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Big Momma's House 2
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Big Momma's House 2
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John Whitesell
Produced by
David T. Friendly
Michael Green
Written by
Don Rhymer
Based on
Characters
by Darryl Quarles
Starring
Martin Lawrence
Nia Long
Zachary Levi
Mark Moses
Emily Procter
Kat Dennings
Chloë Grace Moretz
Music by
George S. Clinton
Cinematography
Mark Irwin
Edited by
Priscilla Nedd-Friendly
Production
company
Regency Enterprises
Runteldat Entertainment
Deep River Productions
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
January 27, 2006 (2006-01-27)
Running time
99 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million[1]
Box office
$138.3 million[1]
Big Momma's House 2 is a 2006 American crime comedy film, the sequel to 2000's Big Momma's House and the second installment of the Big Momma series. The film was directed by John Whitesell and starring Martin Lawrence reprising his role as FBI agent Malcolm Turner. The film was released theatrically on January 27, 2006 and was critically panned as critics felt that a sequel was unnecessary.
Unlike the first film, Big Momma's House 2 takes on a family friendly tone compared to the original film's more mature target demographic. The film was panned by film critics, scoring 6% at Rotten Tomatoes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Box office
4 Sequel
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Malcolm Turner (Martin Lawrence) has been assigned a desk job in public relations as an FBI agent, since he wants to live with his new wife, Sherry Pierce (Nia Long), during her delivery for the couple's new baby boy. Meanwhile, an incident occurs in Orange County, California, where Malcolm's old friend, Doug Hudson (Kirk B.R. Woller), has been killed while he was going undercover.
FBI agent Kevin Keneally (Zachary Levi) is doing surveillance on a former U.S. Army military intelligence specialist named Tom Fuller (Mark Moses), who has since retired and is working for a private corporation called National Agenda Software. The FBI has soon discovered that Tom is developing a computer worm which will create backdoors into the databases of all the branches of the U.S. government. Affected by his friend's death, Malcolm asks FBI chief, Crawford (Dan Lauria), to put him on the case, but Crawford refuses and tells him to stay away for safety analysis.
By eavesdropping via the webcam, Malcolm finds out that the FBI is sending one of the agents to infiltrate Fuller's house as a nanny. Giving Sherry the pretext of attending a safety conference in Phoenix, Arizona, Malcolm leaves for Orange County and takes the "Big Momma" costume with him.
Malcolm reprises his disguise as Big Momma from the original film and showing up at Fuller's house as Mrs. Fuller (Emily Procter) is interviewing several other candidates. Big Momma eliminates the three other applicants for the nanny position by pointing out the sexually attractive qualities of the first, the drug use of the second, and the FBI Agent's concealed firearm of the third.
Big Momma meets the three Fuller children: Molly (Kat Dennings), Carrie (Chloë Grace Moretz), and Andrew. After failing to perform the housekeeping tasks assigned to her, Big Momma is fired, and works all night cleaning up and makes a large breakfast. Upon seeing it the next day, Mrs. Fuller changes her mind when the family awakes to find this. Big Momma is soon accepted within the household and becomes a daily part of their lives. His tasks include accompanying Mrs. Fuller to the spa, taking the family to the beach, watching out for trouble, and simply playing a game of bingo as part of her routine.
After Big Momma finds out the password from Tom, Molly calls him who tells her that she needs her at a nightclub. Big Momma goes at once, only to find that Molly was lured by Fuller's bosses, who kidnaps her and Big Momma. Big Momma and Molly are tied up and placed in the back of the van.
Big Momma has a switchblade, which Molly reaches for and uses to free them. He sees that they are at the waterfront and witnesses Tom giving a disc to a man who puts it in his laptop and is granted full access to FBI data. Big Momma gets on a jet ski and jumps it onto the dock, sending it into two men, and landing on one himself. Big Momma helps Tom and they attempt to escape, but one of the men shot him. The FBI shows up, and Keneally gave Malcolm the handcuffs to put on Tom, but Malcolm tells the agent in charge that Tom's family was threatened, and that no charges should be filed. Malcolm and Keneally agree, and the case is closed.
