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World Heritage sites by country
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2018)
World Heritage sites by country
As of July 2018, there are a total of 1,092 World Heritage sites located in 167 States Parties (countries that have adhered to the World Heritage Convention), of which 845 are cultural, 209 are natural and 38 are mixed properties.[1] The countries have been divided by the World Heritage Committee into five geographic zones: Africa, Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The country with the largest number of sites (including sites shared with other countries) is Italy, with 54 entries.[2] The country with the largest number of sites by itself alone (excluding sites shared with other countries) is China, with 53 entries.[3]
Contents
1 List of World Heritage sites
2 Countries with major concentrations of World Heritage sites
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
List of World Heritage sites[edit]
Country
Natural sites
Cultural sites
Mixed sites
Total sites
Shared sites[4]
UNESCO region
Afghanistan 2 2 Asia and the Pacific
Albania 1[note 1] 2 3 1 Europe and North America
Algeria 6 1 7 Arab States
Andorra 1 1 Europe and North America
Angola 1 1 Africa
Antigua and Barbuda 1 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Argentina 5 6[note 2][note 3][note 4] 11 3 Latin America and the Caribbean
Armenia 2 1 3 Europe and North America
Australia 12 3 4 19 Asia and the Pacific
Austria 1[note 1] 9[note 5][note 6] 10 3 Europe and North America
Azerbaijan 2 2 Europe and North America
Bahrain 2 2 Arab States
Bangladesh 1 2 3 Asia and the Pacific
Barbados 1 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Belarus 1[note 7] 3[note 8] 4 2 Europe and North America
Belgium 1[note 1] 12[note 9][note 3] 13 3 Europe and North America
Belize 1 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Benin 1[note 10] 1 2 1 Africa
Bolivia 1 6[note 4] 7 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3[note 11] 3 1 Europe and North America
Botswana 1 1 2 Africa
Brazil 7 14[note 2] 21 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Bulgaria 3[note 1] 7 10 1 Europe and North America
Burkina Faso 1[note 10] 1 2 1 Africa
Cambodia 3 3 Asia and the Pacific
Cameroon 2[note 12] 2 1 Africa
Canada 10[note 13] 8 18 2 Europe and North America
Cape Verde 1 1 Africa
Central African Republic 2[note 12] 2 1 Africa
Chad 1 1 2 Africa
Chile 6[note 4] 6 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
China 13 36[note 14] 4 53 1 Asia and the Pacific
Colombia 2 6[note 4] 1 9 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Congo 1[note 12] 1 1 Africa
Costa Rica 3[note 15] 1 4 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Côte d'Ivoire 3[note 16] 1 4 1 Africa
Croatia 2 8[note 11] 10 3 Europe and North America
Cuba 2 7 9 Latin America and the Caribbean
Cyprus 3 3 Europe and North America
Czech Republic 12 12 Europe and North America
Democratic People's Republic of Korea 2 2 Asia and the Pacific
Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 5 Africa
Denmark 3 7 10 1 Europe and North America
Dominica 1 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Dominican Republic 1 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Ecuador 2 3[note 4] 5 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Egypt 1 6 7 Arab States
El Salvador 1 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Eritrea 1 1 Africa
Estonia 2[note 8] 2 1 Europe and North America
Ethiopia 1 8 9 Africa
Finland 1[note 17] 6[note 8] 7 2 Europe and North America
Fiji 1 1 Asia and the Pacific
France 3 38[note 9][note 3][note 6] 1[note 18] 43 4 Europe and North America
Gabon 1 1 Africa
Gambia 2[note 19] 2 1 Africa
Georgia 3 3 Europe and North America
Germany 3[note 20][note 1] 40[note 21][note 22][note 23][note 3][note 6] 43 6 Europe and North America
Ghana 2 2 Africa
Greece 16 2 18 Europe and North America
Guatemala 2 1 3 Latin America and the Caribbean
Guinea 1[note 16] 1 1 Africa
Haiti 1 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Holy See 2[note 24] 2 1 Europe and North America
Honduras 1 1 2 Latin America and the Caribbean
Hungary 1[note 25] 7[note 5] 8 2 Europe and North America
Iceland 1 1 2 Europe and North America
India 7 29[note 3] 1 37 1 Asia and the Pacific
Indonesia 4 4 8 Asia and the Pacific
Iran 1 22 23 Asia and the Pacific
Iraq 4 1 5 Arab States
Ireland 2 2 Europe and North America
Israel 9 9 Europe and North America[5]
Italy 5[note 26] 49[note 24][note 27][note 6] 54 6 Europe and North America
Jamaica 1 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Japan 4 18[note 3] 22 1 Asia and the Pacific
Jerusalem (Site proposed by Jordan)[note 28][6][7] 1 1 Arab States
Jordan 4 1 5 Arab States
Kazakhstan 2[note 29] 3[note 14] 5 2 Asia and the Pacific
Kenya 3 4 7 Africa
Kiribati 1 1 Asia and the Pacific
Kyrgyzstan 1[note 29] 2[note 14] 3 2 Asia and the Pacific
Laos 2 2 Asia and the Pacific
Latvia 2[note 8] 2 1 Europe and North America
Lebanon 5 5 Arab States
Lesotho 1[note 30] 1 1 Africa
Libya 5 5 Arab States
Lithuania 4[note 8][note 31] 4 2 Europe and North America
Luxembourg 1 1 Europe and North America
Macedonia 1 1 Europe and North America
Madagascar 2 1 3 Africa
Malawi 1 1 2 Africa
Malaysia 2 2 4 Asia and the Pacific
Mali 3 1 4 Africa
Malta 3 3 Europe and North America
Marshall Islands 1 1 Asia and the Pacific
Mauritania 1 1 2 Arab States
Mauritius 2 2 Africa
Mexico 6 27 2 35 Latin America and the Caribbean
Moldova 1[note 8] 1 1 Europe and North America
Micronesia 2 2 Asia and the Pacific
Mongolia 1[note 32] 3 4 2 Asia and the Pacific
Montenegro 1 3 4 2 Europe and North America
Morocco 9 9 Arab States
Mozambique 1 1 Africa
Myanmar 1 1 Asia and the Pacific
Namibia 1 1 2 Africa
Nepal 2 2[note 33] 4 Asia and the Pacific
Netherlands 1[note 20] 9 10 1 Europe and North America
New Zealand 2 1 3 Asia and the Pacific
Nicaragua 2 2 Latin America and the Caribbean
Niger 3[note 10] 1 4 1 Africa
Nigeria 2 2 Africa
Norway 1 7[note 8] 8 1 Europe and North America
Oman [note 34] 5 5 Arab States
Pakistan 6 6 Asia and the Pacific
Palau 1 1 Asia and the Pacific
Palestine 2 2 Arab States
Panama 3[note 15] 2 5 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Papua New Guinea 1 1 Asia and the Pacific
Paraguay 1 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Peru 2 8[note 4] 2 12 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Philippines 3 3 6 Asia and the Pacific
Poland 1[note 7] 14[note 35][note 22][8] 15 3 Europe and North America
Portugal 1 14[note 36] 15 1 Europe and North America
Qatar 1 1 Arab States
Republic of Korea 1 12 13 Asia and the Pacific
Romania 1 6 7 1 Europe and North America
Russia 11[note 32] 17[note 8][note 31] 28 4 Europe and North America
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
Saint Lucia 1 1 Latin America and the Caribbean
San Marino 1 1 Europe and North America
Saudi Arabia 5 5 Arab States
Senegal 2 5[note 19] 7 1 Africa
Serbia 5[note 11] 5 1 Europe and North America
Seychelles 2 2 Africa
