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Virgin Active
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Virgin Active Limited
Type
Joint venture
Industry
Health club, gym
Founded
Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom (1998 (1998))
Founder
Richard Branson
Headquarters
London, England
Number of locations
253 total
61 (UK)
133 (South Africa)
33 (Italy)
8 (Spain)
4 (Portugal)
6 (Australia)
1 (Singapore)
4 (Thailand)
2 (Namibia)
1 (Botswana)
Area served
South Africa, Namibia, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Australia, UK, Singapore, Thailand
Owner
Christoffel Wiese (80%)
Virgin Group (20%)
Website
www.virginactive.com
Virgin Active is a chain of health clubs in South Africa, Namibia, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Australia, Singapore, Thailand and the United Kingdom.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Controversy
3 Accidents and Deaths
4 External links
5 References
History[edit]
The gym company launched in 1999[1] in Preston, Lancashire[2] as part of Richard Branson's Virgin Group, initially headquartered in Milton Keynes. In 2013 headquarters were moved to the Barbican in London leaving a small call centre in Milton Keynes.
In South Africa the company bought the assets of the 'Health and Racquet Club' chain after the latter's parent company, Leisurenet, had been placed in liquidation in October 2000[3] for 319.6 million South African Rand (approximately £24.5m as at November 2011).[4] The South African company also runs Virgin Life Care.
In 2002, by which point the company had 350,000 members, Branson sold 55 percent of the company to Bridgepoint Capital for £40 million.[2] In 2005, Branson bought out Bridgepoint's stake in the business for £134.5 million.[5]
It subsequently expanded its operations in 2004 to Italy.[6] By 2005 the company had 25 clubs in the UK, 77 clubs in South Africa and 12 clubs in Continental Europe.[5] It opened its first Australian club in Sydney in late 2008,[7] with further clubs launch in Singapore and Thailand in 2015.
On 1 November 2006 it took over the UK-based operation of the more prestigious Holmes Place chain, thus increasing its UK chain of clubs from 24 to 72 overnight.[8] On 26 April 2011 it announced the takeover of UK gym operator Esporta's 55 clubs increasing the UK business to 124 clubs.[9]
The current Group CEO is Paul Woolf, who succeeded founder Matthew Bucknall in late 2013. In 2014 Virgin Active launched a new low-cost gym called Virgin Active RED in South Africa. The RED gyms focuses on first timers who may be intimidated by training by strategically placing exercise equipment in different stages around the gym and further having touch screen computers and other technologies placed in these predefined area's teaching the user how to do the exercise correctly.
On 16 April 2015, it was reported that Virgin Group and their private equity backers had sold 80% of Virgin Active to the South African investment firm Brait, owned by the billionaire Christo Wiese. The sale price was £682 million for an 80% stake, valuing the business at £1.3 billion, including debt, and the transaction was completed in July 2015. The company will continue to operate under the Virgin Active brand.[10]
In 2016 they began the sale of 35 clubs to Nuffield health
In 2017 they completed a sale of 15 clubs to David Lloyd
Controversy[edit]
In December 2015, the South African Competition Tribunal announced that it is investigating Virgin Active's South African operations and the Discovery Group for contravening the Competition Act. The investigation is ongoing. [11]
Accidents and Deaths[edit]
In March 2003, 32 year old City banker Katarzyna Woja stepped out of the lift at the Virgin Active (then Holmes Place) Broadgate Health Club in central London, when its cable snapped and the hydraulic cabin plunged downwards. Woja became trapped between the cabin's mantel and the lift shaft and was dragged downwards, suffering horrific injuries. She died soon after. Although she was with seven other people in the lift, she was the only one injured in the accident, as she was the last one to step out of the lift. Following a lengthy investigation by health and safety experts Holmes Place (bought by Virgin Active) was charged with six breaches of the Health and Safety at Work Act while the lift manufacturer ThyssenKrupp was charged with four breaches.[12]
In December 2011 Virgin's flag ship club in High Street Kensington was accused of covering up the death of model and city worker Elsa Carneau, who drowned in the swimming pool at the west London club. A fire crew and paramedics tried to revive the Imperial College graduate for almost an hour before she was taken to Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, where she was pronounced dead. Westminster coroner’s court heard that staff at the club administered CPR incorrectly and falsified paperwork relating to CCTV checks to pretend that they had been monitoring the pool in a “distasteful” attempt to cover their tracks. Firemen also described how a man, who said he was a member of staff, had stood by filming efforts to resuscitate Carneau on his mobile telephone. Pierre Carneau, the victim's father criticised Virgin active for not apologising for the accident. He stated "It was an accident waiting to happen. If things had been done properly, I think there’s a chance our daughter may still be alive.” Virgin Active admitted health and safety breaches and was fined £100,000 at Southwark Crown Court in December last year. An investigation found “serious shortcomings in the management of risks connected with swimming activity at the club” going back to 2009. [13][14][15][16]
In April 2014, three gym goers were where injured when a suspended ceiling collapsed on to a line of rowing machines at the Virgin Active on Chiswick High Road, in West London.[17]
External links[edit]
Virgin Active Global Portal
Virgin Active Australia
Virgin Active Italy
Virgin Active Portugal
Virgin Active Singapore
Virgin Active South Africa
Virgin Active Spain
Virgin Active UK
