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Daniel in the lions' den
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For the Rubens painting, see Daniel in the Lions' Den (painting).
Daniel in the lions' den
Daniel's age
Briton Rivière, 1890
Although Peter Paul Rubens' depiction shows Daniel as a young man,[1] Daniel would have been over eighty years old at the time of this incident.[2]
The story of Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6 in the Book of Daniel) tells how Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede, but jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree which condemns Daniel to death. Hoping for Daniel's deliverance, but unable to save him, the king has him cast into the pit of lions. At daybreak he hurries back, asking if God had saved his friend. Daniel replies that God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions, "because I was found blameless before him." The king has those who had conspired against Daniel, and their wives and children, thrown to the lions in his place, and commands to all the people of the whole world to "tremble and fear before the God of Daniel".[3]
Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure.[4] The book of which he is the hero comprises two parts, a set of tales in chapters 1–6, and the series of visions in chapters 7–12:[5] the tales are no earlier than the Hellenistic period, and the visions date from the Maccabean era (the mid-2nd century BC).[4] The stories were probably originally independent, but were collected in the mid-2nd century by the author of chapter 7 and expanded again shortly afterwards with the visions in chapters 8-12 to produce the modern book.[6]
Chapter 6, the story of Daniel in the lions' den, parallels chapter 3, the story of the "fiery furnace": each begins with the jealousy of non-Jews towards successful Jews and an imperial edict requiring the Jews to compromise their religion, and concludes with divine deliverance and a king who confesses the greatness of the God of the Jews and issues an edict of royal protection.[7]
Contents
1 Summary
2 Composition and structure
3 Rabbinic literature
4 Artistic representations
4.1 In visual arts
4.2 In music
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Bibliography
Summary[edit]
Chapters of the Book of Daniel
Chapter 1: Induction into Babylon
Chapter 2: Nebuchadnezzar's Dream
Chapter 3: The Fiery Furnace
Chapter 4: Nebuchadnezzar's Madness
Chapter 5: Belshazzar's Feast
Chapter 6: Daniel in the Lions's Den
Chapter 7: The Four Beasts
Chapter 8: The Ram, He-Goat and Horn
Chapter 9: The Seventy Weeks
Chapters 10-12: Daniel's final vision
Additions to Daniel
Song of the Three Holy Children
Susanna and the Elders
Bel and the Dragon
v
t
e
Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede. Daniel's jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree that for thirty days no prayers should be addressed to any god or man but Darius himself; any who break this are to be thrown to the lions. Daniel continues to pray to the God of Israel, and the king, although deeply distressed, must condemn Daniel to death, for the edicts of the Medes and Persians cannot be altered. Hoping for Daniel's deliverance, he has him cast into the pit. At daybreak the king hurries to the place and cries out anxiously, asking if God had saved his friend. Daniel replies that his God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions, "because I was found blameless before him." The king commands that those who had conspired against Daniel should be thrown to the lions in his place, along with their wives and children, and writes to all the people of the whole world commanding that all should tremble and fear before the God of Daniel.[3]
Composition and structure[edit]
It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Babylonian diaspora, the Jewish community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and Hellenistic periods (5th to 2nd centuries BC).[8] Chapters 4–6, which includes the tale of Daniel in the lions' den, may belong to the earliest stage, as these differ quite markedly in the oldest texts.[9] Although the entire book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel the seer, the tales of chapters 1-6, including the story of the lion's den, are the voice of an anonymous narrator (except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar).[10] It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for the hero because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition.[11]
Chapters 2-7 are in Aramaic, and are in the clear form of a chiasm (a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side):[12]
A. (2:4b-49) – A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth
B. (3:1–30) – Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace
C. (4:1–37) – Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar
C'. (5:1–31) – Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar
B'. (6:1–28) – Daniel in the lions' den
A'. (7:1–28) – A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth
The story of Daniel in the lions' den in chapter 6 is paired with the story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego and the "fiery furnace" in Daniel 3. The parallels include the jealousy of non-Jews, an imperial edict requiring Jews to compromise their religion on pain of death, and divine deliverance. Each story climaxes with the king confessing the greatness of the God of the Jews and issuing an edict of royal protection. In each case life is preserved through divine presence in the fire or the pit.[7]
The structure of Daniel 6 itself is also in the form of a chiasm:[13]
A. Introduction: Daniel’s success (vv.1-3)
B. Darius’s edict and Daniel’s response (vv.4-10)
C. Daniel’s opponents plot his death (vv.11-15)
D. Darius hopes for Daniel’s deliverance (vv.16-18)
D'. Darius witnesses Daniel’s deliverance (vv.19-23)
C'. Daniel’s opponents sentenced to death (v.24)
B'. Darius’s edict and doxology (v.25-27)
A'. Conclusion: Daniel’s success (v.28)
Rabbinic literature[edit]
Daniel in the lions' den saved by Habakkuk, as described in rabbinic literature (France, 15th century).
