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Rock the Casbah
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For other uses, see Rock the Casbah (disambiguation).
"Rock the Casbah"
Single by The Clash
from the album Combat Rock
B-side
"Long Time Jerk"
Released
1982
Format
Vinyl
CD single
Genre
New wave[1][2]
dance-punk[3]
Length
3:43
6:35 (extended version)
Label
CBS
Epic
Songwriter(s)
The Clash[4]
Producer(s)
The Clash
The Clash singles chronology
"Should I Stay or Should I Go"
(1982) "Rock the Casbah"
(1982) "Straight to Hell"
(1982)
"Should I Stay or Should I Go"
(1982) "Rock the Casbah"
(1982) "Straight to Hell"
(1982)
The Clash reissued singles chronology
"Should I Stay or Should I Go" (rerelease)
(1991) String Module Error: Match not found1991 "Rock the Casbah" (rerelease)
(1991) String Module Error: Match not found1991 "London Calling" (2nd rerelease)
(1991) String Module Error: Match not found1991
Audio sample
The Clash "Rock the Casbah" (1982)
file
help
"Rock the Casbah" is a song by the English punk rock band The Clash, released in 1982. The song was released as the third single from their fifth album, Combat Rock. It reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US (their second and last top 40 and only top 10 single in the United States) and, along with the track "Mustapha Dance", it also reached number eight on the dance chart.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording
2 Lyrics
3 Single
3.1 Single issues
4 Music video
5 Legacy
6 Cover versions
7 Chart performance
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
8 Personnel
9 References
9.1 Bibliography
10 External links
Recording[edit]
"Rock the Casbah" was musically written by the band's drummer Topper Headon, based on a piano part that he had been toying with.[6][7] Finding himself in the studio without his three bandmates, Headon progressively taped the drum, piano and bass parts, recording the bulk of the song's musical instrumentation himself.[6][8]
This origin makes "Rock the Casbah" different from the majority of Clash songs, which tended to originate with music written by the Strummer–Jones songwriting partnership.[8] Upon entering the studio to hear Headon's recording, the other Clash members were impressed with his creation, stating that they felt the musical track was essentially complete.[8] From this point, relatively minor overdubs were added, such as guitars and percussion.
However, Joe Strummer was not impressed by the page of suggested lyrics that Headon gave him.[6] According to Clash guitar technician Digby Cleaver, they were "a soppy set of lyrics about how much he missed his girlfriend".[6] "Strummer just took one look at these words and said, 'How incredibly interesting!', screwed the piece of paper into a ball and chucked it backwards over his head."[6]
Strummer had been developing a set of lyrical ideas that he was looking to match with an appropriate tune. Before hearing Headon's music, Strummer had already come up with the phrases "rock the casbah" and "you'll have to let that raga drop" as lyrical ideas that he was considering for future songs.[9][10] After hearing Headon's music, Strummer went into the studio's toilets and wrote lyrics to match the song's melody.[7][8]
The version of the song on Combat Rock, as well as many other Clash compilations, features an electronic sound effect beginning at the 1:52 minute point of the song. This noise is a monophonic version of the song "Dixie". The sound effect source was generated by the alarm from a digital wristwatch that Mick Jones owned, and was intentionally added to the recording by Jones.[8]
Lyrics[edit]
Joe Strummer had been toying with the phrase "rock the casbah" prior to hearing Topper Headon's musical track that would form the basis of the song. This phrase had originated during a jam session with Strummer's violinist friend Tymon Dogg. Dogg began playing Eastern scales with his violin and Joe started shouting "rock the casbah!" Not hearing Strummer properly, Dogg thought that Strummer had been shouting at him to "stop, you cadger!"[9]
Further inspiration for "Rock the Casbah"'s lyrics originated from Joe Strummer observing the band's manager Bernie Rhodes moaning about The Clash's increasing tendency to perform lengthy songs. Rhodes asked the band facetiously "does everything have to be as long as this rāga?" (referring to the Indian musical style known for its length and complexity). Strummer later returned to his room at the Iroquois Hotel and wrote the opening lines to the song: "The King told the boogie-men 'you have to let that rāga drop.'"[11][10][9]
The song gives a fabulist account of a ban on Western rock music by an Arab king.[6] The lyrics describe the king's efforts to stop his population from listening to this music, such as ordering his military's jet fighters to bomb any people in violation of the ban. The pilots ignore the orders, and instead play rock music on their cockpit radios. The population then proceed to "rock the casbah" by dancing to the music. This scenario was inspired by the ban on Western music in Iran after the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
The song's lyrics feature various Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish, and Sanskrit loan-words, such as sharif, bedouin, sheikh, kosher, rāga, muezzin, minaret, and casbah.[12]
Single[edit]
The single version has more pronounced bass. Also when Joe Strummer screams "The crowd caught a whiff / Of that crazy casbah jive" at the end of the third verse the word "jive" is sustained for several seconds with digital delay. Additionally, the sound effects of the jet fighters in the last verse are lower in the mix, particularly just after "drop your bombs between the minarets." The single version of the song is what is played in the music video. "Mustapha Dance", which features in many releases of the single, is an instrumental remix of the song.
Single issues[edit]
The single has several issues, all with different cover, format and B-side (see the table below).[13]
Year B-side Format Label Country Note
1982 "Rock the Casbah" 45 rpm 7" vinyl Epic 34-03245 CAN/USA Promo
1982 "Mustapha Dance" 45 rpm 12" vinyl CBS/Sony Records Inc. 07.5P-191 JP —
1982 "Mustapha Dance" 45 rpm 7" vinyl Epic 49-03144 USA —
1982 "Mustapha Dance" 45 rpm 12" vinyl Epic 49-03144 CAN —
1982 "Mustapha Dance" 45 rpm 7" vinyl CBS A112479 UK Picture disc
1982 "Red Angel Dragnet" 45 rpm 7" vinyl Epic 34-03245 CAN —
1982 "Long Time Jerk" 45 rpm 7" vinyl Epic 34-03245 USA In blue Epic generic die cut sleeve
1982 "Mustapha Dance" 45 rpm 12" vinyl CBS A 13-2479 UK —
1982 "Long Time Jerk" 45 rpm 7" vinyl Epic 15-05540 USA —
1991 "Mustapha Dance" 45 rpm 7" vinyl Columbia 656814-7 UK Reissue
1991
"Mustapha Dance"
"The Magnificent Dance"
45 rpm 12" vinyl Columbia 656814-6 UK —
1991
"Mustapha Dance"
"The Magnificent Dance"
CD Columbia 656814-2 UK —
Music video[edit]
The music video for "Rock the Casbah" was filmed in Austin, Texas by director Don Letts on 8 and 9 June 1982.[14] It intermixes footage of The Clash (with Terry Chimes on the drums) miming a performance of the song, with a storyline depicting two characters traveling together throughout Texas. The video depicts an Muslim hitchhiker and a Hasidic Jewish limo driver befriending each other on the road and skanking together through the streets to a Clash concert at Austin's City Coliseum. At one point they are seen eating hamburgers in front of a Burger King restaurant. At another point, the Muslim character is seen drinking a beer; Letts stated that all that imagery was "about breaking taboos."[15] Throughout the video, an armadillo is repeatedly shown walking near the band members, walking along the road, and following the two characters into the city.[16]
The Clash is shown miming a performance of the song in front of a pumpjack in a Texas oil field. For most of the video clip, guitarist Mick Jones's face is obscured by a veiled camouflage hat. The reason for this is that Jones was in a bad mood during the film shoot.[14] Jones' face remains hidden until the final 30 seconds of the clip, when his bandmate Joe Strummer pulls the hat off.
