American soldiers under the command of Captain John Reid, who journeyed deep into Navajo country and contacted him, Narbona and other Navajos negotiated a treaty of peace with Colonel Alexander Doniphan at Bear Springs, Ojo del Oso (later the site of Fort Wingate). This agreement was not honored by some Navajo and also by some New Mexicans. Navajos stole New Mexican livestock and New Mexicans took women, children and livestock from the Navajo.[13]
In 1849, the military governor of New Mexico, Colonel John MacRae Washington—accompanied by John S. Calhoun, an Indian agent—led a force of 400 soldiers into Navajo country, penetrating Canyon de Chelly, and signed a treaty with two Navajo leaders Mariano Martinez as Head Chief and Chapitone as Second Chief. The treaty acknowledged the transfer of jurisdiction from the United Mexican States to the United States. The treaty allowed forts and trading posts to be built on Navajo land. The United States, on its part, promised "such donations [and] such other liberal and humane measures, as [it] may deem meet and proper."[14] While en route to this treaty signing, Narbona, a prominent Navajo peace leader, was killed, resulting in hostility between the treaty parties.[15]
During the next 10 years, the U.S. established forts on traditional Navajo territory. Military records cite this development as a precautionary measure to protect citizens and the Navajos from each other. However, Spanish/Mexican-Navajo pattern of raids and expeditions continued. Over 400 New Mexican militia conducted a campaign against the Navajo, against the wishes of the Territorial Governor, in 1860-61. They killed Navajos, captured women and children for slaves and destroyed crops and dwellings. The Navajo call this period Naahondzood, "the fearing time."
In 1861, Brigadier-General James H. Carleton, Commander of the Federal District of New Mexico, initiated a series of military actions against the Navajos and Apaches. Colonel Kit Carson was at the new Fort Wingate with Army troops and volunteer New Mexico militia. Carleton ordered Carson to kill Mescalero Apache men and destroy any Mewscalero property he could find. Carleton believed these harsh tactics would bring any Indian Tribe under control The Mescalero surrendered and were sent to the new reservation called Bosque Redondo. In the summer of 1863, Carleton ordered Carson to use the same tactics on the Navajo. Carson and his force swept through Navajo land, killing Navajos and destroying crops and dwellings, fouling wells, and capturing livestock. Facing starvation and death, Navajo groups came to Fort Defiance. On July 20, 1863, the first of many groups started off to join the Mescalero at Bosque Redondo. Other groups continue to come in though 1864.[16]
However, not all Navajos came in or were found. Some lived near the San Juan River, some beyond the Hopi villages and others lived with Apache bands.[17]
The Long Walk[edit]
Main article: Long Walk of the Navajo
Beginning in the spring of 1864, around 9,000 Navajo men, women, and children were forced to walk over 300 miles (480 km) to Fort Sumner, New Mexico, for internment at Bosque Redondo. The internment at Bosque Redondo was disastrous for the Navajo as the government failed to provide an adequate supply of water, wood, provisions, and livestock for 4,000–5,000 people. Large-scale crop failure and disease were also endemic during this time, as well as raids by other tribes and civilians. In addition, a small group of Mescalero Apaches, longtime enemies of the Navajos, had been relocated to the area, resulting in conflicts. In 1868, a treaty was negotiated between Navajo leaders and the federal government allowing the surviving Navajos to return to a reservation on a portion of their former homeland. The Navajos were not provided with much protection, and many Navajo women and children were kidnapped and enslaved by enemies of the Navajo. While at Bosque Redondo, the government did not provide the Navajos with food or shelter, and some Navajos froze during the winter because of poor shelters that they had to make with few materials and resources. This period is known among the Navajo as "The Fearing Time"[18].
Reservation era[edit]
Navajo woman & child, circa 1880-1910
The United States military continued to maintain forts on the Navajo reservation in the years following the Long Walk. Between 1873 and 1895, the military employed Navajos as “Indian Scouts” at Fort Wingate to assist their regular units.[19] During this period, Chief Manuelito founded the Navajo Tribal Police, which operated between 1872 and 1875 as an anti-raid task force working to maintain the peaceful terms of the 1868 Navajo treaty.
By treaty, the Navajos were allowed to leave the reservation for trade with permission from the military or local Indian agent. Eventually, the arrangement led to a gradual end in Navajo raids as the tribe was able to increase the size of livestock and crops. In addition, the tribe was able to increase the size of the Navajo reservation from 3.5 million acres (14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi)) to the 16 million acres (65,000 km2 (25,000 sq mi)) as it stands today; however, economic conflicts with non-Navajos continued for many years as civilians and companies exploited resources assigned to the Navajos. The US government made leases for livestock grazing, took land for railroad development, and permitted mining on Navajo land without consultation with the tribe.
In 1883, Lt. Parker, accompanied by 10 enlisted men and two scouts, went up the San Juan River to separate Navajos and citizens who had encroached on Navajo land.[20] In the same year, Lt. Lockett, with the aid of 42 enlisted soldiers, was joined by Lt. Holomon at Navajo Springs. Evidently, citizens of the surnames Houck and/or Owens had murdered a Navajo chief's son, and 100 armed Navajos were looking for them.
