text:
Computer program
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the TV program, see The Computer Programme.
C-language "Hello, World" source code. This first known "Hello, world" snippet from the seminal book The C Programming Language originates from Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie in 1974.
A computer program is a collection of instructions[1] that performs a specific task when executed by a computer. A computer requires programs to function.
A computer program is usually written by a computer programmer in a programming language. From the program in its human-readable form of source code, a compiler can derive machine code—a form consisting of instructions that the computer can directly execute. Alternatively, a computer program may be executed with the aid of an interpreter.
A part of a computer program that performs a well-defined task is known as an algorithm. A collection of computer programs, libraries, and related data are referred to as software. Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines, such as application software and system software.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early programmable machines
1.2 Analytical Engine
1.3 Universal Turing machine
1.4 Early programmable computers
1.5 Later computers
2 Computer programming
2.1 Programming languages
2.1.1 Imperative languages
2.1.2 Declarative languages
2.2 Compilation and interpretation
3 Storage and execution
3.1 Simultaneous execution
3.2 Self-modifying programs
4 Functional categories
4.1 Application software
4.2 Utility programs
4.3 Operating system
4.4 Boot program
4.5 Embedded programs
4.6 Microcode programs
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
History[edit]
See also: History of computing, History of programming languages, and History of software
Early programmable machines[edit]
The earliest programmable machines preceded the invention of the digital computer. In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard devised a loom that would weave a pattern by following a series of perforated cards. Patterns could be woven and repeated by arranging the cards.[2]
Analytical Engine[edit]
Lovelace's diagram from Note G, the first published computer algorithm
In 1837, Charles Babbage was inspired by Jacquard's loom to attempt to build the Analytical Engine.[2] The names of the components of the calculating device were borrowed from the textile industry. In the textile industry, yarn was brought from the store to be milled. The device would have had a "store"—memory to hold 1,000 numbers of 40 decimal digits each. Numbers from the "store" would then have then been transferred to the "mill" (analogous to the CPU of a modern machine), for processing. It was programmed using two sets of perforated cards—one to direct the operation and the other for the input variables.[2] [3] However, after more than 17,000 pounds of the British government's money, the thousands of cogged wheels and gears never fully worked together.[4]
During a nine-month period in 1842–43, Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea. The memoir covered the Analytical Engine. The translation contained Note G which completely detailed a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers using the Analytical Engine. This note is recognized by some historians as the world's first written computer program.[5]
Universal Turing machine[edit]
In 1936, Alan Turing introduced the Universal Turing machine—a theoretical device that can model every computation that can be performed on a Turing complete computing machine.[6] It is a finite-state machine that has an infinitely long read/write tape. The machine can move the tape back and forth, changing its contents as it performs an algorithm. The machine starts in the initial state, goes through a sequence of steps, and halts when it encounters the halt state.[7] This machine is considered by some to be the origin of the stored-program computer—used by John von Neumann (1946) for the "Electronic Computing Instrument" that now bears the von Neumann architecture name.[8]
Early programmable computers[edit]
The Z3 computer, invented by Konrad Zuse (1941) in Germany, was a digital and programmable computer.[9] A digital computer uses electricity as the calculating component. The Z3 contained 2,400 relays to create the circuits. The circuits provided a binary, floating-point, nine-instruction computer. Programming the Z3 was through a specially designed keyboard and punched tape.
The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (Fall 1945) was a Turing complete, general-purpose computer that used 17,468 vacuum tubes to create the circuits. At its core, it was a series of Pascalines wired together.[10] Its 40 units weighed 30 tons, occupied 1,800 square feet (167 m2), and consumed $650 per hour (in 1940s currency) in electricity when idle.[10] It had 20 base-10 accumulators. Programming the ENIAC took up to two months.[10] Three function tables were on wheels and needed to be rolled to fixed function panels. Function tables were connected to function panels using heavy black cables. Each function table had 728 rotating knobs. Programming the ENIAC also involved setting some of the 3,000 switches. Debugging a program took a week.[10] The ENIAC featured parallel operations. Different sets of accumulators could simultaneously work on different algorithms. It used punched card machines for input and output, and it was controlled with a clock signal. It ran for eight years, calculating hydrogen bomb parameters, predicting weather patterns, and producing firing tables to aim artillery guns.
The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (June 1948) was a stored-program computer.[11] Programming transitioned away from moving cables and setting dials; instead, a computer program was stored in memory as numbers. Only three bits of memory were available to store each instruction, so it was limited to eight instructions. 32 switches were available for programming.
Later computers[edit]
Switches for manual input on a Data General Nova 3, manufactured in the mid-1970s
Computers manufactured until the 1970s had front-panel switches for programming. The computer program was written on paper for reference. An instruction was represented by a configuration of on/off settings. After setting the configuration, an execute button was pressed. This process was then repeated. Computer programs also were manually input via paper tape or punched cards. After the medium was loaded, the starting address was set via switches and the execute button pressed.[12]
In 1961, the Burroughs B5000 was built specifically to be programmed in the ALGOL 60 language. The hardware featured circuits to ease the compile phase.[13]
In 1964, the IBM System/360 was a line of six computers each having the same instruction set architecture. The Model 30 was the smallest and least expensive. Customers could upgrade and retain the same application software.[14] Each System/360 model featured multiprogramming. With operating system support, multiple programs could be in memory at once. When one was waiting for input/output, another could compute. Each model also could emulate other computers. Customers could upgrade to the System/360 and retain their IBM 7094 or IBM 1401 application software.[14]
Computer programming[edit]
Main article: Computer programming
Computer programming is the process of writing or editing source code. Editing source code involves testing, analyzing, refining, and sometimes coordinating with other programmers on a jointly developed program. A person who practices this skill is referred to as a computer programmer, software developer, and sometimes coder.
The sometimes lengthy process of computer programming is usually referred to as software development. The term software engineering is becoming popular as the process is seen as an engineering discipline.
Programming languages[edit]
Main article: Programming language
A computer program written in the imperative programming style
Computer programs can be categorized by the programming language paradigm used to produce them. Two of the main paradigms are imperative and declarative.
Imperative languages[edit]
Imperative programming languages specify a sequential algorithm using declarations, expressions, and statements:[15]
A declaration couples a variable name to a datatype – for example: var x: integer;
An expression yields a value – for example: 2 + 2 yields 4
A statement might assign an expression to a variable or use the value of a variable to alter the program's control flow – for example: x := 2 + 2; if x = 4 then do_something();
One criticism of imperative languages is the side effect of an assignment statement on a class of variables called non-local variables.[16]
Declarative languages[edit]
Declarative programming languages describe what computation should be performed and not how to compute it. Declarative programs omit the control flow and are considered sets of instructions. Two broad categories of declarative languages are functional languages and logical languages. The principle behind functional languages (like Haskell) is to not allow side effects, which makes it easier to reason about programs like mathematical functions.[16] The principle behind logical languages (like Prolog) is to define the problem to be solved – the goal – and leave the detailed solution to the Prolog system itself.[17] The goal is defined by providing a list of subgoals. Then each subgoal is defined by further providing a list of its subgoals, etc. If a path of subgoals fails to find a solution, then that subgoal is backtracked and another path is systematically attempted.
Compilation and interpretation[edit]
A computer program in the form of a human-readable, computer programming language is called source code. Source code may be converted into an executable image by a compiler or executed immediately with the aid of an interpreter.
Compilers are used to translate source code from a programming language into either object code or machine code.[18] Object code needs further processing to become machine code, and machine code consists of the central processing unit's native instructions, ready for execution. Compiled computer programs are commonly referred to as executables, binary images, or simply as binaries – a reference to the binary file format used to store the executable code.
Interpreters are used to execute source code from a programming language line-by-line. The interpreter decodes each statement and performs its behavior. One advantage of interpreters is that they can easily be extended to an interactive session. The programmer is presented with a prompt, and individual lines of code are typed in and performed immediately.
The main disadvantage of interpreters is computer programs run slower than when compiled. Interpreting code is slower because the interpreter must decode each statement and then perform it. However, software development may be faster using an interpreter because testing is immediate when the compiling step is omitted. Another disadvantage of interpreters is an interpreter must be present on the executing computer. By contrast, compiled computer programs need no compiler present during execution.
Just in time compilers pre-compile computer programs just before execution. For example, the Java virtual machine Hotspot contains a Just In Time Compiler which selectively compiles Java bytecode into machine code - but only code which Hotspot predicts is likely to be used many times.
Either compiled or interpreted programs might be executed in a batch process without human interaction.
Scripting languages are often used to create batch processes. One common scripting language is Unix shell, and its executing environment is called the command-line interface.
No properties of a programming language require it to be exclusively compiled or exclusively interpreted. The categorization usually reflects the most popular method of language execution. For example, Java is thought of as an interpreted language and C a compiled language, despite the existence of Java compilers and C interpreters.
Storage and execution[edit]
In the 1950s, computer programs were stored on perforated paper tape
Typically, computer programs are stored in non-volatile memory until requested either directly or indirectly to be executed by the computer user. Upon such a request, the program is loaded into random-access memory, by a computer program called an operating system, where it can be accessed directly by the central processor. The central processor then executes ("runs") the program, instruction by instruction, until termination. A program in execution is called a process.[19] Termination is either by normal self-termination or by error – software or hardware error.
Simultaneous execution[edit]
See also: Process (computing) and Multiprocessing
Many operating systems support multitasking which enables many computer programs to appear to run simultaneously on one computer. Operating systems may run multiple programs through process scheduling – a software mechanism to switch the CPU among processes often so users can interact with each program while it runs.[20] Within hardware, modern day multiprocessor computers or computers with multicore processors may run multiple programs.[21]
Multiple lines of the same computer program may be simultaneously executed using threads. Multithreading processors are optimized to execute multiple threads efficiently.
Self-modifying programs[edit]
Main article: Self-modifying code
A computer program in execution is normally treated as being different from the data the program operates on. However, in some cases, this distinction is blurred when a computer program modifies itself. The modified computer program is subsequently executed as part of the same program. Self-modifying code is possible for programs written in machine code, assembly language, Lisp, C, COBOL, PL/1, and Prolog.
Functional categories[edit]
Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines. The main functional categories are application software and system software. System software includes the operating system which couples computer hardware with application software.[22] The purpose of the operating system is to provide an environment in which application software executes in a convenient and efficient manner.[22] In addition to the operating system, system software includes embedded programs, boot programs, and micro programs. Application software designed for end users have a user interface. Application software not designed for the end user includes middleware, which couples one application with another. Application software also includes utility programs. The distinction between system software and application software is under debate.
Application software[edit]
Main article: Application software
Example of an app: GCalctool, a software calculator
There are many types of application software:
The word app came to being in 21st century. It is a clipping of the word "application". They have been designed for many platforms, but the word was first used for smaller mobile apps. Desktop apps are traditional computer programs that run on desktop computers. Mobile apps run on mobile devices. Web apps run inside a web browser. Both mobile and desktop apps may be downloaded from the developers' website or purchased from app stores such as Microsoft Store, Apple App Store, Mac App Store, Google Play or Intel AppUp.
An application suite consists of multiple applications bundled together. Examples include Microsoft Office, LibreOffice, and iWork. They bundle a word processor, spreadsheet, and other applications.
Enterprise applications bundle accounting, personnel, customer, and vendor applications. Examples include enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, and supply chain management software.
Enterprise infrastructure software supports the enterprise's software systems. Examples include databases, email servers, and network servers.
Information worker software are designed for workers at the departmental level. Examples include time management, resource management, analytical, collaborative and documentation tools. Word processors, spreadsheets, email and blog clients, personal information system, and individual media editors may aid in multiple information worker tasks.
Media development software generates print and electronic media for others to consume, most often in a commercial or educational setting. These produce graphics, publications, animations, and videos.
Product engineering software is used to help develop large machines and other application software. Examples includes computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), and integrated development environments.
Entertainment Software can refer to video games, movie recorders and players, and music recorders and players.
Utility programs[edit]
Utility programs are application programs designed to aid system administrators and computer programmers.
Operating system[edit]
See also: Operating system
An operating system is a computer program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. [22]
In the 1950s, the programmer, who was also the operator, would write a program and run it.[12] After the program finished executing, the output may have been printed, or it may have been punched onto paper tape or cards for later processing.[12] More often than not the program did not work. [23] The programmer then looked at the console lights and fiddled with the console switches. If less fortunate, a memory printout was made for further study.[23] In the 1960s, programmers reduced the amount of wasted time by automating the operator's job.[23] A program called an operating system was kept in the computer at all times.[23]
Originally, operating systems were programmed in assembly; however, modern operating systems are typically written in C.
Boot program[edit]
A stored-program computer requires an initial computer program stored in its read-only memory to boot. The boot process is to identify and initialize all aspects of the system, from processor registers to device controllers to memory contents.[24] Following the initialization process, this initial computer program loads the operating system and sets the program counter to begin normal operations.
Embedded programs[edit]
The microcontroller on the right of this USB flash drive is controlled with embedded firmware.
Independent of the host computer, a hardware device might have embedded firmware to control its operation. Firmware is used when the computer program is rarely or never expected to change, or when the program must not be lost when the power is off.[23]
Microcode programs[edit]
Main article: Microcode
Microcode programs control some central processing units and some other hardware. This code moves data between the registers, buses, arithmetic logic units, and other functional units in the CPU. Unlike conventional programs, microcode is not usually written by, or even visible to, the end users of systems, and is usually provided by the manufacturer, and is considered internal to the device.
See also[edit]
Automatic programming
Firmware
Killer application
Software
Software bug
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rochkind, Marc J. (2004). Advanced Unix Programming, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 1.1.2.
^ Jump up to: a b c McCartney, Scott (1999). ENIAC – The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer. Walker and Company. p. 16. ISBN 0-8027-1348-3.
Jump up ^ Bromley, Allan G. (1998). "Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1838" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 20 (4).
Jump up ^ Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 15. ISBN 0-13-854662-2.
Jump up ^ J. Fuegi; J. Francis (October–December 2003), "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'", Annals of the History of Computing, 25 (4): 16, 19, 25, doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887
Jump up ^ Rosen, Kenneth H. (1991). Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications. McGraw-Hill, Inc. p. 654. ISBN 0-07-053744-5.
Jump up ^ Linz, Peter (1990). An Introduction to Formal Languages and Automata. D. C. Heath and Company. p. 234. ISBN 0-669-17342-8.
Jump up ^ Davis, Martin (2000), Engines of Logic: Mathematicians and the origin of the Computer (1st ed.), New York NY: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-32229-7, (pb.)
Jump up ^ "History of Computing".
^ Jump up to: a b c d McCartney, Scott (1999). ENIAC – The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer. Walker and Company. p. 102. ISBN 0-8027-1348-3.
Jump up ^ Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998), "Computing's Golden Jubilee", Resurrection, The Computer Conservation Society (20), ISSN 0958-7403, retrieved 19 April 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c Silberschatz, Abraham (1994). Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 6. ISBN 0-201-50480-4.
Jump up ^ Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 20. ISBN 0-13-854662-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 21. ISBN 0-13-854662-2.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Leslie B. (1993). Comparative Programming Languages, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 75. ISBN 0-201-56885-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Leslie B. (1993). Comparative Programming Languages, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 213. ISBN 0-201-56885-3.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Leslie B. (1993). Comparative Programming Languages, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 244. ISBN 0-201-56885-3.
Jump up ^ "What is a Compiler?". Retrieved 2012-01-10.
Jump up ^ Silberschatz, Abraham (1994). Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 97. ISBN 0-201-50480-4.
Jump up ^ Silberschatz, Abraham (1994). Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 100. ISBN 0-201-50480-4.
Jump up ^ Akhter, Shameem (2006). Multi-Core Programming. Richard Bowles (Intel Press). pp. 11–13. ISBN 0-9764832-4-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Silberschatz, Abraham (1994). Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 1. ISBN 0-201-50480-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1990). Structured Computer Organization, Third Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 11. ISBN 0-13-854662-2.
Jump up ^ Silberschatz, Abraham (1994). Operating System Concepts, Fourth Edition. Addison-Wesley. p. 30. ISBN 0-201-50480-4.
Further reading[edit]
Knuth, Donald E. (1997). The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1, 3rd Edition. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-89683-4.
Knuth, Donald E. (1997). The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2, 3rd Edition. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-89684-2.
Knuth, Donald E. (1997). The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3, 3rd Edition. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-89685-0.
Authority control
BNE: XX526558
GND: 4047394-6
LCCN: sh85029524
NARA: 10675392
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_program&oldid=841869208"
Categories:
Computer programming
Software
Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Articles with example Java code
Articles with example C code
Articles with example C Sharp code
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Кыргызча
ລາວ
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
La .lojban.
Magyar
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Mirandés
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Олык марий
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Taqbaylit
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Võro
Walon
Wolof
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
83 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 May 2018, at 16:10.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language_(book)
mw-redirect
The C Programming Language (book)