Further information: Daniel in rabbinic literature
According to Josippon, "the beasts in the den received Daniel as faithful dogs might receive their returning master, wagging their tails and licking him." The Midrash Tehillim says that "the mouth of the den was closed with a huge stone, which had rolled of itself from Palestine to Babylon for that purpose" and that "upon this stone sat an angel in the shape of a lion, so that Daniel's enemies might not harass him."[14]
Artistic representations[edit]
In visual arts[edit]
Although Daniel is sometimes depicted as a young man in illustrations of the incident, James Montgomery Boice points out that he would have been over eighty years old at the time.[15]
Painters who have depicted this incident include:
Jan Brueghel the Younger, Daniel in the Lions' Den
Briton Rivière, Daniel's Answer to the King
Peter Paul Rubens, Daniel in the Lions' Den
Henry Ossawa Tanner, Daniel in the Lions' Den
David Teniers the Younger, Daniel in the Lions' Den
In music[edit]
The 1929 gospel blues song "I've Got the Key to the Kingdom" by Washington Phillips retells the story
The 1964 Broadway Musical Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick includes a song called "Miracle of Miracles", in which Motel, the tailor, sings "Wonder of wonders; miracle of miracles; God took a Daniel once again, turned him around and, miracle of miracles, walked him through the lion's den."
The front sleeve of the 1981 album by The Sound (band) From the Lions Mouth is the painting “Daniel in the Lion’s Den” by Briton Riviere
The 1982 song "Daniel" by Raffi on his Rise and Shine album
The 1982 song "Lion's Den" by Bruce Springsteen, first released on the 1998 album Tracks, alludes to the story
The 2011 song "Us Against The World" by Coldplay includes the line 'My drunken hazard Daniel in a lion's den', as a reference to being in a bad place.
The 2013 album Bad Blood by Bastille includes a track called "Daniel in the Den"
The 2016 album Arts & Leisure by Walter Martin (formerly of The Walkmen) includes a track called "Daniel in the Lion's Den"[16]
The 2017 album Fear Not Fantasy by Joe Ransom (an unknown songwriter of Australia, residing in Honduras) will include a track called "Science Teacher" which begins with a reference to Daniel in the Lions' Den
Paul White's 'Accelerator' EP features a track called Lion's Den. In the chorus featuring rapper Danny Brown references "Daniel in the lion's den".
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel in the lions' den.
List of Hebrew Bible events
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "Daniel in the Lions' Den". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Boice.
^ Jump up to: a b Seow 2003, p. 85-86.
^ Jump up to: a b Collins 1984, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Collins 2002, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Seow 2003, p. 7-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Seow 2003, p. 86-88.
Jump up ^ Collins 1984, p. 29,34-35.
Jump up ^ Redditt 2008, p. 176-177.
Jump up ^ Wesselius 2002, p. 295.
Jump up ^ Redditt 2008, p. 180.
Jump up ^ Redditt 2009, p. 177.
Jump up ^ Goldingay 1989, p. 124.
Jump up ^ Daniel, Jewish Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ Boice 2006, p. 68.
Jump up ^ "Us Against the World - Coldplay". Retrieved 2018-01-07.
Bibliography[edit]
Boice, James Montgomery (2006). Daniel: An Expositional Commentary. Baker Books. ISBN 9780801066412.
Collins, John J. (1984). Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802800206.
Collins, John J. (2002). "Current Issues in the Study of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL. ISBN 9004116753.
Goldingay, John E. (1989). Daniel. Word Books.
Redditt, Paul L. (2009). Introduction to the Prophets. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802828965.
Redditt, Paul L. (1999). Daniel: based on the New Revised Standard Version. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84127-009-8.
Seow, C.L. (2003). Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256753.
Wesselius, Jan-Wim (2002). "The Writing of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL. ISBN 0391041282.
