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Women at the Olympics
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It has been suggested that International Olympic Committee and gender equality in sports be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2016.
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) promotes women in sports in an effort to increase participation in the games as well recognition of the well being of women and girls in sports at all levels of sports and different structures within sports. This is consistent with the Olympic charter which promotes equality within sports of men and women by including both genders in these competitions. The IOC as well as the International Federations (IFS) and National Olympic Committees (NOCs) have been committed to the mandates of this Olympic charter. Multiple measures have been taken toward increasing the participation of women at governing and administrative levels as well as training and education toward women in sport and the supporting administrative structures. Since 1991, all new sports asking to be included in the Olympic program must feature women’s events.[1] The 2012 Olympic Games in London were the first Olympics where every participating country included female athletes.[2][3] They were also the first Olympics in which women competed in all sports in the program.[4] Women have competed in the Olympics since 1900, following an all-male Games in 1896.
Contents
[hide]
1 Leadership within the IOC
2 IOC Women and Sport Commission
3 Attending the games
4 Media coverage
5 The Games: Sports
5.1 Basketball
5.2 Boxing
5.3 Cycling
5.4 Ice hockey
5.5 Softball
5.6 Weightlifting
6 Around the world
6.1 Rome 1960
6.2 Oceania
6.2.1 Australia
7 Women's sports
7.1 Olympic recognition
7.2 Funding
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Bibliography
Leadership within the IOC[edit]
The IOC is committed to promoting women's participation in sports as part of their sports administration. An attempt was made to have women occupy at least 20% of the decision making positions of the legislative bodies by the end of 2005, but the attempt failed.[1] The objective of at least 10% by the end of 2000 however, was achieved. As of May 2014, 24 women are active IOC members, which is 22.6%.[1] In 1990 the first woman, Flor Isava Fonseca, was elected to the Executive Board. The Vice President of the IOC from 1997-2001 was a woman, Anita DeFrantz.[1] An increasing number of women are serving as chairpersons on IOC commissions.[1] The NOCs are also making progress toward the objective with 11 NOCS headed by female presidents. IOC-Recognized Federations' executive boards are 26% women. Winter and Summer IFs boards are only 17% women.[1]
IOC Women and Sport Commission[edit]
Women participants at each Summer Olympic Games as a percentage of all participants
There has been additional work from the IOC Women and Sport Commission, commissioned in 2004, after starting as a working group in 1995. Women in Sport Commission advises the IOC President and Executive Board to ensure equality with consideration of women in sport in policy making. The IOC has also done much work through programs developed to educate women in leadership roles toward success in administrative positions in NOCs and National Sports Federations. Furthermore, Olympic Solidarity programs assist NOCs participation in various ways, including a special Women and Sport assistance program. Every year the IOC awards the "Women and Sport " trophy to persons or organizations making a considerable contribution to women's sports.[5]
Every four years the IOC conducts a world conference to review and plan actions to improve women's sports participation and promote gender equality in sport. A specific declaration was made at the 2012 conference in Los Angeles to collaborate and promote equality and use sport as a tool to improving women's lives (Olympic.org)
The representation of women in the Olympics has always been below 50%. It has risen from about 10% until World War II to 44% in 2012. One cause of this is that some sports that have been historically popular with women are not included in the Olympics or have been included only recently.
Attending the games[edit]
In some countries like Australia, getting funding for women to participate in the Olympics during the early years of the Games was difficult. Twenty years ago, the Australian swimming federation did not want to spend money to send female athletes to compete in the games; rather, they wanted to spend money to fund more participation of male swimmers.[5][when?] Sending a woman athlete (like Thelma Kench from New Zealand in 1932) also required the extra cost of a chaperone with the team.
Media coverage[edit]
Historically, coverage of women's team sports in the Olympics has been limited. Photo shows Greece women's volleyball team at 2004 Athens Olympics.
