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Nuclear family
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A nuclear family, elementary family or conjugal family is a family group consisting of two heterosexual parents and their children (one or more).[1] It is in contrast to a single-parent family, to the larger extended family, and to a family with homosexual parents, or more than two parents. Nuclear families typically center on a married couple;[1] the nuclear family may have any number of children. There are differences in definition among observers; some definitions allow only biological children that are full-blood siblings,[2] but others allow for a stepparent and any mix of dependent children including stepchildren and adopted children.[3][4]
Family structures of a married couple and their children were present in Western Europe and New England in the 17th century, influenced by church and theocratic governments.[5] With the emergence of proto-industrialization and early capitalism, the nuclear family became a financially viable social unit.[6] The term nuclear family first appeared in the early twentieth century. Alternative definitions have evolved to include family units headed by same-sex parents[1] and perhaps additional adult relatives who take on a cohabiting parental role;[7] in the latter case, it also receives the name of conjugal family.[1]
The concept that narrowly defines a nuclear family is; central to stability in modern society that has been promoted by familialists who are social conservatives in the United States, and has been challenged as historically and sociologically inadequate to describe the complexity of actual family relations.[8] In "Freudien Theories of Identification and Their Derivatives" he states "Very little is known about the extent variation in the behavior of fathers and mothers towards sons and daughters, and even less about the possible effects on such differential treatment." Little is known about how parental behavior and identification processes work, and how children interpret sex role learning. In his theory he uses "identification" with the father in the sense that the son will follow the sex role provided by his father and then for the father to be able identify the difference of the "cross sex" parent for his daughter.
Historians Alan Macfarlane and Peter Laslett postulated that nuclear families have been a primary arrangement in England since the 13th century . This primary arrangement was different than the normal arrangements in Southern Europe, in parts of Asia, and the Middle East where it was common for young adults to remain in or marry into the family home. In England multi-generational households were uncommon because young adults would save enough money to move out, into their own household once they married. Sociologist Brigitte Berger argued, "the young nuclear family had to be flexible and mobile as it searched for opportunity and property. Forced to rely on their own ingenuity, its members also needed to plan for the future and develop bourgeois habits of work and saving."[9] Berge also mentions that this could be one of the reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in England and other Northwest European countries. However, the historicity of the nuclear family in England has been challenged by Cord Oestmann. [10]
As a fertility factor, single nuclear family households generally have a higher number of children than co-operative living arrangements according to studies from both the Western world[11] and India.[12]
There have been studies done that shows a difference in the number of children wanted per household according to where they live. Families that live in rural areas wanted to have more kids than families in urban areas. A study done in Japan between October 2011 and February 2012 further researched the effect of area of residence on mean desired number of children.[13] Researchers of the study came to the conclusion that the women living in rural areas with larger families were more likely to want more children, compared to women that lived in urban areas in Japan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Usage of the term
2 Compared with extended family
3 Changes to family formation
4 North American conservatism
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Usage of the term[edit]
An American nuclear family composed of the mother, father, and children circa 1955
Merriam-Webster dates the term back to 1947,[14] while the Oxford English Dictionary has a reference to the term from 1925; thus it is relatively new.
In its most common usage, the term nuclear family refers to a household consisting of a father, a mother and their children[15] all in one household dwelling.[14] George Murdock, an observer of families, offered an early description:
The family is a social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. It contains adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults.[16]
Many individuals are part of two nuclear families in their lives: the family of origin in which they are offspring, and the family of procreation in which they are a parent.[17]
While the phrase dates approximately from the Atomic Age, the term "nuclear" is not used here in the context of nuclear warfare or nuclear power, but instead originates in the same root as nuclear fission, the word "nuclear" originating in the Lating nucleus, itself originating in the Latin nux, meaning "nut", i.e. the core of something – thus, the nuclear family refers to all members of the family being part of the same core rather than directly to atomic weapons.
Compared with extended family[edit]
Main article: Extended family
An extended family group consists of non-nuclear (or "non-immediate") family members considered together with nuclear (or "immediate") family members.
Changes to family formation[edit]
From 1970 to 2000, family arrangements in the US became more diverse with no particular household arrangement prevalent enough to be identified as the "average"
In 2005, information from the United States Census Bureau showed that 70% of children in the US live in traditional two-parent families,[18] with 66% of those living with parents who were married, and 60% living with their biological parents. The information also explained that "the figures suggest that the tumultuous shifts in family structure since the late 1960s have leveled off since 1990".[19]
When considered separately from couples without children, single-parent families, and unmarried couples with children, the United States traditional nuclear families appear to constitute a minority of households – with a rising prevalence of other family arrangements. In 2000, nuclear families with the original biological parents constituted roughly 24.10% of American households, compared with 40.30% in 1970.[18] Roughly two-thirds of all children in the United States will spend at least some time in a single-parent household.[20] According to some sociologists, "[The nuclear family] no longer seems adequate to cover the wide diversity of household arrangements we see today." (Edwards 1991; Stacey 1996). A new term has been introduced[by whom?], postmodern family, intended to describe the great variability in family forms, including single-parent families and couples without children."[18] Traditional nuclear family households are now less common compared to household with couples without children, single-parent families, and unmarried couples with children.