Sometime later, Big Momma goes to the girls' state cheerleading championships. Their stuntwoman broke her leg, and Big Momma helps them out by doing the routine and winning the competition. He later leaves and gives the family a farewell letter saying he must go on, but to look out, because one day he might be back.
Cast[edit]
Martin Lawrence as FBI Agent Malcolm Turner/Big Momma
Nia Long as Sherry Pierce Turner
Zachary Levi as Kevin Keneally
Mark Moses as Tom Fuller
Emily Procter as Leah Fuller
Kat Dennings as Molly Fuller
Chloë Grace Moretz as Carrie Fuller
Marisol Nichols as Liliana Morales
Jascha Washington as Trent Pierce
Sarah Joy Brown as Constance Stone
Kevin Durand as Oshima
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 6% based on 72 reviews and an average rating of 3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Unfunny and unoriginal. In other words, a perfect piece of evidence for opponents of pointless movie sequels."[2] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 20 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[3] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[4]
The film was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Awards in 2006 in the category "Worst Prequel or Sequel", but lost the trophy to Basic Instinct 2.
Its poor reception has been lampooned in The Onion.[5]
Box office[edit]
Big Momma's House 2 grossed $27,736,056 in its opening weekend ranking number one.[6] As of March 3, 2011, the film has grossed a total of $70,165,972 at the United States box office with a worldwide gross of $138,259,062.
Sequel[edit]
Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son was released on February 18, 2011. Brandon T. Jackson was cast in the role of Trent, who was originally played by Jascha Washington. Nia Long also did not reprise her role, which resulted in her character, Sherry, being written out. The film received overwhelmingly negative reviews from film critics as well.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Big Momma's House 2 Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Big Momma's House 2 (2006)". Rotten Tomatoes.
Jump up ^ "Big Momma's House 2 Reviews". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ "Passengers Bravely Take Down Plane Showing Big Momma's House 2". The Onion. 24 May 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
Jump up ^ 'Big Momma' Jams, 'Nanny McPhee' Floats, 'Bubble' Bursts
External links[edit]
Big Momma's House 2 on IMDb
Big Momma's House 2 at Rotten Tomatoes
Big Momma's House 2 at Box Office Mojo
Big Momma's House 2 review in Slant Magazine by Keith Uhlich
[show]
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Films
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Films directed by John Whitesell
Calendar Girl (1993)
See Spot Run (2001)
Malibu's Most Wanted (2003)
Big Momma's House 2 (2006)
Deck the Halls (2006)
Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son (2011)
Thunderstruck (2012)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Momma%27s_House_2&oldid=842999390"
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Earthling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about inhabitants of the planet Earth. For other uses, see Earthling (disambiguation).
Look up Earthling in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Earthling, a term identifying inhabitants of the planet Earth, is commonly used in science fiction to contrast Earth-born organisms and characters, whose ethnicity or nationality diaspora originated on Earth, with extraterrestrials. Similar terms are Terran and Gaian.[citation needed]
Contents
1 History
2 Modern use
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
Historically, the term "earthling" referred to a mortal inhabitant of the Earth as opposed to spiritual or divine entities. In Early Modern English, the word was used with the intention of contrasting "earth" with "heaven", and so presenting man as an inhabitant of the sublunary sphere, as opposed to heavenly creatures or deities.[1] The derivation from the noun earth by means of the suffix -ling is already seen in Old English eyrþling, in the meaning "ploughman". The sense of "inhabitant of earth" is first attested in 1593. Its use in science fiction dates to 1949, in Red Planet by Robert A. Heinlein.[2]
The word "Human" has the same imposed meaning, since it originates from a PIE word *ǵʰmṓ "earthling" < *dʰéǵʰōm "earth". Compare Latin homo "human" and humus "earth, soil".[original research?]
