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End Conscription Campaign
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The End Conscription Campaign was an anti-apartheid organisation allied to the United Democratic Front (UDF) and composed of conscientious objectors and their supporters in South Africa. It was formed in 1983 to oppose the conscription of all white South African men into military service in the South African Defence Force.
Contents
1 Apartheid government's policy on military conscription
2 Formation
3 Objections against war and participation in the Apartheid State
4 Troops out of the townships
5 Group of 23 refuse military call-up
6 ECC banning
7 Shortening of conscription
8 End of conscription
9 Conscription moratorium
10 Absent without leave
11 Forces Favourites and musicians against conscription
12 Counter-operations against the ECC
13 Psychiatric oppression and the ECC
14 See also
15 Footnotes
16 Notes
17 References
18 Further reading
19 External links
Apartheid government's policy on military conscription[edit]
The apartheid government had a policy of compulsory conscription for young white men who were expected to perform military service at regular intervals, starting with an extended training which began in the year immediately following the one in which they left school or as soon as they turned 16, whichever came last. Many were granted deferment, for example to attend University and complete an undergraduate degree first, but very few young men were exempted from conscription for any reason other than being medically unfit or for a race classification error. Valid reasons included conscientious objection based on religious beliefs, but these exceptions were tightened in 1974.[1] Increasingly stringent laws were passed increasing periods of service, broadening the base of eligible white men who could be called up, and providing stringent sentences for those men who objected.
Conscripts comprised a significant part of South African Defence Force (SADF).
Formation[edit]
The End Conscription Campaign (ECC) was formed in 1983, in protest against compulsory military service. It mobilised support for its campaigns, proposed service alternatives, supported conscientious objectors and provided a forum for the public with information and education on conscription and the alternatives. The ECC was founded in response to a resolution passed by Black Sash at their annual conference, which condemned South Africa's occupation of Namibia and charged the SADF with fighting a civil war.[2]
Conscientious objection was a serious choice as the consequences were severe. The reasons for conscientious objection included political, ethical and religious reasons. Some religious organisations, parent groups and student organisations such as the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS) also engaged in anti-conscription activities.
At its peak, conscription in South Africa consisted of two years of mandatory military service, followed by camps at intervals. Under apartheid, the call-up applied to all white men after completing their schooling or further studies.
Objections against war and participation in the Apartheid State[edit]
Objections to military service and the War in Angola were generally based on the role of the military and security forces in enforcing the policy of apartheid. Although South Africa's defence forces were active against various liberation movements in Southern Africa and the frontline states (countries bordering the republic including Angola, South West Africa (now Namibia) and Mozambique), suppressing a guerrilla war, they also waged war against MPLA and Cuban forces in a conventional war at the battle of Cuito Cuanavale. The military had also become increasingly active in suppressing a civil war in South Africa's black townships.
Those who refused military service were subject to contempt from the minority white community, and left with the choice of either going underground (internal exile) fleeing the republic (external exile) or imprisonment of up to double the length of the allotted military service. Many conscripts simply went Absent Without Leave (AWOL), failed to arrive at BASICS (training) or got lost in the system.
The End Conscription Campaign, one of many anti-war movements alongside Congress of South African War Resistors (COSAWR) mobilised against the draft, promoted alternatives to military service, provided information about the situation in the townships and support to those brave enough to speak out against the war, as conscientious objectors.
Troops out of the townships[edit]
In 1985, the ECC held the "Troops out of the Townships" rally and were overwhelmingly successful in demonstrating the growing dissatisfaction within the white community, with the government of the day
The rally was preceded by a three-week fast by objectors Ivan Toms, Harold Winkler and Richard Steele.
It was announced in parliament that 7 589 conscripts failed to report for National Service in January 1985, as opposed to only 1 596 in the whole of 1984. [a] As there were two intakes annually, in January and July, this would suggest a tenfold increase in non-reportees over the previous year. An estimated additional 7 000 "draft-dodgers" were also said to be living in Europe in 1985.This campaign received as significant boost when at 1983 Durban Conference the National PFP Youth, its Western Cape Chairperson Stephen Drus ( Stephen Darori) endorsed the ECC and proposed a motion calling for Alternative to Conscription. The motion was passed unanimously.He proposed the same motion at the Annual Conference of the PFP in Cape Town a few months later which passed with little opposition.Following intense backroom negotiations between Harry Schwarz and Philip Myburg, the Defense Spokesmen of the PFP, the Nationalist Government passed an amendment that introduced a four-year Alternative to Conscription. 1452 people opted for the Alternative to Conscription between 1984 and the cancelling of Conscription in South Africa in 1993.
