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Dylan McAvoy
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Dylan McAvoy
The Young and the Restless character
Portrayed by
Steve Burton
Duration
2013–17
First appearance
January 29, 2013
Last appearance
January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
Created by
Josh Griffith
Introduced by
Jill Farren Phelps
Classification
Former; regular
Profile
Other names
Derek Young
Occupation
Detective
Police officer
Construction contractor
Bartender
Café owner
Soldier
Home
Witness protection
[show]Family
Father
Paul Williams
Mother
Nikki Newman
Adoptive father
Terry McAvoy
Adoptive mother
Penelope Harrison
Stepfather
Victor Newman (2013–)
Stepmother
Christine Blair (2013–)
Half-brothers
Nicholas Newman
John Abbott III
Ricky Williams
Half-sisters
Heather Stevens
Victoria Newman
Wife
Chelsea Lawson (2013)
Sharon Newman (2015–17)
Stepsons
Noah Newman (2015–17)
Stepdaughters
Mariah Copeland (2015–17)
Faith Newman (2015–17)
Grandfathers
Nicholas Reed
Carl Williams
Connor McAvoy (adoptive)
Grandmothers
Mary Williams
Uncles
Todd Williams
Steven Williams
Aunts
Casey Reed
Patty Williams
Pamela Harrison (adoptive)
Nephews
Noah Newman
Reed Hellstrom
Johnny Abbott (adoptive)
Nieces
Eve Nicole Howard
Cassie Newman (adoptive)
Summer Newman
Faith Newman
Katie Newman
Dylan McAvoy is a fictional character from the American soap opera, The Young and the Restless, portrayed by Steve Burton. Dylan first appeared on January 29, 2013. He is initially involved in a story arc involving Avery Bailey Clark (Jessica Collins), his former lover who believes he died during the war in Afghanistan.[1] Avery is stunned by Dylan's return, but remains in a relationship with Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow). Burton noted the extreme differences between Dylan and Jason Morgan. The actor was able to have a new wardrobe and look. While Jason was confined and "Stone Cold", Dylan has been credited by Burton as allowing him to portray his lighter side in addition to more of his own personality. The character was later paired with Chelsea Lawson (Melissa Claire Egan); their short-lived romance received negative reviews from viewers and critics alike.
In October 2013, it was revealed that Dylan is in fact the long-lost son of Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott), Nicholas' mother, making them half-brothers. In June 2014, it was revealed that Dylan's biological father is Nikki's childhood friend, and chief of police, Paul Williams (Doug Davidson).[2] Burton's performance earned him a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2014 and 2016. In October 2016, Burton announced his decision to not renew his deal with The Young and the Restless. He made his final appearance on January 27, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting
2 Development
2.1 Characterization and portrayal
2.2 Relationships
2.3 Maternity reveal
3 Storylines
4 Reception
4.1 Casting
4.2 Performance and storylines
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Casting[edit]
"It is weird. It is bittersweet in a way. I loved GH. I loved my time there and the people there. But it was also time for something new in my life, a new challenge."[3]
—Burton on joining the show, Entertainment Weekly
In October 2012, Burton departed the role of fan favorite Jason Morgan on ABC Daytime's General Hospital.[4][5][6] That November, news broke that The Young and the Restless put out a casting call for a character named Dylan, who was slated to "hit the airwaves" in early 2013. The casting call described him as a "rugged, dynamic, energetic man in his mid-30s" who "comes from humble, blue-collar beginnings, was studying to be an architect when his construction/contractor father was injured and Dylan had to drop out of college to take over the business. He's done two tours of duty in the Middle East, army special ops. The war left a mark on him. He's done his best to bury it with optimism and a wry, sometimes offbeat sense of humor".[7]
After the casting call was issued, there was brief speculation that the character was a recast for Chance Chancellor, who was also a war veteran.[7] Later, Burton's name was attached to the role.[8][9] During an appearance on The Talk the following January, Burton officially confirmed that he was cast as Dylan.[10][11][12] The episode of The Talk was described as "phenomenal"; Burton had no idea it would have been "New Year's Eve kinda crazy."[13] After one of the show's co-hosts Julie Chen made the announcement of his casting and welcomed Burton to the CBS family, confetti dropped while another co-host Sheryl Underwood did a "wild happy dance".[14] Burton said, "I had no idea about the CBS badge or the welcome basket, or anything. That’s not how I think. I understood why CBS did it, because it’s a big deal. I get it. It’s so strange for me, because I have never been one for all this publicity. They have been so gracious to me, and it was so overwhelming that they would do something like that."[15] Burton made his first on-screen appearance during the episode dated January 29, 2013. He attributed much of his success going back to the 1990s when he studied acting at Theater Theater in Hollywood, California, coached by Chris Aable.[12][16]
Burton's casting attracted a significant amount of media attention. The Hollywood Reporter's Lesley Goldberg noted that it reunited Burton with executive producer Jill Farren Phelps, who was previously the executive producer of General Hospital.[12] Speaking about the decision to cast him, Phelps told TV Guide that the casting department were seeing several actors for the role, and the thought of Burton was "just a dream". She then contacted his manager and together they were "able to make it work out so that Steve could continue to have the life he wants in Nashville."[17]
Discussing his decision to join The Young and the Restless, Burton said on The Talk, "I told my manager if I can keep my family there and I can spend time with them and come back and forth, I would do that in a second. Without hesitation, CBS Daytime made that deal. Really quickly. This is crazy, but I'm just so happy to have the best of both worlds for my family, because before, I couldn't."[14] Burton was happy with the flexibility of his "short term" contract, "I'll get a lot of long weekends and frequent weeks off so I can get back to Nashville. I don't want to work five days a week like I did at GH", he said during a TV Guide interview.[13] The actor said he had "those first-day-of-school jitters" when he first arrived at the CBS building, but was welcomed by everyone.[13] A week before Burton's debut on the series, a promotional ad aired, teasing his arrival with the slogan Daytime's Hottest Soap Just Got Hotter!.[18] In November 2014, Burton confirmed he had re-signed for another year with the series.[19]
On October 6, 2016, Burton announced via-social media that he would not renew his deal with the soap, and would exit the role of Dylan.[20][21]
Development[edit]
Characterization and portrayal[edit]
Burton as Jason Morgan, seen wearing a typical black T-shirt, on General Hospital (2010). The actor found Dylan to be more like himself in contrast to Jason.
"I just know I don't want him to be anything like Jason. But, then, I'm even concerned about that. I don't want to go too far away from Jason because that might be pushing it. It might get weird."[13]
—Burton, on trying to contrast Dylan from Jason.