Modern use[edit]
Its modern use in science fiction literature contrasts "Earth" (the planet) with outer space or hypothetical other planets with sapient life. The term was often used in 1950s science fiction film and novels by aliens to express a disdainful or patronizing tone towards creatures from Earth. The meaning "creature from planet Earth" in the context of space travel may be extended to non-human species, as in "Russia fetes dog Laika, first earthling in space".[3]
The literary effect aimed for is a distancing effect, inviting the readers to contemplate their own species as it might be seen from an external point of view. There is also a belittling effect, in parallel with the use of the -ling suffix in such diminutives as "duckling" and "gosling". Especially in 1950s science fiction, use of the term is a conscious reversal of common assumptions of anthropocentrism or human exceptionalism, and may be an example of an exonym.[original research?]
In some science fiction media (such as the Star Trek franchise and the 2014 movie Guardians of the Galaxy) the term "Terran" is used as a term for humans, stemming from "terra", the Latin word for Earth. In the original run of the BBC series Doctor Who, the phrase "tellurian" is used.
See also[edit]
Names for the human species
Terran
Gaian
Earthling film
Earthlings film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Thomas Nashe, Christ's Tears (1593, 1613), p. 124: "Wee (of all earthlings) are Gods vtmost subiects.";
Drummond of Hawthornden, Poems (1711), p. 31 (written ca. 1630): "Nature gaz'd on with such a curious eye, That earthlings oft her deem'd a deity."
Cited after Oxford English Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "earthling". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Solovyov, Dmitry; Pearce, Tim (ed.) (11 April 2008). "Russia fetes dog Laika, first earthling in space". Reuters. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earthling&oldid=838889451"
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Fiscal year
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is the period used by governments for accounting and budget purposes, which vary between countries. It is also used for financial reporting by business and other organizations. Laws in many jurisdictions require company financial reports to be prepared and published on a generally annual basis, but generally do not require that the reporting period be calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. Taxation laws generally require accounting records to be maintained and taxes calculated on an annual basis, which usually corresponds to the fiscal year used for government purposes. The calculation of tax on an annual basis is especially relevant for direct taxation, such as income tax. Many annual government fees—such as Council rates, licence fees, etc.—are also levied on a fiscal year basis, while others are charged on an anniversary basis.
The "fiscal year end" (FYE) is the date that marks the end of the fiscal year. Some companies—such as Cisco Systems[1]—end their fiscal year on the same day of the week each year, e.g. the day that is closest to a particular date (for example, the Friday closest to 31 December). Under such a system, some fiscal years will have 52 weeks and others 53 weeks.
The calendar year is used as the fiscal year by about 65% of publicly traded companies in the United States and for a majority of large corporations in the UK[2] and elsewhere, with notable exceptions being in Australia, New Zealand and Japan.[3]
Many universities have a fiscal year which ends during the summer, both to align the fiscal year with the academic year (and, in some cases involving public universities, with the state government's fiscal year), and because the school is normally less busy during the summer months. In the northern hemisphere this is July to the next June. In the southern hemisphere this is calendar year, January to December. Some media/communication-based organizations use a broadcast calendar as the basis for their fiscal year.
The fiscal year is usually denoted by the year in which it ends, so United States federal government spending incurred on 14 November 2017 would belong to fiscal year 2018, operating on a fiscal calendar of October–September.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart of various fiscal years
2 Tax year
3 Operation in various countries/region
3.1 Afghanistan
3.2 Australia
3.3 Austria
3.4 Bangladesh
3.5 Belarus
3.6 Brazil
3.7 Bulgaria
3.8 Canada
3.9 China
3.10 Colombia
3.11 Costa Rica
3.12 Egypt
3.13 France
3.14 Greece
3.15 Hong Kong
3.16 India
3.17 Iran
3.18 Ireland
3.19 Israel
3.20 Italy
3.21 Japan
3.22 Macau
3.23 Mexico
3.24 Myanmar/Burma
3.25 Nepal
3.26 New Zealand
3.27 Pakistan
3.28 Portugal
3.29 Qatar
3.30 Russia
3.31 Singapore
3.32 South Africa
3.33 South Korea
3.34 Spain
3.35 Sweden
3.36 Taiwan
3.37 Thailand
3.38 Ukraine
3.39 United Arab Emirates
3.40 United Kingdom
3.41 United States
4 See also
5 References
Chart of various fiscal years[edit]
Fiscal year by country
[hide]Country
Purpose
(Jul)
(Aug)
(Sep)
(Oct)
(Nov)
(Dec)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
(Jan)
(Feb)
(Mar)
Australia
Austria
Bangladesh
Brazil
Canada govt
corp. and pers.
