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School prayer
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School prayer, in the context of religious liberty, is state-sanctioned or mandatory prayer by students in public schools. Depending on the country and the type of school, state-sponsored prayer may be required, permitted, or prohibited. Countries which prohibit or limit school prayer often differ in their reasons for doing so: In the United States, school prayer cannot be required of students in accordance with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. In Canada, school-sponsored prayer is disallowed under the concept of Freedom of conscience as outlined in the Canadian Charter on Rights & Fundamental Freedoms. School-sponsored prayer is disallowed in France as a byproduct of its status as a laïcist (religiously neutral) nation. Countries that allow or require school and other state-sponsored prayer include Greece, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Australia, Italy and the United Kingdom.
Contents
1 Countries that prohibit school-sponsored prayer
1.1 United States
1.1.1 School prayer prior to 1962
1.1.2 A Turning Point: The "Regents' Prayer" and Engel v. Vitale
1.1.3 1963 and after
1.1.4 Controversy
1.2 Canada
1.2.1 British Columbia
1.2.2 Ontario
1.2.3 Russow v. British Columbia
1.3 France
1.4 Turkey
2 Countries that permit school-sponsored prayer
2.1 United Kingdom
3 Ongoing debate
3.1 Arguments for and against school prayer
3.2 "Moment of silence"
4 See also
5 References
Countries that prohibit school-sponsored prayer[edit]
United States[edit]
Main articles: Education in the United States and Religion in the United States
In the United States, public schools are banned from conducting religious observances such as prayer. The legal basis for this prohibition is the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which requires that
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...
The first part of the amendment ("Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion") is known as the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, while the second part ("or prohibiting the free exercise thereof") is known as the Free Exercise Clause.
Though each of these clauses originally applied only to the central US government, the Fourteenth Amendment extended the scope of the entire First Amendment to all levels of government, including the state level,[1] thus compelling states and their subject schools to adopt an equally detached approach to religion in schools.
School prayer prior to 1962[edit]
In the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, it was common practice for public schools to open with an oral prayer or Bible reading.[2][not in citation given] Catholics would sometimes object to the distinct Protestant observations performed in the local schools. For instance, in the Edgerton Bible Case (Weiss v. District Board (1890)), the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled in favor of Catholics who objected to the use of the King James Bible in Wisconsin public schools. This ruling was based on the state constitution and only applied in Wisconsin.
A Turning Point: The "Regents' Prayer" and Engel v. Vitale[edit]
The media and popular culture often erroneously credit atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair with removing school prayer from US public schools, when the case against recitation of the Lord's Prayer in Baltimore schools was decided by the Supreme Court in 1963. A more significant case had reached the Supreme Court one year prior, suddenly changing the legal climate for school prayer in the US.[3]
In 1955, the New York Board of Regents developed a prayer recommended (but not required) for the school districts under its purview. The prayer was relatively short: "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence on Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country."[1][4] The board stated that the prayer would "combat juvenile delinquency and counter the spread of Communism."[4]
Seven years later, Steven I. Engel, a Jew, was upset to see his son’s hands clasped and his head bent in prayer. He told his son that this was “not the way we say prayers.” Engel, a founding member of the New York Civil Liberties Union, brought action along with Daniel Lichtenstein, Monroe Lerner, Lenore Lyons, and Lawrence Roth, all parents of children in the Long Island, New York public school system, against Union Free School District No. 9 for its adoption and subsequent prescription of the so-called "Regent's prayer", arguing that it constituted the state-sponsored establishment of religion in violation of citizens’ First Amendment rights via the Fourteenth Amendment.[5]
Use of the Regent's prayer was initially upheld in both New York State Court and in the New York Court of Appeals, prompting Engels to petition the US Supreme Court in the Engel v. Vitale case in 1962. With its 8–1 vote to make public recitation of the Regents' Prayer in public schools unlawful, the U.S. Supreme Court made its first-ever decision on prayer in public schools. It made its second in 1963—the Abington School District v. Schempp ruling, which made the corporate reading of the Bible and recitation of the Lord's Prayer unlawful in public schools.[3]
1963 and after[edit]
In these two landmark decisions, Engel v. Vitale (1962) and Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), the Supreme Court established what is now the current prohibition on state-sponsored prayer in US schools. While the Engel decision held that the promulgation of an official state-school prayer stood in violation of the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause (thus overruling the New York Courts’ decisions), Abington held that Bible readings and other public school-sponsored religious activities were prohibited.[6] Madalyn Murray's lawsuit, Murray v. Curlett, contributed to the removal of compulsory Bible reading from the public schools of the United States, and has had lasting and significant effects.
Until the lawsuit, it was commonplace for students to participate in many types of religious activities while at school, including religious instruction itself. Nonreligious students were compelled to participate in such activities and were not usually given any opportunity to opt out. The Murray suit was combined with an earlier case, so the Court might have acted without Murray's intervention. With the success of the lawsuit, the intent of the Constitution with regard to the relationship between church and state again came under critical scrutiny and has remained there to this day. While students do continue to pray in public schools, even in organized groups such as "See You at the Pole", the lawsuit disallowed schools from including prayer as a compulsory activity required of every student. The success of O'Hair's lawsuit led to subsequent lawsuits by Mormon and Catholic families in Texas in 2000 to limit compulsory prayer at school-sponsored football games.
Following these two cases came the Court's decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), a ruling that established the Lemon test for religious activities within schools. The Lemon test states that, in order to be constitutional under the Establishment Clause, any practice sponsored within state-run schools (or other public state-sponsored activities) must adhere to the following three criteria:[7]
Have a secular purpose;
Must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and
Must not result in an excessive entanglement between government and religion.
