text:
Drive (The Cars song)
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"Drive"
A-side label of U.S. vinyl single
Single by The Cars
from the album Heartbeat City
B-side
"Stranger Eyes"
Released
July 23, 1984 (1984-07-23)
Format
7-inch single
12-inch vinyl
mini CD
Recorded
1983
Genre
New wave
soft rock
synthpop
Length
3:54
Label
Elektra 69706
Songwriter(s)
Ric Ocasek
Producer(s)
Robert John "Mutt" Lange
The Cars
The Cars singles chronology
"Magic"
(1984) "Drive"
(1984) "Hello Again"
(1984)
"Magic"
(1984) "Drive"
(1984) "Hello Again"
(1984)
Music video
"Drive" on YouTube
Audio sample
file
help
"Drive" is a 1984 song by The Cars, the third single from the band's Heartbeat City album released in March 1984 and their biggest international hit. Written by Ric Ocasek, the track was sung by bassist Benjamin Orr[1] and produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange with the band.[2] Upon its release, "Drive" became The Cars' highest charting single in the United States, peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; on the Adult Contemporary chart, the song went to No. 1.[3] It reached No. 5 (No. 4 on re-entry in 1985) in the United Kingdom, No. 4 in West Germany, No. 6 in Canada and No. 3 (No. 5 on re-entry in 1985) in Ireland.
The song is associated with the July 1985 Live Aid event, where it was performed by Benjamin Orr during the Philadelphia event; previously, the song was used as the background music to a montage of clips depicting the contemporaneous Ethiopian famine during the London event, which was introduced by English musician David Bowie.[4][5] Following the concert it was re-released in the UK and peaked at No. 4 in August 1985. Proceeds from the sales of the re-released song raised nearly £160,000 for the Band Aid Trust: Ocasek presented the charity's trustee Midge Ure with a cheque for the amount while he was in London in November 1986 promoting his solo album This Side of Paradise.[6]
In a retrospective review of the single, AllMusic journalist Donald A. Guarisco praised the song for being "a gorgeous ballad that matches heartfelt songwriting to an alluring electronic soundscape. The music reflects the lyrical tone with a lovely melody that rises and falls in a soothing yet sad fashion."[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Track listing
3 Charts
4 Certifications
5 In popular culture
6 Cover versions
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by actor Timothy Hutton and features model and actress Paulina Porizkova, who would later become Ric Ocasek's wife.[8]
The video alternates between shots of Orr sitting in a disused nightclub, facing mannequins posed at the bar as customers and bartender, and scenes that depict the breakdown of a relationship between the characters played by Ocasek and Porizkova. Ultimately left alone, the woman cries and laughs hysterically for a time before visiting the nightclub. She looks sadly in through a dirty window at the stage, where tuxedo-clad mannequins of the band members are posed with their instruments as if playing a show, and turns to walk away as the video ends.
Hutton later recalled that his directing the video came about because he was living next to Elliot Roberts, the manager of The Cars. They were listening to tracks from the then-unreleased album Heartbeat City and Hutton told Roberts he was particularly impressed by the track "Drive."
At that time, everybody was making videos. It was the height of MTV, and when you made a record, you were also thinking about the video. I talked to Elliott about how much I liked that song "Drive," and I started describing all the different ways I thought they could go with it, as far as the video. And he said, "You know, everything you're saying sounds really interesting. Do you mind if… Would you be up for me passing that concept along to Ric Ocasek?" I said, "Sure!" So he got back to me the next day and said, "Ric and I think you should direct the video. We love your idea, your take on it." So that's how that happened. And about a month later, I was in New York at the Astoria Studios over two days, filming the video.[9]
Hutton and Ric Ocasek became friends which led to the latter being cast in Made in Heaven.[citation needed]
Track listing[edit]
7" single
"Drive"
"Stranger Eyes"[10]
12" single
"Drive"
"My Best Friend's Girl"
"Stranger Eyes"[11]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1984–85)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[12] 10
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[13] 8
Canada (Billboard Canada)[14] 6
France (SNEP)[15] 9
Germany (Official German Charts)[16] 4
Ireland (IRMA)[17] 3
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[18] 12
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[19] 5
Norway (VG-lista)[20] 3
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[21] 15
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[22] 13
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[23] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[24] 3
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[25] 1
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[26] 9
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[27]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
In popular culture[edit]
The song was used in a 1984 episode of the American soap opera Santa Barbara and 2013 American TV series The Carrie Diaries.