China
Costa Rica
Egypt
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
India
Iran 21 March
Israel
Japan govt
corp. and pers.
Nepal 17 July
Netherlands
New Zealand govt
corp. and pers.
Pakistan
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Russia
Singapore govt
pers
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sweden pers.
corp.
Switzerland pers.
Taiwan
Thailand
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom pers. 6 April
corp. and govt
United States govt
Country
Purpose
(Jul)
(Aug)
(Sep)
(Oct)
(Nov)
(Dec)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
(Jan)
(Feb)
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Fiscal year by start date
[show]Country
Purpose
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Egypt
New Zealand govt
Pakistan
Sweden corp.
Sweden corp.
Costa Rica
Thailand
United States govt
China
Germany
Republic of Ireland
Japan corp. and pers.
Singapore pers.
Spain pers.
Spain corp.
Taiwan
United Arab Emirates
Russia
Canada
Hong Kong
India
Japan govt
New Zealand corp. and pers.
Singapore govt
United Kingdom corp. and govt
United Kingdom pers. 6 April
South Africa
Sweden corp.
Country
Purpose
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Tax year[edit]
The fiscal year for individuals and entities to report and pay income taxes is often known as the taxpayer's tax year or taxable year. Taxpayers in many jurisdictions may choose their tax year.[5] In federal countries (e.g., United States, Canada, Switzerland), state/provincial/cantonal tax years must be the same as the federal year. Nearly all jurisdictions require that the tax year be 12 months or 52/53 weeks.[6] However, short years are permitted as the first year or when changing tax years.[7]
Most countries require all individuals to pay income tax based on the calendar year. Significant exceptions include:
Australia: individuals pay income tax based on the financial year of 1 July until 30 June.[8]
United Kingdom: individuals pay tax on a year ending 5 April. This is due to Britain historically having a calendar year starting on 25 March in the Julian calendar, which translates to 6 April in the Gregorian calendar.
United States: individuals may (but rarely do) elect any tax year, subject to IRS approval.[9]
Many jurisdictions require that the tax year conform to the taxpayer's fiscal year for financial reporting. The United States is a notable exception: taxpayers may choose any tax year, but must keep books and records for such year.[6]
Operation in various countries/region[edit]
In some jurisdictions, particularly those that permit tax consolidation, companies that are part of a group of businesses must use nearly the same fiscal year (differences of up to three months are permitted in some jurisdictions, such as the U.S. and Japan), with consolidating entries to adjust for transactions between units with different fiscal years, so the same resources will not be counted more than once or not at all.[citation needed]
Afghanistan[edit]
In Afghanistan, the fiscal year was recently[timeframe?] changed from 1 Hamal – 29 Hoot (21 March – 20 March) to 1 Jadi – 30 Qaus (21 December – 20 December). The fiscal year runs with the Afghan calendar, thus resulting in difference of the Gregorian dates once in a four-year span.[citation needed]
Australia[edit]
In Australia, a fiscal year is commonly called a "financial year" (FY) and starts on 1 July and ends on the next 30 June. Financial years are designated by the calendar year of the second half of the period. For example, financial year 2017 is the 12-month period ending on 30 June 2017 and can be referred to as FY2016/17. It is used for official purposes, by individual taxpayers and by the overwhelming majority of business enterprises.[10] Business enterprises may opt to use a financial year that ends at the end of a week (e.g., 52 or 53 weeks in length, and therefore is not exactly one calendar year in length), or opt for its financial year to end on a date that matches the reporting cycle of its foreign parent. All entities within the one group must use the same financial year.
For government accounting and budget purposes, pre-Federation colonies changed the financial year from the calendar year to a year ending 30 June on the following dates: Victoria changed in 1870, South Australia in 1874, Queensland in 1875, Western Australia in 1892, New South Wales in 1895 and Tasmania in 1904. The Commonwealth adopted the near-ubiquitous financial year standard since its inception in 1901.[11] The reason given for the change was for convenience, as Parliament typically sits during May and June, while it was difficult for it to meet in November and December to pass a budget.[11]
Austria[edit]
In Austria the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.