Controversy[edit]
Reactions to Engel and Abington were widely negative, and many school districts and states have attempted to reestablish school-sponsored prayer in different forms since 1962.[8] Since the 1990s, controversy in the courts has tended to revolve around prayer at school-sponsored extracurricular activities. Examples can be seen in the cases of Lee v. Weisman (1992) and Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. Doe (2000), where public prayers at graduation ceremonies and those conducted via public address system prior to high school games (at state school facilities before a school-gathered audience) were, respectively, ruled unconstitutional.
Despite their attempts to present a clear stance on school-sponsored religious activity, Engel, Abington, and the cases for which these serve as precedent are cited by some proponents of school prayer as evidence of a contradiction between the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses.[9] While the Establishment Clause proscribes the state sponsorship of religion, the Free Exercise Clause forbids state interference in individual religious exercise. Where a state entity moves to accommodate the right to individual religious expression under the latter clause, opponents of that "expression" may cite such accommodation as state "promotion" of one religious activity over another.[10] Regarding the Free Exercise Clause, the courts have consistently stated that students' setting forth of religious views through prayer cannot be forbidden unless such activity can be shown to cause disruption in the school, yet it remains beyond the scope of the state to require such practice.[11] Thus, anyone is allowed to pray in schools in the United States, as long as it is not officially sponsored by the school and it does not disrupt others from doing their work.
The United States Supreme Court: A Political and Legal Analysis discussed the results of a 1991 survey, stating that: "The Court's school prayer decisions were, and still are, deeply unpopular with the public, many politicians and most religions organizations. 95 percent of the population believe in God and some 60 percent belong to a religious organization. In a 1991 opinion poll, 78 percent of Americans support the reintroduction of school prayer."[12] As a result of public support for school prayer in the United States, The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States reports, "the public's support for school prayer was translated by various state legislatures into statutes aiding religious schools and practices."[13] Analysis of multiple polls since the 1970s by sociologist Philip Schwadel showed support for school prayer dipped slightly but remains popular with the majority of Americans, with a recent 2011 poll showing 65 percent support.[14]
Canada[edit]
British Columbia[edit]
Prior to 1944, in British Columbia, the Public Schools Act (1872) permitted the use of the Lord’s Prayer in opening or closing school. In 1944, the government of British Columbia amended the Public Schools Act to provide for compulsory Bible reading at the opening of the school day, to be followed by a compulsory recitation of the Lord’s Prayer. This amendment appeared as section 167 of the Public Schools Act, and read as follows:[15]
167. All public schools shall be opened by the reading, without explanation or comment, of a passage of Scripture to be selected from readings prescribed or approved by the Council of Public Instruction. The reading of the passage of Scripture shall be followed by the recitation of the Lord’s Prayer, but otherwise the schools shall be conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles. The highest morality shall be inculcated, but no religious dogma or creed shall be taught. 1948, c.42, s.167
The compulsory nature of the Bible reading and prayer recitation was slightly modified by regulations drawn up by the Council of Public Instruction. These regulations provided that either a teacher or student who has conscientious ground for objecting to the religious observances may be excused from them. The procedure to be followed in such cases was outlined in the regulations, which follow in full:
Division (15)—Scripture Readings (Section 167)
15.01 Where a teacher sends a written notice to the Board of School Trustees or official trustee by whom he is employed that he has conscientious objections to conducting the. ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord’s Prayer (as provided by Section 167 of the Public Schools Act), he shall be excused from such duty, and in such case it shall be the duty of the Board of School Trustees or official trustee concerned to arrange with the Principal to have the ceremony conducted by some other teacher in the school, or by a school trustee, or, where neither of these alternatives is possible, by one of the senior pupils of the school or by some other suitable person other than an ordained member of a religious sect or denomination.
15.02 Where the parent or guardian of any pupil attending a public school sends a written notice to the teacher of the pupil stating that for conscientious reasons he does not wish the pupil to attend the ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord’s Prayer at the opening of school, the teacher shall excuse the pupil from attendance at such ceremony and at his discretion may assign the pupil some other useful employment at school during that period, but the pupil so excused shall not be deprived of any other benefits of the school by reason of his non-attendance at the ceremony.
In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms received royal assent. Section 2 of the charter guaranteeing freedom of conscience and freedom of religion trumped Section 167 of the Public Schools Act (1872). Sixteen years later in 1996, based on precedent that would be established in Ontario (1989), required recitation of the Lord’s Prayer as outlined in the Public Schools Act would be held to violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Ontario[edit]
The challenges to Christian opening and closing exercises occurred mainly in Ontario with the crucial case being fought in The Ontario Court of Appeal in 1988.[16]
Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education (Director) The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the use of the Lord’s Prayer in opening exercises in public schools offended the Charter s. 2(a). 1988. (1988), 65 O.R. (2d) 641, 29 O.A.C. 23 (C.A.). Education regulations did not require the use of the Lord's Prayer and there was an exemption provision. The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the regulation infringed religious freedom because schools could use only the Lord's Prayer rather than a more inclusive approach. It was argued that the exemption provision effectively stigmatized children and coerced them into a religious observance which was offensive to them.
The Ontario Court of Appeal was persuaded by the argument that the need to seek exemption from Christian exercises is itself a form of religious discrimination. The judges described as insensitive the position of the respondents that it was beneficial for the minority children to confront the fact of their difference from the majority.
Russow v. British Columbia[edit]
In 1989, Joan Russow challenged, in the British Columbia Supreme Court, the Public Schools Act’s requirement that in British Columbia all public schools were to be opened with the Lord’s Prayer and a Bible reading. The argument was similar to the Zylberberg case and the result was the same: The offending words in the Public Schools Act were removed as being inconsistent with freedom of conscience and religion guarantees in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Further following the Zylberberg case to strike down use of the Lord’s Prayer in schools,[17] the British Columbia Supreme Court incorporated the Ontario Court of Appeal's decision in Zylberberg in its entirety.
From 1871 to 1989, observance of school prayer had declined.