January 1985 and July 1985 were the first so-called "immigrant intakes" after the involuntary nationalisation of white immigrant men of a predetermined age group in November 1984. The high number of non-reportees was due to many of these immigrants opting to return to their countries of origin rather than do military service, since this opportunity was easily available to them because of their dual citizenship.
Group of 23 refuse military call-up[edit]
In 1987, a group of 23 conscientious objectors from the Universities of Cape Town and Stellenbosch, including Cameron Dugmore, then University of Cape Town Students Representative Council Chairperson and Jonathan Handler, South African Union of Jewish Students (SAUJS) Chairperson, refused to do military service in the South African Defense Force. Handlers' objection was based upon the notion of an "Unjust War" as opposed to the Pacifist position held by many Christian students.
ECC banning[edit]
The organisation was banned in August 1988 under emergency regulations. In a press statement Adriaan Vlok, then Minister of Law and Order said: "The changes posed by the activities of the End Conscription Campaign to the safety of the public, the maintenance of public order and the termination of the State of Emergency, leave no other choice than to act against the ECC and to prohibit the organisation from continuing any activities or acts."
The same month, an issue of an alternative newspaper, the Weekly Mail, was confiscated by security police, "on the grounds that it had covered, and therefore promoted, opposition to conscription." News coverage included a cartoon, an advertisement from War Resisters International, and "a report on 143 men who stated they would never serve in the South African Defence Force."[4]
As a result of the banning of the ECC and confiscation of the Weekly Mail, protests at the University of Cape Town (UCT) and other campuses were held. According to Grassroots, a crowd of 3000 UCT students marched on campus after a meeting condemning the banning.[5] The paper said, "government fears losing control of white youth. This is the message sent by the banning of the ECC under emergency regulations...the ECC pointed out that there is a civil war in our country, and that the SADF is being used against fellow South Africans....ECC's growing influence, led PW Botha and Magnus Malan to close it down. They fear that the message of the ECC will undermine apartheid's defence force."[6] After the End Conscription Campaign was banned, hundreds of white South African war resisters refused the call-up, and conscription into the War in Angola and Civil War raging in South Africa's Black Townships continued. Some dodged the draft, others fled the country, some stood-up and faced the consequences for what they believed. None were ever given recognition by either the South African government or the newly elected democracy.[citation needed]
Shortening of conscription[edit]
In 1989, conscription was reduced from two years to one year, and during the negotiations to end apartheid from 1990 to 1994, it was less rigorously enforced. A Kairos campaign against conscription was the 1989 Campaign focussing on the End Conscription Campaign with participation of Alistair Teeling Smith, Rob Watson and Mandy Tailor. Saul Batzofin, 27, a member of the End Conscription Campaign, was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment in 1989 for refusing to serve in the South African Defence Force. After he had completed his sentence he later told the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that he wanted to apply for amnesty to clear his criminal record. Although he was proud to have been a conscientious objector, the record caused difficulties with visa applications for foreign countries.
During September 1989, thirty Stellenbosch conscientious objectors joined more than 700 listed COs nationwide by publicly refusing to do military service. The National Registry of Conscientious Objectors was also launched.[7]
End of conscription[edit]
On 24 August 1993 Minister of Defence Kobie Coetsee announced the end of conscription. In 1994 there would be no more call-ups for the one-year initial training. But although conscription was suspended it was not entirely abandoned. Indeed, in January 1994 for the first time there was no call-up for initial training, but at the same time conscripts who had already undergone training could be subject to "camp" call-ups, as they were technically subject to military law rather than civilian law. Actually "camp" call-ups reached record proportions over the period of the April 1994 elections, and for the first time in history the ECC called on conscripts to consider these call-ups to be different from previous call-ups.
(However, as of 2015 : An ANC-led alliance has reportedly begun pushing for the return of military conscription to the country, in a bid to contain youth unemployment and also instill discipline, patriotism and volunteerism into young people from the ages of 18. ANC secretary general Gwede Mantashe has stated he would support the reintroduction of conscription, saying the country moved away from the system “too soon”. Although reintroducing conscription may go against the spirit of the Constitution, Mantashe said “the country must do what it needs to do for the country to work”. The draft plan still needs to be approved, but if so, young South Africans may be forced to attend a compulsory military programme as soon as 2016.)[8]
Conscription moratorium[edit]
Until the August 1994 moratorium on prosecutions for not responding to call-ups, several of those who did not respond to "camp" call-ups were fined. After the first multi-racial election in 1994, conscription has no longer applied in South Africa and the civilian draft has been exchanged for a professional standing army. However, conscripts who failed to report for duty, still faced prosecution under South Africa's Defence Act. An amendment to the act promulgated in 2002 allows for absentee members of the SANDF to be regarded as discharged from official duty.