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text:
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Adventures of
Sharkboy and Lavagirl
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Robert Rodriguez
Produced by
Elizabeth Avellán
Written by
Robert Rodriguez
Marcel Rodriguez
Story by
Robert Rodriguez
Starring
Taylor Lautner
Taylor Dooley
Cayden Boyd
David Arquette
Kristin Davis
George Lopez
Music by
John Debney
Graeme Revell
Robert Rodriguez[1]
Cinematography
Robert Rodriguez
Edited by
Robert Rodriguez
Production
company
Troublemaker Studios
Dimension Films
Lionsgate
Distributed by
Miramax Films (United States)
Columbia Pictures (International)[1]
Release date
June 10, 2005 (2005-06-10)
[2]
Running time
94 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$50 million
Box office
$69.4 million[3]
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl (also known simply as Sharkboy and Lavagirl) is a 2005 American adventure film[1] written and directed by Robert Rodriguez and originally released in the United States on June 10, 2005 by Miramax Films, Columbia Pictures and Dimension Films.[2] The film uses the anaglyph 3-D technology, similar to the one used in Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003). The film stars Taylor Lautner, Taylor Dooley, Cayden Boyd, David Arquette, Kristin Davis and George Lopez. Many of the concepts and much of the story were conceived by Rodriguez's children. The special effects were done by Hybride Technologies, CafeFX, The Orphanage, Post Logic, Hydraulx, Industrial Light & Magic, R!ot Pictures, Tippett Studio, Amalgamated Pixels, Intelligent Creatures and Troublemaker Digital. The film received negative reviews from critics with much of the criticism directed at the decision to post-convert the film into 3-D which damaged the film's visual look, and earned $69.4 million on a $50 million budget.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Box office
4.3 Lawsuit
5 Soundtrack
6 Books
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Max is a lonely child in the suburbs of Austin who creates an imaginary dreamworld named Planet Drool, where all of his dreams come to life. He creates two characters; Sharkboy, who was raised by sharks after losing his father at sea, and Lavagirl, who can produce fire and lava, but has trouble touching objects without setting them alight. The two left Max to guard Planet Drool. In reality, Max's parents have little time for him, and their marital relationship is not going well. Max is also bullied by fellow schoolmate Linus. However, he does receive friendship from Marissa, the daughter of his teacher Mr. Electricidad, whose name is Spanish for "electricity". After a chase, Linus steals Max's dream journal (where all of his most precious dreams are kept) and vandalizes it. The next day, as Max attempts to retaliate, twin tornadoes form outside the school. Sharkboy and Lavagirl emerge from the tornadoes and have Max accompany them to Planet Drool, which he learns is turning bad because of Mr. Electric, the dreamworld's now-corrupt electrician.
They confront Mr. Electric, who drops them in the Dream Graveyard, where some of Max's dreams have been dumped. They find Tobor, a robot toy that Max never finished building in the real world after being discouraged by his father. Tobor gives them a lift to other parts of the planet. The three form a friendship during their journey, but they face hardships, such as Sharkboy's anger for the oceans being frozen over, and Lavagirl's desperation to find her true purpose on Planet Drool. They are pursued by Mr. Electric and his "plughounds" across the planet. They plan to visit the Ice Princess and obtain the Crystal Heart, which can freeze time, giving them enough time to get to the center of Planet Drool and fix the dreamworld using Max's daydreaming. However, they are captured by Mr. Electric, and delivered to Linus's Planet Drool incarnation Minus, who has altered the dreamworld with Max's own dream journal, and traps the three in a cage. Sharkboy gets annoyed by Minus and has a shark frenzy, destroying the cage. After they escape, Max retrieves the dream journal from Minus while he is sleeping. Max informs Sharkboy that his father is alive in his book, but when Lavagirl wishes to learn what it says about her true identity, she burns the book to ash. In rage, Lavagirl asks Max why she was made out of lava, but Sharkboy tells him to let her cool down.
After an encounter with the Ice Guardian, Max, Sharkboy, and Lavagirl reach the Ice Princess, the Planet Drool incarnation of Marissa Electricidad. She hands over the Crystal Heart, but they are too late to stop the corruption since the ice princess is the only one who can use the Crystal Heart's power, and she cannot leave her home. Mr. Electric fools Sharkboy into jumping into water filled with electric eels, seemingly killing him. Lavagirl also dies after jumping into the water to retrieve Sharkboy. Tobor appears and convinces Max to dream a better and unselfish dream, which in turn revives Sharkboy, who then races Lavagirl to a volcano to revive her. Max concludes that her purpose is as a light against the dark clouds which have engulfed Planet Drool's skies. Max gains reality warping as the Daydreamer and defeats Minus, then offers to make a better dreamworld between the two of them, to which Minus agrees.
Mr. Electric refuses to accept the new dreamworld, and flies to Earth to kill Max while he is dreaming. Max awakens back in his classroom during the tornado storm. Mr. Electric materializes, and Max's parents get sucked into the storm, but are saved by Sharkboy and Lavagirl. Max gives the Crystal Heart to Marissa so she can use the Ice Princess's powers to destroy Mr. Electric. Mr. Electricidad, Linus and Max make peace with one another, and Max reunites with his parents.
Max later informs his class that Planet Drool became a proper dreamworld again, Sharkboy became the King of the Ocean, and Lavagirl became Queen of the Volcanoes, and as the film shows Max finally finishing Tobor, he reminds the class to "dream a better dream, and work to make it real".
Cast[edit]
Cayden Boyd as Max. An imaginative 10-year-old[4] boy, known as the "day-dreamer" on Planet Drool. "At first he's dreaming all for himself; he wants Shark Boy and Lava Girl to take him away", says Boyd about the role. "I like that he's selfish in the beginning and he's not selfish in the end".[4]
Taylor Lautner as Sharkboy. Lautner said about the character, "He's very self-confident and sometimes his confidence gets him into trouble. He's also kinda jealous of the character, Max, because he has an inside crush on Lava Girl and she's overly motherly to Max."[5] Lautner's martial arts skills helped him to obtain the role of Sharkboy. "When I auditioned for the film, Robert Rodriguez, the director, didn't know that I had my martial arts [background], and while we were there in Austin, TX he saw a DVD of me and asked me to choreograph my own fight scenes", said Lautner.[6] Lautner was the first to audition for the film, says Rodriguez, and was chosen immediately.[7]
Taylor Dooley as Lavagirl. The role was cast after the two other main characters, Sharkboy and Max, had already been cast.[4] Her lava bike was computer-generated, like many of the elements in the film; Dooley and Lautner described the on-set versions of the lava bike and Sharkboy's shark-themed jetski as "a green box with handles".[8]
David Arquette and Kristin Davis play Max's parents. Max's father is an unemployed writer. They are on the brink of a divorce. They mean well for Max but are unable to settle his troubles. On Planet Drool, Max's parents appear as a pair of "Cookie Giants," who live happily in the Land of Milk and Cookies.