Burton "loved the idea" of playing a character "very different" from Jason Morgan, who was characterized as "Stone Cold".[22][23] The role of Dylan allowed him to wear colors other than black, which he was famed for at General Hospital.[17] Of returning to daytime television without Jason Morgan's "uniform" and "black T-shirt", Burton described the experience as "refreshing". Explaining his wardrobe process, he said: "I never had to try stuff on. I'm not used to wardrobe fittings. I had to try on about 20 different outfits! That was really grueling. It was important to shake the leather coat and black t-shirt and do my hair different, because I know people are always going to see me as Jason."[24]
Burton revealed that Dylan is "a lot more" like himself. "Jason was so stoic and didn't really get to show a lot of personality, unless it was with Spinelli or Sam," he said. Dylan has a sense of humor, and the actor felt that it would bring out a "lighter side" of his acting.[24] In addition to his "entire makeover" which included a new hairstyle, Burton lost weight to play Dylan, as the costume department wanted him to look younger.[13] Burton admitted during an interview with Entertainment Weekly that he was worried about how Dylan would be received, considering the "persona" of Jason is out there; he hoped "people will buy" Dylan, although some people would say "You are Jason and that's it."[3] Burton told Yahoo! that: "[Dylan is] extremely different. That's the biggest thing for me, that after playing a character, which I loved, for 21 years, coming here and trying to do something different - 'cause I know fans are always gonna see me as that character if they watch the show and if they watch both shows... So, it's definitely a challenge because I was so used to playing that character." Jason's "confined" ways allowed Dylan to have a "little more" of Burton's own personality.[25]
Before his debut, Phelps revealed that Dylan was "greatly traumatized by what happened to him in Afghanistan" and had been "severely injured" but rescued, which is why people believed he had died.[17] Along with being a war veteran, Dylan takes over his family's construction business.[25]
Relationships[edit]
Upon Burton's casting, it was revealed by MSN that Dylan, who was described as "the mysterious ex Avery keeps bringing up" by Jillian Bowe of Zap2it,[9] would be involved in a love triangle with his ex-girlfriend Avery Bailey Clark (Jessica Collins) and her current lover, Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow).[24] Of Dylan's storyline and involvement in the love triangle, Phelps said: "Dylan does come to town to find Avery but this story has much more complexity than that [...] What you think is going to happen is not what's going to happen."[17] She noted that Avery was the "great love of his life", though she may not have "the same feelings for him."[17] Avery believed that Dylan died during war; TVLine commented that "such a resurrection" would "surely" derail her romance with Nick.[8] During an interview with MSN, Burton said, "Nick and Dylan will definitely fight for her, but ultimately, it's going to be her choice."[24] Dylan and Avery had an affair while she was still married to her ex-husband, but still had a "great relationship", which was shown through flashbacks. Dylan's primary goal in coming to Genoa City was to make sure she was happy, and if she wanted to get back together.[24] Burton said that Dylan can't get Avery off his mind despite the fact that she had moved on.[3]
Fans of the show speculated that Dylan would be paired with Nick's ex-wife, Sharon Newman (Sharon Case), to which Case responded by stating, "Everybody’s speculating about Dylan, the new character coming to town but, all I can say is, I think it’s fun because it’s a hoot to speculate".[26] Luke Kerr of Zap2it noted how fast Dylan met Sharon, and said they could potentially be a "popular pairing with fans".[27] Of working with Case, Burton stated: "Sharon Case is actually very fun, and she makes me laugh. So half the time in scenes where I am laughing, I am really laughing at Sharon! She has that personality where she makes me laugh." He also noted that fans of the show on Twitter have seen how "comfortable" and "easy" the character's on-screen relationship is.[15] Dylan later shares a one-night stand with Chelsea Lawson (Melissa Claire Egan), who was pregnant with Adam Newman's (Michael Muhney) child; she decides to pass the baby off as Dylan's, and the two later marry. Egan described the character's decision to keep the child's paternity a secret as a "ticking time bomb". Burton stated that Dylan is "not the sharpest tool in the shed", since he believed what Chelsea was telling him. When asked about the child, Burton said: "This kid is everything to him, so once we figure out whose it is, if it’s not his, it’s not going to be a good situation for anybody." When asked if Dylan could forgive Chelsea, Burton added: "That’s a tough one. I don’t know what kind of mental state this is going to put Dylan in, to even think about that."[28]
Maternity reveal[edit]
In October 2013, it was revealed on-screen that Dylan is in fact the long-lost son of Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott). Scott had previously previewed her upcoming storyline in an interview with On-Air On-Soaps, stating: "I love this story! Now, I don’t know how it’s all going to turn out, but the premise, the people I get to work with, and the writing, has been spectacular. That’s all you need; good actors performing a good script, and our fabulous new directing team, and I love them all. I have not been this happy at work in a while."[29] Burton stated in an interview that he enjoyed the plot twist, and compared it to Jason Morgan being Monica Quartermaine's (Leslie Charleson) son on General Hospital. He said that he felt a connection while working with Scott, stating: "There is vulnerability there between us, and it’s not on purpose. It’s just something that is there. It was actually kind of there before it happened that we were on-screen mother and son."[30] In a separate interview with Michael Logan of TV Guide, Scott stated: "Nikki thinks she has come up with a good way of having everyone informed in the kindest way possible. If it were me, I would think, "I can only go through this once. It's too emotional! Let's sit everybody down at the same time and get it over with." Nikki had intended to reveal the news privately to Dylan but that opportunity never comes up." Speaking of how the revelation would affect Nicholas, Scott added, "She feels very badly about Nick losing Avery but not bad enough that she doesn't expect Nick to play nice and accept this man — not necessarily as a brother but still as a member of the family. She expects him to find a way to be civil. She wants everyone to be happy together." Speculation also arose that Nikki's son could be Dylan's best friend Stitch Rayburn (Sean Carrigan), to which Scott teased, "Maybe that's coming. Nikki had cult twins! You never know. I think Sean Carrigan could believably play my son. I think he looks a little like me, probably more like me than Steve Burton does."[31]
Storylines[edit]
Dylan McAvoy grew up in Darien, Connecticut, and befriended Phyllis Summers (Michelle Stafford) during his childhood. He moved to Chicago and as a young adult took over his father's construction company after he became injured in an accident. He did construction work for Phyllis' sister, defense attorney Avery Bailey Clark (Jessica Collins). Avery's husband, Joe, neglected her and she began an affair with Dylan. Before being deployed overseas with the U.S. Army, Dylan buys Avery a ring and asks her to leave her husband for him, but she refuses, wanting to work on her marriage. Later, Joe finds out about the affair and divorces Avery. While reading a newspaper months later, Avery discovers that Dylan had been killed in Afghanistan during the war. She moves to Genoa City and begins a relationship with Phyllis' ex-husband, Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow). After acting mysterious about her past, Avery admits to Nick that she had an affair with Dylan, who had died.