Singapore 1 1 Asia and the Pacific
Slovakia 2[note 25][note 1] 5 7 2 Europe and North America
Slovenia 1 2[note 37][note 6] 3 3 Europe and North America
Solomon Islands 1 1 Asia and the Pacific
South Africa 3 4 1[note 30] 8 1 Africa
Spain 3 40[note 36][note 37] 2[note 18] 46 4 Europe and North America
Sri Lanka 2 6 8 Asia and the Pacific
Sudan 1 2 3 Arab States
Suriname 1 1 2 Latin America and the Caribbean
Sweden 1[note 17] 13[note 8] 1 15 2 Europe and North America
Switzerland 3[note 26] 9[note 27][note 3][note 6] 12 4 Europe and North America
Syria 6 6 Arab States
Tajikistan 1 1 2 Asia and the Pacific
Tanzania 3 3 1 7 Africa
Thailand 2 3 5 Asia and the Pacific
Togo 1 1 Africa
Tunisia 1 7 8 Arab States
Turkey 14 2 16 Europe and North America
Turkmenistan 3 3 Asia and the Pacific
Uganda 2 1 3 Africa
Ukraine 1[note 1] 6[note 8][note 35] 7 3 Europe and North America
United Kingdom 4 26[note 21] 1 31 1 Europe and North America
United States 12[note 13] 10 1 23 2 Europe and North America
United Arab Emirates 1 1 Arab States
Uruguay 2 2 Latin America and the Caribbean
Uzbekistan 1[note 29] 4 5 1 Asia and the Pacific
Vanuatu 1 1 Asia and the Pacific
Venezuela 1 2 3 Latin America and the Caribbean
Vietnam 2 5 1 8 Asia and the Pacific
Yemen 1 3 4 Arab States
Zambia 1[note 38] 1 1 Africa
Zimbabwe 2[note 38] 3 5 1 Africa
(less Transboundary Sites) 14 18 2 34
Total 206 832 35 1 073 37 167 State Parties
Countries with major concentrations of World Heritage sites[edit]
Note: this overview lists only countries with ten or more World Heritage sites.
Purple: nations with 50 or more heritage sites
Brown: nations with 40 to 49 heritage sites
Light brown: nations with 30 to 39 heritage sites
Orange: nations with 20 to 29 heritage sites
Blue: nations with 15 to 19 heritage sites
Green: nations with 10 to 14 heritage sites
See also[edit]
List of conservation topics
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g The natural site Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe is shared between Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Ukraine.
^ Jump up to: a b The cultural site Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes (Brazil) is shared between Argentina and Brazil.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g The cultural site The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement is shared between Argentina, Belgium, France, Germany, India, Japan, and Switzerland.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f The cultural site Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System is shared between Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru.
^ Jump up to: a b The cultural site Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape is shared between Austria and Hungary.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f The cultural site Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps is shared between Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland.
^ Jump up to: a b The natural site Belovezhskaya Pushcha / Białowieża Forest is shared between Belarus and Poland.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j The cultural site Struve Geodetic Arc is shared among Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Moldova, Russia, Sweden, and Ukraine.
^ Jump up to: a b The cultural site Belfries of Belgium and France is shared between Belgium and France.
^ Jump up to: a b c The natural site W-Arly-Pendjari Complex is shared between Benin, Burkina Faso, and Niger.
^ Jump up to: a b c The cultural site Stecci : Medivial Tombstones is shared between Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia.
^ Jump up to: a b c The natural site Sangha Trinational is shared between Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo( The Republic of).
^ Jump up to: a b The natural sites Kluane / Wrangell-St Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek and Waterton Glacier International Peace Park are shared between Canada and the United States.
^ Jump up to: a b c The cultural site Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor is shared between China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan.
^ Jump up to: a b The natural site Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park is shared between Costa Rica and Panama.
^ Jump up to: a b The natural site Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve is shared between Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea.
^ Jump up to: a b The natural site High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago is shared between Finland and Sweden.
^ Jump up to: a b The mixed site Pyrénées - Mont Perdu is shared between France and Spain.
^ Jump up to: a b The cultural site Stone Circles of Senegambia is shared between Gambia and Senegal.
^ Jump up to: a b The natural site The Wadden Sea is shared between Germany and the Netherlands.
^ Jump up to: a b The cultural site Frontiers of the Roman Empire is shared between Germany and the United Kingdom.
^ Jump up to: a b The cultural site Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski is shared between Germany and Poland.
Jump up ^ In addition, the former cultural site Dresden Elbe Valley has been delisted.
^ Jump up to: a b The cultural site Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura is shared between the Holy See and Italy.
^ Jump up to: a b The natural site Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst is shared between Hungary and Slovakia.
^ Jump up to: a b The natural site Monte San Giorgio is shared between Italy and Switzerland.
^ Jump up to: a b The cultural site Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes is shared between Italy and Switzerland.
Jump up ^ "Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls" is listed separately, without State Party, owing to the unresolved nature of its status. For purposes of convenience, it is listed in the "Arab States" UNESCO region, without inference as to it legal or political status therein.
^ Jump up to: a b c The natural site Western Tien-Shan is shared between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan.
^ Jump up to: a b The mixed site Maloti-Drakensberg Park is shared between Lesotho and South Africa.
^ Jump up to: a b The cultural site Curonian Spit is shared between Lithuania and Russia.
^ Jump up to: a b The natural site Uvs Nuur Basin is shared between Mongolia and Russia.
Jump up ^ Kathmandu Valley has seven groups of monuments & buildings within its boundaries and are listed under one name. The seven groups are: the Durbar Squares of Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur, Buddhist Stupas of Swayambhunath and Boudhanath, and Hindu Temples of Pashupatinath and Changu Narayan, also there are places like muktinath, budanilkantha which are listed are world heritage site
Jump up ^ In addition, the former natural site Arabian Oryx Sanctuary has been delisted.
^ Jump up to: a b The cultural site Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine is shared between Poland and Ukraine.