Bangladesh[edit]
In Bangladesh, the fiscal year is 1 July to the next 30 June.
Belarus[edit]
In Belarus, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. [12]
Brazil[edit]
In Brazil, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.
Bulgaria[edit]
In Bulgaria, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, both for personal income tax[13] and for corporate taxes.[14]
Canada[edit]
In Canada,[15] the government's financial year is 1 April to 31 March.
(Q1 1 April - 30 June, Q2 1 July - 30 Sept, Q3 1 Oct - 31 Dec and Q4 1 Jan - 31 Mar)
For individual taxpayers, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.
China[edit]
In China, the fiscal year for all entities is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, and applies to the tax year, statutory year, and planning year.[citation needed]
Colombia[edit]
In Colombia, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.
Costa Rica[edit]
In Costa Rica, the fiscal year is 1 October to 30 September.
Egypt[edit]
In the Arab Republic of Egypt, the fiscal year is 1 July to 30 June.[citation needed]
France[edit]
In France, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, and has been since at least 1911.[16]
Greece[edit]
In Greece, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.
Hong Kong[edit]
In Hong Kong,[17] the government's financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March.
India[edit]
In India, the government's financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March. It is abbreviated as FY18.[18][19]
Companies following the Indian Depositary Receipt (IDR) are given freedom to choose their financial year. For example, Standard Chartered's IDR follows the UK calendar despite being listed in India. Companies following Indian fiscal year get to know their economical health on 31 March of every Indian financial or fiscal year.
The current fiscal year was adopted by the colonial British government in 1867 to align India's financial year with that of the British Empire.[20][21] Prior to 1867, India followed a fiscal year that ran from 1 May to 30 April.[22]
In 1984, the LK Jha committee recommended adopting a fiscal year that ran from 1 January to 31 December. However, this proposal was not adopted by the government fearing possible issues during the transition period.[22] A panel set up by the NITI Aayog in July 2016, recommended starting the next fiscal year from 1 January to 31 December after the end of the current five-year plan.[23]
On 4 May 2017, Madhya Pradesh announced that it would move to a January-December financial year, becoming the first Indian state to do so.[24]
Iran[edit]
In Iran, the fiscal year usually starts on 21 March (1st of Farvardin) and concludes on next year's 20 March (29th of Esfand) in Solar Hijri calendar [25]
Ireland[edit]
Until 2001, the fiscal year in Ireland was the year ending 5 April, as in the United Kingdom. From 2002, to coincide with the introduction of the euro, it was changed to the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. The 2001 tax year was nine months, from April to December.[26]
Israel[edit]
In Israel, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[27]
Italy[edit]
In Italy, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. It was changed in 1965, before which it was 1 July to 30 June.[citation needed]
Japan[edit]
In Japan,[28] the government's financial year is from 1 April to 31 March. The fiscal year is represented by the calendar year in which the period begins, followed by the word nendo (年度); for example the fiscal year from 1 April 2017 to 31 March 2018 is called 2017–nendo.
Japan's income tax year is 1 January to 31 December, but corporate tax is charged according to the corporation's own annual period.[citation needed]
Macau[edit]
In Macau, the government's financial year is 1 January to 31 December.
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.
Myanmar/Burma[edit]
In Myanmar,[29] the fiscal year is 1 April to 31 March.
Nepal[edit]
In Nepal, the fiscal year is 1 Shrawan (4th month of Bikram calendar) to 31 Ashad (3rd month of Bikram calendar). Shrawan 1 roughly falls in mid-July.[30]
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, the government's fiscal[31] and financial reporting[32] year is 1 July to the next 30 June[33] and applies also to the budget. The company and personal financial year[34] is 1 April to 31 March and applies to company and personal income tax.
Pakistan[edit]
The Pakistani government's fiscal year is 1 July of the previous calendar year and concludes on 30 June. Private companies are free to observe their own accounting year, which may not be the same as government's fiscal year.[35]
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.