value: i

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Instruction_set
mw-redirect
Instruction set

values:
/wiki/Computer_programmer
mw-redirect
Computer programmer

values: Edit section: Early programmable machines

values:
/wiki/Joseph-Marie_Jacquard
mw-redirect
Joseph-Marie Jacquard

values:
/wiki/Luigi_Menabrea
mw-redirect
Luigi Menabrea

values:
/wiki/Turing_complete
mw-redirect
Turing complete

values: Edit section: Early programmable computers

values: Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine

values:
/wiki/Punched_cards
mw-redirect
Punched cards

values:
/wiki/Declarative_language
mw-redirect
Declarative language

values:
/wiki/Variable_(programming)
mw-redirect
Variable (programming)

values:
/wiki/Functional_language
mw-redirect
Functional language

values:
/wiki/Logical_language
mw-redirect
Logical language

values: Edit section: Compilation and interpretation

values:
/wiki/Executable_file
mw-redirect
Executable file

values:
/wiki/Binary_numeral_system
mw-redirect
Binary numeral system

values:
/wiki/Process_scheduling
mw-redirect
Process scheduling

values:
/wiki/Apple_App_Store
mw-redirect
Apple App Store

values:
/wiki/Mac_App_Store
mw-redirect
Mac App Store

values:
/wiki/Application_suite
mw-redirect
Application suite

values:
/wiki/Software_systems
mw-redirect
Software systems

values:
/wiki/Information_worker
mw-redirect
Information worker

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2003.1253887

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047394-6

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values: Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Articles with example Java code

values: Category:Articles with example C Sharp code

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Computer_program
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: برنامج (حاسوب) – Arabic

values: কম্পিউটাৰ প্ৰ’গ্ৰাম – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: কম্পিউটার প্রোগ্রাম – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Камп’ютарная праграма – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Праграма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Компютърна програма – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulev
Goulev – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Πρόγραμμα υπολογιστή – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: برنامه (رایانه) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 컴퓨터 프로그램 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Համակարգչային ծրագիր – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: कम्प्यूटर प्रोग्राम – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrit
Forrit – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: תוכנית מחשב – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: კომპიუტერული პროგრამა – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Компьютерлік бағдарлама – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: Компьютердик программа – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values: ໂປຣແກຣມຄອມພິວເຕີ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo
display: none;

values: Сметачки програм – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ പ്രോഗ്രാം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: კომპიუტერული პროგრამა – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values: Компьютерын програм – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: ကွန်ပျူတာ ပရိုဂရမ် – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values: कम्प्युटर प्रोग्राम – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: プログラム (コンピュータ) – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: کمپیوٹر پروگرام – Western Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakichi
Wakichi – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Компютеровый проґрам – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Компьютерная программа – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Рачунарски програм – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: செய்நிரல் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahil
Ahil – Kabyle
kab
kab
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kab
display: none;

values: కంప్యూటర్ ప్రోగ్రామ్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: โปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Барномаи компютерӣ – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: ᨄᨛᨑᨚᨁᨛᨑᨆ ᨀᨚᨇᨘᨈᨛᨑᨛ – Buginese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bug
display: none;

values: Комп'ютерна програма – Ukrainian

values: کمپیوٹر پروگرام – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wo
display: none;

values: קאמפיוטער פראגראם – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Computer_program rootpage-Computer_program skin-vector action-view