^ Jump up to: a b The cultural site Prehistoric Rock-Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde is shared between Portugal and Spain.
^ Jump up to: a b The cultural site Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija is shared between Slovenia and Spain.
^ Jump up to: a b The natural site Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls is shared between Zambia and Zimbabwe.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "UNESCO World Heritage Centre - World Heritage List". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
Jump up ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Italy - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
Jump up ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "China - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
Jump up ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "UNESCO World Heritage Centre - World Heritage List (transboundary)". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
Jump up ^ According to UNESCO, Israel is part of Europe and North America Region, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/europe-and-north-america/
Jump up ^ "CLT-82/CH/CONF.015/8 - Report of the 1st Extraordinary Session of the Committee". UNESCO. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "CC-81/CONF. 008/2 Rev. - Justification for inscription on the List of World Heritage in Danger, 1982: Report of the 6th Session of the Committee". UNESCO. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Poland - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
External links[edit]
UNESCO World Heritage Sites — Official website
List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites — Official website
World Heritage Site — World Heritage Details website
360° panophotography — The World Heritage List in panophotography and virtual tours
VRheritage.org — Documentation of World Heritage Sites
UNESCO World Heritage List — Complete list with links and map of all sites
whc.unesco.org — The Official World Heritage List in Google Earth (en français)
whc.kmz — The World Heritage List in Google Earth (en français)
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage at Law-Ref.org — Fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents
Organization of World Heritage Cities — Dealing with urban sites only

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Hope Logan
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Hope Logan
Annika Noelle as Hope Logan
The Bold and the Beautiful character
Portrayed by
Rachel and Amanda Pace (2004–09)
Kim Matula (2010–16)
Annika Noelle (2018–)
(and others)
Duration
2002–16
2018–
First appearance
January 25, 2002 (2002-01-25)
Created by
Bradley Bell
Introduced by
Bradley Bell
Book appearances
Stormswept (2014)
Classification
Present; regular
Profile
Other names
Hope Forrester
Hope Spencer
Occupation
Businesswoman
Model
Residence
Los Angeles, California
showFamily
Family
Logan
Parents
Deacon Sharpe
Brooke Logan
Stepfather
Whip Jones (2002)
Eric Forrester (2005–06)
Nick Marone (2006–07)
Ridge Forrester (2009–11, 2018–)
Bill Spencer, Jr. (2017–18)
Stepmother
Macy Alexander (2003)
Nikki Newman (2011–12)
Quinn Fuller (2015–16)
Siblings
Rick Forrester
Bridget Forrester
R.J. Forrester
Jack Marone
Eric Sharpe
Spouse
Liam Spencer (2012)
Wyatt Spencer (2014–15)
Grandfathers
Daryl Sharpe
Stephen Logan
Grandmothers
Beth Logan
Aunts and uncles
Storm Logan
Donna Logan
Katie Logan
Nieces and nephews
Logan Forrester Knight
Lizzy Forrester
First cousins
Marcus Forrester
Will Spencer
Hope Logan is a fictional character from The Bold and the Beautiful, an American soap opera on the CBS network. The character was portrayed by several child actors and actresses since Hope's birth in 2002, most notably Rachel and Amanda Pace. In 2010, the role was rapidly aged and recast with actress Kim Matula, who made her first appearance in January 2010. Matula departed the serial as a series regular in December 2014; she made several guest appearances in 2015 and 2016. As of 2018, the role is portrayed by actress Annika Noelle.
Introduced in 2002, Hope is the result of an affair between Brooke Logan and Deacon Sharpe, Brooke's ex-son-in-law. Upon Matula's casting, her main storylines revolved around relationships with former love interests Liam and Wyatt Spencer, and a rivalry with Steffy Forrester, the latter of which mirrors the rivalry between their mothers, Brooke Logan and Dr. Taylor Hayes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting
2 Characterization
3 Storylines
3.1 Hope's conception
3.2 2010–16
3.3 2018–
4 References
5 External links
Casting[edit]
Kim Matula was cast in the rapidly aged role of Hope in 2010.
Between the years of 2002 and 2009, the character was played by child actresses, and appeared as a young girl around 5 years old by 2007. On December 4, 2009, it was announced that Hope was to be dramatically aged and portrayed by Kim Matula. Matula signed on as a contract character. Matula began taping The Bold and the Beautiful on November 19, 2009 and made her first appearance on January 11, 2010. On November 5, 2014, it was announced that after five years with the series, Matula would be departing the series.[1] Matula taped her final scene on November 6[2] and made her final appearance on December 12.[3][4] In March 2015, Soap Opera Digest reported news that Matula would make a return to the series, in a guest appearance as Hope. She is set to report to set on March 4, 2015, she aired on April 17 and 20, 2015.[5] In February 2016, Matula was reported to make a guest return to the soap; she appeared on March 16, 2016.[6]
In November 2017, Soap Opera Digest announced that actress Annika Noelle had been cast in the role of Hope; she made her first appearance on January 8, 2018.[7][8]
Characterization[edit]
The young adult character of Hope was first described as "A polar opposite of what her mother Brooke once was, Hope makes no secret of her more traditional and reserved views on sex and marriage".[9] Matula has described Hope as "Unlucky in love".[10] Speaking about the character's dramatic aging and her storyline, head writer Bradley Bell stated: "Aging the character of ‘Hope’ to a teenager allows us to bring the next generation of ‘Logans’ to the forefront, as well as play a broader range of the ‘Forrester’ vs. ‘Logan’ story. ‘Hope’s’ presence at Forrester Creations, as well as in ‘Brooke’ and ‘Ridge’s’ home, sparks an intense competition between ‘Hope’ and her step-sister ‘Steffy’ as well as creates new conflict between long-time rivals ‘Brooke’ and ‘Taylor’ as each woman is determined to protect her own daughter."[11]
Storylines[edit]
Hope's conception[edit]
Hope was conceived during an affair between Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang) and Deacon Sharpe (Sean Kanan). At the time, Deacon was married to Hope's half-sister, Bridget Forrester. Hope was born at the Big Bear Cabin. Deacon signed over his paternal rights in 2007 to Ridge Forrester when RJ and Hope were taken from Brooke when she was proven to be an unfit mother by Social Services, reported by Stephanie Forrester (Susan Flannery). Nick Marone (Jack Wagner) was also a father figure for Hope when he was married to Brooke.