With the unfavorable court decision, the requirement for Christian morning exercises was replaced with the following clauses found in the School Act (1996) in British Columbia.[18]
Conduct:
76 (1) All schools and Provincial schools must be conducted on strictly secular and nonsectarian principles.
(2) The highest morality must be inculcated, but no religious dogma or creed is to be – taught in a school or Provincial school.
France[edit]
As a declared 'laïque' (roughly 'religiously neutral', secular) state, France has no school prayers. Instead, public servants are advised to keep their religious faith private, and may be censured if they display it too openly. The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools goes beyond restricting prayer in schools and bans the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols by pupils in public primary and secondary schools.
Turkey[edit]
The predominantly Muslim country of Turkey is in the public sphere a strongly secular nation. In this regard, it is much like France, on whose system of laïcism its founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk modelled the rules on religion when he reformed his country in the early 20th century. School prayer is therefore unknown, and suspected religious motivations can cause serious difficulties for public servants. Despite its primarily secular stance, however, courses of religion and morals (which are dominantly Islamic) are compulsory to all students during the last years of elementary and throughout high school. In these instances, various Islamic prayers and verses are both taught and tested for.
Countries that permit school-sponsored prayer[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
Main articles: Education in the United Kingdom and Religion in the United Kingdom
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018)
In England and Wales, the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 states that all pupils in state schools must take part in a daily act of collective worship, unless their parents request that they be excused from attending.[19] The majority of these acts of collective worship are required to be "wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character", with two exceptions:
Religious schools, which should provide worship appropriate to the school's religion (although most religious schools in the UK are Christian.)
Schools where the local education authority's Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education has determined that Christian worship would not be appropriate for part or all of the school.
Despite this statutory requirement for schools to hold a daily act of collective worship, most do not. Ofsted's 2002-03 annual report, for example, stated that 80% of secondary schools were not providing daily worship for all pupils.[20]
Ongoing debate[edit]
Arguments for and against school prayer[edit]
The issue of school prayer remains contentious even where courts as diverse as those in Canada, the United States, Russia, and Poland attempt to strike a balance between religious and secular activity in state-sponsored arenas.[11] Some arguments have held that religion in schools is both an effective sociomoral tool[21][22] as well as a valuable means to psychological stability.[23] On the opposing side, others have argued that prayer has no place in a classroom where impressionable students are continually subject to influence by the majority.[16] The latter kind of claim holds that, to the extent that a public school itself promotes the majority religion, the state is guilty of coercive interference in the lives of the individual.[24]
In recent years, programs derived from yoga, a Hindu religious practice, have been introduced into public schools in the U.S. Advocates for the programs say they help children to relax and concentrate, but critics counter that the programs violate the separation of church and state.[25][26]
"Moment of silence"[edit]
Despite ongoing debate, there are some instances where religious freedom and secular stability have been temporarily balanced. In the United States, some administrations have introduced a "moment of silence" or "moment of reflection" in which a student may, if he or she wishes to, offer a silent prayer. The US Supreme Court decision in Wallace v. Jaffree (1984) held that a moment of silence in schools for the purpose of individual prayer or meditation constituted a valid application of the Free Exercise Clause, while a moment of silence for the clear intended purpose of a state-approved devotional activity constituted a violation of the Establishment Clause.[8] In this same case, the issue of school prayer was further complicated by a distinction made between a public assembly attended by participants of their own free will, and a public event where attendance is legally required. A voluntarily attended Congress may open sessions with a prayer, but schools full of public pupils may not. Here the US Supreme Court has interpreted the issue as revolving around the degree of a government’s ability to indoctrinate its citizens.[8] If it appears that participants at a state-sponsored event are more likely to influence the State itself, courts may treat prayer as "legislative prayer". If, on the other hand, the State is more likely to influence participants at its events, courts may treat prayer as "state-sponsored" prayer and thereby rule it unconstitutional.[27]
See also[edit]
Freedom of religion
Moment of silence
Madalyn Murray O'Hair
Separation of church and state
Status of religious freedom by country
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Marshall, W. P. (1999). The School Prayer Decisions. Constitutional Commentary, 16(3), 535. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Jump up ^ Edgerton Bible Case (Weiss v. District Board [1890]): case in 1890 centering around in-school prayer.
^ Jump up to: a b LAATS, ADAM. "Our Schools, Our Country: American Evangelicals, Public Schools, And The Supreme Court Decisions Of 1962 And 1963." Journal of Religious History 36.3 (2012): 319-334. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Boston, Rob. "How Five New York Families Ended Coercive Prayer In America's Public Schools." Church & State 65.6 (2012): 12. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale. (1999). Supreme Court Cases: The Dynamic Court (1930–1999), N.PAG. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Jump up ^ School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v. Schempp. (1999). Supreme Court Cases: The Dynamic Court (1930–1999), N.PAG. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman. (1999). Supreme Court Cases: The Dynamic Court (1930–1999), N.PAG. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wallace v. Jaffree. Great American Court Cases. Ed. Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda. Vol. 1: Individual Liberties. Detroit: Gale, 1999. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Sep. 2011.
Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman. Great American Court Cases. Ed. Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda. Vol. 1: Individual Liberties. Detroit: Gale, 1999. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Sep. 2011.
Jump up ^ Establishment Clause. (2006). In L. J. Fundukian & J. Wilson (Eds.), American Law Yearbook 2005 (pp. 60-64). Detroit: Gale.
^ Jump up to: a b Preface to "Does Separation of Church and State Threaten Religious Liberty?" (2003). In J. D. Torr (Ed.), Current Controversies. Civil Liberties. San Diego: Greenhaven Press.
Jump up ^ McKeever, Robert J. The United States Supreme Court: A Political and Legal Analysis. Manchester University Press. 1997. p 34.
Jump up ^ Hall, Kermit. Ely, James W. Grossman, Joel B. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press. 2005. p 1061.
