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The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)
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Tracy McConnell
How I Met Your Mother character
The Mother appearing in "The Locket"
First appearance
"Lucky Penny (unseen)"
"Something New" (seen)
Last appearance
"Last Forever"
Created by
Carter Bays
Craig Thomas
Portrayed by
Cristin Milioti
Information
Aliases
The Mother
Gender
Female
Spouse(s)
Ted Mosby
Significant other(s)
Max (deceased former boyfriend)
Louis (ex-boyfriend)
Children
Penny Mosby (daughter, born in 2015, played by Lyndsy Fonseca)
Luke Mosby (son, born in 2017, played by David Henrie)
Nationality
American
Tracy McConnell (colloquial: "The Mother") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The show, narrated by Future Ted, tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from "Lucky Penny" to "The Time Travelers" as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in "Something New" and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti.
The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment. Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky's wedding; this scene is shown in "Last Forever", the series finale. The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans.
An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD. In the alternate ending, Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030.[1][2] In the video, future Ted is heard saying, "...When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mum every morning, I can't help but be amazed how easy it all really was...", indirectly stating that The Mother is alive. The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting
2 Character history
2.1 Name
3 Death
4 Notes
5 References
Casting[edit]
During its first eight seasons, the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother. Well-known actresses often made guest appearances on the show. Many fans expected that another would play one of the most-wanted roles in Hollywood, but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown. Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples, Thomas said that "We didn’t want it to be a big famous star because we didn’t want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted’s never seen this woman before, so it better feel that way to the audience", similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had "kept the show alive" when it began. Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call.[4][5]
They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member. After competing for the role against at least two others, Milioti filmed her first scene—for the last episode of season 8—having never watched How I Met Your Mother; she recalled, "I had ignorance on my side. So I didn’t know what it meant." Milioti learned of the character's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer.[5][6]
Character history[edit]
The Mother was born on September 19, 1984.[note 1]
The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly, awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death. After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her — a ukulele. The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love.[7]
In "Wait for It", it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella. In "No Tomorrow", Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max, her late boyfriend. She is still grieving, but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating. The two women run into Mitch, her old orchestra instructor; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment. After they start talking, Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams. The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college.[7]
On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale "The Leap", he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother. But in the first episode of season 5, "Definitions", it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom — Economics instead of Architecture. At the same time in "How Your Mother Met Me", the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson), whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate. They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off. She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom.
Later, in "Girls Versus Suits", Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife. Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate. When in Cindy and the mother's apartment he picks up many of The Mother's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are (thinking the items are Cindy's) and glimpses the mother's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower. Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band. Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, "this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back." In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is revealed that, after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her in a state. As she tried to console her, Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted, and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive, before spontaneously kissing her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush. While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time.
Some time after this, a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics. Darren gradually takes over the band.[7]
In the season 6 opener "Big Days" it is revealed Ted meets his future wife "the day of" the wedding at which he is the best man. In the episode "False Positive" Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married. In the episode "Challenge Accepted", it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney's wedding. In the last episode of season 7, "The Magician's Code" it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the mother "the day of" their wedding. On the premiere of season 8, Ted's wife appears after Barney and Robin's wedding, outside at the "Farhampton" station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar.
In the season 8 episode "Band or DJ?," Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute. The end result of the encounter is that Cindy's (now ex-) roommate's band plays at Barney and Robin's wedding.
The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in "How Your Mother Met Me" as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now-lead band member Darren talks to his fans. Later at MacLaren's Pub, she tells him she's not yet ready to date. Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after.
The Mother meets all of Ted's best friends (Barney, Lily, Marshall and Robin) before she meets him. The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in "Platonish". In "The Locket", Tracy meets Lily on a train journey.
In "Bass Player Wanted", the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn. On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band, that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception. But the band's leader, Darren, forced her to quit. The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band. She ends up alone at the bar, and while practicing a speech to give Darren, Darren walks up to her furious the groom's best man punched him for "no reason." Amused by this, the Mother laughs, and Darren quits the band in anger.
In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend. As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes. She declines Louis' proposal and leaves his cottage, going to check in at Farhampton Inn. On her room's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings "La Vie en Rose". Ted hears her singing from his room next door.
In "Gary Blauman", Ted and the Mother are on their first date. Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish-Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner. On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run-in with Louis. She says that she is in the "weirdest place on earth" right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating. Ted walks her back to her apartment. They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away. The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her. When the story is over, they say goodnight again. The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date.
