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North Carolina General Assembly
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North Carolina General Assembly
Type
Type
Bicameral
Houses
Senate
House of Representatives
Leadership
President/Lt. Governor
Dan Forest (R)
Since January 7, 2013
President Pro Tem of the Senate
Phil Berger (R)
Since January 26, 2011
Senate Majority Leader
Harry Brown (R)
Since January 26, 2011
Speaker of the House
Tim Moore (R)
Since January 15, 2015
House Majority Leader
John R. Bell IV (R)
Seats
170 (both houses)
Elections
Last election
November 8, 2016
Next election
November 6, 2018
Meeting place
North Carolina State Legislative Building, Raleigh
Website
http://www.ncleg.net
The North Carolina General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of North Carolina.
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose
2 Terms
3 Location
4 North Carolina Senate
5 North Carolina House of Representatives
6 History
6.1 Post-independence: Federal period to Civil War
6.2 Reconstruction to Disfranchisement
6.3 1966, One Man, One Vote
6.4 Sessions
7 Elections
8 Controversy
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Purpose[edit]
The General Assembly drafts and legislates the state laws of North Carolina, also known as the General Statutes. The General Assembly is a bicameral legislature, consisting of the North Carolina House of Representatives (formerly the North Carolina House of Commons until 1868) and the North Carolina Senate. The House has 120 members, while the Senate has 50.[1] There are no term limits for either chamber.
Terms[edit]
Legislators in both chambers serve two-year terms. Starting with the 2002 election, each legislator represents a single-member House or Senatorial district; prior to 2002, some districts elected multiple legislators.
Location[edit]
The General Assembly meets in the state capital of Raleigh (except for special occasions, when legislators might decide to hold a ceremonial session in some other city). It met in the Capitol building until 1963, when the legislature relocated to the new North Carolina State Legislative Building.[2]
North Carolina Senate[edit]
Main article: North Carolina Senate
See also: Category:North Carolina State Senators and President Pro Tempore of the North Carolina Senate
The Senate has 50 members. Though its members represent districts that are larger than those of their colleagues in the House, its prerogatives and powers are no greater.
The President of the Senate is the Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina, but the Lt. Governor has very limited powers and only votes to break a tie. Before the office of Lt. Governor was created in 1868, the Senate was presided over by a "Speaker." After the 1988 election of James Carson Gardner, the first Republican Lt. Governor since Reconstruction, Democrats in control of the Senate shifted most of the power held by the Lt. Governor to the senator who is elected President Pro Tempore (or Pro-Tem). The President pro tempore appoints members to standing committees of the Senate, and holds great sway over bills.
The qualifications to be a senator are found in the state Constitution: "Each Senator, at the time of his election, shall be not less than 25 years of age, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided in the State as a citizen for two years and in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election."
According to the state constitution, the Senate is also the "Court for the Trial of Impeachments". The House of Representatives has the power to impeach state officials, after which the Senate holds a trial, as in the federal system. If the Governor or Lt. Governor is the official who has been impeached, the Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court presides.
North Carolina House of Representatives[edit]
Main article: North Carolina House of Representatives
See also: Category:Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives and Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives
The 120 members of the House are led by a Speaker, who holds powers similar to those of the Senate President pro-tem.
The qualifications to be a member of the House are found in the state Constitution: "Each Representative, at the time of his election, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election." Elsewhere, the constitution specifies that no elected official shall be under twenty-one years of age and that no elected officials may deny the existence of God, although this provision is not enforced.
History[edit]
The North Carolina State Capitol, home to the General Assembly from 1840–1963
The North Carolina legislature traces its roots to the first assembly for the "County of Albemarle," which was convened in 1665 by Governor William Drummond.[3] Albemarle County was the portion of the British colony of Carolina (under the control of the "Lords Proprietors" before becoming a royal province in 1729) that would eventually become North Carolina.
From approximately 1666 to 1697, the Governor, his council, and representatives of various precincts and towns, elected by male freeholders, sat together as a unicameral legislature. By 1697, this evolved into a bicameral body, with the Governor and his council as the upper house, and the House of Burgesses as the elected lower house. The House, sometimes known simply as "the Assembly," could only meet when called by the Governor, but it was allowed to set its own rules and to elect its own Speaker.
According to one early compilation of the "Laws of North Carolina",[4] the first "General Biennial Assembly" was held "at the House of Capt. Richard Sanderson, at Little-River begun on the 17th day of November, 1715 and continued by several Adjournments, until the 19th Day of January, 1715 [sic]."[5] At that session the Assembly adopted many of the laws of England that remained in effect through most of the 20th Century. Notable in this category is the Statute of Elizabeth or the Statute of Frauds,[6] which was not repealed until the General Assembly adopted the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act in July 1997.[7]
The House also controlled the salary of the Governor, and withheld that salary when the Governor displeased a majority of the House. Naturally, conflicts between the Governor and the legislature were frequent. In 1774 and 1775, the people of the colony elected a provincial Congress, independent of the royal governor, as the American Revolution began. Most of its members were also members of what would be the last House of Burgesses.
There were five Provincial Congresses. The fifth Congress approved the first constitution (1776). With the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the United States became an independent nation with very different legislatures in each part of the colony. Because of the history of distrust of the executive, the constitution firmly established the General Assembly, as it was now called, as the most powerful organ of the state. The bicameral legislature, whose members would all be elected by the people, would itself elect all the officers of the executive and judicial branches. As William S. Powell wrote in North Carolina: A History, "The legislative branch henceforth would have the upper hand. The governor would be the creature of the assembly, elected by it and removable by it….The governor could not take any important step without the advice and consent of the 'council of state,' and he had no voice in the appointment or removal of [council of state members]." This constitution was not submitted to a vote of the people. The Congress simply adopted it and elected Richard Caswell, the last president of the Congress, as acting Governor until the new legislature was elected and seated.
The new General Assembly, which first convened in April 1777, consisted of a Senate, which had one member from each county (regardless of population), and a House of Commons, which had two members representing each county, plus one each from certain towns. Only land-owning (100 acres for the House of Commons, 300 acres (1.2 km2) for the Senate), Protestant men could serve. The constitution provided for more rights for freedmen and free men of color. The 9th Amendment on this constitution states, "That no freeman shall be convicted of any crime, but by the unanimous verdict of a jury of good lawful men, in open court, as heretofore used."