2010–16[edit]
After the character was dramatically aged (SORASed), Hope is almost raped by a photographer by the name of Graham Derros. Nick and Aggie Jones save her from being raped. At high school (approaching graduation soon), she met a boy Oliver Jones, a DJ. He is Hope's first serious boyfriend. Instantly, the assertive Steffy takes interest in Oliver and wants to lure him away from Hope. She completes a series of events in order to humiliate Hope. At a fashion show for Forrester, she tampers with a sign taking the letters 'p' and 'e' out of Hope's name to create a sign that reads "Ho Logan". Then, at Hope's graduation party (with a mask theme), her mother has sex with Oliver, thinking it's her husband Ridge; this is revealed by a video which Steffy put together (however, it was later revealed the video was tampered by Justin Barber, who worked for Spencer Publications — who are against Forrester Creations). Despite unresolved feelings and never getting a chance with Oliver again, Hope forgives her mother. Meeting Liam Cooper, who was soon revealed to be the son of Bill Spencer, Jr., their relationship grows despite Oliver trying to win back Hope by making her jealous, by being in a relationship with Amber Moore. Their relationship later faces hardship when Amber falls pregnant after supposedly raping Liam, and Liam is thought to be the father during the whole pregnancy. Hope, unable to deal with the idea of Liam being with another woman and having a child, decides she must move on. The baby, when born, is revealed to not be Liam's.
Liam and Hope get engaged; however, she wanted to use this as a way to promote her fashion line, so their wedding was planned for months ahead. Unhappy with Hope wanting to wait to consummate their relationship after marriage, Liam becomes closer to Steffy after he saved her from drowning. Hope focuses more on her work than Liam. Neglected, he kisses Steffy. After witnessing the kiss, Hope takes off her engagement ring and leaves it at Liam's house. Heartbroken, Liam takes the ring and proposes to Steffy, who accepts. Liam and Steffy travel to Aspen, where they are married. Hope later begins flirtation with her step-brother, Thomas Forrester. They share a kiss despite Hope's unresolved feelings for Liam. While on holiday in Mexico, Thomas proposes to Hope and she briefly acknowledges that she might not be ready at the time, but someday her answer may be different and something may happen for them; she then kisses Thomas and says 'I feel safe with you'. Liam and Steffy are staying at the same resort, and once Liam finds out, he goes after Thomas and Hope on a dirt-bike chase. Steffy gets injured after she fell off her bike trying to get to Liam.
Liam confesses his love for Hope and tells Hope he plans to leave Steffy. But Bill pays off a MRI tech to switch Steffy's scans with another patient, leading Liam to believe that if Steffy gets upset in any way, a blood clot could explode, causing her to have a stroke and die. Upon receiving such information, Liam decides to stay with his wife while she recovers, leaving Hope devastated. Katie, who is suspicious of her daughter-in-law's sudden health revelations, decides to do her own research. She takes the MRI scans to her own doctor, who reveals the scans are that of someone who has a blood clot, but was not Steffy. Katie then confronts Bill and promises that she will tell Liam the truth. Bill, feeling threatened, locks Katie up in a tower to keep her from ruining his plans. Bill then goes to see Steffy and Liam and reveals that Steffy's blood clot had dissolved itself. Liam, relieved and happy for Steffy, has no idea what's going on until Katie arrives. Having freed herself from the tower, she tells Liam that Bill and Steffy had been trying to keep him away from Hope.
Liam, feeling gutted and betrayed, immediately leaves to find Hope. He finds her on the rooftop where he proposed to her and tells her that he loves her and that he wants to be with her to give their initial relationship a true chance without manipulations. When they later confront Bill with what they know and what they want from him, Bill refuses to give in, reminding Liam that Steffy is his wife and that he doesn't support his attempt to reunite with Hope. Liam, however, does not take that as an answer, making up his mind that his marriage to Steffy is over. Despite her pleading that they can get through this rough patch, Liam ends his relationship with Steffy and chooses to be with Hope. After she leaves, Liam goes outside where Hope is and reveals his left hand, which has no wedding ring on it. Brooke, worried that Steffy may try to pull a scheme to keep Liam, arranges for a wedding for Hope and Liam in her home, convinced that her son Rick would seduce Steffy into signing the annulment papers. Steffy refuses, and demands a full, legal divorce. Fearing again that Steffy would somehow scheme Liam into staying with her, Brooke insists that Hope spend the night with Liam, to 'take the power away' from Steffy by giving Liam her virginity. The night did not go as well as Hope had wished, and she ended up traumatized. Brooke showed up early the next morning to see how the night went and found Hope in tears, and immediately took her to a sex therapist to 'please Liam' so that she wouldn't lose him to Steffy.
The therapist gives Hope a trial dose of anti-anxiety pills and cautions her about sex with Liam further, but Brooke insists that Hope should be with Liam which confuses Hope even more to the point where she gets another prescription illegally from Amber. She begins acting abnormal, and eventually Liam finds out after a couple of incidents that nearly caused physical injury. The first was when Hope passed out in the pool at the Forrester House. The second was when Liam and Hope were in Aspen as well as Steffy, and she collided with her whilst they were skiing. After Liam finds out about the therapy sections, the medication and the accident with Steffy, he is stunned and confronts Hope, questioning their future. Liam takes Steffy up to Spencer cabin, where she decides to go ahead and sign the annulment papers, but Liam tears them up because he refused to hurt Steffy more and shares a passionate kiss with her. Once the divorce became final, Liam and Hope went to Italy at Brooke's insistence to remarry, although Ridge refused to design Hope's wedding gown out of respect for his other daughter. Bill tried to shanghai the wedding by bringing in Deacon Sharpe, which caused Hope to be late to the wedding and Liam to think that she had once again walked out on him. He turned to Steffy for comfort and asked her to leave with him and marry him again. Hope went to Liam's hotel suite, however, and Steffy hid in the bathroom while Hope told Liam what happened. Steffy insisted that Liam go ahead and marry Hope, so the wedding went off without a hitch. Once back in the States, Hope saw a video of Steffy and Liam professing their love for each other and falling into bed together on Hope's wedding day and refused to sign papers making their marriage legal in the US, wanting another wedding. Liam agrees, and Hope plans another wedding at the Forrester home.
On the day of their re-do wedding, however, Liam arrives drunk, on the back of Steffy's motorcycle with dyed hair and a tattoo after a night out with Steffy. Outraged by Liam's continued reliance on Steffy, Hope calls off the wedding and her relationship with Liam. She then forms a close friendship with Thomas Forrester, but insists he is not available so steers clear. While Hope is apart from Liam, she tells him she's too good for him and told him to go on with his life. He turns again to Steffy for comfort and the two fall in love, deciding to recommit to each other. Finding out that Liam and Hope had been lied to by Rick about what went on the night before their wedding, Hope once again tries to win over Liam but by that time, he had fallen for Steffy. Once again, to try to stop Steffy from keeping Liam, Brooke sets up a commitment ceremony on Liam's property without his knowledge as Liam, coming home after telling Rick that he thinks his future with Hope is over and calls Steffy, and has the priest from Italy pressure Liam into taking vows again with Hope. Steffy, however, found out she was pregnant several days earlier and waited to tell Liam about it until after he made his choice on which woman he wanted to be with. Finding out that Brooke had practically bulldozed Liam into a ceremony, she went running to Liam's house to find him and tell him she was pregnant. After finding out that Steffy was pregnant with his child, Liam eventually ended things with Hope, explaining that the ceremony was not his choice. Devastated, Hope found solace in Oliver, who finally somehow admitted he still had feelings for her, particularly by showing her the Chinese symbol for "hope" he got tattooed on his leg for her. Hope is touched, and they continue to reconnect.
