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Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel
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Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel
Developer(s)
Konami
Publisher(s)
Konami
Platform(s)
Game Boy Advance
Release
NA: April 8, 2003
JP/EU: April 17, 2003
Genre(s)
Collectible card game/Strategy game
Mode(s)
Single player, Multiplayer
Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel, later released in Japan as Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters International (遊☆戯☆王！デュエルモンスターズ インターナショナル, Yu-Gi-Ō! Deyueru Monsutāzu Intānashonaru) is a Game Boy Advance game based on the popular Yu-Gi-Oh! trading card game and TV series that has the player set during the Battle City arc, dueling popular characters from the anime and manga. The main objective of the game is to build a strong deck from cards won after duels from the main cast from the English second season anime.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Plot
3 Events/challenges
3.1 Point systems
3.1.1 Points
4 Sub-menu
4.1 Deck editing
5 Miscellaneous
6 Reception
7 References
8 External links
Gameplay[edit]
The game starts out after the title screen, with one of the officials in the Battle City region, giving the player an option of 1 of 3 decks of 40 or more cards. Once a deck is selected, there is a Battle City map of characters that can be played, and can select an area of Battle City that holds up to three duelers per area. However, the opponents are random, not showing a name or picture to identify their character.
The player must win, lose or tie to show all the characters at the beginning. From there, players go around Battle City to duel opponents. However, there are many events during the game to accomplish.
Plot[edit]
With a vague plot many different challenges are available, but the significant part of the game is "The Pyramid". Once the five Ghouls are defeated, Téa, controlled by Marik Ishtar, will lead you to the Pyramid, a five-game challenge in which the player cannot lose or they would have to start over the Pyramid. The Pyramid is organized into chambers. The first duel is against Téa controlled by Marik; the second and third duels are against 2 of the 5 ghouls at random. The fourth duel is against Joey Wheeler controlled by Marik; in the 5th and final chamber, you face Marik, and if you beat him, The Pyramid is cleared.
Once beaten, card limitations will be available once all 10 Card Limitation Duels are complete against a CPU. There is then an option to change card limits on or off (e.g. the trap card Mirror Force would then be open to have two or three cards in a deck; not only one, as this is called 'Free Mode'.) Prior to this Ghouls would be open to duel and the Card Limitation tournaments would be available to use permanently. Many side challenges are always available, and can be useful to use.
Events/challenges[edit]
Challenge Cup and Kaiba Corp Cup - This event usually comes every month. This challenge is a three-game tournament in which all players face each other to make their way to the finals, however the players only participates in three duels. The finalist, almost always a strong opponent will challenge you for the Cup. However, in the KC Cup Kaiba will always be played.
Weekend Tournaments - Held usually on Saturdays, there will be a random opponent to duel in a best out of 3 match.
Limitation Tournaments - Only accessed by finishing everything else in the game, there are 10 rounds, and these are duels where depending on which duel, certain types of cards are not permitted to use including Magic and Trap cards, level 5 and up monsters, and many more. These are permanent up to no avail.
Target Week - Held every week, by one of the Battle City officials, will tell you two random duelists you must defeat to get a bonus of 200 points. However, sometimes the duelists you are looking for are not on the map so the player has to go from area to area until the next week.
Point systems[edit]
Points are important to the game, as they can unlock gradually more powerful booster packs, won by defeating an opponent in a duel. There are 3 at the start, but once certain requirements are met, more booster packs can be unlocked, thus adding more powerful cards to a deck editing screen.
A total of 27 packs are included; some unchoosable ones, usually rare cards are not included in all the packs; only by beating a rare hunter in which a pack of 5 random powerful cards are included. One that has a Millennium Puzzle on it and a pink background only is available on the fourth Sunday of the month when you battle, though no calendar is shown.
The highest number of points that have to be met is 50,000 points, meaning 1,000 wins. However, tournaments hand out more points, and also finishing important parts of the game are also rewarded by points. The two Cups will be awarded by 300 points.
Points[edit]
Win: +50 points
Loss: -30 points
Draw: +20 points
Win match: +150 points
Lose match: -50 points
Draw match: -30 points
Win 2 matches in a row: +300 points
Win Target Week: +200 points
Sub-menu[edit]
Password - A useful way to obtain cards, eight digits are needed for a password on a screen from buttons 0 to 9. Once typed in, the card shown is that card's password. Only one copy of each card can be accessed using the password. On each real Yu-Gi-Oh! trading card there is a code on the bottom (however some cards, such as Black Luster Soldier, which is a ritual monster, Blue-Eyes Ultimate Dragon, which is a fusion monster, aren't available; including the Egyptian God Cards).
Trading - This enables you, with a link cable, to trade cards with another player on a different Game Boy system and game cartridge. It could be used for only one player to get a card or a fair trade to both strengthen their deck.
Link Duel - With a link cable, two players can play each other, rather than one player dueling a CPU opponent.
Card Limitation - An option to turn card limits on or off. If this option is off, three copies of any card can be included in the deck.
Deck and Trunk - This portion is the deck editing screen. On one section there are all the cards collected from booster packs and defeating rare hunters. The second category is the main deck. The last one is the side deck used to switch cards in tournament matches.