Absent without leave[edit]
3 Section 59(3) of the Defence Act determines that: A member of the Regular Force absent from official duty without permission of their commanding officer for more than thirty days is regarded as having been dismissed if an officer, or discharged if of other rank, for misconduct with effect from the day immediately following the day of attendance to duty or last day of official leave, but the Chief of the Defence Force may, with good cause, authorise reinstatement of such conditions as they determine.
According to a Department of Defence bulletin, dated 10 July 2003, "In essence, this means that if a member has absented himself or herself for a continuous period of thirty days, he or she is automatically discharged from the SANDF. It is therefore no longer necessary to approach the Minister of Defence for such a dismissal or discharge, as the individual will effect their own discharge if absent thirty days without permission. Should a member wish to be reinstated in the SANDF, he or she should approach the Chief of the SANDF with sound reasons why he or she was absent without permission."[9]
Forces Favourites and musicians against conscription[edit]
In 1986, Shifty Records released Forces Favourites in conjunction with the ECC. Named after a radio programme for sending greetings to the troops fighting on the "border" - the frontline of the Angolan campaign.
The ironically titled Forces Favourites compilation features some of the strongest political songs of the time.
"Pambere" - Mapantsula
"National Madness" - Aeroplanes
"Potential Mutiny" - Stan James
"Numbered Again" - The Facts
"Shot Down In The Streets" - Cherry Faced Lurchers
"Don't Dance" - Kalahari Surfers
"Whitey" - The Softies
"Don't Believe" - In Simple English
"Too Much Resistance" - Nude Red
"Spaces Tell Stories" - Roger Lucey
"Suburban Hum" - Jennifer Ferguson
Counter-operations against the ECC[edit]
Many ECC members were subject to persecution. During 1986 98 members were detained, and others subjected to systematic harassment and intimidation. Meetings, publications and activities of the organisation were banned. Disinformation, death threats, fire-bombings, assaults, break-ins, and anonymous counter-propaganda against the organisation was commonplace. Evidence in a Cape Town court in 1988 revealed that the SADF itself had been running a disinformation campaign against the ECC.[10]
Political and military figures adopted varying and sometimes contradictory methods and messages to try and contain the threat of conscientious objection. National Party politicians characterised ECC activists as naive, malevolent in intent, in league with 'communist revolutionaries' and also as sexually deviant (i.e. homosexual) and cowardly. However, there is evidence that sentencing magistrates and even state prosecutors came to admire objectors for their stand.[11]
Psychiatric oppression and the ECC[edit]
In order to get out of forced conscription into the SADF, many conscripts allowed themselves to be labeled as mentally ill, sick, or incapable of carrying a weapon. The price was incarcaration in one of South Africa's psychiatric facilities. Instances of psychiatric abuse of conscripts who refused national service have also been recorded. The cases of conscripts who ended up in mental hospitals are in the process of being documented by groups such as MindFreedom International.
See also[edit]
Cape Town Peace March
Committee on South African War Resistance
Conscientious objection throughout the world
South African Border War
South African resistance to war
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)
List of anti-war organizations
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ At Ease, ECC newsletter, May 1986, cited in Cock, 1991, pg81[3]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Callister 2008.
Jump up ^ Conway 2008a, pp. 75–93.
Jump up ^ Cock 1991, p. 81.
Jump up ^ Merrett & Saunders 2000, pp. 473–.
Jump up ^ Grassroots, August 1988
Jump up ^ Grassroots, August 1988
Jump up ^ Argus, Thursday 21, September 1989
Jump up ^ "Army conscription may return in South Africa: report". businesstech.co.za. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 2016-09-17.
Jump up ^ Department of Defence Bulletin, 10 July 2003: No 43/03
Jump up ^ Cock 1991, p. 88.
Jump up ^ Conway 2008.
References[edit]
Cock, Jacklyn (1991). Colonels & cadres: war & gender in South Africa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-570706-9.
Conway, Daniel (June 2008). "The Masculine State in Crisis: State Response to War Resistance in Apartheid South Africa". Men and Masculinities. 10 (4): 422–439. doi:10.1177/1097184X07306742.
Conway, Daniel (2008a). ‘Somewhere on the Border – of Credibility’: The Cultural Construction and Contestation of ‘the Border’ in White South African Society (PDF). Pretoria: University of South Africa Press. pp. 75–93.
Callister, Graeme (11 February 2008). "Compliance, Compulsion and Contest: Aspects of Military Conscript in South Africa, 1952-1994" (PDF). University of Stellenbosch. [permanent dead link]
Merrett, Christopher; Saunders, Christopher (2000). "The Weekly Mail: 1985 - 1994". In Les Switzer & Mohamed Adhikari. South Africa's Resistance Press: Alternative Voices in the Last Generation Under Apartheid. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-89680-213-1.
