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Never Be the Same (Camila Cabello song)
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2018 single by Camila Cabello
"Never Be the Same"
Single by Camila Cabello
from the album Camila
Released
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
3:47[1]
Label
Epic
Syco
Songwriter(s)
Camila Cabello
Adam Feeney
Leo Rami Dawod
Jacob Ludwig Olofsson
Noonie Bao
Sasha Yatchenko
Producer(s)
Frank Dukes
Jarami
Camila Cabello singles chronology
"Havana"
(2017) "Never Be the Same"
(2018) "Sangria Wine"
(2018)
Kane Brown singles chronology
"Heaven"
(2017) Heaven2017 "Never Be the Same"
(2018) Never Be the Same2018 "Lose It"
(2018) Lose It2018
Music video
"Never Be the Same" on YouTube
"Never Be the Same" is a song by Cuban-American singer Camila Cabello from her debut studio album, Camila (2018).[2] The song was written by Cabello, Noonie Bao and Sasha Yatchenko, in collaboration with its producers Frank Dukes and the production duo Jarami, formed by Leo Rami Dawod and Jacob Ludwig Olofsson. It was released digitally on December 7, 2017 from the album's pre-order and was sent to US contemporary hit radio on January 9, 2018, as the album's second single.[3] Cabello gave her first televised performance of the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in January 2018. The song has reached the top 10 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, the UK and the US. A second version of the single, featuring country singer Kane Brown, was released on April 27, 2018.[4]
Contents
1 Composition
2 Critical reception
3 Commercial performance
4 Music video
5 Live performances
6 Charts
7 Certifications
8 Release history
9 References
10 External links
Composition[edit]
"Never Be the Same" has been described as a "dark" pop ballad.[5][6] A NME writer described it as "bombastic" electro.[7] The upbeat track features Cabello singing falsetto in the pre-chorus.[8] According to sheet music published by Sony/ATV Music Publishing on Musicnotes.com, "Never Be the Same" is composed in the key of C major and set in common time at a slow tempo of 65 beats per minute. Cabello's voice ranges from a low of D3 to a high of G5, and the music has a C—G—Dm—F chord progression.[9] Additionally, it features booming drums and echoed effects.[10] Lyrically, it incorporates themes of a pain-is-pleasure type of love.[2] The song depicts "a melodrama about addictive love", as described by a The Daily Telegraph editor.[11]
The album includes two versions of the song. The first one contains lines such as "Nicotine, heroin, morphine, you're all I need," which is substituted in the radio edit version: "Nicotine, rushing me, touching me".[11]
Critical reception[edit]
Newsday's Glenn Gamboa wrote in his album review, "Cabello is at her peak on ["Never Be the Same"] which shows off what sets her apart from the pop pack. [...] That she can quickly switch to her full voice for the desperate chorus is the mark of a star."[12] In Rolling Stone, Rob Sheffield considered that Cabello "really hits her stride in "Never Be the Same," which sounds like Brian Eno's alien-prog masterwork Another Green World souped up into sputtering glitz-pop [...] It's [Cabello] at her best – even at her most tormented, she sounds totally confident and totally herself."[13] Regarding the second version featuring Kane Brown, Chris Parton of Rolling Stone commented, "his inclusion gives the love-struck track an addictive new layer of intrigue, as [Brown] croons and shows off a much brighter, more expressive vocal register than he does on "What Ifs", his chart-topping duet with Lauren Alaina."[6] In an unfavorable review, Patrick Ryan of USA Today felt the song was "overproduced" with "frequently indecipherable lyrics".[14]
Commercial performance[edit]
The song entered at number 61 on the US Billboard Hot 100 as the week's top debut with 30,000 copies sold and 6.1 million streams for its first week of release.[15] It fell to number 98 in its second week on the Hot 100. The song fell off the chart the following week; however, it later re-entered at number 71, following the premiere of the unofficial music video posted on Cabello's personal YouTube channel.[16] Following the release of the parent album and being sent to radio as a single, "Never Be the Same" ascended from number 65 to number 30, becoming her fourth solo top 40 Hot 100 entry.[17] In its 20th charting week, it ascended from number 13 to 6, aided by the Kane Brown remix, thus becoming her third top 10 as a solo artist.[18] The song has also been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[19] It became her third single to reach number one on the Mainstream Top 40 airplay chart, making Cabello the sixth solo female to top that chart with the first two singles from her debut album.[20] It has spent a total of four week atop the Mainstream Top 40 chart.[21]