Deck editing[edit]
Editing a deck is quite simple; from all the cards in the trunk, when a card is highlighted by scrolling up and down, there is an option if it wants to go to the main or side deck. To make the task easier, there is a card filtering icon which lets the player choose what type of cards they are looking for.
If the player chooses a monster card, they would select either Name, Attack, Defense, Type, Attribute, and Level to categorize which monster they would like to add. For a main and side deck, there is an option for a selected card to go to the trunk, main and side deck. Just like the official Yu-Gi-Oh! rules, a minimum of 40 cards and maximum of 60 cards are permitted. Up to 15 cards are to be used in the side deck; and 20 in the Fusion deck.
Miscellaneous[edit]
The game comes with three free cards: Sinister Serpent, Harpie's Feather Duster, and Valkyrion the Magna Warrior. Valkyrion is a supplemental card to the 3 from the Yu-Gi-Oh: The Duelists of the Roses PlayStation 2 game.
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate scores
Aggregator
Score
GameRankings 73%[1]
Metacritic 72/100[2]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Game Informer 7.5/10[3]
GamesMaster 71%[4]
GameSpot 6.1/10[5]
GameSpy [6]
GameZone 6.8/10[7]
IGN 8/10[8]
Nintendo Power 3.3/5[9]
Nintendo World Report 5/10[10]
X-Play [11]
The game received "average" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel for Game Boy Advance". GameRankings. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel for Game Boy Advance Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mason, Lisa (June 2003). "Yu-Gi-Oh! [Worldwide Edition:] Stairway to the Destined Duel". Game Informer (122): 119. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mayo, Tom (April 17, 2003). "Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition..." GamesMaster. Archived from the original on May 4, 2003. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Davis, Ryan (April 28, 2003). "Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel Review". GameSpot. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Steve (April 27, 2003). "GameSpy: Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel". GameSpy. Archived from the original on June 21, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lafferty, Michael (July 10, 2003). "Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel - GBA - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Harris, Craig (April 18, 2003). "Yu-Gi-Oh Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel". IGN. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel". Nintendo Power. 168: 140. May 2003.
Jump up ^ Kosmina, Ben (July 21, 2003). "Yu-Gi-Oh! [Worldwide Edition] - Stairway to the Destined Duel". Nintendo World Report. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Keil, Matt (June 4, 2003). "'Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel' (GBA) Review". X-Play. Archived from the original on June 9, 2003. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
External links[edit]
Yu-Gi-Oh! Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel at MobyGames
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Ice Princess
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 2005 film. For other uses, see Ice Princess (disambiguation).
Ice Princess
Directed by
Tim Fywell
Produced by
Bridget Johnson
Screenplay by
Hadley Davis
Story by
Meg Cabot
Hadley Davis
Starring
Joan Cusack
Kim Cattrall
Michelle Trachtenberg
Hayden Panettiere
Music by
Christophe Beck
Cinematography
David Hennings
Edited by
Janice Hampton
Production
company
Walt Disney Pictures
Bridget Johnson Films
On The Ice Productions
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
March 18, 2005 (2005-03-18)
Running time
98 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$25 million[1]
Box office
$27.6 million
Ice Princess is a 2005 American figure-skating film directed by Tim Fywell, written by Hadley Davis from a story by Meg Cabot and Davis, and starring Michelle Trachtenberg, Joan Cusack, Kim Cattrall and Hayden Panettiere. The film focuses on Casey Carlyle, a normal teenager who gives up a promising future academic life in order to pursue her new-found dream of being a professional figure skater. The film was released on March 18, 2005. Ice Princess had an unsuccessful performance at the box office, grossing $24 million in the United States during its theatrical run against a production budget of $25 million.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reception
5 Soundtrack
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Casey Carlyle (Michelle Trachtenberg) a very smart and talented science student, plans to pursue a scholarship to Harvard University. For the scholarship, Casey must present a personal summer project about physics. While watching a figure skating competition with her mathematically inclined friend Ann, Casey realizes that her favorite childhood hobby, ice skating, would make a perfect project. She decides to try to improve her own skating by applying physics and what she has discovered from watching other skaters.
She becomes proficient and skips two levels to become a junior skater. She helps junior skaters Gennifer "Gen" Harwood (Hayden Panettiere) Tiffany Lai (Jocelyn Lai) and Nikki Fletcher (Kirsten Olson) improve their skating. Torn between her Harvard dream and her growing love of skating, Casey has difficulty juggling schoolwork, skating, and a part-time job. Joan Carlyle (Joan Cusack) Casey's mother, attempts to prevent Casey from skating due to her declining academic performance. Meanwhile, tension arises between Casey's mother and Casey's coach Tina Harwood (Kim Cattrall), a disgraced former skater.
Tina, who manages the rink where Casey trains, has Gen on a strict training program. During a competition where both Casey and Gen compete, Tina sees that Casey may outrank Gen, and attempts to sabotage Casey's performance by switching her skates. Upset at this, and frustrated by all the restrictions of training, Gen quits. Casey declines the Harvard scholarship competition to devote herself to skating to her mother's dismay. Casey asks Tina to be her personal coach and help her train for sectionals. Her mother, upset at this change of direction in her life, refuses to watch her skate.