In the UK, the number of nuclear families fell from 39.0% of all households in 1968 to 28.0% in 1992. The decrease accompanied an equivalent increase in the number of single-parent households and in the number of adults living alone.[21]
According to some sociologists, "[The nuclear family] no longer seems adequate to cover the wide diversity of household arrangements we see today." (Edwards 1991; Stacey 1996). A new term has been introduced[by whom?], postmodern family, intended to describe the great variability in family forms, including single-parent families and couples without children."[18]
Professor Wolfgang Haak of Adelaide University, detects traces of the nuclear family in prehistoric Central Europe. A 2005 archeological dig in Elau in Germany, analyzed by Haak, revealed genetic evidence suggesting that the 13 individuals found in a grave were closely related. Haak said, "By establishing the genetic links between the two adults and two children buried together in one grave, we have established the presence of the classic nuclear family in a prehistoric context in Central Europe.... Their unity in death suggest[s] a unity in life."[22] This paper does not regard the nuclear family as "natural" or as the only model for human family life. "This does not establish the elemental family to be a universal model or the most ancient institution of human communities. For example, polygamous unions are prevalent in ethnographic data and models of household communities have apparently been involving a high degree of complexity from their origins."[22] In this study evidence suggests that the nuclear family was embedded with an extended family. The remains of three children (probably siblings based on DNA evidence) were found buried with a woman who was not their mother but may have been an "aunt or a step-mother".[23]
North American conservatism[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2013)
Main article: Familialism
For social conservatism in the United States and Canada, the idea that the nuclear family is traditional is an important aspect, where family is seen as the primary unit of society. These movements oppose alternative family forms and social institutions that are seen by them to undermine parental authority.
See also[edit]
Sociology portal
Astronaut family
Complex family
Familialism
Hajnal line
Human bonding
Intentional community
Hindu joint family
Kibbutzim and families
Origins of society
Sociology of the family
LGBT parenting
Structural functionalism
Family relationships
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Nuclear family". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-24.
Jump up ^ Living Arrangements of Children
Jump up ^ Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E. L.; Walrath, Dana (2007). Cultural anthropology: the human challenge (12 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 219. ISBN 0-495-09561-3.
Jump up ^ Family Structure and Children’s Health in the United States: Findings From the National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007
Jump up ^ Volo, James M.; Volo, Dorothy Denneen (2006). Family life in 17th- and 18th-century America. Greenwood. p. 42. ISBN 0-313-33199-5.
Jump up ^ Traditions and Encounters: A Brief Global History (New York: McGraw Hill, 2008).
Jump up ^ "Strictly, a nuclear or elementary or conjugal family consists merely of parents and children, though it often includes one or two other relatives as well, for example, a widowed parent or unmarried sibling of one or other spouse."
Sloan Work and Family Research Network, citing Parkin, R. (1997). Kinship: An introduction to basic concepts. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Miriam M. (1 January 1963). "Sex Role Learning in the Nuclear Family". Child Development. 34 (2): 319–333. JSTOR 1126730. doi:10.2307/1126730.
Jump up ^ "The Real Roots of the Nuclear Family". Institute for Family Studies. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ Lordship and Community: The Lestrange Family and the Village of Hunstanton, Norfolk, in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century
Jump up ^ Nicoletta Balbo; Francesco C. Billari; Melinda Mills (2013). "Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research". European Journal of Population. 29 (1).
Jump up ^ Gandotra MM, Pandey D (1982). "Differences in fertility and family planning practices by type of family". Journal of Family Welfare. 29 (1): 29–40.
Jump up ^ Matsumoto, Yasuyo; Yamabe, Shingo (2013-01-30). "Family size preference and factors affecting the fertility rate in Hyogo, Japan". Reproductive Health. 10: 6. ISSN 1742-4755. PMC 3563619  . PMID 23363875. doi:10.1186/1742-4755-10-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Merriam-Webster Online. "Definition of nuclear family".
Jump up ^ "Nuclear family - Definition and pronunciation". Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
Jump up ^ Murdock, George Peter (1965) [1949]. Social Structure. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-922290-7.