In a flashforward in "The Lighthouse", Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn. She immediately accepts. In another flashfoward in "Unpause", the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017. She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton.
Name[edit]
The Mother's real name is not revealed until the series finale, "Last Forever". When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station, she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell. In the season 1 episode "Belly Full of Turkey", Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says "...that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother". The children react encouraged and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking,[9] which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother's name is Tracy.[10]
Death[edit]
See also: Last Forever
In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness. In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead. Ted says that she "became sick" and his children saying that she has been "gone" for six years. Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother's death.[11] Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning.[12] Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was "an amazing character"[9] and that "over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy.[13] Kuchman said that "asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request", that the finale "advanced too quickly" and that "HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue".[9]
A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale. The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage.[14][15] On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD. No new material was shot for this scene.[16][17] In the alternate ending, The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030.[18][1]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that "Pilot" is set.[7] The pilot is set on September 19, 2005.[8]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Debnath, Neela (7 September 2014). "How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release". The Independent. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (September 6, 2014). "Watch the Happier 'How I Met Your Mother' Alternate Ending". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ MacGregor, Rachel (September 23, 2014). "8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should've used its alternative ending". Metro UK.
Jump up ^ Stransky, Tanner (2013-05-13). "'How I Met Your Mother': Burning questions about the mother". Entertainment Weekly.
^ Jump up to: a b Fallon, Kevin (2013-05-14). "'How I Met Your Mother' Mother Revealed: Meet Cristin Milioti". The Daily Beast.
Jump up ^ Fallon, Kevin (2015-11-03). "How Cristin Milioti Met 'Fargo'—And Left 'How I Met Your Mother' Behind". The Daily Beast.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "How Your Mother Met Me". How I Met Your Mother. Season 9. Episode 16. January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pilot". How I Met Your Mother. Season 1. Episode 1. September 19, 2005. CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kuchman, Bill (April 4, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' 'Last Forever' Recap: A Divisive Finale and What It Means for 'HIMYM'". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rullo, Samantha (10 March 2014). "What is The Mother's Name on 'How I Met Your Mother'? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "HIMYM Tomatometer Watch: Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by 'Last Forever'". Rotten Tomatoes. April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ News, A. B. C. (4 October 2014). "Why Cristin Milioti Sobbed for Her Character in 'How I Met Your Mother'". ABC News. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Kuchman, Bill (March 31, 2014). "'HIMYM' Finale Instant Reaction". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Guerrero, Danger (April 4, 2014). "Now There's A Petition To 'Rewrite And Reshoot' The 'How I Met Your Mother' Ending". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Maresca, Rachel (April 3, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Update for those who've been asking: Alt #himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set. https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640
Jump up ^ James, Lauren (April 5, 2014). "'How I Met Your Mother' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition, Says Carter Bays". Contact Music. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (September 6, 2014). "Watch the Happier 'How I Met Your Mother' Alternate Ending". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
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How I Met Your Mother
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Lascaux
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For Lascaux in the Corrèze department, see Lascaux, Corrèze.
‹ The template Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site is being considered for deletion. ›
Lascaux
UNESCO World Heritage Site
depiction of aurochs, horses and deer
Location
near Montignac, France
Part of
Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley
Criteria
Cultural: i, iii
Reference
85-011
Coordinates
45°03′13″N 1°10′12″E / 45.05361°N 1.17000°E / 45.05361; 1.17000Coordinates: 45°03′13″N 1°10′12″E / 45.05361°N 1.17000°E / 45.05361; 1.17000
Inscription
1979 (3rd Session)
Location in the Dordogne
Location in the Dordogne
Show map of Dordogne Show map of France Show all
Lascaux (French: Grotte de Lascaux, "Lascaux Cave"; English: /læsˈkoʊ/,[1] French: [lasko][2]) is the setting of a complex of caves near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne in southwestern France. Over 600 parietal wall paintings decorate the interior walls and ceilings of the cave. The paintings are primarily of large animals, typical local and contemporary fauna that correspond with the fossil record of the Upper Paleolithic time. The drawings are the combined effort of many generations, and with continued debate, the paintings are estimated around 17,000 years BP.[3][4][5] Lascaux was inducted into the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979, as element of the Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History since rediscovery
1.1 Ochroconis lascauxensis
2 Geographic setting
3 Images
3.1 Interpretation
4 Threats
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History since rediscovery[edit]
Human timeline
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Homo habilis
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Neanderthal
Homo sapiens
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Separation from gorillas
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Possibly bipedal
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Separation from chimpanzees
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Earliest bipedal
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Earliest stone tools
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Earliest exit from Africa
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Earliest in Europe
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Earliest cooking
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Axis scale: millions of years ago.