At the sectionals, Casey's mind is not fully focused on the competition and she falls while attempting a triple salchow jump. To her surprise, she discovers that her mother is in the audience. Inspired, Casey gives a highly rated artistic performance. The sectionals ends with Nikki going to the nationals and Casey becoming the runner-up. Gen's brother, Teddy (Trevor Blumas), gives Casey flowers to congratulate her, and they kiss. Later, Joan and Tina bicker about how many college courses Casey should take, Teddy and Casey's budding romance, Casey's sponsors, and Casey's future in figure skating.
Cast[edit]
Michelle Trachtenberg as Casey Carlyle
Joan Cusack as Joan Carlyle
Kim Cattrall as Tina Harwood
Hayden Panettiere as Gennifer "Gen" Harwood
Trevor Blumas as Teddy Harwood
Erik King as Chip Healey
Diego Klattenhoff as Kyle Dayton
Kirsten Olson as Nikki Fletcher
Signe Ronka as Emma Flanders
Juliana Cannarozzo as Zoe Bloch
Paul Sun-Hyung Lee as Mr. Lai
Martha MacIsaac as Mean Party Girl
Connie Ray as Mrs. Fletcher
Michelle Kwan as woman ESPN reporter
Jocelyn Lai as Tiffany Lai
Shanique Ollivierre-Lake as Chantal DeGroat
Amy Stewart as Ann
Kristina Whitcomb as Ms. Fisher Lee
Production[edit]
Blumas said that he was put on hold for two months during the audition process, and that there had been “a lot of switch-overs with the directors”.[2] Blumas ended up playing Teddy as a sort of father figure.[2] He began training to drive a Zamboni soon after arriving in Toronto; according to him, he later ended up smoothing the ice on some mornings at the rink where they were shooting.[2] Panettiere did much of her own skating, including a fast spin seen at the end of the regionals short program.[3] Trachtenberg trained for eight months, including the time they were filming (during which time she says she worked twenty-hour days).[4] She had to be on the ice longer than most of the other actors as she was one of the few adults on the film.[5] She had stunt doubles to handle the falls and some of the complex moves,[6] although Trachtenberg did learn a specific move that could not be done by a stunt double as the differences in their build would be apparent. She sustained some injuries while working on the film.[5] According to Trachtenberg, a mistake was made in one of the physics formulas her character recites, which was later fixed; a shot of the back of her head was used and the correct term was looped in.[6] Trachtenberg described the film as “not a Disney kitschy movie” and was somewhat apprehensive of the idea of a sequel for fear of belittling the original.[7] Cusack noted that the relationship between Casey and her mother had already been well-developed in the script, but said that it generated a good deal of discussion during the production, and Cusack ultimately described her role as "meaningful" in terms of the acting and also how it related to her personally.[8]
The film was shot from May 3 to July 23, 2004[9] at several locations in Toronto, including George Bell Arena, Western Technical-Commercial School, Christie Mansion and De La Salle College.[10]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
In its opening weekend, the film grossed $6,807,471 million in 2,501 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #4 at the box office, behind The Ring Two, Robots and The Pacifier. By the end of its run, Ice Princess grossed $24,402,491 domestically and $3,243,000 internationally, totaling $27,645,491 worldwide.[11]
Critical reception[edit]
Film critic Roger Ebert gives Ice Princess three out of four stars and commended the film for its entertaining nature and ability to overcome cliche and "formula".[12] Reactions from other critics have been mixed, as 52% of the T-meter critics on Rotten Tomatoes reviewed the film positively.[13] Todd Gilchrist of IGN questioned the speed at which Casey becomes adept at skating and pointed out some other improbabilities and clichés, but strongly praised Cusack’s and Cattrall’s performances as emotionally powerful and fully human.[14] United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Office for Film and Broadcasting rated the film A-I (suitable for general patronage) and provided the film a modest praise as a good family film.[15] Oppenheim Toy Portfolio awarded the film their platinum award.[16] It is rated G by the Motion Picture Association of America.
Zahra Lari, a Muslim figure skater from the United Arab Emirates, cited Ice Princess as an inspiration for her career.[17]
Soundtrack[edit]
Ice Princess Original Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
March 15, 2005
Genre
Pop
dance-pop
teen pop
Length
45:37
Label
Walt Disney Records
Producer
Desmond Child
Matthew Gerrard
Greg Kurstin
Jamie Houston
Leah Haywood
Daniel James[18]
Singles from Ice Princess Original Soundtrack
"No One"
Released: March 18, 2005 (2005-03-18)
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [18]
The Ice Princess Original Soundtrack was released on March 15, 2005 in the United States by label Walt Disney Records, features tracks by Natasha Bedingfield, Emma Roberts, Hayden Panettiere, Michelle Branch, Aly & AJ, Jesse McCartney, and Raven-Symoné, and various other artists. It peaked at number 53 on the Billboard 200 and at number 2 on Top Soundtracks.
Track listing
Reach - Caleigh Peters
If I Had It My Way - Emma Roberts
Get Your Shine On - Jesse McCartney
You Set Me Free - Michelle Branch
Reachin' for Heaven - Diana DeGarmo
No One - Aly & AJ
It's Oh So Quiet - Lucy Woodward
Get Up - Superchick
I Fly - Hayden Panettiere
Just a Dream - Jump5
Bump - Raven-Symoné
There is no alternative - Tina Sugandh
Unwritten - Natasha Bedingfield
Not included on the soundtrack.