Jump up ^ Collins, Donald; Jordan, Catheleen; Coleman, Heather (2009). An Introduction to Family Social Work (3 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 27. ISBN 0-495-60188-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Williams, Brian; Stacey C. Sawyer; Carl M. Wahlstrom (2005). Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships. Boston, MA: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-36674-0.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Sam (February 25, 2008). "Most Children Still Live in Two-Parent Homes, Census Bureau Reports". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
Jump up ^ Focus on Michigan's Future: Changing Family and Household Patterns
Jump up ^ Pothan, Peter (September 1992). "Nuclear family nonsense". Third Way. Hymns Ancient & Modern. 15 (7): 25–28.
^ Jump up to: a b Haak, Wolfgang; Brandt, Herman; de Jong, Hylke N.; Meyer, C; Ganslmeier, R; Heyd, V; Hawkesworth, C; Pike, AW; et al. (2008). "Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age". PNAS. 105 (47): 18226–18231. PMC 2587582  . PMID 19015520. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807592105.
Jump up ^ Balter, M. (2008) Prehistoric Family Values, ScienceNow Daily News, Nov. 17.
External links[edit]
The Nuclear Family from Buzzle.com
Early Human Kinship was Matrilineal by Chris Knight. (anthropological debates as to whether the nuclear family is natural and universal).
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People (magazine)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Spanish-language version, see People en Español. For the Australian magazine, see People (Australian magazine).
People
The November 28, 2016, edition of People.
Editor
Jess Cagle[1]
Categories
Celebrity, human interest, news
Total circulation
(2013)
3,527,541[2]
First issue
March 4, 1974; 43 years ago (1974-03-04)
Company
Time Inc.
Country
United States
Language
English
Website
www.people.com
ISSN
0093-7673
People is an American weekly magazine of celebrity and human-interest stories, published by Time Inc. With a readership of 46.6 million adults, People has the largest audience of any American magazine.[3] People had $997 million in advertising revenue in 2011, the highest advertising revenue of any American magazine.[4] In 2006, it had a circulation of 3.75 million and revenue expected to top $1.5 billion.[5] It was named "Magazine of the Year" by Advertising Age in October 2005, for excellence in editorial, circulation and advertising.[6] People ranked #6 on Advertising Age's annual "A-list" and #3 on Adweek's "Brand Blazers" list in October 2006.
The magazine runs a roughly 50/50 mix of celebrity and human-interest articles.a[›] People's editors claim to refrain from printing pure celebrity gossip, enough to lead celebrity publicists to propose exclusives to the magazine, and evidence of what one staffer calls a "publicist-friendly strategy".[5]
People's website, People.com, focuses on celebrity news and human interest stories.[6] In February 2015, the website broke a new record: 72 million unique visitors.[7][8][not in citation given]
People is perhaps best known for its yearly special issues naming the "World's Most Beautiful," "Best & Worst Dressed" and "Sexiest Man Alive". The magazine's headquarters are in New York and it maintains editorial bureaus in Los Angeles and in London. For economic reasons it closed bureaus in Austin, Miami, and Chicago in 2006.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Teen People
1.2 Competition for celebrity photos
1.3 Sexiest Man Alive
1.4 Sexiest Woman Alive
1.5 Most Intriguing People of the Year
1.6 100 Most Beautiful People
1.6.1 Number Ones of Most Beautiful People
2 Notes
3 External links
History[edit]
The concept for People has been attributed to Andrew Heiskell, Time Inc.'s chief executive officer at the time and the former publisher of the weekly Life magazine. The founding managing editor of People was Richard B. (Dick) Stolley, a former assistant managing editor at Life and the journalist who acquired the Zapruder tapes of the John F. Kennedy assassination for Time Inc. in 1963. People's first publisher was Richard J. (Dick) Durrell, another Time Inc. veteran.[citation needed]
Stolley characterized the magazine as "getting back to the people who are causing the news and who are caught up in it, or deserve to be in it. Our focus is on people, not issues."[9] Stolley's almost religious determination to keep the magazine people-focused contributed significantly to its rapid early success. It is said that although Time Inc. pumped an estimated $40 million into the venture, the magazine only broke even 18 months after its debut in March 1974. Initially, the magazine was sold primarily on newsstands and in supermarkets. To get the magazine out each week, founding staff members regularly slept on the floor of their offices two or three nights each week and severely limited all non-essential outside engagements. The premier edition for the week ending March 4, 1974 featured actress Mia Farrow, then starring in the film The Great Gatsby, on the cover. That issue also featured stories on Gloria Vanderbilt, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and the wives of U.S. Vietnam veterans who were Missing In Action.[5] The magazine was, apart from its cover, printed in black-and-white. The initial cover price was 35 cents (equivalent to $1.70 in 2016).