Historically, coverage and inclusion of women's team sports in the Olympics has been limited.[6] Instead, the media focuses on female athletes in non-team competitions and on team sports played equally by both genders.[6]
The Games: Sports[edit]
This section is incomplete. (July 2012)
Since 1991, all new sports asking to be included in the Olympic program must feature women’s events.[1] The 2012 Olympic Games in London were the first Olympics in which women competed in all sports in the program.[4]
According to The International Olympic Committee’s list of women’s sports (updated in May 2014) these were the following years every new woman’s sport was introduced. The first women’s sports were in 1900, which were tennis and golf. The next 3 Olympics added archery (1904), tennis and figure skating (1908), and swimming (1912). The next sports were not added until twelve-sixteen years later, fencing (1924) and gymnastics (1928). The second winter sport added to women’s sport was alpine skiing in 1936. Another long twelve to sixteen years later, canoeing was added in 1948 and equestrian sports in 1952. Two Olympics following, speed skating was added to the games in 1960. The following Olympics volleyball and luge were added in 1964; rowing, basketball, and handball were added in 1976; field hockey was added in 1980; shooting and cycling were introduced in 1984. The next two Olympic terms included 6 more women’s sports, tennis, table tennis, sailing in 1988 and badminton, judo, biathlon in 1992. In 1996, football and softball; in 1998, curling and ice hockey; in 2000, weightlifting, penthalon, taekwondo, and triathlon, in 2002, bobsleighing was added; in 2004, wrestling; in 2008, BMX. The last updated women’s sports included in the Olympic games according to the IOC are boxing (2012) and ski jumping (2014).[1]
Basketball[edit]
Women's basketball has been contested in the Summer Olympics since 1976.[7]
Boxing[edit]
It took over 100 years from when men's boxing was announced for women's boxing to be announced.[3] Women's boxing was first introduced at the 2012 Summer Olympics with Nicola Adams winning the first boxing gold medal in the flyweight division.
Cycling[edit]
While men's road and track cycling have been Olympic disciplines since the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896, there were no women's cycling events in the Olympic programme until the 1984 Games in Los Angeles when the first women's road race was held. The first track cycling event for women followed in 1988, but the 2012 London Games were the first with equal numbers of events for men and women, which entailed a reduction in the number of men's events as well as an increase in the number of women's events. The disciplines of mountain biking and BMX were introduced in 1996 and 2008 respectively, with separate men's and women's events from the outset.[8]
Ice hockey[edit]
Canadian Hayley Wickenheiser is the all-time leading scorer in the women's tournament[9] and was named tournament MVP twice.[10]
At the 99th IOC Session in July 1992, the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event beginning with the 1998 Winter Olympics as part of their effort to increase the number of female athletes at the Olympics.[11] Women's hockey had not been in the programme when Nagano, Japan had won the right to host the Olympics, and the decision required approval by the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee (NWOOC). The NWOOC was initially hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament and because they felt their team, which had failed to qualify for that year's World Championships, could not be competitive.[12] According to Glynis Peters, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association's (CAHA) head of female hockey, "the Japanese would have to finance an entirely new sports operation to bring their team up to Olympic standards in six years, which they were also really reluctant to do."[13] In November 1992, the NWOOC and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include a women's ice hockey tournament in the programme.[12] Part of the agreement was that the tournament would be limited to six teams, and no additional facilities would be built. The CAHA also agreed to help build and train the Japanese team so that it could be more competitive.[13] The IOC had agreed that if the NWOOC had not approved the event, it would be held at the 2002 Winter Olympics.[12] The format of the first tournament was similar to the men's: preliminary round-robin games followed by a medal round playoff.[14]
Softball[edit]
Main article: Softball at the Summer Olympics