On the professional front, Hope steps down as spokeswoman for her line, Hope for the Future, and approves Rick's decision to hire Maya. During Steffy's pregnancy, she ignores warnings of riding her motorcycle which results in an accident, causing her to lose the baby and become infertile. Hope secretly expresses her happiness about the situation to her mother and aunt, saying it gives she and Liam another chance if the loss tears Liam's marriage to Steffy apart. After Steffy learns of her infertility, she tells Hope she is leaving for good and that Liam is now Hope's, not telling Hope or Liam the real issue. She and Liam go to Bear Cabin together to talk. While on a walk, she sees a naked stranger taking a shower. She takes a photo of him, only for him to turn around and see her. She runs away and he chases her. She then falls over and is knocked unconscious. The stranger then carries her to safety and when she wakes up he kisses her. The mysterious stranger turns out to be Wyatt Fuller. After doing some digging, she learns he is the son of Bill Spencer, Jr., therefore the half-brother of Liam. Wyatt and Hope get closer after Liam flies to Steffy, asking Steffy to take him back and restore the marriage. Steffy rejects him and Liam comes home and proposes to Hope, who accepts. Wyatt moves in with Liam, but when Liam catches him kissing Hope, he punches Wyatt, and after a fight between Bill and Wyatt, he moves out, but Hope later selects Quinn and Wyatt's jewelery business to accompany 'Hope for the Future'. When Liam finds out, he convinces Hope to try and break the contract. Hope asks Eric to do so but he doesn't agree, knowing that it is a personal reason for wanting to end the contract. So the contract stands, much to Liam's dismay, and the two fly to Mexico to get the Hope Diamond for the line, which makes problems for Liam.
Hope and Liam get engaged, but when Hope receives a tribute video Liam made for Steffy, it creates tension between them. Liam, thinking it was Wyatt that sent the video, later finds out it was actually Quinn, and Liam quickly informs Hope. Confronting them both, Hope finds out that Quinn did send the video, but Wyatt had no idea of it until the Hope Diamond reveal. Hope forgives them both. She later ends her engagement to Liam when she is feeling insecure about Liam's connection to Steffy. They soon reconcile, but Hope wants to wait before they get married. Aly Forrester, who has a crush on Liam, sends him a picture of Wyatt and Hope kissing at a photoshoot. Liam decides to confront Hope about her refusal to marry, demands that they do so and that she cut all professional and personal ties with Wyatt and Quinn Artisan Jewelers. Hope chooses Liam over Wyatt and Eric reluctantly agrees to break the contract. Wyatt tries desperately to change Hope's mind but she won't, confessing to her mother that if they had met before Liam, then they would have had a chance. On the day of the wedding, Hope gets a note to go see Liam, but she finds him with Steffy at the cabin. Knowing that Steffy is back from Paris, and guessing she would be back to fight for Liam, Hope rehires Quinn, and she and Wyatt go to Hawaii together. Liam follows soon after to explain to Hope that Steffy had informed him that she is now able to conceive again, and that it was Quinn who once again interfered with their relationship. He then asks her to marry him immediately. Hope declines and ends her relationship with him, finally choosing Wyatt over Liam. Their happiness is short-lived when it is revealed by Liam that Wyatt took the Hope diamond as a P.R stunt, before the real jewel thieves had intentions to steal it. It almost ends their relationship completely, but Hope decides to give Wyatt another chance, much to Liam's dismay. Hope then endures a pregnancy scare, and with Liam's persuasion, she dates both brothers, agreeing that she will choose who she wants to spend the rest of her life with at the end of it.
After finding out about Quinn's involvement in Ridge's disappearance and feared death, Hope chooses Liam and they become engaged. Quinn becomes outraged when Hope ends things with Wyatt, and threatens both Liam and Hope's lives. When Quinn tries to kill Liam once and for all, Wyatt and Deacon Sharpe save him. Wyatt declares his support for Liam and Hope's relationship. Because of this, Liam and Hope decide to rehire Wyatt at Forrester Creations. Wyatt inherits the Hope for the Future Diamond after Ricardo Montemayor dies. He gifts it to Hope, which causes friction between Liam and Hope, and the two brothers. When Liam demands Hope give it back to Wyatt, Hope refuses, and publicly declares at a press conference that she is keeping the diamond. Wyatt and Rick decide to take Hope and the diamond on a promotion tour, starting with a photo shoot in Paris. Hope asks Liam to come with her, or meet her there to marry her. But Liam, still angry, does not know if he will go. Hope tells him to meet her at 3pm the next day after the photo shoot if he wants to continue their relationship. Wyatt begs Hope not to marry Liam, though she insists that she and Liam belong together. Liam misses his deadline with Hope, who then leaves with Wyatt on the Spencer jet. Wyatt takes her to Bill's yacht in Monte Carlo, where he insists that Liam wasted all of his chances with Hope, but that he will always be there for her. Wyatt proposes to Hope using the HFTF diamond, and Hope accepts and marries Wyatt. She realizes Wyatt is the man she had wanted the whole time, and that a life with Liam was just a fantasy for her. Although Liam revealed that he was indeed at Paris at the time she left, she remained positive on making her commitment to Wyatt. However, about a month later, Hope gets an urgent call from Liam. She finds out that Quinn orchestrated her and Wyatt's marriage by pushing Ivy off the Seine causing Liam to miss his chance to be with Hope. After confronting Quinn for her role and Wyatt for defending his mother, though she also feel sympathy for him, she was determined to leave Wyatt to be with Liam again until she announced that she is pregnant with Wyatt's child. She explains that she doesn't want her child to grow up with multiple fathers and have a complicated relationship like she did. She ended things with Liam for good and wants to rekindle her marriage to Wyatt now with the baby on the way. This is all changed when she suffers a miscarriage, and tells Liam that she will always love him. Hope visits Brooke in Milan, Italy, and does not return to L.A. with Brooke.
In 2015, Brooke attempts to stop Deacon's wedding to Quinn by getting Hope to talk to him via a video message on her tablet. Hope tells Deacon that Quinn is evil, but he marries her anyway. In early 2016, Liam is kidnapped by Quinn, and Steffy calls Hope, thinking that she may have information on Liam's whereabouts. She tells Steffy that she hasn't heard from Liam.