The core of the small founding editorial team included other editors, writers, photographers and photo editors from Life magazine, which had ceased publication just 13 months earlier. This group included managing editor Stolley, senior editors Hal Wingo (father of ESPN anchor Trey Wingo), Sam Angeloff (the founding managing editor of Us magazine) and Robert Emmett Ginna (later a producer of films); writers James Watters (a theater reviewer) and Ronald B. Scott (later a biographer of Presidential candidate Mitt Romney); former Time senior editor Richard Burgheim (later the founder of Time's ill-fated cable television magazine View); Chief of Photography, a Life photographer, John Loengard, to be succeeded by John Dominus, a noteworthy Life staff photographer; and design artist Bernard Waber, author and illustrator of the Lyle The Crocodile book series for children. Many of the noteworthy Life photographers contributed to the magazine as well, including legends Alfred Eisenstaedt and Gjon Mili and rising stars Co Rentmeester, David Burnett and Bill Eppridge. Other members of the first editorial staff included editors and writers: Ross Drake, Ralph Novak, Bina Bernard, James Jerome, Sally Moore, Mary Vespa, Lee Wohlfert, Joy Wansley, Curt Davis, Clare Crawford-Mason,[10] and Jed Horne, later an editor of The Times-Picayune in New Orleans.
In 1996, Time Inc. launched a Spanish-language magazine entitled People en Español. The company has said that the new publication emerged after a 1995 issue of the original magazine was distributed with two distinct covers, one featuring the murdered Tejano singer Selena and the other featuring the hit television series Friends; the Selena cover sold out while the other did not.[11] Although the original idea was that Spanish-language translations of articles from the English magazine would comprise half the content, People en Español over time came to have entirely original content.
In 2002, People introduced People Stylewatch, a title focusing on celebrity style, fashion, and beauty – a newsstand extension of its Stylewatch column. Due to its success, the frequency of People Stylewatch was increased to 10 times per year in 2007.[citation needed]
In Australia, the localized version of People is titled Who because of a pre-existing lad's mag published under the title People. The international edition of People has been published in Greece since 2010.[citation needed]
On July 26, 2013, Outlook Group announced that it was closing down the Indian edition of People, which began publication in 2008.[12][13]
In December 2016, LaTavia Roberson engaged in a feud with People after alleging they misquoted and misrepresented her interview online.[14][15][16]
Teen People[edit]
Teen People
Teen People cover, April 2006
Managing Editor
Niraj Biswal
Barbara O'Dair
Categories
Celebrity
Frequency
Monthly
First issue
February 1998
Final issue
September 2006
Company
Time Inc. (Time Warner)
Country
United States
Language
English
ISSN
1096-2832
In 1998, the magazine introduced a version targeted at teens, called Teen People.[17] However, on July 27, 2006 the company announced that it would shut down publication of Teen People immediately. The last issue to be released was scheduled for September 2006.[18] In exchange subscribers to this magazine received Entertainment Weekly for the rest of their subscriptions. There were numerous reasons cited for the publication shutdown, including a downfall in ad pages, competition from both other teen-oriented magazines and the internet, along with a decrease in circulation numbers.[19] Teenpeople.com was merged into People.com in April 2007. People.com will "carry teen-focused stories that are branded as TeenPeople.com", Mark Golin, the editor of People.com explained, and on the decision to merge the brands he said, "We've got traffic on TeenPeople, People is a larger site, why not combine and have the teen traffic going to one place?"[20]
Competition for celebrity photos[edit]
In a July 2006 Variety article, Janice Min, Us Weekly editor-in-chief, blamed People for the increase in cost to publishers of celebrity photos:
They are among the largest spenders of celebrity photos in the industry....One of the first things they ever did, that led to the jacking up of photo prices, was to pay $75,000 to buy pictures of Jennifer Lopez reading Us magazine, so Us Weekly couldn't buy them.
That was the watershed moment that kicked off high photo prices in my mind. I had never seen anything like it. But they saw a competitor come along, and responded. It was a business move, and probably a smart one.[5]
People reportedly paid $4.1 million for photos of newborn Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt, the child of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt.[5] The photos set a single-day traffic record for their website, attracting 26.5 million page views.[5]
Sexiest Man Alive[edit]
The annual feature the "Sexiest Man Alive" is billed as a benchmark of male attractiveness and typically includes only famous people and celebrities. It is determined using a procedure similar to the procedure used for Time's Person of the Year. The origin of the title was a discussion on a planned story on Mel Gibson. Someone exclaimed, "Oh my God, he is the sexiest man alive!" And someone else said, "You should use that as a cover line."[21]
For the first decade or so, the feature appeared at uneven intervals. Originally awarded in the wintertime, it shifted around the calendar, resulting in gaps as short as seven months and as long as a year and a half (with no selection at all during 1994, however 21 years later People selected Keanu Reeves to fill the 1994 gap, the runners up for that year included Hugh Grant and Jim Carrey). Since 1997, the dates have settled between mid-November and early December.