Qatar[edit]
In Qatar, the fiscal year is from 1 April to 31 March.
Russia[edit]
In Russia, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[16]
Singapore[edit]
The fiscal year for the calculation of personal income taxes is 1 January to 31 December.[citation needed]
The fiscal year for the Government of Singapore and many government-linked corporations is 1 April to 31 March.[citation needed]
Corporations and organisations are permitted to select any date as the end of each fiscal year, as long as this date remains constant.[citation needed]
South Africa[edit]
In South Africa, the fiscal year for the Government of South Africa is 1 April to 31 March.[citation needed]
The year of assessment for individuals covers twelve months, 1 March to the final day of February the following year. The Act also provides for certain classes of taxpayers to have a year of assessment ending on a day other than the last day of February. Companies are permitted to have a tax year ending on a date that coincides with their financial year. Many older companies still use a tax year that runs from 1 July to 30 June, inherited from the British system. A common practice for newer companies is to run their tax year from 1 March to the final day of February following, to synchronize with the tax year for individuals.[citation needed]
South Korea[edit]
In South Korea, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[citation needed]
Spain[edit]
In Spain, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[36]
Sweden[edit]
In Sweden, the fiscal year for individuals is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[37]
The fiscal year for an organisation is typically one of the following:
1 January to 31 December
1 May to 30 April
1 July to 30 June
1 September to 31 August
However, all calendar months are allowed. If an organisation wishes to change into a non-calendar year, permission from the Tax Authority is required.[38][39]
Taiwan[edit]
In Taiwan, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. However, an enterprise may elect to adopt a special fiscal year at the time it is established and can request approval from the tax authorities to change its fiscal year.[40]
Thailand[edit]
In Thailand, the government's fiscal year (FY) is 1 October to 30 September of the following year.[41] For individual taxpayers it is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.
Ukraine[edit]
In Ukraine, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[42]
United Arab Emirates[edit]
In the United Arab Emirates, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[citation needed]
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom,[43] the financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March for the purposes of government financial statements.[44] For personal tax purposes the fiscal year starts on 6 April and ends on 5 April of the next calendar year.[45]
Although United Kingdom corporation tax is charged by reference to the government's financial year, companies can adopt any year as their accounting year: if there is a change in tax rate, the taxable profit is apportioned to financial years on a time basis.[citation needed]
A number of major corporations that were once government-owned, such as BT Group and the National Grid, continue to use the government's financial year, which ends on the last day of March, as they have found no reason to change since privatisation.[citation needed]
The 5 April year end for personal tax and benefits reflects the old ecclesiastical calendar, with New Year falling on 25 March (Lady Day), the difference being accounted for by the eleven days "missed out" when Great Britain converted from the Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendar in 1752 (the British tax authorities, and landlords were unwilling to lose 11 days of tax and rent revenue, so under provision 6 (Times of Payment of Rents, Annuities, &c.) of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, the 1752–3 tax year was extended by 11 days). From 1753 until 1799, the tax year in Great Britain began on 5 April, which was the "old style" new year of 25 March. A 12th skipped Gregorian leap day in 1800 changed its start to 6 April. It was not changed when a 13th Julian leap day was skipped in 1900, so the start of the personal tax year in the United Kingdom is still 6 April.[46][47][48]
United States[edit]
Federal government
The United States federal government's fiscal year is the 12-month period ending on 30 September of that year, having begun on 1 October of the previous calendar year. In particular, the identification of a fiscal year is the calendar year in which it ends; thus, the current fiscal year is 2017, often written as "FY2017" or "FY17", which began on 1 October 2016 and which will end on 30 September 2017.