Legacy[edit]
The title of the film Rock the Casbah is taken from the song.[17]
The song was chosen by Armed Forces Radio to be the first song broadcast on the service covering the area during Operation Desert Storm. In one of the campfire scenes late in the 2007 documentary Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten, a Granada friend states that Strummer wept when he heard that the phrase "Rock the Casbah" was written on an American bomb that was to be detonated on Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War.[18]
Following the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the song was placed on the list of post-9/11 inappropriate titles distributed by Clear Channel.[19] In 2006, the conservative National Review released their list of the top 50 "Conservative Rock Songs", with "Rock the Casbah" at No. 20, noting the Clear Channel list as well as frequent requests to the British Forces Broadcasting Service during the Iraq War.[20] Cultural reviewer and political analyst Charlie Pierce commented that "the notion of the Clash as spokesfolk for adventurism in the Middle East might have been enough to bring Joe Strummer back from the dead."[21]
Cover versions[edit]
Other versions of "Rock the Casbah" have been recorded by the Austin, Texas, band One Bad Pig, on the 1992 album Blow the House Down; the Australian band Something for Kate; Solar Twins on the movie soundtrack for the 1999 film Brokedown Palace; the American band Trust Company; the Japanese duo Tica recording a version in 2000 sampled by the English drum and bass/trip hop group from Bristol, Smith & Mighty;[22] and the Asturian studio project Soncai System, who did an Asturian language version of the song on the album Clashturies (2007).
The Algerian rock singer Rachid Taha covered the song (in Arabic) on his 2004 album Tékitoi. On 27 November 2005 at the Astoria, London, during the Stop the War Coalition Benefit Concert, "...for the night's grandstanding conclusion, the Clash legend Mick Jones strides on in a skinny black suit and plays probably the most exciting guitar he has delivered in years. He and the band are brilliant on Taha's definitive take on "Rock the Casbah", for which the audience goes berserk."[23] They again played Taha's version of the song, "Rock el Casbah", on February 2006, at the France 4 TV show Taratatà.[citation needed] In 2007 at the Barbican, ".... The band were later joined by special guest Mick Jones from The Clash who performed on "Rock El Casbah" and then stayed on stage for the remainder of the show."[24][25]
Will Smith's song "Will 2K" of the Willennium album samples "Rock the Casbah" both instrumentally and in some of the lyrics.[26] "It's Gonna Be Alright" by house act Pussy 2000 also samples the song.[27]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1982–1983)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[28]
3
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[29]
17
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[30]
21
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[31]
21
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[32]
4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[33]
16
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34]
30
US Billboard Hot 100[35]
8
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[35]
8
US Billboard Top Tracks[35]
6
US Cash Box[36]
13
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[37]
22
Ireland (IRMA)[38]
10
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[39]
15
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Rank
Australia (Kent Music Report)[40]
41
Chart (1983)
Rank
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[41]
34
US Billboard Hot 100[42]
52
US Cash Box[43]
83
Personnel[edit]
Joe Strummer – lead vocals, guitar
Mick Jones – guitar, backing vocals, sound effects
Paul Simonon – backing vocals
Topper Headon – drums, piano, bass guitar[44]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Clash – Combat Rock". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 24 June 2013. the infectious, dance-inflected new wave pop of "Rock the Casbah"
Jump up ^ Keefe, Michael (15 June 2010). "Combat Rock (CD) – The Clash". Amoeba Music. Retrieved 24 June 2013. ragga-tinged new wave anthem "Rock the Casbah"
Jump up ^ "12 Of The Most Underrated Punk Songs of All-Time". GIANT. 4 August 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Topper Headon is said to have written the main piano riff, but he as well as the rest of the band are credited
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Hot Dance/Disco: 1974–2003. Record Research. p. 59.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gilbert 2004, p. 306.
^ Jump up to: a b Webb, Spike (23 January 2014). Topper Headon (The Clash) – Q&A – Fan Questions (Interview). 00:24 minutes in.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Webb, Spike (3 May 2012). Topper Headon (The Clash) talks about 'Mad, Bad and Dangerous' (Interview). 00:54 minutes in.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gilbert 2004, p. 305.
^ Jump up to: a b Temple, Julien (Director) (2007). Strummer:The Future is Unwritten (Motion picture). 68 minutes in.
Jump up ^ The Clash (19 November 1991). Clash on Broadway (CD). New York, NY: Epic. OCLC 25248082.
Jump up ^ "Rock the Casbah". Londonsburning.org. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rock the Casbah / Mustapha Dance". Rate Your Music. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilbert 2004, p. 323.
Jump up ^ Tannenbaum, Rob; Marks, Ted (2011). I Want My MTV: The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution. Penguin. pp. 9–10.
Jump up ^ "The Clash - Rock the Casbah" on YouTube
Jump up ^ Simon, Alissa (11 February 2013). "Review: 'Rock the Casbah'". Variety. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Ty, Burr (9 November 2007). "Joe Strummer: The Future is Unwritten Movie Review". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Heather (17 September 2001). "It's the End of the World as Clear Channel Knows It". Slate.
Jump up ^ Miller, John J. (26 May 2006). "Rockin' the Right". National Review Online. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Charles P. (2009). "5". Idiot America: How Stupidity Became a Virtue in the Land of the Free. Doubleday.