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Branson set to pump £110m from health clubs sale into..". The Independent. London. 25 February 2002. Retrieved 28 November 2011. The group, which started Virgin Active in 1998, said it would pump the proceeds into developing Virgin Mobile,
^ Jump up to: a b Reece, Damian (24 February 2002). "Branson sells health stake to buy new island". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Mathews, Charlotte (24 April 2002). "South Africa: Legal Bills Mounting in Leisurenet Probe". BusinessDay. allafrica.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Maphologela, Kgamanyane (18 December 2000). "South Africa: Future Of Health And Racquet Club Staff Still In Doubt". Business Day. allafrica.com. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bridgepoint sells its stake in Virgin Active back to Virgin for £134.5m". AltAssets. 5 October 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Dominic (May 11, 2009). "Virgin Active seeks to grow la dolce vita". London: The Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Michelle (18 July 2011). "Branson’s Virgin Active flags Aussie expansion". StartupSmart. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Fildes, Nic (4 September 2006). "Virgin Active merges with Holmes Place". London: Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Virgin Active buys rival Esporta". FT.com. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Kollewe, Julia (16 April 2015). "Virgin Active stake sold to South Africa's Brait for £682m". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Van Rensburg, Dewald (8 December 2015). Discovery accused of quashing Virgin, Planet Fitness rivals". City Press. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Health club prosecuted over lift death". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
Jump up ^ "Branson's Virgin Gyms criticised after model drowns in pool". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
Jump up ^ "Virgin have never said sorry, says father of former model who drowned at health club". The Standard. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
Jump up ^ "Gym worker took video of drowning swimmer". The Times. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
Jump up ^ "Richard Branson's flagship Virgin Active club criticised by coroner after pool death of former model". The Mirror. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
Jump up ^ "Three injured after ceiling collapses at Virgin Active gym in west London". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
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text:
Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?
Artist
Paul Gauguin
Year
1897–1898
Medium
Oil on canvas
Dimensions
139 cm × 375 cm (55 in × 148 in)
Location
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? is a painting by French artist Paul Gauguin. Gauguin inscribed the original French title in the upper left corner: D'où Venons Nous / Que Sommes Nous / Où Allons Nous. The inscription the artist wrote on his canvas has no question mark, no dash, and all words are capitalized. In the upper right corner he signed and dated the painting: P. Gauguin / 1897.[1] The painting was created in Tahiti, and is in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Style and analysis
3 Reception and provenance
4 References and sources
5 Further reading
6 External links
Background[edit]
Gauguin had been a student at the Petit Séminaire de La Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin, just outside Orléans, from the age of eleven to the age of sixteen. His subjects there included a class in Catholic liturgy; the teacher for this class was the Bishop of Orléans, Félix-Antoine-Philibert Dupanloup. Dupanloup had devised his own catechism to be lodged in the minds of the young schoolboys, and to lead them towards proper spiritual reflections on the nature of life. The three fundamental questions in this catechism were: "Where does humanity come from?" "Where is it going to?", "How does humanity proceed?". Although in later life Gauguin was vociferously anticlerical, these questions from Dupanloup's catechism obviously had lodged in his mind, and "where?" became the key question that Gauguin asked in his art.[2][3]
Looking for a society more simple and elemental than that of his native France, Gauguin left for Tahiti in 1891. In addition to several other paintings that express his highly individualistic mythology, he completed this painting in 1897 or 1898. Gauguin considered it a masterpiece and the grand culmination of his thought. He was in despair when he undertook the painting, mourning the tragic death of his favourite daughter earlier in the year and oppressed by debts, and had planned to kill himself on finishing it. He subsequently made an unsuccessful attempt with an overdose of arsenic. Thomson thinks it quite possible that he only painted in the inscription while recovering from the attempt.[4][5][6]
Style and analysis[edit]
Gauguin indicated that the painting should be read from right to left, with the three major figure groups illustrating the questions posed in the title. The three women with a child represent the beginning of life; the middle group symbolizes the daily existence of young adulthood; and in the final group, according to the artist, "an old woman approaching death appears reconciled and resigned to her thoughts"; at her feet, "a strange white bird...represents the futility of words." The blue idol in the background apparently represents what Gauguin described as "the Beyond." Of its entirety he said, "I believe that this canvas not only surpasses all my preceding ones, but that I shall never do anything better—or even like it."
The painting is an accentuation of Gauguin's trailblazing post-impressionistic style; his art stressed the vivid use of colors and thick brushstrokes, tenets of the impressionists (though the Impressionists focused on quick brushstrokes), while it aimed to convey an emotional or expressionistic strength. It emerged in conjunction with other avant-garde movements of the twentieth century, including cubism and fauvism.
