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Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
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A summary of the path of the thermohaline circulation. Blue paths represent deep-water currents, while red paths represent surface currents
A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is an effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.
Data from NASA in 2010 suggested that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has not slowed down, but may have actually sped up slightly in the recent past.[1] A 2015 study suggested 'that the Gulf Stream has weakened by 15-20%'.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 General
1.1 Slowdown
1.2 Shutdown
2 Effects on weather
3 Observations
3.1 2010 and earlier
4 Thermohaline circulation and fresh water
4.1 Subpolar North Atlantic (SPG) convection collapse
5 IPCC models
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
General[edit]
Don Chambers from the University of South Florida College of Marine Science mentioned, "The major effect of a slowing AMOC is expected to be cooler winters and summers around the North Atlantic, and small regional increases in sea level on the North American coast."[3] James Hansen and Makiko Sato stated,
AMOC slowdown that causes cooling ~1°C and perhaps affects weather patterns is very different from an AMOC shutdown that cools the North Atlantic several degrees Celsius; the latter would have dramatic effects on storms and be irreversible on the century time scale.[4]
Downturn of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, has been tied to extreme regional sea level rise.[5]
Slowdown[edit]
See also: Cold blob (North Atlantic)
Lohmann and Dima 2010 found a weakening of the AMOC since the late 1930s.[6] Climate scientists Michael Mann of Penn State and Stefan Rahmstorf from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research suggested that the observed cold pattern during years of temperature records is a sign that the Atlantic Ocean’s Meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) may be weakening. They published their findings in 2015, and concluded that the AMOC circulation showed exceptional slowdown in the last century, and that Greenland melt is a possible contributor, with the slowdown of AMOC since the 1970s being unprecedented over the last millennium.[7]
A study published in 2016 found further evidence for a considerable impact from sea level rise for the U.S. East Coast. The study confirms earlier research findings which identified the region as a hotspot for rising seas, with a potential to divert 3–4 times in the rate of rise, compared to the global average. The researchers attribute the possible increase to an ocean circulation mechanism called deep water formation, which is reduced due to AMOC slow down, leading to more warmer water pockets below the surface. Additionally, the study noted, "Our results suggest that higher carbon emission rates also contribute to increased [sea level rise] in this region compared to the global average."[8]
Shutdown[edit]
See also: Abrupt climate change
Global warming could, via a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.[9][10] This would particularly affect areas such as the British Isles, France and the Nordic countries, which are warmed by the North Atlantic drift.[11][12] Major consequences, apart from regional cooling, could also include an increase in major floods and storms, a collapse of plankton stocks, warming or rainfall changes in the tropics or Alaska and Antarctica, more frequent and intense El Niño events due to associated shutdowns of the Kuroshio, Leeuwin, and East Australian Currents that are connected to the same thermohaline circulation as the Gulf Stream, or an oceanic anoxic event — oxygen (O
2) below surface levels of the stagnant oceans becomes completely depleted — a probable cause of past mass extinction events.[13]
Effects on weather[edit]
Hansen et al. 2015 found, that the shutdown or substantial slowdown of the AMOC, besides possibly contributing to extreme end-Eemian events, will cause a more general increase of severe weather. Additional surface cooling from ice melt increases surface and lower tropospheric temperature gradients, and causes in model simulations a large increase of mid-latitude eddy energy throughout the midlatitude troposphere. This in turn leads to an increase of baroclinicity produced by stronger temperature gradients, which provides energy for more severe weather events.
Many of the most memorable and devastating storms in eastern North America and western Europe, popularly known as superstorms, have been winter cyclonic storms, though sometimes occurring in late fall or early spring, that generate near-hurricane-force winds and often large amounts of snowfall. Continued warming of low latitude oceans in coming decades will provide more water vapor to strengthen such storms. If this tropical warming is combined with a cooler North Atlantic Ocean from AMOC slowdown and an increase in midlatitude eddy energy, we can anticipate more severe baroclinic storms.