2018–[edit]
Hope returns to Los Angeles in January 2018, with the guidance of Ridge, to surprise her mother. She makes her intentions known of returning to Forrester and potentially relaunching the Hope for the Future line. When Hope meets Sally Spectra, she finds out that Liam and Steffy’s marriage is in trouble and so she visits Liam to offer her support and friendship.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (November 5, 2014). "Kim Matula Leaving The Bold and the Beautiful!". Michaelfairmansoaps.com. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kim Matula Last Scene on The Bold and the Beautiful!". Kim Matula's Official Instagram. November 6, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hope Logan's Final Day". Soaps She Knows. November 24, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (December 5, 2014). "Kim Matula's Final Airdate Revealed As December 12th On The Bold and The Beautiful!". United States: Michaelfairmansoaps.com. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ SOD (March 2, 2015). "EXCLUSIVE! KIM MATULA RETURNS TO B&B!". Soap Opera Digest. United States. American Media, Inc. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ SOD (February 26, 2016). "EXCLUSIVE! KIM MATULA BACK TO B&B". Soap Opera Digest. United States. American Media. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ SOD (November 22, 2017). "Casting Exclusive! B&B Recasts Hope". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows (November 30, 2017). "Annika Noelle's B&B Air Date, First Look Photo Revealed As Hope Logan". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hope Logan | Character Descriptions | Bold and the Beautiful". The Bold and The Beautiful. Archived from the original on 2013-08-17. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Discover B&B - Hope Logan". YouTube. 2011-02-16. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Actress Kimberly Matula Joins the B&B Cast as "Hope Logan" | News Articles | Bold and the Beautiful". The Bold and The Beautiful. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
External links[edit]
Hope Logan profile - Soapcentral.com
show
v
t
e
The Bold and the Beautiful
Current characters
Maya Avant
Nicole Avant
Sheila Carter
Zende Dominguez
Pamela Douglas
Eric Forrester
Ivy Forrester
Rick Forrester
Ridge Forrester
R.J. Forrester
Steffy Forrester
Thorne Forrester
Quinn Fuller
Taylor Hayes
Brooke Logan
Hope Logan
Katie Logan
Coco Spectra
Sally Spectra
Shirley Spectra
Bill Spencer
Liam Spencer
Wyatt Spencer
Recurring characters
Alison Montgomery
Justin Barber
Bradley Baker
Julius Avant
Vivienne Avant
Saul Feinberg
Antonio Dominguez
Felicia Forrester
Kristen Forrester
Bridget Forrester
C.J. Garrison
Deacon Sharpe
Caroline Spencer
Donna Logan
Sasha Thompson
Carter Walton
James Warwick
Charlie Webber
John Forrester
Jarrett Maxwell
Mateo
Darlita
Notable previous
characters
Ashley Abbott
Adam Alexander
Macy Alexander
Morgan DeWitt
Deveney Dixon
Dante Damiano
Kimberly Fairchild
Darla Einstein
Lauren Fenmore
Aly Forrester
Jessica Forrester
Marcus Forrester
Maggie Forrester
Phoebe Forrester
Stephanie Forrester
Thomas Forrester
Clarke Garrison
Agnes Jones
Whipple Jones
Oliver Jones
Owen Knight
Dayzee Leigh
Beth Logan
Stephen Logan
Storm Logan
Erica Lovejoy
Margo Lynley
Jake Maclaine
Mark Maclaine
Massimo Marone
Jackie Marone
Nick Marone
Oscar Marone
Amber Moore
Sally Spectra
Bill Spencer
Caroline Spencer Forrester
Karen Spencer
Danielle Spencer
Production crew
Executive Producer
Bradley Bell
Head Writers
Bradley Bell
Michael Minnis
Creators
William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell
Related articles
Cast members
Crew
Characters
Forrester Creations
Jackie M Designs
Spencer family
Forrester family
Logan family
Marone family
The Young and the Restless
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History of the Puritans in North America
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Puritan history
Narrative History
History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I
History of the Puritans under King James I
History of the Puritans under King Charles I
History of the Puritans from 1649
History of the Puritans in North America
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Puritan
Definitions of Puritanism
Troubles at Frankfurt
Puritan choir
Vestments controversy
Martin Marprelate
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In the early 17th century, thousands of English Puritans settled in North America, mainly in New England. Puritans were generally members of the Church of England who believed that the Church of England was insufficiently reformed, retaining too much of its Roman Catholic doctrinal roots, and who therefore opposed royal ecclesiastical policy under Elizabeth I of England, James I of England, and Charles I of England. Most Puritans were "non-separating Puritans", meaning that they did not advocate setting up separate congregations distinct from the Church of England; a small minority of Puritans were "separating Puritans" who advocated setting up congregations outside the Church. The Pilgrims were a Separatist group, and they established the Plymouth Colony in 1620. Non-separating Puritans played leading roles in establishing the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629, the Saybrook Colony in 1635, the Connecticut Colony in 1636, and the New Haven Colony in 1638. The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was established by settlers expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of their unorthodox religious opinions. Puritans were also active in New Hampshire before it became a crown colony in 1691.
Most Puritans who migrated to North America came in the decade 1630-1640 in what is known as the Great Migration. See the main articles on each of the colonies for information on their political and social history; this article focuses on the religious history of the Puritans in North America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Puritanism in England (1533–1630)
2 Migration to America (1620–1640)
3 New England theological controversies, 1632-1642
3.1 The Roger Williams controversy
3.2 The Anne Hutchinson controversy
3.3 Historiography of Puritan Involvement with Witchcraft in Colonial America
4 Life in the New World
5 Decline of power and influence
6 Notes
7 Bibliography
Puritanism in England (1533–1630)[edit]
Puritanism was a Protestant movement that emerged in 16th–century England with the goal of transforming it into a godly society by reforming or purifying the Church of England of all remaining Roman Catholic teachings and practices.[1] During the reign of Elizabeth I, Puritans were for the most part tolerated within the established church. Like Puritans, most English Protestants at the time were Calvinist in their theology, and many bishops and Privy Council members were sympathetic to Puritan objectives. The major point of controversy between Puritans and church authorities was over liturgical ceremonies Puritans thought too Catholic, such as wearing clerical vestments, kneeling to receive Holy Communion, and making the sign of the cross during baptism.[2]
During the reign of James I, some Puritans were no longer willing to wait for further church reforms. These Separatists left the national church and began holding their own religious meetings, with many migrating to the Netherlands in order to escape persecution and worship freely. Nevertheless, most Puritans remained within the Church of England.[3]
Under Charles I, Calvinist teachings were undermined and bishops became less tolerant of Puritan views and more willing to enforce the use of controversial ceremonies. New controls were placed on Puritan preaching, and some ministers were suspended or removed from their livings. Increasingly, many Puritans concluded that they had no choice but to emigrate.[4]
Migration to America (1620–1640)[edit]
Fictional drawing of William Brewster (c1566-1644), one of the leaders of the Pilgrims who helped found the Plymouth Colony in 1620.