Reception and provenance[edit]
In 1898, Gauguin sent the painting to Georges-Daniel de Monfreid in Paris. Monfreid passed it to Ambroise Vollard along with eight other thematically related pictures shipped earlier. They went on view at Vollard's gallery from November to December 1898.[7] The exhibition was a success, although D'où Venons Nous? received mixed reviews. The critic Andre Fontainas of the Mercure de France acknowledged a grudging respect for the work but thought the allegory impenetrable were it not for the inscription, and compared the painting unfavourably to the murals of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes who had died recently. Vollard had already purchased the other works as a job lot from Monfreid for 1,000 francs (Gauguin was furious when he found out),[8] but refrained from purchasing the larger monumental work and had difficulty selling it on.
Charles Morice (fr) two years later tried to raise a public subscription to purchase the painting for the nation. To assist this endeavour, Gauguin wrote a detailed description of the work concluding with the messianic remark that he spoke in parables: "Seeing they see not, hearing they hear not". The subscription nevertheless failed. Vollard eventually sold the painting for 2,500 francs (about $10,000 in year 2000 US dollars) in 1901 to Gabriel Frizeau (fr), of which Vollard's commission was perhaps as much as 500 francs.[9]
Subsequently, the painting was consigned and sold to several other Parisian and European merchants and collectors until it was purchased by the Marie Harriman Gallery in New York City in 1936. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, acquired it from the Marie Harriman Gallery on 16 April 1936.[1]
References and sources[edit]
References
^ Jump up to: a b Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Gayford pp. 99-100
Jump up ^ Stuckey p. 129
Jump up ^ Mathews p. 225-6
Jump up ^ Thomson p. 194
Jump up ^ Boime p. 143
Jump up ^ "Gauguin - Tahiti, The Workshop of the Tropics". musee-orsay.fr. Musée d'Orsay.
Jump up ^ Mathews p. 229
Jump up ^ Thomson pp. 198-200
Sources
Boime, Albert. (2008) Revelation of Modernism: Responses to the Cultural Crisis in Fin-de-Siécle. University of Missouri Press, ISBN 9780826266255
Gayford, Martin. (2006) The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0-670-91497-5.
Mathews, Nancy Mowll (2001). Paul Gauguin, an Erotic Life. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09109-5
Stuckey, Charles. "Gauguin Inside Art" in Eric M. Zafran. Ed., Gauguin's Nirvana: Painters at Le Pouldu 1889-90. New Haven: Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford in association with Yale University Press, 2001, ISBN 0300089546.
Thomson, Belinda (1987). Gauguin. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20220-6.
Further reading[edit]
Rewald, John (1956; revised 1978). History of Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin, London: Secker & Warburg.
Rewald, John. (1946) History of Impressionism.
External links[edit]
Media related to Paul Gauguin at Wikimedia Commons
[hide]
v
t
e
Paul Gauguin
Paintings
Still Life with Profile of Laval (1886)
Vision after the Sermon (1888)
The Painter of Sunflowers (1888)
Landscape near Arles (1888)
Fruits on a Table (1889)
The Flageolet Player on the Cliff (1889)
The Yellow Christ (1889)
The Green Christ (1889)
Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake (1889)
Still Life with Head-Shaped Vase and Japanese Woodcut (1889)
Tahitian Women on the Beach (1891)
Vahine no te vi (1892)
Fatata te Miti (By the Sea) (1892)
Arearea (1892)
Spirit of the Dead Watching (1892)
When Will You Marry? (1892)
Merahi metua no Tehamana (1893)
Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? (1897/1898)
Two Tahitian Women (1899)
Other works
Jug in the Form of a Head, Self-Portrait (1889)
Soyez amoureuses vous serez heureuses (wood panel, 1889)
Oviri (ceramic sculpture, 1895)
Exhibitions
Les XX, 1889
The Volpini Exhibition, 1889
People
Émile Bernard
Vincent van Gogh
Meijer de Haan
Charles Laval
George-Daniel de Monfreid
Camille Pissarro
Émile Schuffenecker
Flora Tristan (grandmother)
Theo van Gogh
Ambroise Vollard
Related
Lust for Life (1956 film)
The Wolf at the Door (1986 film)
Authority control
BNF: cb13750370t (data)
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Engagement ring
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A white gold wedding ring and a single-diamond, gold-banded engagement ring. The engagement ring is usually worn on the outside.
Engagement process in Azerbaijan
An engagement ring is a ring indicating that the person wearing it is engaged to be married, especially in Western cultures. A ring is presented as an engagement gift by a partner to their prospective spouse when they propose marriage or directly after a marriage proposal is accepted. It represents a formal agreement to future marriage. In Western countries, engagement rings are worn mostly by women, and rings can feature diamonds or other gemstones. In some cultures, men and women wear matching rings, and engagement rings may also be used as wedding rings. In Anglo-Saxon countries, the ring is customarily worn on the left hand ring finger, but customs vary considerably elsewhere across the world.