In 1887, citizens Palmer, Lockhart, and King fabricated a charge of horse stealing and randomly attacked a home on the reservation. Two Navajo men and all three whites died, but a woman and a child survived. Capt. Kerr (with two Navajo scouts) examined the ground and then met with several hundred Navajos at Houcks Tank. Rancher Bennett, whose horse was allegedly stolen, pointed out to Kerr that his horses were stolen by the three whites to catch a horse thief.[21] In the same year, Lt. Scott went to the San Juan River with two scouts and 21 enlisted men. The Navajos believed Lt. Scott was there to drive off the whites who had settled on the reservation and had fenced off the river from the Navajos. Scott found evidence of many non-Navajo ranches. Only three were active, and the owners wanted payment for their improvements before leaving. Scott ejected them.[22]
In 1890, a local rancher refused to pay the Navajos a fine of livestock. The Navajos tried to collect it, and whites in southern Colorado and Utah claimed that 9,000 of the Navajos were on a warpath. A small military detachment out of Fort Wingate restored white citizens to order.[citation needed]
In 1913, an Indian agent ordered a Navajo and his three wives to come in, and then arrested them for having a plural marriage. A small group of Navajos used force to free the women and retreated to Beautiful Mountain with 30 or 40 sympathizers. They refused to surrender to the agent, and local law enforcement and military refused the agent's request for an armed engagement. General Scott arrived, and with the help of Henry Chee Dodge, defused the situation.
Boarding schools and education[edit]
Main article: American Indian boarding schools
During the time on the reservation, the Navajo tribe was forced to acclimatise to white society. Navajo children were sent to boarding schools within the reservation and off the reservation. The first Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) school opened at Fort Defiance in 1870[23] and led the way for eight others to be established.[24] Many older Navajos were against this education and would hide their children to keep them from being taken. Many children, on the other hand, wanted to attend these schools and would go willingly with the Siláo.
Once the children arrived at the boarding school, their lifestyles changed dramatically. European Americans taught the classes under an English-only curriculum and punished any student caught speaking Navajo.[24] The children were under militaristic discipline, run by the Siláo. Through multiple interviews, the interviewees recalled being captured and disciplined by the Siláo if they tried to run away. Other conditions included inadequate food, overcrowding, manual labor in kitchens, fields, and boiler rooms, and military-style uniforms and haircuts.[25]
Change did not occur in these boarding schools until the Meriam Report was published in 1929 by the Secretary of Interior, Hubert Work. This report discussed Indian boarding schools as being inadequate in terms of diet, medical services, dormitory overcrowding, undereducated teachers, restrictive discipline, and manual labor by the students to keep the school running.[26] This report was the precursor to education reforms initiated under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, under which two new schools were built on the Navajo reservation. Rough Rock Day School was run in the same militaristic style as Fort Defiance and did not implement the educational reforms. The Evangelical Missionary School was opened next to Rough Rock Day School. Navajo accounts of this school portray it as a family-like atmosphere with home-cooked meals, new or gently used clothing, humane treatment, and a Navajo-based curriculum. Educators found the Evangelical Missionary School curriculum to be much more beneficial to the Navajo children.[27]
Untitled. Ansel Adams. 1941. Taken near Canyon de Chelly
In 1937, Mary Cabot Wheelright and Hastiin Klah, an esteemed and influential Navajo singer, or medicine man, founded the Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian in Santa Fe. It is a repository for sound recordings, manuscripts, paintings, and sandpainting tapestries of the Navajos. It also featured exhibits to express the beauty, dignity, and logic of Navajo religion. When Klah met Cabot in 1921, he had witnessed decades of efforts by the US government and missionaries to assimilate the Navajos into mainstream society. Children were sent away to Indian boarding schools, where they were forced to learn English and practice Christianity. They were prohibited from using their own languages and religion. The museum was founded to preserve the religion and traditions of the Navajos, which Klah was sure would soon be lost forever.
Livestock Reduction 1930s-1950s[edit]
See also: Navajo Livestock Reduction
The Navajo Livestock Reduction was imposed upon the Navajo Nation by the federal government starting in the 1933.[28] Under various forms it continued into the 1950s, The government decided that the land of the Navajo Nation could only support a fixed number of sheep, goats, cattle, and horses. The Federal government believed the land erosion was worsening and the only solution was to reduce the livestock. In 1933, John Collier was appointed commissioner of the BIA.
The capacity was set in "sheep units". The Navajo grazed 1,100,000 mature sheep units in 1930.[29] These sheep provided half the cash income for the individual Navajo.[30] Collier's solution was to first launch a voluntary program which soon became mandatory in 1935. These programs may have paid for part of the value of each animal, but it did nothing to address the loss of future yearly income. In the matrilineal and matrilocal world of the Navajo, women were especially hurt, as many lost their only source of income.[31]
The Navajo did not understand why their centuries-old practices of raising livestock should change.[29] They were united in opposition but they were unable to stop it.[32] Historian Brian Dippie notes that the Indian Rights Association denounced Collier as a 'dictator' and accused him of a "near reign of terror" on the Navajo reservation. Dippie adds that, "He became an object of 'burning hatred' among the very people whose problems so preoccupied him."[33] The long-term result was strong Navajo opposition to Collier's Indian New Deal.[34]