In 1620, a group of Separatists known as the Pilgrims settled in New England and established the Plymouth Colony. The Pilgrims originated as a dissenting congregation in Scrooby led by William Brewster, Richard Clyfton and John Robinson. This congregation was subject to ecclesiastical investigation, and its members faced social hostility from conforming church members. Fearing increasing persecution, the group left England and settled in the Dutch city of Leiden. In 1620, after receiving a patent from the London Company, the Pilgrims left for New England on board the Mayflower, landing at Plymouth Rock.
Two of the Pilgrim settlers in Plymouth Colony - Robert Cushman and Edward Winslow - believed that Cape Ann would be a profitable location for a settlement. They therefore organized a company which they named the Dorchester Company and in 1622 sailed to England seeking a patent from the London Company giving them permission to settle there. They were successful and were granted the Sheffield Patent (named after Edmond, Lord Sheffield, the member of the Plymouth Company who granted the patent). On the basis of this patent, Roger Conant led a group of fishermen to found Salem in 1626, being replaced as governor by John Endecott in 1627.
Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge, and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company. In March 1629, it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World, led by John Winthrop.[5]
John Winthrop (1587/8-1649), Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who led the Puritans in the Great Migration, beginning in 1630.
During the crossing, Winthrop preached a sermon entitled "A Model of Christian Charity", in which he told his followers that they had entered a covenant with God according to which he would cause them to prosper if they maintained their commitment to God. In doing so, their new colony would become a "City upon a Hill", meaning that they would be a model to all the nations of Europe as to what a properly reformed Christian commonwealth should look like.[6]
Most of the Puritans who emigrated settled in the New England area. However, the Great Migration of Puritans was relatively short-lived and not as large as is often believed. It began in earnest in 1629 with the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and ended in 1642 with the start of the English Civil War, when King Charles I effectively shut off emigration to the colonies. Emigration was officially restricted to conforming churchmen in December 1634 by his Privy Council.[7] From 1629 through 1643, approximately 21,000 Puritans immigrated to New England.
The Great Migration of Puritans to New England was primarily an exodus of families. Between 1630 and 1640, over 13,000 men, women, and children sailed to Massachusetts. The religious and political factors behind the Great Migration influenced the demographics of the emigrants. Groups of young men seeking economic success predominated the Virginia colonies, whereas Puritan ships were laden with “ordinary” people, old and young, families as well as individuals. Just a quarter of the emigrants were in their twenties when they boarded ship in the 1630s, making young adults a minority in New England settlements. The New World Puritan population was more of a cross section in age of English population than those of other colonies. This meant that the Massachusetts Bay Colony retained a relatively normal population composition. In the colony of Virginia, the ratio of colonist men to women was 4:1 in early decades and at least 2:1 in later decades, and only limited intermarriage took place with Indian women. By contrast, nearly half of the Puritan immigrants to the New World were women, and there was very little intermarriage with Indians. The majority of families who traveled to Massachusetts Bay were families in progress, with parents who were not yet through with their reproductive years and whose continued fertility made New England’s population growth possible. The women who emigrated were critical agents in the success of the establishment and maintenance of the Puritan colonies in North America. Success in the early colonial economy depended largely on labor, which was conducted by members of Puritan families.
The struggle between the assertive Church of England and various Presbyterian and Puritan groups extended throughout the English realm in the 17th Century, prompting not only the re-emigration of British Protestants from Ireland to North America (the so-called Scotch-Irish), but prompting emigration from Bermuda, England's second-oldest overseas territory. Roughly 10,000 Bermudians emigrated before US Independence. Most of these went to the American colonies, founding, or contributing to settlements throughout the South, especially. Many had also gone to the Bahamas, where a number of Bermudian Independent Puritan families, under the leadership of William Sayle, had established the colony of Eleuthera in 1648.
Some Puritans also migrated to colonies in Central America and the Caribbean, see Providence Island Company, Mosquito Coast and Providencia Island.
New England theological controversies, 1632-1642[edit]
As noted earlier, the vast majority of Puritans who settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony were non-separating Puritans. They deeply abhorred many of the practices of the Church of England, but they refused to separate from the Church of England because they placed an extremely high value on the doctrine of the unity of the Church. They viewed the Separating Puritans as schismatics. Thus, the Puritans in Massachusetts erected their church along Presbyterian-Congregational lines, but they technically remained in full communion with the Church of England. This position led to two major theological controversies in the course of the 1630s: the Roger Williams controversy, and the Anne Hutchinson controversy.
Engraving of a statue of Roger Williams (1603-1683), Puritan minister who was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636 for his views and who advocated religious liberty. Williams founded the city of Providence, Rhode Island.
The Roger Williams controversy[edit]
Roger Williams, a Separating Puritan minister, arrived in Boston in 1631. He was almost immediately invited to become the pastor of the local congregation, but he refused the invitation on the grounds that the congregation had not separated from the Church of England. He then was invited to become pastor of the church at Salem, but was blocked by Boston political leaders, who objected to his separatism. He thus spent two years with his fellow Separatists in the Plymouth Colony, but ultimately came into conflict with them and returned to Salem, where he became pastor in May 1635, against the objection of the Boston authorities. Williams set forth a manifesto in which he declared that 1) the Church of England was apostate and fellowship with it was a grievous sin; 2) the Massachusetts Colony's charter falsely said that King Charles was a Christian; 3) the colony should not be allowed to impose oaths on its citizens, because that was forbidden by Matthew 5:33-37
Williams' actions so outraged the Puritan leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony that they expelled him from the colony. In 1636, the exiled Williams founded the colony of Providence Plantation. He was one of the first Puritans to advocate separation of church and state, and Providence Plantation was one of the first places in the Christian world to recognize freedom of religion.
The Anne Hutchinson controversy[edit]
Anne Hutchinson and her family moved from Boston, Lincolnshire to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634, following their Puritan minister John Cotton. Cotton began pastoring a congregation in Boston, Massachusetts, and Hutchinson joined his congregation. Following the Puritan practice of conventicling, Hutchinson set up a conventicle in her home. At the conventicle, a group would meet during the week to discuss John Cotton's sermon from the previous Sunday. Hutchinson proved to be extremely charismatic at propounding on Cotton's ideas during these conventicles, and eventually the size of her conventicle swelled to 80 people and had to be moved from her home to the church building.
Cotton had long denounced Arminianism in his sermons. Hutchinson took up the anti-Arminian cause in strong language, propounding an extreme form of double predestination (a view popularized among English Puritans by William Perkins), which held that God chose those who would go to heaven (the elect) and those who would go to hell (the reprobate), and that His decision inevitably and infallibly came to pass. Applying this framework to the Arminian controversy, Hutchinson argued that people were either under a covenant of works (they were relying on good works for their salvation, and therefore were really damned) or else a covenant of grace (in which case they were dependent only on God's grace, and were therefore really saved).