Neither the engagement nor any other ring is worn during the wedding ceremony, when the wedding ring is put by the groom on the finger of the bride as part of the ceremony, and sometimes by the bride onto the groom's finger. After the wedding, the engagement ring is usually put back on, and is usually worn on the outside of the wedding ring. Some brides have their engagement and wedding rings permanently soldered together after the wedding.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Ancient times
1.2 Middle ages
1.3 Renaissance
1.4 Reformation
1.5 Enlightenment
1.6 Victorian era
1.7 20th century
2 Purchase
3 Legal ownership
4 Styles
5 For men
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Ancient times[edit]
Although the ancient Egyptians are sometimes credited with having invented the engagement ring,[1] and the ancient Greeks with having adopted the tradition,[2] the history of the engagement ring can only be reliably traced as far back as ancient Rome.[3][4][5]
In many countries, engagement rings are placed on the ring finger of the left hand. At one time it was believed that this finger contained a vein (the vena amoris) that led to the heart. This idea was popularized by Henry Swinburne in A treatise of Spousals, or Matrimonial Contracts (1686).[6] The story seems to have its origin in the ancient Roman book Attic Nights by Aulus Gellius quoting Apion's Aegyptiacorum, where the alleged vein was originally a nervus (a word that can be translated either as "nerve" or "sinew").[7]
The popular belief that an engagement ring was originally part of the bride price which represented purchase and ownership of the bride,[8] has been called into question by contemporary scholarship.[4]:42 note 105
In the second century BC, the Roman bride-to-be was given two rings, a gold one which she wore in public, and one made of iron which she wore at home while attending to household duties. At one time Roman citizens wore rings made of iron. In later years senators who served as ambassadors were given gold seal rings for official use when abroad. Later the privilege of wearing gold rings was extended to other public officials, then to the knights, later to all freeborn, and finally under Justinian, to freedmen. For several centuries it was the custom for Romans to wear iron rings at home, gold rings in public. During this period a girl or woman might receive two engagement rings, one of iron and one of gold.[9][10]
Middle ages[edit]
The mid-7th century Visigothic Code required "that when the ceremony of betrothal has been performed, ..., and the ring shall have been given or accepted as a pledge, although nothing may have been committed to writing, the promise shall, under no circumstances, be broken."[11][12]
In 860 AD, Pope Nicholas I wrote a letter to Boris I of Bulgaria in reply to questions regarding differences between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox practices. Pope Nicholas describes how in the Western church the man gives his betrothed an engagement ring.[13][14][15] At the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215, convoked by Pope Innocent III, the banns of marriage was instituted, prohibiting clandestine marriages and requiring that marriages be made public in advance.[16] Some[who?] legal scholars have seen in this a parallel with the engagement-ring tradition described by Pope Nicholas I.[citation needed]
Renaissance[edit]
The first well-documented use of a diamond ring to signify engagement was by the Archduke Maximilian of Austria in imperial court of Vienna in 1477, upon his betrothal to Mary of Burgundy.[17] This then influenced those of higher social class and of significant wealth to give diamond rings to their loved ones.[citation needed]
Reformation[edit]
During the Protestant Reformation the wedding ring replaced the betrothal ring as the primary ring associated with marriage.[18] In Catholic countries the transition took place somewhat later.[19]
Enlightenment[edit]
During the Age of Enlightenment both the gimmal rings and posie rings were popular, although the latter was more often used as an expression of sentiment than to indicate a formal engagement.[20]
Victorian era[edit]
In South Africa, diamonds were first found in 1866,[21] although they were not identified as such until 1867.[22] By 1872, the output of the diamond mines exceeded one million carats per year.[23] As production increased, those of lesser means were able to join in on this movement. However, diamond engagement rings were for a long time seen as the domain of the nobility and aristocracy, and tradition often favoured simpler engagement bands.[citation needed]
20th century[edit]
In the United States, the popularity of diamond engagement rings declined after World War I, even more so after the onset of the Great Depression.[24]
In 1938, the diamond cartel De Beers began a marketing campaign that would have a major impact on engagement rings. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the price of diamonds collapsed.[25] At the same time, market research indicated that engagement rings were going out of style with the younger generation. Before World War II, only 10% of American engagement rings contained a diamond.[26] While the first phase of the marketing campaign consisted of market research, the advertising phase began in 1939. One of the first elements of this campaign was to educate the public about the 4 Cs (cut, carats, color, and clarity). In 1947 the slogan "a diamond is forever" was introduced.[27] Ultimately, the De Beers campaign sought to persuade the consumer that an engagement ring is indispensable, and that a diamond is the only acceptable stone for an engagement ring.