text:
Portugal at the FIFA World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, due to World War II.
The tournament consists of two parts, the qualification phase and the final phase (officially called the World Cup Finals). The qualification phase, which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals, is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals. The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title, at venues within the host nation (or nations) over a period of about a month. The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world, with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final.
Portugal have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on six occasions, the first being in 1966 where they reached the semi final.
They will make their seventh appearance at the finals in the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Record
2 Matches
3 Record players
4 Top goalscorers
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Record[edit]
Year
Round
Position
GP
W
D
L
GS
GA
1930 Did Not Enter
1934 Did Not Qualify
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966 Third Place 3rd 6 5 0 1 17 8
1970 Did Not Qualify
1974
1978
1982
1986 Group Stage 17th 3 1 0 2 2 4
1990 Did Not Qualify
1994
1998
2002 Group Stage 21st 3 1 0 2 6 4
2006 Fourth Place 4th 7 4 1 2 7 5
2010 Round of 16 11th 4 1 2 1 7 1
2014 Group Stage 18th 3 1 1 1 4 7
2018 Qualified
2022 To Be Determined
Total 7/21 26 13 4 9 43 29
Note: Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
Matches[edit]
Year
Round
Opponent
Score
Result
Scorers
1966 Round 1 Hungary 3–1 Win José Augusto (2), Torres
Round 1 Bulgaria 3–0 Win Eusébio, Torres, Own Goal
Round 1 Brazil 3–1 Win Simões , Eusébio (2)
Quarter-final North Korea 5–3 Win Eusébio (4), José Augusto
Semi-final England 1–2 Loss Eusébio
Third place match Soviet Union 2–1 Win Eusébio, Torres
1986 Round 1 England 1–0 Win Carlos Manuel
Round 1 Poland 0–1 Loss
Round 1 Morocco 1–3 Loss Diamantino
2002 Round 1 United States 2–3 Loss Beto, Agoos
Round 1 Poland 4–0 Win Pauleta(3), Rui Costa
Round 1 South Korea 0–1 Loss
2006 Round 1 Angola 1–0 Win Pauleta
Round 1 Iran 2–0 Win Deco, Ronaldo
Round 1 Mexico 2–1 Win Maniche, Simão
Round 2 Netherlands 1–0 Win Maniche
Quarter-final England 0–0
3–1 (pen.) Draw
Semi-final France 0–1 Loss
Third place match Germany 1–3 Loss Nuno Gomes
2010 Round 1 Ivory Coast 0–0 Draw
Round 1 North Korea 7–0 Win Meireles, Simão, Almeida, Tiago (2), Liédson, Ronaldo
Round 1 Brazil 0–0 Draw
Round 2 Spain 0–1 Loss
2014 Round 1 Germany 0–4 Loss
Round 1 United States 2–2 Draw Nani, Varela
Round 1 Ghana 2–1 Win Ronaldo, Own Goal
Record players[edit]
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups
1 Cristiano Ronaldo 13 2006, 2010 and 2014
2 Simão 11 2006 and 2010
3 Luís Figo 10 2002 and 2006
Ricardo Carvalho 10 2006 and 2010
5 Pauleta 9 2002 and 2006
Tiago Mendes 9 2006 and 2010
7 Petit 8 2002 and 2006
8 Maniche 7 2006
Fernando Meira 7 2006
Ricardo 7 2006
Miguel Monteiro 7 2006 and 2010
Bruno Alves 7 2010 and 2014
Top goalscorers[edit]
Eusebio's nine goals at the 1966 FIFA World Cup made him that tournament's top goalscorer, which also won him the Bronze Ball.
No.
Name
Goals
World Cups
1 Eusébio 9 1966
2 Pauleta 4 2002 (3) and 2006 (1)
3 José Augusto 3 1966
José Torres 3 1966
Cristiano Ronaldo 3 2006, 2010 and 2014
6 Maniche 2 2006
Tiago Mendes 2 2010
8 12 players 1
See also[edit]
Portugal at the UEFA European Football Championship
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Portugal 2014 FIFA World Cup Qualifying Group Statistics". ESPN. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sweden 2 Portugal 3; agg 2-4". Daily Telegraph. 19 November 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
External links[edit]
Portugal at FIFA
World Cup Finals Statistics
[show]
v
t
e
Portugal national football team squads
[show]
v
t
e
Portugal squad – 1966 FIFA World Cup Third Place
1 Américo
2 Carvalho
3 Pereira
4 Vicente
5 Germano
6 Peres
7 Figueiredo
8 Lourenço
9 Hilário
10 Coluna (c)
11 Simões
12 J. Augusto
13 Eusébio
14 Cruz
15 Duarte
16 Graça
17 Morais
18 Torres
19 Pinto
20 Baptista
21 J. Carlos
22 Festa
Coach: Glória
[show]
v
t
e
Portugal squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup
1 Bento (c)
2 J. Pinto
3 Sousa
4 Ribeiro
5 Álvaro
6 C. Manuel
7 Pacheco
8 Frederico
9 Gomes
10 Futre
11 Bandeirinha
12 Martins
13 Morato
14 Magalhães
15 Oliveira
16 J. António
17 Diamantino
18 Sobrinho
19 Águas
20 Inácio
21 André
22 Damas
Coach: Torres
[show]
v
t
e
Portugal squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup
1 V. Baía
2 J. Costa
3 Xavier
4 Caneira
5 F. Couto (c)
6 P. Sousa
7 Figo
8 João Pinto
9 Pauleta
10 Rui Costa
11 S. Conceição
12 Viana
13 Andrade
14 Barbosa
15 Nélson
16 Ricardo
17 Bento
18 Frechaut
19 Capucho
20 Petit
21 Nuno Gomes
22 Beto
23 Rui Jorge
Coach: Oliveira
[show]
v
t
e
Portugal squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place
1 Ricardo
2 Ferreira
3 Caneira
4 Costa
5 Meira
6 Costinha
7 Figo (c)
8 Petit
9 Pauleta
10 H. Viana
11 Simão
12 Quim
13 Miguel
14 N. Valente
15 Boa Morte
16 Carvalho
17 C. Ronaldo
18 Maniche
19 Tiago
20 Deco
21 Nuno Gomes
22 Santos
23 H. Postiga
Coach: Scolari
[show]
v
t
e
Portugal squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup
1 Eduardo
2 B. Alves
3 Ferreira
4 Rolando
5 Duda
6 Carvalho
7 Ronaldo (c)
8 P. Mendes
9 Liédson
10 Danny
11 Simão
12 Beto
13 Miguel
14 Veloso
15 Pepe
16 Meireles
17 Amorim
18 H. Almeida
19 Tiago
20 Deco
21 Costa
22 D. Fernandes
23 Coentrão
Coach: Queiroz
[show]
v
t
e
Portugal squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup
1 Eduardo
2 B. Alves
3 Pepe
4 Veloso
5 Coentrão
6 William
7 Ronaldo (c)
8 Moutinho
9 H. Almeida
10 Vieirinha
11 Eder
12 Patrício
13 Costa
14 Neto
15 Rafa
16 Meireles
17 Nani
18 Varela
19 A. Almeida
20 Amorim
21 Pereira
22 Beto
23 H. Postiga
Coach: Bento
[show]
v
t
e
Countries at the FIFA World Cup
Team appearances
Teams with no appearances
All-time table
AFC
Australia2
China
Indonesia1
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Kuwait
North Korea
Saudi Arabia
South Korea
United Arab Emirates
CAF
Algeria
Angola
Cameroon
DR Congo1
Egypt
Ghana
Ivory Coast
Morocco
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Togo
Tunisia
CONCACAF
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
El Salvador
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Panama
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
CONMEBOL
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
OFC
New Zealand
UEFA
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic1
Denmark
East Germany3
England
France
Germany1
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Israel2
Italy
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Russia1
Scotland
Serbia1
Slovakia1
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
1 Considered a successor team by FIFA, or have competed under another name(s). 2 Have been member of multiple confederations. 3 Team and national federation no longer exist.
[show]
v
t
e
Portugal national football team
General
Portuguese Football Federation
History
Managers
Captains
Venues
Estádio do Jamor
Statistics
Results and Fixtures
All-time record
World Cup record
European Championship record
Hat-tricks
Players
25+ caps
Previous squads
Other categories
World Cup Finals
General
1966
1986
2002
2006
2010
2014
UEFA Euro Finals
General
1984
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
Other tournaments
FIFA Confederations Cup * The Olympics
Taça das Nações
Brazil Independence Cup
U.S. Cup
SkyDome Cup
Lusophony Games
Rivalries
Rivalry with Brazil
Rivalry with Spain
Other FPF teams
B team
Olympic team
U21 team
U20 team
U19 team
U18 team
U17 team
U16 team
Women's
Futsal
Beach soccer
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portugal_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=834062185"
Categories:
Portugal at the FIFA World Cup
Countries at the FIFA World Cup
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 19:08.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

values: List of men's national association football teams

value: p

values: Penalty shoot-out (association football)

values: United States men's national soccer team

values:
/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(football)
mw-redirect
Penalty shootout (football)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
collapseButton0
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values: background:#900020; color:gold; -moz-box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 silver, inset -1px -1px 0 silver; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 silver, inset -1px -1px 0 silver; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 silver, inset -1px -1px 0 silver;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: Template:Portugal national football team squads (page does not exist)

values: Template talk:Portugal national football team squads (page does not exist)

values:
collapseButton1
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values: ;background: #900020; color:gold; border: 1px solid #006600;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: Template:Portugal squad 1966 FIFA World Cup

values: Template talk:Portugal squad 1966 FIFA World Cup

values:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: text-align: center; clear: both;;padding:3px

values:
collapseButton2
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values: Template:Portugal squad 1986 FIFA World Cup

values: Template talk:Portugal squad 1986 FIFA World Cup

values:
Portugal_squad_–_1986_FIFA_World_Cup
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
collapseButton3
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values: Template:Portugal squad 2002 FIFA World Cup

values: Template talk:Portugal squad 2002 FIFA World Cup

values:
Portugal_squad_–_2002_FIFA_World_Cup
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
/wiki/Beto_(footballer,_born_1976)
mw-redirect
Beto (footballer, born 1976)

values:
collapseButton4
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values: Template:Portugal squad 2006 FIFA World Cup

values: Template talk:Portugal squad 2006 FIFA World Cup

values:
collapseButton5
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values: Template:Portugal squad 2010 FIFA World Cup

values: Template talk:Portugal squad 2010 FIFA World Cup

values:
Portugal_squad_–_2010_FIFA_World_Cup
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
collapseButton6
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values: Template:Portugal squad 2014 FIFA World Cup

values: Template talk:Portugal squad 2014 FIFA World Cup

values:
Portugal_squad_–_2014_FIFA_World_Cup
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Countries at the FIFA World Cup