The song was used in the 2007 film Transformers, playing on the radio in Sam Witwicky's car, Bumblebee.
It was also used in the series Everybody Hates Chris, in the episode " Everybody Hates the Car ".
Cover versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song was covered in 1984 by British entertainer Des O'Connor on his album Des O'Connor Now.
Australian band The Paradise Motel released a cover as a single in 1999. This was used in the 2001 Noah Taylor film He Died with a Felafel in His Hand.[28]
New Zealand band Strawpeople covered the song in 2000, featuring the vocals of Bic Runga. The song peaked at number 7 on the New Zealand charts.
In 2001, the German rock band Scorpions covered the song on their live unplugged album Acoustica.[29]
A cover by Ziggy Marley of Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers was featured in the 2004 film 50 First Dates.[30]
In 2005, American band Deftones recorded an exclusive cover of the song for iTunes, which was feature in the trailer for The Stepfather
In 2010, Australian actor/singer Jason Donovan recorded a cover version of "Drive" for his covers album Soundtrack of the 80s.[31] The album went Top 20 in the UK in October 2010.[32]
The song was covered by US hard rock band Sixx:A.M. on their 2014 album Modern Vintage.[33]
My Morning Jacket covered the song live in January 2015.[34]
Britta Phillips covered the song in March 2016 for her upcoming album of covers Luck or Magic.[35]
Kirk Johnston recorded a licensed remake of "Drive" produced by Mark Younger-Smith (Billy Idol, Charmed Life) released as a single in 2015. The song was also featured on the "Full Circle" deluxe album in 2016. The song is available for download on iTunes, AmazonMusic and streaming on Spotify.
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1984 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Drive by The Cars Songfacts". Songfacts.com. May 12, 1984. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ric Ocasek Rocks CBGB | Music News". Rolling Stone. September 30, 2005. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 49.
Jump up ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY | 13 | 1985: Was Live Aid the best rock concert ever?". BBC News. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Geldolf Live Aid". Mojo4music.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ NME. London, England: IPC Media: 4. November 15, 1986. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Guarisco, Donald A. "Drive - The Cars | Listen, Appearances, Song Review". AllMusic. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Video Classics: "Drive" – The Cars". CBS. February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Timothy Hutton, from Ordinary People and Taps to a Cars video" By Will Harris Random Roles - AV Club Mar 10, 2015 accessed 13 March 2015
Jump up ^ "Cars, The - Drive (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cars, The - Drive (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Cars – Drive". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Cars – Drive" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles - Volume 41, No. 5". RPM. October 6, 1984. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Cars – Drive" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Cars Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 43, 1984". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – The Cars search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Cars – Drive". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Cars – Drive". VG-lista. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Cars – Drive". Singles Top 100. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Cars – Drive". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Cars – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for The Cars.
Jump up ^ "The Cars – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for The Cars.
Jump up ^ "The Cars – Chart history" Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for The Cars.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – The Cars – Drive". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Drive in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "'He Died with a Felafel in His Hand (Music From The Feature Film)'". Discogs. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kritik von Martin Mengele. "Drive von Scorpions – laut.de – Song". Laut.de. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Various - 50 First Dates - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (CD) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jason Donovan's Drive cover of The Cars's Drive". WhoSampled. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fulton, Rick (October 23, 2010). "Jason Donovan reveals how becoming a dad helped him kick cocaine habit". Daily Record. Glasgow, Scotland: Trinity Mirror. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cornell, Jeff (August 27, 2014). "Sixx: A.M. Reveal Their Cover of The Cars' Classic 'Drive'". Loudwire Network. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/my-morning-jacket/2015/hard-rock-hotel-riviera-maya-mexico-3cacd07.html