In 2013, Dylan arrives in Genoa City, having survived the war and wanting to make sure Avery is happy. He runs into Sharon Newman (Sharon Case), Nick's ex-wife who gives him directions to Nick's club, The Underground. While posing under the name "Mack", Dylan gets a job as bartender at The Underground, so he could see Avery from afar. During The Underground's opening night, Avery sees a rock which she gave to Dylan years ago sitting on the bar. She later goes to the basement and comes face to face with Dylan. In a state of confusion, shock and disbelief, Avery hides her emotions when Nick closely follows. Later, she confronts Dylan at his apartment, angry for not telling her he was alive earlier. She tells Nick about this, who fires Dylan. Despite spending a friendly night with Dylan, Avery chooses to remain with Nick, leaving Dylan shattered.
While driving out of town, Dylan's car collides with Sharon's during a major snowstorm. She calls an ambulance, as Dylan shouts for someone named "Sully". Dylan is taken to the hospital where it is revealed Sully was Sullivan, a friend of his who was shot and killed in Afghanistan while trying to shove Dylan a weapon. Sharon hires Dylan as a contractor to fix her roof, and entire kitchen, after it is damaged by the storm. Dylan bonds with Sharon's daughter Faith Newman (Alyvia Alyn Lind). During a hike in the snow with Dylan and Faith, Sharon injures her leg and Faith goes missing briefly; Dylan manages to find her. Sharon and Dylan grow closer.
Later, Dylan's father's (Steve Gagnon) condition worsens, and Dylan brings him to Genoa City so he can keep an eye on him while working on Sharon's kitchen. His father dies, and he finishes Sharon's kitchen, and decides to leave town. However, he has a one-night stand with Chelsea Lawson (Melissa Claire Egan), who is already pregnant and considering finding a fake father for her child, as she was divorcing the child's real father, Adam Newman (Michael Muhney). Dylan comforts Avery when she is being followed by men working for Marcus Wheeler (Mark Pinter), as a result of a dangerous case she is working on. Later, Dylan gets into a fight at Jimmy's Bar and is arrested. Avery pays his bail, but he can't leave town for another month until his hearing date, angering Nick. Chelsea then decides to pass her child off as Dylan's, and the two begin a genuine relationship despite Adam's suspicions that the child is actually his. Dylan later moves Chelsea into his new loft and proposes to her, to which she accepts, and he then arranges an impromptu wedding. Following the ceremony, Chelsea goes into labor and Dylan delivers the child, whom they name Terrence Connor McAvoy, after Dylan's father. However, the marriage ends when Dylan learns that Connor is Adam's son, not his. He also gets another shock when he discovers that he was adopted, and that his birth mother is none other than Nick's mother, Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott).
Reception[edit]
Casting[edit]
In December 2012, while Burton's casting was only rumored, Deanna Barnert of MSN's TV Buzz Blog wrote: "Assuming Burton actually comes to The Young and the Restless, the biggest question on everyone's mind is whether the former mob hit man will show up as a good guy, play another a toughie with a heart or go pure villain." Barnert also said it would be "interesting" to see whether "[Burton's] legion of fans from Port Charles will follow him to Genoa City."[32] Jill Farren Phelps developed a reputation and "bad rap" because she "uses people" according to Mark Pinter, an actor and friend of Phelps who had been hired by her to portray Marcus Wheeler on The Young and the Restless. Barnert noted that Burton is "someone who has made his allegiance to Phelps clear" which is why "many fans" had expected him to show up in Genoa City "eventually".[32] TV Guide's Michael Logan had also weighed in on the rumors, calling Burton's "willingness" to work in Los Angeles after leaving General Hospital to live in Nashville a "puzzler". Logan suggested that there could have been more to his decision to quit General Hospital. Stephen Nichols, who had portrayed Tucker McCall on The Young and the Restless for over three years, was fired that December. Logan said Phelps, who was "under orders" to trim the show's budget, may have fired Nichols in order to afford Burton in lieu of him.[33]
Once news of Burton's official casting broke, fans of General Hospital reacted with disappointment and mixed feelings, unaware of his reasoning. While some fans were willing to support his move, others felt "duped".[14] Burton felt that reactions from people who knew the story were "good", but it was at first "difficult".[24]
When asked by TV Guide if he would've remained on General Hospital had the show's producers "tried harder" to accommodate his personal life, Burton stated: "I don't want to point fingers. I know there are a lot of disappointed fans. They don't really understand what goes on behind the doors. They don't understand why I wouldn't go back to play Jason if I'm ready to work again. But what happens at GH should stay at GH."[13] Phelps dismissed rumors that she has "lured" Burton away from General Hospital.[17] While clarifying rumors about him leaving General Hospital because of Phelps' appointment as executive producer of The Young and the Restless, Burton described them as "interesting". He told On-Air On-Soaps that he knew people would try to put "two and two together", but it was never his intention to leave General Hospital purposely, as he just couldn't reach a contractual agreement with the show. "It’s just like a sports player...when a deal does not work out with his team, there might be another team out there that might want him," Burton said.[15] During the week Burton debuted on the series as Dylan, the show experienced an increase of over 105,000 viewers, averaging 4.7 million viewers.[34] Michael Fairman, during an interview with Burton, noted the "significant increase" in viewers, which Burton was a "big reason" for.[15]
Performance and storylines[edit]
"As evidenced here, Burton has improved greatly as an actor since the days when he played Jason Quartermaine Morgan on General Hospital. As Dylan, he has found layers in his character, who has always been a guy almost too good to be true since his introduction last year. Now Burton has many opportunities to add more shades of gray to Dylan, a hero in the war in Afghanistan."[35]
—Journalist Connie Passalacqua Hayman on Burton's portrayal of Dylan (2013)
Burton's portrayal of Dylan has been generally well received. The character's romance with Chelsea Lawson (Melissa Claire Egan), however, garnered a negative response from viewers and critics alike. Luke Kerr of Zap2it wrote that their storyline was "everyone’s favorite storyline for curing insomnia".[36] Despite negative reviews, Burton's portrayal during the storyline was praised, specifically by journalist Connie Passalacqua Hayman, who wrote: "But it was Steve Burton as Dylan who stole the show with Dylan’s tearful and very sensitive reaction to the news, as his character loves what he believed to be his baby very much."[35] When the truth about the paternity of Chelsea's child was revealed, Michael Fairman of On-Air On-Soaps remarked (in reference to Burton), "When the truth came out it provided some meaty material for this fan favorite."[30] Sara Bibel of Xfinity gave a mixed review when Dylan was revealed as Nikki's son, writing: "However, the foreshadowing that Dylan (Steve Burton) is going to turn out to be Nikki’s long-lost son is so heavy-handed that it seems hard to believe that the show is going in any other direction. Dylan is the right age. He looks like he could be related to Nikki. The character is in desperate need of a more ties to the canvas; being Avery’s ex is not enough to keep him in town, much less front-and-center. My big objection to this twist is, what’s the actual story? We have spent months learning every single thing about this character who probably would not exist if Y&R hadn’t jumped at the chance to poach Burton from GH."[37] She added: "Dylan would get a mother to replace his father that passed away. Nikki would get a child who can use his carpentry skills to build her a nice bookcase. That’s sweet, but it’s a situation, not a plot. There really aren’t any consequences. Nick would be angry that the guy he’s convinced Avery still loves is his half-brother, but he already has one half-brother he despises. Another one really isn’t a big deal."[37] Burton's portrayal earned him a nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2014 and 2016.[38][39]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c Rice, Lynette (January 25, 2013). "Steve Burton on 'Young and the Restless': Forget that he was Jason Morgan!". Entertainment Weekly. Entertainment Weekly Inc. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