Dates of magazine issues, winners, ages of winners at the time of selection, and pertinent comments are listed below.
As of 2016, John F. Kennedy, Jr. and Patrick Swayze are the only winners to have died since winning. Kennedy, Adam Levine, David Beckham and Blake Shelton are the only non-actors to have won the award.
Year
Choice
Age
000000001985-02-04-0000February 4, 1985 Mel Gibson 29
000000001986-01-27-0000January 27, 1986 Mark Harmon[22] 34
000000001987-03-30-0000March 30, 1987 Harry Hamlin 35
000000001988-09-12-0000September 12, 1988 John F. Kennedy, Jr. 27
000000001989-12-16-0000December 16, 1989 Sean Connery 59
000000001990-07-23-0000July 23, 1990 Tom Cruise 28
000000001991-07-22-0000July 22, 1991 Patrick Swayze 38
000000001992-03-16-0000March 16, 1992 Nick Nolte 51
000000001993-10-19-0000October 19, 1993 Richard Gere (1) and Cindy Crawford[23]
(Sexiest Couple Alive) 44
1994
(awarded on
000000002015-11-18-0000November 18, 2015) Keanu Reeves 30
(at the time)
000000001995-01-30-0000January 30, 1995 Brad Pitt (1) 31
000000001996-07-29-0000July 29, 1996 Denzel Washington 41
000000001997-11-17-0000November 17, 1997 George Clooney (1) 36
000000001998-11-16-0000November 16, 1998 Harrison Ford 56
000000001999-11-15-0000November 15, 1999 Richard Gere (2) 50
000000002000-11-13-0000November 13, 2000 Brad Pitt (2) 36
000000002001-11-26-0000November 26, 2001 Pierce Brosnan 48
000000002002-12-02-0000December 2, 2002 Ben Affleck 30
000000002003-12-01-0000December 1, 2003 Johnny Depp (1) 40
000000002004-11-29-0000November 29, 2004 Jude Law 31
000000002005-11-28-0000November 28, 2005 Matthew McConaughey[24] 36
000000002006-11-27-0000November 27, 2006 George Clooney (2)[25] 45
000000002007-11-26-0000November 26, 2007 Matt Damon[26] 37
000000002008-11-25-0000November 25, 2008 Hugh Jackman[27] 40
000000002009-11-18-0000November 18, 2009 Johnny Depp (2)[28] 46
000000002010-11-17-0000November 17, 2010 Ryan Reynolds[29] 34
000000002011-11-16-0000November 16, 2011 Bradley Cooper[30] 36
000000002012-11-14-0000November 14, 2012 Channing Tatum[31] 32
000000002013-11-19-0000November 19, 2013 Adam Levine[32] 34
000000002014-11-19-0000November 19, 2014 Chris Hemsworth[33] 31
000000002015-11-17-0000November 17, 2015 David Beckham[34] 40
000000002016-11-15-0000November 15, 2016 Dwayne Johnson[35] 44
000000002017-11-27-0000November 27, 2017 Blake Shelton[36] 41
Sexiest Woman Alive[edit]
See also: Sexiest Woman Alive (Esquire magazine)
In December 2014, People selected its first and only Sexiest Woman Alive.[37] No later People Sexiest Woman of the Year were announced. Cindy Crawford alongside Richard Gere had been declared "Sexiest Couple of the Year" on October 19, 1993 as a departure from the magazine's annual "Sexiest Man of the Year" award.
Year
Choice
Age
000000002014-12-25-0000December 25, 2014 Kate Upton[37] 25
Most Intriguing People of the Year[edit]
At the end of each year People magazine famously selects 25 news-making individuals or couples who have received a lot of media attention over the past 12 months and showcases them in a special year-end issue, the '25 Most Intriguing People of the Year'. This series of full-page features and half-page featurettes includes world leaders and political activists, famous actors and entertainers, elite athletes, prominent business people, accomplished scientists and occasionally members of the public whose stories have made an unusual impact in news or tabloid media.[38]
100 Most Beautiful People[edit]
People's 100 Most Beautiful People is an annual list of 100 people judged to be the most beautiful individuals in the world. Until 2006, it was the 50 Most Beautiful People.
Julia Roberts holds the record for most times named, with five.[39] Michelle Pfeiffer and Jennifer Aniston have appeared twice.