Further reading[edit]
Out of Step; War Resistance in South Africa. CIIR, 1987
Daniel Conway (2013). "Stop the Call-Up: Masculinities, Militarisation and the End Conscription Campaign: War Resistance in Apartheid South Africa". Agenda: Empowering women for gender equity. 27 (1). doi:10.1080/10130950.2013.778624.
Edlmann, Theresa (2012). "Division in the (Inner) Ranks: The Psychosocial Legacies of the Border Wars". South African Historical Journal. 64 (2): 256–272. doi:10.1080/02582473.2012.661450. ISSN 0258-2473.
Baines, Gary (27 February 2014). South Africa's 'Border War': Contested Narratives and Conflicting Memories. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4725-0824-9.
Phillips, Merran Willis (25 August 2009). "The End Conscription Campaign, 1983-1988: a study of white extra-parliamentary opposition to apartheid". uir.unisa.ac.za. Retrieved 2014-09-06.
Conway, Daniel (2012). Masculinities, Militarisation and the End Conscription Campaign: War Resistance in Apartheid South Africa. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8320-4.
"Ivan Toms, 'bravest of the brave', dies in Cape Town". Mail & Guardian. 25 March 2008. Archived from the original on 1 April 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
External links[edit]
Kairos collection documents about conscription in South Africa
War Resisters International
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Boulevard of Broken Dreams (Green Day song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams"
Single by Green Day
from the album American Idiot
Released
November 29, 2004
Format
7"
CD
digital download
Recorded
November 2003
Genre
Alternative rock
Length
4:20
Label
Reprise
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Billie Joe Armstrong
Mike Dirnt
Tré Cool
Producer(s)
Rob Cavallo
Green Day
Green Day singles chronology
"American Idiot"
(2004) "Boulevard of Broken Dreams"
(2004) "Holiday"
(2005)
"American Idiot"
(2004) "Boulevard of Broken Dreams"
(2004) "Holiday"
(2005)
Alternative cover
Alternate single cover
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" is a song by American punk rock band Green Day, recorded for their seventh studio album American Idiot (2004). Reprise Records released "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" as the second single from American Idiot. The song's lyrics were written by lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong, and composed by the band. Production was handled by Rob Cavallo and Green Day. "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" remains one of Green Day's signature songs.
The song speaks from the point of view of American Idiot's main character, Jesus of Suburbia, and is a moderate midtempo song characterized by somber and bleak lyrics. This is in contrast to the previous track on the album, "Holiday", which illustrates Jesus of Suburbia's high of being in The City. MTV's Green Day Makes a Video described "Holiday" as a party, and "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" as the subsequent hangover.
The song was ranked the number one on Rolling Stone's Reader's Choice: Singles of the Decade list in 2009 and number 65 on the 100 Best Songs of the Decade list in the same year. It has sold over 2 million copies in the United States as of 2010.[1] The single peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100, behind "Candy Shop" by 50 Cent and Olivia, making it Green Day's most successful song in the United States. The song was the ninth-highest-selling single of the 2000–2009 decade with worldwide sales exceeding 5 million copies.[2]
As of 2017, "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" remains to be the only song in history to win both the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Critical reception
4 Chart performance
5 Music video
6 In popular culture
6.1 Covers
6.2 Usage in media
7 Track listing
8 Charts and certifications
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
8.3 Certifications
9 References
10 External links
Background
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" was written during a respite from pre-production on what would become the band's seventh album, American Idiot. Hoping to clear his head and develop new ideas for songs, Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong traveled to New York City alone for a few weeks, renting a small loft in the East Village of Manhattan.[3] He spent much of this time taking long walks and participating in jam sessions in the basement of Hi-Fi, a bar in Manhattan.[4] He began socializing with songwriters Ryan Adams and Jesse Malin.[5]
Armstrong wrote the song about his time in New York City, about "feeling alone" and trying to take power from that fact.[6] Armstrong felt the song fit nicely with the album's storyline, which is about "going away and getting the hell out, while at the same time fighting their own inner demons."[5] The song's title is from a James Dean poster in which he is walking through New York with an overcoat on.[6]
Composition
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams"
Green Day's "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" from American Idiot.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" is set in common time and composed in the key of F minor, like "Holiday", its prelude. The opening features an electric guitar with tremolo playing the verse progression, which is a i–III–VII–IV progression (Fm–A♭–E♭–B♭). The song's distinct tremolo effect on the opening guitar was achieved by digitally manipulating the recording in ProTools. It was difficult to produce, as it needed to remain in sync with the song's tempo.[7] Armstrong added tracks of acoustic guitar-playing to augment his electric guitar rhythms and Cool's drumming.[8] Billie Joe's vocals begin, accompanied by acoustic guitar. The bass and drums enter after the first two lines. The pre chorus features a memorable lead guitar melody before seguing into the distorted chorus. The chorus contains a VI–III–VII–i power chord progression (D♭5–A♭5–E♭5–Fm 5), ending on a C5 power chord vamp. The solo following the second chorus follows the verse progression while the outro follows a heavily distorted i–VI–VII–iv power chord progression (Fm–D♭–E♭–B♭5–A♭–C).