Jump up ^ "Rock the Casbah (Smith & Mighty Steppers mix) (5:28)". Last.fm. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Cumming, Tim (29 November 2005). "Stop The War Benefit Concert: Brian Eno/Imogen Heap/Nitin Sawhney/Rachid Taha, Astoria, London". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rachid Taha". BBC Online. 14 January 2008. Archived from the original (SHTML) on 14 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rock The Casbah, Rachid Taha, Barbican,2007, Mick Jones, guest". YouTube. 7 April 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Will Smith feat. K-Ci's Will 2K sample of The Clash's Rock the Casbah". WhoSampled. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pussy 2000's It's Gonna Be Alright sample of The Clash's Rock the Casbah". WhoSampled. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 6194." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – The Clash - Rock The Casbah" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Clash – Rock The Casbah" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – The Clash – Rock The Casbah". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – The Clash – Rock The Casbah". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Clash – Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending JANUARY 29, 1983". Cash Box. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Clash – Rock The Casbah" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Rock the Casbah". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts – 1980s". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1983". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits for 1983". The Longbored Surfer. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1983". Cash Box. Archived from the original on 25 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "'I forgive you': The Clash's drummer Topper Headon makes peace with the man who sacked him". The Independent. 28 June 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
Bibliography[edit]
Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. ISBN 1845130170.
External links[edit]
"A Brief History of 'Rock the Casbah'" City Pages (15 December 1999)
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Freedom of the press in the United States
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Freedom of the press in the United States is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. This amendment is generally understood to prevent the government from interfering with the distribution of information and opinions. Nevertheless, freedom of the press is subject to certain restrictions, such as defamation law.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Thirteen Colonies
1.2 20th century
1.2.1 Near v. Minnesota
1.2.2 Branzburg v. Hayes
1.2.3 Associated Press v. United States
1.2.4 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
1.2.5 Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Association, Inc. v. Bresler
1.2.6 New York Times Co. v. United States
1.3 21st century
1.3.1 Stop Online Piracy Act
1.3.2 Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
2 Ranking of United States press freedom
3 Notable exceptions
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
History[edit]
Thirteen Colonies[edit]
In the Thirteen Colonies before the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the media was subject to a series of regulations. British authorities attempted to prohibit the publication and circulation of information of which they did not approve.
One of the earliest cases concerning freedom of the press occurred in 1734. In a libel case against The New York Weekly Journal publisher John Peter Zenger by British governor William Cosby, Zenger was acquitted and the publication continued until 1751. At that time, there were only two newspapers in New York City and the second was not critical of Cosby's government.
The First Amendment permits information, ideas and opinions without interference, constraint or prosecution by the government.[1][2] It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights.
20th century[edit]
Near v. Minnesota[edit]
The 1931 U.S. Supreme Court decision Near v. Minnesota recognized freedom of the press by roundly rejecting prior restraints on publication, a principle that applied to free speech generally in subsequent jurisprudence. The court ruled that a Minnesota law targeting publishers of malicious or scandalous newspapers violated the First Amendment (as applied through the Fourteenth Amendment).
Branzburg v. Hayes[edit]
Freedom of the press was described in Branzburg v. Hayes as "a fundamental personal right", not confined to newspapers and periodicals.[3] In Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938),[4] Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes defined the press as "every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion."[5] This right has been extended to newspapers, books, plays, movies, and video games.[6]
Associated Press v. United States[edit]
Associated Press v. United States (1945) dealt with media cooperation[7] and consolidation. The court held that the AP violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by prohibiting the sale or proliferation of news to nonmember organizations and keeping nonmembers from joining; the AP bylaws constituted restraint of trade, and the fact that AP had not achieved a monopoly was irrelevant. The First Amendment did not excuse newspapers from the Sherman Antitrust Act. News, traded between states, counts as interstate commerce and is subject to the act. Freedom of the press from governmental interference under the First Amendment does not sanction repression of that freedom by private interests (326 U.S. 20). Justice Hugo Black wrote, "The First Amendment ... rests on the assumption that the widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources is essential to the welfare of the public ... Freedom to publish is guaranteed by the Constitution, but freedom to combine to keep others from publishing is not".[8]
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan[edit]
In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that when a publication involves a public figure, to support a suit for libel the plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the publisher acted with actual malice: knew of the inaccuracy of the statement or acted with reckless disregard of its truth.
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Association, Inc. v. Bresler[edit]
Main article: Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
In 1970, the Supreme Court held that using the word "blackmail" in a newspaper article "was no more than rhetorical hyperbole" and that finding such usage as libel "would subvert the most fundamental meaning of a free press" guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
New York Times Co. v. United States[edit]
Main article: New York Times Co. v. United States
In 1971, the Supreme Court upheld the publication of the Pentagon Papers.
21st century[edit]
Although it had been uncertain whether people who blog or use other social media are journalists entitled to protection by media shield laws,[9] they are protected by the Free Speech and Free Press Clauses (neither of which differentiates between media businesses and nonprofessional speakers).[1][2][10] This is further supported by the Supreme Court, which has refused to grant increased First Amendment protection to institutional media over other speakers;[11][12][13] In a case involving campaign finance laws, the court rejected the "suggestion that communication by corporate members of the institutional press is entitled to greater constitutional protection than the same communication by" non-institutional-press businesses.[14]
Stop Online Piracy Act[edit]
On October 26, 2011 the Stop Online Piracy Act, which opponents said would threaten free speech and censor the Internet, was introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives. White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said that President Obama "[would] not support legislation that reduces freedom of expression."[15] The bill was shelved in 2012 after widespread protests.[16]
Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox[edit]
Main article: Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
On 2014, blogger Crystal Cox accused Obsidian and Kevin D. Padrick of corrupt and fraudulent conduct. Although the court dismissed most of Cox's blog posts as opinion, it found one post to be more factual in its assertions (and, therefore, defamatory).
It was ruled for the first time,[17][18] by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit,[19] that a blogger is entitled to the same free speech protection as a journalist and cannot be liable for defamation unless the blogger acted negligently.[20] In the decision, journalists and bloggers are equally protected under the First Amendment[17] because the "protections of the First Amendment do not turn on whether the defendant was a trained journalist, formally affiliated with traditional news entities, engaged in conflict-of-interest disclosure, went beyond just assembling others' writings, or tried to get both sides of a story."[19]:11–12[21]
Ranking of United States press freedom[edit]
Freedom House, an independent watchdog organization, ranked the United States 30th out of 197 countries in press freedom in 2014.[22] Its report praised the constitutional protections given American journalists and criticized authorities for placing undue limits on investigative reporting in the name of national security. Freedom House gives countries a score out of 100, with 0 the most free and 100 the least free. The score is broken down into three separately-weighted categories: legal (out of 30), political (out of 40) and economic (out of 30). The United States scored 6, 10, and 5, respectively, that year for a cumulative score of 21.[23]
In 2014, the U.S. ranked 46th in the Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index.[24] This is a measure of freedom available to the press, which encompasses areas such as government censorship and is not indicative of journalistic quality. Its ranking fell from 20th in 2010 to 42nd in 2012, which was attributed to arrests of journalists covering the Occupy movement.[25] The U.S. ranked 49th in 2015 and 41st in 2016.[26][27] In 2012, Finland and Norway tied for first place worldwide. Canada ranked 10th, Germany tied with Jamaica for 17th and Japan tied with Suriname for 22nd. The UK ranked 28th, Australia 30th and France 38th. Extraterritorial regions of the U.S. ranked 57th.