In the United Kingdom, "Never Be the Same" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 41 on the chart dated December 21, 2017.[22] It rose to number seven in its sixth week, following the release of the album.[22] The song has been certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).[23]
Music video[edit]
An accompanying but unofficial music video for "Never Be the Same" was released on Cabello's personal YouTube channel on December 29, 2017. The video is a montage of real footage, which includes Cabello's infancy, childhood and adolescence.[24] It mainly includes footage from moments she had in 2017, such as receiving awards at the 2017 MTV EMAs and Billboard Women in Music, performing live and also clips from her previous music videos, "Crying in the Club" and "Havana".[25][non-primary source needed]
The official music video, directed by Grant Singer, was released on March 8, 2018.[26] The video features a mix of professional shots with Cabello wearing couture in modern landscapes, juxtaposed against amateurish footage of her in a robe in a hotel room.[27]
Live performances[edit]
Cabello gave the first televised performance of the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on January 10, 2018. She sung in front of a screen that projected clips of herself, Marilyn Monroe's movie scenes, storms and a variety of landscapes.[28] She also performed the song on Good Morning America,[29] The Ellen DeGeneres Show[30] and Dancing on Ice.[31]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
Argentina Anglo (Monitor Latino)[32]
19
Australia (ARIA)[33]
7
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[34]
15
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[35]
1
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[36]
5
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[37]
19
Canada AC (Billboard)[38]
28
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[39]
2
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[40]
2
Colombia (National-Report)[41]
51
Croatia (HRT)[42]
1
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[43]
54
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[44]
12
Denmark (Tracklisten)[45]
34
Ecuador (National-Report)[46]
29
France (SNEP)[47]
56
Germany (Official German Charts)[48]
30
Greece (IFPI)[49]
8
Hungary (Stream Top 40)[50]
9
Ireland (IRMA)[51]
6
Italy (FIMI)[52]
85
Latvia (Latvijas Top 40)[53]
5
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[54]
9
Malaysia (RIM)[55]
6
Mexico Airplay (Billboard)[56]
7
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[57]
27
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[58]
8
Norway (VG-lista)[59]
25
Philippines (Philippine Hot 100)[60]
63
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[61]
33
Portugal (AFP)[62]
4
Romania (Airplay 100)[63]
23
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[64]
3
Singapore (RIAS)[65]
10
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[66]
36
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[67]
16
Slovenia (SloTop50)[68]
35
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[69]
38
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[70]
39
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[71]
23
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[22]
7
US Billboard Hot 100[72]
6
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[73]
7
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[74]
1
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[75]
4
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[76]
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[77]
8
Venezuela English (Record Report)[78]
4
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[79]
3× Platinum 210,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[80]
Gold 15,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[81]
Platinum 80,000^
Mexico (AMPROFON)[82]
Platinum 60,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[83]
Platinum 30,000*
Poland (ZPAV)[84]
Platinum 20,000*
Portugal (AFP)[85]
Gold 5,000
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[86]
Gold 20,000^
Sweden (GLF)[87]
Gold 20,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[23]
Platinum 600,000
United States (RIAA)[19]
2× Platinum 2,000,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Version
Label
Ref.
Various
December 7, 2017 Digital download (as promotional single) Original
Epic
Syco
[2]
United States
January 9, 2018 Contemporary hit radio Epic [3]
Italy
April 13, 2018 Sony [88]
Various
April 27, 2018 Digital download Kane Brown remix
Epic
Syco
[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ""Camila" by Camila Cabello on iTunes". iTunes (US).