Nineteenth-century painting depicting Anne Hutchinson's (1591-1643) trial before the Massachusetts General Court in 1637, which led to her banishment from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
By 1637, Hutchinson's teachings had grown controversial within the colony for a number of reasons. First, some Puritans objected to a woman occupying such a prominent role as a teacher in the church. Second, Hutchinson began denouncing various Puritan ministers in the colony as really preaching a "covenant of works" and sometimes spoke as if John Cotton were the only minister in the entire colony who was preaching a "covenant of grace" correctly. Thirdly, some of Hutchinson's views on the "covenant of grace" seemed indistinguishable from the heresy of antinomianism, the view that the elect did not have to follow the laws of God or morality.
Hutchinson was called before the Massachusetts General Court to explain herself. She sparred verbally with the magistrates successfully on a number of issues, but was ultimately undone when she said that she had determined that she would be persecuted when she came to New England. When the magistrates asked her how she had determined this, she responded "by an immediate revelation" i.e. God had spoken to her and told her so. The Puritans generally followed the principle of sola scriptura and believed that God communicated with individuals only through the medium of scripture. As such, for the magistrates of the General Court, who were already suspicious of Hutchinson's orthodoxy, the claim that God was speaking directly to her was the final straw. They therefore voted to banish her from the colony. As a result, in 1638, Hutchinson and several of her followers left the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the town of Pocasset, which today is Portsmouth, Rhode Island.
Historiography of Puritan Involvement with Witchcraft in Colonial America[edit]
As time passes and different perspectives arise within the scholarship of witchcraft and its involvement in Puritan New England, many scholars have stepped forth to contribute to what we know in regards to this subject. For instance, diverse perspectives involving the witch trials have been argued involving gender, race, economics, religion, and the social oppression that Puritans lived through that explain in a more in-depth way how Puritanism contributed to the trials and executions. Puritan fears, beliefs and institutions were the perfect storm that fueled the witch craze in towns such as Salem from an interdisciplinary and anthropological approach. [8] From a gendered approach, offered by Carol Karlsen and Elizabeth Reis, the question of why witches were primarily women did not fully surface until after the second wave of feminism in the 1980s. Some believe that women who were gaining economic or social power, specifically in the form of land inheritance, were at a higher risk of being tried as witches. [9] Others maintain that females were more susceptible to being witches as the Puritans believed that the weak body was a pathway to the soul which both God and the Devil fought for. Due to the Puritan belief that female bodies "lacked the strength and vitality" compared to male bodies, females were more susceptible to make a choice to enter a covenant with Satan as their fragile bodies could not protect their souls. [10] From a racial perspective, Puritans believed that African Americans and Native Americans living within the colonies were viewed as "true witches" from an anthropological sense as Blacks were considered "inherently evil creatures, unable to control their connection to Satanic wickedness." [11] Another contribution made to scholarship includes the religious perspective that historians attempt to understand its effect on the witch trials. John Demos, a major scholar in the field of Puritan witchcraft studies, maintains that the intense and oppressive nature of Puritan religion can be viewed as the main culprit in the Colonial witch trials. [12] While many scholars provide different arguments to Puritanism and witchcraft, all of the various camps mentioned rely on each other in numerous ways in order to build on our understanding of the witch craze in early American History. As more perspectives from different scholars add to the knowledge of the Puritan involvement in the witch trials, a more complete picture and history will form.
Life in the New World[edit]
New England society rested on the rock of the Puritan family, economically and religiously. Women were thus entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring that children grew into virtuous Puritan adults. This new moral and religious significance given to everyday life, marriage, and family brought women’s activities into the spotlight. Although the patriarch directed work and devotion within the family, the proof of success in the New World was in a harmonious marriage and godly children—both of which fell under the jurisdiction of the Puritan woman. The success of The Great Migration and establishment of successful Puritan colonies in the New World thus depended heavily on the role of women within the settlement.
In the 1660s the Puritan settlements in the New World were confronted with the challenge posed by an aging first generation. Those who created the colonies were the most fervent in their religious beliefs, and as their numbers began to decline, so did the membership of churches. The demographics of the churches changed because fewer men were joining. The resulting decrease in male religious participation was a problem for the established church (that is, the colony’s official church for which people were taxed and which they were expected to attend), since men were the ones with secular power. If the men who wielded secular power in the colony were absent from the church, its legitimacy would be undermined. As early as 1660, women constituted the great majority of church members. However, since Anne Hutchinson’s banishment, they were not allowed to talk in church (for more information, see below under "Beliefs"). Puritan ministers, concerned for the continued existence and power of their churches in the colonies, pushed for a solution to declining church membership. This effort led to the creation of the Halfway Covenant, in order to boost participation in the Puritan church.
Emigration resumed under the rule of Cromwell, but not in large numbers as there was no longer any need to "escape persecution" in England. In fact, many Puritans returned to England during the war. "In 1641, when the English Civil War began, some immigrants returned to fight on the Puritan side, and when the Puritans won, many resumed English life under Oliver Cromwell's more congenial Puritan sway."[1]
Decline of power and influence[edit]
Puritan oppression led to the voluntary or involuntary banishment of many religious leaders and their followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. This led or contributed to the founding of new colonies as religious havens for those who wanted to live outside of the existing theocracy.[13]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bremer 2009, pp. 2–3.
Jump up ^ Bremer 2009, pp. 7,10.
Jump up ^ Bremer 2009, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Bremer 2009, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Bremer 2009, pp. 17–18.
Jump up ^ Bremer 2009, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Gardiner, History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, Longmans, Green, 1884 page 167, page 172 (Volume 8).
Jump up ^ Reed, Isaac. "Why Salem Made Sense: Culture, Gender, and the Puritan Persecution of Witchcraft." Cultural Sociology. 1, no. 2 (2007): 209-234.
Jump up ^ Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England. New York, NY: Norton, 1987.
Jump up ^ Reis, Elizabeth. "The Devil, the Body, and the Feminine Soul in Puritan New England." The Journal of American History 82, no. 1 (1995): 15-36.
Jump up ^ McMillan, Timothy J. "Black Magic: Witchcraft, Race, and Resistance in Colonial New England." Journal of Black Studies 25, no. 1 (1994): 99-117.
Jump up ^ Demos, John. Entertaining Satan : Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University, 2004.
Jump up ^ Quaqua Society--Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Bibliography[edit]
Bremer, Francis J. (2009). Puritanism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199740871.
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William Perkins (Puritan)

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values: Edit section: Historiography of Puritan Involvement with Witchcraft in Colonial America

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