Also see: Life timeline and Nature timeline
Modern entrance to the Lascaux cave
On September 12, 1940, the entrance to the Lascaux Cave was discovered by 18 year old Marcel Ravidat. Ravidat (died in 1995) returned to the scene with three friends, Jacques Marsal, Georges Agnel, and Simon Coencas, and entered the cave via a long shaft. The teenagers discovered that the cave walls were covered with depictions of animals.[7][8] Galleries that suggest continuity, context or simply represent a cavern were given names. Those include the Hall of the Bulls, the Passageway, the Shaft, the Nave, the Apse, and the Chamber of Felines. The cave complex was opened to the public on July 14, 1948.[9] By 1955, carbon dioxide, heat, humidity, and other contaminants produced by 1,200 visitors per day had visibly damaged the paintings. As air condition deteriorated fungi and lichen increasingly infested the walls. Consequently, the cave was closed to the public in 1963, the paintings were restored to their original state and a monitoring system on a daily basis was introduced.
Lascaux II, an exact copy of the Great Hall of the Bulls and the Painted Gallery opened in 1983 in the cave's vicinity, a compromise and attempt to present an impression of the paintings' scale and composition for the public without harming the originals.[8] A full range of Lascaux's parietal art is presented a few kilometres from the site at the Centre of Prehistoric Art, Le Parc du Thot, where there are also live animals representing ice-age fauna.[10]
Ochroconis lascauxensis[edit]
Ochroconis lascauxensis is a species of fungus of the Ascomycota phylum, in May 2012 officially described and named after the locality of its first emergence, the Lascaux cave. It was along with a closely related second species Ochroconis anomala, first observed in 2000 inside the cave and the following year black spots appeared among the cave paintings. No official announcement on the effect and/or progress of attempted treatments has ever been made.[11]
As of 2008, the cave contained black mold. In January 2008, authorities closed the cave for three months, even to scientists and preservationists. A single individual was allowed to enter the cave for 20 minutes once a week to monitor climatic conditions. Now only a few scientific experts are allowed to work inside the cave and just for a few days a month but the efforts to remove the mold have taken a toll, leaving dark patches and damaging the pigments on the walls.[12] In 2009 it was announced: Mould problem "stable". In 2011 the fungus seemed to be in retreat after the installment of an additional, even stricter conservation program.[13]
Geographic setting[edit]
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reproduction of Lascaux artwork in Lascaux II
In its sedimentary composition, the Vézère drainage basin covers one fourth of the département of the Dordogne, the northernmost region of the Black Périgord. Before joining the Dordogne River near Limeuil, the Vézère flows in a south-westerly direction. At its centre point, the river's course is marked by a series of meanders flanked by high limestone cliffs that determine the landscape. Upstream from this steep-sloped relief, near Montignac and in the vicinity of Lascaux, the contours of the land soften considerably; the valley floor widens, and the banks of the river lose their steepness.
The Lascaux valley is located some distance from the major concentrations of decorated caves and inhabited sites, most of which were discovered further downstream. In the environs of the village of Eyzies-de-Tayac Sireuil, there are no less than 37 decorated caves and shelters, as well as an even greater number of habitation sites from the Upper Paleolithic, located in the open, beneath a sheltering overhang, or at the entrance to one of the area's karst cavities. This is the highest concentration in western Europe.
Images[edit]
Megaloceros with line of dots
The cave contains nearly 6,000 figures, which can be grouped into three main categories: animals, human figures, and abstract signs. The paintings contain no images of the surrounding landscape or the vegetation of the time.[14] Most of the major images have been painted onto the walls using red, yellow, and black colours from a complex multiplicity of mineral pigments[15]:110[16] including iron compounds such as iron oxide (ochre)[17]:204 haematite, and goethite,[16][18] as well as manganese-containing pigments.[16][17]:208 Charcoal may also have been used[17]:199 but seemingly to a sparing extent.[15] On some of the cave walls, the colour may have been applied as a suspension of pigment in either animal fat or calcium-rich cave groundwater or clay, making paint,[15] that was swabbed or blotted on, rather than applied by brush.[18] In other areas, the colour was applied by spraying the pigments by blowing the mixture through a tube.[18] Where the rock surface is softer, some designs have been incised into the stone. Many images are too faint to discern, and others have deteriorated entirely.