World War II[edit]
General Douglas MacArthur meeting Navajo, Pima, Pawnee and other Native American troops.
Many Navajo young people moved to work in urban factories in World War II. Many Navajo men volunteered for military service in keeping with their warrior culture, where they served in integrated units. The War Department in 1940 rejected a proposal by the BIA that segregated units be created for the Indians. They gained firsthand experience with how they could assimilate into the modern world and many did not return to the overcrowded reservation with few jobs.[35]
Four hundred Navajo Code Talkers played a famous role during World War II by relaying radio messages using their own language, which the Japanese were unable to understand.[36]
In the 1940s, large quantities of uranium were discovered in Navajo land. From then into the early 21st century, the U.S. allowed mining without sufficient environmental protection for workers, waterways, and land. The Navajos have claimed high rates of death and illness from lung disease and cancer resulting from environmental contamination. Since the 1970s, legislation has helped to regulate the industry and reduce the toll, but the government has not yet offered holistic and comprehensive compensation.[37]
After 1945[edit]
See also: Indian termination policy, Black Mesa Peabody Coal controversy, and American Indian Movement
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2016)
Culture[edit]
Dibé (sheep) remain an important aspect of Navajo culture.
The name “Navajo” comes from the late 18th century via the Spanish (Apaches de) Navajó "(Apaches of) Navajó", which was derived from the Tewa navahū "fields adjoining a ravine". The Navajos call themselves Diné.[38]
Like other Apacheans, the Navajos were semi-nomadic from the 16th through the 20th centuries. Their extended kinship groups had seasonal dwelling areas to accommodate livestock, agriculture, and gathering practices. As part of their traditional economy, Navajo groups may have formed trading or raiding parties, traveling relatively long distances.
There is a system of clans which defines relationships between individuals and families. The clan system is exogamous: people can only marry (and date) partners outside their own clans, which for this purpose include the clans of their four grandparents. While clans are associated with a geographical area, the area is not for the exclusive use of any one clan. Members of a clan may live hundreds of miles apart but still have a clan bond.[17]:xix-xxi
Historically, the structure of the Navajo society is largely a matrilineal system, in which the family of the women owned livestock, dwellings, planting areas and livestock grazing areas. Once married, a Navajo man would move to live with his bride in her dwelling and near her mother's family. Daughters (or, if necessary, other female relatives) were traditionally the ones who received the generational property inheritance. Children are "born to" and belong to the mother's clan, and are "born for" the father's clan. The mother's eldest brother has a strong role in her children's lives. As adults, men represent their mother's clan in tribal politics.[38]
Navajo hogan
Ethnobotany[edit]
See Navajo ethnobotany.
Traditional dwellings[edit]
A hogan, the traditional Navajo home, is built as a shelter for either a man or for a woman. Since they live in the arid Four Corners area, the houses are made of dried mud. Male hogans are square or conical with a distinct rectangular entrance, while a female hogan[citation needed] is an eight-sided house. Both are made of wood and covered in mud, with the door always facing east to welcome the sun each morning. The Navajos construct hogans out of poles and brush covered with earth.[39] Navajos also have several types of hogans for lodging and ceremonial use. Ceremonies, such as healing ceremonies or the kinaaldá, take place inside a hogan.[40] According to Kehoe, this style of housing is distinctive to the Navajos. She writes, "even today, a solidly constructed, log-walled Hogan is preferred by many Navajo families." Most Navajo members today live in apartments and houses in urban areas.[41]
Those who practice the Navajo religion regard the hogan as sacred. The religious song "The Blessingway" (hózhǫ́ǫ́jí) describes the first hogan as being built by Coyote with help from Beavers to be a house for First Man, First Woman, and Talking God. The Beaver People gave Coyote logs and instructions on how to build the first hogan. Navajos made their hogans in the traditional fashion until the 1900s, when they started to make them in hexagonal and octagonal shapes. Hogans continue to be used as dwellings, especially by older Navajos, although they tend to be made with modern construction materials and techniques. Some are maintained specifically for ceremonial purposes.
Spiritual and religious beliefs[edit]
See also: Diné Bahaneʼ (Navajo creation beliefs)
Navajo Yebichai (Yei Bi Chei) dancers. Edward S. Curtis. USA, 1900. The Wellcome Collection, London
Hastobíga, a Hataałii photographed in 1904 by Edward S. Curtis
Navajo spiritual practice is about restoring balance and harmony to a person's life to produce health and is based on the ideas of Hózhóójí. The Diné believed in two classes of people: Earth People and Holy People. The Navajo people believe they passed through three worlds before arriving in this world, the Fourth World or the Glittering World. As Earth People, the Diné must do everything within their power to maintain the balance between Mother Earth and man.[42] The Diné also had the expectation of keeping a positive relationship between them and the Diyin Diné. In the Diné Bahane' (Navajo beliefs about creation), the First, or Dark World is where the four Diyin Diné lived and where First Woman and First Man came into existence. Because the world was so dark, life could not thrive there and they had to move on. The Second, or Blue World, was inhabited by a few of the mammals Earth People know today as well as the Swallow Chief, or Táshchózhii. The First World beings had offended him and were asked to leave. From there, they headed south and arrived in the Third World, or Yellow World. The four sacred mountains were found here, but due to a great flood, First Woman, First Man, and the Holy People were forced to find another world to live in. This time, when they arrived, they stayed in the Fourth World. In the Glittering World, true death came into existence, as well as the creations of the seasons, the moon, stars, and the sun.[43]