Jump up ^ Roberts, Christopher (March 10, 2016). "Watch: Britta Phillips (of Luna and Dean & Britta) - "Drive" Video (The Cars Cover) Luck or Magic Due Out April 29 via Double Feature Records". Under the Radar. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
The Cars
Ric Ocasek
Elliot Easton
Greg Hawkes
David Robinson
Benjamin Orr
Studio albums
The Cars
Candy-O
Panorama
Shake It Up
Heartbeat City
Door to Door
Move Like This
Compilations
Greatest Hits
Just What I Needed: The Cars Anthology
Shake It Up & Other Hits
Complete Greatest Hits
The Essentials
Classic Tracks
The Elektra Years 1978–1987
Singles
"Just What I Needed"
"My Best Friend's Girl"
"Good Times Roll"
"Let's Go"
"It's All I Can Do"
"Double Life"
"Touch and Go"
"Don't Tell Me No"
"Gimme Some Slack"
"Shake It Up"
"Since You're Gone"
"Victim of Love"
"Think It Over" (UK only)
"You Might Think"
"Magic"
"Drive"
"Hello Again"
"Why Can't I Have You"
"Heartbeat City" (UK only)
"Tonight She Comes"
"I'm Not the One"
"You Are the Girl"
"Strap Me In"
"Coming Up You"
"Sad Song"
Other songs
"I'm in Touch with Your World"
"Don't Cha Stop"
"You're All I've Got Tonight"
"Bye Bye Love"
"Moving in Stereo"
"All Mixed Up"
"Candy-O"
"Night Spots"
"Dangerous Type"
"Panorama"
"Cruiser"
"Blue Tip"
Concert tours
North American Tour Spring 2011
Related articles
Discography
Substitution Mass Confusion: A Tribute to The Cars
The New Cars
Todd Rundgren
Kasim Sulton
Atom Ellis
Prairie Prince
It's Alive!
Utopia
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Bic Runga
Bic Runga discography
New Zealand Music Awards
Studio albums
Drive (1997)
Beautiful Collision (2002)
Birds (2005)
Belle (2011)
Close Your Eyes (2016)
Live albums
Together in Concert: Live (2000)
Live in Concert with the Christchurch Symphony (2003)
Compilation albums
Try to Remember Everything (2008)
Anthology (2012)
Extended plays
Drive (1995)
Singles
"Bursting Through"
"Sway"
"Suddenly Strange"
"Roll into One"
"Hey"
"Good Morning Baby"
"Sorry"
"Drive"
"Get Some Sleep"
"Something Good"
"Listening for the Weather"
"Winning Arrow"
"That's Alright"
"Say After Me"
"Hello Hello"
"Close Your Eyes"
Related articles
Sony Music New Zealand
New Zealand Music Awards
APRA Silver Scroll (1996)
APRA Top 100 New Zealand Songs of All Time (2001)
New Zealand Order of Merit (2006)
New Zealand Music Hall of Fame (2016)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drive_(The_Cars_song)&oldid=807594563"
Categories:
1983 songs
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Cannabis in the United Kingdom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Industrial hemp farm outside Southminster
Cannabis in the United Kingdom is widely used as an illegal drug, while other strains lower in THC (commonly called hemp) have been used industrially for over a thousand years for fibre, oil, and seeds.
Cannabis has been restricted as a drug in the United Kingdom since 1928, though its usage as a recreational drug was limited until the 1960s, when increasing popularity led to stricter 1971 classification. Since the end of the twentieth century, there has been rising interest in cannabis-based medicine, and a number of advocacy groups have pressed the government to reform its cannabis drug policies.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Hemp fibre
1.2 Cannabis drugs
1.2.1 Prohibition
2 Usage
2.1 Recreational drug
2.2 Industrial cannabis
2.3 Medicinal cannabis
2.3.1 Cayman Islands
2.4 Animal feed
3 Legality
4 Advocacy for law reform
5 British Overseas Territories
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
9 Further reading
History[edit]
The Mary Rose needed tons of hemp
Hemp fibre[edit]
The oldest evidence of cannabis in Britain was from some seeds found in a well in York;[1] seeds found at Micklegate were associated with a 10th-century Viking settlement.[2] Since it appears to have been mostly grown around the coastal areas it suggests the main reason for cultivating it was as a source of vegetable fibre which was stronger and more durable than stinging nettle or flax. This makes it ideal for making into cordage, ropes, fishing nets and canvas.[3] [4]