Lillian Exum Clement became the first female member of the General Assembly in 1921.[8]
Post-independence: Federal period to Civil War[edit]
In the early 19th century, free men of color with sufficient property were allowed to vote. Following Nat Turner's slave rebellion of 1831, the state legislature passed more restrictive laws, making it illegal to teach a slave how to read or write. They also narrowed rights of free people of color, rescinding their franchise and the right to bear arms, and forbidding them from attending school or learning to read and write, as well as forbidding them from preaching in public.[9]
In 1835, the constitution was amended to make the Governor elected by the people, but the legislature elected all other officials, including US Senators. Amendments set the number of senators at 50 and the number of commoners (representatives to the House) at 120. Senators were to be elected from districts representing approximately equal numbers of citizens, rather than by geographic counties. Members of the House were still elected by county, but more populous counties were entitled to more representatives.
Reconstruction to Disfranchisement[edit]
In 1868, a new constitution was passed by the Reconstruction era legislature, a biracial body dominated by Republicans. It changed the name of the House of Commons to the House of Representatives. It established the office of Lieutenant Governor. Previously, the Speaker of the Senate was the constitutional successor to the Governor in case of death or resignation. Property qualifications for holding office were abolished in order to enlarge opportunity. Finally, the legislature made executive officers and judges subject to popular election rather than appointment by the legislature.
African-American men were first elected to the state legislature in 1868. Despite efforts by Red Shirts and other white Democratic paramilitary groups to disrupt Republican meetings and suppress black voting in order to ensure the Democratic takeover, some African Americans continued to be elected in the 19th century, especially to local offices. George Henry White was elected as US Congressman in 1894. But shortly before the turn of the century, the Democrats regained control of the state legislature (after a biracial coalition between Republicans and Populists had briefly held power) and passed laws to create barriers to voter registration through poll taxes, literacy tests and other devices.[10][11][12]
Applied subjectively by white administrators, these methods effectively disenfranchised most blacks in the state. Black voters were eliminated by 1904. An estimated 75,000 black male citizens lost the vote.[13][14] Congressman White did not run for a third term and, like many other talented black men, left the state for better opportunities in the North. African Americans were closed out of politics in North Carolina for decades, with most not regaining the ability to vote until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and federal overview and enforcement.
1966, One Man, One Vote[edit]
As was the case in other states where rural legislators hung on to power despite changes in state demographics, North Carolina eventually had to redefine its method of electing house members and to reapportion congressional seats, which was supposed to be done after every decennial census. At a time of civil rights legislation to end segregation (Civil Rights Act of 1964) and enforce the constitutional right to vote for African Americans and other minorities (Voting Rights Act of 1965), the US Supreme Court made rulings that resulted in corrections to state legislature representation and apportionment in several states.
Starting in 1966 (in the wake of Reynolds v. Sims, a US Supreme Court case establishing the principle of one man, one vote), members of the North Carolina State House were required to be elected from districts defined on the basis of roughly equal population, rather than from geographic counties. The county basis had resulted in a longstanding rural bias in the legislature. The new urban populations, including minorities and immigrants, were historically underrepresented in terms of legislative seats and funding, although the state's demographics and population had become increasingly urbanized. The court's ruling required changes also in other states with similar practices. The changes allowed full representation for the first time from some urban and more densely settled areas. It also meant that counties with low populations lost the chance to elect a resident member to the legislature for the first time in state history.
In the landmark Shelby County v. Holder case, Supreme Court judges invalidated sections of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 thereby freeing individual states to "change their election laws without advance federal approval."[15][16][17] In August 12, 2013 Republican Governor Pat McCrory signed omnibus election law bill—House Bill 589[18] which added requirements for voting such as photo identification.[18][19] In July 2016, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals struck down the restrictive election laws.[20]
Sessions[edit]
See also: Category:North Carolina General Assembly by session
The General Assembly meets in regular session (or the "long session") beginning in January of each odd-numbered year, and adjourns to reconvene the following even-numbered year for what is called the "Short Session." Though there is no limit on the length of any session, the "long session" typically lasts for 6 months, and the "short session" typically lasts for 6 weeks.[1]
Occasionally, in the case of a special need, the Governor may call a Special Session of the General Assembly after it has adjourned for the year.
According to the state-published 2002 North Carolina Manual (no longer available online),
Prior to 1957, the General Assembly convened in January at a time fixed by the Constitution of North Carolina. From 1957 through 1967, sessions convened in February at a time fixed by the Constitution. The 1969 General Assembly was the first to convene on a date fixed by law after elimination of the constitutionally fixed date. The assembly now convenes on the third Wednesday after the second Monday in January after the November election.
North Carolina General Assembly of 1777
North Carolina General Assembly of 1778
North Carolina General Assembly of 1779
North Carolina General Assembly of 1899–1900
North Carolina General Assembly of 2001–2002
North Carolina General Assembly of 2003–2004
North Carolina General Assembly of 2005–2006
North Carolina General Assembly of 2007–2008
North Carolina General Assembly of 2009–2010
North Carolina General Assembly of 2011–2012
North Carolina General Assembly of 2013–2014
Elections[edit]
Elections for all seats in both houses are held in each even-numbered year. If a seat should become vacant between elections, there are no by-elections or special elections. Rather, the local leaders of the political party of the person who vacated the seat nominate a replacement, to serve until the next election. The Governor, ordinarily, accepts the nomination, and appoints that person.
North Carolina General Assembly election, 2002
North Carolina General Assembly election, 2004
North Carolina Senate election, 2008
North Carolina Senate elections, 2014
Until 1982, a legislator's term in office was said to begin immediately upon his or her election. Since then terms begin on January 1 after a legislator's election.
Controversy[edit]
Though the General Assembly is Republican, critics worry that it seeks to destroy local government and small government, as they often override city legislation at the state level. This has been seen in the HB2 bill, which was later declared unconstitutional in federal court,[21] the redrawing the Greensboro town council,[22] and forced state name changes of regionally managed facilities.[23]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Structure of the North Carolina General Assembly". Official North Carolina General Assembly Website. Retrieved 2006-07-23.
Jump up ^ "State Capitol of NC". NC Department of Cultural Resources. Retrieved 2006-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Marker: A-13". Ncmarkers.com. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
Jump up ^ (Iredell 1791)
Jump up ^ (Iredell 1791, p. 9). All marginal referenced to year of enactment of various chapters reference 1715, therefore the obvious error in the year maybe presumed to be the year of adjournment rather than the year the session convened.
Jump up ^ (Iredell 1791, Chapter 38)
Jump up ^ S.L. 1997-291. Ncleg.net (1997-10-01). Retrieved on 2013-08-09.