Over 900 can be identified as animals, and 605 of these have been precisely identified. Out of these images, there are 364 paintings of equines as well as 90 paintings of stags. Also represented are cattle and bison, each representing 4 to 5% of the images. A smattering of other images include seven felines, a bird, a bear, a rhinoceros, and a human. There are no images of reindeer, even though that was the principal source of food for the artists.[19] Geometric images have also been found on the walls.
The most famous section of the cave is The Hall of the Bulls where bulls, equines, and stags are depicted. The four black bulls, or aurochs, are the dominant figures among the 36 animals represented here. One of the bulls is 5.2 metres (17 ft) long, the largest animal discovered so far in cave art. Additionally, the bulls appear to be in motion.[19]
A painting referred to as "The Crossed Bison", found in the chamber called the Nave, is often submitted as an example of the skill of the Paleolithic cave painters. The crossed hind legs create the illusion that one bison is closer to the viewer than the other. This visual depth in the scene demonstrates a primitive form of perspective which was particularly advanced for the time.
Interpretation[edit]
Some anthropologists and art historians theorize that the paintings could be an account of past hunting success, or could represent a mystical ritual in order to improve future hunting endeavors. This latter theory is supported by the overlapping images of one group of animals in the same cave-location as another group of animals, suggesting that one area of the cave was more successful for predicting a plentiful hunting excursion.[citation needed]
Applying the iconographic method of analysis to the Lascaux paintings (studying position, direction and size of the figures; organization of the composition; painting technique; distribution of the color planes; research of the image center), Thérèse Guiot-Houdart attempted to comprehend the symbolic function of the animals, to identify the theme of each image and finally to reconstitute the canvas of the myth illustrated on the rock walls.[20][further explanation needed]
Cave painting of a dun horse (equine) at Lascaux
Julien d'Huy and Jean-Loïc Le Quellec showed that certain angular or barbed signs of Lascaux may be analysed as "weapon" or "wounds". These signs affect dangerous animals—big cats, aurochs and bison—more than others and may be explained by a fear of the animation of the image.[21] Another finding supports the hypothesis of half-alive images. At Lascaux, bison, aurochs and ibex are not represented side by side. Conversely, one can note a bison-horses-lions system and an aurochs-horses-deer-bears system, these animals being frequently associated.[22] Such a distribution may show the relationship between the species pictured and their environmental conditions. Aurochs and bison fight one against the other, and horses and deer are very social with other animals. Bison and lions live in open plains areas; aurochs, deer and bears are associated with forests and marshes; ibex habitat is rocky areas, and horses are highly adaptive for all these areas. The Lascaux paintings' disposition may be explained by a belief in the real life of the pictured species, wherein the artists tried to respect their real environmental conditions.[23]
Less known is the image area called the Abside (Apse), a roundish, semi-spherical chamber similar to an apse in a Romanesque basilica. It is approximately 4.5 meters in diameter (about 5 yards) and covered on every wall surface (including the ceiling) with thousands of entangled, overlapping, engraved drawings.[24] The ceiling of the Apse, which ranges from 1.6 to 2.7 meters high (about 5.2 to 8.9 feet) as measured from the original floor height, is so completely decorated with such engravings that it indicates that the prehistoric people who executed them first constructed a scaffold to do so.[14][25]
The famous shaft scene of Lascaux: a man with a bird head and a bison.
According to David Lewis-Williams and Jean Clottes who both studied presumably similar art of the San people of Southern Africa this type of art is spiritual in nature relating to visions experienced during ritualistic trance-dancing. These trance visions are a function of the human brain and so are independent of geographical location.[26] Nigel Spivey, a professor of classical art and archeology at the University of Cambridge, has further postulated in his series, How Art Made the World, that dot and lattice patterns overlapping the representational images of animals are very similar to hallucinations provoked by sensory-deprivation. He further postulates that the connections between culturally important animals and these hallucinations led to the invention of image-making, or the art of drawing.[27]
Threats[edit]
The conservation room at Lascaux
The opening of Lascaux Cave after World War II changed the cave environment. The exhalations of 1,200 visitors per day, presence of light, and changes in air circulation have created a number of problems. Lichens and crystals began to appear on the walls in the late 1950s, leading to closure of the caves in 1963. This led to restriction of access to the real caves to a few visitors every week, and the creation of a replica cave for visitors to Lascaux. In 2001, the authorities in charge of Lascaux changed the air conditioning system which resulted in regulation of the temperature and humidity. When the system had been established, an infestation of Fusarium solani, a white mold, began spreading rapidly across the cave ceiling and walls.[28] The mold is considered to have been present in the cave soil and exposed by the work of tradesmen, leading to the spread of the fungus which was treated with quicklime. In 2007, a new fungus, which has created grey and black blemishes, began spreading in the real cave.