George Lopez as Mr. Electricidad, Mr. Electric, and the voices of Tobor and the Ice Guardian. Rodriguez states that he kept asking Lopez to play additional characters. Lopez spent a total of two weeks working on the film.[9]
Jacob Davich as Linus / Minus. He is a bully at Max's school and steals his Dream Journal. With it, he enters Max's dreamworld and, using the name "Minus" (a nickname bestowed by Mr. Electricidad for Linus' habit of disliked conduct), alters it to his version before ultimately befriending Max.
Sasha Pieterse as Marissa Electricidad / Ice Princess. Marissa is the daughter of Mr. Electricidad, and at first the only student who befriends Max. On Planet Drool, she appears as the Ice Princess, keeper of the Crystal Heart, which is a necklace she wears which can freeze anything, including time.
Robert Rodriguez has an uncredited role voicing a shark. As seen in the credits, two of Robert Rodriguez's children, Rebel and Racer, portray Sharkboy at age five and age seven respectively. Rico Torres plays Sharkboy's father. Marc Musso and Shane Graham play children at Max's school.
Production[edit]
Parts of the film were shot on location in Texas, where Max resides and goes to school in the film. Much of the film was shot in a studio against green screen. Most of the ships, landscapes and other effects including some creatures and characters, were accomplished digitally. According to Lautner and Dooley, when filming the scene with the dream train, the front part of the train was an actual physical set piece. "The whole inside was there and when they have all the gadgets you can pull on, that was all there but everything else was a green screen," said Dooley.[10] Eleven visual effects companies (Hybride Technologies, CafeFX, The Orphanage, Post Logic, Hydraulx, Industrial Light & Magic, R!ot Pictures, Tippett Studio, Amalgamated Pixels and Intelligent Creatures and Rodriguez's Texas-based Troublemaker Digital) worked on the film in order to accomplish over 1,000 visual effect shots.[11]
Robert Rodriguez appears in the credits fourteen times, most notably as director, a producer, a screenwriter (along with Marcel Rodriguez), visual effects supervisor, director of photography, editor, a camera operator, and a composer and performer. The story is credited to Racer Max Rodriguez, with additional story elements by Rebecca Rodriguez, who also wrote the lyrics for the main song, "Sharkboy and Lavagirl". Other members of the Rodriguez family can be seen in the film or were involved in the production.
Miley Cyrus had auditioned for the film with Lautner, and said it came down to her and another girl who was also auditioning; however, Cyrus began production on Hannah Montana.[12]
Reception[edit]
Critical response [edit]
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl received a 20% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and the consensus: "The decision to turn this kiddie fantasy into a 3-D film was a miscalculation."[13] Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and agreed with the other criticisms in which the 3-D process used was distracting and muted the colors, thus, he believes, "spoiling" much of the film and that the film would look more visually appealing when released in the home media market.[14]
Box office[edit]
For its opening weekend, the film earned $12.6 million in 2,655 theaters. It also was placed #5 at the box office, being overshadowed by Mr. & Mrs. Smith, Madagascar, Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, and The Longest Yard.[15] The film was not very successful in the US, taking in $39,177,541 and was a box office bomb. However, it did manage to gross $30,248,282 overseas, for a total of $69,425,966 worldwide.[3]
Lawsuit[edit]
The Total Nonstop Action professional wrestler Dean Roll, who trademarked the name "Shark Boy" in 1999, sued Miramax on June 8, 2005, claiming that his trademark had been infringed and demanding "[any] money, profits and advantages wrongfully gained". In April 2007, the suit was settled for a disclosed amount of $200,000.[16]
Soundtrack[edit]
Original Motion Picture Soundtrack: The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
June 28, 2005
Genre
Soundtrack, rock, pop
Length
43:26
Label
Varèse Sarabande
Robert Rodriguez film soundtrack chronology
Sin City
(2005)Sin City2005 The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D
(2005) Planet Terror
(2007)Planet Terror2007
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Filmtracks [17]
Music from the Movies [18]
SoundtrackNet [19]
Director Robert Rodriguez composed parts of the score himself, with contributions by composers John Debney and Graeme Revell. Green Day were reportedly set to contribute "Wake Me Up When September Ends" to the soundtrack, but Robert Rodriguez declined it.[citation needed]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "The Shark Boy" Robert Rodriguez, John Debney 3:47
2. "The Lava Girl" Rodriguez 1:28
3. "Max's Dream" Rodriguez 1:37