Jump up ^ "Women In The North Carolina General Assembly 1921-2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
Jump up ^ North Carolina legislation
Jump up ^ J. Morgan Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910, p.104
Jump up ^ North Carolina History Project "Fusion Politics"
Jump up ^ The North Carolina Collection, UNC Libraries "The North Carolina Election of 1898"
Jump up ^ Albert Shaw, The American Monthly Review of Reviews, Vol.XXII, Jul-Dec 1900, p.274
Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", Constitutional Commentary, Vol. 17, 2000, pp. 12-13
Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (June 25, 2013). "Supreme Court Invalidates Key Part of Voting Rights Act". New York Times. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reilly, Ryan J. (27 Feb 2013). "Voting Rights Act Supreme Court Case: Scalia Condemns The 'Perpetuation Of Racial Entitlement'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Lengell, Sean (Feb 28, 2013). "Scalia 'racial' comment on voting rights law draws fire". The Washington Times. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Byrne, Nick (August 27, 2013), "North Carolina Restricts Voting Access in the Name of Reform", Jurist, retrieved July 29, 2016
Jump up ^ Blinder, Alan (July 29, 2016). "Federal Appeals Court Strikes Down North Carolina Voter ID Provision". New York Times. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ann E. Marimow (July 29, 2016). "Appeals court strikes down North Carolina's voter-ID law". Washington Post. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "UNC cannot enforce part of HB2, federal judge rules". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
Jump up ^ "Greensboro mayor blasts legislature after council redrawn". newsobserver. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
Jump up ^ "State legislators propose name change for Fayetteville State". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
References[edit]
Iredell, James (1791), Laws of the State of North Carolina
External links[edit]
Official website
Official site of the North Carolina Senate
Official site of the North Carolina House
North Carolina Constitution Article 2, describing legislative power
History of Partisan Division in General Assembly since 1971
Blog by General Assembly's Director of Bill Drafting
Online archive of the North Carolina Legislative Journals of the General Assembly, 1822 to the present, from the State Library of North Carolina.
Online archive of the Public Documents of North Carolina containing executive and legislative documents produced for each year's General Assembly session, 1831 to 1919, from the State Library of North Carolina.
Online archive of the Session Laws of North Carolina, which include all ratified bills and resolutions in a given session of the General Assembly, 1817 to 2011, from the State Library of North Carolina.
Guide to the Session Laws of North Carolina
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Members of the North Carolina State Senate
President of the Senate: Dan Forest (R)
President pro Tempore: Phil Berger (R)
Majority Leader: Harry Brown (R)
Minority Leader: Dan Blue (D)
Bill Cook (R)
Norm Sanderson (R)
Erica Smith-Ingram (D)
Milton Fitch, Jr. (D)
Don Davis (D)
Harry Brown (R)
Louis Pate (R)
Bill Rabon (R)
Michael V. Lee (R)
Brent Jackson (R)
Rick Horner (R)
Ronald J. Rabin (R)
Danny Earl Britt, Jr. (R)
Dan Blue (D)
John M. Alexander Jr. (R)
Jay Chaudhuri (D)
Tamara Barringer (R)
Chad Barefoot (R)
Wesley Meredith (R)
Floyd McKissick Jr. (D)
Ben Clark (D)
Mike Woodard (D)
Valerie Foushee (D)
Rick Gunn (R)
Tom McInnis (R)
Phil Berger (R)
Trudy Wade (R)
Gladys A. Robinson (D)
Jerry W. Tillman (R)
Shirley B. Randleman (R)
Joyce Krawiec (R)
Paul A. Lowe Jr. (D)
Cathy Dunn (R)
Dan Barrett (R)
Tommy Tucker (R)
Paul Newton (R)
Jeff Jackson (D)
Joel D. M. Ford (D)
Dan Bishop (R)
Joyce Waddell (D)
Jeff Tarte (R)
Andy Wells (R)
Kathy Harrington (R)
David L. Curtis (R)
Deanna Ballard (R)
Warren Daniel (R)
Ralph Hise (R)
Chuck Edwards (R)
Terry Van Duyn (D)
Jim Davis (R)
Republican (35)
Democratic (15)
North Carolina General Assembly
North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina State Senate
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Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Speaker of the House: Tim Moore (R)
Speaker pro Tempore: Sarah Stevens (R)
Majority Leader: John R. Bell IV (R)
Minority Leader: Darren Jackson (D)
Bob Steinburg (R)
Larry Yarborough (R)
Michael Speciale (R)
Jimmy Dixon (R)
Howard J. Hunter III (D)
Beverly G. Boswell (R)
Bobbie Richardson (D)
Susan Martin (R)
Gregory F. Murphy (R)
John R. Bell IV (R)
Duane Hall (D)
George Graham (D)
Pat McElraft (R)
George Cleveland (R)
Phil Shepard (R)
Bob Muller (R)
Frank Iler (R)
Deb Butler (D)
Ted Davis Jr. (R)
Holly Grange (R)
Larry Bell (D)
William Brisson (R)
Shelly Willingham (D)
Jean Farmer-Butterfield (D)
Jeff Collins (R)
Donna McDowell White (R)
Michael H. Wray (D)
Larry Strickland (R)
MaryAnn Black (D)
Marcia Morey (D)
Mickey Michaux (D)
Terry Garrison (D)
Rosa Gill (D)
Grier Martin (D)
Chris Malone (R)
Nelson Dollar (R)
Linda Hunt Williams (R)
Yvonne Lewis Holley (D)
Darren Jackson (D)
Joe John (D)
Gale Adcock (D)
Marvin W. Lucas (D)
Elmer Floyd (D)
William O. Richardson (D)
John Szoka (R)
Brenden H. Jones (R)
Charles Graham (D)
Garland E. Pierce (D)
Cynthia Ball (D)
Graig R. Meyer (D)
John I. Sauls (R)
Jamie Boles (R)
David R. Lewis (R)
Robert T. Reives II (D)
Mark Brody (R)
Verla C. Insko (D)
Pricey Harrison (D)
Amos Quick (D)
Jon Hardister (R)
Cecil Brockman (D)
John Faircloth (R)
John Blust (R)
Stephen M. Ross (R)
Dennis Riddell (R)
Bert Jones (R)
Ken Goodman (D)
Justin Burr (R)
D. Craig Horn (R)
Dean Arp (R)
Pat Hurley (R)
Evelyn Terry (D)
Edward Hanes Jr. (D)
Lee Zachary (R)
Debra Conrad (R)
Donny Lambeth (R)
Carl Ford (R)
Harry Warren (R)
Allen McNeill (R)
Julia C. Howard (R)
Sam Watford (R)
Larry Potts (R)
Larry Pittman (R)
Linda B. Johnson (R)
Rena W. Turner (R)
Josh Dobson (R)
Hugh Blackwell (R)
Destin Hall (R)
Mary Gardner Belk (D)
Mitchell S. Setzer (R)
Sarah Stevens (R)
Bryan R. Holloway (R)
Chaz Beasley (D)
Jonathan C. Jordan (R)
Jeffrey Elmore (R)
John A. Fraley (R)
Jay Adams (R)
Jason Saine (R)
John R. Bradford, III (R)
Rodney W. Moore (D)
John Autry (D)
Beverly M. Earle (D)
Becky Carney (D)
William Brawley (R)
Dan Bishop (R)
Scott Stone (R)
Carla Cunningham (D)
Kelly Alexander (D)
John Torbett (R)
Dana Bumgardner (R)
Kelly Hastings (R)
Timothy K. Moore (R)
Mike Hager (R)
Chris Whitmire (R)
Susan C. Fisher (D)
John Ager (D)
Brian Turner (D)
Chuck McGrady (R)
Michele D. Presnell (R)
Mike Clampitt (R)
Roger West (R)
Republican (75)
Democratic (45)
North Carolina General Assembly
North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina State Senate
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Carolina_General_Assembly&oldid=847993212"
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List of the largest trading partners of the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The 20 largest trade partners of the United States represent 76.6% of U.S. exports, and 81.0% of U.S. imports as of December 2014[update].[1] These figures do not include services or foreign direct investment.
