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Amy Schumer
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Amy Schumer
Schumer in 2011
Birth name
Amy Beth Schumer
Born
(1981-06-01) June 1, 1981 (age 37)
Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.
Medium
Stand-up comedy, theatre, television, film
Alma mater
Towson University
Years active
2004–present
Genres
Observational comedy, blue comedy, sketch comedy, insult comedy
Subject(s)
Interpersonal relationships, sex, everyday life, self-deprecation
Spouse
Chris Fischer (m. 2018)
Relative(s)
Chuck Schumer
Website
amyschumer.com
Amy Beth Schumer[1] (born June 1, 1981) is an American stand-up comedian and actress. She ventured into comedy in the early 2000s before appearing as a contestant on the fifth season of the NBC reality competition series Last Comic Standing in 2007. Since 2013, she has been the creator, co-producer, co-writer, and star of the Comedy Central sketch comedy series Inside Amy Schumer, for which she received a Peabody Award and for which Schumer has been nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards, winning Outstanding Variety Sketch Series in 2015.
Schumer wrote and made her film debut in a starring role in Trainwreck (2015), for which she received nominations for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical. She published a memoir in 2016, The Girl with the Lower Back Tattoo, which held the top position on The New York Times Non-Fiction Best Seller list for two weeks. The same year, she garnered two Grammy Award nominations for Best Comedy Album for Amy Schumer: Live at the Apollo and Best Spoken Word Album for The Girl with the Lower Back Tattoo. In 2018, she starred in the comedy film I Feel Pretty and garnered a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play nomination for her Broadway debut in Meteor Shower.
Contents
1 Early life and background
2 Career
3 Influences
4 In the media
5 Personal life
6 Filmography
6.1 Film
6.2 Television
7 Discography
7.1 Albums
7.2 Videos
7.3 Audiobook
7.4 Compilation Appearances
8 Stage
9 Bibliography
10 Awards and nominations
11 References
12 External links
Early life and background
Schumer was born on June 1, 1981 on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York,[1][2] to Sandra Jane (née Jones) and Gordon David Schumer, who owned a baby-furniture company.[2][3][4] She later moved with her mother to Long Island, where she attended high school.[5] She has a younger sister, Kim Caramele, who is a comedy writer and a producer,[6][7] and a half-brother, Jason Stein,[8] who is a musician in Chicago, Illinois.[9][10]
Schumer's father was born to a Jewish family from Ukraine.[11] He is a first cousin of U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer.[12][13][14] Her mother, who is from a Protestant background and deep New England roots, converted to Judaism before her marriage.[4][15][16] Schumer was raised Jewish and says she had to deal with antisemitism as a child.[17][18][19] Her mother's ancestry included Puritans in the 17th-century English colony of Massachusetts. As a guest on Finding Your Roots in 2017, Schumer learned that in 1704, three children from her ancestor Thomas Tarbell's family were captured at Groton, Massachusetts in a French-Abenaki raid and taken to Montreal. The girl was ransomed by a French-Canadian family and ultimately joined a French Catholic convent; the two boys were each adopted by Mohawk families at Kahnawake and became thoroughly assimilated.[5]
Through the success of her father's furniture company in Manhattan, Schumer's household was wealthy during her early years.[20] When she was nine years old, her father's business failed and he went bankrupt, and either then[12] or when she was 12[21] (sources differ), her father was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Some time afterward, her parents divorced.[12] Moving to Long Island with her mother, Schumer lived in Rockville Centre, New York and attended South Side High School. She was voted both "Class Clown" and "Teacher's Worst Nightmare" upon graduation in 1999.[22] She attended the Hebrew school of the Central Synagogue of Nassau County, a Reform synagogue in Rockville Centre, on whose board her mother served.[23][24]
Schumer moved near Baltimore, Maryland, after high school when she attended Towson University; she graduated with a degree in theater in 2003.[6][22] She returned to New York City after college, where she studied at the William Esper Studio for two years and worked as a bartender and a waitress.[22]
Career
After graduating with a degree in theater from Towson University in 2003 and moving to New York City, Schumer portrayed a young woman diagnosed with breast cancer in the Off-Off-Broadway black comedy Keeping Abreast.[22] She started doing stand-up comedy on June 1, 2004, when she first performed at Gotham Comedy Club.[25] In 2007, she recorded a Live at Gotham episode for Comedy Central before appearing on Last Comic Standing; she later recalled that she thought of the episode as her "big break."[26]