Purchase[edit]
In the 20th century, if he could afford it, the typical Western groom privately selected and purchased an engagement ring, which he then presented to his desired bride when he proposed marriage. In countries where both partners wear engagement rings, matching rings may be selected and purchased together.[28] In the United States and Canada, where only women traditionally wear engagement rings, women also occasionally present their partners with an engagement gift.[29]
Like all jewelry, the price for an engagement ring varies considerably depending on the materials used: the design of the ring, whether it includes a gemstone, the value of any gemstone, and the seller. The price of the gemstones, if any, in the ring depends on the type and quality of the gem. Diamonds have a standardized description that values them according to their carat weight, color, clarity and cut. Other gemstones, such as sapphires, rubies, emeralds, have different systems. The jewelry may be chosen to honor a family tradition, to use family heirlooms, to have an unusual style, to have socially responsible characteristics (e.g., a style that is not associated with blood diamond controversy or the pollution caused by gold mining and cyanide process), to fit the individual's stylistic preferences, or to manage cost. Synthetic stones and diamond substitutes such as cubic zirconias and moissanites are also popular choices that are socially responsible and reduce cost while maintaining the desired appearance.[citation needed]
The idea that a man should spend a significant fraction of his annual income for an engagement ring originated from De Beers marketing materials in the mid-20th century in an effort to increase the sale of diamonds. In the 1930s, they suggested that a man should spend the equivalent of one month's income in the engagement ring.[30] In the 1980s, they suggested that he should spend two months' income on it.[26] In 2012, the average cost of an engagement ring in the US as reported by the industry was US$4,000;[31] in a 2015 scholarly study, almost a quarter of couples said that they did not buy a ring, and another third spent less than US$2000 on it.[26] Less than 15% of couples spent $4,000 or more.[26] In the UK, estimates of the average cost of an engagement ring range from £1200 to £2000. Scholarly research indicates that expensive engagement rings are associated with early divorces, possibly because spending more than US$2,000 on an engagement ring is strongly associated with debt-related stress.[26] Couples that spend less money on engagement rings and the wedding ceremony tend to have longer marriages and a lower risk of divorce.[26]
One reason for the increased popularity of expensive engagement rings is its relationship to human sexuality and the woman's marriage prospects.[32] In the United States, until the Great Depression, a man who broke off a marriage engagement could be sued for breach of promise. Monetary damages included actual expenses incurred in preparing for the wedding, plus damages for emotional distress and loss of other marriage prospects. Damages were greatly increased if the woman had engaged in sexual intercourse with her fiancé.[32] Beginning in 1935, these laws were repealed or limited. However, the social and financial cost of a broken engagement was no less: marriage was the only financially sound option for most women, and if she was no longer a virgin, her prospects for a suitable future marriage were greatly decreased. The diamond engagement ring thus became a source of financial security for the woman.[32]
The online purchase of engagement rings is growing, disrupting the market for the diamonds by bringing greater transparency to an industry that has traditionally relied on opacity. Online diamond retailers and e-commerce platforms include Blue Nile, Brilliant Earth, and Costco.[33]
Legal ownership[edit]
Tradition generally holds that if the betrothal fails because the man himself breaks off the engagement, the woman is not obliged to return the ring. This reflects the ring's role as a form of compensation for the woman's damaged reputation.[32] Legally, this condition can be subject to either a modified or a strict fault rule. Under the former, the fiancé can demand the return of the ring unless he breaks the engagement. Under the latter, the fiancé is entitled to the return unless his actions caused the breakup of the relationship, the same as the traditional approach. However, a no-fault rule is being advanced in some jurisdictions, under which the fiancé is always entitled to the return of the ring. The ring only becomes the property of the woman when marriage occurs. An unconditional gift approach is another possibility, wherein the ring is always treated as a gift, to be kept by the fiancée whether or not the relationship progresses to marriage. Recent court rulings have determined that the date in which the ring was offered can determine the condition of the gift. E.g. Valentine's Day and Christmas are widely recognized as gift giving holidays in the United States and some other countries. A ring offered in the form of a Christmas present is likely to remain the personal property of the recipient in the event of a breakup.[34]
In most states of the United States, engagement rings are considered "conditional gifts" under the legal rules of property. This is an exception to the general rule that gifts cannot be revoked once properly given. See, for example, the case of Meyer v. Mitnick, 625 N.W.2d 136 (Michigan, 2001), whose ruling found the following reasoning persuasive: "the so-called 'modern trend' holds that because an engagement ring is an inherently conditional gift, once the engagement has been broken, the ring should be returned to the donor. Thus, the question of who broke the engagement and why, or who was 'at fault,' is irrelevant. This is the no-fault line of cases." Though in certain states, whether a judicial action can be maintained at all to require return of an engagement ring is blocked by statute, as many states have statutes which state that no civil action shall be maintained for breach of promise to marry.[35]
One case in New South Wales, Australia ended in the man suing his former fiancée because she threw the ring away, after he told her she could keep it even though the marriage plans had fallen through. The Supreme Court of New South Wales held that, despite what the man said, the ring remained a conditional gift (partly because his saying that she could keep it reflected his desire to salvage the relationship) and she was ordered to pay him its A$15,250 cost.[36]
In England and Wales, the gift of an engagement ring is presumed to be an absolute gift to the fiancée. This presumption may be rebutted however by proving that the ring was given on condition (express or implied) that it must be returned if the marriage did not take place, for whatever reason. This was decided in the case Jacobs v Davis (1917).[37]
Styles[edit]
This wedding set contains two separate rings, either of which could be worn separately.
This wedding set contains two separate rings that look incomplete separately.
Engagement rings, like any other kind of jewelry, come in many different styles.
Gold (Available in Yellow Gold, White Gold and Rose Gold) and platinum are preferred for engagement rings, but common metal types such as titanium, silver, and stainless steel are also used for engagement rings. This allows for the bride-to-be to exert her own individual style into the ring in a simple manner.