Critical reception
Noel Gallagher of Oasis criticized Green Day in late 2006, saying, "They should have the decency to wait until I am dead [before stealing my songs]. I, at least, pay the people I steal from that courtesy,"[9] referencing the fact that "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" uses the same chord progression as Oasis's hit single "Wonderwall". Gallagher's reaction may have partly been due to the emergence of "Boulevard of Broken Songs", a popular mash-up mixed by San Francisco DJ and producer Party Ben in late 2004. The mix consisted of elements from "Boulevard of Broken Dreams", "Wonderwall", Travis' "Writing to Reach You" and Eminem's "Sing for the Moment", which itself has samples from Aerosmith's "Dream On".
In response to Hurricane Katrina and the popularity of "Boulevard of Broken Dreams", Green Day donated all of the iTunes proceeds from this song for the year to the American Red Cross for Katrina aid efforts.
Chart performance
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" was named Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards of 2006. The song's broad appeal was demonstrated by its performance on several Billboard singles charts: it spent 14 weeks at number one on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart staying there for 38 weeks, 16 weeks at number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart staying for 32 weeks, 11 weeks at number one on the Adult Top 40 chart staying at 44 weeks, and 4 weeks at number one on the Mainstream Top 40 staying there for 26 weeks. This was the first song to top the 4 charts altogether making this song a multi-chart success. It reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100, staying there for five weeks behind 50 Cent's "Candy Shop". This was also the first Green Day song to reach the Adult Contemporary chart, peaking at number 30 and though "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" didn't chart on the Adult Contemporary, it did chart on its recurrent chart.
Music video
The award-winning music video for "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" was directed by Samuel Bayer. The music videos for "Holiday" and "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" were filmed with a single, continuous storyline—the video for "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" picks up where "Holiday" has left off, with the last few seconds of "Holiday" audible at the start of the "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" video. The video depicts the band members after their car has stalled in the desert, and they begin a melancholy walk down a dusty road. Scenes are interspersed with film footage, taken from around Los Angeles, of homeless people and other miserable sights. The video also features performance footage of the band playing the song in an abandoned warehouse.
The video features a 1968 green Mercury Monterey convertible that was modified for filming in the "Holiday" and "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" videos. The car features a hood ornament in the shape of the hand and heart grenade image from the American Idiot album cover, which was also used in the video for "Holiday". But the "iron fist" was actually used in the video for "Walking Contradiction", when the band members meet at a car towards the end of the video. The band's name is also on the front of the hood in silver letters. The band rode this car to the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards ceremony. As shown in an MTV Making the Video special, Bayer used unorthodox techniques to achieve the aged look of the "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" video, including using rear projection (as opposed to green screen) and physical damaging the negative: scratching the film with razor blades, pouring coffee on it, and smudging cigarettes on it.
The video won six awards at the MTV Video Music Awards in 2005, most notably for Video of the Year. It also won Best Group Video, Best Rock Video, Best Direction, Best Editing, and Best Cinematography.
In popular culture
Covers
This song was covered by Japanese-American singer Hikaru Utada acoustically with a guitar during an internet broadcast in December 2005; a video of it can be found. "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" is sung first and then fades into "Passion" (After the Battle version) from the Kingdom Hearts II original soundtrack.
A Gottfried Helnwein painting titled "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" features James Dean, Marilyn Monroe, and other celebrities, and is a spoof of the famous Edward Hopper painting Nighthawks. In the 2005 VH1 Storytellers program featuring Green Day, Billie Joe Armstrong stated that the title of the song was "nicked" from Helnwein's painting; however, Armstrong was apparently referring to a different Helnwein painting featuring James Dean.[10][11]
A live version of the song can be found on Bullet in a Bible, the 2005 live album of Green Day performing on June 19 that year at the Milton Keynes National Bowl.
Bluegrass band Cornbread Red did a cover of the song on a tribute album to Green Day Pickin' on Green Day, while the German choir Gregorian did a cover, on their Masters of Chant Chapter V album, in the style of a Gregorian Chant.