"Ray of Light" by Madonna appears in the background of the Casey Carlyle's scene of the regional competition, but is not included on the soundtrack.
"Freak Out" by Avril Lavigne appears in the official trailer, but is not included on the soundtrack.
"Toxic" by Britney Spears was included in the ice skating scene from Zoe, but wasn't included on the soundtrack.
Chart positions for
Ice Princess Original Soundtrack
Chart (2005)
Peak position
Billboard 200 53[19]
Billboard Top Soundtracks 2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ice Princess
^ Jump up to: a b c Murray, Rebecca. "Trevor Blumas Talks About "Ice Princess": On Playing Michelle Trachtenberg's Love Interest in the Disney Ice Skating Movie". About.com. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
Jump up ^ Murray, Rebecca. "Hayden Panettiere Discusses "Ice Princess": Hayden Panettiere on Ice Skating versus Riding Zebras". About.com. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
Jump up ^ "Putting A Brain On Ice". MTV Networks. 2007. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Pryor, Chris. "Film: Interview [Michelle Trachtenberg: Ice Princess]: Michelle Trachtenberg: Trades Stakes for Skates in Ice Princess". Campus Circle, Inc. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Murray, Rebecca. "Michelle Trachtenberg Skates Her Way Through "Ice Princess": Michelle Trachtenberg on Learning to Skate and Starring in "Ice Princess"". About.com. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
Jump up ^ Murray, Rebecca. "Interview with Michelle Trachtenberg Page 2". About.com. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
Jump up ^ Gilchrist, Todd (2005-03-18). "Interview: Joan Cusack (Page 2)". IGN. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
Jump up ^ Ice Princess (2005) - Box office / business
Jump up ^ "List of Productions Shot in Toronto Representing Other Cities (Page 14)" (PDF). Toronto Film & Television Office. July 2007. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Ice Princess (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. Ice Princess. March 18, 2005.
Jump up ^ Ice Princess. Rotten Tomatoes.
Jump up ^ Gilchrist, Todd (2005-03-17). "Ice Princess: Review: A surprisingly smart approach to otherwise formulaic material". IGN. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
Jump up ^ Ice Princess. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Office for Film and Broadcasting.
Jump up ^ "The Oppenheim Toy Portfolio". Archived from the original on 2014-08-27.
Jump up ^ Middle Eastern women were once discouraged from sport. A new generation now chases Olympic glory.. The Washington Post, 2016/07.
^ Jump up to: a b Phares, Heather (2005-03-15). "Ice Princess - Original Soundtrack : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
Jump up ^ Ice Princess - Original Soundtrack Billboard.com
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Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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The Twenty-fifth Amendment (Amendment XXV) to the United States Constitution deals with issues related to presidential succession and disability. It clarifies that the vice president becomes president (as opposed to acting president) if the president dies, resigns, or is removed from office; and establishes procedures for filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president and for responding to presidential disabilities.[1] The Twenty-fifth Amendment was submitted to the states on July 6, 1965, by the 89th Congress and was adopted on February 10, 1967.[2]
Contents
1 Text and effect
1.1 Section 1: Presidential succession
1.2 Section 2: Vice presidential vacancy
1.3 Section 3: Presidential declaration
1.4 Section 4: Declaration by vice president and principal officers
2 Invocations
2.1 Vice presidential vacancies and succession to the presidency
2.1.1 1973: Appointment of Gerald Ford as vice president
2.1.2 1974: Gerald Ford succeeds Richard Nixon as president
2.1.3 1974: Appointment of Nelson Rockefeller as vice president
2.2 Acting Presidents
2.2.1 1985: George H.W. Bush
2.2.2 2002: Dick Cheney
2.2.3 2007: Dick Cheney
3 Considered invocations
3.1 Section 3
3.2 Section 4
3.2.1 1981: Reagan assassination attempt
3.2.2 1987: Reagan's alleged incapacity
4 Historical background
5 Proposal, enactment, and ratification
5.1 Keating–Kefauver proposal
5.2 Kennedy assassination
5.3 Bayh–Celler proposal
5.4 Ratification
6 Proposed replacement of principal officers as entity making declaration of disability
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Sources
11 External links
Text and effect[edit]
Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution reads:
In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President ...
This provision is ambiguous as to whether, in the enumerated circumstances, the vice president becomes the president, or merely assumes the "powers and duties" of the presidency. It also fails to define inability or how questions of inability are to be resolved.[3] The Twenty-fifth Amendment addresses these deficiencies.
Section 1: Presidential succession[edit]
Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
Section 1 clarifies that in the enumerated situations the vice president becomes president, instead of merely assuming the powers and duties of the presidency.
Section 2: Vice presidential vacancy[edit]
Further information: Vice President of the United States § Vacancies
Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
Section 2 addresses the Constitution's original failure to provide a mechanism for filling a vacancy in the office of vice president. The vice presidency had become vacant several times due to death, resignation, or succession to the presidency, and these vacancies had often lasted several years.
Section 3: Presidential declaration[edit]
Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.