values: Template talk:Countries at the FIFA World Cup

values: National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup

values: List of national teams with no FIFA World Cup appearances

values: United Arab Emirates at the FIFA World Cup

values: North, Central American and Caribbean nations at the FIFA World Cup

values: Trinidad and Tobago at the FIFA World Cup

values: South American nations at the FIFA World Cup

values: Bosnia and Herzegovina at the FIFA World Cup

values: Republic of Ireland at the FIFA World Cup

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
collapseButton8
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values: ;background-color:#900020; color:gold; border:2px solid #006600;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: Template:Portugal national football team

values: width:1%;background-color:#006600; color:gold; border:2px solid #900020;

values: History of the Portugal national football team

values: List of Portugal national football team managers (page does not exist)

values: List of Portugal national football team captains

values: Portugal national football team all-time record

values: Portugal at the UEFA European Championship

values: List of Portugal national football team hat-tricks

values: List of Portugal international footballers

values: Brazil–Portugal football rivalry (page does not exist)

values: Portugal national under-21 football team

values: Portugal national under-20 football team

values: Portugal national under-19 football team

values: Portugal national under-18 football team

values: Portugal national under-17 football team

values: Portugal national under-16 football team

values: Category:Countries at the FIFA World Cup

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Portugal_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Portugiesische Fußballnationalmannschaft/Weltmeisterschaften – German

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Portugal_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup rootpage-Portugal_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup skin-vector action-view