Notable exceptions[edit]
In 1798, shortly after the adoption of the Constitution, the governing Federalist Party attempted to stifle criticism with the Alien and Sedition Acts. According to the Sedition Act, criticism of Congress or the President (but not the Vice-President) was a crime; Thomas Jefferson—a non-Federalist—was Vice-President when the act was passed. These restrictions on the press were very unpopular, leading to the party's eventual demise. Jefferson, who vehemently opposed the acts, was elected president in 1800 and pardoned most of those convicted under them. In his March 4, 1801 inaugural address, he reiterated his longstanding commitment to freedom of speech and of the press: "If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it."[28]
In mid-August 1861, four New York City newspapers (the New York Daily News, The Journal of Commerce, the Day Book and the New York Freeman’s Journal) were given a presentment by a U.S. Circuit Court grand jury for "frequently encouraging the rebels by expressions of sympathy and agreement". This began a series of federal prosecutions during the Civil War of northern U.S. newspapers which expressed sympathy for Southern causes or criticized the Lincoln administration. Lists of "peace newspapers", published in protest by the New York Daily News, were used to plan retributions. The Bangor Democrat in Maine, was one of these newspapers; assailants believed part of a covert Federal raid destroyed the press and set the building ablaze.[29] These actions followed executive orders issued by President Abraham Lincoln; his August 7, 1861 order made it illegal (punishable by death) to conduct "correspondence with" or give "intelligence to the enemy, either directly or indirectly".[30]
The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918, which amended it, imposed restrictions on the press during wartime. The acts imposed a fine of $10,000 and up to 20 years' imprisonment for those publishing "... disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States, or the Constitution of the United States, or the military or naval forces of the United States, or the flag ..."[31] In Schenck v. United States (1919) the Supreme Court upheld the laws, setting the "clear and present danger" standard. Congress repealed both laws in 1921, and Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) revised the clear-and-present-danger test to the significantly less-restrictive "imminent lawless action" test. In Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988), the Supreme Court upheld the right of a school principal to review (and suppress) controversial articles in a school newspaper funded by the school and published in its name. In United States v. Manning (2013), Chelsea Manning was found guilty of six counts of espionage for furnishing classified information to Wikileaks.
See also[edit]
United States portal
Freedom of speech portal
Freedom of speech in the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "First Amendment: An Overview". | Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia. Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b McConnell, Michael W. (November 2013). "Reconsidering Citizens United as a Press Clause Case". The Yale Law Journal. 123 2013-2014 (2 November 2013 Pages 266-529). Retrieved 19 April 2014.
Jump up ^ 408 U.S. 665 (1972)
Jump up ^ Lovell v. City of Griffin, 303 U.S. 444 (1938)
Jump up ^ Lovell, at 452
Jump up ^ Adam Liptak (June 27, 2011). "Justices Reject Ban on Violent Video Games for Children". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Associated Press v. United States 326 U.S. 1 (1945)", Justia. US Supreme Court. June 18, 1945. Retrieved 8 feb 2017
Jump up ^ "Media Bias", Paul Ruschmann. Infobase Publishing, 2006. p. 87. Retrieved 8 feb 2017
Jump up ^ Mataconis, Doug (May 28, 2013). "Bloggers, Media Shield Laws, And The First Amendment". Outside The Beltway. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Eugene Volokh (Gary T. Schwartz Professor of Law at Los Angeles School of Law of the University of California. "The American Heritage Foundatio's Guide to the Constitution: Freedom of Speech and of the Press". The American Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
Jump up ^ See Bartnicki v. Vopper, 532 U.S. 514 (2001) where the Court, "draw no distinction between the media respondents and" a non-institutional respondent.
Jump up ^ See Cohen v. Cowles Media Co., 501 U.S. 663 (1991) where the Court held that the press gets no special immunity from laws that apply to others, including those—such as copyright law—that target communication.
Jump up ^ See also Henry v. Collins, 380 U.S. 356, 357 (1965) (per curiam) (applying Sullivan standard to a statement by an arrestee); Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64, 67–68 (1964) (applying Sullivan standard to statements by an elected district attorney); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 286 (applying identical First Amendment protection to a newspaper defendant and individual defendants).
Jump up ^ First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765 (1978)
Jump up ^ "Texas Insider". Texas Insider. p. 1. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "SOPA bill shelved after global protests from Google, Wikipedia and others". Washington Post. January 20, 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Paulson, Ken (24 January 2014). "Bloggers enjoy First Amendment protection against libel suits". First Amendment Center. Retrieved 2 February 2014. In a landmark decision on Friday, a federal appellate court held for the first time that blogs enjoy the same First Amendment protection from libel suits as traditional news media.
Jump up ^ Hull, Tim (17 January 2014). "Blogger's Speech Rights Championed in the 9th". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 2 February 2014. I think it sets an important precedent that bloggers, for First Amendment purposes, have the same rights as others do, as for example the institutional media does," Volokh said in a phone interview. "There have been plenty of past cases around the circuits that point in that direction, but this is the first time that the 9th Circuit has specifically ruled on this, and this is one of the cases that has focused on bloggers. Most cases have dealt with other nonprofessional media, but this one is particularly the first clear blogging case that I know from the circuit courts.
^ Jump up to: a b Arthur L. Alarcón, Milan D. Smith, Jr., and Andrew D. Hurwitz (17 January 2014). "United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit case Obsidian Finance Group LLC and Kevin Padrick vs. Crystal Cox (12-35238)" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit case. Retrieved 2 February 2014. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Levine, Dan (17 January 2014). "Blogger gets same speech protections as traditional press: U.S. court". Reuters. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Hull, Tim (17 January 2014). "Blogger's Speech Rights Championed in the 9th". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Press Freedom Rankings - Freedom House".
Jump up ^ "United States - Country report - Freedom of the Press - 2014".
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jack Mirkinson (January 25, 2012). "Press Freedom Index: Occupy Wall Street Journalist Arrests Cost U.S. Dearly In Latest Survey". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ "Ranking 2015". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ranking 2016". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Avalon Project". Yale Law School. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Words at War: The Civil War and American Journalism by David B. Sachsman, Purdue University Press, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Executive Order". American Presidency Project. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Espionage Act, 7 May 1918". firstworldwar.com. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Tran, Jasper (2016). "Press Clause and 3D Printing". Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property. 14: 75.