With hempen ropes being fundamental to the success of the English Navy, King Henry VIII in 1533 mandated that landowners grown allotments of hemp; Elizabeth I later increased those quotas, and the penalties for failing to meet them.[5] As fibre became more available and the growing of hemp became more widespread, people began to find many other uses for the crop. It became a very important part of the British economy. Eventually, demand had expanded to the point that the demand for more fibre was part of the driving force to colonise new lands. Thanks to its hardiness and ease of cultivation, it became an ideal crop to grow in the new British colonies. Moreover, the naval ships built to protect the new colonies and those built to bring the hemp back, also increased demand, as every two years or so much of their two hundred tonnes of ropes and sail cloth had to be renewed.[6]
Cannabis drugs[edit]
Cannabis gained new attention in the Western medical world at the introduction of Irish physician William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, who had studied the drug while working as a medical officer in Bengal with the East India Company, and brought a quantity of cannabis with him on his return to Britain in 1842.[7]
Use of psychoactive cannabis was already prevalent in some of the new territories that Britain added to its empire, including South Asia and Southern Africa. Cannabis as a drug also spread slowly in other parts of the Empire; cannabis was introduced to Jamaica in the 1850s–1860s by indentured servants imported from India during British rule of both nations; many of the terms used in cannabis culture in Jamaica are based on Indian terms, including the term ganja.[8][9][10]
Prohibition[edit]
Cannabis prohibition began earlier in Britain's colonies than in Britain itself; attempts at criminalising cannabis in British India were made, and mooted, in 1838, 1871, and 1877.[11] In 1894 the British Indian Hemp Drugs Commission judged that "little injury" was caused to society by the use of cannabis. Cannabis was banned in Mauritius in 1840,[12] Singapore in 1870,[13] Jamaica in 1913,[14] East Africa Protectorate in 1914,[15] and in Sierra Leone in 1920.[16] In 1922, South Africa banned cannabis, and appealed to the League of Nations to include cannabis among prohibited drugs in its upcoming convention.[17][18]
In Britain itself, in 1928 in accordance with the 1925 International Opium Convention, the United Kingdom first prohibited cannabis as a drug, adding cannabis as an addendum to the Dangerous Drugs Act 1920.[19][20]
Cannabis remained a fringe issue in the British public consciousness through the Interwar years and beyond, associated with society's margins: "coloured seamen of the East End and clubs frequented by Negro theatrical performers".[21] This perception was strained by a 1950 police raid on Club Eleven in Soho which recovered cannabis and cocaine, and led to the arrest of several young white British men.[22][21] With the changing youth and drug cultures globally, cannabis arrests increased dramatically in the UK: "from 235 in 1960 to 4,683 by the end of the decade, principally involving white middle class youths with no previous convictions".[23] By 1973, marijuana possession convictions in the UK had reached 11,111 annually.[24]
With the passage of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, cannabis was listed as a "Class B" drug. It remained Class B, except for the 2004–2009 period where it was classified as Class C, a less-harmful category, before being moved back to B.[25][26][27]
Usage[edit]
Recreational drug[edit]
Cannabis is widely used throughout the United Kingdom, by people of all ages and from all socio-economic backgrounds.[28][29]
Cannabis is at times linked to young people beginning to smoke tobacco as cannabis is often smoked with tobacco in the United Kingdom, unlike in many other parts of the world. As well as the use of tobacco when smoking cannabis, as a spliff, many people in Britain use a "roach card". As the option of vaporisation becomes more readily available, and as the market for hashish is replaced by herbal cannabis grown in the UK which can be smoked pure in a joint, this association of mixing cannabis with tobacco is becoming weaker. The higher relative price of cannabis compared to the rest of the world remains the most likely explanation for the mixing of cannabis with tobacco, (although many users do this purely to ensure the "joint" smokes correctly, and to prevent it from going out).
Industrial cannabis[edit]
Since 1993 the Home Office has been granting licencee for the purposes of cultivating and processing cannabis. The UK government now provides free business advice and support services for growers and processors of cannabis for fibre. They can also issue licences for importing fibre in the form of hemp from abroad.[30] The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) provides help and advice with obtaining financial assistance via the Single Payment Scheme. In England further funding may be available from Rural Development Programme for England.