text:
Conjunctivitis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Pinkeye" redirects here. For other uses, see Pinkeye (disambiguation).
Conjunctivitis
Synonyms
Pink eye
An eye with viral conjunctivitis
Specialty
Ophthalmology
Symptoms
Reddish eye, scratchiness[1]
Causes
Viral, bacterial, allergies[2]
Diagnostic method
Based on symptoms, microbial culture[1]
Prevention
Handwashing[1]
Treatment
Based on underlying cause[2]
Frequency
3–6 million per year (USA)[1][2]
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid.[3] It makes the eye appear pink or reddish.[1] There may also be pain, burning, scratchiness, or itchiness.[1] The affected eye may have increased tears or be "stuck shut" in the morning.[1] Swelling of the white part of the eye, may also occur.[1] Itching is more common in cases due to allergies.[2] Conjunctivitis can affect one or both eyes.[1]
The most common infectious causes are viral followed by bacterial.[2] The viral infection may occur along with other symptoms of a common cold.[1] Both viral and bacterial cases are easily spread between people.[1] Allergies to pollen or animal hair are also a common cause.[2] Diagnosis is often based on signs and symptoms.[1] Occasionally a sample of the discharge is sent for culture.[1]
Prevention is partly by handwashing.[1] Treatment depends on the underlying cause.[1] In the majority of viral cases, there is no specific treatment.[2] Most cases due to a bacterial infection will also resolve without treatment; however, antibiotics can shorten the illness.[1][2] People who wear contact lenses and those whose infection is caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia should be treated.[2] Allergic cases can be treated with antihistamines or mast cell inhibitor drops.[2]
About 3 to 6 million people get conjunctivitis each year in the United States.[1][2] In adults viral causes are more common, while in children bacterial causes are more common.[2] Typically people get better in one or two weeks.[1][2] If there is visual loss, significant pain, sensitivity to light, signs of herpes, or if symptoms do not improve after a week, further diagnosis and treatment may be required.[2] Conjunctivitis in a newborn, known as neonatal conjunctivitis, may also require specific treatment.[1]
Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
1.1 Viral
1.2 Allergic
1.3 Bacterial
1.4 Chemical
1.5 Other
2 Causes
2.1 Viral
2.2 Bacterial
2.3 Allergic
2.4 Other
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Classification
3.1.1 Causes
3.1.2 By extent of involvement
3.2 Differential diagnosis
4 Prevention
5 Management
5.1 Viral
5.2 Allergic
5.3 Bacterial
5.4 Chemical
6 Epidemiology
7 History
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Red eye, swelling of the conjunctiva and watering of the eyes are symptoms common to all forms of conjunctivitis. However, the pupils should be normally reactive, and the visual acuity normal.
Conjunctivitis is identified by irritation and redness of the conjunctiva. Except in obvious pyogenic or toxic/chemical conjunctivitis, a slit lamp (biomicroscope) is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Examination of the eyelid conjunctiva is usually more diagnostic than examination of the scleral conjunctiva.
Viral[edit]
Conjunctivitis due to a viral infection resulting in some bleeding
Viral conjunctivitis is often associated with an infection of the upper respiratory tract, a common cold, or a sore throat. Its symptoms include excessive watering and itching. The infection usually begins in one eye, but may spread easily to the other eye.
Viral conjunctivitis manifests as a fine, diffuse pinkness of the conjunctiva, which is easily mistaken for a ciliary infection of the iris (iritis), but there are usually corroborative signs on microscopy, particularly numerous lymphoid follicles on the tarsal conjunctiva, and sometimes a punctate keratitis.
Allergic[edit]
An eye with allergic conjunctivitis showing conjunctival edema
Allergic conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva due to allergy.[4] The specific allergens may differ among patients.
Symptoms result from the release of histamine and other active substances by mast cells, and consist of redness (mainly due to vasodilation of the peripheral small blood vessels), swelling of the conjunctiva, itching, and increased production of tears.
Bacterial[edit]
An eye with bacterial conjunctivitis
Bacterial conjunctivitis causes the rapid onset of conjunctival redness, swelling of the eyelid, and a sticky discharge. Typically, symptoms develop first in one eye, but may spread to the other eye within 2–5 days. Conjunctivitis due to common pus-producing bacteria causes marked grittiness or irritation and a stringy, opaque, greyish or yellowish discharge that may cause the lids to stick together, especially after sleep. Severe crusting of the infected eye and the surrounding skin may also occur. The gritty or scratchy feeling is sometimes localized enough that patients may insist that they have a foreign body in the eye.
Common bacteria responsible for non-acute bacterial conjunctivitis are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,[5] and Haemophilus. Less commonly chlamydia may be the cause.[6]
Typical membranous conjunctivitis
Bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis or Moraxella can cause a non-exudative but persistent conjunctivitis without much redness. Bacterial conjunctivitis may cause the production of membranes or pseudomembranes that cover the conjunctiva. Pseudomembranes consist of a combination of inflammatory cells and exudates and adhere loosely to the conjunctiva, while true membranes are more tightly adherent and cannot be easily peeled away. Cases of bacterial conjunctivitis that involve the production of membranes or pseudomembranes are associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, β-hemolytic streptococci, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. C. diphtheriae causes membrane formation in conjunctiva of non-immunized children.[7]
Chemical[edit]
Chemical eye injury may result when an acidic or alkali substance gets in the eye.[8] Alkali burns are typically worse than acidic burns.[9] Mild burns will produce conjunctivitis, while more severe burns may cause the cornea to turn white.[9] Litmus paper may be used to test for chemical causes.[8] When a chemical cause has been confirmed, the eye or eyes should be flushed until the pH is in the range 6—8.[9] Anaesthetic eye drops can be used to decrease the pain.[9]
Irritant or toxic conjunctivitis is primarily marked by redness. If due to a chemical splash, it is often present in only the lower conjunctival sac. With some chemicals, above all with caustic alkalis such as sodium hydroxide, there may be necrosis of the conjunctiva marked by a deceptively white eye due to vascular closure, followed by sloughing off of the dead epithelium. A slit lamp examination is likely to show evidence of anterior uveitis.
Other[edit]
An eye with chlamydial conjunctivitis
Inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn (ICN) is a conjunctivitis that may be caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, and may lead to acute, purulent conjunctivitis.[10] However, it is usually self-healing.[10]
Causes[edit]
Infective conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by a virus.[11] Bacterial infections, allergies, other irritants, and dryness are also common causes. Both bacterial and viral infections are contagious, passing from person to person or spread through contaminated objects or water.
Viral[edit]
Adenoviruses are the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis (adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis).[12] Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, caused by herpes simplex viruses, can be serious and requires treatment with acyclovir. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is a highly contagious disease caused by one of two enteroviruses, Enterovirus 70 and Coxsackievirus A24. These were first identified in an outbreak in Ghana in 1969, and have spread worldwide since then, causing several epidemics.[13]
Bacterial[edit]
The most common causes of acute bacterial conjunctivitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.[12] Though very rare, hyperacute cases are usually caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Neisseria meningitidis. Chronic cases of bacterial conjunctivitis are those lasting longer than 3 weeks, and are typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella lacunata, or gram-negative enteric flora.
Allergic[edit]
Conjunctivitis may also be caused by allergens such as pollen, perfumes, cosmetics, smoke,[14] dust mites, Balsam of Peru,[15] or eye drops.[16]
Other[edit]
Conjunctivitis is part of the triad of reactive arthritis, which is thought to be caused by autoimmune cross-reactivity following certain bacterial infections. Reactive arthritis is highly associated with HLA-B27. Conjunctivitis is associated with the autoimmune disease relapsing polychondritis.[17][18]
Diagnosis[edit]
Cultures are not often taken or needed as most cases resolve either with time or typical antibiotics. If bacterial conjunctivitis is suspected but there is no response to topical antibiotics, swabs for bacterial culture should be taken and tested. Viral culture may be appropriate in epidemic case clusters.