Jump up ^ Jason Koebler. "Study: Catholic, Protestant Support for In-School Prayer Falls". US News & World Report.
Jump up ^ "BCCLA Position Paper Religion in public schools, 1969" Archived 2010-01-10 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 04,2006
^ Jump up to: a b *"Charter section 2(a) cases" Archived 2007-07-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 04, 2006
Jump up ^ Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education [Director], 1989, and Russow v. AG [BC], 1989)
Jump up ^ "School Act". British Columbia Revised School Statues.
Jump up ^ ""Collective Worship" and school assemblies: your rights". British Humanist Association. Archived from the original on 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Standards and Quality 2002/03". Ofsted. 2004-02-04. Archived from the original on 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
Jump up ^ There Should Be Prayer and Bible Study in Public Schools. (2009). In B. Rosenthal (Ed.), Opposing Viewpoints. Atheism. Detroit: Greenhaven Press.
Jump up ^ "The U.S. Supreme Court Should Not Limit the Role of Religion in Public Life" by Robert Bork. The U.S. Supreme Court. Margaret Haerens, Ed. Opposing Viewpoints Series. Greenhaven Press, 2010. Robert Bork, Coercing Virtue: The Worldwide Rule of Judges. Washington, DC: The AEI Press, 2003
Jump up ^ Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Lewis, C., & Barnes, L. (2008). Prayer and psychological health: A study among sixth-form pupils attending Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 11(1), 85-92.
Jump up ^ Dierenfield, B. J. (2007). "The Most Hated Woman in America": Madalyn Murray and the Crusade against School Prayer. Journal of Supreme Court History, 32(1), 62-84. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2007.00150.x.
Jump up ^ "Yoga causes controversy in public schools". Associated Press. January 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Parents, Religious Leaders Want Yoga Out of New York High School". Associated Press. October 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ School Board Meeting Prayer Ruled Unconstitutional. (2011). Education Week, 31(1), 4. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
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Continental collision
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For general context, see Plate tectonics.
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Cartoon of a tectonic collision between two continents
Continental collision is a phenomenon of the plate tectonics of Earth that occurs at convergent boundaries. Continental collision is a variation on the fundamental process of subduction, whereby the subduction zone is destroyed, mountains produced, and two continents sutured together. Continental collision is known only to occur on Earth.
Continental collision is not an instantaneous event, but may take several tens of millions of years before the faulting and folding caused by collisions stops. The collision between India and Asia has been ongoing for about 50 million years already and shows no signs of abating. Collision between East and West Gondwana to form the East African Orogen took about 100 million years from beginning (610 Ma) to end (510 Ma). Collision between Gondwana and Laurasia to form Pangea occurred in a relatively brief interval, about 50 million years long.
Contents
1 Subduction zone: the collision site
2 Deep subduction of continental crust
3 Orogeny and collapse
4 Far-field effects
5 Fossil collision zones
6 References
7 External links
Subduction zone: the collision site[edit]
The process begins as two continents (different bits of continental crust), separated across a tract of ocean (and oceanic crust), approach each other, while the oceanic crust is slowly consumed at a subduction zone. The subduction zone runs along the edge of one of the continents and dips under it, raising volcanic mountain chains at some distance behind it, such as the Andes of South America today. Subduction involves the whole lithosphere, the density of which is largely controlled by the nature of the crust it carries. Oceanic crust is thin (~6 km thick) and dense (about 3.3 g/cm³), consisting of basalt, gabbro, and peridotite. Consequently, most oceanic crust is subducted easily at an oceanic trench. In contrast, continental crust is thick (~45 km thick) and buoyant, composed mostly of granitic rocks (average density about 2.5 g/cm³). Continental crust is subducted with difficulty, but is subducted to depths of 90-150 km or more, as evidenced by ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic suites. Normal subduction continues as long as the ocean exists, but the subduction system is disrupted as the continent carried by the downgoing plate enters the trench. Because it contains thick continental crust, this lithosphere is less dense than the underlying asthenospheric mantle and normal subduction is disrupted. The volcanic arc on the upper plate is slowly extinguished. Resisting subduction, the crust buckles up and under, raising mountains where a trench used to be. The position of the trench becomes a zone that marks the suture between the two continental terranes. Suture zones are often marked by fragments of the pre-existing oceanic crust and mantle rocks, known as ophiolites.
Deep subduction of continental crust[edit]
The continental crust on the downgoing plate is deeply subducted as part of the downgoing plate during collision, defined as buoyant crust entering a subduction zone. An unknown proportion of subducted continental crust returns to the surface as ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic terranes, which contain metamorphic coesite and/or diamond plus or minus unusual silicon-rich garnets and/or potassium-bearing pyroxenes. The presence of these minerals demonstrate subduction of continental crust to at least 90–140 km deep. Examples of UHP terranes are known from the Dabie–Sulu belt of east-central China, the Western Alps, the Himalaya of India, the Kokchetav Massif of Kazakhstan, the Bohemian Massif of Europe, the North Qaidam of Northwestern China, the Western Gneiss Region of Norway, and Mali. Most UHP terranes consist of an imbricated sheets or nappes. The fact that most UHP terranes consist of thin sheets suggests that much thicker, volumetrically dominant tracts of continental crust are more deeply subducted.