Their results at least imply that strong cooling in the North Atlantic from AMOC shutdown does create higher wind speed. The increment in seasonal mean wind speed of the northeasterlies relative to preindustrial conditions is as much as 10–20 %. Such a percentage increase of wind speed in a storm translates into an increase of storm power dissipation by a factor ∼1.4–2, because wind power dissipation is proportional to the cube of wind speed. However, the simulated changes refer to seasonal mean winds averaged over large grid-boxes, not individual storms.[14]
Observations[edit]
2010 and earlier[edit]
In April 2004, the hypothesis that the Gulf Stream is switching off received a boost when a retrospective analysis of U.S. satellite data seemed to show a slowing of the North Atlantic Gyre, the northern swirl of the Gulf Stream.[15]
In May 2005, Peter Wadhams reported in The Times (London) about the results of investigations in a submarine under the Arctic ice sheet measuring the giant chimneys of cold dense water, in which the cold dense water normally sinks down to the sea bed and is replaced by warm water, forming one of the engines of the North Atlantic Drift. He and his team found the chimneys to have virtually disappeared. Normally there are seven to twelve giant columns, but Wadhams found only two giant columns, both extremely weak.[16][17]
In 2005 a 30% reduction in the warm currents that carry water north from the Gulf Stream was observed, from the last such measurement in 1992. The authors noted uncertainties in the measurements.[18] Following media discussions, Detlef Quadfasel pointed out that the uncertainty of the estimates of Bryden et al. is high, but says other factors and observations do support their results, and implications based on palaeoclimate records show drops of air temperature up to 10 °C within decades, linked to abrupt switches of ocean circulation when a certain threshold is reached. He concluded that further observations and modelling are crucial for providing early warning of a possible devastating breakdown of the circulation.[19] In response Quirin Schiermeier concluded that natural variation were the culprit for the observations but highlighted possible implications.[13][20]
In 2008, Vage et al. reported "the return of deep convection to the subpolar gyre in both the Labrador and Irminger seas in the winter of 2007–2008," employing "profiling float data from the Argo program to document deep mixing," and "a variety of in situ, satellite and reanalysis data" to set the context for the phenomenon. This might have a lot to do with the observations of variations in cold water chimney behaviour.[21]
In January 2010, the Gulf Stream briefly connected with the West Greenland Current after fluctuating for a few weeks due to an extreme negative phase of the Arctic oscillation, temporarily diverting it west of Greenland.[22][23]
Thermohaline circulation and fresh water[edit]
The red end of the spectrum indicates slowing in this presentation of the trend of velocities derived from NASA Pathfinder altimeter data from May 1992 to June 2002. Source: NASA.
Heat is transported from the equator polewards mostly by the atmosphere but also by ocean currents, with warm water near the surface and cold water at deeper levels. The best known segment of this circulation is the Gulf Stream, a wind-driven gyre, which transports warm water from the Caribbean northwards. A northwards branch of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Drift, is part of the thermohaline circulation (THC), transporting warmth further north to the North Atlantic, where its effect in warming the atmosphere contributes to warming Europe. Other factors are also important, such as atmospheric waves that bring subtropical air further north, which have been suggested to influence the climate of the British Isles more than the Gulf Stream.[24][25]
The evaporation of ocean water in the North Atlantic increases the salinity of the water as well as cooling it, both actions increasing the density of water at the surface. Formation of sea ice further increases the salinity, because salt is ejected into the ocean when sea ice forms, which in turn increases the water's salinity. Because salt water is heavier, the density of the water increases.[26] This dense water then sinks and the circulation stream continues in a southerly direction. However, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven by ocean temperature and salinity differences. But freshwater decreases ocean water salinity, and through this process prevents colder waters sinking. This mechanism possibly caused the cold ocean surface temperature anomaly currently observed near Greenland (Cold blob (North Atlantic)).[27]
Global warming could lead to an increase in freshwater in the northern oceans, by melting glaciers in Greenland, and by increasing precipitation, especially through Siberian rivers.[28][29]
An AMOC shutdown may be able to trigger the type of abrupt massive temperature shifts which occurred during the last glacial period: a series of Dansgaard-Oeschger events – rapid climate fluctuations – may be attributed to freshwater forcing at high latitude interrupting the THC. 2002 model runs in which the THC is forced to shut down do show cooling – locally up to 8 °C (14 °F).[30]
Studies of the Florida Current suggest that the Gulf Stream weakens with cooling, being weakest (by ~10%) during the Little Ice Age.[31]
Subpolar North Atlantic (SPG) convection collapse[edit]
Recent studies (2017) suggest potential convection collapse (heat transport) of the subpolar gyre in the North Atlantic, resulting in rapid cooling, with implications for economic sectors, agriculture industry, water resources and energy management in Western Europe and the East Coast of the United States.[32]
IPCC models[edit]
Based on coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models from 2001, the THC tends to weaken somewhat rather than stop, and the warming effects outweigh the cooling, even over Europe.[33] In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, it was reported that it is very unlikely that the AMOC will undergo a rapid transition (high confidence).[34][citation needed]
In popular culture[edit]
The film The Day After Tomorrow exaggerates a scenario related to the AMOC shutdown.