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Jump up ^ Simms, Richard M. (August 28, 2012). "Steve Burton Leaving GH!". ABC Soaps In Depth. ABC.soapsindepth.com. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Giddens, Jamey (January 7, 2013). "Steve Burton to Play Avery's War Hero Ex Dylan McAvoy on The Young and the Restless". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Steve Burton Interview – The Young and the Restless". On-Air On-Soaps. Michael Fairman Soaps. Inc. February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
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Jump up ^ Lewis, Errol (November 6, 2014). "Steve Burton Sticking With 'The Young and the Restless' Read more: Steve Burton Sticking With 'The Young and the Restless'". New York City: Soapoperanetwork.com. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bowe, Jillian (October 6, 2016). "Steve Burton OUT at The Young and the Restless". Daytime Confidential. United States: Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ SOD (October 7, 2016). "Steve Burton Leaving Y&R". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bowe, Jillian (January 14, 2013). "Y&R's Phelps on Steve Burton Get: "Steve Loved The Idea of Playing a Character Very Different From Jason Morgan"". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kerr, Luke (October 23, 2012). "General Hospital Says So Long to Stone Cold". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Archived from the original on March 7, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Barnert, Deeva (January 22, 2013). "Steve Burton teases 'Young and the Restless' run". MSN (Microsoft). Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Steve Burton Talks New Young & The Restless Character, Leaving Jason Morgan's Black Tee Behind - Yahoo! TV". Yahoo! Inc. January 31, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b Fairman, Michael (October 10, 2013). "Y&R's Steve Burton Chats On His New On-Screen Mom, Dylan's Emotional Scenes, and Missing Maurice & The Gang at GH!". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (November 7, 2013). "Melody Thomas Scott on Nikki's Big Young and Restless Secret". TV Guide. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Barnert, Deanna (December 26, 2012). "Has 'Young and the Restless' nabbed Steve Burton?". MSN. (Microsoft). Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (December 26, 2012). "Is General Hospital Alum Steve Burton Heading to The Young and the Restless?". TV Guide. www.tvguide.com. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Toups, Xavier (February 8, 2013). "Ratings: Good Week For Y&R & B&B". Soap Opera Network. Manti, Inc. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Passalacqua Hayman, Connie (September 14, 2013). "The Young and the Restless' Big Baby Reveal: Well Worth Waiting For". Marlena De Lacroix: Soaps for The Thinking Fan. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kerr, Luke (August 13, 2013). "Come on Down For a Family Feud on The Young and the Restless (PROMO)". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Archived from the original on August 16, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
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External links[edit]
Dylan McAvoy at Soap Central
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Hilary Curtis
Lauren Fenmore
Kevin Fisher
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Devon Hamilton
Reed Hellstrom
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Dina Mergeron
Chloe Mitchell
Leslie Michaelson
Abby Newman
Chelsea Lawson
Christian Newman
Connor Newman
Faith Newman
Katie Newman
Nicholas Newman
Nikki Newman
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Victoria Newman
Stitch Rayburn
Barton Shelby
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Paul Williams
Neil Winters
[show]
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Joe Clark
Matt Clark
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Dr. Snapper Foster
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Nathan Hastings
Jana Hawkes
J.T. Hellstrom
Juliet Helton
Brittany Hodges
Cole Howard
Diane Jenkins
Mamie Johnson
Leanna Love
Ronan Malloy
Dylan McAvoy
Tucker McCall
Ryan McNeil
Tyler Michaelson
Amber Moore
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Cassie Newman
Cassandra Rawlins
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Danny Romalotti
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Olivia Winters
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text:
NATO phonetic alphabet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with International Phonetic Alphabet.
FAA radiotelephony alphabet and Morse code chart
NATO phonetic alphabet
voice recording: NATO phonetic alphabet
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, sometimes called the NATO phonetic alphabet or spelling alphabet and the ITU radiotelephonic or phonetic alphabet, is the most widely used radiotelephonic spelling alphabet. Although often called "phonetic alphabets", spelling alphabets are unrelated to phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned codewords acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet, so that critical combinations of letters and numbers are most likely to be pronounced and understood by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel.[1]
The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu.
Contents
[hide]
1 International adoption
1.1 NATO
1.2 History
2 Code words
2.1 Letters
2.2 Digits
2.3 Pronunciation
3 Prior alphabets
4 Usage
5 Variants
5.1 Aviation
5.2 Telegrams
5.3 Other
6 Additions in other languages
6.1 Spanish
6.2 German and Swedish
6.3 Danish and Norwegian
6.4 Czech
6.5 Finnish
6.6 Estonian
6.7 Malay
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
International adoption[edit]
After the phonetic alphabet was developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)[2] (see history below) it was adopted by many other international and national organizations, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS), and the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU).
It is a subset of the much older International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual signals by flags or flashing light, sound signals by whistle, siren, foghorn, or bell, as well as one, two, or three letter codes for many phrases.[3] The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the regular English numeric words (Zero, One, with some alternative pronunciations), whereas the IMO provides for compound numeric words (Nadazero, Unaone, Bissotwo...). In practice these are used very rarely, as they frequently result in confusion between speakers of different languages.