Orogeny and collapse[edit]
Mountain formation by a reverse fault movement
An orogeny is underway when mountains begin to grow in the collision zone. There are other modes of mountain formation and orogeny but certainly continental collision is one of the most important. Rainfall and snowfall increase on the mountains as these rise, perhaps at a rate of a few millimeters per year (at a growth rate of 1 mm/year, a 5,000 m tall mountain can form in 5 million years, a time period that is less than 10% of the life of a typical collision zone). River systems form, and glaciers may grow on the highest peaks. Erosion accelerates as the mountains rise, and great volumes of sediment are shed into the rivers, which carry sediment away from the mountains to be deposited in sedimentary basins in the surrounding lowlands. Crustal rocks are thrust faulted over the sediments and the mountain belt broadens as it rises in height. A crustal root also develops, as required by isostasy; mountains can be high if underlain by thicker crust. Crustal thickening may happen as a result of crustal shortening or when one crust overthrusts the other. Thickening is accompanied by heating, so the crust becomes weaker as it thickens. The lower crust begins to flow and collapse under the growing mountain mass, forming rifts near the crest of the mountain range. The lower crust may partially melt, forming anatectic granites which then rise into the overlying units, forming granite intrusions. Crustal thickening provides one of two negative feedbacks on mountain growth in collision zones, the other being erosion. The popular notion that erosion is responsible for destroying mountains is only half correct - viscous flow of weak lower mantle also reduces relief with time, especially once the collision is complete and the two continents are completely sutured. Convergence between the continents continues because the crust is still being pulled down by oceanic lithosphere sinking in the subduction zone to either side of the collision as well as beneath the impinging continent.
The pace of mountain building associated with the collision is measured by radiometric dating of igneous rocks or units that have been metamorphosed during the collision and by examining the record of sediments shed from the rising mountains into the surrounding basins. The pace of ancient convergence can be determined with paleomagnetic measurements, while the present rate of convergence can be measured with GPS.
Far-field effects[edit]
The effects of the collision are felt far beyond the immediate site of collision and mountain-building. As convergence between the two continents continues, the region of crustal thickening and elevation will become broader. If there is an oceanic free face, the adjacent crustal blocks may move towards it. As an example of this, the collision of India with Asia forced large regions of crust to move south to form modern Southeast Asia. Another example is the collision of Arabia with Asia, which is squeezing the Anatolian Plate (present day Turkey). As a result, Turkey is moving west and south into the Mediterranean Sea and away from the collision zone. These far-field effects may result in the formation of rifts, and rift valleys such as that occupied by Lake Baikal, the deepest lake on Earth.
Fossil collision zones[edit]
Continental collisions are a critical part of the supercontinent cycle and have happened many times in the past. Ancient collision zones are deeply eroded but may still be recognized because these mark sites of intense deformation, metamorphism, and plutonic activity that separate tracts of continental crust having different geologic histories prior to the collision. Old collision zones are commonly called "suture zones" by geologists, because this is where two previous continents are joined or sutured together.
References[edit]
Ernst, W.G. (2006). "Preservation/exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure subduction complexes". Lithos. 92 (3–4): 321–335. Bibcode:2006Litho..92..321E. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.049.
Ernst, W.G.; Maruyama, S. Wallis; Wallis, S. (1997). "Buoyancy-driven, rapid exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphosed continental crust". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (18): 9532–9537. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.9532E. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.18.9532. PMC 23212  .
O'Brien, P.J. (2001). "Subduction followed by collision; Alpine and Himalayan examples". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 127 (1–4): 277–291. Bibcode:2001PEPI..127..277O. doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(01)00232-1.
Toussaint, G.; Burov, E.; Avouac, J.-P. (2004). "Tectonic evolution of a continental collision zone: A thermomechanical numerical model". Tectonics. 23 (6): TC6003. Bibcode:2004Tecto..23.6003T. doi:10.1029/2003TC001604.
Song, S.G. (2014). "Continental orogenesis from ocean subduction, continent collision/subduction, to orogen collapse, and orogen recycling: The example of the North Qaidam UHPM belt, NW China". Earth-Science Reviews. 129 (3–4): 59–84. Bibcode:2014ESRv..129...59S. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.11.010.
External links[edit]
Where Continents Collide
Dynamics of Continental Collision Zones
The Wilson Cycle
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Peter Rabbit (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Peter Rabbit
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Will Gluck
Produced by
Will Gluck
Zareh Nalbandian
Screenplay by
Rob Lieber
Will Gluck
Based on
Peter Rabbit
by Beatrix Potter
Starring
Rose Byrne
Domhnall Gleeson
Sam Neill
Daisy Ridley
Elizabeth Debicki
Margot Robbie
James Corden
Music by
Dominic Lewis[1]
Cinematography
Peter Menzies Jr.
Edited by
Christian Gazal
Production
company
Columbia Pictures[2]
Sony Pictures Animation[2]
Olive Bridge Entertainment[2]
Animal Logic[2]
2.0 Entertainment[2]
Screen Australia[2]
Screen NSW[2]
Distributed by
Sony Pictures Releasing
Release date
February 3, 2018 (2018-02-03) (The Grove)
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09) (United States)
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22) (Australia)
Running time
95 minutes[3]
Country
United States[4]
Australia[5]
Language
English
Budget
$50 million[6]
Box office
$310.6 million[7]
Peter Rabbit is a 2018 live-action/computer-animated comedy film directed by Will Gluck from a screenplay by Rob Lieber and Gluck, based on the stories of Peter Rabbit created by Beatrix Potter. The film stars Rose Byrne, Domhnall Gleeson, Sam Neill, Daisy Ridley, Elizabeth Debicki, Margot Robbie, and James Corden. The film was released on February 9, 2018, received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $310 million worldwide, making it the seventh highest-grossing film of 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Voice cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Trailer criticism
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 "Allergy bullying" controversy
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In England's Lake District Peter Rabbit, his cousin Benjamin, and his triplet sisters (who can be distinguished by the colour of jackets they each wear) Flopsy (red), Mopsy (yellow), and Cottontail (teal), spend most of their days picking on Mr. Joe McGregor and stealing vegetables from his garden. They are friends with a local woman named Bea who spends her time painting pictures of the rabbits as well as the surrounding nature. Bea takes on a mother-like relationship with the rabbits due to the death of their mother and father. One day Peter accidentally leaves his jacket in McGregor's garden and goes back to retrieve it. McGregor spots and catches him, but suddenly dies of a heart attack. Enthralled, Peter invites all of the woodland critters, and then takes over McGregor's old house.