Organized through the initiative of the French Ministry of Culture, an international symposium titled "Lascaux and Preservation Issues in Subterranean Environments" was held in Paris on February 26 and 27, 2009, under the chairmanship of Jean Clottes. It brought together nearly three hundred participants from seventeen countries with the goal of confronting research and interventions conducted in Lascaux Cave since 2001 with the experiences gained in other countries in the domain of preservation in subterranean environments.[29] The proceedings of this symposium were published in 2011. Seventy-four specialists in fields as varied as biology, biochemistry, botany, hydrology, climatology, geology, fluid mechanics, archaeology, anthropology, restoration and conservation, from numerous countries (France, United States, Portugal, Spain, Japan, and others) contributed to this publication.[30]
The problem is ongoing, as are efforts to control the microbial and fungal growths in the cave. The fungal infection crises have led to the establishment of an International Scientific Committee for Lascaux and to rethinking how, and how much, human access should be permitted in caves containing prehistoric art.[31]
See also[edit]
Art of the Upper Paleolithic
Cave of Altamira
Cave painting
List of archaeological sites by country
List of caves
List of Stone Age art
Prehistoric art
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "American English Dictionary: Definition of Lascaux". Collins. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "English Dictionary: Definition of Lascaux". Collins. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lascaux Cave Paintings: Layout, Meaning, Photographs - Dating - Chronological questions about the age of Lascaux's cave paintings, over what period they were created, and the identity of the oldest art in the complex, are still being debated.." Visual arts cork com. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age star map discovered - thought to date back 16,500 years". BBC. August 9, 2000. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lascaux, France. These paintings are estimated to be around 17,300 years old". Ancient-wisdom. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley". UNESCO World Heritage Center. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Thomas Jr., Robert McG. (March 31, 1995). "Marcel Ravidat is Dead at 72; Found Lascaux Paintings". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bahn, Paul G. (2007). Cave Art: A Guide to the Decorated Ice Age Caves of Europe. London: Frances Lincoln. pp. 81–85. ISBN 0711226555.
Jump up ^ Littlewood, Ian (2005). Justin Wintle, ed. The timeline history of France. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 296. ISBN 0760779759.
Jump up ^ le retour des loups “préhistoriques”
Jump up ^ Martin-Sanchez, Pedro Maria; Nováková, Alena; Bastian, Fabiola; Alabouvette, Claude; Saiz-Jimenez, Cesareo (2012). "Two new species of the genus Ochroconis, O. lascauxensis and O. anomala isolated from black stains in Lascaux Cave, France". Fungal Biology. Elsevier. 116 (5): 574–89. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2012.02.006. PMID 22559918.
Jump up ^ Moore, Molly (July 1, 2008). "Debate Over Moldy Cave Art Is a Tale of Human Missteps". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lascaux's 18,000 year-old cave art under threat". Phys.org. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nechvatal, Joseph (2011). Immersion Into Noise. Ann Arbor: Open Humanities Press. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-1-60785-241-4. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dickson, D. Bruce (1992). The Dawn of Belief: Religion in the Upper Paleolithic of Southwestern Europe. ISBN 9780816513369.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chalmin E, Farges F, Vignaud C, et al. Discovery of Unusual Minerals in Paleolithic Black Pigments from Lascaux (France) and Ekain (Spain). [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c Rapp, George R. (2013). Archaeomineralogy. ISBN 9783662050057.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Lascaux Cave Paintings: Layout, Meaning, Photographs". visual-arts-cork.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Curtis, Gregory (2006). The Cave Painters: Probing the Mysteries of the World's First Artists (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 96–97, 102. ISBN 1400043484.