See also[edit]
Earth sciences portal
8.2 kiloyear event
Loop Current of the Gulf of Mexico
Oceanic anoxic event
Climate security
Pacific Decadal Oscillation
Paleosalinity, changes in which are thought to slow down the THC
West Greenland Current
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NASA - NASA Study Finds Atlantic 'Conveyor Belt' Not Slowing". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Rahmstorf, Stefan; Box, Jason E.; Feulner, Georg; Mann, Michael E.; Robinson, Alexander; Rutherford, Scott; Schaffernicht, Erik J. (2015). "Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation". Nature Climate Change. 5 (5): 475–480. Bibcode:2015NatCC...5..475R. ISSN 1758-678X. doi:10.1038/nclimate2554. PDF in UNEP Document Repository
Jump up ^ "Melting Greenland ice sheet may affect global ocean circulation, future climate". Phys.org. 2016.
Jump up ^ James Hansen and Makiko Sato (2015). "Predictions Implicit in "Ice Melt" Paper and Global Implications". CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Jianjun Yin & Stephen Griffies (25 March 2015). "Extreme sea level rise event linked to AMOC downturn". CLIVAR.
Jump up ^ Mihai Dima and Gerrit Lohmann (2010). "Evidence for Two Distinct Modes of Large-Scale Ocean Circulation Changes over the Last Century". AMS. Bibcode:2010JCli...23....5D. doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2867.1. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Stefan Rahmstorf, Jason E. Box, Georg Feulner, Michael E. Mann, Alexander Robinson, Scott Rutherford & Erik J. Schaffernicht (2015). "Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation". Nature. Bibcode:2015NatCC...5..475R. doi:10.1038/nclimate2554. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Why the U.S. East Coast could be a major ‘hotspot’ for rising seas". The Washington Post. 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041219153611.htm
Jump up ^ "Possible Economic Impacts of a Shutdown of the Thermohaline Circulation: an Application of FUND".
Jump up ^ "Weather Facts: North Atlantic Drift (Gulf Stream) - Weather UK - weatheronline.co.uk".
Jump up ^ "The North Atlantic Drift Current".
^ Jump up to: a b Schiermeier, Quirin (2007). "Ocean circulation noisy, not stalling". Nature. 448 (7156): 844–5. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..844S. PMID 17713489. doi:10.1038/448844b.
Jump up ^ J. Hansen, M. Sato, P. Hearty, R. Ruedy, M. Kelley, V. Masson-Delmotte, G. Russell, G. Tselioudis, J. Cao, E. Rignot, I. Velicogna, E. Kandiano, K. von Schuckmann, P. Kharecha, A. N. Legrande, M. Bauer, and K.-W. Lo (2015). "Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming is highly dangerous". Bibcode:2015ACPD...1520059H. doi:10.5194/acpd-15-20059-2015. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Satellites record weakening North Atlantic Current. NASA, 15 April 2004.
Jump up ^ Leake, Jonathan (8 May 2005). "Britain faces big chill as ocean current slows". The Sunday Times.
Jump up ^ Gulf Stream slowdown? RealClimate.org, 26 May 2005.
Jump up ^ F. Pearce. Failing ocean current raises fears of mini ice age. NewScientist, 30 November 2005
Jump up ^ Quadfasel D (December 2005). "Oceanography: The Atlantic heat conveyor slows". Nature. 438 (7068): 565–6. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..565Q. PMID 16319866. doi:10.1038/438565a.
Jump up ^ Schiermeier, Quirin (2007). "Climate change: A sea change". Nature. 439 (7074): 256–60. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..256S. PMID 16421539. doi:10.1038/439256a. (subscription required); see also "Atlantic circulation change summary". RealClimate.org. 19 Jan 2006.
Jump up ^ Våge, Kjetil; Pickart, Robert S.; Thierry, Virginie; Reverdin, Gilles; Lee, Craig M.; Petrie, Brian; Agnew, Tom A.; Wong, Amy; Ribergaard, Mads H. (2009). "Surprising return of deep convection to the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean in winter 2007–2008". Nature Geoscience. 2 (1): 67–72. Bibcode:2009NatGe...2...67V. doi:10.1038/ngeo382.