4. "Sharkboy and Lavagirl Return" Rodriguez 1:44
5. "Planet Drool" Rodriguez 2:12
6. "Mount Never Rest" Graeme Revell 2:35
7. "Passage of Time" Rodriguez, Carl Thiel 1:30
8. "Mr. Electric" Revell 1:09
9. "Train of Thought" Debney 2:01
10. "Dream Dream Dream Dream (Dream Dream)" Rodriguez Shark Boy and the Lava Girls 1:54
11. "Stream of Consciousness" Debney 1:33
12. "Sea of Confusion" Debney 3:04
13. "The LaLa's" Nicole Weinstein 1:09
14. "The Ice Princess" Rodriguez, Debney 2:51
15. "Sharkboy vs. Mr. Electric" Revell 0:55
16. "Lavagirl's Sacrifice" Rodriguez 2:10
17. "The Light" Rodriguez 2:21
18. "Battle of the Dreamers" Rodriguez 1:21
19. "Mr. Electric on Earth" Revell 1:15
20. "Unplugged" Rodriguez, Debney 1:12
21. "The Day Dreamer" Rodriguez, Debney 1:29
22. "Sharkboy and Lavagirl" Rodriguez, Rebecca Rodriguez Ariel Abshire & The Lava Girls 4:09
Total length: 43:26
Books[edit]
Around the time of the film's debut Rodriguez co-wrote a series of children's novels entitled Sharkboy and Lavagirl Adventures with acclaimed science fiction writer Chris Roberson. They include Book 1, The Day Dreamer, and Book 2, Return to Planet Drool, which announces that it will be continued in a third volume, Deep Sleep, which has yet to appear. They are illustrated throughout by Alex Toader, who designed characters and environments for the film and the previous Spy Kids franchise.[20]
In the first book, the story of the film is told from Lavagirl's and Sharkboy's perspective, with at least one new event. In Return to Planet Drool, Sharkboy, remembering his encounter with the Imagineer in the first book, continues the search for his father by seeking to return to the Dream World. He meets a very bored Lavagirl in the underwater city of Vent, where she now reigns as queen, and together they embark on a subterranean journey. They encounter piranhas, a gargantuan red bear, and a city of inhabited by the dreams of bygone eras, where they are held captive by superheroes, pirates, and cowboys. By the end, after learning the city's secrets, Sharkboy still hopes to find his father, and Lavagirl the secrets of her origin.
Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly praised another book appearing around the time of the film, The Adventures of SharkBoy and LavaGirl: The Movie Storybook (by Racer Max Rodriguez and Robert Rodriguez), as a far cry from the usual movie storybook tie-in, and also praised Alex Toader's "cartoony yet detailed" illustrations.[21]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Detail view of Movies Page".
^ Jump up to: a b "The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D".
^ Jump up to: a b "The Adventure of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3D (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Scholastic News Online: Cayden Boyd, Taylor Lautner, loves Taylor Dooley talk to Scholastic News Online about their exciting new movie". Retrieved 2008-05-11.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Lautner Interview at Kidzworld.com". Retrieved 2008-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Movieweb Interview With Taylor Lautner". Retrieved 2008-01-22.
Jump up ^ Vena, Joceyln. "Taylor Lautner's Success Doesn't Surprise Robert Rodriguez". VH1.com. MTV Networks. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
Jump up ^ "RadioFree.com Interviews: Taylor Dooley, Taylor Lautner and Cayden Boyd". Retrieved 2008-05-12.
Jump up ^ "RadioFree.com Interviews: George Lopez and Robert Rodriguez". Retrieved 2008-05-12.
Jump up ^ Barker, Lynn (June 8, 2005). "Hangin' with Sharkboy, Lavagirl....and Max". TeenHollywood.com. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
Jump up ^ DiLullo, Tara (June 10, 2005). "Shark Boy and Lava Girl: Back to 3D". Animation World Magazine. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Miley Cyrus". B96.radio.com. October 30, 2009. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
Jump up ^ "The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (June 9, 2005). "The Adventures of Shark Boy & Lava Girl in 3-D (PG)". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2007-02-23. Movie review
Jump up ^ Gray, Brandon (June 13, 2005). "'Mr. and Mrs. Smith' Honeymoons at the Top". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Winnick, Zach. "Shark Boy Attacks Amazon Over Pint-Size Infringer". Law 360. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Filmtracks: The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D (Robert Rodriguez/Graeme Revell/John Debney)".
Jump up ^ [1] Archived December 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Other reviews by Mike Brennan (August 31, 2005). "SoundtrackNet : The Adventures of SharkBoy and LavaGirl in 3D Soundtrack". Soundtrack.net. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
Jump up ^ Rodriguez, Robert; Roberson, Chris (2005). Sharkboy and Lavagirl Adventures: Book 2: Return to Planet Drool. Cover design and illustrations by Alex Toader. Troublemaker Publishing. ISBN 1-933104-05-8.