Epps, Garrett and David B. Oppenheimer. Freedom of the Press: The First Amendment: Its Constitutional History and the Contemporary Debate (2008)
Martin, Robert W.T. The Free and Open Press: The Founding of American Democratic Press Liberty, 1640-1800 (2012).
Nelson, Harold Lewis, ed. Freedom of the Press from Hamilton to the Warren Court (Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1967)
Powe, Lucas A. The Fourth Estate and the Constitution: Freedom of the Press in America (Univ of California Press, 1992)
Ross, Gary. Who Watches the Watchmen?: The Conflict Between National Security and Freedom of the Press (2015)
[hide]
v
t
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United States First Amendment case law
[show]
Establishment Clause
Public funding
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
McCollum v. Board of Education (1948)
Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York (1970)
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
Mueller v. Allen (1983)
Aguilar v. Felton (1985)
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994)
Agostini v. Felton (1997)
Mitchell v. Helms (2000)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
Locke v. Davey (2004)
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn (2011)
Public displays
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Lynch v. Donnelly (1984)
Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary (1985)
County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989)
McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky (2005)
Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009)
School prayer
Zorach v. Clauson (1952)
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)
Lee v. Weisman (1992)
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004)
Creationism
Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District (M.D. Pa. 2005)
Legislature prayer
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014)
Establishment Clause, Other
McGowan v. Maryland (1961)
Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York (1970)
McDaniel v. Paty (1978)
Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc. (1985)
Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock (1989)
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2012)
[show]
Free Exercise Clause
Reynolds v. United States (1879)
Davis v. Beason (1890)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
United States v. Ballard (1944)
Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)
Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church (1969)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Harris v. McRae (1980)
Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division (1981)
United States v. Lee (1982)
Bob Jones University v. United States (1983)
Bowen v. Roy (1986)
Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)
Employment Division v. Smith (1990)
Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton (2002)
Cutter v. Wilkinson (2005)
Gonzales v. UDV (2006)
Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer (2017)
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (under consideration)
[show]
Freedom of speech (portal)
Sedition and
imminent danger
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (S.D.N.Y. 1917)
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Abrams v. United States (1919)
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Whitney v. California (1927)
Dennis v. United States (1951)
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board (1955, 1961)
Yates v. United States (1957)
Bond v. Floyd (1966)
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
Hess v. Indiana (1973)
False speech
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
United States v. Alvarez (2012)
Fighting words and
the heckler's veto
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
Terminiello v. Chicago (1949)
Feiner v. New York (1951)
Gregory v. Chicago (1969)
National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
Snyder v. Phelps (2011)
Elonis v. United States (2015)
Freedom of assembly
and public forums
Hague v. CIO (1939)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Thornhill v. Alabama (1940)
Martin v. City of Struthers (1943)
Marsh v. Alabama (1946)
Niemotko v. Maryland (1951)
Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
Brown v. Louisiana (1966)
Adderley v. Florida (1966)
Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne (1968)
Coates v. Cincinnati (1971)
Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe (1971)
Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner (1972)
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980)
Widmar v. Vincent (1981)
Hill v. Colorado (2000)
McCullen v. Coakley (2014)
Packingham v. North Carolina (2017)
Symbolic speech
Stromberg v. California (1931)
United States v. O'Brien (1968)
Cohen v. California (1971)
Smith v. Goguen (1974)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
United States v. Eichman (1990)
Virginia v. Black (2003)
Compelled speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Wooley v. Maynard (1977)
Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000)
Davenport v. Washington Education Association (2007)
Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000 (2012)
Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc. (2013)
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (under consideration)
Loyalty oaths
American Communications Association v. Douds (1950)
Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951)
Speiser v. Randall (1958)
Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967)
Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb (1974)
School speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)
Island Trees School District v. Pico (1982)
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995)
Morse v. Frederick (2007)
Obscenity
Rosen v. United States (1896)
United States v. One Book Called Ulysses (S.D.N.Y. 1933)
Roth v. United States (1957)
One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958)
Marcus v. Search Warrant (1961)
MANual Enterprises v. Day (1962)
Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)
Quantity of Books v. Kansas (1964)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Ginzburg v. United States (1966)
Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966)
Redrup v. New York (1967)
Ginsberg v. New York (1968)
Stanley v. Georgia (1969)
Cohen v. California (1971)
United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs (1971)
Kois v. Wisconsin (1972)
Miller v. California (1973)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973)
United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film (1973)
Jenkins v. Georgia (1974)
Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville (1975)
Young v. American Mini Theatres (1976)
New York v. Ferber (1982)
American Booksellers v. Hudnut (7th Cir., 1985)
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986)
Osborne v. Ohio (1990)
United States v. X-Citement Video (1994)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group (2000)
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002)
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2002)
Nitke v. Gonzales (S.D.N.Y., 2005)
United States v. Williams (2008)
FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases (2009 and 2012)
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland (6th Cir., 2009)
United States v. Kilbride (9th Cir., 2009)
United States v. Stevens (2010)
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011)
Public employees
Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
Perry v. Sindermann (1972)
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth (1972)
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle (1977)
Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District (1979)
Connick v. Myers (1983)
Rankin v. McPherson (1987)
Waters v. Churchill (1994)
Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006)
Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
Heffernan v. City of Paterson (2016)
Hatch Act
and similar laws
Ex parte Curtis (1882)
United Public Workers v. Mitchell (1947)
United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers (1973)
Broadrick v. Oklahoma (1973)
Licensing and
restriction of speech
Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915)
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015)
Matal v. Tam (2017)
Commercial speech
Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942)
Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. (1970)
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (1973)
Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1974)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Willingboro (1977)
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980)
Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n (1980)
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California (1986)
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico (1986)
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee (1987)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996)
Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. (2011)
Campaign finance and
political speech
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978)
Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley (1981)
Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee (1982)
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington (1983)
FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life (1986)
Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990)
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission (1995)
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC (1996)
Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000)
Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002)
McConnell v. FEC (2003)
Randall v. Sorrell (2006)
FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007)
Davis v. FEC (2008)
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
McComish v. Bennett (2011)
American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock (2012)
McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (2014)
Williams-Yulee v. The Florida Bar (2015)
[hide]
Freedom of the press
Prior restraints
and censorship
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938)
Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. (1946)
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974)
Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart (1976)
Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia (1978)
Tory v. Cochran (2005)
Privacy
Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975)
Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)
Taxation and
privileges
Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936)
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)
Minneapolis Star Tribune Company v. Commissioner (1983)
Defamation
Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976)
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1984)
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985)
McDonald v. Smith (1985)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)
Harte-Hanks Communications v. Connaughton (1989)
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990)
Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox (9th Cir., 2014)
Broadcast media
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)
Turner Broadcasting v. FCC (1994)
Bartnicki v. Vopper (2001)
[show]
Freedom of association
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951)
Watkins v. United States (1957)
NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
Baggett v. Bullitt (1964)
In re Primus (1978)
Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, & Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)
[show]
v
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Freedom of the press in North America
Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Dependencies and
other territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States Virgin Islands
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Gus Fring
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Gustavo "Gus" Fring
Breaking Bad / Better Call Saul character
First appearance
Breaking Bad:
"Mandala" (2009)
Better Call Saul:
"Witness" (2017)
Last appearance
Breaking Bad:
"Face Off" (2011)
Created by
Vince Gilligan
Portrayed by
Giancarlo Esposito
Information
Aliases
Gus
The Chicken Man
The Chilean
Occupation
Meth distributor
Drug kingpin
Fast food restaurant chain co-founder and proprietor
Breaking Bad:
Industrial laundry owner
Nationality
Chilean American
Gustavo "Gus" Fring is a fictional character in Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul, played by Giancarlo Esposito. Fring is a prominent methamphetamine distributor in the Southwestern United States, who uses several legitimate businesses, including a chain of successful fast food fried chicken restaurants called Los Pollos Hermanos and an industrial laundry facility called Lavanderia Brillante, as fronts for a vast drug operation. Gus maintains a positive exterior; he takes an active role in managing his front businesses and is a booster for the DEA, making large donations to the agency's Albuquerque office. However, Gus is ruthless and Machiavellian in managing his vast drug empire. He employs a number of enforcers and has personally killed rivals and associates.[1]
For his portrayal of Gus, Esposito won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 3rd Critics' Choice Television Awards and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards. Paste ranked Fring number 3 in its list of the 20 Best Characters of 2011.[2] TV Guide named him No. 3 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time,[3] and in 2016, Rolling Stone ranked him No. 7 of their "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time".[4]
Contents
1 Character biography
1.1 Early life
2 Breaking Bad
2.1 Season 2
2.2 Season 3
2.3 Season 4
3 Better Call Saul
3.1 Season 2
3.2 Season 3
3.3 Season 4
4 Character development
5 Production
6 Reception
6.1 Criticism by native Spanish speakers
7 References
8 External links
Character biography[edit]
Early life[edit]
Gustavo is originally from Chile. He emigrated to Mexico in the 1980s during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.[5] With his longtime friend and crime partner, Maximino "Max" Arciniega, Gus started a chicken restaurant called Los Pollos Hermanos. Max was murdered by the Juárez Cartel, leading Gus to emigrate to the United States and re-establish Los Pollos Hermanos as a chain of fast-food restaurants in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Using his restaurants' supply chain as a front, Gus began distributing drugs in the American southwest on behalf of the cartel, an operation that eventually grew to encompass methamphetamine.
Gus claims to have children, yet they have never been seen onscreen and little else about his family life has been revealed. It is implied that "Gus Fring" may be an assumed name; neither Hank nor Mike can find any record of his existence before his arrival in Mexico. Don Eladio, the cartel's leader, mentions that he spares Gus's life only because he knows who Gus is, and warns him that he "isn't in Chile anymore"; in a flashback scene, Hector Salamanca mockingly refers to him as "Grand Generalissimo", implying that Gus may have had connections to the Pinochet regime. Gilligan has stated that he purposely left Gus's origin ambiguous, comparing it to the briefcase in Pulp Fiction.[6]
Breaking Bad[edit]
Season 2[edit]
See also: Breaking Bad (season 2)
When Walter White seeks a buyer for his high-quality meth, Saul Goodman puts him in contact with Gus. Walter and his partner, Jesse Pinkman, arrange a meeting with the seldom-seen Gus at a Los Pollos Hermanos restaurant in the South Valley, but Gus seemingly never shows up. Walter later realizes that Gus is the restaurant proprietor, and that he had purposely scheduled the meeting at his own restaurant in order to observe Walter and Jesse. Upon being confronted by Walter, Gus tells him that he is not interested in conducting business since Jesse was late and high during the meeting, and is thus potentially unreliable. Walter persuades Gus to reconsider his decision, promising that he will never have to deal with Jesse and that their product will earn him enormous returns.
Gus eventually buys 38 pounds of Walter's meth for $1.2 million; the timing of the transaction forces Walter to miss the birth of his daughter, Holly. Shortly afterward, Gus is given a tour of the DEA's Albuquerque field office, along with other local boosters. While there, he discovers that Walter has lung cancer and that his brother-in-law, Hank Schrader, is a DEA agent.
Season 3[edit]
See also: Breaking Bad (season 3)
Pleased with how well Walter's product has sold, Gus offers him $3 million for three months of his time. Walter, whose family life is in shambles and who has no desire to continue cooking, respectfully declines the offer. Later, Gus intervenes in a plot by the Juárez Cartel to kill Walter, narrowly saving his life. Gus finally persuades Walter to accept his offer after showing him a large-scale "superlab" housed under an industrial laundry facility that he owns, outfitted with top-of-the-line equipment and capable of producing at least 200 pounds of meth a week. He partners Walter with Gale Boetticher, a talented chemist who set up the superlab.
Gus's protection of Walter puts him at odds with the Cartel, which seeks revenge against Walter for betraying Hector's nephew Tuco Salamanca, whom Hank previously killed. Gus promises one of his superiors, Juan Bolsa, that the Cartel will be free to kill Walter once his cooking tenure has been completed. When Leonel and Marco Salamanca, Hector's twin nephews, impatiently object, Gus overrides the Cartel and gives the pair permission to kill Hank instead. An anonymous phone call arranged by Gus alerts Hank to the hit, allowing him to survive the Cousins' ambush despite being critically wounded; Hank kills Marco and cripples Leonel. Upon hearing that Leonel has survived, Gus personally delivers fried chicken to the police detail at the hospital, allowing his henchman Mike Ehrmantraut to sneak into Leonel's room and give him a lethal injection.
Hank's attempted assassination causes the U.S. and Mexican governments to launch a crackdown on the cartel. Juan Bolsa, who realizes too late that Gus has engineered the entire fiasco in order to seize control of the methamphetamine market, is killed by the Mexican Federales. After learning that Hank was contacted moments before the hit, Walter makes the same conclusion and requests a meeting with Gus to discuss the future of their arrangement. Gus offers to extend their agreement to a long-term, $15 million-a-year deal, which Walter accepts. Gus lets Walter keep Jesse as his cooking partner, but makes it clear that he only tolerates him because he respects Walter's abilities.