Jump up ^ Guiot-Houdart, Thérèse (2004). Lascaux et les mythes (in French). Périgueux: Pilote 24. ISBN 2-912347-39-4.
Jump up ^ Julien d'Huy et Jean-Loïc Le Quellec (2010). "Les animaux 'fléchés' à Lascaux: nouvelle proposition d’interprétation" Préhistoire du Sud-Ouest 18(2): 161-170
Jump up ^ Denis Tauxe (2007)."L’organisation symbolique du dispositif pariétal de la grotte de Lascaux", Préhistoire du Sud-Ouest, 15: 177-266
Jump up ^ Julien d'Huy (2011). "La distribution des animaux à Lascaux reflèterait leur distribution naturelle", Bulletin de la Société Historique et Archéologique du Périgord CXXXVIII, 493-502
Jump up ^ Leroi-Gourhan, André. The Art of Prehistoric Man in Western Europe. London: Thames and Hudson. 1968. p. 315
Jump up ^ Mario Ruspoli, The Cave of Lascaux: The Final Photographic Record (New York: Abrams, 1983) pp. 146-47
Jump up ^ Harry Francis Mallgrave (26 June 2013). Architecture and Embodiment: The Implications of the New Sciences and Humanities for Design. Routledge. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-1-135-09424-9.
Jump up ^ Gray, S. W. (2014). [ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5404&context=theses "The cartographic paradigm in contemporary Australian landscape painting"] Check |url= value (help).
Jump up ^ Joëlle Dupont; Claire Jacquet; Bruno Dennetière; Sandrine Lacoste (2007). "Invasion of the French Paleolithic painted cave of Lascaux by members of the Fusarium solani species complex". Mycologia. 99 (4): 526–533. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.4.526. PMID 18065003.
Jump up ^ At the Takamatsuzuka Tomb in Japan, and Altamira in Spain, for example.
Jump up ^ Coye, N. dir. (2011), Lascaux et la conservation en milieu souterrain: actes du symposium international (Paris, 26-27 fév. 2009) = Lascaux and Preservation Issues in Subterranean Environments: Proceedings of the International Symposium (Paris, February 26 and 27), Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 360 p. In french and english. [2]
Jump up ^ Simons, Marlise (9 December 2007). "Fungus Once Again Threatens French Cave Paintings". World:Europe. New York Times. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Dubowski, Mark (2010). Discovery in the Cave (Children's early reader). New York, New York, USA: Random House. ISBN 0375858938
Curtis, Gregory (2006). The Cave Painters: Probing the Mysteries of the World's First Artists. New York, New York, USA: Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4348-4
Lewis-Williams, David (2004). The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28465-2
Bataille, Georges (2005). The Cradle of Humanity: Prehistoric Art and Culture. New York, New York: Zone Books. ISBN 1-890951-55-2
Joseph Nechvatal, Immersive Excess in the Apse of Lascaux, Technonoetic Arts 3, no3. 2005
B.et G. Delluc (dir.), Le Livre du Jubilé de Lascaux 1940-1990, Société historique et archéologique du Périgord, supplément au tome CXVII, 1990, 155 p., ill.
B. et G. Delluc, 2003 : Lascaux retrouvé. Les recherches de l'abbé André Glory, Pilote 24 édition, 368 p., ill.
B. et G. Delluc, 2006 : Discovering Lascaux, Sud Ouest, nouvelle édition entièrement revue et très augmentée, 80 p., ill. plans et coupe.
B. et G. Delluc, 2008 : Dictionnaire de Lascaux, Sud Ouest, Bordeaux. Plus de 600 entrées et illustrations. Bibliographie (450 références). ISBN 978-2-87901-877-5.
B. et G. Delluc, 2010 : Lascaux et la guerre. Une galerie de portraits, Bull. de la Soc. historique et arch. du Périgord, CXXXVI, 2e livraison, 40 p., ill., bibliographie.
A. Glory, 2008 : Les recherches à Lascaux (1952-1963). Documents recueillis et présentés par B. et G. Delluc, XXXIXe suppl. à Gallia-Préhistoire, CNRS, Paris.
Joseph Nechvatal, 2011: Immersion Into Noise, University of Michigan Library's Scholarly Publishing Office. Ann Arbor.
Rigaud, Jean-Philippe (October 1988). "Art Treasures from the Ice Age: Lascaux Cave". National Geographic. Vol. 174 no. 4. pp. 482–499. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lascaux.