Jump up ^ FishOutofWater, Diaries (6 January 2010). "Freak Current Takes Gulf Stream to Greenland". Daily Kos. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Jump up ^ FishOutofWater, Diaries (30 December 2009). "Warm Atlantic Water Rapidly Replacing Arctic Sea Ice". Daily Kos. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Seager R (July–August 2006). "The Source of Europe's Mild Climate". American Scientist. The notion that the Gulf Stream is responsible for keeping Europe anomalously warm turns out to be a myth
Jump up ^ Rhines, P.B.; Häkkinen, S. (September 2003). "Is the Oceanic Heat Transport in the North Atlantic Irrelevant to the Climate in Europe?" (PDF). ASOF Newsletter.
Jump up ^ "Salinity and Brine". NSIDC.
Jump up ^ "Everything you need to know about the surprisingly cold ‘blob’ in the North Atlantic ocean". The Washington Post. 2015.
Jump up ^ Gierz, Paul (31 August 2015). "Response of Atlantic Overturning to future warming in a coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice sheet model". Geophysical Research Letters. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..42.6811G. doi:10.1002/2015GL065276.
Jump up ^ Turrell, B. The Big Chill Transcript of discussion on BBC 2, 13 November 2003
Jump up ^ Vellinga, M.; Wood, R.A. (2002). "Global climatic impacts of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation" (PDF). Climatic Change. 54 (3): 251–267. doi:10.1023/A:1016168827653.
Jump up ^ Lund DC, Lynch-Stieglitz J, Curry WB; Lynch-Stieglitz; Curry (November 2006). "Gulf Stream density structure and transport during the past millennium". Nature. 444 (7119): 601–4. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..601L. PMID 17136090. doi:10.1038/nature05277. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Sgubin; et al. (2017). "Abrupt cooling over the North Atlantic in modern climate models". Nature. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.....S. doi:10.1038/ncomms14375. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ IPCC TAR WG1 (2001). "9.3.4.3 Thermohaline circulation changes". In Houghton, J.T.; Ding, Y.; Griggs, D.J.; Noguer, M.; van der Linden, P.J.; Dai, X.; Maskell, K.; Johnson, C.A. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80767-0 (pb: 0-521-01495-6)
Jump up ^ "IPCC AR5 WG1" (PDF). IPCC. IPCC. p. Table 12.4.
External links[edit]
Project THOR University of Hamburg project to study the thermohaline circulation
"An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security" (2003 study)
What If the Conveyor Were to Shut Down? Reflections on a Possible Outcome of the Great Global Experiment (1999 study)
A Nasty Surprise in the Greenhouse (Video about the shutdown of the thermohaline circulation, 2015)
Why is there a thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic but not the Pacific? (2005 technical report)
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Johnny Fontane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Johnny Fontane
Al Martino portraying Johnny Fontane, with Al Pacino on the left, as Michael Corleone
First appearance
The Godfather (novel)
Last appearance
The Godfather Part III
Created by
Mario Puzo
Portrayed by
Al Martino
Information
Gender
Male
Occupation
Singer/actor
Family
Corleone family
Relatives
Vito Corleone (Godfather)
Religion
Roman Catholicism
John "Johnny" Fontane is a fictional character in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather and the series of films based upon it. In Francis Ford Coppola's film adaptation of the novel, he was portrayed by Al Martino,[1] the role having been turned down by Vic Damone.
Contents
[hide]
1 Novel and film
2 Novel sequels
3 Film casting
4 Notes
Novel and film[edit]
In the novel and film, Fontane is a famous crooner and occasional film star in the vein of Frank Sinatra. He is also the godson of Vito Corleone, the head of a major Mafia crime family. The Corleone family intervenes four times to aid his career. The first, years before the novel's and film's main time frame, Vito used violent persuasion (an "offer he can't refuse") to buy out Fontane's ironclad contract with a big bandleader; after the bandleader declines Vito's first offer to buy out the contract, he orders his personal assassin Luca Brasi to place a gun to the man's forehead, telling the bandleader that either his signature or his brains would be on the contract.