The Holy People, or Diyin Diné, had instructed the Earth People to view the four sacred mountains as the boundaries of the homeland (Dinétah) they should never leave: Blanca Peak (Sisnaajiní — Dawn or White Shell Mountain) in Colorado; Mount Taylor (Tsoodził — Blue Bead or Turquoise Mountain) in New Mexico; the San Francisco Peaks (Dookʼoʼoosłííd — Abalone Shell Mountain) in Arizona; and Hesperus Mountain (Dibé Nitsaa — Big Mountain Sheep) in Colorado.[44] Times of day, as well as colors, are used to represent the four sacred mountains. Throughout religions, the importance of a specific number is emphasized and in the Navajo religion, the number four appears to be sacred to their practices. For example, there were four original clans of Diné, four colors and times of day, four Diyin Diné, and for the most part, four songs sung for a ritual.[44]
Navajo have many different ceremonies. For the most part, their ceremonies are to prevent or cure diseases.[45] Corn pollen is used as a blessing and as an offering during prayer.[42] One half of major Navajo song ceremonial complex is the Blessing Way (Hózhǫ́ǫ́jí) and other half is the Enemy Way (Anaʼí Ndááʼ). The Blessing Way ceremonies are based on establishing "peace, harmony, and good things exclusively" within the Dine. The Enemy Way, or Evil Way ceremonies are concerned with counteracting influences that come from outside the Dine.[45] Spiritual healing ceremonies are rooted in Navajo traditional stories. One of them, the Night Chant ceremony, is conducted over several days and involves up to 24 dancers. The ceremony requires the dancers to wear buckskin masks, as do many of the other Navajo ceremonies, and they all represent specific gods.[45] The purpose of the Night Chant is to purify the patients and heal them through prayers to the spirit-beings. Each day of the ceremony entails the performance of certain rites and the creation of detailed sand paintings. One of the songs describes the home of the thunderbirds:
In Tsegihi [White House],
In the house made of the dawn,
In the house made of the evening light[46]
The ceremonial leader proceeds by asking the Holy People to be present in the beginning of the ceremony, then identifying the patient with the power of the spirit-being, and describing the patient's transformation to renewed health with lines such as, "Happily I recover."[47]
Ceremonies are used to correct curses that cause of some illnesses or misfortunes. People may complain of witches who do harm to the minds, bodies, and families of innocent people.,[48] though these matters are rarely discussed in detail with those outside of the community.[49]
Music[edit]
Main article: Navajo music
Visual arts[edit]
Silverwork[edit]
Squash blossom necklace
19th-century Navajo jewelry with the popular concho and dragonfly designs.
Silversmithing is an important art form among Navajos. Atsidi Sani (c. 1830–c. 1918) is considered to be the first Navajo silversmith. He learned silversmithing from a Mexican man called Nakai Tsosi ("Thin Mexican") around 1878 and began teaching other Navajos how to work with silver.[50] By 1880, Navajo silversmiths were creating handmade jewelry including bracelets, tobacco flasks, necklaces and bracers. Later, they added silver earrings, buckles, bolos, hair ornaments, pins and squash blossom necklaces for tribal use, and to sell to tourists as a way to supplement their income.[51]
The Navajos' hallmark jewelry piece called the "squash blossom" necklace first appeared in the 1880s. The term "squash blossom" was apparently attached to the name of the Navajo necklace at an early date, although its bud-shaped beads are thought to derive from Spanish-Mexican pomegranate designs.[52] The Navajo silversmiths also borrowed the "naja" (najahe in Navajo)[53] symbol to shape the silver pendant that hangs from the "squash blossom" necklace.
Turquoise has been part of jewelry for centuries, but Navajo artists did not use inlay techniques to insert turquoise into silver designs until the late 19th century.
Weaving[edit]
Main article: Navajo weaving
Navajo weaver with sheep
Navajo Germantown Eye Dazzler Rug, Science History Institute
Probably Bayeta-style Blanket with Terrace and Stepped Design, 1870-1880, 50.67.54, Brooklyn Museum
Navajos came to the southwest with their own weaving traditions; however, they learned to weave cotton on upright looms from Pueblo peoples. The first Spaniards to visit the region wrote about seeing Navajo blankets. By the 18th century the Navajos had begun to import Bayeta red yarn to supplement local black, grey, and white wool, as well as wool dyed with indigo. Using an upright loom, the Navajos made extremely fine utilitarian blankets that were collected by Ute and Plains Indians. These Chief's Blankets, so called because only chiefs or very wealthy individuals could afford them, were characterized by horizontal stripes and minimal patterning in red. First Phase Chief's Blankets have only horizontal stripes, Second Phase feature red rectangular designs, and Third Phase feature red diamonds and partial diamond patterns.
The completion of the railroads dramatically changed Navajo weaving. Cheap blankets were imported, so Navajo weavers shifted their focus to weaving rugs for an increasingly non-Native audience. Rail service also brought in Germantown wool from Philadelphia, commercially dyed wool which greatly expanded the weavers' color palettes.