In 1991, fast-pitch softball was selected to debut as a medal event for women-only at the 1996 Summer Olympics[15] The 1996 Olympics also marked a key era in the introduction of technology in softball; the IOC funded a landmark biomechanical study on pitching during the games.[citation needed] The 117th meeting of the International Olympic Committee, held in Singapore in July 2005, voted to drop softball and baseball for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games.[16][17] Attempts to get softball readded to the Olympic program for the 2016 games failed when the International Olympic Committee executive board instead selected golf and rugby sevens.[18] The United States have won three of the four Olympic tournaments.[19][20]
Weightlifting[edit]
Women's weightlifting made its Olympic debut at the 2000 Games in Sydney, with the following weight classes:
48 kg
53 kg
58 kg
63 kg
69 kg
75 kg
+75 kg
Around the world[edit]
Rome 1960[edit]
The role American women at the Olympics gained in importance and visibility compared to their male American peers.[21]
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]
Fanny Durack (left) and Mina Wylie, Australian swimmers, in 1912
Fanny Durack was Australia's first female gold medalist.[22] She earned this medal at the 1912 Summer Olympics,[23] where she represented a combined team of Australia and New Zealand, known as the Australasian team.[5]
Participation costs for Australian athletes, costs like travel to and lodging at, early Olympic games were expected to be paid by the local sport federation sponsoring the athlete.[5]
In early Australian swimming history as it pertains to the Olympics, there was an attempt to prevent women from participating by male Australian swimming administrators.[23]
Women's sports[edit]
Olympic recognition[edit]
Netball is an amazing sport and it was very sad for us for it not to be in the Olympic Games so it would be amazing if we could get it in next time round. It would be brilliant for the girls coming through to get that opportunity to play at the Olympics because it is the sporting pinnacle if you can achieve that goal.
Tamsin Greenway, England wing attack[24]
United States and Brazil have won most of the Olympic medals of women's beach volleyball. Picture shows then U.S. President George W. Bush with Misty May-Treanor (left) and Kerri Walsh of U.S. Women's Beach Volleyball team at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
Throughout the history of the Olympics, sports popular exclusively with women or that have been very popular with women have been excluded.[25] The situation extends beyond the popular women's sport of netball to women's cycling, which was excluded for many years despite having world championships for women being organised by 1958.[25] It extends to field hockey, a sport included for men as early as 1908 but not competed by women until 1980.[25] Lawn bowls is a popular women's sport that has been included in the Commonwealth Games for many years but has not made the Olympic program.[25] While primarily a sport for women, netball allows for mixed-gendered teams,[26][27] but the Olympics do not allow mixed-gendered team sports.[25][note 1]
The issues facing netball are part of a larger issue involving female participation in the Olympics.[25] At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, there were 159 sports for men to compete in, 86 sports for women, and 12 sports for both men and women.[29] At the 2000 Summer Olympics, there were still sports that women were excluded from participating in, such as boxing, wrestling and baseball; softball was included as a women-only event. The issue of male over-representation in terms of total number of sports and athletes is structural. In the United Kingdom, for example, more male athletes than female athletes received financial support. Sports officials rationalised this uneven distribution of funding by claiming that there are more opportunities for men to win on the highest level than there are comparable opportunities for women.[29] The importance of netball being included as a competition sport in the Summer Olympics has been compared to softball, and the benefits that the sport derived from Olympic inclusion.[30] This included additional media attention and television coverage, especially during Olympic years.[30] Olympic recognition plays an important part in getting sponsorship for local competitions around the world.[31] It also plays an important role in providing recognition to and opportunities for females that may not be available otherwise.[31]
The selection of women's teams sport in the Olympics may not match with interest levels in a country.[6] In Australia for example, 245,300 total women and girls play basketball, hockey, soccer, softball and volleyball.[6] This compares to 319,500 women and girls who play netball.[6]
Since 1991, all new sports asking to be included in the Olympic program must feature women’s events.[1] The 2012 Olympic Games in London were the first Olympics in which women competed in all sports in the program.[4]
Funding[edit]