Medicinal cannabis[edit]
Apart from a synthetic cannabinoid called Nabilone, the only cannabis-based medicine licensed for medical prescription in the UK is Sativex. This medication can be prescribed by a doctor to treat nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy;[citation needed] the latter is indicated only for the treatment of spasticity caused by the degenerative, incurable and rare neurological-condition multiple sclerosis.[31] For other indications approval needs to be first sought from the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. EU residents prescribed medical products containing cannabis are permitted to be in possession of cannabis whilst freely travelling throughout the United Kingdom. Although it is possible to use all kinds of cannabis for medicinal purposes, some are more appropriate for specific conditions than others.[32] However, this does not apply to UK-resident patients, who may not travel to the UK in possession of medicinal cannabis even if they managed to acquire a prescription in a country where it is legal.[33]
Cayman Islands[edit]
In 2016, the governor of the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands approved a change to the Misuse of Drugs Law to allow the importation and use of CBD oil for medical purposes.[34]
Animal feed[edit]
Mice, rats and fowl are all known to like cannabis seed and it is a favoured food amongst some British pigeon fanciers. The linnet's fondness of the cannabis seed has earned it the Latin species name of cannabina. By and large, cannabis seed is too expensive to be used as general feed stock but once the oil has been pressed out the remaining seed cake is still nutritious.
The plant itself has not been used as fodder as too much makes animals sicken, and due to its unpleasant taste they will not eat it unless there is no other food available. The soft core of the cannabis plant which remains after the fibres are removed provides good animal bedding which can absorb more moisture than either straw or wood shavings.[35]
Boiled cannabis seed is frequently used by British sport fishermen.[36]
Legality[edit]
Main article: Cannabis classification in the United Kingdom
According to the Home Office, "It remains illegal for UK residents to possess cannabis in any form".[33] Giving evidence to 1997–98 parliamentary select committee hearings, the British Medical Association (BMA) said that users of cannabis for medical purposes should be aware of the risks, should enroll for clinical trials, and should talk to their doctors about new alternative treatments; but the BMA did not advise them to stop.[37]
Cannabis is illegal to possess, grow, distribute or sell in the UK.[38] It is a Class B drug, with penalties for unlicensed dealing, unlicensed production and unlicensed trafficking of up to 14 years in prison, an unlimited fine, or both.[38] The maximum penalty for possession of cannabis is five years in prison and an unlimited fine.[38] A "Cannabis warning" can be issued for small amounts of cannabis (generally less than 1 ounce of herbal cannabis, or a slightly higher quantity of hashish) if it is found to be for personal use. This entails the police keeping a record, albeit one which carries no fine and does not show up on standard DBS Check. From 2004 to 2009 it was a Class C drug.[39]
In the survey-year ending March 2014, possession of cannabis offences accounted for 67% of all police recorded drug offences in the UK.[40]
In 2015, County Durham police announced that they will no longer be targeting people who grow cannabis for personal consumption unless they are being "blatant". Derbyshire, Dorset and Surrey police announced that they will also be implementing similar schemes. The move is in response to significant budget cuts, which means police forces are having to prioritise more pressing areas.[41]
Advocacy for law reform[edit]
As psychotropic drugs in general are very widely available despite their prohibition, a number of organisations have been set up with the aim of reforming the law on these unregulated substances.
CLEAR (Cannabis Law Reform)
Drug Equality Alliance (DEA)
NORML UK (Cannabis legislation reform)
Transform Drug Policy Foundation
UKCSC — United Kingdom Cannabis Social Club[42][43][44][45]
The former Prime Minister, David Cameron, when serving in opposition, sat on the Select Committee on Home Affairs and voted to call on the Government to "initiate a discussion" within the UN about "alternative ways — including the possibility of legalisation and regulation — to tackle the global drugs dilemma".[46]
In June 2010, it was revealed that the Home Office had been avoiding complying with the FOI request "to avoid a focus on the gaps in the evidence base" that its current drug policy had.[47][48][49]
In 2011, the Global Commission on Drug Policy backed by Richard Branson and Judi Dench called for a review.[50] The Home Office response on behalf of the Prime Minister was: "We have no intention of liberalising our drugs laws. Drugs (sic) are illegal because they are harmful — they destroy lives and cause untold misery to families and communities".[50]
In 2012, a panel of MPs, as well as deputy prime-minister Nick Clegg, recommended that drug policy be reformed, as the current policy does not adequately deal with the problem. David Cameron rejected the idea, conflicting with comments he made in 2005 while competing for Conservative Party Leadership.[51]
In 2015, James Richard Owen, an economics student at Aberystwyth University, started a petition on the UK Government's official petitions website calling for the legalisation of the cultivation, sale and use of cannabis; As of 28 September 2015[update] it had gathered 218,995 signatures, far in excess of the 100,000 needed for it to be considered for debate in Parliament. Parliament debated this petition on 12 October 2015.[52]
In March 2016, the Liberal Democrats became the first major political party in the UK to support the legalisation of cannabis.[53][54][55]
British Overseas Territories[edit]
Cannabis in Bermuda
Cannabis in the Cayman Islands
Cannabis in Gibraltar
Cannabis in Montserrat
See also[edit]
Adult lifetime cannabis use by country
Annual cannabis use by country
Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act
List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Fleming, M. P.; Clarke, R. C. (1998). "Physical evidence for the antiquity of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae)" (PDF). Journal of the International Hemp Association (5): 80–92.