^ Jump up to: a b c "Camila Cabello Drops Two New Tracks Off Upcoming Debut, 'Never Be The Same' & 'Real Friends'". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top 40/M Future Releases". All Access Media Group. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Willman, Chris (April 26, 2018). "Camila Cabello, Kane Brown Team Up for Pop-Country 'Never Be the Same' Duet". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello freaks out as "Never Be the Same" becomes a country duet". WIXX. January 18, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Parton, Chris (April 28, 2018). "Hear Camila Cabello's Remix of 'Never Be the Same' With Country Singer Kane Brown". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Levine, Nick (January 8, 2018). "Camila Cabello – 'Camila' Review". NME. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Collar, Matt (January 12, 2018). "Camila – Camila Cabello". AllMusic. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0180120#ProductDetails
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello Drops Two New Songs: 'Real Friends' and 'Never Be the Same' (Listen)". Variety. December 7, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b McCormick, Neil (January 11, 2018). "Camila Cabello's debut album is pop with a side of salsa – review". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gamboa, Glenn (January 11, 2018). "'Camila' review: Camila Cabello's powerful solo debut". Newsday. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sheffield, Rob (January 12, 2018). "Review: Camila Cabello Eschews Bangers on Personal, Low-Key Solo Album". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Patrick (January 11, 2018). "Review: 'Camila' confidently looks beyond 'Havana' on solo debut album". USA Today. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Chart Moves: Camila Cabello's 'Never Be the Same' Launches as Top Debut". Retrieved December 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran & Beyonce's 'Perfect' No. 1 on Hot 100, Camila Cabello's 'Havana' Back Up to No. 2". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello Earns First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 With 'Havana,' Featuring Young Thug". Billboard. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (May 7, 2018). "Drake's 'Nice for What' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Post Malone's 'Psycho' No. 2 & Camila Cabello's 'Never Be the Same' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "American single certifications – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 26, 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (May 7, 2018). "Camila Cabello's 'Never Be the Same' Hits No. 1 on Pop Songs Airplay Chart". Billboard. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello's "Never Be The Same" Wins Close Pop Radio Race; Enjoys 4th Week At #1". Headline Planet. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "British single certifications – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved October 19, 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Type Never Be the Same in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ Nied, Mike (29 December 2017). "Camila Cabello's "Never Be The Same" Visual Features Home Video Footage". www.idolator.com. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello - Never Be The Same". YouTube. December 29, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "camila on Instagram: "#NeverBeTheSameVideoThursday". Instagram. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Maher, Natalie (March 8, 2018). "Camila Cabello Wears Couture and Hangs in Hotel Rooms in Artful 'Never Be the Same' Video". Billboard. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Brandle, Lars (January 11, 2018). "Watch Camila Cabello's Explosive Performance of 'Never Be the Same' on 'Tonight Show'". Billboard. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello performs 'Never Be the Same' live on 'GMA'". abc news. January 12, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Aniftos, Rania (March 21, 2018). "Camila Cabello Performs 'Never Be The Same' On 'Ellen': Watch". Billboard. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Iasimone, Ashley (February 18, 2018). "Camila Cabello Lights Up 'Dancing on Ice' With 'Never Be the Same'". Billboard. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Anglo Argentina – Del 12 al 18 de Marzo, 2018". Monitor Latino. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello Chart History (Canada AC)". Billboard. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)". Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello Chart History (Canada Hot AC)". Billboard. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Colombia" (in Spanish). National-Report. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Croatia ARC TOP 100". HRT. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201817 into search. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201803 into search. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same". Tracklisten. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Ecuador" (in Spanish). National-Report. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 3, 2018)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greece Official IFPI Charts Digital Singles Chart: Feb 5, 2018". IFPI Charts. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Stream Top 40 slágerlista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography Camila Cabello". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same". Top Digital Download. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Latvijas Top 40". Latvijas Radio. 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Official Lebanese Top 20". The Official Lebanese Top 20. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 6 (02/02/2018 - 08/02/2018)" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Malaysia. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mexico Airplay: April 21, 2018". Billboard. Retrieved May 16, 2018. (Subscription required (help)).