The second, the infamous "horse-head" scene, is an act of intimidation, carried out at the Godfather's behest to ensure Fontane is cast in a war film that could revitalize the singer's career. The film's producer, Jack Woltz, despises Fontane for "ruining" an actress he was grooming for stardom and had been having an affair with, and thus blacklists the singer from the production. After Corleone family consigliere Tom Hagen fails to persuade Woltz to cast Fontane, Woltz awakens soon after to find his prize racehorse's severed head in his bed as a warning. Terrified, Woltz relents and casts Fontane. Months later, Vito uses his Hollywood connections to ensure that Fontane wins the Academy Award for Best Actor. Finally, the Corleones finance Fontane's film studio.
Fontane is a minor character in the movie adaptation. In the original novel, however, the character is far more central, with large portions of the book dedicated to his adventures and misadventures in Los Angeles and Las Vegas, Nevada, his precarious relationship with childhood friend and former partner Nino Valenti, and his struggles with losing his singing voice. In the novel, Fontane develops (and eventually is cured of) lesions on his vocal cords.
Fontane was widely believed to have been based on Frank Sinatra. While Puzo never made this claim, he also never denied it.[2]
Novel sequels[edit]
The character is expanded upon in the novel The Godfather Returns by Mark Winegardner. In the 2004 novel, he campaigns for the presidential election of his friend, James Kavanaugh "Jimmy" Shea, believed to be based on former President John F. Kennedy.
In Winegardner's sequel The Godfather's Revenge, Fontane becomes romantically involved with Francesca Corleone, daughter of Sonny. They are married at the end of the novel. In this novel, the real Sinatra is mentioned twice, even within a discussion between Fontane and Francesca.
Film casting[edit]
According to Al Martino, he was cast in the film in a similar manner to his own character Johnny Fontane. Martino claims that he used a connection to Mafia boss Russell Bufalino to intervene on his behalf and secure his role in the film.[3] Martino was much older than the character.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Godfather, Part III (1990)". nytimes.com. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ Bruno, Anthony. "Fact and Fiction in The Godfather". TruTV. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
Jump up ^ Seal, Mark (March 2009). "The Godfather Wars". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
[hide]
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List of The IT Crowd characters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The three main characters in The IT Crowd (l-r): Jen (Katherine Parkinson), Moss (Richard Ayoade), and Roy (Chris O'Dowd)
The following is a list of fictional characters from the Graham Linehan British Channel 4 sitcom The IT Crowd.
Contents
[hide]
1 Main characters
1.1 Roy Trenneman
1.2 Maurice Moss
1.3 Jen Barber
1.4 Douglas Reynholm
2 Recurring
2.1 Denholm Reynholm
2.2 Richmond Avenal
3 Notable guest appearances
4 Notes
5 Works cited
6 References
Main characters[edit]
Roy Trenneman[edit]
Chris O'Dowd
Roy is a work-shy Irish IT technician who spends most of his time playing video games or reading comics in the office.[a][b][c] His work attire is casual compared to his colleagues; choosing to wear jeans and geek chic T-shirts.[a][1][2] Prior to his IT job, he worked as a waiter, where he said he would carry the food of rude customers in his trousers before serving it to them.[d][e] Whenever he answers phone calls, he often uses the phrase "Have you tried turning it off and on again?".[3][4] that he has even placed it on an automated recording in "Fifty-Fifty",[f] The series 4 episodes reveal Roy to have globophobia (fear of balloons)[g][5] and being extremely uncomfortable when a masseur planted a kiss on his bottom.[h][i] In the episode special "The Internet Is Coming", Roy's new girlfriend remarks he is "emotionally artistic" although it is later revealed she probably said "emotionally autistic".[6]
Roy's last name was not given in the first three series.[d][i] Following the broadcast of the episode "The Speech" in 2008, Linehan blogged a graphic showing Roy's last name as Tenneman,[7] and later changed the spelling to Trenneman for the broadcast of the series 4 episode "Something Happened" in 2010.[h] Roy's immediate family members do not appear in the series, but in the episode "Aunt Irma Visits", he finds the resemblance of Moss's psychiatrist to his own mother disturbing.[j]
In the documentary "The IT Crowd Manual", Roy is described as a worker who is engaged beneath his capabilities. O'Dowd said that Roy is slightly more capable of talking to people than Moss, but is still a man-child and slightly socially inept. Critic Boyd Hilton has said that Roy thinks he is on the cool edge of nerdiness. Author Cory Doctorow said that Roy's snark and misanthropy is identifiable to a certain tribe of nerds. Regarding his friendship with Moss, O'Dowd said that it is seems as if they met in college. Linehan likened the two to 14-year-olds who like spending time with each other. Linehan said he originally thought the role should not be played by an Irish person, but that O'Dowd was the best man for the job, especially appreciating his physical performances.[8]