Section 3 allows the president to voluntarily transfer his authority to the vice president (for example, in anticipation of a medical procedure) by declaring in writing his inability to discharge his duties. The vice president then assumes the powers and duties of the presidency as acting president; the vice president does not become president and the president remains in office, although without authority. The president regains his powers and duties when he declares in writing that he is again ready to discharge them.[4]
Section 4: Declaration by vice president and principal officers[edit]
Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.[5]
Section 4 addresses the case of an incapacitated president who is unable or unwilling to execute the voluntary declaration contemplated in Section 3; it is the amendment's only section that has never been invoked. It allows the vice president, together with a "majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide", to declare the president "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office" in a written declaration to Congress. The transfer of authority to the vice president is immediate and (as with Section 3) the vice president becomes acting president – not president – and the president remains in office, though without authority.[6]
The "principal officers of the executive departments" are the fifteen Cabinet members enumerated in the United States Code at 5 U.S.C 101:[7][8][9]
Secretary of State
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of Defense
Attorney General
Secretary of the Interior
Secretary of Agriculture
Secretary of Commerce
Secretary of Labor
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Secretary of Transportation
Secretary of Energy
Secretary of Education
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Secretary of Homeland Security
A president who has thus been declared unable to serve may issue a counter-declaration stating that he is indeed able. This marks the beginning of a four-day period during which the vice president remains acting president.[10][11] If by the end of this period the vice president and a majority of the "principal officers of the executive departments" have not issued a second declaration of the president's incapacity, then the president resumes his powers and duties.
If a second declaration of incapacity is issued within the four-day period, then the vice president remains acting president while Congress considers the matter. If within 21 days the Senate and the House determine, each by a two-thirds vote, that the president is incapacitated, then the vice president continues as acting president. But once either the Senate or the House holds a vote on the question which falls short of the two-thirds requirement, or the 21 days pass without both votes having taken place, then the president resumes his powers and duties.[11][12]
Section 4's requirements for the vice president to remain acting president indefinitely – a declaration by the vice president together with a majority of the principal officers or other body, then a two-thirds vote in the House and a two-thirds vote in the Senate – contrasts with the Constitution's procedure for removal of the president from office for "high crimes and misdemeanors" – a majority of the House (Article I, Section 2, Clause 5) followed by two-thirds of the Senate (Article I, Section 3, Clause 6).[13]
Invocations[edit]
Vice presidential vacancies and succession to the presidency[edit]
1973: Appointment of Gerald Ford as vice president[edit]
President Richard Nixon, First Lady Pat Nixon, Betty Ford and Gerald Ford at The White House, October 13, 1973, after President Nixon nominated Gerald Ford to replace Spiro Agnew as vice president
Further information: United States vice presidential selection, 1973
On October 12, 1973, following Vice President Spiro Agnew's resignation two days earlier, President Richard Nixon nominated Representative Gerald Ford of Michigan to succeed Agnew as vice president.
The Senate voted 92–3 to confirm Ford on November 27 and, on December 6, the House of Representatives did the same by a vote of 387–35. Ford was sworn in later that day before a joint session of the United States Congress.[14]
1974: Gerald Ford succeeds Richard Nixon as president[edit]
Nixon's resignation letter, August 9, 1974.
Further information: Watergate scandal § Resignation
When President Richard Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, Vice President Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency.[15] Ford is the only person ever to serve as both vice president and president without being elected to either office.[16]
1974: Appointment of Nelson Rockefeller as vice president[edit]
Further information: United States vice presidential selection, 1974
When Gerald Ford became President, the office of vice president became vacant. On August 20, 1974, after considering Melvin Laird and George H.W. Bush, Ford nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to be the new vice president.
On December 10, Rockefeller was confirmed 90–7 by the Senate. On December 19, he was confirmed 287–128 by the House and was sworn in to office later that day in the Senate chamber.[14]
Acting Presidents[edit]
Further information: Acting President of the United States
1985: George H.W. Bush[edit]
On July 12, 1985, President Ronald Reagan underwent a colonoscopy, during which a pre-cancerous lesion was discovered. He elected to have it removed immediately[17] and consulted with White House counsel Fred Fielding about whether to invoke Section 3, and in particular about whether doing so would set an undesirable precedent. Fielding and White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan recommended that Reagan transfer power, and two letters were drafted: one specifically invoking Section 3, the other mentioning only that Reagan was mindful of its provisions. On July 13, Reagan signed the second letter,[18] and Vice President George H.W. Bush was Acting President from 11:28 a.m. until 7:22 p.m., when Reagan transmitted a followup letter declaring himself able to resume his duties.
2002: Dick Cheney[edit]
On June 29, 2002, President George W. Bush explicitly invoked Section 3 in temporarily transferring his powers to Vice President Dick Cheney before undergoing a colonoscopy, which began at 7:09 a.m. Bush awoke about forty minutes later but did not resume his presidential powers until 9:24 a.m.; his physician, Richard Tubb, recommended he wait to ensure the sedative had no aftereffects.[18]
2007: Dick Cheney[edit]
On July 21, 2007, Bush again invoked Section 3 before another colonoscopy. Cheney was acting president from 7:16 a.m. to 9:21 a.m.[18]
Considered invocations[edit]
There have been instances when a presidential administration has prepared for the possible invocation of Section 3 or 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment. None of these instances resulted in the Twenty-fifth Amendment's being invoked or otherwise having presidential authority transferred.