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Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Camila Cabello – Never Be The Same". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Airplay 100 – May 20, 2018" (in Romanian). Kiss FM. May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
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Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201821 into search. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201803 into search. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "SloTop50 – Slovenian official singles chart". slotop50.si. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same". Singles Top 100. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello Chart History (Dance Mix/Show Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Anglo" (in Spanish). Record Report. May 5, 2018. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2018 Singles". ARIA. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Austrian single certifications – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved August 30, 2018. Enter Camila Cabello in the field Interpret. Enter Never Be the Same in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same". Music Canada. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Certificaciones" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Retrieved September 25, 2018. Type Camila Cabello in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and Never Be the Same in the box under TÍTULO
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Polish single certifications – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 (10/2018)". Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Spanish single certifications – Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same" (PDF) (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved June 6, 2018. Select single under "Chart", enter 2018 in the field "Year". Select the certification month in the field "Semana". Click on "Search Charts".
Jump up ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat" (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Retrieved March 23, 2018. Type Camila Cabello in the top right search bar. Click on "Sok" and select Never Be the Same and see certification.
Jump up ^ "Camila Cabello – Never Be the Same". Radio Airplay. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
External links[edit]
Audio on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Camila Cabello
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"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
"Bad Things"
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"Never Be the Same"
"Sangria Wine"
"Consequences"
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"I Have Questions"
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Lawrence Kohlberg
Born
(1927-10-25)October 25, 1927
Bronxville, New York
Died
January 19, 1987(1987-01-19) (aged 59)
Winthrop, Massachusetts
Cause of death
Suicide
Nationality
American
Alma mater
University of Chicago (earned bachelor's degree in one year)
Known for
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg (/ˈkoʊlbɜːrɡ/; October 25, 1927 – January 19, 1987) was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development. He served as a professor in the Psychology Department at the University of Chicago and at the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. Even though it was considered unusual in his era, he decided to study the topic of moral judgment, extending Jean Piaget's account of children's moral development from twenty-five years earlier.[1] In fact, it took Kohlberg five years before he was able to publish an article based on his views.[1] Kohlberg's work reflected and extended not only Piaget's findings but also the theories of philosophers George Herbert Mead and James Mark Baldwin.[2] At the same time he was creating a new field within psychology: "moral development". In an empirical study using six criteria, such as citations and recognition, Kohlberg was found to be the 30th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Stages of moral development
2.2 Moral education
2.3 Writing
3 Critiques
4 Death
5 See also
6 References
Early life[edit]
Lawrence Kohlberg was born in Bronxville, New York.[4] He was the youngest of four children of Alfred Kohlberg,[5] a Jewish German entrepreneur, and of his second wife, Charlotte Albrecht, a Christian German chemist.[6] His parents separated when he was four years old and divorced finally when he was fourteen. From 1933 to 1938, Lawrence and his three other siblings rotated between their mother and father for six months at a time. In 1938 this rotating custody of the Kohlberg children was ended, allowing the children to choose the parent with whom they wanted to live.[6] Kohlberg attended high school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, which was an elite preparatory school. Kohlberg served in the Merchant Marine at the end of World War II.[7] He worked for a time with the Haganah on a ship smuggling Jewish refugees from Romania through the British Blockade, into Palestine.[8][9] Captured by the British and held at an internment camp on Cyprus, Kohlberg escaped with fellow crew members. Kohlberg was in Palestine during the fighting in 1948 to establish the state of Israel, but refused to participate and focused on nonviolent forms of activism. He also lived in an Israeli kibbutz during this time, until he was able to return to America in 1948.[6] In the same year he enrolled at the University of Chicago. At this time at Chicago it was possible to gain credit for courses by examination, and Kohlberg earned his bachelor's degree in one year, 1948. He then began study for his doctoral degree in psychology, which he completed at Chicago in 1958. In those early years he read Piaget's work. Kohlberg found a scholarly approach that gave a central place to the individual's reasoning in moral decision making. At the time this contrasted with the current psychological approaches of behaviorism and psychoanalysis that explained morality as simple internalization of external cultural or parental rules, through teaching using reinforcement and punishment or identification with a parental authority.[10]
Career[edit]
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Kohlberg's first academic appointment was at Yale University, as an assistant professor of psychology, 1958–1961. In 1955 while beginning his dissertation, he had married Lucille Stigberg, and the couple had two sons, David and Steven. Kohlberg spent a year at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, in Palo Alto, California, 1961–1962, and then joined the Psychology Department of the University of Chicago as assistant, then associate professor of psychology and human development, 1962–1967. He held a visiting appointment at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, 1967–68, and then was appointed Professor of Education and Social Psychology there, beginning 1968, where he remained until his death.