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Jump up ^ Leslie L. Iversen (7 December 2007). The Science of Marijuana. Oxford University Press. pp. 110–. ISBN 978-0-19-988693-7.
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Jump up ^ Martin A. Lee (14 August 2012). Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana - Medical, Recreational and Scientific. Simon and Schuster. pp. 143–. ISBN 978-1-4391-0260-2.
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Jump up ^ A Cannabis Reader: Global Issues and Local Experiences : Perspectives on Cannabis Controversies, Treatment and Regulation in Europe. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2008. p. 100. ISBN 978-92-9168-311-6.
Jump up ^ A Collection of the Laws of Mauritius and Its Dependencies. By the authority of the Government. 1867. pp. 541–.
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Jump up ^ Martin Chanock (5 March 2001). The Making of South African Legal Culture 1902-1936: Fear, Favour and Prejudice. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-0-521-79156-4.
Jump up ^ James H. Mills (11 September 2003). Cannabis Britannica: Empire, Trade, and Prohibition 1800-1928. OUP Oxford. pp. 160–1. ISBN 978-0-19-155465-0.
Jump up ^ Paul Manning (11 January 2013). Drugs and Popular Culture. Routledge. pp. 136–. ISBN 978-1-134-01211-4.
Jump up ^ Bernard Porter (30 October 2015). Empire Ways: Aspects of British Imperialism. I.B.Tauris. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-0-85773-959-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Marek Kohn (7 March 2013). Dope Girls: The Birth Of The British Drug Underground. Granta Publications. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-1-84708-886-4.
Jump up ^ Mark Easton (1 March 2012). Britain Etc. Simon and Schuster. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-0-85720-143-0.
Jump up ^ Greg Newbold (3 June 2016). Crime, Law and Justice in New Zealand. Routledge. pp. 154–. ISBN 978-1-317-27561-9.
Jump up ^ Tessa Muncey (14 April 2010). Creating Autoethnographies. SAGE Publications. pp. 204–. ISBN 978-1-84787-473-3.
Jump up ^ Alan Travis (24 October 2001). "Cannabis laws eased in drug policy shakeup". the guardian. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Jason-Lloyd, Leonard (2009). "Cannabis Reclassification 2009". Criminal Law & Justice Weekly. 173: 30.
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Jump up ^ Miller, Patrick; Martin Plant (1 February 2002). "Heavy cannabis use among UK teenagers: an exploration". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. 65 (3): 235–42. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00165-X. ISSN 0376-8716. PMID 11841895. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b Mary O'Hara (29 October 2010). "Home Office gave wrong guidance on import of medicinal cannabis". The Guardian. London.
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External links[edit]
‘Legalise It, Don’t Criticise It’ - Should Cannabis Be Legalised? The Huffington Post (UK edition). Published 4 July 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
Parliamentary report set to recommend legalising medicinal cannabis. ITV. Published 12 September 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
Cannabis legalisation 'could raise £1bn a year for UK'. BBC NEWS. Published 21 November 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
Legalisation of cannabis 'only solution to crime and addiction problems'. The Guardian. Published 21 November 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
MPs call for legalisation of cannabis amid warning UK is falling behind in its drug policies. The Independent. Published 21 November 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
Further reading[edit]
James H. Mills (11 September 2003). Cannabis Britannica: Empire, Trade, and Prohibition 1800-1928. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-155465-0.
James H. Mills (2013). Cannabis Nation: Control and Consumption in Britain, 1928-2008. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-928342-2.
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