A patch test is used to identify the causative allergen in allergic conjunctivitis.[19]
Although conjunctival scrapes for cytology can be useful in detecting chlamydial and fungal infections, allergy, and dysplasia, they are rarely done because of the cost and the general dearth of laboratory staff experienced in handling ocular specimens. Conjunctival incisional biopsy is occasionally done when granulomatous diseases (e.g., sarcoidosis) or dysplasia are suspected.
Classification[edit]
Conjunctivitis may be classified either by cause or by extent of the inflamed area.
Causes[edit]
allergy
bacteria
viruses
chemicals
autoimmune
Neonatal conjunctivitis is often grouped separately from bacterial conjunctivitis because it is caused by different bacteria than the more common cases of bacterial conjunctivitis.
By extent of involvement[edit]
Blepharoconjunctivitis is the dual combination of conjunctivitis with blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids).
Keratoconjunctivitis is the combination of conjunctivitis and keratitis (corneal inflammation).
Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis is the combination of conjunctivitis with blepharitis and keratitis. It is clinically defined by changes of the lid margin, meibomian gland dysfunction, redness of the eye, conjunctival chemosis and inflammation of the cornea.[20]
Differential diagnosis[edit]
There are more serious conditions that can present with a red eye such as infectious keratitis, angle-closure glaucoma, or iritis. These conditions require the urgent attention of an ophthalmologist. Signs of such conditions include decreased vision, significantly increased sensitivity to light, inability to keep eye open, a pupil that does not respond to light, or a severe headache with nausea.[21] Fluctuating blurring is common, due to tearing and mucoid discharge. Mild photophobia is common. However, if any of these symptoms are prominent, it is important to consider other diseases such as glaucoma, uveitis, keratitis and even meningitis or carotico-cavernous fistula.
A more comprehensive differential diagnosis for the red or painful eye includes:[21]
corneal abrasion
subconjunctival hemorrhage
pinguecula
blepharitis
dacryocystitis
keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye)
keratitis
herpes simplex
herpes zoster
episcleritis - an inflammatory condition that produces a similar appearance to conjunctivitis, but without discharge or tearing
uveitis
acute angle-closure glaucoma
endophthalmitis
Prevention[edit]
The most effective prevention is good hygiene, especially avoiding rubbing the eyes with infected hands. Vaccination against adenovirus, Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, and Neisseria meningitidis is also effective.[22]
Povidone-iodine eye solution has been found to prevent neonatal conjunctivitis.[23] It is becoming more commonly used globally because of its low cost.[23]
Management[edit]
Conjunctivitis resolves in 65% of cases without treatment, within two to five days. The prescription of antibiotics is not necessary in most cases.[24]
Viral[edit]
Viral conjunctivitis usually resolves on its own and does not require any specific treatment.[11] Antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine) or mast cell stabilizers (e.g., cromolyn) may be used to help with the symptoms.[11] Povidone-iodine has been suggested as a treatment, but as of 2008, evidence to support it was poor.[25]
Allergic[edit]
For allergic conjunctivitis, cool water poured over the face with the head inclined downward constricts capillaries, and artificial tears sometimes relieve discomfort in mild cases. In more severe cases, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and antihistamines may be prescribed. Persistent allergic conjunctivitis may also require topical steroid drops.
Bacterial[edit]
Bacterial conjunctivitis usually resolves without treatment.[11] Topical antibiotics may be needed only if no improvement is observed after three days.[26] No serious effects were noted either with or without treatment.[27] Because antibiotics do speed healing in bacterial conjunctivitis, their use may be considered.[27]
Antibiotics are also recommended for those who wear contact lenses, are immunocompromised, have disease which is thought to be due to chlamydia or gonorrhea, have a fair bit of pain, or have copious discharge.[11] Gonorrheal or chlamydial infections require both oral and topical antibiotics.[11]
The choice of antibiotic will vary, based on the strain or suspected strain of bacteria causing the infection. Fluoroquinolones, sodium sulfacetamide, or trimethoprim/polymyxin may be used, typically for 7–10 days.[12] Cases of meningococcal conjunctivitis can also be treated with systemic penicillin, as long as the strain is sensitive to penicillin.
When investigated as a treatment, povidone-iodine ophthalmic solution has also been observed to have some effectiveness against bacterial and chlamydial conjunctivitis, with a possible role suggested in locations where topical antibiotics are unavailable or costly.[28]
Chemical[edit]
Conjunctivitis due to chemicals is treated via irrigation with Ringer's lactate or saline solution. Chemical injuries, particularly alkali burns, are medical emergencies, as they can lead to severe scarring and intraocular damage. People with chemically-induced conjunctivitis should not touch their eyes in order to avoid spreading the chemical.
Epidemiology[edit]
Conjunctivitis is the most common eye disease.[29]
History[edit]
An adenovirus was first isolated by Rowe et al. in 1953. Two years later Jawetz et al. published on epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.[30]:437 "Madras eye" is a colloquial term that has been used in India for the disease.
See also[edit]
Conjunctival suffusion
Ophthalmia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Facts About Pink Eye". National Eye Institute. November 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Azari, AA; Barney, NP (23 October 2013). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment". JAMA. 310 (16): 1721–9. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. PMC 4049531  . PMID 24150468.
Jump up ^ Richards A, Guzman-Cottrill JA (May 2010). "Conjunctivitis". Pediatr Rev. 31 (5): 196–208. doi:10.1542/pir.31-5-196. PMID 20435711.
Jump up ^ Bielory L, Friedlaender MH (February 2008). "Allergic conjunctivitis". Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 28 (1): 43–58, vi. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2007.12.005. PMID 18282545.
Jump up ^ "Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis)". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis - Eye Disorders - Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Hamborsky, Kroger, Wolfe (2015). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. p. 112. ISBN 978-0990449119. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Zentani A, Burslem J (December 2009). "Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 4: use of litmus paper in chemical eye injury". Emerg Med J. 26 (12): 887. doi:10.1136/emj.2009.086124. PMID 19934140.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hodge C, Lawless M (July 2008). "Ocular emergencies". Aust Fam Physician. 37 (7): 506–9. PMID 18592066.
^ Jump up to: a b Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Azari, AA; Barney, NP (23 October 2013). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 310 (16): 1721–9. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. PMC 4049531  . PMID 24150468.
^ Jump up to: a b c Yanoff, Myron; Duker, Jay S. (2008). Ophthalmology (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Mosby. pp. 227–236. ISBN 978-0-323-05751-6.
Jump up ^ Lévêque N, Huguet P, Norder H, Chomel JJ (April 2010). "[Enteroviruses responsible for acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis]". Med Mal Infect (in French). 40 (4): 212–8. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2009.09.006. PMID 19836177.
Jump up ^ "Allergic Conjunctivitis". familydoctor.org. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015. [unreliable medical source?]
Jump up ^ Pamela Brooks – (25 October 2012). The Daily Telegraph: Complete Guide to Allergies. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "What Is Allergic Conjunctivitis? What Causes Allergic Conjunctivitis?". medicalnewstoday.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Puéchal, X; Terrier, B; Mouthon, L; Costedoat-Chalumeau, N; Guillevin, L; Le Jeunne, C (March 2014). "Relapsing polychondritis". Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme. 81 (2): 118–24. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001. PMID 24556284.
Jump up ^ Cantarini, Luca; Vitale, Antonio; Brizi, Maria Giuseppina; Caso, Francesco; Frediani, Bruno; Punzi, Leonardo; Galeazzi, Mauro; Rigante, Donato (2014). "Diagnosis and classification of relapsing polychondritis". Journal of Autoimmunity. 48–49: 53–59. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.026. ISSN 0896-8411. PMID 24461536.
Jump up ^ Mark J. Mannis; Marian S. Macsai; Arthur C. Huntley (1996). Eye and skin disease. Lippincott-Raven. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