Stages of moral development[edit]
Main article: Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development
In his unpublished 1958 dissertation, Kohlberg wrote what are now known as Kohlberg's stages of moral development.[11] These stages are planes of moral adequacy conceived to explain the development of moral reasoning. Created while studying psychology at the University of Chicago, the theory was inspired by the work of Jean Piaget and a fascination with children's reactions to moral dilemmas.[12] Kohlberg proposed a form of "Socratic" moral education and reaffirmed John Dewey's idea that development should be the aim of education.[13] He also outlined how educators can influence moral development without indoctrination and how public school can be engaged in moral education consistent with the United States Constitution.[1]
Kohlberg's approach begins with the assumption that humans are intrinsically motivated to explore, and become competent at functioning in, their environments. In social development, this leads us to imitate role models we perceive as competent and to look to them for validation.[14] Thus our earliest childhood references on the rightness of our and others' actions are adult role models with whom we are in regular contact. Kohlberg also held that there are common patterns of social life, observed in universally occurring social institutions, such as families, peer groups, structures and procedures for clan or society decision-making, and cooperative work for mutual defense and sustenance. Endeavoring to become competent participants in such institutions, humans in all cultures exhibit similar patterns of action and thought concerning the relations of self, others, and social world. Furthermore, the more one is prompted to imagine how others experience things and imaginatively to take their roles, the more quickly one learns to function well in cooperative human interactions.
The sequence of stages of moral development thus corresponds to a sequence of progressively more inclusive social circles (family, peers, community, etc.), within which humans seek to operate competently. When those groups function well, oriented by reciprocity and mutual care and respect, growing humans adapt to larger and larger circles of justice, care, and respect. Each stage of moral cognitive development is the realization in conscious thought of the relations of justice, care, and respect exhibited in a wider circle of social relations, including narrower circles within the wider.
Kohlberg's theory holds that moral reasoning, which is the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental constructive stages – each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than the last.[15] Kohlberg suggested that the higher stages of moral development provide the person with greater capacities/abilities in terms of decision making and so these stages allow people to handle more complex dilemmas.[1] In studying these, Kohlberg followed the development of moral judgment beyond the ages originally studied earlier by Piaget,[16] who also claimed that logic and morality develop through constructive stages.[15] Expanding considerably upon this groundwork, it was determined that the process of moral development was principally concerned with justice and that its development continued throughout the life span,[11] even spawning dialogue of philosophical implications of such research.[17][18] His model "is based on the assumption of co-operative social organization on the basis of justice and fairness."[19]
Kohlberg studied moral reasoning by presenting subjects with moral dilemmas. He would then categorize and classify the reasoning used in the responses, into one of six distinct stages, grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional.[20][21][22] Each level contains two stages. These stages heavily influenced others and have been utilized by others like James Rest in making the Defining Issues Test in 1979.[23]
Moral education[edit]
Kohlberg is most well-known among psychologists for his research in moral psychology, but among educators he is known, for his applied work of moral education in schools. The three major contributions Kohlberg made to moral education were the use of Moral Exemplars, Dilemma Discussions, and Just Community Schools.[6]
Kohlberg's first method of moral education was to examine the lives of moral exemplars who practiced principled morals such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Socrates, and Abraham Lincoln. He believed that moral exemplars' words and deeds, increased the moral reasoning of those who watched and listened to them.[6] Kohlberg never tested to see if examining the lives of moral exemplars did in fact increase moral reasoning. Recent research in moral psychology has brought back the value of witnessing moral exemplars in action or learning about their stories.[24] Witnessing the virtuous acts of moral exemplars may not increase moral reasoning, but it has been shown to elicit an emotion known as moral elevation that can increase an individual's desire to be a better person and even has the potential to increase prosocial and moral behavior.[24][25][26][27] Although Kohlberg's hypothesis that moral exemplars could increase moral reasoning might be unfounded, his understanding that moral exemplars have an important place in moral education has growing support.