In the United States, where engagement rings are worn by women, diamonds have been widely featured in engagement rings since the middle of the 20th century.[38] Solitaire rings have one single diamond. The most common setting for engagement rings is the solitaire prong setting, which was popularized by Tiffany & Co. in 1886 and its six-claw prong setting design sold under the "Tiffany setting" trademark. The modern favorite cut for an engagement ring is the brilliant cut, which provides the maximum amount of sparkle to the gemstone.[39] The traditional engagement rings may have different prong settings and bands. Another major category is engagement rings with side stones. Rings with a larger diamond set in the middle and smaller diamonds on the side fit under this category. Three-stone diamond engagement rings, sometimes called trinity rings or trilogy rings, are rings with three matching diamonds set horizontally in a row with the bigger stone placed in the center. The three diamonds on the ring are typically said to represent the couple's past, present, and future, but other people give religious significance to the arrangement.
A wedding set, or bridal set, includes an engagement ring and a wedding band that matches and can be bought as a set. In some cases, the wedding ring looks "incomplete"; it is only when the two halves, engagement and wedding, are assembled that the ring looks whole. In other cases, a wedding set consists of two rings that match stylistically and are worn stacked, although either piece would look appropriate as a separate ring. Although the wedding band is not to be worn until the wedding day, the two rings are usually sold together as a wedding set. After the wedding, the bride may choose to have the two pieces welded together, to increase convenience and reduce the likelihood of losing one of the rings. A trio ring set includes a ladies engagement ring, ladies wedding band and a men's wedding band. These sets often have matching rings and are lower in price.
In Nordic countries, engagement rings are worn by both men and women. Traditionally they are plain gold bands, although more ornate designs and other materials are gaining popularity. The engagement rings resemble the wedding bands sold in the United States, whereas women's wedding rings may resemble US engagement rings.
In North America and the United Kingdom, it is customarily worn on the left hand ring finger. Similar traditions purportedly date to classical times, dating back from an early usage reportedly referring to the fourth finger of the left hand as containing the vena amoris or "vein of love". This custom may have its origins in an ancient Egyptian myth that the finger contained a vein leading directly to the heart, or it may simply be because the heart lies slightly to the left side of the body. In Germany the ring is worn on the left hand while engaged, but moved to the right hand when married. In Poland and Turkey, the engagement ring and wedding band are traditionally worn on the right hand but modern practice varies considerably.
For men[edit]
In some countries it is common for both men and women to wear engagement rings. The rings are often in the form of a plain band of a precious metal. Sometimes, the engagement ring eventually serves as the wedding ring for the man. In Brazil, for example, the groom and bride-to-be usually wear a plain wedding band on the right hand during the course of their engagement.[40] After the wedding, the band is moved to the left hand. In Argentina, it is also known for the groom and bride-to-be to wear a plain silver band on the left hand while engaged. Then, after the wedding the silver band is either replaced with the wedding ring or moved to the right hand.[citation needed]
Traditionally, women in the British Isles may propose marriage to men during a leap year. Women proposing has become more common in recent years, to the point that some jewelry companies have started manufacturing men's engagement rings. They resemble typical men's rings, often with a diamond centrepiece. In the countries where both sexes have traditionally worn engagement rings, the rings tend to be plainer bands, and there is no real difference between men's and women's engagement ring designs.
See also[edit]
Claddagh ring, a traditional Irish ring, often given or worn as a wedding ring
Dearest ring, a ring with stones creating the acronym D E A R E S T
Regards ring, a ring with stones creating the acronym R E G A R D S
Gimmal ring, a multi-part engagement ring fashionable in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries
Pre-engagement ring
Puzzle ring, sometimes called a "Turkish wedding ring"
Tension ring, a modern mount
Prong setting, a way of setting gems
Wedding ring
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Toliver, Wendy (1 March 2003). The Little Giant Encyclopedia of Wedding Etiquette. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-8069-9389-8. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Engagement rings.
Diamond engagement ring ad, Loftis Brothers & Co., Popular Mechanics, November 1909, p. 113
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engagement_ring&oldid=855646050"
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List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Barry Bonds holds the record for most career home runs, hitting 762 over his 22-year career.
This is a list of the top 300 Major League Baseball leaders in home runs hit. In the sport of baseball, a home run is a hit in which the batter scores by circling all the bases and reaching home plate in one play, without the benefit of a fielding error. This can be accomplished either by hitting the ball out of play while it is still in fair territory (a conventional home run), or by an inside-the-park home run.
Barry Bonds holds the Major League Baseball home run record with 762. He passed Hank Aaron, who is currently second with 755, on August 7, 2007. The only other player to have hit 700 or more is Babe Ruth with 714. Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), Ken Griffey, Jr. (630), Albert Pujols (613), Jim Thome (612), and Sammy Sosa (609) are the only other players to have hit 600 or more.