Section 3[edit]
On December 22, 1978, President Jimmy Carter considered invoking Section 3 in advance of hemorrhoid surgery.[19] Since then, Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama also considered invoking Section 3 at various times without doing so.[20]
Section 4[edit]
1981: Reagan assassination attempt[edit]
Following the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981, Vice President George H. W. Bush did not assume the presidential powers and duties as Acting President. Reagan had been rushed into surgery with no opportunity to invoke Section 3; Bush did not invoke Section 4 because he was on a plane at the time of the shooting, and Reagan was out of surgery by the time Bush landed in Washington.[21] In 1995, Birch Bayh, the primary sponsor of the amendment in the Senate, wrote that Section 4 should have been invoked.[22]
1987: Reagan's alleged incapacity[edit]
Upon becoming the White House Chief of Staff in 1987, Howard Baker was advised by his predecessor's staff to be prepared for a possible invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment[23] due to Reagan's perceived laziness and ineptitude.[24][25] According to Reagan biographer Edmund Morris, Baker's staff intended to use their first meeting with Reagan to evaluate whether he was "losing his mental grip." But Reagan "came in stimulated by the press of all these new people and performed splendidly."[24][25][26]
Historical background[edit]
The ambiguities in Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution regarding death, removal, or disability of the president created difficulties several times:
On the death of William Henry Harrison, John Tyler became the first vice president to succeed to the presidency.
In 1841, William Henry Harrison became the first US president to die in office. It had previously been suggested that the vice president would become Acting President upon the death of the president,[27] but Vice President John Tyler asserted that he had succeeded to the presidency, instead of merely assuming its powers and duties; he also declined to acknowledge documents referring to him as acting president. Although Tyler felt his vice presidential oath obviated any need for the presidential oath, he was persuaded that being formally sworn in would resolve any doubts; after taking the oath he moved into the White House and assumed full presidential powers. Though Tyler was sometimes derided as "His Accidency",[28] both houses of Congress adopted a resolution confirming that he was president. The "Tyler precedent" of succession was thus established.[29]
Following Woodrow Wilson's stroke in 1919, no one officially assumed his powers and duties, in part because his condition was kept secret by his wife, Edith Wilson, and White House physician Cary T. Grayson.[30] By the time Wilson's condition became public knowledge, only a few months remained in his term and Congressional leaders were disinclined to press the issue.
Prior to 1967, the office of vice president had become vacant sixteen times due to the death or resignation of the vice president or his succession to the presidency.[1] The vacancy created when Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon Abraham Lincoln's assassination was one of several that encompassed nearly the entire four-year term. In 1868, Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and came one vote short of being removed from office by the Senate. Had Johnson been removed, President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting president in accordance with the Presidential Succession Act of 1792.[31]
After several periods of incapacity due to severe health problems, President Dwight D. Eisenhower attempted to clarify procedures through a signed agreement with Vice President Richard Nixon, drafted by Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr. However, this agreement did not have legal authority.[32] Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September 1955 and intestinal problems requiring emergency surgery in July 1956. Each time, until Eisenhower was able to resume his duties Nixon presided over Cabinet meetings and, along with Eisenhower aides, kept the executive branch functioning and assured the public that the situation was under control. However, Nixon never made any effort to formally assume the status of Acting President or President.
Proposal, enactment, and ratification[edit]
Keating–Kefauver proposal[edit]
In 1963, Senator Kenneth Keating of New York proposed a Constitutional amendment which would have enabled Congress to enact legislation providing for how to determine when a President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the presidency, rather than, as the Twenty-fifth Amendment does, having the Constitution so provide.[33]:345 This proposal was based upon a recommendation of the American Bar Association in 1960.[33]:27
The text of the proposal read:[33]:350
In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the said office shall devolve on the Vice President. In case of the inability of the President to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the said powers and duties shall devolve on the Vice President, until the inability be removed. The Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then be President, or, in case of inability, act as President, and such officer shall be or act as President accordingly, until a President shall be elected or, in case of inability, until the inability shall be earlier removed. The commencement and termination of any inability shall be determined by such method as Congress shall by law provide.