NATO[edit]
An alternative name for the ICAO spelling alphabet, "NATO phonetic alphabet", exists because it appears in Allied Tactical Publication ATP-1, Volume II: Allied Maritime Signal and Maneuvering Book used by all allied navies of NATO, which adopted a modified form of the International Code of Signals. Because the latter allows messages to be spelled via flags or Morse code, it naturally named the code words used to spell out messages by voice its "phonetic alphabet". The name NATO phonetic alphabet became widespread because the signals used to facilitate the naval communications and tactics of NATO have become global.[4] However, ATP-1 is marked NATO Confidential (or the lower NATO Restricted) so it is not available publicly. Nevertheless, a NATO unclassified version of the document is provided to foreign, even hostile, militaries, even though they are not allowed to make it available publicly. The spelling alphabet is now also defined in other unclassified international military documents.[5] The NATO alphabet appeared in some United States Air Force Europe publications during the Cold War. A particular example was the Ramstein Air Base, Telephone Directory published between 1969 and 1973 (currently out of print). The American and NATO versions had differences and the translation was provided as a convenience. Differences included Alfa, Bravo and Able, Baker for the first two letters.
History[edit]
The ICAO developed this system in the 1950s in order to account for discrepancies that might arise in communications as a result of multiple alphabet naming systems coexisting in different places and organizations.[6]
In the official[7] version of the alphabet, the non-English spellings Alfa and Juliett are used. Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages because the English and French spelling alpha would not be pronounced properly by native speakers of some other languages – who may not know that ph should be pronounced as f. Juliett is spelled with a tt for French speakers, because they may otherwise treat a single final t as silent. In some English versions of the alphabet, one or both of these may have their standard English spelling.[8]
Code words[edit]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
The final choice of code words for the letters of the alphabet and for the digits was made after hundreds of thousands of comprehension tests involving 31 nationalities. The qualifying feature was the likelihood of a code word being understood in the context of others. For example, football has a higher chance of being understood than foxtrot in isolation, but foxtrot is superior in extended communication.[9]
The pronunciation of the code words varies according to the language habits of the speaker. To eliminate wide variations in pronunciation, recordings and posters illustrating the pronunciation desired by the ICAO are available.[9][10] However, there are still differences in pronunciation between the ICAO and other agencies, and the ICAO has conflicting Roman-alphabet and IPA transcriptions. Also, although all codes for the letters of the alphabet are English words, they are not in general given English pronunciations. Assuming that the transcriptions are not intended to be precise, only 11 of the 26—Bravo, Echo, Hotel, Juliet(t), Kilo, Mike, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Whiskey, and Zulu—are given English pronunciations by all these agencies, though not always the same English pronunciations.
Letters[edit]
Letter
Code word
Conflicting accounts of the pronunciation
U.S. Army
standard[11]
ICAO[10] and ITU
Roman standard[12]
FAA
standards[13][14]
ICAO
IPA standard[10]
SIO[15]
(France)
ICAO recording
(1955)[16]
Consolidated transcription
A Alfa
ATIS: Alpha AL fah AL FAH ALFAH or
AL-FAH ˈælfɑ al fah [ˈælfʌ] /ˈælfɑː/ AL-fah
B Bravo BRAH voh BRAH VOH
(1955: BRAH VOH) BRAHVOH or
BRAH-VO ˈbrɑːˈvo bra vo [brɑˈvoʊ] /ˌbrɑːˈvoʊ/ BRAH-VOH
C Charlie CHAR lee CHAR LEE CHARLEE or
CHAR-LEE ˈtʃɑːli or
ˈʃɑːli tchah li,
char li [ˈtʃɑ˞li],
[ˈʃɑ˞li] /ˈtʃɑːrliː/ CHAR-lee or
/ˈʃɑːrliː/ SHAR-lee
D Delta DEL tah DELL TAH DELLTAH or
DELL-TAH ˈdeltɑ del tah [ˈdɛltʌ] /ˈdɛltɑː/ DEL-tah
E Echo EKK oh ECK OH ECKOH or
ECK-OH ˈeko èk o [ˈɛkoʊ] /ˈɛkoʊ/
F Foxtrot FOKS trot FOKS TROT FOKSTROT or
FOKS-TROT ˈfɔkstrɔt fox trott [ˈfɑkstrɑt] /ˈfɒkstrɒt/ FOKS-trot
G Golf Golf GOLF GOLF ɡʌlf [sic] golf [ˈɡʌl(f)] /ˈɡɒlf/ GOLF
H Hotel HO tell HOH TELL HOHTELL or
HOH-TELL hoːˈtel ho tèll [hoʊˈtɛl] /hoʊˈtɛl/ hoh-TEL
I India IN dee ah IN DEE AH INDEE AH or
IN-DEE-AH ˈindiˑɑ in di ah [ˈɪndi.ʌ] /ˈɪndiːɑː/ IN-dee-ah
J Juliett
ATIS: Juliet JEW lee ett JEW LEE ETT JEWLEE ETT or
JEW-LEE-ETT ˈdʒuːliˑˈet djou li ètt [ˌdʒuliˈɛt] /ˈdʒuːliːɛt/ JEW-lee-et or
/ˌdʒuːliːˈɛt/ JEW-lee-ET
K Kilo KEY loh KEY LOH KEYLOH or
KEY-LOH ˈkiːlo ki lo [ˈkiloʊ] /ˈkiːloʊ/ KEE-loh
L Lima LEE mah LEE MAH LEEMAH or