Jump up ^ O'Gallagher M, Banteka M, Bunce C, Larkin F, Tuft S, Dahlmann-Noor A (2016). "Systemic treatment for blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5): CD011750. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011750.pub2. PMID 27236587.
^ Jump up to: a b Longo, DL (2012). "Disorders of the Eye(Horton JC)". Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. McGra-Hill.
Jump up ^ "Protect Yourself From Pink Eye". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Isenberg, SJ (2003). "The ocular application of povidone-iodine". Community eye health / International Centre for Eye Health. 16 (46): 30–1. PMC 1705857  . PMID 17491857.
Jump up ^ Rose P (August 2007). "Management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: a systematic review". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 8 (12): 1903–21. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.12.1903. PMID 17696792.
Jump up ^ Jimmy D. Bartlett; Siret D. Jaanus (2008). Clinical Ocular Pharmacology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 454–. ISBN 0-7506-7576-4. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Visscher, KL; Hutnik, CM; Thomas, M (November 2009). "Evidence-based treatment of acute infective conjunctivitis: Breaking the cycle of antibiotic prescribing". Canadian Family Physician. 55 (11): 1071–5. PMC 2776793  . PMID 19910590.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheikh, A; Hurwitz, B; van Schayck, CP; McLean, S; Nurmatov, U (12 September 2012). "Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9: CD001211. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001211.pub3. PMID 22972049.
Jump up ^ Isenberg, SJ; Apt, L; Valenton, M; Del Signore, M; Cubillan, L; Labrador, MA; Chan, P; Berman, NG (November 2002). "A controlled trial of povidone-iodine to treat infectious conjunctivitis in children". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 134 (5): 681–688. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01701-4. PMID 12429243.
Jump up ^ Smeltzer, Suzanne C. (2010). Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1787. ISBN 9780781785891. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Jhanji, Vishal; Chan, Tommy; Li, Emmy; Agarwal, Kanika; Vajpayee, Rasik (September–October 2015). "Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis". Survey of Ophthalmology. 60 (5): 435–43. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.04.001.
External links[edit]
Classification
D
ICD-10: H10
ICD-9-CM: 372.0
MeSH: D003231
DiseasesDB: 3067
External resources
MedlinePlus: 001010
eMedicine: emerg/110
Patient UK: Conjunctivitis
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Conjunctivitis.
Conjunctivitis at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
hide
v
t
e
Diseases of the human eye (H00–H59
360–379)
show
Adnexa
Eyelid
Inflammation
Stye
Chalazion
Blepharitis
Entropion
Ectropion
Lagophthalmos
Blepharochalasis
Ptosis
Blepharophimosis
Xanthelasma
Eyelash
Trichiasis
Madarosis
Lacrimal apparatus
Dacryoadenitis
Epiphora
Dacryocystitis
Xerophthalmia
Orbit
Exophthalmos
Enophthalmos
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital lymphoma
Periorbital cellulitis
Conjunctiva
Conjunctivitis
allergic
Pterygium
Pinguecula
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
show
Globe
Fibrous tunic
Sclera
Scleritis
Episcleritis
Cornea
Keratitis
herpetic
acanthamoebic
fungal
Corneal ulcer
Photokeratitis
Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
Corneal dystrophy
Fuchs'
Meesmann
Corneal ectasia
Keratoconus
Pellucid marginal degeneration
Keratoglobus
Terrien's marginal degeneration
Post-LASIK ectasia
Keratoconjunctivitis
sicca
Corneal neovascularization
Kayser–Fleischer ring
Haab's striae
Arcus senilis
Band keratopathy
Vascular tunic
Iris
Ciliary body
Uveitis
Intermediate uveitis
Hyphema
Rubeosis iridis
Persistent pupillary membrane
Iridodialysis
Synechia
Choroid
Choroideremia
Choroiditis
Chorioretinitis
Lens
Cataract
Congenital cataract
Childhood cataract
Aphakia
Ectopia lentis
Retina
Retinitis
Chorioretinitis
Cytomegalovirus retinitis
Retinal detachment
Retinoschisis
Ocular ischemic syndrome / Central retinal vein occlusion
Central retinal artery occlusion
Branch retinal artery occlusion
Retinopathy
diabetic
hypertensive
Purtscher's
of prematurity
Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
Coats' disease
Macular degeneration
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinal haemorrhage
Central serous retinopathy
Macular edema
Epiretinal membrane (Macular pucker)
Vitelliform macular dystrophy
Leber's congenital amaurosis
Birdshot chorioretinopathy
Other
Glaucoma / Ocular hypertension / Primary juvenile glaucoma
Floater
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Red eye
Globe rupture
Keratomycosis
Phthisis bulbi
Persistent fetal vasculature / Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
show
Pathways
Optic nerve
Optic disc
Optic neuritis
optic papillitis
Papilledema
Foster Kennedy syndrome
Optic atrophy
Optic disc drusen
Optic neuropathy
Ischemic
anterior (AION)
posterior (PION)
Kjer's
Leber's hereditary
Toxic and nutritional
Strabismus
Extraocular muscles
Binocular vision
Accommodation
Paralytic strabismus
Ophthalmoparesis
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Kearns–Sayre syndrome
palsies
Oculomotor (III)
Fourth-nerve (IV)
Sixth-nerve (VI)
Other strabismus
Esotropia / Exotropia
Hypertropia
Heterophoria
Esophoria
Exophoria
Cyclotropia
Brown's syndrome
Duane syndrome
Other binocular
Conjugate gaze palsy
Convergence insufficiency
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
One and a half syndrome
Refraction
Refractive error
Hyperopia
Myopia
Astigmatism
Anisometropia / Aniseikonia
Presbyopia
Vision disorders
Blindness
Amblyopia
Leber's congenital amaurosis
Diplopia
Scotoma
Color blindness
Achromatopsia
Dichromacy
Monochromacy
Nyctalopia
Oguchi disease
Blindness / Vision loss / Visual impairment
Anopsia
Hemianopsia
binasal
bitemporal
homonymous
Quadrantanopia
subjective
Asthenopia
Hemeralopia
Photophobia
Scintillating scotoma
Pupil
Anisocoria
Argyll Robertson pupil
Marcus Gunn pupil
Adie syndrome
Miosis
Mydriasis
Cycloplegia
Parinaud's syndrome
Other
Nystagmus
Childhood blindness
show
Infections
Trachoma
Onchocerciasis
show
v
t
e
Inflammation
Acute
Plasma-derived mediators
Bradykinin
complement
C3
C5a
MAC
coagulation
Factor XII
Plasmin
Thrombin
Cell-derived mediators
preformed:
Lysosome granules
biogenic amines
Histamine
Serotonin
synthesized on demand:
cytokines
IFN-γ
IL-8
TNF-α
IL-1
eicosanoids
Leukotriene B4
Prostaglandins
Nitric oxide
Kinins
Chronic
Macrophage
Epithelioid cell
Giant cell
Granuloma
Processes
Traditional
Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dolor
Functio laesa
Modern
Acute-phase reaction/Fever
Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Exudate
Leukocyte extravasation
Chemotaxis
Specific
locations
Nervous
CNS
Encephalitis
Myelitis
Meningitis
Arachnoiditis
PNS
Neuritis
eye
Dacryoadenitis
Scleritis
Episcleritis
Keratitis
chorioretinitis
Retinitis
Chorioretinitis
Blepharitis
Conjunctivitis
Uveitis
ear
Otitis externa
Otitis media
Labyrinthitis
Mastoiditis
Cardiovascular
Carditis
Endocarditis
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
Vasculitis
Arteritis
Phlebitis
Capillaritis
Respiratory
upper
Sinusitis
Rhinitis
Pharyngitis
Laryngitis
lower
Tracheitis
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonitis
Pleuritis
Mediastinitis
Digestive
mouth
Stomatitis
Gingivitis
Gingivostomatitis
Glossitis
Tonsillitis
Sialadenitis/Parotitis
Cheilitis
Pulpitis
Gnathitis
tract
Esophagitis
Gastritis
Gastroenteritis
Enteritis
Colitis
Enterocolitis
Duodenitis
Ileitis
Caecitis
Appendicitis
Proctitis
accessory
Hepatitis
Ascending cholangitis
Cholecystitis
Pancreatitis
Peritonitis
Integumentary
Dermatitis
Folliculitis
Cellulitis
Hidradenitis
Musculoskeletal
Arthritis
Dermatomyositis
soft tissue
Myositis
Synovitis/Tenosynovitis
Bursitis
Enthesitis
Fasciitis
Capsulitis
Epicondylitis
Tendinitis
Panniculitis
Osteochondritis: Osteitis/Osteomyelitis
Spondylitis
Periostitis
Chondritis
Urinary
Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis
Pyelonephritis
Ureteritis
Cystitis
Urethritis
Reproductive
female
Oophoritis
Salpingitis
Endometritis
Parametritis
Cervicitis
Vaginitis
Vulvitis
Mastitis
male
Orchitis
Epididymitis
Prostatitis
Seminal vesiculitis
Balanitis
Posthitis
Balanoposthitis
pregnancy/newborn
Chorioamnionitis
Funisitis
Omphalitis
Endocrine
Insulitis
Hypophysitis
Thyroiditis
Parathyroiditis
Adrenalitis
Lymphatic
Lymphangitis
Lymphadenitis
Authority control
NDL: 00565682
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conjunctivitis&oldid=855112287"
Categories:
Disorders of conjunctiva
Inflammations
Measles
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015
Infobox medical condition (new)
Articles with Curlie links
Use dmy dates from January 2018
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
RTT
RTTEM
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Башҡортса
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
58 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 August 2018, at 01:22 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Pinkeye_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Pinkeye (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: td