The largest US partners with their total trade (sum of imports and exports) in millions of US dollars for calendar year 2016 are as follows:[2]
A flow map of the largest trade partners of the US
United States imported $2.13 trillion from other countries in 2014
United States exported $1.44 trillion to other countries in 2014
Rank
Country/District
Exports
Imports
Total Trade
Trade Balance
- World 1,454,624 2,188,940 3,643,564 -734,316
- European Union[3] 270,325 416,666 686,991 -146,340
1 China 115,775 462,813 578,588 -347,038
2 Canada 266,827 278,067 544,894 -11,240
3 Mexico 230,959 294,151 525,110 -63,192
4 Japan 63,264 132,202 195,466 -68,938
5 Germany 49,362 114,227 163,589 -64,865
6 South Korea 42,266 69,932 112,198 -27,666
7 United Kingdom 55,396 54,326 109,722 +1,070
8 France 30,941 46,765 77,706 -15,824
9 India 21,689 45,998 67,687 -24,309
10 Taiwan 26,045 39,313 65,358 -13,268
11 Italy 16,754 45,210 61,964 -28,456
12 Switzerland 22,701 36,374 59,075 -13,673
13 Netherlands 40,377 16,152 56,529 +24,225
14 Brazil 30,297 26,176 56,473 +4,121
15 Ireland 9,556 45,504 55,060 -35,948
16 Vietnam 10,151 42,109 52,260 -31,958
17 Belgium 32,271 17,020 49,291 +15,251
18 Malaysia 11,867 36,687 48,554 -24,820
19 Singapore 26,868 17,801 44,669 +9,067
20 Hong Kong 34,908 7,386 42,294 +27,522
21 Thailand 10,573 29,493 40,066 -18,920
22 Israel 13,197 22,206 35,403 -9,009
23 Saudi Arabia 18,023 16,926 34,949 +1,097
24 Australia 22,225 9,534 31,759 +12,691
25 Colombia 13,099 13,796 26,895 -697
26 United Arab Emirates 22,382 3,356 25,738 +19,026
27 Indonesia 6,037 19,203 25,240 -13,166
28 Spain 10,373 13,468 23,841 -3,095
29 Chile 12,941 8,799 21,740 +4,142
30 Russia 5,798 14,512 20,310 -8,714
- Top 30 1,272,922 1,979,506 3,252,428 -706,584
- Remaining Countries 181,702 209,434 391,136 -27,732

Imports / Exports / Trade Deficits of the United States in 2014 ($Millions)[4][5]
Country
Exports
Imports
Trade Deficit
China
123,676
446,754
343,078
European Union
276,142
418,754
142,059
Germany
49,363
123,260
73,897
Japan
66,827
134,004
67,117
Mexico
240,249
294,074
53,825
Canada
312,421
347,798
35,377
Saudi Arabia
18,705
47,041
28,336
Ireland
7,806
33,956
26,150
Italy
16,968
42,115
25,147
South Korea
44,471
69,518
25,047
India
21,608
45,244
23,636
Malaysia
13,068
30,420
17,352
France
31,301
46,874
15,573
Thailand
11,810
27,123
15,313
Taiwan
26,670
40,581
13,911
Switzerland
22,176
31,191
9,015
Israel
15,083
22,962
7,879
United Kingdom
53,823
54,392
569
Balance of Trade 2014[6]
China
Euro Area
Japan
Mexico
Pacific
Canada
Middle East
Lat. America
Total by Product
Computer -151.9 3.4 -8.0 -11.0 -26.1 20.9 5.8 12.1
-155.0
Oil, Gas, Minerals 1.9 6.4 2.4 -20.8 1.1 -79.8 -45.1 -15.9
-149.7
Transportation 10.9 -30.9 -46.2 -59.5 -0.5 -6.1 17.1 8.8
-106.3
Apparel -56.3 -4.9 0.6 -4.2 -6.3 2.5 -0.3 -1.1
-69.9
Electrical Equipment -35.9 -2.4 -4.0 -8.5 -3.3 10.0 1.8 2.0
-40.4
Misc. Manufacturing -35.3 4.9 2.7 -2.8 -1.4 5.8 -1.5 1.8
-25.8
Furniture -18.3 -1.2 0.0 -1.6 -2.1 0.4 0.2 0.0
-22.6
Machinery -19.9 -27.0 -18.8 3.9 7.6 18.1 4.5 9.1
-22.4
Primary Metals -3.1 3.1 -1.8 1.0 1.9 -8.9 -0.9 -10.4
-19.1
Fabricated Metals -17.9 -5.9 -3.5 2.8 -4.3 7.3 1.2 1.9
-18.5
Plastics -15.7 -1.9 -2.0 5.7 -4.1 2.6 -0.1 0.5
-15.0
Textile -12.3 -1.1 -0.3 2.8 -4.6 1.5 -0.9 0.2
-14.7
Beverages, Tobacco 1.3 -9.9 0.6 -3.3 0.0 1.0 0.2 -0.6
-10.6
Nonmetallic Minerals -6.1 -1.9 -0.4 -1.2 0.1 1.9 -0.5 -0.8
-8.9
Paper -2.7 1.2 1.1 4.3 1.2 -9.8 0.9 -1.9
-5.8
Chemical -3.9 -39.5 -1.5 19.1 3.2 4.6 -2.4 15.8
-4.7
Food 0.7 -3.6 6.1 4.9 0.9 0.1 1.4 -1.1
9.5
Agriculture 17.8 6.2 7.3 -3.0 5.7 -0.8 2.8 -6.5
29.5
Petroleum 0.6 -1.2 0.1 16.6 -2.0 -0.1 0.6 18.3
32.9
Total by Country/Area
-346.1
-106.1
-65.6
-54.9
-33.0
-29.0
-15.1
32.3
Countries of which United States is the largest trading partner[edit]
The United States is also the primary export or import partner of several countries. The percentages on these tables are based on 2014 data as shown on the CIA World Factbook. Some countries are repeated from the previous table.