Some early European-American settlers moved in and set up trading posts, often buying Navajo rugs by the pound and selling them back east by the bale. The traders encouraged the locals to weave blankets and rugs into distinct styles. These included "Two Gray Hills" (predominantly black and white, with traditional patterns); Teec Nos Pos (colorful, with very extensive patterns); "Ganado" (founded by Don Lorenzo Hubbell[54]), red-dominated patterns with black and white; "Crystal" (founded by J. B. Moore); oriental and Persian styles (almost always with natural dyes); "Wide Ruins", "Chinlee", banded geometric patterns; "Klagetoh", diamond-type patterns; "Red Mesa" and bold diamond patterns.[55] Many of these patterns exhibit a fourfold symmetry, which is thought to embody traditional ideas about harmony or hózhǫ́.
In the media[edit]
In 2000 the documentary The Return of Navajo Boy was shown at the Sundance Film Festival. It was written in response to an earlier film, The Navajo Boy which was somewhat exploitative of those Navajos involved. The Return of Navajo Boy allowed the Navajo to be more involved in the depictions of themselves.[56]
In the final episode of the third season of the FX reality TV show 30 Days, the show's producer Morgan Spurlock spends thirty days living with a Navajo family on their reservation in New Mexico. The July 2008 show called "Life on an Indian Reservation", depicts the dire conditions that many Native Americans experience living on reservations in the United States.
Tony Hillerman wrote a series of detective novels whose detective characters were members of the Navajo Tribal Police. The novels are noted for incorporating details about Navajo culture, and in some cases expand focus to include nearby Hopi and Zuni characters and cultures, as well. Four of the novels have been adapted for film/TV. His daughter has continued the novel series after his death.
Notable people with Navajo ancestry[edit]
General Douglas MacArthur meeting Navajos, Pima, Pawnee and other Native American troops.
Jacoby Ellsbury, pictured in a Boston Red Sox uniform, is a Navajo (from his mother's side) baseball player for the New York Yankees.
James and Ernie, a Navajo comedy duo and actors.
Chester Nez, was the last original Navajo code talker who served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II.
Dr. Fred Begay, nuclear physicist and a Korean War veteran
Notah Begay III (Navajo-Isleta-San Felipe Pueblo), American professional golfer
Klee Benally, musician and documentary filmmaker[57]
Jacoby Ellsbury, New York Yankees outfielder (enrolled Colorado River Indian Tribes)
Rickie Fowler, American professional golfer
Joe Kieyoomia, captured by the Imperial Japanese Army after the fall of the Philippines in 1942
Cory Witherill, first full-blooded Native American in NASCAR
Nicco Montaño, current women's UFC flyweight champion
Artists[edit]
Atsidi Sani (c. 1828–1918), first known Navajo silversmith
Harrison Begay (1914–2012), Studio painter
Raven Chacon (born 1977), conceptual artist
Lorenzo Clayton (born 1940), artist
R. C. Gorman (1932–2005), painter and printmaker
Hastiin Klah, weaver and co-founder of the Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian
David Johns (born 1948), painter
Yazzie Johnson, contemporary silversmith
Bob Lansing potter, clay artist
Klah Tso (mid-19th century — early 20th century), pioneering easel painter
Gerald Nailor, Sr. (1917–1952), studio painter
Clara Nezbah Sherman, weaver
Ryan Singer, painter, illustrator, screen printer
Tommy Singer, silversmith and jeweler
Quincy Tahoma (1920–1956), studio painter
Emmi Whitehorse, contemporary painter
Melanie Yazzie, contemporary print maker and educator
Performers[edit]
James and Ernie, comedy duo
Blackfire, punk/alternative rock band
Raven Chacon, composer
Radmilla Cody, traditional singer
R. Carlos Nakai, musician
Jock Soto, ballet dancer
Jeremiah Bitsui, actor
Politicians[edit]
Henry Chee Dodge, first Navajo Chairman and modern Navajo leader, (1922–1928, 1942–1946).
Lilakai Julian Neil, first woman elected to Navajo Tribal Council (1946–1951)
Mark Maryboy (Aneth/Red Mesa/Mexican Water), former Navajo Nation Council Delegate, working in Utah Navajo Investments
Annie Dodge Wauneka, former Navajo Tribal Councilwoman
Peter MacDonald, former Navajo Tribal Chairman
Kenneth Maryboy (Aneth/Red Mesa/Mexican Water), helped initiate the Navajo Santa Program for poverty stricken Navajo families
Joe Shirley, Jr., former President of the Navajo Nation
Ben Shelly, former Navajo Nation President
Chris Deschene - veteran, an attorney, an engineer, and a community leader. One of few Native Americans to be accepted into the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a 2nd Lt. in the U.S. Marine Corps. He made an unsuccessful attempt to run for Navajo Nation President.
Peterson Zah - the first Navajo President and the last Chairman of the Navajo Nation.[58]
Writers[edit]
Luci Tapahonso, poet and lecturer
Elizabeth Woody, author, educator, and environmentalist
Sherwin Bitsui, author and poet
See also[edit]
United States portal
Indigenous peoples of North America portal
Diné Bahaneʼ
Navajo-Churro sheep
Navajo pueblitos
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Donovan, Bill. "Census: Navajo enrollment tops 300,000." Navajo Times 7 July 2011 (retrieved 8 July 2011)
Jump up ^ "Arizona's Native American Tribes: Navajo Nation." Archived 2012-01-01 at the Wayback Machine. University of Arizona, Tucson Economic Development Research Program. Retrieved 19 Jan 2011.
Jump up ^ American Factfinder, United States Census Bureau
Jump up ^ Watkins, Thayer. "Discovery of the Athabascan Origin of the Apache and Navajo Language." San Jose State University. (retrieved 28 Nov 2010)
Jump up ^ First Peoples' Cultural Foundation "About Our Language." First Voices: Dene Welcome Page. 2010 (retrieved 28 Nov 2010)
Jump up ^ Samuel J. Supalla (1992) The Book of Name Signs, p. 22
Jump up ^ Pritzker, 52
Jump up ^ For example, the Great Canadian Parks website suggests the Navajos may be descendants of the lost Naha tribe, a Slavey tribe from the Nahanni region west of Great Slave Lake. "Nahanni National Park Reserve". Great Canadian Parks. Retrieved 2007-07-02.