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Reddish_eye
mw-redirect
Reddish eye

values:
/wiki/Viral_infection
mw-redirect
Viral infection

values:
/wiki/Bacterial_infection
mw-redirect
Bacterial infection

values:
/wiki/Diagnostic_method
mw-redirect
Diagnostic method

values:
/wiki/Microbial_culture
mw-redirect
Microbial culture

values:
/wiki/Contact_lenses
mw-redirect
Contact lenses

values:
/wiki/Mast_cell_inhibitor
mw-redirect
Mast cell inhibitor

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Epiphora_(medical)
mw-redirect
Epiphora (medical)

values:
/wiki/Lymph_follicle
mw-redirect
Lymph follicle

values:
/wiki/Punctate_keratitis
mw-redirect
Punctate keratitis

values:
/wiki/Allergic_Inflammation
mw-redirect
Allergic Inflammation

values:
/wiki/Inflammatory_cell
mw-redirect
Inflammatory cell

values:
/wiki/Litmus_paper
mw-redirect
Litmus paper

values:
/wiki/Herpetic_keratoconjunctivitis
mw-redirect
Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis

values:
/wiki/Caroticocavernous_fistula
mw-redirect
Caroticocavernous fistula

values:
/wiki/Keratoconjunctivitis_sicca
mw-redirect
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

values:
/wiki/Herpes_zoster
mw-redirect
Herpes zoster

values:
/wiki/Acute_angle-closure_glaucoma
mw-redirect
Acute angle-closure glaucoma

values:
/wiki/Sodium_sulfacetamide
mw-redirect
Sodium sulfacetamide

values:
/wiki/Ringer%27s_lactate
mw-redirect
Ringer's lactate

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.280318

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150468

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1542/pir.31-5-196

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20435711

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2007.12.005

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18282545

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136/emj.2009.086124

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19934140

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18592066

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2009.09.006

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19836177

values: Material near this tag may rely on an unreliable or less reliable medical source. (September 2015)

values: Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556284

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.026

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0896-8411

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24461536

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27236587

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17491857

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17696792

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910590

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972049

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12429243

values: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

values: width:22em;width:100%; margin:0 0 0.5em 0;

values: ICD-10 Chapter VII: Diseases of the eye, adnexa

values: List of ICD-9 codes 360–389: diseases of the sense organs

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Herpetic_keratitis
mw-redirect
Herpetic keratitis

values: Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy

values:
/wiki/Retinal_disease
mw-redirect
Retinal disease

values:
/wiki/Persistent_fetal_vasculature
mw-redirect
Persistent fetal vasculature

values: Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous

values:
/wiki/Foster_Kennedy_syndrome
mw-redirect
Foster Kennedy syndrome

values:
/wiki/Optic_atrophy
mw-redirect
Optic atrophy

values: Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia

values:
/wiki/Vision_loss
mw-redirect
Vision loss

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Chronic_inflammation
mw-redirect
Chronic inflammation

values:
/wiki/Cardiovascular_system
mw-redirect
Cardiovascular system

values:
/wiki/Seminal_vesiculitis
mw-redirect
Seminal vesiculitis

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background-color: LightGreen

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: navigation navbox Inflammation padding:3px

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015

values: Category:Infobox medical condition (new)

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Conjunctivitis
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: التهاب الملتحمة – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: চোখ উঠা – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Конъюнктивит – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: ލޮލު ރޯގާ – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values: Επιπεφυκίτιδα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: التهاب ملتحمه – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Կոնյունկտիվիտ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: नेत्र शोथ – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: דלקת הלחמית – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: კონიუნქტივიტი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Конъюнктивит – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Конъюнктивит – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: Конјунктивитис – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ചെങ്കണ്ണ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: မျက်စိနာခြင်း – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: आँखा पाक्ने रोग – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: ନେତ୍ରାବରଣ ପ୍ରଦାହ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values: ਅੱਖ ਦੁਖਣੀ ਆਉਣੀ (Conjunctivitis) – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Конъюнктивит – Russian

values: Көһүө – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values: අක්‍ෂිපටල ප්‍රදාහය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daaf
Daaf – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: விழி வெண்படல அழற்சி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Конъюнктивит – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: కండ్లకలక – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: เยื่อตาอักเสบ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Кон'юнктивіт – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Conjunctivitis rootpage-Conjunctivitis skin-vector action-view