Exports[7]
Region
Percentage
American Samoa 100%
Haiti 83.2%
Mexico 80.2%
Chad 77.6%
Canada 76.8%
Nicaragua 52.3%
Saint Kitts and Nevis 49.9%
El Salvador 46.5%
Ecuador 43.9%
Dominican Republic 40.1%
Jamaica 39.5%
Costa Rica 38.4%
Guatemala 36.1%
Honduras 35.2%
Venezuela 34.6%
Suriname 32.1%
Guyana 31.9%
Trinidad and Tobago 29.1%
Israel 26.9%
Colombia 26.3%
Sri Lanka 25.0%
Cambodia 24.1%
Ireland 20.6%
Belize 20.5%
Vietnam 20.0%
Panama 19.8%
Japan 18.9%
China 16.9%
Jordan 15.8%
Bangladesh 14.3%
India 13.4%
Pakistan 12.4%
Fiji 11.8%
Imports[8]
Region
Percentage
Aruba 56.0%
Canada 54.5%
Mexico 48.8%
Dominican Republic 45.8%
Costa Rica 44.4%
Honduras 43.3%
El Salvador 41.0%
Guatemala 40.3%
Jamaica 39.3%
Saint Kitts and Nevis 39.3%
Trinidad and Tobago 34.6%
Ecuador 31.9%
Suriname 31.3%
Bahamas 30.8%
Colombia 28.5%
Panama 25.1%
Venezuela 24.2%
Equatorial Guinea 23.5%
Guyana 21.9%
Belize 21.8%
Peru 21.0%
Nicaragua 16.2%
Kuwait 12.7%
Israel 11.8%
Qatar 11.5%
See also[edit]
Comparison of imports vs exports of the United States
Economy of the United States
List of imports of the United States
List of the largest trading partners of India
List of the largest trading partners of the European Union
List of the largest trading partners of China
Value added tax trade criticism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top Trading Partners - December 2014". Census.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Top U.S. Trade Partners Ranked by 2016 U.S. Total Export Value for Goods (in millions of U.S. dollars)" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-02-07.
Jump up ^ "2016 : U.S. trade in goods with European Union". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
Jump up ^ "Top US Exports".
Jump up ^ "United States Top 10 Imports". 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/balance-of-goods-us-trading-partners-from-goldman-sachs-2017-5
Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
[hide]
v
t
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Balance of payments
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_the_United_States&oldid=807630792"
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text:
Lake Okeechobee
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lake Okeechobee
from space, September 1988
Shown in blue on map of South Florida
Location
Florida
Coordinates
26°56′N 80°48′W / 26.933°N 80.800°W / 26.933; -80.800Coordinates: 26°56′N 80°48′W / 26.933°N 80.800°W / 26.933; -80.800
Primary inflows
Kissimmee River, Fisheating Creek, Taylor Creek
Primary outflows
Everglades, Caloosahatchee River, St. Lucie River
Basin countries
United States
Max. length
36 mi (57.5 km)
Max. width
29 mi (46.6 km)
Surface area
734 sq mi (1,900 km2)
Average depth
8 ft 10 in (2.7 m)
Max. depth
12 ft (3.7 m)
Water volume
1 cu mi (5.2 km3) (estimated)
Surface elevation
12 to 18 ft (3.74 to 5.49 m)
Islands
Kreamer, Torry, Ritta, Grass, Observation, Bird, Horse, Hog, Eagle Bay
Lake Okeechobee (US: /oʊkiˈtʃoʊbi/),[1], also known as Florida's Inland Sea,[2] is the largest freshwater lake in the state of Florida.[3] It is the eighth largest natural freshwater lake in the United States and the second largest natural freshwater lake (the largest being Lake Michigan) contained entirely within the contiguous 48 states.[4] Okeechobee covers 730 square miles (1,900 km2), approximately half the size of the state of Rhode Island, and is exceptionally shallow for a lake of its size, with an average depth of only 9 feet (2.7 metres). The lake is divided between Glades, Okeechobee, Martin, Palm Beach, and Hendry counties. All five counties meet at one point near the center of the lake.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 History
2.1 Hurricanes
2.2 Rim Canal
2.3 Environmental concerns
3 Geology
4 Uses
4.1 Congressionally authorized uses for Lake Okeechobee
4.2 National Scenic Trail
4.3 Fishing
5 In popular culture
5.1 PBS Video
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Name[edit]
The name Okeechobee comes from the Hitchiti words oki (water) and chubi (big).
Because of its size and importance, it is often locally referred to simply as the Big O, or simply The Lake.
History[edit]
The oldest known name for the lake was Mayaimi (also meaning "big water"), reported by Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda in the 16th century.[6] Slightly later in the 16th century René Goulaine de Laudonnière reported hearing about a large freshwater lake in southern Florida called Serrope.[7] By the 18th century the largely mythical lake was known to British mapmakers and chroniclers by the Spanish name Laguna de Espiritu Santo.[8] In the early 19th century it was known as Mayacco Lake[9] or Lake Mayaca after the Mayaca people, originally from the upper reaches of the St. Johns River, who moved near the lake in the early 18th century. The modern Port Mayaca on the east side of the lake preserves that name.[10] The lake was also called Lake Macaco in the early 19th century.[11]
On the southern rim of Lake Okeechobee, three islands—Kreamer, Ritta, and Torey—were once settled by early pioneers. These settlements had a general store, post office, school, and town elections. Farming was the main vocation. The fertile land was challenging to farm because of the muddy muck. Over the first half of the twentieth century, farmers used agricultural tools—including tractors—to farm in the muck. By the 1960s, all of these settlements were abandoned.[12]
Hurricanes[edit]
In 1926 the Great Miami Hurricane hit the Lake Okeechobee area, killing approximately 300 people. Two years later in 1928, the Okeechobee Hurricane crossed over the lake, killing thousands. The Red Cross reported 1,836 deaths which the National Weather Service initially accepted, but in 2003, the number was revised to "at least 2,500".[13] In both cases the catastrophe was caused by flooding from a storm surge when strong winds drove water over the 6.6-foot (2-meter) mud dike that circled the lake at the time.