Number Ones of Most Beautiful People[edit]
Year
Name
Age
000000001990-06-01-0000June 1, 1990 Michelle Pfeiffer (1) 32
000000001991-06-07-0000June 7, 1991 Julia Roberts (1) 23
000000001992-05-04-0000May 4, 1992 Jodie Foster 29
000000001993-05-03-0000May 3, 1993 Cindy Crawford 27
000000001994-05-08-0000May 8, 1994 Meg Ryan 32
000000001995-05-08-0000May 8, 1995 Courteney Cox 30
000000001996-05-08-0000May 8, 1996 Mel Gibson 40
000000001997-05-12-0000May 12, 1997 Tom Cruise 34
000000001998-05-12-0000May 12, 1998 Leonardo DiCaprio 23
000000001999-05-14-0000May 14, 1999 Michelle Pfeiffer (2) 41
000000002000-05-08-0000May 8, 2000 Julia Roberts (2) 32
000000002001-05-14-0000May 14, 2001 Catherine Zeta-Jones 31
000000002002-05-13-0000May 13, 2002 Nicole Kidman 34
000000002003-05-12-0000May 12, 2003 Halle Berry 36
000000002004-05-30-0000May 30, 2004 Jennifer Aniston (1) 35
000000002005-05-08-0000May 8, 2005 Julia Roberts (3) 37
000000002006-04-28-0000April 28, 2006 Angelina Jolie 30
000000002007-04-27-0000April 27, 2007 Drew Barrymore 32
000000002008-05-02-0000May 2, 2008 Kate Hudson 29
000000002009-05-11-0000May 11, 2009 Christina Applegate 37
000000002010-04-30-0000April 30, 2010 Julia Roberts (4) 42
000000002011-04-15-0000April 15, 2011 Jennifer Lopez 41
000000002012-04-27-0000April 27, 2012 Beyoncé Knowles 30
000000002013-04-26-0000April 26, 2013 Gwyneth Paltrow 40
000000002014-05-05-0000May 5, 2014 Lupita Nyong'o 31
000000002015-04-24-0000April 24, 2015 Sandra Bullock 50
000000002016-04-20-0000April 20, 2016 Jennifer Aniston (2) 47
000000002017-04-19-0000April 19, 2017 Julia Roberts (5) 49
Notes[edit]
^ a: The ratio, according to Variety, is 53% to 47%.
Jump up ^ Pompeo, Joe (January 10, 2014). "Time Inc. shake-up". Capital New York. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Consumer Magazines". Alliance for Audited Media. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Johnston-Greene, Chandra (May 18, 2009). "AARP Shows Largest Growth in Readership". Folio Magazine. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Flamm, Matthew (January 10, 2012). "Magazines eke out gains in 2011". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g People who need people, a July 2006 article from Variety magazine.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martha Nelson Named Editor, The People Group, a January 2006 Time Warner press release.
Jump up ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (February 19, 2007). "Old Media Partying With Oscar Online". The New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Media Industry News letter, March 2006
Jump up ^ "The Press: People's Premiere". Time. March 14, 1974.
Jump up ^ "People's Magazine". Cosmopolitan. 188: 206. 1980.
Jump up ^ "Grad Named Head of People en Español" Archived January 3, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.. Tufts University. February 29, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Outlook to close down international titles - People, Geo and Marie Claire". Best Media Info. July 26, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nikhil Pahwa (July 29, 2013). "On The State Of The Magazine Industry In India; Outlook Shuts Three Magazines". MediaNama. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://people.com/music/latavia-roberson-miscarriage-memoir-i-am-latavia-cover/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Former Destiny's Child Member LaTavia Roberson Has a Bone to Pick With People Magazine". BET.com.
Jump up ^ "Ousted Destiny's Child Member LaTavia Roberson Is Pretty Pissed About An Interview She Gave". Oxygen. 29 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tweens, Teens, and Magazines" (PDF). Kaiser Family Foundation. January 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Teen People magazine closes, but website will still continue". The New York Times. July 26, 2006.
Jump up ^ "''Medialifemagazine.com''". Medialifemagazine.com. July 26, 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "TeenPeople.com to Merge Into People.com". Mediaweek. April 11, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Argetsinger, Amy; Roberts, Roxanne (November 19, 2007). "Matt Damon??!!! We Demand to Differ!". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "All the Sexiest Man Alive Covers: 1986". People. November 3, 2009. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ In 1993, People named Gere and Crawford the "Sexiest Couple Alive" instead of naming a sexiest man.