Listed are all Major League Baseball players with 214 or more home runs hit during official regular season (i.e., excluding playoffs or exhibition games). Players in bold face are active as of the 2017 Major League Baseball season (including free agents), with the number in parentheses designating the number of home runs they have hit during the 2017 season. The last change in the cutoff for the top 300 occurred on April 22, 2017, when Giancarlo Stanton hit his 214th career home run, displacing Travis Hafner and Andy Pafko.
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 List
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Key
Rank Rank amongst leaders in career home runs. A blank field indicates a tie.
Player (2017 HRs) Number of home runs hit during the 2017 Major League Baseball season.
HR Total career home runs hit.
*
denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame.
Bold
denotes active player.[a]
List
Stats updated as of September 19, 2017.
Rank
Player (2017 HRs)
HR
1 Barry Bonds 762
2 Hank Aaron * 755
3 Babe Ruth * 714
4 Alex Rodriguez 696
5 Willie Mays * 660
6 Ken Griffey, Jr. * 630
7 Albert Pujols (22) 613
8 Jim Thome 612
9 Sammy Sosa 609
10 Frank Robinson * 586
11 Mark McGwire 583
12 Harmon Killebrew * 573
13 Rafael Palmeiro 569
14 Reggie Jackson * 563
15 Manny Ramirez 555
16 Mike Schmidt * 548
17 David Ortiz 541
18 Mickey Mantle * 536
19 Jimmie Foxx * 534
20 Willie McCovey * 521
Frank Thomas * 521
Ted Williams * 521
23 Ernie Banks * 512
Eddie Mathews * 512
25 Mel Ott * 511
26 Gary Sheffield 509
27 Eddie Murray * 504
28 Lou Gehrig * 493
Fred McGriff 493
30 Stan Musial * 475
Willie Stargell * 475
32 Carlos Delgado 473
33 Chipper Jones 468
34 Dave Winfield * 465
35 Miguel Cabrera (16) 462
José Canseco 462
Adam Dunn 462
38 Adrián Beltré (16) 461
39 Carl Yastrzemski * 452
40 Jeff Bagwell * 449
Vladimir Guerrero 449
42 Dave Kingman 442
43 Jason Giambi 440
44 Paul Konerko 439
45 Andre Dawson * 438
46 Carlos Beltrán (14) 435
47 Juan González 434
Andruw Jones 434
49 Cal Ripken, Jr. * 431
50 Mike Piazza * 427
51 Billy Williams * 426
52 Darrell Evans 414
53 Alfonso Soriano 412
54 Mark Teixeira 409
55 Duke Snider * 407
56 Andrés Galarraga 399
Al Kaline * 399
58 Dale Murphy 398
59 Joe Carter 396
60 Jim Edmonds 393
61 Graig Nettles 390
62 Johnny Bench * 389
63 Aramis Ramírez 386
64 Dwight Evans 385
65 Harold Baines 384
66 Larry Walker 383
67 Frank Howard 382
Ryan Howard (0) 382
Jim Rice * 382
70 Albert Belle 381
71 Orlando Cepeda * 379
Tony Pérez * 379
73 Matt Williams 378
74 Norm Cash 377
Jeff Kent 377
Rank
Player (2017 HRs)
HR
76 Carlton Fisk * 376
77 Rocky Colavito 374
78 Gil Hodges 370
79 Todd Helton 369
Ralph Kiner * 369
81 Lance Berkman 366
82 Joe DiMaggio * 361
83 Gary Gaetti 360
84 Johnny Mize * 359
85 Yogi Berra * 358
Carlos Lee 358
87 Greg Vaughn 355
88 Luis Gonzalez 354
Lee May 354
90 Torii Hunter 353
91 Ellis Burks 352
92 Dick Allen 351
93 Chili Davis 350
94 George Foster 348
95 Edwin Encarnación (36) 346
96 Ron Santo * 342
97 Jack Clark 340
98 Tino Martinez 339
Dave Parker 339
Boog Powell 339
101 Don Baylor 338
102 Joe Adcock 336
103 Darryl Strawberry 335
104 Moisés Alou 332
Bobby Bonds 332
106 Hank Greenberg * 331
Derrek Lee 331
108 José Bautista (22) 330
109 Shawn Green 328
Mo Vaughn 328
111 Jermaine Dye 325
Willie Horton 325
113 Gary Carter * 324
Lance Parrish 324
115 Ron Gant 321
116 Vinny Castilla 320
Troy Glaus 320
118 Cecil Fielder 319
Prince Fielder 319
120 Roy Sievers 318
121 George Brett * 317
Nelson Cruz (33) 317
Curtis Granderson (24) 317
124 Ron Cey 316
Scott Rolen 316
126 Jeromy Burnitz 315
127 Reggie Smith 314
128 Matt Holliday (18) 313
129 Iván Rodríguez * 311
130 Jay Buhner 310
Adrian Gonzalez (2) 310
132 Edgar Martínez 309
133 Greg Luzinski 307
Al Simmons * 307
Miguel Tejada 307
136 Fred Lynn 306
Richie Sexson 306
Rubén Sierra 306