The microbiology of Lascaux Cave
Lascaux Cave Official Lascaux Web site, from the French Ministry of Culture
Save Lascaux Official website of the International Committee for the Preservation of Lascaux
Lascaux Cave Art Symposium The Bradshaw Foundation
Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).
Discussion of paintings by Janina Ramirez and Alice Roberts: Art Detective Podcast, 08 Feb 2017
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lascaux&oldid=807754719"
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values: Σπήλαιο Λασκώ – Greek

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Kym Karath
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Kym Karath
Born
Anthea Kimberly Karath
(1958-08-04) August 4, 1958 (age 59)
Los Angeles, California
Years active
1963–1981; 1988
Spouse(s)
Philippe L'Equilbec (m. 1985; div. 2005)
Children
1
Anthea Kimberly "Kym" Karath (born August 4, 1958 in Los Angeles, California, U.S.)[1] is an American actress, best known for her role as Gretl, the youngest of the Von Trapp children, in The Sound of Music.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
Kym Karath started her career at the age of three, appearing in Spencer's Mountain with Henry Fonda and Veronica Cartwright in 1963 (she would subsequently work with Veronica's younger sister Angela Cartwright in The Sound of Music). Also in 1963, she was seen in The Thrill of It All with Doris Day and James Garner. In 1964, she was seen in Good Neighbor Sam with Jack Lemmon.
Kym is best remembered for her role in The Sound of Music, where she played the youngest child, Gretl Von Trapp.
During her appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Julie Andrews was asked about working with the Von Trapp children. She replied, "They were all lovely. However, the youngest one (Karath) was probably the most difficult for me, because she was just a tad heavy in those days. Today, she is this amazing gorgeous looking Monroe-esque young lady."
After The Sound of Music Kym primarily appeared in American television, including appearances in Family Affair, The Brady Bunch and Lost in Space. She remains friends with the other 'Von Trapp' children today, and in 2000 she went back to Salzburg with them, filming a documentary about the making of the film.
She is still currently working with them in new upcoming films. In 2015, she guest judged a "Cake Wars" episode in which Kym Karath also guest judged for "The Sound of Music" 50th anniversary.
Personal life[edit]
Karath's family was Greek – her original surname was Karathanasis, but it was changed to Karath by her father. She has an older sister, Francie, who auditioned for the eldest Von Trapp child in The Sound of Music, a role that eventually went to Charmian Carr.
Karath graduated from the University of Southern California with a degree in Humanities, and shortly after that she moved to Paris, France where she studied art history and modeled as well. At the age of 26, she married Philippe L'Equilbec; their son, Eric was born in 1991. Thereafter she left acting for a while and lived in Greenwich, Connecticut, before resuming acting in 2005.[1][2]
Karath has said she still is not fond of water after nearly drowning in the boat scene in The Sound of Music, as she could not swim.[2]
Filmography[edit]
Midnight Offerings (1981) (TV) as Monique
Archie Bunker's Place as Pretty Girl (1 episode, 1980)
The Waltons as Mabel (1 episode, 1973)
The Brady Bunch as Kerry Hathaway (1 episode, 1972)
All My Children (1970) TV series as Kristen (unknown episodes, 1988)
Family Affair as Barbara (3 episodes, 1966–1971)
Lost in Space as Princess (1 episode, 1966)
Lassie as Kathy Vaughn (1 episode, 1966)
Dr. Kildare (2 episodes, 1966)
On The Run as the girls on the train. (Un-sold pilot episode, 1966)
My Three Sons as Pammy (1 episode, 1965)
Peyton Place as Susan (1 episode, 1965)
The Sound of Music (1965) as Gretl
Good Neighbor Sam (1964) as Denise Bissel
The Thrill of It All (1963) as Maggie Boyer
Spencer's Mountain (1963) (uncredited) as Pattie-Cake Spencer
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "'The Sound of Music' Never Ends". New York Times. July 17, 2005. Retrieved Feb 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Von Trapp Family Reunites!". ABC News. Nov 11, 2005. Retrieved Feb 12, 2013.
External links[edit]
Kym Karath on IMDb
Kym Karath at the TCM Movie Database
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 49433631
ISNI: 0000 0001 1472 2520
BNF: cb141923153 (data)
MusicBrainz: d046260a-e560-478a-92ad-c5baff5b535e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kym_Karath&oldid=817112771"
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21st-century American actresses
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This page was last edited on 26 December 2017, at 06:28.
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