Dilemma discussions in schools was another method proposed by Kohlberg to increase moral reasoning. Unlike moral exemplars, Kohlberg tested this method by integrating moral dilemma discussion into the curricula of school classes in humanities and social studies. Results of this and other studies using similar methods found that moral discussion does increase moral reasoning and works best if the individual in question is in discussion with a person who is using reasoning that is just one stage above their own.[6]
The final method Kohlberg used for moral education was known as "just communities". In 1974, Kohlberg worked with schools to set up democracy-based programs, where both students and teachers were given one vote to decide on school policies.[28] The purpose of these programs were to build a sense of community in schools in order to promote democratic values and increase moral reasoning. Kohlberg's idea and development of "just communities" were greatly influenced by his time living in an Israeli kibbutz when he was a young adult in 1948 and when he was doing longitudinal cross-cultural research of moral development in another Israeli kibbutz.[29]
Writing[edit]
Some of Kohlberg's most important publications were collected in his Essays on Moral Development, Vols. I and II, The Philosophy of Moral Development (1981) and The Psychology of Moral Development (1984), published by Harper & Row. Other works published by Kohlgainz or about Kohlberg's theories and research include Consensus and Controversy, The Meaning and Measurement of Moral Development, Lawrence Kohlberg's Approach to Moral Education and Child Psychology and Childhood Education: A Cognitive Developmental View.[30]
Critiques[edit]
Carol Gilligan, a fellow researcher of Kohlberg's in the studies of moral reasoning that led to Kohlberg's developmental stage theory, suggested that to make moral judgments based on optimizing concrete human relations is not necessarily a lower stage of moral judgment than to consider objective principles. Postulating that women may develop an empathy-based ethic with a different, but not lower structure than that Kohlberg had described, Gilligan wrote In a Different Voice, a book that founded a new movement of care-based ethics that initially found strong resonance among feminists and later achieved wider recognition.
Kohlberg's response to Carol Gilligan's criticism was that he agreed with her that there is a care moral orientation that is distinct from a justice moral orientation, but he disagreed with her claim that women scored lower than men on measures of moral developmental stages because they are more inclined to use care orientation rather than a justice orientation.[31] Kohlberg disagreed with Gilligan's position on two grounds. First, many studies measuring moral development of males and females found no difference between men and women and when differences were found it was attributable to differences in education, work experiences, and role-taking opportunities, but not gender.[31] Second, longitudinal studies of females found the same invariant sequence of moral development as previous studies that were of just males.[31] In other words, Gilligan's criticism of Kohlberg's moral development theory was centered on differences between males and females that did not exist. Kohlberg's detailed responses to numerous critics can be read in his book Essays on Moral Development: Vol.II. The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages.
Another criticism against Kohlberg's theory was that it focused too much on reason at the expense of other factors. One problem with Kohlberg's focus on reason was that little empirical evidence found a relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior. Kohlberg recognized this lack of a relationship between his moral stages and moral behavior. In an attempt to understand this, he proposed two sub-stages within each stage, to explain individual differences within each stage.[31] He then proposed a model of the relationship between moral judgments and moral action. According to Kohlberg,[31] an individual first interprets the situation using their moral reasoning, which is influenced by their moral stage and sub-stage. After interpretation individual's make a deontic choice and a judgment of responsibility, which are both influenced by the stage and sub-stage of the individual. If the individual does decide on a moral action and their obligation to do it, they still need the non-moral skills to carry out a moral behavior. If this model is true then it would explain why research was having a hard time finding a direct relationship between moral reason and moral behavior.