Meanwhile in London, McGregor's nephew Thomas works at Harrods department store where he waits for a promotion. He coldly accepts the news about his uncle's death, but is infuriated over not getting the promotion and is fired for losing his temper, which proves to be as short as his uncle's. When he learns that his uncle's house is valuable, he decides to refurbish it so he can sell it and start his own toy store to rival Harrods. He kicks out Peter and his friends and begins to secretly wall up the garden, despite Bea's objections. When Peter and Benjamin sneak back into the garden, Thomas catches the latter and attempts to drown Benjamin. Peter and the triplets rescue him and Thomas accidentally tosses the binoculars that Bea had given him earlier.
Thomas and Peter start a war with each other by setting up traps and other offensive nuisances. Thomas and Bea end up falling in love with each other, which causes Peter to become jealous and wanting to separate them more. Thomas framed Peter for ruining Bea's paintings and she sent Peter outside along with the other rabbits. Soon, Bea turns on Thomas when his violent tendencies begin to show. This all culminates when Thomas throws dynamite at Peter's burrow, and uses it to attack Peter in the garden, before telling him that his antics caused him to become aggressive. When Peter detonates the dynamite to prove to Bea that Thomas was using it, he ends up knocking down the tree on top of the burrow, which crushes Bea's art studio. Thinking that Thomas was responsible for the detonation, Bea breaks up with him, and he goes back to London to work at Harrods again.
Peter feels bad for what he has done, and upon learning that Bea intends to leave the neighborhood, he and Benjamin head to London to find Thomas at Harrods. They make up and rush back to the country where Peter reveals that he had activated the detonator, and he and Thomas apologize to Bea for their fighting. Thomas discovers that he cannot go home because a snobbish couple, whom Thomas had an ugly encounter with prior, had just bought the house. Peter and his friends use their tricks to force the couple out of the house, allowing Thomas and Bea to move back in.
In a mid-credits scene, Thomas sets up his own toy shop in the village, and Bea begins to write and illustrate books based on Peter and his friends.
Cast[edit]
Domhnall Gleeson as Thomas McGregor
Rose Byrne as Bea
Sam Neill as Mr. Joe McGregor
Marianne Jean-Baptiste as Harrods General Manager
Felix Williamson as Derek
Voice cast[edit]
James Corden as Peter Rabbit
Daisy Ridley as Cottontail Rabbit
Margot Robbie as Flopsy Rabbit and the Narrator
Elizabeth Debicki as Mopsy Rabbit
Colin Moody as Benjamin Bunny
Domhnall Gleeson as Mr. Jeremy Fisher
Sam Neill as Tommy Brock
Sia as Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle
Fayssal Bazzi as Mr. Tod
Ewen Leslie as Pigling Bland
Rose Byrne as Jemima Puddle-Duck
Christian Gazal as Felix D’eer
Rachel Ward as Josephine Rabbit
Bryan Brown as Mr. Rabbit
David Wenham as Johnny Town-Mouse
Alexandra Gluck and Taryn Gluck as London Street Rats
Will Reichelt as JW Rooster II
Jensen Karp as Rap Bird
The Singing Sparrows were voiced by Jessica Freedman, Shana Halligan, Katharine Hoye, Chris Mann, Chad Reisser, and Fletcher Sheridan
Production[edit]
The film was first revealed in April 2015 through email leaks as a result of the Sony Pictures hack.[8] The official announcement of the film came that December.[9]
On August 4, 2016, it was reported that Will Gluck would be directing the live-action/computer-animated film from a script by Gluck and Rob Lieber, with James Corden cast to voice Peter Rabbit and Rose Byrne to play one of the live-action roles.[10] The report also said Gluck would produce the film along with Zareh Nalbandian of Animal Logic, which will be providing the visual effects and animation for the film.[10]
On September 26, 2016, Daisy Ridley and Elizabeth Debicki had joined the cast, with the live action production scheduled to commence in Sydney, Australia in January 2017.[11][12][13] On October 18, Domhnall Gleeson was cast as Thomas McGregor, the descendent of the original Mr. McGregor, and on October 24, Margot Robbie joined the cast, expected to voice a bunny.[14][15] On November 7, Sia was cast to join the film as Mrs Tiggy-Winkle.[16]
Filming[edit]
On December 18, 2016, a first image of the title character, along with the movie's logo, had been revealed.[17] Production began in December 2016.[18][19] Live action scenes were filmed at Centennial Park in Sydney.[20] In March 2017, filming took place at Central railway station, Sydney, which was depicted as London Paddington station.[21]
In April 2017, a film crew were seen in Ambleside and Windermere in the Lake District. A local toy shop on Compston Road, Ambleside, was adapted to be Mr McGregor's.[citation needed]
Release[edit]
Peter Rabbit was originally scheduled to be released on March 23, 2018,[9] but it was moved up to February 9, 2018.[22]
Trailer criticism[edit]
The first trailer received negative feedback from critics and fans of the character, many of whom labelled the film as being too modern and insulting to Beatrix Potter's works. Collider slammed the trailer as "garbage" and a "low brow 'comedy' cringe fest."[23]
Stuart Heritage from The Guardian stated that "the Peter Rabbit film looks like the result of some blisteringly inept manhandling [...] there's something genuinely harrowing about the sight of Peter Rabbit – gentle, Edwardian Peter Rabbit – thoughtlessly injuring some birds, or grabbing a pile of lettuce leaves and making it rain like a banker in a strip club, or literally twerking" and argued "there is no way on Earth that [Beatrix Potter would] have ever given the green light to a slow motion car crash like this."[24]
Metro writer James Baldock found that the trailer was "so gut wrenchingly bad" and that "if the movie lives up to its two minute preview – [it] is set to be the greatest abomination to grace the big screen since The Emoji Movie." He finished by writing "Listen carefully, and you can just about hear the sound of Beatrix Potter, turning furiously in her grave."[25] On November 7, a new trailer for the United Kingdom was released.[26]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of April 22, 2018[update], Peter Rabbit has grossed $114.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $196.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $310.6 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[7]
In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Fifty Shades Freed and The 15:17 to Paris, and was projected to gross around $16 million from 3,725 theaters in its opening weekend, with some estimates as high as $25 million.[27] It ended up making $25 million over the weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades ($38.8 million).[28]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 62% based on 124 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Peter Rabbit updates Beatrix Potter's classic characters with colorfully agreeable results that should entertain younger viewers while admittedly risking the wrath of purists."[29] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[30] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[28]