Senators raised concerns that the Congress could either abuse such authority[33]:30 or neglect to enact any such legislation after the adoption of this proposal.[33]:34–35 Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver, the Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments, a long-time advocate for addressing the disability question, spearheaded the effort until he died in August 1963.[33]:28 Senator Keating was defeated in the 1964 election, but Senator Roman Hruska of Nebraska took up Keating's cause as a new member of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments.[32]
Kennedy assassination[edit]
By the 1960s, medical advances had made increasingly plausible the scenario of an injured or ill president living a long time while incapacitated. The assassination of John F. Kennedy demonstrated to policymakers of the need for a clear procedure for determining presidential disability, especially in the context of the Cold War.[34] The new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, had once suffered a heart attack[35] and – with the office of vice president to remain vacant until the next term began on January 20, 1965 – the next two people in the line of succession were the 71-year-old Speaker of the House John McCormack[34][36] and the 86-year-old Senate President pro tempore Carl Hayden.[34][36] Senator Birch Bayh succeeded Kefauver as Chairman of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments and set about advocating for a detailed amendment dealing with presidential disability.[34]
Bayh–Celler proposal[edit]
The Twenty-fifth Amendment in the National Archives
On January 6, 1965, Senator Birch Bayh proposed S.J. Res. 1 in the Senate and Representative Emanuel Celler (Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee) proposed H.J. Res. 1 in the House of Representatives. Their proposal specified the process by which a President could be declared "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office", thereby making the vice president an Acting President, and how the President could regain the powers of his office. Also, their proposal provided a way to fill a vacancy in the office of vice president before the next presidential election. This was as opposed to the Keating–Kefauver proposal, which neither provided for filling a vacancy in the office of vice president prior to the next presidential election nor provided a process for determining presidential disability. In 1964, the American Bar Association endorsed the type of proposal which Bayh and Celler advocated.[33]:348–350 On January 28, 1965, President Johnson endorsed S.J. Res. 1 in a statement to Congress.[32] Their proposal received bipartisan support.[37]
On February 19, the Senate passed the amendment, but the House passed a different version of the amendment on April 13. On April 22, it was returned to the Senate with revisions.[32] There were four areas of disagreement between the House and Senate versions:
the Senate official who was to receive any written declaration under the amendment
the period of time during which the vice president and principal officers of the executive departments must decide whether they disagree with the President's declaration that he is fit to resume his duties
the time before Congress meets to resolve the issue
the time limit for Congress to reach a decision.[32]
On July 6, after a conference committee ironed out differences between the versions,[38] the final version of the amendment was passed by both Houses of the Congress and presented to the states for ratification.[33]:354–358
Ratification[edit]
Nebraska was the first state to ratify, on July 12, 1965, and ratification became complete when Nevada became the 38th state to ratify, on February 10, 1967.[a] On February 23, 1967, at a White House ceremony certifying the ratification, President Johnson said:
It was 180 years ago, in the closing days of the Constitutional Convention, that the Founding Fathers debated the question of Presidential disability. John Dickinson of Delaware asked this question: "What is the extent of the term 'disability' and who is to be the judge of it?" No one replied.
It is hard to believe that until last week our Constitution provided no clear answer. Now, at last, the 25th amendment clarifies the crucial clause that provides for succession to the Presidency and for filling a Vice Presidential vacancy.[41]
Proposed replacement of principal officers as entity making declaration of disability[edit]
In April 2017, Representatives Earl Blumenauer and Jamie Raskin introduced legislation to have an eleven-member commission replace the "principal officers of the executive departments" as the body empowered, under Section 4, to determine with the vice president that the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Under the proposal, this commission would examine the president when directed to do so by a concurrent resolution of the Congress.[42]
See also[edit]
Presidential Succession Act
United States presidential line of succession
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The states ratified as follows:[39]
Nebraska (July 12, 1965)
Wisconsin (July 13, 1965)
Oklahoma (July 16, 1965)
Massachusetts (August 9, 1965)
Pennsylvania (August 18, 1965)
Kentucky (September 15, 1965)
Arizona (September 22, 1965)
Michigan (October 5, 1965)
Indiana (October 20, 1965)
California (October 21, 1965)
Arkansas (November 4, 1965)
New Jersey (November 29, 1965)
Delaware (December 7, 1965)
Utah (January 17, 1966)
West Virginia (January 20, 1966)
Maine (January 24, 1966)
Rhode Island (January 28, 1966)
Colorado (February 3, 1966)
New Mexico (February 3, 1966)
Kansas (February 8, 1966)
Vermont (February 10, 1966)
Alaska (February 18, 1966)
Idaho (March 2, 1966)
Hawaii (March 3, 1966)
Virginia (March 8, 1966)
Mississippi (March 10, 1966)
New York (March 14, 1966)
Maryland (March 23, 1966)
Missouri (March 30, 1966)
New Hampshire (June 13, 1966)
Louisiana (July 5, 1966)
Tennessee (January 12, 1967)
Wyoming (January 25, 1967)
Washington (January 26, 1967)
Iowa (January 26, 1967)
Oregon (February 2, 1967)
Minnesota (February 10, 1967)
Nevada (February 10, 1967, at which point ratification was complete).[40]
Connecticut (February 14, 1967)
Montana (February 15, 1967)
South Dakota (March 6, 1967)
Ohio (March 7, 1967)
Alabama (March 14, 1967)
North Carolina (March 22, 1967)
Illinois (March 22, 1967)
Texas (April 25, 1967)
Florida (May 25, 1967)
As of 2018, the following states have not ratified:
Georgia
North Dakota
South Carolina
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kalt, Brian C.; Pozen, David. "The Twenty-fifth Amendment". The Interactive Constitution. Philadelphia, PA: The National Constitution Center. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mount, Steve. "Ratification of Constitutional Amendments". ussconstitution.net. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Feerick, John. "Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Feerick, John D. (2014). The Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Its Complete History and Applications. Fordham University Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-0-8232-5201-5.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Vacancy and Disability Twenty-Fifth Amendment" (PDF). Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, Library of Congress. September 26, 2002. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bomboy, Scott (October 12, 2017). "Can the Cabinet "remove" a President using the 25th amendment?". The Constitution Center. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/opinions/1985/06/31/op-olc-v009-p0065_0.pdf
Jump up ^ "5 U.S. Code § 101 - Executive departments | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
Jump up ^ Prokop, Andrew (2018-01-02). "The 25th Amendment, explained: how a president can be declared unfit to serve". Vox. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
Jump up ^ Feerick, John D. (2014). The Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Its Complete History and Application. Fordham University Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-8232-5201-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Yale Law School Rule of Law Clinic (2018). The Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution: A Reader's Guide (PDF). p. 38n137.