LEE-MAH ˈliːmɑ li mah [ˈlimʌ] /ˈliːmɑː/ LEE-mah
M Mike Mike MIKE MIKE mɑik maïk [ˈmʌɪk] /ˈmaɪk/ MYK
N November NOH vem ber NO VEM BER NOVEMBER or
NO-VEM-BER noˈvembə no vèmm ber [noʊˈvɛmbɹ̩] /noʊˈvɛmbər/ noh-VEM-bər[17]
O Oscar OSS car OSS CAH OSS-SCAR or
OSS-CAR ˈɔskɑ oss kar [ˈɑskɹ̩] /ˈɒskɑː/ OS-kah
P Papa PAH pah PAH PAH PAHPAH or
PAH-PAH pəˈpɑ pah pah [pəˈpɑ] /pɑːˈpɑː/ pah-PAH
Q Quebec keh BECK KEH BECK KEHBECK or
KWUH-BECK keˈbek ké bèk [kɛˈbɛk] /kɛˈbɛk/ ke-BEK
R Romeo ROW me oh ROW ME OH ROWME OH or
ROW-ME-OH ˈroːmiˑo ro mi o [ˈɹoʊmi.oʊ] /ˈroʊmiːoʊ/ ROH-mee-oh
S Sierra see AIR ah SEE AIR RAH SEEAIRAH or
SEE-AIR-AH siˈerɑ si èr rah [siˈɛɾʌ] /siːˈɛrɑː/ see-ERR-ah
T Tango TANG go TANG GO TANGGO or
TANG-GO ˈtænɡo tang go [ˈtæŋɡoʊ] /ˈtæŋɡoʊ/ TANG-goh
U Uniform YOU nee form YOU NEE FORM or
OO NEE FORM YOUNEE FORM or
YOU-NEE-FORM or
OO-NEE-FORM ˈjuːnifɔːm or
ˈuːnifɔrm you ni form,
ou ni form [ˈjunɪ̈fɔ˞m],
[ˈunɪ̈fɔ˞m] /ˈjuːniːfɔːrm/ EW-nee-form or
/ˈuːniːfɔːrm/ OO-nee-form
V Victor VIK ter VIK TAH VIKTAH or
VIK-TAR ˈviktɑ vik tar [ˈvɪktəɹ] /ˈvɪktɑː/ VIK-tah
W Whiskey WISS key WISS KEY WISSKEY or
WISS-KEY ˈwiski ouiss ki [ˈwɪski] /ˈwɪskiː/ WIS-kee
X X-ray
or Xray EKS ray ECKS RAY ECKSRAY [sic] or
ECKS-RAY ˈeksˈrei èkss ré [ˈɛksɹeɪ] /ˈɛksreɪ/ EKS-ray or
/ˌɛksˈreɪ/ EKS-RAY
Y Yankee YANG kee YANG KEY YANGKEY [sic] or
YANG-KEY ˈjænki yang ki [ˈjæŋki] /ˈjæŋkiː/ YANG-kee
Z Zulu ZOO luu ZOO LOO ZOOLOO or
ZOO-LOO ˈzuːluː zou lou [ˈzulu] /ˈzuːluː/ ZOO-loo
- (hyphen) Dash /ˈdæʃ/ DASH
Digits[edit]
Digit
Code word
Pronunciation
SIO[15]
Wikipedia transcription
0 Zero (FAA, USMC)
Nadazero (ITU, IMO) ZE-RO (ICAO), ZE RO or ZEE-RO (FAA)
NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH (ITU, IMO) zi ro /ˈziːroʊ/ ZEE-roh
/ˌnɑːˌdɑːˌzeɪˈroʊ/ NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH
1 One (FAA), Won (USMC)[18]
Unaone (ITU, IMO) WUN (ICAO, FAA)
OO-NAH-WUN (ITU, IMO) ouann /ˈwʌn/ WUN
/ˌuːˌnɑːˈwʌn/ OO-NAH-WUN
2 Two (FAA), Too (USMC)
Bissotwo (ITU, IMO) TOO (ICAO, FAA)
BEES-SOH-TOO (ITU, IMO) tou /ˈtuː/ TOO
/ˌbiːˌsoʊˈtuː/ BEE-SOH-TOO
3 Three (FAA), Tree (USMC)
Terrathree (ITU, IMO) TREE (ICAO, FAA)
TAY-RAH-TREE (ITU, IMO) tri /ˈtriː/ TREE
/ˌteɪˌrɑːˈtriː/ TAY-RAH-TREE
4 Four (FAA), Fo-wer (USMC)
Kartefour (ITU, IMO) FOW-ER (ICAO), FOW ER (FAA)
KAR-TAY-FOWER (ITU, IMO) fo eur /ˈfoʊ.ər/ FOH-ər
/ˌkɑːrˌteɪˈfoʊ.ər/ KAR-TAY-FOH-ər
5 Five (FAA), Fife (USMC)
Pantafive (ITU, IMO) FIFE (ICAO, FAA)
PAN-TAH-FIVE (ITU, IMO) fa ïf /ˈfaɪf/ FYF[19]
/ˌpænˌtɑːˈfaɪv/ PAN-TAH-FYV
6 Six (FAA, USMC)
Soxisix (ITU, IMO) SIX (ICAO, FAA)
SOK-SEE-SIX (ITU, IMO) siks /ˈsɪks/ SIKS
/ˌsɔːkˌsiːˈsɪks/ SOK-SEE-SIKS
7 Seven (FAA, USMC)
Setteseven (ITU, IMO) SEV-EN (ICAO), SEV EN (FAA)
SAY-TAY-SEVEN (ITU, IMO) sèv n /ˈsɛvɛn/ SEV-en
/ˌseɪˌteɪˈsɛvɛn/ SAY-TAY-SEV-en
8 Eight (FAA), Ate (USMC)
Oktoeight (ITU, IMO) AIT (ICAO, FAA)
OK-TOH-AIT (ITU, IMO) eït /ˈeɪt/ AYT
/ˌɔːkˌtoʊˈeɪt/ OK-TOH-AYT
9 Niner (FAA, USMC)
Nine or niner (ICAO)
Novenine (ITU, IMO) NIN-ER (ICAO), NIN ER (FAA)
NO-VAY-NINER (ITU, IMO) naï neu /ˈnaɪnər/ NY-nər[20]
/ˌnɔːvˌeɪˈnaɪnər/ NOV-AY-NY-nər
100 Hundred (ICAO) HUN-dred (ICAO) hun-dred /ˈhʌndrɛd/ HUN-dred
1000 Thousand (ICAO) TOU-SAND (ICAO) taou zend /ˌtaʊˈsænd/ TOW-ZEND[21]
. (decimal point) Point (FAA)
Decimal (ITU, ICAO) DAY-SEE-MAL (ITU) (ICAO) dè si mal /ˌdeɪˌsiːˈmæl/ DAY-SEE-MAL
. (full stop) Stop (ITU) STOP (ITU) /ˈstɒp/ STOP
Pronunciation[edit]
Pronunciations are somewhat uncertain because the agencies, while ostensibly using the same pronunciations, give different transcriptions, which are often inconsistent from letter to letter. The ICAO gives a different pronunciation for IPA transcription and for respelling, and the FAA also gives different pronunciations depending on the publication consulted, the FAA Aeronautical Information Manual (§ 4-2-7), the FAA Flight Services manual (§ 14.1.5), or the ATC manual (§ 2-4-16). ATIS gives English spellings, but does not give pronunciations or numbers. The ICAO, NATO, and FAA use modifications of English numerals, with stress on one syllable, while the ITU and IMO compound pseudo-Latinate numerals with a slightly different set of modified English numerals, and with stress on each syllable. Numbers 10–99 are spelled out (that is, 17 is "1–7" and 60 is "6–0"), while for hundreds and thousands the English words hundred and thousand are used.[8][10][12][13][14][22]
The pronunciation of the digits 3, 4, 5, and 9 differs from standard English – being pronounced tree, fower, fife, and niner. The digit 3 is specified as tree so that it is not pronounced sri; the long pronunciation of 4 (still found in some English dialects) keeps it somewhat distinct from for; 5 is pronounced with a second "f" because the normal pronunciation with a "v" is easily confused with "fire" (a command to shoot); and 9 has an extra syllable to keep it distinct from German nein 'no'.