Jump up ^ Iverson, Nez, and Deer, 19
Jump up ^ Iverson, Nez, and Deer, 62
Jump up ^ Hosteen Klah, page 102 and others
^ Jump up to: a b c d Correll, J. Lee (1976). Through White Mens Eyes: A contribution to Navajo History (Book)|format= requires |url= (help). Window Rock, AZ: The Navajo Times Publishing Company.
Jump up ^ Pages 133 to 140 and 152 to 154, Sides, Blood and Thunder
Jump up ^ 9 Stat. 974
Jump up ^ Simpson, James H, edited and annotated by Frank McNitt, forward by Durwood Ball, Navaho Expedition: Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to the Navajo Country, Made in 1849, University of Oklahoma Press (1964), trade paperback (2003), 296 pages, ISBN 0-8061-3570-0
Jump up ^ Thompson, Gerald (1976). The Army and the Navajo: The Bosque Redondo Reservation Experiment 1863-1868. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816504954.
^ Jump up to: a b Compiled (1973). Roessel, Ruth, ed. Navajo Stories of the Long Walk Period. Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press. ISBN 0-912586-16-8.
Jump up ^ George Bornstein, "The Fearing Time: Telling the tales of Indian slavery in American history", Times Literary Supplement, 20 October 2017 p. 29 (review of Andrés Reséndez, The Other Slavery: The uncovered story of Indian enslavement in America, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 9780547640983).
Jump up ^ Marei Bouknight and others, Guide to Records in the Military Archives Division Pertaining to Indian-White Relations, GSA National Archives, 1972
Jump up ^ Ford, September 30, 1887 Letter to Acting Assistant General, District of New Mexico, National Archive Materials, Navajo Tribal Museum, Window Rock, Arizona
Jump up ^ Kerr, February 18, 1887 letter to Acting Assistant General, District of New Mexico, National Archive Materials, Navajo Tribal Museum, Window Rock, Arizona.
Jump up ^ Scott, June 22, 1887 letter to Acting Assistant General, District of New Mexico, National Archive Materials, Navajo Tribal Museum, Window Rock, Arizona
Jump up ^ FORT DEFIANCE CHAPTER http://ftdefiance.navajochapters.org/. Retrieved 31 May 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b McCarty, T.L.; Bia, Fred (2002). A Place to be Navajo: Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 42. ISBN 0-8058-3760-4.
Jump up ^ McCarty, T.L.; Bia, Fred (2002). A Place to be Navajo: Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 44–5. ISBN 0-8058-3760-4.
Jump up ^ McCarty, T.L.; Bia, Fred (2002). A Place to be Navajo: Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 48. ISBN 0-8058-3760-4.
Jump up ^ McCarty, T.L.; Bia, Fred (2002). A Place to be Navajo: Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 50–1. ISBN 0-8058-3760-4.
Jump up ^ Peter Iverson, "Dine: A History of the Navajos", 2002, University of New Mexico Press, Chapter 5, "our People Cried": 1923-1941.
^ Jump up to: a b Compiled (1974). Roessel, Ruth, ed. Navajo Livestock Reduction: A National Disgrace. Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press. ISBN 0-912586-18-4.
Jump up ^ Peter Iverson (2002). "For Our Navajo People": Diné Letters, Speeches & Petitions, 1900-1960. U of New Mexico Press. p. 250.
Jump up ^ Marsha Weisiger, "Gendered Injustice: Navajo Livestock Reduction in the New Deal Era." Western Historical Quarterly (2007): 437-455. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Richard White, ch 13: "The Navajos become Dependent" (1988). The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change Among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 300ff.
Jump up ^ Brian W. Dippie, The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy (1991) pp 333-36, quote p 335
Jump up ^ Donald A. Grinde Jr, "Navajo Opposition to the Indian New Deal." Integrated Education (1981) 19#3-6 pp: 79-87.
Jump up ^ Alison R. Bernstein, American Indians and World War II: Toward a New Era in Indian Affairs, (University of Oklahoma Press, 1999) pp 40, 67, 132, 152
Jump up ^ Bernstein, American Indians and World War II pp 46-49
Jump up ^ Judy Pasternak, Yellow Dirt- An American Story of a Poisoned Land and a People Betrayed, Free Press, New York, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Kluckholm, Clyde; Leighton, Dorothea (1974). The Navaho. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-6060-3-5.
Jump up ^ Iverson, Nez, and Deer, 16
Jump up ^ Iverson, Nez, and Deer, 23
Jump up ^ Kehoe, 133
^ Jump up to: a b "Navajo Cultural History and Legends". www.navajovalues.com. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
Jump up ^ "The Story of the Emergence". www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "Navajo Culture". www.discovernavajo.com. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wyman, Leland (1983). "Navajo Ceremonial System" (PDF). Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sandner, 88
Jump up ^ Sandner, 90
Jump up ^ Kluckhohn, Clyde (1967). Navaho Witchcraft. Boston: Beacon Press. 080704697-3.
Jump up ^ Keene, Dr. Adrienne, "Magic in North America Part 1: Ugh." at Native Appropriations", 8 March 2016. Accessed 9 April 2016: "What happens when Rowling pulls this in, is we as Native people are now opened up to a barrage of questions about these beliefs and traditions ... but these are not things that need or should be discussed by outsiders. At all. I’m sorry if that seems “unfair,” but that’s how our cultures survive."
Jump up ^ Adair 4
Jump up ^ Adair 135
Jump up ^ Adair 44
Jump up ^ Adair, 9
Jump up ^ "Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site" White Mountains Online. (retrieved 28 Nov 2010)
Jump up ^ Denver Art Museum. "Blanket Statements", Traditional Fine Arts Organization. (retrieved 28 Nov 2010)
Jump up ^ "Synopsis". navajoboy.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Klee Benally". Nativenetworks.si.edu. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
Jump up ^ Peterson Zah Biography
References[edit]
Adair, John. The Navajo and Pueblo Silversmiths. Norman: Oklahoma Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-8061-2215-1.