"Sexiest Men Alive: A Hardy Breed with Perennial Appeal, Our Anointed Hunks Look as Good Today as Yesterday". People. November 17, 1997. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "An Annotated Deep Dive into the Majesty of Matthew McConaughey's 2005 Sexiest Man Alive Interview". people.com. People Magazine. 2005-11-11. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "George Clooney Named PEOPLE's Sexiest Man Alive". people.com. People Magazine. 2006-11-15. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Matt Damon: The Sexiest Man Alive". people.com. People Magazine. 2007-11-14. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hugh Jackman: The Sexiest Man Alive". people.com. People Magazine. 2008-11-19. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2009's Sexiest Man Alive: Johnny Depp". people.com. People Magazine. 2009-11-18. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sexiest Man Alive 2010: Ryan Reynolds". people.com. People Magazine. 2010-11-17. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bradley Cooper Named Sexiest Man Alive". Access Hollywood. November 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jen Chaney (November 14, 2012). "Channing Tatum, as expected, is People's Sexiest Man Alive 2012". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Julie; Coulton, Antoinette (November 19, 2013). "Adam Levine Is PEOPLE's Sexiest Man Alive". People. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Julie; Coulton, Antoinette (November 19, 2014). "Chris Hemsworth Is PEOPLE's Sexiest Man Alive". People. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Leonard, Elizabeth (November 17, 2015). "David Beckham Is PEOPLE's Sexiest Man Alive!". People. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Julie. "Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Is This Year's Sexiest Man Alive!". PEOPLE.com.
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton Is This Year's Sexiest Man Alive: 'I Can't Wait to Shove This Up Adam's A—!'". PEOPLE.com. 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kate Upton wins 'Sexiest Woman'". Daily News. New York. December 19, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ For example, for the "Most Intriguing People of 2010" People named the following:
Sandra Bullock
President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama
Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie
Michael Douglas
Elizabeth Smart
Prince William and Catherine Middleton
Elin Nordegren
Natalie Portman
Nicki Minaj
Sarah Palin
LeBron James
Bret Michaels
Julian Assange
The Chilean Miners
Ricky Martin
Kim Kardashian
Mark Zuckerberg
Heidi Montag
Jake Gyllenhaal and Taylor Swift
Ryan Reynolds
Will Smith's kids (Jaden and Willow)
Christina Aguilera
Ali Fedotowsky and Roberto Martinez
James Franco
Conan O'Brien
Jump up ^ Cable, Jess; Kimble, Lindsay (April 19, 2017). "Julia Roberts Is PEOPLE's 2017 World's Most Beautiful Woman!". Archived from the original on April 19, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017. The stunning star is, for a record fifth time, the Most Beautiful Woman in the World...
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White Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)
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White Queen
Alice character
Alice and the White Queen.
Art by John Tenniel (1865)
First appearance
Through the Looking-Glass
Created by
Lewis Carroll
Portrayed by
Anne Hathaway (Alice in Wonderland, Alice Through the Looking Glass)
Emma Rigby (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)
Information
Species
Human
Gender
Female
Occupation
Queen
Spouse(s)
White King
Children
Lily (a pawn)
Nationality
Looking-Glass Land
The White Queen is a fictional character who appears in Lewis Carroll's fantasy novel Through the Looking-Glass.
Contents
1 Plot
2 In other media
2.1 Alice in Wonderland (2010)
3 Other adaptions
4 References
Plot[edit]
Along with her husband the White King, she is one of the first characters to be seen in the story. She first appears in the drawing room just beyond the titular looking-glass as an animate chesspiece unable to see or hear Alice, the main character. The Queen is looking for her daughter Lily; Alice helps her by lifting the White Queen and King onto the table, leading them to believe they were thrown up by an invisible volcano.
When Alice meets the Red Queen and joins the chess game, she takes the place of a white pawn, Lily being too young to play. She does not meet the White Queen as a human-sized character until the Fifth Square. The White Queen lives backwards in time, due to the fact that she lives through the eponymous looking glass. Her behaviour is odd to Alice. She offers Alice "jam to-morrow and jam yesterday - but never jam to-day." She screams in pain until, rather than because, she pricks her thumb on her brooch, and tells Alice of the King's messenger who has been imprisoned for a crime he will later be tried for and perhaps (but not definitely) commit in the end. The White Queen, aside from telling Alice things that she finds difficult to believe (one being that she is just over 101 years old) says that in her youth she could believe "six impossible things before breakfast" and counsels Alice to practice the same skill. The meeting ends with the Queen seeming to turn into a bespectacled sheep who sits at a counter in a shop as Alice passes into the next square on the board. The Sheep is somewhat different from the Queen in terms of personality and gets "more like a porcupine every time [Alice] looks at her" because she knits with several knitting needles all at once. Two of these needles turn into oars when Alice appears in a boat, and then reappear in the Sheep's shop, where Alice purchases an egg, which becomes Humpty Dumpty as she moves to the next square.