Mark Mallman covered this song on his MP3-only compilation release Outtakes Vol 1.
The song is also featured in Green Day's musical American Idiot, sung on the cast recording by John Gallagher Jr., Rebecca Naomi Jones, and the rest of the company.
Usage in media
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" is also featured in the movie trailer of Lords of Dogtown (2005), starring Heath Ledger, Emile Hirsch and John Robinson. In an episode of the MTV series When I Was 17, Ashley Fink reveals that "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" was a favorite song of hers. The song was sung by Dwight Shrute and Andy Bernard in the episode "Secret Santa" of the sixth season of The Office.
Track listing
CD 1
No.
Title
Length
1. "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" 4:21
2. "Letterbomb" (live) 3:58
CD 2
No.
Title
Length
1. "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" 4:21
2. "American Idiot" (live) 4:12
3. "She's a Rebel" (live) 2:03
Card Sleeve CD
No.
Title
Length
1. "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" 4:21
2. "Letterbomb" (live) 3:57
7" picture disc
Side A
No.
Title
Length
1. "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" 4:21
Side B
No.
Title
Length
1. "Letterbomb" (live) 3:58
Note
Live tracks were recorded on September 21, 2004 at the Irving Plaza in New York City.
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Chart (2004–05)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[12] 5
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[13] 8
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[14] 4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[15] 3
Brazil (ABPD)[16] 3
Czech Republic (IFPI)[17] 1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[18] 8
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[19] 16
France (SNEP)[20] 19
Germany (Official German Charts)[21] 13
Ireland (IRMA)[22] 2
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[23] 34
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[24] 5
Norway (VG-lista)[25] 4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[26] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[27] 12
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[22] 5
US Billboard Hot 100[28] 2
US Billboard Pop 100[29] 1
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[30] 1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[31] 30
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[32] 1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[33] 1
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[34] 1
Year-end charts
Chart (2004)
Position
UK Singles Chart[35] 99
Chart (2005)
Position
Australian Singles Chart[36] 31
Austrian Singles Chart[37] 36
European Hot 100 Singles[38] 26
Hungarian Airplay Chart[39] 4
Swedish Singles Chart[40] 24
Swiss Singles Chart[41] 54
UK Singles Chart[42] 88
US Billboard Hot 100[43] 7
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[44]
Platinum 70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[45]
Platinum 80,000^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[46]
Gold 7,500^
Germany (BVMI)[47]
Gold 150,000^
Italy (FIMI)[48]
Gold 25,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[49]
Silver 200,000^
United States (RIAA)[50]
Gold 500,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
References
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (January 20, 2010). "Chart Watch: Week Ending Jan. 17, 2010: 21 Million Lady Gaga Fans Can't Be Wrong". Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Biggest Selling Singles Since The Year 2000". Yahoo. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-28.
Jump up ^ Spitz, 2006. pg. 150
Jump up ^ Spitz, 2006. pg. 151
^ Jump up to: a b Winwood 2010, p. 50.
^ Jump up to: a b "International Superhits". Kerrang!. London: Bauer Media Group (1061): 52–53. June 18, 2005. ISSN 0262-6624.
Jump up ^ DiPerna 2005, p. 29.
Jump up ^ DiPerna 2005, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Goodman, Elizabeth (December 20, 2006). "Noel Gallagher Turns Loathing of Green Day Into Personal Pastime". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 17, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Helnwein, Gottfried. "Gottfried Helnwein | NEWS | News Update | Helnwein's Boulevard of Broken Dreams". www.helnwein.com. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
Jump up ^ "'Boulevard Of Broken Dreams' by Green Day". Songfacts. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ musicserver.cz: Coldplay se snažili, Čechomor ale nepoložili
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Green Day: Boulevard of Broken Dreams" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Green Day Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
^ Jump up to: a b "Green Day - Boulevard Of Broken Dreams". acharts.com. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Green Day search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ Green Day at AllMusic