Another problem with Kohlberg's emphasis on moral reasoning is growing empirical support that individuals are more likely to use intuitive "gut reactions" to make moral decisions than use reason-based thought.[32] The high use of intuition directly challenges the place of reason in moral experience. This expanding of the moral domain from reason has raised questions that perhaps morality research is entering areas of inquiry that are not considered real morality, which was a concern of Kohlberg when he first started his research.[32]
Scholars such as Elliot Turiel and James Rest have responded to Kohlberg's work with their own significant contributions.
Death[edit]
While doing cross-cultural research in Belize in 1971, Kohlberg contracted a parasitic infection. Due to this, he suffered from extreme abdominal pain. The long-term effects of the infection and the medications took their toll, and Kohlberg's health declined as he also engaged in increasingly demanding professional work, including "Just Community" prison and school moral education programs.[33] Kohlberg sometimes experienced depression as well.
On January 19, 1987, Kohlberg parked at the end of a dead end street in Winthrop, Massachusetts, across from Boston's Logan Airport. He left his wallet with identification on the front seat of his unlocked car and walked into the icy Boston Harbor. His car and wallet were found within a couple of weeks, and his body was recovered some time later, with the late winter thaw, in a tidal marsh across the harbor near the end of a Logan Airport runway.[28]
After Kohlberg's body was recovered and his death confirmed, former students and colleagues published special issues of scholarly journals to commemorate his contribution to developmental psychology.[34]
See also[edit]
Heinz dilemma
References[edit]
Library resources about
Lawrence Kohlberg
Resources in your library
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By Lawrence Kohlberg
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rest, James; Clark Power; Mary Brabeck (May 1988). "Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987)". American Psychologist. 5. 43: 399–400. doi:10.1037/h0091958.
Jump up ^ See Kohlberg, L. (1982), "Moral development," in J.M. Broughton & D.J. Freeman-Moir (Eds.), The Cognitive Developmental Psychology of James Mark Baldwin: Current Theory and Research in Genetic Epistemology, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp.
Jump up ^ Haggbloom, S.J. et al. (2002). The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century. Review of General Psychology. Vol. 6, No. 2, 139–15. Haggbloom et al. combined three quantitative variables: citations in professional journals, citations in textbooks, and nominations in a survey given to members of the Association for Psychological Science, with three qualitative variables (converted to quantitative scores): National Academy of Science (NAS) membership, American Psychological Association (APA) President and/or recipient of the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and surname used as an eponym. Then the list was rank ordered.
Jump up ^ See Fowler, J.W., Snarey, J., and DeNicola, K. (1988), Remembrances of Lawrence Kohlberg: A compilation of the presentations given at the Service of Remembrance for Lawrence Kohlberg, at Memorial Church, Harvard University, on May 20, 1987, Atlanta, GA: Center for Research in Faith and Moral Development.
Jump up ^ Keeley, J. (1969), The China Lobby Man: The Story of Alfred Kohlberg, New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Snarey, J. R. (2012). Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral biography, moral psychology, and moral pedagogy. In W.E. Pickren, D. A. Dewsbury, M. Wertheimer, W. E. Pickren, D. A. Dewsbury, M. Wertheimer (Eds.), Portraits of pioneers in developmental psychology (pp. 277–296). New York, NY, US: Psychology Press.
Jump up ^ See Kohlberg, L. (1991), "My Personal Search for Universal Morality," in L. Kuhmerker (Ed.), The Kohlberg Legacy for the Helping Professions, Birmingham, AL: R.E.P. Books.
Jump up ^ Kohlberg, Laurence, "Beds for Bananas," The Menorah Journal, Autumn 1948, pp. 385–399.
Jump up ^ Rudolph W. Patzert, Running the Palestine Blockade, Airlife Publishing: Shrewsbury, England, 1994.
Jump up ^ Kohlberg, L. (1963). The development of children's orientations toward a moral order: I. Sequence in the development of moral thought. Vita Humana, 6(1–2), 11–33.
^ Jump up to: a b Kohlberg, Lawrence (1958). "The Development of Modes of Thinking and Choices in Years 10 to 16". Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Chicago.
Jump up ^ Crain, William C. (1985). Theories of Development (2Rev ed.). Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-913617-7. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04.
Jump up ^ Kohlberg, Lawrence; Mayer, Rochelle (Winter 1972). "Development as the aim of education" (PDF). Harvard Educational Review. 42 (4): 449–496.