In Chapter 9, the White Queen appears with the Red Queen, posing a series of typical Wonderland/Looking-Glass questions ("Divide a loaf by a knife: what's the answer to that?"), and then celebrating Alice's promotion from pawn to queen. When that celebration goes awry, the White Queen seems to flee the scene by disappearing into a tureen of soup. Martin Gardner's The Annotated Alice points out that the White King is at the time in check from the Red Queen. Alice proceeds to "capture" the Red Queen and checkmate the Red King, ending the game. The White Queen is not seen again, except as one of Alice's white cats, who Alice speculates may have influenced the dream.
In other media[edit]
The White Queen has been portrayed in various TV and film productions by actresses including Carol Channing, Penelope Wilton and Brenda Bruce.
In Sandra the Fairytale Detective, her name is Victoria because she is the Queen of Victory.
Alice in Wonderland (2010)[edit]
Main article: Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)
Mirana the White Queen
Alice in Wonderland (2010 film) character
Anne Hathaway as the White Queen in Tim Burton's 2010 adaptation
Created by
Lewis Carroll & Tim Burton
Portrayed by
Anne Hathaway (adult)
Amelia Crouch (child)
Information
Full name
Mirana of Marmoreal
Occupation
Queen of Wonderland
Family
King Oleron (father)
Queen Elsemere (mother)
Iracebeth of Crims (sister)
Anne Hathaway portrays the White Queen (renamed "Mirana of Marmoreal") in Tim Burton's 2010 adaptation[1] alongside Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth, the Red Queen; they are portrayed as sisters. The White Queen's soldiers appear in white armor inspired by chess pieces while The Red Queen's appear in armour made to resemble cards. Mirana's delicate exterior is reinforced by her habit of holding her hands gracefully at shoulder height in almost every scene in which she appears. But her black fingernail polish and the dark circles under her eyes, as well as her nonchalance about certain potion ingredients ("buttered fingers"), hint at a more complex character under the surface. Additionally, she is portrayed as a beautiful young woman with white blonde hair, a flawless complexion and air of elegance, grace and perfection.
In the movie, Iracebeth has banished her sister from "Underland" out of jealousy; Mirana, having taken a vow never to harm another living thing, is helpless to fight back and must wait years for the "Frabjous Day," when a "champion" will arrive and slay the Jabberwocky, Iracebeth's fearsome pet. That champion arrives in Alice (Mia Wasikowska), now a young woman, who initially thinks she is having a recurring dream. By the film's climax, however, Alice accepts her destiny and slays the Jabberwocky, restoring rulership of Wonderland to the White Queen. Mirana banishes her sister and bids Alice goodbye. Despite her benevolent and kind attitude, Anne Hathaway remarks that on the inside, the White Queen is just as sadistic as her sister, if not more so, and has surrounded herself with an elegant, airy and blissful atmosphere, out of fear she will not be able to control her true nature.[citation needed] This side to her character is hinted at after Alice remarks that Mirana cannot imagine the horror that goes on inside the Red Queen's castle, yet Mirana - whilst holding a knife - coldly replies, "Oh yes, I can." Mirana apparently is not above cruel punishment such as having her sister exiled to the Outlands for the rest of her days where nobody is to show her kindness or say a word to her. Mirana also had the Knave of Hearts unwillingly kept in Iracebeth's company for the rest of his life.
Her clothes and persona are similar to those of the historical Scottish Queen Mary Stuart.[citation needed]
Other adaptions[edit]
The character of Genevieve Heart in Frank Beddor's The Looking Glass Wars series is considered a re-imagining of the White Queen.
The main antagonist of the manga and anime series Pandora Hearts, known as the Will of the Abyss, is based on the White Queen in appearance and mannerisms, and is also identical to another character named Alice, who is based on the Red Queen. It's soon revealed that Alice is her twin sister and her name is also Alice but it's Jack who is the true antagonist and she is the vessel of the Core of the Abyss.
The character of Mrs Wragge in Wilkie Collins' No Name (pub 1864) is considered to be a model for the White Queen.
In the finale of Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, Alice mentions that the Red Queen (who had redeemed herself over the course of the series) was now known as the White Queen.
In Ever After High, the White Queen (voiced by Stephanie Sheh) is the co-ruler of Wonderland alongside the Queen of Hearts. Since Wonderland has become uninhabitable due to the Evil Queen's actions, the White Queen has fled her realm and taken up a role as teacher at Ever After High replacing Ms. Gold. She teaches Princessology and Kingdom Management. The White Queen is not a kind teacher though, having no qualms about publicly humiliating her students and insisting she is addressed by her full title "Mrs. Her Majesty The White Queen".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Missy Schwartz, "Best Actress," Entertainment Weekly 1032/1033 (Jan. 30/Feb. 6, 2009): 46.
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Mopsa the Fairy (1869)
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Alice in Murderland
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Alice no Paint Adventure (1995)
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