After the two hurricanes, the Florida State Legislature created the "Okeechobee Flood Control District". The organization was authorized to cooperate with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in actions to prevent similar disasters. U.S. President Herbert Hoover visited the area personally, and afterward the Corps designed a plan incorporating the construction of channels, gates, and levees. The Okeechobee Waterway was officially opened on 23 March 1937 by a procession of boats which left Fort Myers, Florida on 22 March and arrived at Stuart, Florida the following day. The dike was then named the "Herbert Hoover Dike" in honor of the president.
The 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane sent an even larger storm surge to the crest of the new dike, causing it to be expanded again in the 1960s.
Four recent hurricanes - Frances, Jeanne, Wilma, and Irma – had no major adverse effects on communities surrounding Lake Okeechobee, even though the lake rose 18 inches (46 cm) after Hurricane Wilma in 2005. Tropical Storm Ernesto increased water levels by 1 foot (30 cm) in 2006, the last time it exceeded 13 feet (4.0 m).[14] However, the lake's level began dropping soon after and by July 2007, it had dropped more than 4 feet (1.2 m) to its all-time low of 8.82 feet (2.69 m). In August 2008, Tropical Storm Fay increased water levels to 2 feet (0.65 m)[clarification needed] above sea level, the first time it exceeded 12 feet (3.66 m) since January 2007. Over a seven-day period (including some storms that preceded Fay), about 8 inches (20 cm) of rain fell directly onto the lake.[14]
Rim Canal[edit]
Lake Okeechobee, from Canal Point, Florida
During construction of the dike, earth was excavated along the inside perimeter, resulting in a deep channel which runs along the perimeter of the lake.[4] In most places the canal is part of the lake, but in others it is separated from the open lake by low grassy islands such as Kreamer Island. During the drought of 2007–2008 this canal remained navigable while much of surrounding areas were too shallow or even above the water line. Even when the waters are higher, navigating the open lake can be tricky, whereas the rim canal is simple, so to reach a specific location in the lake it is often easiest to go around the rim canal to get close then take one of the many channels into the lake.[citation needed]
Environmental concerns[edit]
Lake Okeechobee from space in July 2016
In 2007, during a drought, state water and wildlife managers removed thousands of truckloads of toxic mud from the lake's floor, in an effort to restore the lake's natural sandy base and create clearer water and better habitat for wildlife. The mud contained elevated levels of arsenic and other pesticides. According to tests from the South Florida Water Management District, arsenic levels on the northern part of the lake bed were as much as four times the limit for residential land. Independent tests found the mud too polluted for use on agricultural or commercial lands, and therefore difficult to dispose of on land.[15]
Through early 2008, the lake remained well below normal levels, with large portions of the lake bed exposed above the water line. During this time, portions of the lake bed, covered in organic matter, dried out and caught fire.[16] In late August 2008, Tropical Storm Fay inundated Florida with record amounts of rain. Lake Okeechobee received almost a 4 feet (1.2 m) increase in water level, including local run-off from the tributaries.
In 2013 heavy rains in central Florida resulted in high runoff into the lake; rising lake levels forced the CoE (Army Corps of Engineers) to release large volumes of polluted water from the lake through the St. Lucie River estuary to the east and the Caloosahatchee River estuary to the west. Thus the normal mix of fresh and salt water in those estuaries was replaced by a flood of polluted fresh water resulting in ecological damage.[17]
Since 2013, the CoE has been forced to pump billions of gallons (billions of cubic meters) of water out of the lake to avoid jeopardizing the integrity of the Hoover dike holding back the water from inundating the surrounding populated area. Some claim that sugar plantations have been pumping polluted water from their flooded fields into the lake, but U.S. Sugar claims back pumping is only to avoid flooding of communities, never to protect farm land. In March 2015, the rate was 1 billion US gallons (3,785,412 m3) daily. This results in pollution problems for the Treasure Coast, St. Lucie estuary, and the Indian River Lagoon.[18][19]
In May 2016, 33 square miles (85 km2) of the southern portion of the lake were affected by an algal bloom.[20] The outbreak was possibly due in part to nutrient-laden waters reaching the lake from farms and other sources.[20][21] Microcystin was found among the other species involved in the outbreak.[20]
In July 2016, the Federal Government denied Governor Rick Scott's request for Federal Disaster Aid to the Treasure Coast as a result of the toxic algal bloom in the St. Lucie Estuary which was responsible for millions of dollars of lost income for local businesses: this reaffirmed the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) finding that the lake's water quality was a State issue. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection and Martin County had carried out toxicity testing on the algae, but had not funded any work to clean up the water, and a FEMA spokesman said that "The state has robust capability to respond to emergencies and disasters."[22]
On June 23, 2017, the South Florida Water Management District was granted emergency permission to back pump clean water into Lake Okeechobee to save animals and plants in bloated water conservation areas."[23]
Geology[edit]
Lake Okeechobee sits in a shallow geological trough that also underlies the Kissimmee River Valley and the Everglades. The trough is underlain by clay deposits that compacted more than the limestone and sand deposits did along both coasts of peninsular Florida. Until about 6,000 years ago, the trough was dry land. As the sea level rose, the water table in Florida also rose and rainfall increased. From 6,000 to 4,000 years ago, wetlands formed building up peat deposits. Eventually the water flow into the area created a lake, drowning the wetlands. Along what is now the southern edge of the lake, the wetlands built up the layers of peat rapidly enough (reaching 13-to-14-foot or 4-to-4.3-metre thick) to form a dam, until the lake overflowed into the Everglades.[24] At its capacity, the lake holds 1 trillion US gallons (3.8×109 m3) of water[14] and is the headwaters of the Everglades.[25]
The floor of the lake is a limestone basin, with a maximum depth of 13 feet (4 m). Its water is somewhat murky from runoff from surrounding farmlands. The Army Corps of Engineers targets keeping the surface of the lake between 12.5 and 15.5 feet (4 and 5 m) above sea level.[26] The lake is enclosed by a 40 feet (12 m) high Herbert Hoover Dike built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers after a hurricane in 1928 breached the old dike, flooding surrounding communities and claiming at least 2,500 lives.[27] Water flows into Lake Okeechobee from several sources, including the Kissimmee River, Fisheating Creek, Lake Istokpoga, Taylor Creek, and smaller sources such as Nubbin Slough and Nicodemus Slough.[28][29] The Kissimmee River is the largest source, providing more than 60% of the water flowing into Lake Okeechobee.[30][31] Fisheating Creek is the second largest source for the lake, with about 9% of the total inflow.[29] Prior to the 20th century, Lake Istokpoga was connected to the Kissimee River by Istokpoga Creek, but during the rainy season Lake Istokpoga overflowed, with the water flowing in a 40 km wide sheet across the Indian Prairie into Lake Okeechobee.[32] Today Lake Istokpoga drains into Lake Okeechobee through several canals that drain the Indian Prairie, and into the Kissimmee River through a canal that has replaced Istokpoga Creek.[33] Historically, outflow from the lake was by sheet flow over the Everglades, but most of the outflow has been diverted to dredged canals connecting to coastal rivers, such as the Miami Canal to the Miami River, the New River on the east, and the Caloosahatchee River (via the Caloosahatchee Canal and Lake Hicpochee) on the southwest.