139 Raúl Ibañez 305
David Justice 305
Reggie Sanders 305
142 Steve Finley 304
143 Ryan Braun (17) 302
144 Rogers Hornsby * 301
145 Chuck Klein * 300
146 Robinson Canó (21) 299
Tim Salmon 299
148 Rickey Henderson * 297
149 Magglio Ordóñez 294
Robin Ventura 294
Rank
Player (2017 HRs)
HR
151 Kent Hrbek 293
152 Pat Burrell 292
Rusty Staub 292
154 Craig Biggio * 291
Jimmy Wynn 291
156 Bobby Abreu 288
Del Ennis 288
Bob Johnson 288
Hank Sauer 288
160 Garret Anderson 287
Bobby Bonilla 287
Brian Giles 287
Bernie Williams 287
164 Carlos Peña 286
Frank Thomas 286
166 Will Clark 284
Eric Karros 284
168 Ken Boyer 282
Eric Davis 282
Ryne Sandberg * 282
171 Paul O'Neill 281
172 Mark Reynolds (29) 280
173 Ted Kluszewski 279
174 Mike Cameron 278
Ryan Klesko 278
176 Rudy York 277
177 Jay Bruce (34) 275
Brian Downing 275
Roger Maris 275
Dean Palmer 275
Jorge Posada 275
182 Dante Bichette 274
183 Steve Garvey 272
184 Tom Brunansky 271
Raúl Mondesí 271
George Scott 271
187 Vernon Wells 270
188 Joe Morgan * 268
Brooks Robinson * 268
Gorman Thomas 268
191 George Hendrick 267
Mike Napoli (29) 267
193 Vic Wertz 266
194 George Bell 265
Chris Davis (24) 265
Matt Stairs 265
197 Bobby Thomson 264
198 Giancarlo Stanton (55) 263
199 Hanley Ramírez (22) 262
Danny Tartabull 262
201 Eric Chavez 260
Derek Jeter 260
Javy López 260
Tim Wallach 260
205 Matt Kemp (19) 259
Evan Longoria (18) 259
Brian McCann (14) 259
208 Chase Utley (8) 258
209 Bob Allison 256
Larry Parrish 256
Vada Pinson 256
Joey Votto (35) 256
213 Kirk Gibson 255
Adam LaRoche 255
John Mayberry 255
John Olerud 255
217 Larry Doby * 253
Joe Gordon * 253
Andre Thornton 253
Justin Upton (32) 253
Todd Zeile 253
222 Bret Boone 252
Bobby Murcer 252
Joe Torre * 252
225 Tony Armas 251
Rank
Player (2017 HRs)
HR
Tony Clark 251
Adam Jones (26) 251
Cy Williams 251
Robin Yount * 251
230 José Valentín 249
231 Goose Goslin * 248
Ted Simmons 248
Ryan Zimmerman (33) 248
234 Justin Morneau (0) 247
Vern Stephens 247
236 Ken Singleton 246
237 Deron Johnson 245
Nick Swisher 245
Mickey Tettleton 245
239 Lou Whitaker 244
Hack Wilson * 244
242 Dusty Baker 242
Sal Bando 242
Wally Berger 242
Roy Campanella * 242
J. D. Drew 242
Aubrey Huff 242
David Wright (0) 242
249 Jesse Barfield 241
Cecil Cooper 241
Rick Monday 241
252 Jeff Burroughs 240
Roberto Clemente * 240
254 Dolph Camilli 239
Ken Caminiti 239
256 Earl Averill * 238
Ray Lankford 238
258 Doug DeCinces 237
Víctor Martínez (10) 237
Gus Zernial 237
261 Gabby Hartnett * 236
262 Johnny Damon 235
Bill Nicholson 235
Ben Oglivie 235
Dan Uggla 235
266 Gary Matthews 234
Kevin Mitchell 234
Paul Molitor * 234
269 Cliff Floyd 233
270 Ian Kinsler (20) 232
271 Jimmy Rollins (0) 231
272 Rob Deer 230
273 Nomar Garciaparra 229
274 Howard Johnson 228
Dick Stuart 228
Hal Trosky 228
Jayson Werth (9) 228
278 Marquis Grissom 227
279 Johnny Callison 226
280 Bobby Grich 224
Troy Tulowitzki (7) 224
282 Bobby Doerr * 223
Travis Fryman 223
Mike Lowell 223
285 Jason Bay 222
Don Mattingly 222
287 Tony Batista 221
Geoff Jenkins 221
289 Tony Oliva 220
290 Jim Bottomley * 219
Al Oliver 219
Hunter Pence (12) 219
Joe Pepitone 219
294 Bob Horner 218
295 Benito Santiago 217
296 Ron Fairly 215
Pedro Guerrero 215
Chet Lemon 215
Mike Sweeney 215
300 Jeff Conine 214
Carlos González (13) 214
José Guillén 214
See also
Baseball portal
500 home run club
List of Major League Baseball progressive career home runs leaders
Notes
Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season.
References
MLB Official Career Home Run List
Active Leaders & Records for Home Runs
[show]
v
t
e
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Record holders
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Record breakers by season
Records considered unbreakable
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[show]
v
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