Only the ICAO prescribes pronunciation with the IPA, and then only for letters.[10] Several of the pronunciations indicated are slightly modified from their normal English pronunciations: /ˈælfɑ, ˈbrɑːˈvo, ˈʃɑːli, ˈdeltɑ, ˈfɔkstrɔt, ɡʌlf, ˈliːmɑ, ˈɔskɑ, siˈerɑ, ˈtænɡo, ˈuːnifɔrm, ˈviktɑ, ˈjænki/, partially due to the substitution of final schwas with the ah vowel; in addition, the intended distinction between the short vowels /o ɑ ɔ/ and the long vowels /oː ɑː ɔː/ is obscure, and has been ignored in the consolidated transcription above. Both the IPA and respelled pronunciations were developed by the ICAO before 1956 with advice from the governments of both the United States and United Kingdom,[23] so the pronunciations of both General American English and British Received Pronunciation are evident, especially in the rhotic and non-rhotic accents. The respelled version is usually at least consistent with a rhotic accent ('r' pronounced), as in CHAR LEE, SHAR LEE, NO VEM BER, YOU NEE FORM, and OO NEE FORM, whereas the IPA version usually specifies a non-rhotic accent ('r' pronounced only before a vowel), as in ˈtʃɑːli, ˈʃɑːli, noˈvembə, and ˈjuːnifɔːm. Exceptions are OSS CAH, VIK TAH and ˈuːnifɔrm. The IPA form of Golf implies it is pronounced gulf, which is not either General American English or British Received Pronunciation. Different agencies assign different stress patterns to Bravo, Hotel, Juliett, November, Papa, X-ray; the ICAO has different stresses for Bravo, Juliett, X-ray in its respelled and IPA transcriptions. The mid back [ɔ] vowel transcribed in Oscar and Foxtrot is actually a low vowel in both Received British and General American, and has been interpreted as such above. Furthermore, the pronunciation prescribed for "whiskey" has no initial [h], although some speakers in both General American and RP pronounce an [h] (or [ʍ]) here, and an initial [h] (or [ʍ]) is categorical in Scotland and Ireland.
Prior alphabets[edit]
Military alphabets before 1956
Royal Navy
Western Front
slang
RAF radio
alphabet
Joint
Army(Air Corps)/Navy(Marines)
1914–18 (WWI)
1924–42
1943–56
1941–56
Apples Ack Ace Able or
Affirm Able
Butter Beer Baker
Charlie
Duff Don Dog
Edward Easy
Freddy Freddie Fox
George Gee George
Harry How
Ink Item or
Interrogatory Item
Johnnie Jig or
Johnny Jig
King
London Love
Monkey Emma Monkey Mike
Nuts Nab or
Negat Nan
Orange Oboe
Pudding Pip Peter
or Prep Peter
Queenie Queen
Robert Roger
Sugar Esses Sugar
Tommy Toc Tare
Uncle
Vinegar Vic Victor
Willie William
Xerxes X-ray
Yellow Yorker Yoke
Zebra
Royal Navy
Western Front
slang
RAF
1924–42
RAF
1943–56
Joint
Army/Navy
The first internationally recognized spelling alphabet was adopted by the ITU during 1927. The experience gained with that alphabet resulted in several changes being made during 1932 by the ITU. The resulting alphabet was adopted by the International Commission for Air Navigation, the predecessor of the ICAO, and was used for civil aviation until World War II.[23] It continued to be used by the IMO until 1965:
Amsterdam, Baltimore, Casablanca, Denmark, Edison, Florida, Gallipoli, Havana, Italia, Jerusalem, Kilogramme, Liverpool, Madagascar, New York, Oslo, Paris, Quebec, Roma, Santiago, Tripoli, Upsala, Valencia, Washington, Xanthippe, Yokohama, Zurich
British and American armed forces had each developed their spelling alphabets before both forces adopted the ICAO alphabet during 1956. British forces adopted the RAF radio alphabet, which is similar to the phonetic alphabet used by the Royal Navy during World War I. At least two of the terms are sometimes still used by UK civilians to spell words over the phone, namely F for Freddie and S for Sugar.
The U.S. adopted the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet during 1941 to standardize systems among all branches of its armed forces. The U.S. alphabet became known as Able Baker after the words for A and B. The United Kingdom adapted its RAF alphabet during 1943 to be almost identical to the American Joint-Army-Navy (JAN) one.
After World War II, with many aircraft and ground personnel from the allied armed forces, "Able Baker" continued to be used for civil aviation. But many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO during 1947 that had sounds common to English, French, Spanish and Portuguese. After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was implemented on 1 November 1951 for civil aviation (but it may not have been adopted by any military):[23]
Alfa, Bravo, Coca, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Metro, Nectar, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Union, Victor, Whisky, Extra, Yankee, Zulu
Problems were soon found with this list. Some users believed that they were so severe that they reverted to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. To identify the deficiencies of the new alphabet, testing was conducted among speakers from 31 nations, principally by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States. Confusion among words like Delta, Nectar, Victor, and Extra, or the unintelligibility of other words during poor receiving conditions were the main problems. After much study, only the five words representing the letters C, M, N, U, and X were replaced. The ICAO sent a recording of the new Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet to all member states in November 1955.[16][9] The final version given in the table above was implemented by the ICAO on 1 March 1956,[23] and the ITU adopted it no later than 1959 when they mandated its usage via their official publication, Radio Regulations.[24] Because the ITU governs all international radio communications, it was also adopted by all radio operators, whether military, civilian, or amateur. It was finally adopted by the IMO in 1965. During 1947 the ITU adopted the compound number words (Nadazero, Unaone, etc.), later adopted by the IMO during 1965.
Usage[edit]
A spelling alphabet is used to spell parts of a message containing letters and numbers to avoid confusion, because many letters sound similar, for instance "n" and "m" or "f" and "s"; the potential for confusion increases if static or other interference is present. For instance the message "proceed to map grid DH98" could be transmitted as "proceed to map grid Delta-Hotel-Niner-Ait". Using "Delta" instead of "D" avoids confusion between "DH98" and "BH98" or "TH98". The unusual pronunciation of certain numbers was designed to reduce confusion.
In addition to the traditional military usage, civilian industry uses the alphabet to avoid similar problems in the transmission of messages by telephone systems. For example, it is often used in the retail industry where customer or site details are spoken by telephone (to authorize a credit agreement or confirm stock codes), although ad hoc coding is often used in that instance. It has been used often by information technology workers to communicate serial/reference codes (which are often very long) or other specialised information by voice. Most major airlines use the alphabet to communicate Passenger Name Records (PNRs) internally, and in some cases, with customers. It is often used in a medical context as well, to avoid confusion when transmitting information.