Uses[edit]
Congressionally authorized uses for Lake Okeechobee[edit]
According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,[34] the Congressionally authorized uses for Lake Okeechobee include the following:
Flood and storm risk management
Navigation
Water supply for the following:
Salinity control in estuaries
Regional groundwater control
Agricultural irrigation
Municipalities and industry
Enhancement of fish and wildlife
Recreation
Lake Okeechobee from Pahokee
National Scenic Trail[edit]
The 30-metre (100 ft) wide dike surrounding Lake Okeechobee is the basis for the Lake Okeechobee Scenic Trail (LOST), a part of the Florida National Scenic Trail, a 1,300-mile (2,100 km) trail that is a National Scenic Trail. There is a well-maintained paved pathway along the majority of the perimeter, although with significant breaks.[35] It is used by hikers and bicyclists, and is wide enough to accommodate vehicles.
Fishing[edit]
The most common fish in this lake are largemouth bass, crappie, and bluegill. Pickerel have been less commonly caught.
In popular culture[edit]
Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades are featured as a backdrop for the 1951 Gary Cooper film, Distant Drums.
Lake Okeechobee is the setting of a climactic scene in Carl Hiaasen's 2002 novel Basket Case (Ch. 28).
Used in the John Anderson song "Seminole Wind" Lyric: "And blow, blow from the Okeechobee, All the way up to Micanopy"
Lake Okeechobee is the setting of a significant part of Zora Neale Hurston's novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, and the movie of the same name. Janie and Tea Cake go there to work "on the muck." Hurston refers to the lake as "Big Lake Okechobee, big beans, big cane, big weeds, big everything". The description speaks to the migrant African American laborers working in this area during the agricultural season in the 1920s.[36]
Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades are settings in Patrick D. Smith's novel A Land Remembered, chronicling the effects of modernization upon the lake and the Seminole tribe.
Lake Okeechobee is famously mentioned in Hank Williams Jr.'s number one Billboard country hit song "Dixie on My Mind", when comparing country life to big city life: "I've always heard lots about the big apple / So I thought I'd come up here and see. / But all I've seen so far is one big hassle / wish I was camped out on the Okeechobee'".
Lake Okeechobee is featured in the first episode of American Horror Story: Freak Show.
PBS Video[edit]
In 2007, PBS's Earth Edition produced a 27-minute video titled Lake Okeechobee: Big Water, Big Trouble. Earth Edition's description of the video follows: During the past 125 years, a series of well-intentioned decisions, actions and policies have turned what should have been one of Florida's greatest natural treasures into an environmental villain. Six thousand years later after it was formed, residents and agencies across the state are now raising the questions: Is it too late for Lake O?[37]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Okeechobee". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Lake Okeechobee Area, Visit Florida
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the Lake Okeechobee".
^ Jump up to: a b Heather S. Henkel (2010-04-15). "SOFIA Virtual Tour - Lake Okeechobee". Sofia.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
Jump up ^ Counties of Florida map from U.S. Census Bureau.
Jump up ^ Hahn:11
Jump up ^ Hann:148
Jump up ^ Hanna:32
Jump up ^ Hanna:33
Jump up ^ Hann:99
Jump up ^ "Mosquito County, Florida, 1830 (map) The Okeechobee river was affected by wind and water erosion.". University of South Florida. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Wills, Lawrence E. (1977). A Cracker History of Okeechobee. West Palm Beach, Florida: Palm Beach County Historical Society.
Jump up ^ "National Hurricane Center: The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996". Nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kleinberg, Eliot (2008-08-21). "Lake Okeechobee surpasses 12 feet for first time since January '07". Palm Beach Post. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Polluted Muck Taken from Florida's Lake Okeechobee Prompts Fears on Land", Environmental News Network
Jump up ^ Lake Okeechobee Brush Fire, WINK News "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
Jump up ^ Lizette Alvarez (September 8, 2013). "In South Florida, a Polluted Bubble Ready to Burst". The New York Times. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hiaasen, Carl (March 13, 2016). "Where's Rick Scott in Lake O pollution crisis?". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 23A. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ LaPeter Anton, Leonora; Pittman, Craig (March 19, 2016). "Lake Okeechobee flood control creates environmental disaster". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Water quality concerns grow as toxic bacteria found in Lake O". ABC 7 WZVN. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Andy Reid (17 May 2016). "Lake Okeechobee algae bloom threatens to worsen water woes". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Florida can pay for algae recovery on its own, FEMA says". TCPalm. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Emergency Lake Okeechobee back-pumping granted to save wildlife". 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Lodge:110
Jump up ^ South Florida Water Management District: Okeechobee Watershed Overview
Jump up ^ Reid, Andy (April 21, 2011). "Declining Lake Okeechobee water levels threaten South Florida environment, water supplies". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Brochu, Nicole Sterghos (2003). "Florida's Forgotten Storm: the Hurricane of 1928". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ Lodge:105, 109
^ Jump up to: a b Fisheating Creek Sub-Watershed Feasibility Study:11
Jump up ^ Lodge:106
Jump up ^ Boning:212
Jump up ^ Lodge:107, 109
Jump up ^ Lodge:109
Jump up ^ "LAKE OKEECHOBEE / Water Management > Jacksonville District > Fact Sheet Article View". Jacksonville District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Lake Okeechobee and Florida National Scenic Trails CURRENT CLOSURES" (PDF). US Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Hurston, Zora Neale (1998). Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Perennial Classics. p. 129. ISBN 0-06-093141-8.
Jump up ^ "PBS Earth Edition- Lake Okeechobee: Big Water, Big Trouble".
References[edit]
Boning, Charles R. (2007). Florida's Rivers. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press. ISBN 978-1-56164-400-1.