Jump up ^ Jensen, Jeff (June 6, 2005). "Book Review: The Adventures of SharkBoy and LavaGirl: The Movie Storybook (2005)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
External links[edit]
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D on IMDb
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D at AllMovie
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D at Box Office Mojo
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
v
t
e
Works of Robert Rodriguez
Films directed
Bedhead (short film, 1991)
El Mariachi (1992)
Roadracers (1994)
Desperado (1995)
Four Rooms (Segment: "The Misbehavers", 1995)
From Dusk till Dawn (1996)
The Faculty (1998)
Spy Kids (2001)
Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams (2002)
Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003)
Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003)
Sin City (2005)
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D (2005)
Planet Terror (2007)
Shorts: The Adventures of the Wishing Rock (2009)
Machete (2010)
Spy Kids: All the Time in the World (2011)
Machete Kills (2013)
Sin City: A Dame to Kill For (2014)
100 Years (2015; releasing in 2115)
Alita: Battle Angel (2018)
Films produced
From Dusk Till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money (1999)
Death Proof (2007)
Predators (2010)
Television
From Dusk till Dawn: The Series (2014–)
The Director's Chair (2014–)
Spy Kids: Mission Critical (2018–)
See also
Chingon
Mexican Spaghetti Western
Mexico Trilogy
Spy Kids franchise
Rebel Without a Crew (1995)
Grindhouse (2007)
El Rey Network
Troublemaker Studios
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_Sharkboy_and_Lavagirl_in_3-D&oldid=834393676"
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text:
Heart valve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Heart valves
Valves of the heart in motion, the front wall of the heart is removed in this image.
Details
System
Cardiovascular
Identifiers
MeSH
D006351
FMA
7110
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
A heart valve normally allows blood to flow in only one direction through the heart. The four valves commonly represented in a mammalian heart determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart. A heart valve opens or closes incumbent on differential blood pressure on each side.[1][2][3]
The four main valves in the heart are:
The two atrioventricular (AV) valves, the mitral valve (bicuspid valve), and the tricuspid valve, which are between the upper chambers (atria) and the lower chambers (ventricles).
The two semilunar (SL) valves, the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve, which are in the arteries leaving the heart.
The mitral valve and the aortic valve are in the left heart; the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary valve are in the right heart.
There are also the coronary sinus and the inferior vena cava valves.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Atrioventricular valves
1.2 Semilunar valves
1.3 Development
2 Physiology
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Congenital heart disease
4 History
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
Structure of the heart valves
Blood flow through the valves
The heart valves and the chambers are lined with endocardium. Heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles, or the ventricles from a blood vessel. Heart valves are situated around the fibrous rings of the cardiac skeleton. The valves incorporate leaflets or cusps, which are pushed open to allow blood flow and which then close together to seal and prevent backflow. The mitral valve has two cusps, whereas the others have three. There are nodules at the tips of the cusps that make the seal tighter.
The pulmonary valve has left, right, and anterior cusps.[4] The aortic valve has left, right, and posterior cusps.[5] The tricuspid valve has anterior, posterior, and septal cusps; and the mitral valve has just anterior and posterior cusps.
Atrioventricular valves[edit]
Main articles: Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve
3D - loop of a heart viewed from the apex, with the apical part of the ventricles removed and the mitral valve clearly visible. Due to missing data, the leaflets of the tricuspid and aortic valves are not clearly visible, but the openings are; the pulmonary valve is not visible. On the left are two standard 2D views (taken from the 3D dataset) showing tricuspid and mitral valves (above) and aortal valve (below).
These are the mitral and tricuspid valves, which are situated between the atria and the ventricles and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole. They are anchored to the walls of the ventricles by chordae tendineae, which prevent the valves from inverting.
The chordae tendineae are attached to papillary muscles that cause tension to better hold the valve. Together, the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae are known as the subvalvular apparatus. The function of the subvalvular apparatus is to keep the valves from prolapsing into the atria when they close. The subvalvular apparatus has no effect on the opening and closure of the valves, however, which is caused entirely by the pressure gradient across the valve. The peculiar insertion of chords on the leaflet free margin, however, provides systolic stress sharing between chords according to their different thickness.[6]
The closure of the AV valves is heard as lub, the first heart sound (S1). The closure of the SL valves is heard as dub, the second heart sound (S2).
The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets or cusps. The mitral valve gets its name from the resemblance to a bishop's mitre (a type of hat). It is on the left side of the heart and allows the blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle.
During diastole, a normally-functioning mitral valve opens as a result of increased pressure from the left atrium as it fills with blood (preloading). As atrial pressure increases above that of the left ventricle, the mitral valve opens. Opening facilitates the passive flow of blood into the left ventricle. Diastole ends with atrial contraction, which ejects the final 30% of blood that is transferred from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This amount of blood is known as the end diastolic volume (EDV), and the mitral valve closes at the end of atrial contraction to prevent a reversal of blood flow.
The tricuspid valve has three leaflets or cusps and is on the right side of the heart. It is between the right atrium and the right ventricle, and stops the backflow of blood between the two.