The lack of Olympic recognition hampered the globalisation of the game in developing countries,[32] because the Olympic Solidarity Movement provides access to funding for these nations through the International Olympic Committee.[32] In some countries such as Tanzania, the lack of access to Olympic funding cut off other funding options such funding by British Council.[33] With official recognition, funding from the IOC, the Olympic Solidarity Movement and the British Council became available to cover costs for travel to international competitions.[32] For some nations, without that assistance, trying to maintain international calibre teams was difficult.[32] Olympic recognition brought money for development into the sport.[7] In 2004, IFNA received a grant of US$10,000 from the IOC for development.[7] IFNA was given an additional US$3,300 a year until 2007 by the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports (ARISF).[7]
Beyond access to funds from the International Olympic Committee, Olympic recognition is often a requirement for getting funding from state and national sporting bodies, and state and federal governments. This has been the case in Australia,[34] and British Columbia, Canada.[35] In 1985, the Australian Sports Commission and the Office of the Status of Women identified five criteria for obtaining federal funding.[34] One of these was: "status as an Olympic sport and its size by registrations."[34][note 2] In British Columbia, one of the guidelines says that in order to receive funding, "The sport must be on the program for either the 2011 or 2013 Canada Games and/or the next scheduled recognized International Multi-Sport Games (Olympics/Paralympics, Pan American or Commonwealth Games, Special Olympic World Games)."[35]
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, the American team, for the first time, had more female athletes, 269, than male, 261.[36]
See also[edit]
Women's sport portal
Softball at the Summer Olympics
Netball and the Olympic Movement
Women's World Games
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ While team mixed gendered sports are not competed at the Olympics, some mixed gendered events are included. They include equestrian sports, shooting and sailing where men and women compete against each other. In shooting and sailing, women were originally only allowed to compete in mixed-gendered events. Single-gender events for these sports were not added until a later date.[28]
Jump up ^ Netball qualified for funding because it met the other criteria. From 1980 to 1984, the sport received A$497,000 in funding.[34]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Women_in_Olympic_Movement.pdf
Jump up ^ "Saudis to send two women to London, make history". SI.com. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "An Olympics first: All countries sending female athletes – latimes". Articles.latimes.com. 2012-07-27. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Did You Know…? Olympics Edition - Current OC & The Billows". Current OC & The Billows.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Howell & Howell 1988, p. 26
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jones 2004, p. 143
^ Jump up to: a b c d Shooting for Success 2004, p. 1
Jump up ^ McQuaid, Pat (February 2012), "The equal opportunities: How to make it happen", 5th World Conference on Women and Sport
Jump up ^ The Canadian Press 2008
Jump up ^ Yen 2008
Jump up ^ The Canadian Press 1992
^ Jump up to: a b c The New York Times 1992
^ Jump up to: a b Ormsby 1992
Jump up ^ sports-reference.com 2006
Jump up ^ International Softball Federation
Jump up ^ Singapore National Olympic Council
Jump up ^ de Vries, Lloyd (8 May 2011). "Strike 3 for Olympic Baseball". CBS News. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Stephen (23 August 2009). "Golf, rugby backed by IOC board for 2016 Games". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
Jump up ^ International Softball Federation 2006
Jump up ^ International Softball Federation 2002
Jump up ^ Maraniss 2008, p. xiii
Jump up ^ Howell & Howell 1988, p. 24
^ Jump up to: a b Howell & Howell 1988, p. 25
Jump up ^ Jordan 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dyer 1982, p. 205
Jump up ^ Symons & Hemphill 2006, p. 122
Jump up ^ Samoa Observer 2011
Jump up ^ International Olympic Committee 2008, p. 5
^ Jump up to: a b Pfister & Hartmann-Tews 2002, p. 274
^ Jump up to: a b Taylor 2001a, p. 15
^ Jump up to: a b First National Bank 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c d Crocombe 1992, p. 156
Jump up ^ Massoa & Fasting 2002, p. 120
^ Jump up to: a b c d Australian Sport Commission & Office of the Status of Women 1985, p. 92
^ Jump up to: a b Community, Sport and Cultural Development - Province of British Columbia 2010, p. 5
Jump up ^ "U.S.A Olympic Team: American Women Outnumber Men On London 2012 Delegation". Huffington Post. Colorado Springs, Colorado. Associated Press. July 10, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
Australian Sport Commission; Office of the Status of Women (1985). Women, Sport and the Media. Australian Government Publishing Services. ISBN 0-644-04155-2.