Several letter codes and abbreviations using the spelling alphabet have become well-known, such as Bravo Zulu (letter code BZ) for "well done",[25] Checkpoint Charlie (Checkpoint C) in Berlin, and Zulu Time for Greenwich Mean Time or Coordinated Universal Time. During the Vietnam War, the U.S. government referred to the Viet Cong guerrillas and the group itself as VC, or Victor Charlie; the name "Charlie" became synonymous with this force.
Variants[edit]
Aviation[edit]
"Delta" is replaced by "Data", "Dixie" or "David" at airports that have a majority of Delta Air Lines flights, such as Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, in order to avoid confusion because "Delta" is also Delta's callsign.[26]
Telegrams[edit]
As early as 1928, the U.S. public was taught[27] to use the following list when composing telegrams:
Adam, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Edward, Frank, George, Henry, Ida, John, King, Lincoln, Mary, New York, Ocean, Peter, Queen, Roger, Sugar, Thomas, Union, [Victor?], William, X-Ray, Young, Zero
Other[edit]
Many unofficial spelling alphabets are in use that are not based on a standard, but are based on words the transmitter can remember easily, including first names, states, or cities. The LAPD phonetic alphabet has many first names. The German spelling alphabet ("Deutsches Funkalphabet" (literally "German Radio Alphabet")) also uses first names. Also, during the Vietnam war, soldiers used 'Cain' instead of 'Charlie' because 'Charlie' meant Viet Cong (Charlie being short for Victor Charlie, the NATO alphabet spelling of the initials VC).
Additions in other languages[edit]
Certain languages' standard alphabets have letters, or letters with diacritics (e.g., umlauts, rings, tildes), that do not exist in the English alphabet. If these letters have two-letter ASCII substitutes, the ICAO/NATO code words for the two letters are used.
Spanish[edit]
In Spanish the word "Ñoño" (dull) is used for ñ.
German and Swedish[edit]
In German, Alfa-Echo (ae) may be used for "ä", Oscar-Echo (oe) for "ö", Sierra-Sierra (ss) for "ß", and Uniform-Echo (ue) for "ü".[28] The same applies to "ä" and "ö" in Swedish, though Ärlig and Östen, from the Swedish spelling alphabet, are also used; similarly, Åke may be used for "å".[29]
Danish and Norwegian[edit]
In Danish and Norwegian the letters "æ", "ø" and "å" have their own code words. In Danish Ægir, Ødis and Åse represent the three letters,[30] while in Norwegian the three code words are Ægir, Ørnulf and Ågot for civilians and Ærlig, Østen and Åse for military personnel.[31]
Czech[edit]
Czech "ů", historically uo, is Uniform-Oscar (uo).
Finnish[edit]
In Finnish there are special code words for the letters å, ä and ö. Åke is used to represent å, Äiti is used for ä and Öljy for ö. These code words are used only in national operations, the last remnants of the Finnish radio alphabet.[32]
Estonian[edit]
Estonian has 4 special letters, õ, ä, ö and ü. Õnne represents õ, Ärni for ä, Ööbik for ö and Ülle for ü.
Malay[edit]
Malay replaces letter "L" with "London", since the word "Lima" in Malay means number 5 (five).
See also[edit]
Greek spelling alphabet
International Code of Signals (includes flag representations)
LAPD phonetic alphabet
List of military time zones
PGP word list
Procedure word
Q code
Russian spelling alphabet
Spelling alphabet
Ten-code
Voice procedure
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Spelling out words Archived 17 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 20 July 2015
Jump up ^ International Code of Signals, United States Edition, 1969 Edition (Revised 2003), Chapter 1, pages 18–19, 148.
Jump up ^ "Globalization and Sea Power". Isn.ethz.ch. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Communication instructions – General Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Allied Communications Publication ACP 121(H), Combined Communications-Electronics Board, April 2007, section 318
Jump up ^ "The postal History of the ICAO". ICAO. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alphabet – Radiotelephony". ICAO. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions ATIS-0100523.2011, ATIS Telecom Glossary 2011". Atis.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pamphlet included in the 1955 ICAO phonograph recording, viewable at The Postal History of ICAO, Annex 10 – Aeronautical Telecommunications Archived 1 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e International Civil Aviation Organization, Aeronautical Telecommunications: Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Volume II (Fifth edition, 1995), Chapter 5, 38–40.
Jump up ^ "Military phonetic alphabet by US Army". Army.com. 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "ITU Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code". Life.itu.ch. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "ICAO Phonetics in the FAA ATC Manual, §2-4-16". Federal Aviation Administration. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Phonetic alphabet in the ''FAA Aeronautical Information Manual'', §4-2-7". Faa.gov. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Service de l'Information Aéronautique, Radiotéléphonie Archived 2 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine., 2nd edition, 2006
^ Jump up to: a b The audio recording, available on airwaysmuseum.com Archived 30 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. does not follow the details of the ICAO transcription. Apart from the dual pronunciations of Charlie and Uniform, the speaker uses the normal English pronunciations of the code words.
Jump up ^ The ITU and ICAO (romanized) transcribe this as /nɔːˈvɛmbər/ naw-VEM-bər, presumably an error.
Jump up ^ "RP 0506 – Field Communication" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ The pronunciation "fife" is required. Failure to use this pronunciation has resulted in '5' being misheard as '9'. (McMillan, 1998, "Miscommunications in Air Traffic Control Archived 15 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine.")
Jump up ^ Transcribed as if it were /ˈnɪnər/ NIN-ər, but this pronunciation is never used.
Jump up ^ Transcribed as if it rhymed with sand, but this pronunciation is never used.
Jump up ^ "ICAO phonetic alphabet by Canada". Tc.gc.ca. 20 May 2010. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d L.J. Rose, "Aviation's ABC: The development of the ICAO spelling alphabet", ICAO Bulletin 11/2 (1956) 12–14.
Jump up ^ International Telecommunication Union, "Appendix 16: Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code", Radio Regulations (Geneva, 1959) 430–431.
Jump up ^ "Where does the term "Bravo Zulu" originate?". 6 March 2005. Archived from the original on 6 March 2005. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Civil Aviation Authority, "Aircraft Call Sign Confusion Evaluation Safety Study" Archived 24 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine., April 2000
Jump up ^ "How to Write Telegrams Properly". Archived from the original on 31 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sambandsregelmente för Försvarsmakten, Telefoni – HKV 12800: 70799" dated 26 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "Svenska bokstaveringsalfabetet" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Det fonetiske alfabet". Glemsom.dk. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Internasjonalt alfabet for radiokommunikasjon". Aktivioslo.no. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Sotilaan käsikirja 2013 (PDF). Puolustusvoimat. 2013. p. 205. ISBN 978-951-25-2463-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2014.
External links[edit]
Look up ICAO spelling alphabet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Public ICAO site
"NATO Declassified - The NATO Phonetic Alphabet". North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NATO_phonetic_alphabet&oldid=801989424"
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