Iverson, Peter, Jennifer Nez Denetdale, and Ada E. Deer. The Navajo. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0-7910-8595-3.
Kehoe, Alice Beck. North American Indians: A Comprehensive account. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2005.
Newcomb, Franc Johnson (1964). Hosteen Klah: Navajo Medicine Man and Sand Painter. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. LCCN 64020759.
Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.
Sandner, Donald. Navaho symbols of healing: a Jungian exploration of ritual, image, and medicine. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-89281-434-3.
Sides, Hampton, Blood and Thunder: An Epic of the American West. Doubleday (2006). ISBN 978-0-385-50777-6
Further reading[edit]
Bailey, L. R. (1964). The Long Walk: A History of the Navaho Wars, 1846–1868.
Bighorse, Tiana (1990). Bighorse the Warrior. Ed. Noel Bennett, Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Brugge, David M. (1968). Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico 1694–1875. Window Rock, Arizona: Research Section, The Navajo Tribe.
Clarke, Dwight L. (1961). Stephen Watts Kearny: Soldier of the West. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
Downs, James F. (1972). The Navajo. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Left Handed (1967) [1938]. Son of Old Man Hat. recorded by Walter Dyk. Lincoln, Nebraska: Bison Books & University of Nebraska Press. LCCN 67004921.
Forbes, Jack D. (1960). Apache, Navajo and Spaniard. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. LCCN 60013480.
Hammond, George P. and Rey, Agapito (editors) (1940). Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540–1542. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Iverson, Peter (2002). Diné: A History of the Navahos. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2714-1.
Kelly, Lawrence (1970). Navajo Roundup Pruett Pub. Co., Colorado.
Linford, Laurence D. (2000). Navajo Places: History, Legend, Landscape. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0-87480-624-3
McNitt, Frank (1972). Navajo Wars. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Plog, Stephen Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest. Thames and London, LTD, London, England, 1997. ISBN 0-500-27939-X.
Roessel, Ruth (editor) (1973). Navajo Stories of the Long Walk Period. Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press.
Roessel, Ruth, ed. (1974). Navajo Livestock Reduction: A National Disgrace. Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press. ISBN 0-912586-18-4.
Voyles, Traci Brynne (2015). Wastelanding: Legacies of Uranium Mining in Navajo Country. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Witherspoon, Gary (1977). Language and Art in the Navajo Universe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Witte, Daniel. Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice, 2008 BYU Law Review 377 The Navajo and Richard Henry Pratt
Zaballos, Nausica (2009). Le système de santé navajo. Paris: L'Harmattan.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Navajo.
Navajo Nation, official site
Navajo Tourism Department
Navajo people: history, culture, language, art
Middle Ground Project of Northern Colorado University with images of U.S. documents of treaties and reports 1846–1931
Navajo Silversmiths, by Washington Matthews, 1883 from Project Gutenberg
Navajo Institute for Social Justice
Navajo Arts Information on authentic Navajo Art, Rugs, Jewelry, and Crafts
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Navajo Indians". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
[show]
v
t
e
Navajo Nation
Politics and institutions
Council
Council Chamber
President
Vice President
Flag
Supreme Court
Chapter houses
Police
Rangers
Miss Navajo
Culture and education
People
Language
Music
Weaving
Navajo-Churro sheep
Navajo Preparatory School
Diné College
Press
Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park
Media
Ádahooníłígíí
Navajo Times
KTNN Radio
History
The Emergence
Dinétah
Navajo pueblitos (1600s–1700s)
Navajo Wars (1800s)
Long Walk of the Navajo (1864)
Navajo Scouts (1873–1895)
Livestock Reduction (1930s)
Code talkers (1940s)
Communities
List of Communities
[show]
v
t
e
Indigenous peoples of Arizona
Contemporary peoples native to Arizona
Chemehuevi
Chiricahua
Cocopah
Halchidhoma
Havasupai
Hopi
Hualapai
Maricopa
Mohave
Navajo
Southern Paiute
Pima
Quechan
Tewa
Tohono O'odham
Tonto Apache
Southern Ute
Western Apache
Yaqui
Yavapai
Zuni
Prehistoric cultures in Arizona
Ancestral Pueblo
dwellings
Basketmaker
Hohokam
Mogollon
Patayan
Salado
Sinagua
See also: List of Indian reservations in Arizona
Coordinates: 36°11′13″N 109°34′25″W / 36.1869°N 109.5736°W / 36.1869; -109.5736
Authority control
GND: 4041452-8
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navajo&oldid=836878816"
Categories:
Navajo people
Native American history of Arizona
Native American history of New Mexico
Native American history of Utah
Native American tribes in Arizona
Native American tribes in New Mexico
Native American tribes in Utah
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages using citations with format and no URL
Pages with citations lacking titles
Pages with citations having bare URLs
Articles containing Navajo-language text
"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation
Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015
All articles containing potentially dated statements
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
Articles to be expanded from August 2016
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference
Coordinates not on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
አማርኛ
العربية
Авар
تۆرکجه
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Кырык мары
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
ᏣᎳᎩ
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
53 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 April 2018, at 11:52.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Navajo_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Navajo (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