"Allergy bullying" controversy[edit]
In the first week after the film's release, groups in multiple countries criticized it for "allergy bullying" and called for an apology from Sony. The accusations focused on a scene where Thomas McGregor — whose character has a known severe allergy to blackberries — is pelted with the berries until one enters his mouth, causing him to enter anaphylactic shock and grab for his Epipen.[31][32][33] In response, Sony published a statement saying "We sincerely regret not being more aware and sensitive to this issue, and we truly apologise".[34]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ filmmusicreporter (September 5, 2017). "Dominic Lewis to Score 'Peter Rabbit'". Film Music Reporter. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Film Releases". Variety Insight. Variety Media. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "PETER RABBIT (PG)". BBFC. February 6, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit (2018)". AllMovie. RhythmOne. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ CENtRAL (November 23, 2016). "Peter Rabbit film set takes shape in Sydney". The Daily Telegraph. News Corp Australia. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pressburg, Matt (July 17, 2017). "Why Sony, LStar Movie Finance Deal Fell Apart: Flops, 'Ghostbusters' and Feet on Desk (Exclusive)". TheWrap. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Peter Rabbit (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tweedie, Steven (April 17, 2015). "Leaked Sony emails reveal 'Peter Rabbit' feature film is in the works". Business Insider. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Perry, Spencer (December 22, 2015). "Emoji Movie, Animated Spider-Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys; Siegel, Tatiana (August 4, 2016). "James Corden, Rose Byrne in Talks to Star in Sony's 'Peter Rabbit'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (September 26, 2016). "Daisy Ridley, Elizabeth Debicki Join 'Peter Rabbit' Live-Action/Animated Pic (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gaul, Lou (October 14, 2016). "'Wish' list: Bruce Willis to fill Charles Bronson's shoes". Burlington County Times. GateHouse Media. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (September 26, 2016). "Peter Rabbit Movie Coming from Columbia Pictures". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (October 18, 2016). "Domhnall Gleeson to Play Mr McGregor in Live-Action 'Peter Rabbit'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys; Ford, Rebecca (October 24, 2016). "Margot Robbie in Talks to Join 'Peter Rabbit' Film (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sia [@Sia] (November 7, 2017). "The new UK trailer for #PeterRabbitMovie has arrived! Catch Sia as Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle in 2018 - Team Siapic.twitter.com/2fNIdnJwX5" (Tweet). Retrieved April 6, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Chipman, Bob (December 18, 2016). "Peter Rabbit Images Offers First Look at New Beatrix Potter Adaptation". Screen Rant. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "PETER RABBIT". Movie Insider. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Ethan (December 17, 2016). "Peter Rabbit First Look Photo Shows Off The Bunny Voice by James Corden". /Film. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rose Byrne, look alike body double, Domhnall Gleeson begin filming for Peter Rabbit in Centennial Park". The Daily Telegraph. News Corp Australia. January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Crofts, Cassie (March 8, 2017). "These new signs at Central station are freaking Sydneysiders out". Smoothfm. NOVA Entertainment. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Trumbore, Dave (September 21, 2017). "First 'Peter Rabbit' Trailer Gives Us Another Reason to Be Mad at James Corden". Collider. Complex Media. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Heritage, Stuart (September 25, 2017). "James Corden's Peter Rabbit: another kids' classic wrecked forever". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Baldock, James (September 25, 2017). "Here's the trailer for the new Peter Rabbit movie – and it's a total disaster". Metro. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cowdrey, Katherine (November 7, 2017). "Sony launches trailer for upcoming Peter Rabbit film". The Bookseller. Bookseller Media. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 7, 2018). "'Fifty Shades Freed' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion – B.O. Preview". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 11, 2018). "'Fifty Shades Freed' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax; 'Peter Rabbit' Bounces To $25M Opening". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Guardian staff (February 11, 2018). "Peter Rabbit film criticised for depicting allergy bullying". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Seselja, Edwina; Dawes, Samantha (February 11, 2018). "Peter Rabbit: Calls for Sony Pictures to apologise after food allergy bullying scene in new movie". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ward, Victoria (February 11, 2018). "Peter Rabbit film accused of food bullying as rabbits pelt allergic man with blackberries". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit film producers apologise over allergy scene". BBC News. BBC. February 12, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Rabbit movie set, Centennial Park.
Official website
Peter Rabbit on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Beatrix Potter
The Tales
The Tale of Peter Rabbit
The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin
The Tailor of Gloucester
The Tale of Benjamin Bunny
The Tale of Two Bad Mice
The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle
The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan
The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher
The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit
The Story of Miss Moppet
The Tale of Tom Kitten
The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck
The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding
The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies
The Tale of Ginger and Pickles
The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse
The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes
The Tale of Mr. Tod
The Tale of Pigling Bland
Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes
The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse
Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes
The Tale of Little Pig Robinson
Other books
Tom Kitten's Painting Book
Jemima Puddle-Duck's Painting Book
Peter Rabbit's Almanac for 1929
The Fairy Caravan
Sister Anne
Wag-by-Wall
The Tale of the Faithful Dove
The Sly Old Cat
The Tale of Kitty-in-Boots
Other media
The Tales of Beatrix Potter
The Tailor of Gloucester
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Personal Jesus (Grey's Anatomy)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Personal Jesus"
Grey's Anatomy episode
Episode no.