Semilunar valves[edit]
Main articles: Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve
The aortic and pulmonary valves are located at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk respectively. These are also called the "semilunar valves". These two arteries receive blood from the ventricles and their semilunar valves permit blood to be forced into the arteries, and prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles. These valves do not have chordae tendineae, and are more similar to the valves in veins than they are to the atrioventricular valves. The closure of the semilunar valves causes the second heart sound.
The aortic valve, which has three cusps, lies between the left ventricle and the aorta. During ventricular systole, pressure rises in the left ventricle and when it is greater than the pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve opens, allowing blood to exit the left ventricle into the aorta. When ventricular systole ends, pressure in the left ventricle rapidly drops and the pressure in the aorta forces aortic valve to close. The closure of the aortic valve contributes the A2 component of the second heart sound.
The pulmonary valve (sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve) lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, and has three cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonary valve opens in ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery. At the end of ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle falls rapidly, the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonary valve. The closure of the pulmonary valve contributes the P2 component of the second heart sound. The right heart is a low-pressure system, so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound. However, it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation.
Development[edit]
See also: Heart development
In the developing heart, the valves between the atria and ventricles, the bicuspid and the tricuspid valves, develop on either side of the atrioventricular canals.[7] The upward extension of the bases of the ventricles causes the canal to become invaginated into the ventricle cavities. The invaginated margins form the rudiments of the lateral cusps of the AV valves. The middle and septal cusps develop from the downward extension of the septum intermedium.
The semilunar valves (the pulmonary and aortic valves) are formed from four thickenings at the cardiac end of the truncus arteriosus.[7] These thickenings are called endocardial cushions.[citation needed] The truncus arteriosus is originally a single outflow tract from the embryonic heart that will later split to become the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. Before it has split, four thickenings occur. There are anterior, posterior, and two lateral thickenings. A septum begins to form between what will later become the ascending aorta and pulmonary tract. As the septum forms, the two lateral thickenings are split, so that the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk have three thickenings each (an anterior or posterior, and half of each of the lateral thickenings). The thickenings are the origins of the three cusps of the semilunar valves. The valves are visible as unique structures by the ninth week. As they mature, they rotate slightly as the outward vessels spiral, and move slightly closer to the heart.[7]
Physiology[edit]
In general, the motion of the heart valves is determined using the Navier–Stokes equation, using boundary conditions of the blood pressures, pericardial fluid, and external loading as the constraints. The motion of the heart valves is used as a boundary condition in the Navier–Stokes equation in determining the fluid dynamics of blood ejection from the left and right ventricles into the aorta and the lung.
Wiggers diagram, showing various events during a cardiac cycle, with closures and openings of the aortic and mitral marked in the pressure curves.
This is further explanation of the echocardiogram above. MV: Mitral valve, TV: Tricuspid valve, AV: Aortic valve, Septum: Interventricular septum. Continuous lines demarcate septum and free wall seen in echocardiogram, dotted line is a suggestion of where the free wall of the right ventricle should be. The red line represents where the upper left loop in the echocardiogram transects the 3D-loop, the blue line represents the lower loop.
Relationship between pressure and flow in open valves
The pressure drop, Δ p {\displaystyle {\Delta }p} , across an open heart valve relates to the flow rate, Q, through the valve:
a ∂ Q ∂ t + b Q 2 = Δ p {\displaystyle a{{\partial }Q \over {\partial }t}+bQ^{2}={\Delta }p}
If:
Inflow energy conserved
Stagnant region behind leaflets
Outflow momentum conserved
Flat velocity profile
Valves with a single degree of freedom
Usually, the aortic and mitral valves are incorporated in valve studies within a single degree of freedom. These relationships are based on the idea of the valve being a structure with a single degree of freedom. These relationships are based on the Euler equations.