The Canadian Press (22 July 2008). "Wickenheiser signs with Swedish men's club". CBC Sports. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
The Canadian Press (27 July 1992). "Canadians cheer new Olympic sports". Waterloo Region Record.
Community, Sport and Cultural Development - Province of British Columbia (2011). "BC ATHLETE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM 2010 - 2011 Provincial Sport Organization Guidelines, Policies and Procedures" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2011.
Crocombe, R G (2007). Asia in the Pacific Islands : replacing the West. CIPS Publications, University of the South Pacific. ISBN 982-02-0388-0. OCLC 213886360.
Dyer, K F (1982). Challenging the Men, The social biology of female sporting achievement. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-1652-6.
First National Bank (2010). "School Sport LOCAL SPORT INITIATIVES". Retrieved 26 March 2011.
Howell, Reet; Howell, Max (1988). Aussie Gold, A celebration of every Australian Olympic Gold Medal since 1896. Melbourne, Victoria: Brooks-Waterloo. ISBN 0-86440-680-0.
International Olympic Committee (February 2008). "The sports on the Olympic programme" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2011.
International Softball Federation. "The History of Softball". International Softball Federation. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
International Softball Federation (5 September 2006). "USA Wins 2006 Women's World Championship". International Softball Federation. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
International Softball Federation (4 August 2002). "Four Teams Qualify for 2004 Olympic Games". International Softball Federation. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
Jordan, David (13 January 2011). "Greenway calls for netball's Olympic inclusion". Sportsbeat & News Associates. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
Jones, Diane (February 2004). "Half the Story? Olympic Women on the ABC News Online" (PDF). Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy (110): 132–146. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
Maraniss, David (2008). Rome 1960. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1-4165-3407-5.
Massoa, Prisca; Fasting, Kari (December 2002). "Women and sport in Tanzania". In Pfister, Gertrud; Hartmann-Tews, Ilse. Sport and Women: Social Issues in International Perspective. International Society for Comparative Physical Education & Sport. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24628-8.
The New York Times (29 November 1992). "An Agreement By Nagano Games". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
Ormsby, Mary (18 November 1992). "Women 's hockey gets approval for '98". Toronto Star. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Pfister, Gertrud; Hartmann-Tews, Ilse (December 2002). "Women's inclusion in sport, International and comparative findings". In Pfister, Gertrud; Hartmann-Tews, Ilse. Sport and Women: Social Issues in International Perspective. International Society for Comparative Physical Education & Sport. Routledge. pp. 267–280. ISBN 0-415-24628-8.
Samoa Observer (18 December 2008). "Samoa prepares for World netball series". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
Shooting for Success (July 2004). "IFNA Recognition Confirmed" (PDF). International Federation of Netball Associations. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
Singapore National Olympic Council. "The 117th IOC Session in Singapore - A Summary". Singapore National Olympic Council. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
sports-reference.com (2006). "Ice Hockey at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Women's Ice Hockey". sports-reference.com. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
Symons, Carol; Hemphill, Dennis (November 2006). "Netball and transgender participation". In Caudwell, Jayne. Sport, sexualities and queer/theory. Routledge Critical Studies in Sport. Routledge. pp. 122–124. ISBN 0-415-36761-1.
Taylor, Tracy (November 2001). "Gendering Sport: The Development of Netball in Australia" (PDF). Sporting Traditions, Journal of the Australian Society for Sports History. 18 (1): 57–74.
Taylor, Tracy (2001a). "Netball in Australia: A Social History" (PDF). Working Paper Series. School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, UTS (2): 1–22.
Yen, Yi-Wyn (20 February 2008). "Canada's leading star". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
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p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

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