Walter's relationship with Gus is jeopardized when Walter ends up killing two of Gus's dealers to protect Jesse. Gus, along with Mike and fellow henchman Victor, confront Walt in the desert and demands that he explain himself. Walt implies that Gus ordered the dealers to kill Tomas, the eleven-year-old brother of Jesse's girlfriend Andrea, which Gus denies. Gus seemingly accepts Walter's plea to regard the episode as a "hiccup" and allow him to continue cooking meth, but re-appoints Gale as Walter's assistant. Gus visits Gale at his apartment and surreptitiously instructs him to learn Walter's formula so as to be able to cook alone should Walter die from cancer, and the amount of overhead he has put into the meth operation makes it impossible for them to stop production for even a short time.
Walter deduces that Gus plans to kill him and plots with Jesse to kill Gale, as insurance against Gus killing either Walt or Jesse. Walter surmises that any delay in production would weaken Gus's position, and that without Gale, Gus would be forced to retain Walter as the only cook capable of producing the high-quality meth needed to sustain the operation. As Walter sets out to kill Gale, he is intercepted by Victor and brought to the lab, where Mike is waiting for him. Walter convinces Mike to allow him to call Jesse, under the pretext of luring Jesse to the lab to betray him to Mike. Instead, Walter instructs Jesse to kill Gale. Victor rushes to Gale's apartment, but is too late to stop Jesse from shooting him.
Season 4[edit]
Main article: Breaking Bad (season 4)
In the aftermath of Gale's murder, Victor finds Jesse in shock sitting in his car but, while Jesse was unobserved at the crime scene by neighbors, Victor was seen and acted very suspiciously to many of the onlookers. Forcing Jesse back to the lab at gunpoint, an enraged Victor informs Mike of Gale's death and of his being noticed at the crime scene. Walt asks Mike to allow him to cook, since Gus will be even angrier if they fall further behind on production. Victor dons a gas mask and informs Walt that he knows Walt's exact cooking method from watching him at the lab and Walt had only made his and Jesse's fate worse by murdering Gale. Victor seemingly knows Walt's method, a fact that Walt had never foreseen and is busy cooking when Gustavo Fring enters the lab. Gus calmly and silently descends the stairs and begins to change into a hazmat suit as Walt becomes increasing frantic trying to justify his actions and argue that Victor may know the steps but could never operate such a large and complex lab, problems would invariably arise that only Walt would be able to recognize and cope with. Gus all the while silently changes and now stands directly in front of both Walt and Jesse holding a razor sharp box cutter and, in a gruesome show of force, suddenly grabs and fatally slashes Victor's throat with a box cutter and spraying Walter and Jesse with Victor's blood, staring unemotionally into their eyes as Victor struggles and bleeds to death. Gustavo then redresses in the same manner speaking only once before leaving, saying "get back to work". Walter knows that he has fallen out of favor with Gus and fears that he will eventually be killed. Walter decides to pre-emptively strike against Gus, illegally purchasing from Lawson (Jim Beaver) an untraceable .38 Ruger LCR revolver for the task.
In response to Mike's concerns that Jesse's guilt-ridden recklessness could attract unwanted attention, Gus instructs Mike to take Jesse along as a passenger on a series of seemingly mundane pick-up runs around New Mexico. Aware that Jesse can't be scared into behaving, Gus instead orchestrates a fake robbery for Jesse to foil, thereby boosting his loyalty and self-esteem. Later, Jesse helps Mike retrieve stolen meth from a pair of junkies. Impressed with Jesse's mettle, Gus deems him ready to take on a greater role in the operation.
Meanwhile, Gus's conflict with the Cartel escalates. The Cartel sends several men to kidnap Gus's chemical supplier Duane Chow, but Mike kills the four gunmen. Later, they start attacking Gus's refrigerated trucks. In the first attack, the attackers manage to kill the driver and shoot up the truck, but are thwarted when Mike (hiding in the back of the truck) surprises them and shoots them. The second attack is more successful, as these attackers kill the driver, then lock the guards in the back and suffocate them to death with fumes from the truck's exhaust. They then steal a fry batter bucket full of meth and distribute it to a pair of junkies.
Gus arranges a meeting with the Cartel where he offers a one-time payment of $50 million in exchange for a settlement of grievances and a complete severance of their partnership. The Cartel buttonman, Gaff, refuses, reiterating the cartels' demand that Gus hand over Walter. A flashback scene reveals the origin of Gus's animosity toward the Cartel: twenty years earlier, Hector executed Gus's partner Max during a meeting with the Cartel's boss, Don Eladio Vuente.
Hank begins to suspect that Gus is involved in "blue sky" when he finds a Los Pollos Hermanos napkin among the evidence collected from Gale's apartment, which he finds odd considering that Gale was a vegan. Hank retrieves Gus's fingerprints during a visit to Los Pollos Hermanos and matches them with prints found in Gale's apartment. Gus is questioned, but his explanation satisfies both the DEA and the police. Hank remains suspicious and investigates Gus on his own. Still handicapped from injuries inflicted by Leonel and Marco, Hank obliviously asks for Walter's help in attaching a tracking device to Gus's car at Los Pollos Hermanos. Gus is warned by Walter and removes the device before driving anywhere but home and the restaurant. However, this doesn't deter Hank's investigation.
In an attempt to defuse tensions with the Cartel, Gus agrees to share Walter's formula. Because he does not trust Walter, Gus and Mike take Jesse to Mexico, where Jesse cooks a batch of "blue sky" in the cartel's own superlab. To Jesse's alarm, Gus seemingly agrees to have Jesse work for the Cartel on a permanent basis. However, during a party celebrating the agreement, Gus kills Don Eladio and the rest of the Cartel's leadership with a poisoned bottle of tequila. To convince Don Eladio and his crew that the tequila is safe, Gus drinks the first shot, having taken capsules that delayed the poison and allowed him to purge. Gus, Jesse, and Mike shoot their way out of Don Eladio's compound. Mike is wounded in the shootout. Jesse drives himself, Gus and Mike to an elaborate medical tent that Gus arranged for in advance. There, Gus is treated by his private doctors and quickly recovers. Mike remains in the medical tent as he is unable to travel.
Gus deems Jesse fit to cook Walter's formula and run the superlab on his own. However, Jesse insists that he will not cook for Gus if Walter is killed. Gus's henchmen kidnap Walter and take him out to the desert, where Gus fires him, tells him that he intends to have Hank killed, and threatens to kill his entire family if Walter attempts to interfere. Believing Gus will make good on his threat, Walter plants a car bomb in Gus's Volvo, but Gus manages to evade the trap. Meanwhile, Gus visits Hector in his nursing home and tauntingly informs him that all of his relatives are dead and the Cartel has been destroyed.