Prior to 1976, the fiscal year began on 1 July and ended on 30 June. The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 made the change to allow Congress more time to arrive at a budget each year, and provided for what is known as the "transitional quarter" from 1 July 1976 to 30 September 1976. An earlier shift in the federal government's fiscal year was made in 1843, shifting the fiscal year from a calendar year to one starting on 1 July.[49]
For example, the United States government fiscal year for 2017 is:
1st quarter: 1 October 2016 – 31 December 2016
2nd quarter: 1 January 2017 – 31 March 2017
3rd quarter: 1 April 2017 – 30 June 2017
4th quarter: 1 July 2017 – 30 September 2017
State governments
State governments set their own fiscal year. It may or may not align with the federal calendar. For example, in the state of California, the fiscal year runs from 1 July to 30 June each year.[50]
Businesses and organizations
The tax year for a business is governed by the fiscal year it chooses. A business may choose any consistent fiscal year that it wants; however, for seasonal businesses such as farming and retail, a good account practice is to end the fiscal year shortly after the highest revenue time of year. Consequently, most large agriculture companies end their fiscal years after the harvest season, and most retailers end their fiscal years shortly after the Christmas shopping season.
See also[edit]
4–4–5 calendar
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "India to bid good bye to its ‘old’ financial year in 2018?". The Financial Express. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
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Poldark (1975 TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the books, see Poldark. For the 2015 television series, see Poldark (2015 TV series).
Poldark
Genre
Drama
Written by
Paul Wheeler
Jack Russell
Jack Pulman
Alexander Baron
John Wiles
Directed by
Christopher Barry
Paul Annett
Kenneth Ives
Philip Dudley
Roger Jenkins
Starring
Robin Ellis
Angharad Rees
Jill Townsend
Paul Curran
Ralph Bates
Mary Wimbush
Judy Geeson
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
2
No. of episodes
29
Production
Producer(s)
Morris Barry
Anthony Coburn
Location(s)
England, UK
Running time
50 minutes
Release
Original network
BBC1
Original release
5 October 1975 – 4 December 1977
Poldark is the original version of the BBC television series adaptation of the novels of the same title written by Winston Graham. The adaptation was first transmitted in the UK between 1975 and 1977.
Contents
[hide]
1 Outline
2 Broadcast and legacy
3 References
4 External links
Outline[edit]
The romantic saga follows Ross Poldark (Robin Ellis) as he loses his fiancée, the well-bred beauty, Elizabeth (Jill Townsend), to his cousin Francis (Clive Francis). Ross ends up marrying his servant, the unlikely-looking Demelza (Angharad Rees), but his passion for Elizabeth simmers on for years. Set in late 18th century Cornwall, the plot follows Ross Poldark's attempts to make his derelict tin mines a success. Life is hard, smuggling is rife and Ross Poldark finds himself taking the side of the underclass against the ruthless behaviour of his enemies, the greedy Warleggan clan including George Warleggan (Ralph Bates).
Although the emphasis is primarily on Ross and Demelza, there are many other characters with their own stories. In the first series we encounter Dr. Dwight Enys (Richard Morant in the first series, Michael Cadman in the second series), a young man with progressive ideas who prefers to serve the poor communities rather than the rich. Enys has a brief affair with a married actress, Keren Daniel, which results in her murder by her husband. By the end of the first series, Dwight has become involved with heiress Caroline Penvenen (Judy Geeson). In the second series, they marry following Ross's rescue of Dwight from a French prison.
In the second series we get to see much of Geoffrey Charles Poldark (Stefan Gates), the son of Elizabeth and Francis Poldark. Francis drowns in a subterranean lake while investigating a putative new lode of copper in a mine in which he is invested with Ross. Elizabeth eventually marries Ross's great enemy George Warleggan. Geoffrey Charles resembles his father, and at times comes into conflict with his new stepfather George Warleggan, though Warleggan shows him certain kindnesses and pays for his education. Geoffrey Charles begins a friendship with Demelza's brother Drake Carne (Kevin McNally), whom he and his governess, Elizabeth's cousin Morwenna (Jane Wymark), meet in the woods on the Warleggan estate. Geoffrey Charles plays an instrumental role in the development of Drake and Morwenna's romance.
Drake is Ross Poldark's brother-in-law and has a working-class background: therefore George considers him an unsuitable marriage partner for Morwenna. George marries Morwenna off to Reverend Osborne Whitworth (Christopher Biggins), whom she despises. Pining for Morwenna, Drake puts his energies into building his blacksmith business and helping his brother Sam (David Delve), a devout Methodist.