Equations for the aortic valve in this case:
ρ ( ∂ u ∂ t + u ∂ u ∂ x ) + ∂ p ∂ x = 0 {\displaystyle {\rho }\left({{\partial }u \over {\partial }t}+{u{\partial }u \over {\partial }x}\right)+{{\partial }p \over {\partial }x}=0}
∂ A ∂ t + ∂ ∂ x ( A u ) = 0 {\displaystyle {{\partial }A \over {\partial }t}+{{\partial } \over {\partial }x}(Au)=0}
A ( x , t ) = A 0 ( 1 − [ 1 − Λ ( t ) ] x L ) 2 {\displaystyle A(x,t)=A_{0}\left(1-[1-{\Lambda }(t)]{x \over {L}}\right)^{2}}
∫ 0 L p ( x , t ) ∂ A ∂ x d x = [ A 0 − A ( L , t ) ] p ( L , t ) {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{L}p(x,t){{\partial }A \over {\partial }x}\,dx=[A_{0}-A(L,t)]\,p(L,t)}
where:
u = axial velocity
p = pressure
A = cross sectional area of valve
L = axial length of valve
Λ(t) = single degree of freedom; when
Λ 2 ( t ) = A ( L , t ) A 0 {\displaystyle \Lambda ^{2}(t)={A(L,t) \over A_{0}}}
Atrioventricular valve
Clinical significance[edit]
Main article: Valvular heart disease
Valvular heart disease is a general term referring to dysfunction of the valves, and is primarily in two forms, either regurgitation, where a dysfunctional valve lets blood flow in the wrong direction, or stenosis, when a valve is narrow.[8]
Regurgitation occurs when a valve becomes insufficient and malfunctions, allowing some blood to flow in the wrong direction. This insufficiency can affect any of the valves as in aortic insufficiency, mitral insufficiency, pulmonary insufficiency and tricuspid insufficiency. The other form of valvular heart disease is stenosis, a narrowing of the valve. This is a result of the valve becoming thickened and any of the heart valves can be affected, as in mitral valve stenosis, tricuspid valve stenosis, pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic valve stenosis. Stenosis of the mitral valve is a common complication of rheumatic fever. Inflammation of the valves can be caused by infective endocarditis, usually a bacterial infection but can sometimes be caused by other organisms. Bacteria can more readily attach to damaged valves.[9] Another type of endocarditis which doesn't provoke an inflammatory response, is nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. This is commonly found on previously undamaged valves.[9] A major valvular heart disease is mitral valve prolapse, which is a weakening of connective tissue called myxomatous degeneration of the valve. This sees the displacement of a thickened mitral valve cusp into the left atrium during systole.[8]
Disease of the heart valves can be congenital, such as aortic regurgitation or acquired, for example infective endocarditis. Different forms are associated with cardiovascular disease, connective tissue disorders and hypertension. The symptoms of the disease will depend on the affected valve, the type of disease, and the severity of the disease. For example, valvular disease of the aortic valve, such as aortic stenosis or aortic regurgitation, may cause breathlessness, whereas valvular diseaes of the tricuspid valve may lead to dysfunction of the liver and jaundice. When valvular heart disease results from infectious causes, such as infective endocarditis, an affected person may have a fever and unique signs such as splinter haemorrhages of the nails, Janeway lesions, Osler nodes and Roth spots. A particularly feared complication of valvular disease is the creation of emboli because of turbulent blood flow, and the development of heart failure.[8]
Valvular heart disease is diagnosed by echocardiography, which is a form of ultrasound. Damaged and defective heart valves can be repaired, or replaced with artificial heart valves. Infectious causes may also require treatment with antibiotics.[8]
Congenital heart disease[edit]
Main article: Congenital heart defect
The most common form of valvular anomaly is a congenital heart defect (CHD), called a bicuspid aortic valve. This results from the fusing of two of the cusps during embryonic development forming a bicuspid valve instead of a tricuspid valve. This condition is often undiagnosed until calcific aortic stenosis has developed, and this usually happens around ten years earlier than would otherwise develop.[10][11]
Less common CHD's are tricuspid and pulmonary atresia, and Ebstein's anomaly. Tricuspid atresia is the complete absence of the tricuspid valve which can lead to an underdeveloped or absent right ventricle. Pulmonary atresia is the complete closure of the pulmonary valve. Ebstein's anomaly is the displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve causing a larger atrium and a smaller ventricle than normal.
History[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2014)
Illustration of the valves of the heart when the ventricles are contracting.
See also[edit]
Pericardial heart valves
Bjork–Shiley valve
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ "Heart Valves". American Heart Association, Inc -- 10000056 Heart and Stroke Encyclopedia. American Heart Association, Inc. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
Jump up ^ Klabunde, RE (2009-07-02). "Pressure Gradients". Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. Richard E. Klabunde. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
Jump up ^ Klabunde, RE (2007-04-05). "Cardiac Valve Disease". Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. Richard E. Klabunde. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
Jump up ^ Anatomy photo:20:21-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "Heart: The Pulmonic Valve"
Jump up ^ Anatomy photo:20:29-0104 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "Heart: The Aortic Valve and Aortic Sinuses"
Jump up ^ S Nazari et al.: Patterns Of Systolic Stress Distribution On Mitral Valve Anterior Leaflet Chordal Apparatus. A Structural Mechanical Theoretical Analysis. J Cardiovasc Surg (Turin) 2000 Apr;41(2):193–202 (video)
^ Jump up to: a b c Schoenwolf, Gary C.; et al. (2009). "Development of the Urogenital system". Larsen's human embryology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 177–179. ISBN 978-0-443-06811-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Britton, the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 612–628. ISBN 978-0-7020-3085-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 406–8. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.
Jump up ^ Bertazzo, S. et al. Nano-analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification. Nature Materials 12, 576–583 (2013).
Jump up ^ Miller, J. D. Cardiovascular calcification: Orbicular origins. Nature Materials 12, 476–478 (2013).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heart valves.
Mitral Valve Repair at The Mount Sinai Hospital – "Mitral Valve Anatomy"
3D, animated, rotatable heart valves (Rich media including Javascript and Flash player required)
Transcatheter mitral valve implantation: Tendyne
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