Jump up ^ "Kohlberg, L. (1969), "Stage and sequence," Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, McGraw Hill: New York.
^ Jump up to: a b Kohlberg, Lawrence (1973). "The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment". Journal of Philosophy. The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 70, No. 18. 70 (18): 630–646. doi:10.2307/2025030. JSTOR 2025030.
Jump up ^ Piaget, Jean (1932). The Moral Judgment of the Child. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co. ISBN 0-02-925240-7.
Jump up ^ Kohlberg, Lawrence (1981). Essays on Moral Development, Vol. I: The Philosophy of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-064760-4.
Jump up ^ Kohlberg, Lawrence; Charles Levine; Alexandra Hewer (1983). Moral stages : a current formulation and a response to critics. Basel, NY: Karger. ISBN 3-8055-3716-6.
Jump up ^ Tsui, Judy; Carolyn Windsor (May 2001). "Some Cross-Cultural Evidence on Ethical Reasoning". Journal of Business Ethics. 31 (2): 143–150. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Kohlberg, Lawrence (1971). From Is to Ought: How to Commit the Naturalistic Fallacy and Get Away with It in the Study of Moral Development. New York: Academic Press.
Jump up ^ Kohlberg, Lawrence (1976). "Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach". In T. Lickona. Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues. Holt, NY: Rinehart and Winston.
Jump up ^ Colby, Anne; Kohlberg, L. (1987). The Measurement of Moral Judgment Vol. 2: Standard Issue Scoring Manual. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24447-1.
Jump up ^ Rest, James (1979). Development in Judging Moral Issues. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-0891-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Algoe, S. B., & Haidt, J. (2009). Witnessing excellence in action: The 'other-praising' emotions of elevation, gratitude, and admiration. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(2),105–127. doi:10.1080/17439760802650519
Jump up ^ Aquino, K., McFerran, B., & Laven, M. (2011). Moral identity and the experience of moral elevation in response to acts of uncommon goodness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(4), 703–718. doi:10.1037/a0022540
Jump up ^ Schnall, S., Roper, J., & Fessler, D. M. (2010). Elevation leads to altruistic behavior. Psychological Science, 21(3), 315–320. doi:10.1177/0956797609359882
Jump up ^ Silvers, J. A., & Haidt, J. (2008). Moral elevation can induce nursing. Emotion, 8(2), 291–295. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.291
^ Jump up to: a b Walsh, Catherine (2000). "The Life and Legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg", Society 37(2): 38–41. doi:10.1007/BF02686189
Jump up ^ Snarey, J. R., Reimer, J., & Kohlberg, L. (1985). Development of social-moral reasoning among Kibbutz adolescents: A longitudinal cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 3–17. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.1.3
Jump up ^ "Lawrence Kohlberg: books by Lawrence Kohlberg @". Bookfinder.com. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kohlberg, L. (1984). Essays on Moral Development: Vol .II. The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. San Francisco, Harper & Row
^ Jump up to: a b Arnold, M. L. (2000). Stage, Sequence, and Sequels: Changing Conceptions of Morality, Post-Kohlberg. Educational Psychology Review, 12(4), 365–383.
Jump up ^ Power, F.C., Higgins, A., and Kohlberg, L, Lawrence Kohlberg's Approach to Moral Education, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Jump up ^ See, for instance, Boyd, D. (Ed.) (October, 1988), "Special Issue in Honour of Lawrence Kohlberg," Journal of Moral Education Vol. 17, #3; Rest, J. (Ed.) (April, 1988), "Special Issue, The Legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg," Counseling and Values Vol. 32, #3; Schrader, D. (Ed.) (Spring, 1990), "The Legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg, New Directions for Child Development, #47.
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VIAF: 108524456
LCCN: n80002310
ISNI: 0000 0001 1454 8024
GND: 118564609
SELIBR: 194040
SUDOC: 028295420
BNF: cb12016014s (data)
NDL: 00446026
SNAC: w6kw6rdt
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Kohlberg&oldid=824376761"
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