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Alternative Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Adult Contemporary)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Pop Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Mainstream Rock)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "UK Year-End Chart 2004" (pdf). The Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2005". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 2014-12-11. Retrieved 2011-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Austrian Year-end singles for 2005" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Archived from the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Year End European Hot 100 Singles Chart 2005 01 – 2005 52" (PDF). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mahasz Rádiós TOP 100 2005" (in Hungarian). Association of Hungarian Record Companies. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Årslista Singlar – År 2005" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 2013-03-12. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Swiss Year-end singles chart for 2006". Swiss Music Charts. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
Jump up ^ "UK Year-End Chart 2005" (pdf). The Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Billboard – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2005". Billboard. Retrieved 2011-04-04.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2005 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "Guld og platin november/december/januar" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. Archived from the original on January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Green Day; 'Boulevard of Broken Dreams')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Boulevard of Broken Dreams in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Green Day – Boulevard of Broken Dreams". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Pain" by Jimmy Eat World Billboard Modern Rock Tracks number-one single
December 11, 2004 – March 26, 2005 Succeeded by
"E-Pro" by Beck
Preceded by
"Vitamin R (Leading Us Along)" by Chevelle Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks number-one single
January 1 – April 2, 2005 Succeeded by
"Be Yourself" by Audioslave
Preceded by
"Give a Little Bit" by Goo Goo Dolls Billboard Adult Top 40 number-one single
February 26 – May 7, 2005 Succeeded by
"Lonely No More" by Rob Thomas
Preceded by
"1,2 Step" by Ciara featuring Missy Elliott Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one single
March 5–26, 2005 Succeeded by
"Since U Been Gone" by Kelly Clarkson
Preceded by
"1, 2 Step" by Ciara Billboard Pop 100 number-one single
February 19 – March 19, 2005 Succeeded by
"Since U Been Gone" by Kelly Clarkson
[show]
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Indian general election, 1951–52
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Indian general election, 1951
← 1945 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 1957 →
All 489 seats in the Lok Sabha
245 seats were needed for a majority
First party
Second party
Leader
Jawaharlal Nehru Shripad Amrit Dange
Party
INC CPI
Leader's seat
Phulpur Bombay City North
Seats won
364 16
Popular vote
47,665,875 3,484,401
Percentage
44.99% 3.29%
Prime Minister before election
Jawaharlal Nehru
INC
Subsequent Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru
INC
The Indian general election of 1951–52 elected the first Lok Sabha since India became independent in August 1947.[1][2][3] Until this point, the Indian Constituent Assembly had served as an interim legislature. See the 'Durations' section below to find the time-range associated with these elections.
The Indian National Congress (INC) won a landslide victory, winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45% of the total votes polled. This was over four times as many votes as the second-largest party. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country. In the first Lok Sabha polls held in 1951, India had around 173 million voters, out of an overall population of about 360 million.[4] Voter turnout was 45.7%.[5] In the 1952 Indian general election, Ravi Narayana Reddy from Telangana stood for the People's Democratic Front, (a pseudonym for the banned Communist Party of India), and polled more votes than Jawaharlal Nehru and also the first one entering in the parliament in independent India.
Contents
[hide]
1 Parties
2 Constituencies
3 Results
4 Notable losses
5 Government formation
6 Duration
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Parties[edit]
Before Independent India went to the polls, two former cabinet colleagues of Nehru established separate political parties to challenge the INC's supremacy. While Shyama Prasad Mookerjee went on to found the Jana Sangh in October 1951, Dalit leader Dr. B. R. Ambedkar revived the Scheduled Castes Federation (which was later named the Republican Party). Other parties which started coming to the forefront included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Parishad, whose prime mover was Acharya Kripalani; the Socialist Party, which had Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan's leadership to boast of; and the Communist Party of India. However, these smaller parties were unable to make an electoral stand against the Indian National Congress.
Constituencies[edit]
The first general elections, which were conducted for 489 seats in 401 constituencies, represented 25 Indian states. At that time, there were 314 constituencies with one seat, 86 with two seats and one with three seats.[6] The multi-seat constituencies were abolished in the 1960s. There were also 2 nominated Anglo-Indian members.
Results[edit]
Party
Abbr.