Jump up ^ 1972-, Kalt, Brian C., (2012). Constitutional cliffhangers: a legal guide for presidents and their enemies. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300123517. OCLC 842262440.
Jump up ^ "The 25th Amendment: The Difficult Process to Remove a President". The New York Times. September 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum".
Jump up ^ "Twenty-Fifth Amendment – U.S. Constitution". FindLaw.
Jump up ^ Memorial Services in the Congress of the United States and Tributes in Eulogy of Gerald R. Ford, Late a President of the United States. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 35. ISBN 978-0160797620.
Jump up ^ Altman, Lawrence (July 18, 1985). "Report that Early Test was Urged Stirs Debate on Reagan Treatment". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c Historical Invocations of the 25th Amendment Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Lipshutz, Robert J. (December 22, 1978). "Documents from Carter's Contemplated Use of Section 3 (1978)". Fordham Law School. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession, Fifty Years After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Recommendations for Improving the Presidential Succession System, 86 Fordham L. Rev. 917. Available at: http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol86/iss3/3, p. 927
Jump up ^ Baker, James (speaker)."Remembering the Assassination Attempt on Ronald Reagan". Larry King Live, March 30, 2001.
Jump up ^ Bayh, Birch (April 8, 1995). "The White House Safety Net". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ The White House Chief of Staff has no formal role in the Twenty-fifth Amendment being invoked.
^ Jump up to: a b "WGBH American Experience – Reagan".
^ Jump up to: a b Linkins, Jason (February 10, 2017). "Happy 50th Birthday To The 25th Amendment To The Constitution". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mayer, Jane (February 24, 2011). "Worrying About Reagan". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Oliver. John Tyler: Champion of the Old South. American Political Biography Press, 1990, p. 206
Jump up ^ "John Tyler became the tenth President of the United States (1841–1845) when President William Henry Harrison died in April 1841. He was the first vice president to succeed to the Presidency after the death of his predecessor". The White House. White House Historical Association. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "John Tyler, Tenth Vice President (1841)". Senate.gov. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
Jump up ^ Schlimgen, Joan (January 23, 2012). "Woodrow Wilson – Strokes and Denial". Arizona Health Sciences Library. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Amar, Akhil Reed; Amar, Vikram David (1995) [Stanford Law Review. 48 (1): 113–139]. "Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional?". Faculty Scholarship Series. Paper 991. Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "25th Constitutional Amendment". The Great Society Congress. Association of Centers for the Study of Congress. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bayh, Birch (1968). One Heartbeat Away. ISBN 978-0672511608.
^ Jump up to: a b c d How JFK’s assassination led to a constitutional amendment, National Constitution Center, Accessed January 6, 2013
Jump up ^ What is the 25th Amendment and When Has It Been Invoked? History News Network, Accessed January 6, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b Presidential Succession During the Johnson Administration Archived 2014-01-03 at the Wayback Machine. LBJ Library, Accessed January 6, 2014
Jump up ^ "Presidential Disability: An Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. July 12, 1999. p. 6. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Inability and Vacancies in the Office of the Vice President" (PDF). The Association of Centers for the Study of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation" (PDF). Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, Library of Congress. August 26, 2017. pp. 3–44. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chadwick, John (February 11, 1967). "With Ratification of Amendment Two Gaps In Constitution Plugged". The Florence Times. Retrieved July 20, 2018 – via Google news.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Lyndon B. (February 23, 1967). "Remarks at Ceremony Marking the Ratification of the Presidential Inability (25th) Amendment to the Constitution". Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. Santa Barbara, CA: The American Presidency Project. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Marcos, Cristina (April 17, 2017). "House Democrat introduces bill to amend presidential removal procedures". The Hill. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
Sources[edit]
Constitution of the United States of America
Bayh, Birch (1968). One Heartbeat Away. ISBN 978-0672511608.
Gant, Scott (1999). "Presidential Inability and the Twenty-Fifth Amendment's Unexplored Removal Provisions". Michigan State Law Review: 791.
Kilman, Johnny & Costello, George Costello (Eds) (2000). The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation'. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
"Transcript of White House press briefing re G.W. Bush temporary transfer of power to VP Cheney". CNN. June 29, 2002. Retrieved June 4, 2006.
CNN Story of White House statement regarding G.W. Bush temporary transfer of power to VP Cheney July 21, 2007.
Presidential Inability and Subjective Meaning by Adam R.F. Gustafson, Yale Law & Policy Review, Vol. 27 (2009), p. 459.
Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment by John Feerick, Fordham Law Review, Vol. 79 (2011), p. 908.
The Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Its Complete History and Applications, Third Edition by John Feerick (Fordham University Press, 2013).
25th Constitutional Amendment The Great Society Congress, Association of Centers for the Study of Congress (URL accessed April 6, 2016).
Twenty-Fifth Amendment Archive Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History (URL accessed February 22, 2017).
External links[edit]
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