Season 14
Episode 10
Directed by
Kevin Rodney Sullivan
Written by
Zoanne Clack
Original air date
January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)
Running time
43 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Matthew Morrison as as Dr. Paul Stadler
Justin Bruening as Matthew Taylor
Joy Lenz as Jenny
Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca
Kevin David Lin as David Roman
La Monde Byrd as Martin Sterling
Collette Wolfe as Karin Taylor
Michael Weaver as Greg
Santiago Segura as Chad
Episode chronology
← Previous
"1-800-799-7233" Next →
"(Don't Fear) the Reaper"
Grey's Anatomy (season 14)
List of Grey's Anatomy episodes
Personal Jesus is the tenth episode of the fourteenth season of the American medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy and the 303rd episode overall. It aired on ABC on January 25, 2018. The episode was written by former E.R. physician and writer Zoanne Clack and directed by Kevin Rodney Sullivan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Reviews
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
With Paul recovering from his injuries from a hit and run, Meredith questions the alibi that Alex and Jo provide her. Believing that it’s his fiancé, Jenny, who ran him over, Jo consult her. She offers Jenny support and prompts her to formally press domestic abuse charges against Paul. Meredith is later informed by the police that the perpetrator was a drunk driver and has been arrested. While Jo and Jenny go to Paul’s room to announce they are taking him to court, in a bout of rage he ends up falling out of his bed and knocking himself out, becoming brain dead. Still legally his wife, Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated.
April’s patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiance, Matthew, proving to be more than an awkward situation as she helps deliver their baby. She offers Mathew an apology for her past actions, but realises that he has moved on from her and is happy with his life. Mathew's fiance suffers from an internal bleed and is rushed into surgery. April later watches him deal with her unexpected death and is informed about the death of her other patients. She ends up in the shower with Roy, an intern after she finds herself questioning her faith.
Jackson and Bailey treat a 12-year-old patient who had been shot by police on the grounds of racial profiling. Meanwhile, Maggie organises a science camp for Bailey's son, Tucker and his friends. The eventual death of the patient prompts Bailey and Ben to discuss police brutality with Tucker.
Production[edit]
The episode was written by Zoanne Clack and directed by Kevin Rodney Sullivan.
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
The episode aired on American Broadcasting Company on January 25, 2018.[1] Upon initial release, it was viewed by 8.62 million people, an increase of 0.35 million from the previous installment and the mid-season premiere "1-800-799-7233"; it also garnered a season-best 2.3/9 Nielsen rating.[2][3] "Personal Jesus" was also the week's second most watched drama and ranked seventh on the list of most watched television programmes overall.[4] The 8.62 million audience was also the largest for Grey's Anatomy in over a year.[2]
Reviews[edit]
"Personal Jesus" opened to positive response from television critics; commentators highlighted Drew and Luddignton for their respective performances and the treatment of such socially relevant stories as domestic abuse and police brutality in the United States.[5][6][7][8] Lacey Vorrasi-Banis of Entertainment Weekly positively reviewed April's character development, and noted that she "is in the darkest place we’ve ever seen her". She was also appreciative of the episode title—which she thought was appropriate— and the biblical inspiration of the April's story.[9] TVFanatic's Jasmine Blu thought of "Personal Jesus" as one of the series' best episodes in a long time; she lauded Drew for her performance writing that the storyline gave her "the room to show off her range and excel".[10] The view was echoed by Maggie Fremont of Vulture, who hopeful that the episode, Drew's performance in particular, would change the perception towards her character for the good. She also praised the return of Bruening's character and the closure offered to him. Also appreciating the April's development over the course of the episode, she noted that the character's "dark" side is new territory for Grey’s Anatomy.[11][12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "S14 E10 Personal Jesus". American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 26, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'Big Bang Theory' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 22, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'The Four,' 'Scandal' and 'Great News' down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 30, 2018). "Grammys and 'NCIS' carry CBS to victory: Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bastidas, Joe (25 January 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy' Boss Addresses Bailey Giving Her Son 'the Talk' on Twitter". Popculture. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Piester, Lauren (25 January 2018). "Grey's Anatomy Tackles a Whole Bunch of Heartbreak at Once". E! Online. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Smith, Courtney (25 January 2018). "Grey's Anatomy Season 14, Episode 10 Recap: "Personal Jesus"". Refinery29. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Smith, Jessinta (25 January 2018). "Grey's Anatomy Touched on Police Brutality in a Devastating Way". Popsugar. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Vorrasi-Banis, Lacey (25 January 2018). "Grey's Anatomy recap: 'Personal Jesus'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Blu, Jasmine (25 January 2018). "Grey's Anatomy Season 14 Episode 10 Review: Personal Jesus". TVFanatic. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Fremont, Maggie (25 January 2018). "Grey's Anatomy Recap: A Crisis of Faith". Vulture. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Darus, Alex (25 January 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy' Recap: Jo Wilson Has a Hand in Paul's Fate". Us Weekly. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
External links[edit]
[hide]
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"I Saw What I Saw"
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"Death and All His Friends"
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"Song Beneath the Song"
Season 8
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"Going, Going, Gone"
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"Perfect Storm"
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"Fear (of the Unknown)"
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"Puzzle With a Piece Missing"
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"You're My Home"
Season 12
"Sledgehammer"
"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner"
"Something Against You"
"Things We Lost in the Fire"
"The Sound of Silence"
"Family Affair"
Season 13
"True Colors"
Season 14
"Danger Zone"
"Personal Jesus"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personal_Jesus_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=825575427"
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