Maurice Moss[edit]
Richard Ayoade
Maurice Moss, who goes by Moss, is a computer nerd with a side-parted afro and dark-rimmed glasses.[9] The humour in his character is derived from his socially awkward comments and his complex and in-depth knowledge of specialised technical subjects, including chemistry and electronic engineering. Moss has some quirky habits: He switches through glasses of various sizes in reaction when he and Roy scheme; when his ears get hot, he sprays them with a bottle;[a][9] he uses inhalers;[k] he can detect chemicals such as rohypnol by smell.[l] When faced with conversation concerning women's topics such as bras, he faints; he also spaces out when confronted with sports topics such as football. He lives with his mother,[m] who sends him to work with an apple each day,[n] and had sued him when he was eleven for breaking a window.[i][9] He admits he is horrible at lying, and demonstrated this with his lies concerning Jen in the episode "The Haunting of Bill Crouse" where he tells Bill that Jen has died.[d] He suppresses his urges to cuss and does not like to break the rules, with an exception in the "Bad Boys" episode when he and Roy ditch work after lunch and he gets in trouble for shoplifting, consequently having to do three hours of community service and give a Scared Straight! talk to some kids.[g]
In the documentary "The IT Crowd Manual", Linehan said that Moss was an amalgam of various stereotypes with some uniqueness brought together by him and Richard, and described him as a really nerdy guy and a geek. Parkinson said Moss was a classic square, a timeless nerd. Ayoade said Moss was very childlike and positive. He had used his normal voice for Moss, and he liked that Moss sometimes adopts a confident persona like a child would do. Linehan said that he built the show around Richard so it was appropriate that he ended the show by turning out the light in the final episode.[8]
Jen Barber[edit]
Katherine Parkinson
Jen becomes the relationship manager of the IT department, having been assigned by Denholm at the start of the series because she had impressed the latter by listing computers on her curriculum vitae. She knows very little about electronics and computers,[10] pretending to work even when her desktop and landline phone were revealed to be unplugged or disconnected,[a][b] making statements at executive meetings such as searching "Google" on the Google website would cause the network to crash,[m] and believing that the Internet resides in a physical box.[o] In "Tramps Like Us", during a job interview, she struggles with not knowing what IT even stands for.[p][11]
She is easily excited by pursuits such as buying cute shoes sized too small for her feet,[k] and trying to impress good-looking men,[f][c] but that her relationships usually turn out to be disastrous.[8] In series 2, Jen reveals that she was a heavy smoker several years prior; she briefly takes up the habit again, but quits when she realises the anti-smoking regulations have made her more socially isolated.[e][q]
In an interview with The Independent, Parkinson said that Linehan originally wanted Jen to be "likeable" but "I know what he wanted now – he wanted her to be the more normal person people could relate to.” Although she would act as the straight woman to the two guys, her klutziness was well received by the audience.[12] Arts critic Rupert Christian describes Jen as the normal person going against the new technology.[8] Parkinson also said that Jen is sometimes shallow and egotistic.[8]
Douglas Reynholm[edit]
Matt Berry
Douglas is introduced in series 2 where he takes over Reynholm Industries after his father Denholm's death. Having been away for seven years because of a court case, he attends Denholm's funeral in a dramatic fashion. He has been described as awful, sex-crazed,[13] and a serial dater.[14] He has a history of sexual harassment, which is one of the conditions he has to control in order to take over the company. He flirts with Jen during the funeral,[e] and later tries to flirt with her when he makes her his personal assistant.[l] As part of the subsequent sexual harassment settlement, he was required to wear "electric sex pants" that deliver shocks whenever he is aroused at work, although Moss disarms them later.[p] In the episode "Something Happened", he practices the religion of "Spaceology" where he applies "space star ordering" and has his hand replaced with a robotic one.[h][15] He sometimes brings up the topic of denying having killed his first wife, and in the series 4 finale, he reunites with an ex-wife Victoria for two weeks before they break up and he is sued for a large sum of money.[i] In sharp contrast to his father, who was a shrewd and very skilled businessman, Douglas lacks even basic business skills, and his takeover marks a significant downward spiral in the company's fortunes and finances, not helped by his extravagant spending and wasting of company time and resources.