Morwenna and Osborne have a son, John Conan, whom Morwenna cannot bring herself to love. Eventually Morwenna tells Osborne she will kill his son if he forces his attentions on her one more time. Osborne has an affair with Morwenna's younger sister Rowella (Julie Dawn Cole). Rowella's husband Arthur Solway (Stephen Reynolds) discovers his wife's adultery and attacks Osborne, who is dragged to death by his frightened horse. Despite being traumatized by her marriage to Osborne, Morwenna eventually marries Drake.
Sam becomes enamoured of Emma Tregirls (Trudie Styler), who refuses to marry him because she knows that his Methodist congregation will never approve of her. She loves Sam, but knows that her lack of religion and her bad reputation will eventually cause conflict between him and his faith.
However, the emphasis remains with Ross and Demelza, and the series concludes with the death of Elizabeth Warleggan after the birth of her and George's daughter Ursula. Elizabeth takes a potion to bring on labour early so Warleggan will be led to think that she habitually delivers her children a few weeks pre-term; Elizabeth had delivered Valentine, born eight months after her wedding to George, after she took a supposed accidental fall on the stairs, which, it is implied only, was intentional on her part because she felt the labour coming on. Valentine is Ross's son, conceived a month before Elizabeth and George's wedding, but George is long deceived as to Valentine's parentage. Agatha Poldark and Prudie Paynter, Ross and Demelza's housekeeper, both realize that Valentine is Ross's son, and Agatha tells George of her conclusion just before her death, that occurs under George's abuse of her in his anger over her revelation. Elizabeth dies of gangrene due to the potion. When the doctor asks her if she has taken anything to bring on the labour, she denies it because Warleggan is sitting beside her. George later reveals his knowledge of what Elizabeth has done when he says to Ross, "This is what we have brought her to."
Broadcast and legacy[edit]
The BBC adaptation of the first four books of the Poldark novels was broadcast by the BBC during 1975 and 1976.[1] This included eight weeks' location filming in Cornwall.[1] The second series was broadcast in the UK in the autumn of 1977, from the next three books. The series in total ran to 29 episodes.
Poldark is one of the most successful British television adaptations of all time.[2] Poldark series have since been sold in over forty countries.[2] They are particularly popular in the United States, Spain, Italy, Greece and Israel.[3] On video, Poldark outsold every costume drama except for the 1995 Pride and Prejudice adaptation of Jane Austen's novel.[3]
The two series were shown to American audiences in 1977–78, as part of Masterpiece Theatre on the Public Broadcasting System. In 2007, a PBS viewer poll ranked it seventh in best-loved series from the last 35 years.
A version of the eighth Poldark novel The Stranger from the Sea was made by HTV for the ITV network in 1996, but was not continued. In 2008 the BBC made a half-hour programme entitled "The Making of Poldark" as part of its series called The Cult of Sunday Night. Many of the original cast were interviewed, including Robin Ellis, Angharad Rees, Jill Townsend and Richard Morant.
The series was referenced by Reeves and Mortimer, presenting Poldark on Mopeds as a rejected comedy programme in an advert for TV Licensing.[4]
In February 2014, the BBC announced a new adaptation of the series, also called Poldark, to be broadcast in 2015. The series, starring Aidan Turner as Ross Poldark and Eleanor Tomlinson as Demelza, commenced transmission on Saturday, 7 March 2015, on the BBC's flagship channel, BBC1. Robin Ellis was cast in a small recurring role as Reverend Dr Halse.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Robin Ellis Making Poldark, Crossaction, 1987
^ Jump up to: a b Poldark, Museum of Broadcast Communications
^ Jump up to: a b Obituary: Winston Graham, Daily Telegraph, 11 July 2003
Jump up ^ TV Licensing Advert BBC, Mid-90s
External links[edit]
Poldark at BBC Programmes
Poldark on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poldark_(1975_TV_series)&oldid=800044339"
Categories:
1975 British television programme debuts
1977 British television programme endings
1970s British drama television series
BBC television dramas
Television series set in the 18th century
Television programs based on novels
Television shows set in Cornwall
Television series produced at Pinewood Studios
Television series by ITV Studios
English-language television programs
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This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 07:28.
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