attrs: lang title xml:lang

values:
nv
Navajo language text
nv

value: i

value: sup

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Southern_Athabascan
mw-redirect
Southern Athabascan

values:
/wiki/Northern_Athabascan
mw-redirect
Northern Athabascan

values:
/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe
mw-redirect
Federally recognized tribe

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9_languages
mw-redirect
Na-Dené languages

values:
/wiki/Navajo_Sign_Language
mw-redirect
Navajo Sign Language

values: which oral tradition implies they migrated to the area between the four sacred mountains? (February 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Puebloan_peoples
mw-redirect
Puebloan peoples

values:
/wiki/Spanish_people
mw-redirect
Spanish people

values:
/wiki/Squash_(plant)
mw-redirect
Squash (plant)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)

values:
/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Colorado_River)
mw-redirect
San Juan River (Colorado River)

values: font-family: Aboriginal Sans, DejaVu Sans, Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;

values: Edit section: Territory of New Mexico 1846-1863

values:
/wiki/Bosque_Redondo
mw-redirect
Bosque Redondo

values:
/wiki/Native_American_reservation
mw-redirect
Native American reservation

values:
/wiki/Navajo_Tribal_Police
mw-redirect
Navajo Tribal Police

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

values:
/wiki/Henry_Chee_Dodge
mw-redirect
Henry Chee Dodge

values: Edit section: Boarding schools and education

values: Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian

values:
/wiki/Indian_boarding_schools
mw-redirect
Indian boarding schools

values: Edit section: Livestock Reduction 1930s-1950s

values:
/wiki/John_Collier_(reformer)
mw-redirect
John Collier (reformer)

values:
/wiki/Navajo_Code_Talkers
mw-redirect
Navajo Code Talkers

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)

values:
/wiki/Blessing_Way
mw-redirect
Blessing Way

values:
/wiki/The_Blessingway
mw-redirect
The Blessingway

values: Edit section: Spiritual and religious beliefs

values:
/wiki/Hesperus_Mountain
mw-redirect
Hesperus Mountain

values:
/wiki/Persian_rug
mw-redirect
Persian rug

values:
/wiki/Zuni_people
mw-redirect
Zuni people

values: Edit section: Notable people with Navajo ancestry

values:
/wiki/James_and_Ernie
mw-redirect
James and Ernie

values:
/wiki/Nuclear_physicist
mw-redirect
Nuclear physicist

values:
/wiki/Hastiin_Klah
mw-redirect
Hastiin Klah

values:
/wiki/Yazzie_Johnson
mw-redirect
Yazzie Johnson

values:
nofollow
http://boblansingpottery.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Gerald_Nailor,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Gerald Nailor, Sr.

values:
/wiki/Clara_Nezbah_Sherman
mw-redirect
Clara Nezbah Sherman

values:
/wiki/Ryan_Singer_(artist)
mw-redirect
Ryan Singer (artist)

values:
/wiki/Blackfire_(band)
mw-redirect
Blackfire (band)

values:
/wiki/Joe_Shirley,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Joe Shirley, Jr.

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Navajo-Churro_sheep
mw-redirect
Navajo-Churro sheep

values:
/wiki/Slavey_people
mw-redirect
Slavey people

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-9-974

values:
nofollow
http://ftdefiance.navajochapters.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25443605

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/6aa/6aa75.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.navajoboy.com/press.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/64020759

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/67004921

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/60013480

values:
nofollow
http://www.navajo-nsn.gov/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://discovernavajo.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://navajopeople.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17275

values:
nofollow
http://www.nisj.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://navajo-arts.com/
external text

values: wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Navajo Indians

values:
/wiki/Navajo_people
mw-redirect
Navajo people

values: Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park

values: List of communities on the Navajo Nation

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Indigenous People of Arizona

values:
/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham_people
mw-redirect
Tohono O'odham people

values:
/wiki/Yavapai_people
mw-redirect
Yavapai people

values: List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Arizona

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4041452-8

values: Category:Native American history of Arizona

values: Category:Native American history of New Mexico

values: Category:Native American history of Utah

values: Category:Native American tribes in Arizona

values: Category:Native American tribes in New Mexico

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages using citations with format and no URL

values: Category:Pages with citations lacking titles

values: Category:Pages with citations having bare URLs

values: Category:Articles containing Navajo-language text

values: Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation

values: Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from August 2016

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

values: Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Navajo
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values: نافاجو – Arabic

values: Навахоял – Avaric

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-av
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navahos
Navahos – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo
Navajo – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo
Navajo – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navahoj
Navahoj – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo
Navajo – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: ناواهو – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajos
Navajos – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: नावाहो लोग – Hindi

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo
Navajo – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: נאוואחו – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Навахо – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navahai
Navahai – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo
Navajo – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dineh
Dineh – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navahoer
Navahoer – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo
Navajo – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawahowie
Nawahowie – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajos
Navajos – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din%C3%A9
Diné – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Навахо (народ) – Russian

values: Навахо – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo
Navajo – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Навахо – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaho
Navaho – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajot
Navajot – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo
Navajo – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ชนเผ่านาวาโฮ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chr
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaholar
Navaholar – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Навахо (народ) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Navajo rootpage-Navajo skin-vector action-view