Fisheating Creek Sub-Watershed Feasibility Study - accessed 18 April 2011
Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513-1763. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2645-8.
Hanna, Alfred Jackson; Kathryn Abbey Hanna (1948). Lake Okeechobee. Bobbs-Merrill. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
Lodge, Thomas E. (2005). The Everglades Handbook: Understanding the Ecosystem. Second Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 1-56670-614-9
External links[edit]
Media related to Lake Okeechobee at Wikimedia Commons
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Ablative (Latin)
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Latin grammar
Declension
Uses of the ablative
Uses of the dative
Conjugation
Syntax
Subjunctive by attraction
Clausula (rhetoric)
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In Latin grammar, the ablative case (in Latin, cāsus ablātīvus) is one of the six cases of nouns. Traditionally, it is the sixth case (Latin: cāsus sextus, cāsus latīnus). It has forms and functions derived from the Proto-Indo-European ablative, instrumental, and locative. It expresses concepts similar to those of the English prepositions from; with, by; and in, at.[1] It is sometimes called the adverbial case, since phrases in the ablative can be translated as adverbs: incrēdibilī celeritāte, "with incredible speed", or "very quickly".
Contents
[hide]
1 Uses
1.1 Ablative proper
1.2 Instrumental ablative
1.3 Locative ablative
1.4 Prepositions
2 References
3 Bibliography
Uses[edit]
Ablative proper[edit]
Some uses of the ablative descend from the Proto-Indo-European ablative case.
Ablative of separation implies that some person or thing is separated from another. No active movement from one location to the next occurs; furthermore, ablatives of separation sometimes lack a preposition, particularly with certain verbs like careō or līberō. For example, Cicerō hostēs ab urbe prohibuit, "Cicero kept the enemy away from the city"; eōs timōre līberāvit, "he freed them from fear".[2]
Ablative of place from which describes active motion away from a place. Nouns, either proper or common, are almost always used in this sense with accompanying prepositions ab/ā/abs, "from"; ex/ē, "out of"; or dē, "down from". For example, ex agrīs, "from the fields"; ex Graeciā in Italiam nāvigāvērunt, "They sailed from Greece to Italy."
It can also be used for the whole to which a certain number belongs or is a part. Example: ex eīs ūnus "one of them".
Cities and small islands, as well as the word domus, use this ablative even without a preposition: Athēnīs discessit "he departed from Athens".
Ablative of personal agent marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb is performed. The agent is always preceded by ab/ā/abs. Example: Caesar ā deīs admonētur, "Caesar is warned by the gods".[3]
Ablative of comparison is used with comparative adjectives, where English would use the conjunction "than". Example: aere perennius "longer-lasting than bronze".[4]
Ablative of cause marks the reason why the subject performs an action: exsiluī gaudiō "I jumped with joy".[5]
Instrumental ablative[edit]
Some uses of the ablative descend from the Proto-Indo-European instrumental case.
Ablative of instrument or of means marks the means by which an action is carried out: oculīs vidēre, "to see with the eyes". This is equivalent to the instrumental case found in some other languages. Deponent verbs in Latin sometimes use the ablative of means idiomatically: ūtitur stilō literally means "he is benefiting himself by means of a stylus (writing instrument)"; however, the phrase is more aptly translated "he is using a stylus".[6]
Ablative of agent is a more generalized version of the ablative of personal agent, used when the agent is an inanimate object. When the agent is a person, the preposition ā/ab is used, for example rēx ā mīlitibus interfectus est "The king was killed by the soldiers"; but when the agent is a thing, the preposition is omitted and the ablative case is sufficient, for example: rēx armīs mīlitum interfectus est "the king was killed by the weapons of the soldiers".
Ablative of manner describes the manner in which an action was carried out. The preposition cum (meaning "with") is used
when no adjective describes the noun (cum cūrā, "with care"), or
optionally after the adjective(s) and before the noun: magnā (cum) cūrā, "with great care".[7]
Ablative of attendant circumstances is similar: magnō cum clāmōre cīvium ad urbem perveniunt ("They reach the city to the great clamour of the citizens")
Ablative of accompaniment describes with whom something was done. Nouns and pronouns in this construction are always accompanied by the preposition cum: cum eīs, "with them"; cum amīcīs vēnērunt, "They came with friends."[8]
Ablative of degree of difference is used with comparative adjectives and words implying comparison: aliquot ante annīs "a few years earlier" (lit. "earlier by a few years").[9]
Ablative of specification denotes the thing in respect to which something is specified: maior nātū "older by birth".[10]
Ablative of description or of quality is an ablative modified by an adjective or genitive that expresses a quality that something has: vir summā virtūte "a gentleman of highest virtue".[11]
Locative ablative[edit]
Some meanings of the ablative descend from the Proto-Indo-European locative case.
Ablative of place where marks a location where an action occurred. It usually appears with a preposition, such as in, but not always; e.g., hōc locō "in this place"[12]
Ablative of time when and within which marks the time when or within which an action occurred. E.g., aestāte, "in summer"; eō tempore, "at that time"; paucīs hōrīs id faciet, "within a few hours he will do it."[13] Compare with the accusative of time, which was used for duration of time and—in classical Latin, following Greek—for dates of the form ante diem N. Kal./Non./Id. (In early Latin, such dates were given in the ablative instead.)
Ablative absolute describes the circumstances surrounding an action; e.g., urbe captā, cīvēs fūgērunt, "with the city having been captured, the citizens fled."
Prepositions[edit]
Some Latin prepositions, like ex "from" or dē "about", take a noun in the ablative. Four prepositions (in "in/into", sub "under/to the foot of", subter "under", super "over") may take either an accusative or an ablative. In the case of the first two, the accusative indicates motion, and the ablative indicates no motion. For instance, in urbe means "in the city"; in urbem, "into the city".[14] In the case of super, the accusative means "above" or "over", and the ablative means "concerning".[15]
"SIDSPACE" and any of its anagrams, including "IS SPACED" and "PASS DICE",[16] may be used as a mnemonic to remember the most common prepositions which use the ablative case:
sub, in, dē, sine, prō, ab, cum, ex
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §398, 399: origin and overview of functions; common translations
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §401
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §405
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §406
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §404
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §409
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §412
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §413
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §414
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §418
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §415
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §421
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §423
Jump up ^ Wheelock, Frederic M. Wheelock's Latin, HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-078371-0
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §221.24
Jump up ^ Garg, Anu, "Anagram Generator", Wordsmith .
Bibliography[edit]
Allen, Joseph A.; et al. (2001) [1903]. New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges. Newburyport, Massachusetts: R. Pullins Company. ISBN 1-58510-042-0.
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