Votes
%
Seats
Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ABHM 0.95 4
Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad RRP 1.97 3
Bharatiya Jana Sangh BJS 3,246,288 3.06 3
Bolshevik Party of India BPI 0.02 0
Communist Party of India CPI 3,484,401 3.29 16
Forward Bloc (Marxist) FB(M) 0.91 1
Forward Bloc (Ruiker) FB(R) 0.13 0
Indian National Congress INC 47,665,875 44.99 364
Krishikar Lok Party KLP 1.41 1
Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party KMPP 6,156,558 5.79 9
Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Tagore) RCPI 0.06 0
Revolutionary Socialist Party RSP 0.44 3
Scheduled Caste Federation SCF 2.38 2
Socialist Party SP 11,266,779 10.59 12
All India Republican Party REP 0.04 0
All India Republican Party RPP 0.05 0
All India United Kisan Sabha UKS 0.06 0
All Manipur National Union AMNU 0.02 0
All People's Party APP 0.03 0
Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party CNSPJP 0.22 1
Cochin Party CP 0.01 0
Commonweal Party CWP 0.31 3
Ganatantra Parishad GP 0.91 6
Gandhi Sebak Seva GSS 0.01 0
Hill Peoples Party HPP 0.02 0
Historical Research HR 0.00 0
Hyderabad State Praja Party HSPP 0.01 0
Jharkhand Party JKP 0.71 3
Justice Party JP 0.06 0
Kamgar Kisan Paksha KKP 0.13 0
Kerala Socialist Party KSP 0.1 0
Khasi-Jaintia Durbar KJD 0.03 0
Kisan Janata Sanyukta Party KJSP 0.01 0
Kisan Mazdoor Mandal KMM 0.01 0
Kuki National Association KNA 0.01 0
Lok Sevak Sangh LSS 0.29 2
Madras State Muslim League Party MSMLP 0.08 1
National Party of India NPI 0.00 0
Peasants and Workers Party of India PWPI 0.94 2
Peoples Democratic Front PDF 1.29 7
Praja Party PP 0.02 0
Punjab Depressed Class League PDCL 0.01 0
Pursharathi Panchayat PURP 0.01 0
Revolutionary Socialist Party (Uttar Pradesh) RSP(UP) 0.02 0
Shiromani Akali Dal SAD 0.99 4
S.K. Paksha SKP 0.13 0
Saurashtra Khedut Sangh SKS 0.03 0
Tamil Nadu Toilers Party TNTP 0.84 4
Tamil Nadu Congress Party TNCP 0.03 0
Tribal Sangha TS 0.11 0
Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress Party TTNC 0.11 1
Uttar Pradesh Praja Party UPP 0.2 0
Zamindar Party ZP 0.27 0
Independents 16,817,910 15.9 37
Nominated Anglo-Indians – – 2
Total 105,944,495 100 489
Notable losses[edit]
Scheduled Caste leader B. R. Ambedkar was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) (reserved seat) constituency as Scheduled Castes Federation candidate by his little-known former assistant and Congress Candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 1,38,137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 1,23,576 votes.[7]:156 Dr Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a Rajya Sabha member. He contested by-poll from Bhandara in 1954 to try to enter Lok Sabha but again lost to Mr Borkar of Congress.
Acharya Kripalani lost from Faizabad in UP as KMPP candidate, but his wife Sucheta Kripalani defeated the Congress candidate Manmohini Sahgal in Delhi.[8]
Government formation[edit]
The Speaker of the first Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar. The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings (3,784 hours), the highest recorded count of the number of sittings. The Lok Sabha lasted its full term from 17 April 1952 until 4 April 1957.
Duration[edit]
While Indian Government's official websites and official documents assign the year 1951 to these polls, it is a misrepresentation because all territories except Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir voted in February–March 1952; no polls were held for Lok Sabha seats in Kashmir until 1967, and only Himachal Pradesh voted in 1951 for the first Lok Sabha because weather tends to be inclement in February and March, heavy snow impending free movement.[9] The rest of the India voted only in February–March 1952 for the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections. Polling was held between 25 October 1951 and 27 March 1952. The very first votes of the election were cast in the tehsil (district) of Chini in Himachal Pradesh.[7]
See also[edit]
Election Commission of India
Indian presidential election, 1952
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha Results 1951-52". Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951-52" (PDF). Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951-52" (PDF). Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ India has nearly 83 crore voters: Brahma
Jump up ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 572 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
Jump up ^ "General Election of India 1951, List of Successful Candidate" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Ramachandra Guha (2008). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9.
Jump up ^ David Gilmartin (2014). "Chapter 5: The paradox of patronage and the people's sovereignty". In Anastasia Pivliavsky. Patronage as Politics in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1-107-05608-4.
Jump up ^ India's first voter in Himachal Pradesh, by Gautam Dhmeer, in the Deccan Herald; published 30 October 2012; retrieved 7 April 2014
Further reading[edit]
Guha, Ramachandra. "Democracy's Biggest Gamble," World Policy Journal, (Spring 2002) 19#1 pp. 95–103
[hide]
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See also: Elections in Andhra Pradesh
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This page was last edited on 21 January 2018, at 17:54.
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values: ভাৰতৰ সাধাৰণ নিৰ্বাচন, ১৯৫১ – Assamese

values: ভারতের সাধারণ নির্বাচন, ১৯৫১ – Bangla

values: Parlamentswahl in Indien 1951–1952 – German

values: Élections législatives indiennes de 1951-1952 – French

values: भारतीय आम चुनाव, १९५१-१९५२ – Hindi

values: ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀਆਂ ਆਮ ਚੋਣਾਂ 1951 – Punjabi

values: بھارت دیاں عامَ چوناں 1951 – Western Punjabi

values: Alegeri generale în India, 1951 – Romanian

values: இந்தியப் பொதுத் தேர்தல், 1951 – Tamil

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