Walter learns from Jesse about Gus's visits to Hector's nursing home. Realizing that Gus and Hector are enemies, Walter visits Hector and offers him an opportunity to exact revenge on Gus. The two hatch a plot to lure Gus back to Hector's nursing home, starting with Hector paying a visit to the DEA. Gus learns about Hector's visit from Tyrus and, assuming Hector has become an informant, decides that he must be eliminated. Against Tyrus's advice, Gus visits Hector and prepares to inject him with a lethal poison. However, Hector begins frantically ringing a bell attached to his wheelchair, activating a home-made bomb Walter has placed under the seat. Upon realizing what is going on, Gus stands and attempts to escape, but the subsequent explosion blows off half of his face and kills Hector and Tyrus. Gus walks out of the room where there are several nurses shocked at what just happened, and calmly adjusts his tie before collapsing to the floor and dying.
Better Call Saul[edit]
Better Call Saul, a prequel and spinoff to Breaking Bad, features Gus as a series regular and follows the beginnings of his working relationship with Mike.
Season 2[edit]
When Mike attempts to assassinate Hector Salamanca, he hears a faint car horn. Upon realizing that it's his own, he walks back to his car and finds a branch wedged against the horn and a note on the windshield with a single word: "Don't."
Season 3[edit]
Mike finds a tracking device on the inside of his gas cap. As a precaution, he checks and finds a similar tracker on his personal car. Acquiring one of his own, Mike swaps trackers and tricks a henchman into accidentally taking a live tracker, which is passed off to a courier. After following the courier around as he makes dead drops through the night, Mike tracks him to Los Pollos Hermanos and notices that the tracker does not leave the restaurant. Rather than stick out, Mike hires Jimmy McGill to infiltrate the restaurant and monitor the courier. However, Jimmy demonstrates a lack of stealth and gives himself away to Gus. Realizing that Jimmy was working for Mike, Gus arranges an off-site meeting with him on a remote desert road. He states he won't allow Mike to kill Hector, but Mike figures out that Gus does want him weakened as they're in competition with each other. At Gus's suggestion, Mike hits another truck of Hector's, this time arranging for two of Hector's men to be arrested while crossing the border.
In response to the hit, Hector and two of his men enter Los Pollos Hermanos and take the employees hostage. Hector demands that Gus have his trucks carry Hector's product following the police crackdown, not realizing that that is exactly what Gus already intends to do. Gus also sends Victor to pay Mike, but is surprised when Mike rejects the money. This leads Gus to personally visit Mike and offer him a job in his organization. He also explains that he stopped Mike from killing Hector because "a bullet to the head would have been far too humane."
Under the new arrangement with Hector, drugs are offloaded from Gus's trucks at the Los Pollos Hermanos distribution center and handed over to Nacho and Arturo. When one heated exchange culminates in Victor pulling a gun on Nacho, Tyrus has to call Gus to ask what to do to defuse the situation. Meanwhile, Gus begins working with Lydia Rodarte-Quayle to scout potential locations for the superlab, eventually settling on a laundry facility that is for sale. Mike eventually agrees to work for Gus to launder the money he made from a truck robbery.
Later, during a meeting between Gus, Juan Bolsa, and Hector, a furious Hector collapses. Gus performs CPR on Hector, saving his life. As Hector is taken away in an ambulance, Gus grows suspicious of Nacho, who had switched out Hector's heart medication to keep Hector from using Nacho's father's upholstery business as a front.
Season 4[edit]
Character development[edit]
Initially, Giancarlo Esposito was offered a character that was described to him as "very admirable, very polite", and he decided to play that character as if he had "some kind of a secret". Without knowing what that secret was, Esposito understood the potential Gus had as a growing character, therefore rejecting offers for guest appearances and insisting on becoming a series regular.[7] To achieve Gus's trademark calmness, Esposito used yoga techniques, which allowed him to convey the character as "being a good listener".
The humanity of Gus's personality played an integral role in his development, [8] The loss of Max contributed to Gus's evolution into a ruthless criminal; he stops at nothing to avenge Max's death, including the gradual killing of Hector's entire family. The loss of Max also cultivated Gus's desire to create a new "family" by empowering his meth empire, as well as the chicken restaurants. [9] Moments before dying, Gus manages to calmly adjust his tie even after having half his face blown off. Esposito saw it as an important gesture of "when a person goes to what they've always done ... to be complete in his leaving this world".[10]
Gus's popularity, as well as his importance to the series' development, made room for possible "flashback" type appearances in future episodes,[6][11] but that idea never came to fruition until 2017 when Gus was brought back for season 3 of Better Call Saul.
Production[edit]
The character Gustavo Fring is named after the former German International Torsten Frings, one of the authors, George Mastras, revealed.[12]
Reception[edit]
Criticism by native Spanish speakers[edit]
Although the character of Gus Fring and Esposito's performance have generally been well-received by critics, many native Spanish speakers have criticized the character's stilted and unnatural accent. A 2014 NPR article focused on criticism of Spanglish in American television singled out the character of Fring, with one fan saying he was "so painful to listen to" and that it made them angry that "such a pivotal and fantastic character would have such a giant, noticeable, nails-on-a-chalkboard flaw."[13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gustavo Fring". AMC. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Josh (December 5, 2011). "The 20 Best TV Characters of 2011". Paste. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bretts, Bruce; Roush, Matt; (March 25, 2013). "Baddies to the Bone: The 60 nastiest villains of all time". TV Guide. pp. 14–15.
Jump up ^ Collins, Sean T. (February 9, 2016). "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Vince Gilligan (September 4, 2011). "Hermanos". Breaking Bad. Season 4. Episode 8. Albuquerque. AMC.
^ Jump up to: a b Itzkoff, Dave (October 9, 2011). "Vince Gilligan of 'Breaking Bad' Talks About Ending the Season, and the Series". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Potts, Kimberly (October 9, 2011). "How Giancarlo Esposito Forced 'Breaking Bad' to Get Even Better". Reuters. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (October 9, 2011). "Gus Fring Speaks: Giancarlo Esposito on 'Breaking Bad's' Most Memorable Villain". AOL TV. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Franich, Darren (December 18, 2011). "Best of 2011 (Behind the Scenes): 'Breaking Bad' creator Vince Gilligan talks about That Scene from the season finale". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (October 10, 2011). "Interview: Talking Gus Fring with Giancarlo Esposito". Time magazine. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Ken (October 10, 2011). "'Breaking Bad' face off: Gus Fring/Giancarlo Esposito talks about THAT SCENE". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Breaking-Bad-Schurke nach deutschem Trainer benannt". Die Welt. January 31, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Garsd, Jasmine (October 4, 2014). "Does Television Spanglish Need a Rewrite?". National Public Radio. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
External links[edit]
Gustavo Fring at AMC
Gustavo Fring on IMDb
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