In an interview with Radio Times, Linehan said "I could easily spend an hour, or half an hour, with Douglas. He's my favourite way of making fun of people that I really loathe, like Rupert Murdoch and Donald Trump. I basically just have happen to him all the things that I'd love to happen to them, and it's basically a really enjoyable process." Linehan also likes Berry's extraordinary voice and gift for comedy.[16] In an interview with Slant, Berry said that the part was written for him,[15] and in Digital Spy, he said he tried to "do his own thing" regarding his portrayal.[17][8] In "The IT Crowd Manual", Berry described Douglas as so confident and privileged that he did not care where things would come out wrong, cause offence, or make him look like a fool.[8]
Recurring[edit]
Denholm Reynholm[edit]
Chris Morris
Denholm is the director of Reynholm Industries at the start of series 1, having started the company with "two things in my possession: a dream, and six million pounds." He openly boasts about employing attractive people who do very little work and who engage in adulterous relationships. In his office, he had a picture of himself on the wall, and of the members of The A-Team on the desk.[a] Whenever he hires a new member of staff, he likes to give them a long, hard stare to assess them.[a] He enjoys setting up initiatives intended to boost performance in a company; for example, he "declares war" on stress, mandating employees to attend a stress management seminar, after which he threatens to fire anyone who does not pass a stress test that same day.[k] In the series 1 finale where he celebrates the success of Project Icarus, he forgets to acknowledge the IT department which did most of the work on the project, preferring to thank everyone else including the janitors.[j] In "Return of the Golden Child", during a company executive meeting, he congratulates himself for being so rich, however, when the police arrive to inquire about irregularities in the company's pension fund, he simply opens a window and jumps to his death.[e] He makes a guest appearance in series 3 when he beckons his son to join him in a place initially presumed to be heaven until Adolf Hitler appears in the doorway.[r] In "The IT Crowd Manual", Denholm is described as strict and slightly sociopathic. Linehan said that Morris had set the tone of the series that the characters cannot be realistic.[8]
Richmond Avenal[edit]
Noel Fielding
Richmond is a mild-mannered, posh-accented goth who resides in the IT department server room. A former up-and-coming executive reporting to Denholm, he discovered gothic metal band Cradle of Filth and changed his appearance, causing Denholm to feel rather uncomfortable with his appearance and attitude, especially after Richmond had recommended Denholm's grieving mother also listen to Cradle of Filth.[b][18] Richmond's absence from series 3 is explained as him having scurvy,[r] but Linehan noted in an episode commentary that Fielding was too busy on other projects.[19] In the series 4 finale, he returns without his goth makeup to testify for Douglas Reynholm's divorce case, having founded a business called Goth2Boss where he helps his fellow goths work in society.[i] In "The Internet Is Coming", he is seen in his original goth costume again.[6][8]
In "The IT Crowd Manual", Parkinson likened Richmond to a damaged bird and vulnerable. Guest star Lucy Montgomery described Richmond as bit of an Edward Scissorhands. Fielding said he based Richmond's voice on Roger Waters' after watching a Pink Floyd documentary.[8]
Notable guest appearances[edit]
Paul (Danny Wallace):[3] A cultural adviser who is fired by Denholm for his choice of gift to a Japanese company, but regains his position due to his quick use of a "Profanity Buzzer".[k]
Daniel Carey (Oliver Chris): A security guard that Jen falls for, but unfortunately her plans for romance go pear-shaped after she fails to help him as a "phone a friend" on Who Wants to be a Millionaire?. While he is charismatic and good-looking, he is shown to be quite violent and immature when he brutally beats up a clown with the clown's own shoe for mocking his failure on TV.[f][18]
Bill Crouse (Adam Buxton): Goes on a date with Jen, and after being told by Moss that she'd subsequently died, proceeded to tell the entire office that he was the last person to sleep with her. Nicknamed "The News" because of his propensity to announce those who he has slept with. Subsequent encounters with Jen make him think she was a ghost haunting him.[d][20][21]
April (Lucy Montgomery):[3] A trans woman journalist working for Richest magazine. April becomes romantically involved with Douglas while writing a magazine article about him.[o][8]
Nolan (Tom Binns) is introduced in series 3 while Reynholm Industries is experiencing financial turmoil worsened by Douglas's cavalier behaviour, Nolan is Douglas's responsible and serious right-hand-man who is trying to hold the company together.[r] He was also the one who introduced Jen to the shareholders during her speech for winning Employee of the Month.[o]
IT Tech Support (Kevin Eldon): Appearing in "Bad Boys" as a laptop phone technician who responds in a strong and incomprehensible French accent. Linehan had based Eldon's character on his real-life interactions with a French technician. Eldon said that at first, he was upset about the character's silliness but looking back at his role, he said that Graham was exactly right, and that his only criticism was that he should have made him more French and more silly.[22]
Dr. Mendall (Frances Barber):[8] The company psychiatrist who has a crush on Moss, and the feeling is mutual. Roy claims that she looks exactly like his mother. A drunken Roy sleeps with her after a staff party.[j]
Graham Linehan also had cameo appearances in the series. He portrayed The Blind Sorcerer in the episode "Men Without Women", and the Restaurant Musician in the episode "Fifty Fifty".

Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In "The Haunting of Bill Crouse", Roy presents a business card that shows only his first name.
Works cited[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Yesterday's Jam". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Red Door". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 4.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Work Outing". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Haunting of Bill Crouse". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Return of the Golden Child". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 2.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Fifty-Fifty". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 3.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bad Boys". The IT Crowd. Series 4. Episode 5.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Something Happened". The IT Crowd. Series 4. Episode 3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Reynholm vs. Reynholm". The IT Crowd. Series 4. Episode 6.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Aunt Irma Visits". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Calamity Jen". The IT Crowd. Series 1. Episode 2.
^ Jump up to: a b "Men Without Women". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 6.
^ Jump up to: a b "Smoke and Mirrors". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 5.
Jump up ^ "Friendface". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 5.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Speech". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 4.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tramps Like Us". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 3.
Jump up ^ "Moss and the German". The IT Crowd. Series 2. Episode 3.
^ Jump up to: a b c "From Hell". The IT Crowd. Series 3. Episode 1.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Goodacre, Kate (27 September 2013). "'The IT Crowd' finale: Did Roy, Moss and Jen get a fitting send-off?". Digital Spy. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Hogan, Michael (27 September 2013). "The IT Crowd, Channel 4, review". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/channel-4-reboots-the-it-crowd-night
Jump up ^ Freeman, Hadley (18 May 2012). "Chris O'Dowd: from The IT Crowd to Hollywood". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Marnell, Blair (16 April 2010). "The IT Crowd 4.05 'Bad Boys'". CraveOnline. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Wollaston, Sam (28 September 2013). "The IT Crowd – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Linehan, Graham (13 December 2008). "What Roy was actually looking at tonight… - Why, That\'s Delightful!". Why, That\'s Delightful!. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l The IT Crowd Manual.
^ Jump up to: a b c Renshaw, David (16 May 2013). "The IT Crowd – box set review". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "The IT Crowd". Channel 4. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Hale, Lyra (2 September 2015). "4 Reasons to Watch The IT Crowd, Like Now". Tell-Tale TV. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Gerard (8 June 2015). "Katherine Parkinson interview: Sherlock actress on likeability and being 'intimidated' by America". The Independent. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Inside The Studio Of The IT Crowd’s Matt Berry". Synthtopia. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Susanna Lazarus. "Toast of London's Matt Berry: I'm typecast as lady-obsessed and sleazy". RadioTimes. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Aubry D'Armino (20 August 2010). "Interview: The IT Crowd". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Liam Martin (28 December 2014). "The IT Crowd creator Graham Linehan wants Douglas Reynholm spinoff". Digital Spy. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Mayer Nissim (28 December 2011). "Matt Berry: 'Replacing Chris Morris in The IT Crowd was daunting'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b ""Fifty-Fifty"/"The Red Door" · The IT Crowd · TV Review". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Episode commentary for "From Hell". The IT Crowd Series 3 (DVD).
Jump up ^ Stuart Kemp. "Graham Linehan and Adam Buxton writing Channel 4 sitcom The Cloud". the Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Johnny Dee. "Six to watch: Adam Buxton". the Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Claire Hodgson (20 December 2013). "IT Crowd: Watch behind the scenes on Christmas Eve special documentary - Mirror Online". mirror. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_IT_Crowd_characters&oldid=802406169"
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