Schumer performing in 2006
Rebounding from an unsuccessful audition for an earlier season,[27] she advanced to the finals of the fifth season of the NBC reality television talent show Last Comic Standing and placed fourth.[25] Schumer said in April 2011, "Last Comic was totally fun. I had a great time because there was no pressure on me; I had been doing stand-up around two years. I wasn't supposed to do well. So every time I advanced it was a happy surprise. I kept it honest on the show and it served me well."[28]
Schumer co-starred in the Comedy Central reality show Reality Bites Back in 2008.[29] In 2009, she appeared in an advertising campaign for Butterfinger.[30] Schumer was a recurring guest on Fox News late-night program Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld between 2007 and 2012. Her first Comedy Central Presents special aired on April 2, 2010. She served as a co-host of A Different Spin with Mark Hoppus in 2011, later titled Hoppus on Music.[28] She has also written for Cosmopolitan.[28]
Schumer did an episode (#154) of WTF with Marc Maron podcast on March 3, 2011, in which she discusses her early life in more detail.[31] Schumer has appeared in roles on the NBC comedy series 30 Rock, the Adult Swim mockumentary series Delocated, and the two HBO series, Curb Your Enthusiasm and Girls.[32]
She acted in three films in 2012: the independent comedy Price Check, the comedy-drama Seeking a Friend for the End of the World, and the independent comedy Sleepwalk with Me.[33] Schumer also appeared on The Comedy Central Roast of Charlie Sheen in September 2011, and The Comedy Central Roast of Roseanne Barr in August 2012.
Schumer at South by Southwest in 2015
Schumer released a standup comedy album, Cutting, in 2011.[34] Her standup comedy special Mostly Sex Stuff premiered on Comedy Central on August 18, 2012, to positive reviews.[35] Schumer said in February 2012, "I don't like the observational stuff. I like tackling the stuff nobody else talks about, like the darkest, most serious thing about yourself. I talk about life and sex and personal stories and stuff everybody can relate to, and some can't."[36]
In June 2012, Schumer began work on a sketch comedy series for Comedy Central. The show features single-camera vignettes of Schumer playing "heightened versions" of herself. The vignettes are linked together with footage of Schumer's stand-up.[37] The show, Inside Amy Schumer, premiered on Comedy Central on April 30, 2013. Inside Amy Schumer was picked up for a second season that began in 2014. A behind-the-scenes miniseries entitled Behind Amy Schumer premiered in 2012. The third season premiered on April 21, 2015, with a fourth season ordered the same day.[38]
In 2014, Schumer embarked on her Back Door Tour to promote the second season of her show.[39] The show featured closing act Bridget Everett, whom Schumer cites as her favorite live performer.[40] She also appeared as a guest on an episode of comedian Jerry Seinfeld's Internet series Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee in 2014.[41]
She hosted the 2015 MTV Movie Awards, which took place on April 11.[42] Schumer wrote and played her first leading film role in Trainwreck, co-starring Bill Hader, which was released on July 17, 2015.[43]
In August 2015, Jennifer Lawrence said she and Schumer planned to co-star in a film for which they and Schumer's sister Kim were co-writing a screenplay.[44] Schumer performed as opening act for Madonna on three New York City dates of the singer's Rebel Heart Tour in September 2015.[45]
On October 17, 2015, Schumer's comedy special Amy Schumer: Live at the Apollo premiered on HBO.[46][47] In 2016, it was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Variety Special, Writing, and Directing.[48][49][50] It also garnered her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.[51]
On June 23, 2016, during her sold out performance at Madison Square Garden, Schumer announced her first world tour starting on August 26 in Dublin.[52] Also that year, Schumer wrote a memoir, entitled The Girl with the Lower Back Tattoo.[53] It held the top position on The New York Times Non-Fiction Best Seller list for two weeks in September 2016 and garnered her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.[51][54]
Schumer made her Broadway debut in 2017 with Steve Martin's comedy play Meteor Shower, about two couples in 1993 who spend an evening with each other.[55] Her performance received acclaim and garnered her a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. In 2018, she starred in the comedy film I Feel Pretty.
Spotify released the original podcast Amy Schumer Presents: 3 Girls, 1 Keith on June 21, 2018, starring Schumer and her best comedy friends Rachel Feinstein, Bridget Everett and Keith Robinson as they talk about comedy, pop culture, politics and their personal lives.[56]
Influences
Schumer's comedic influences include Wendy Liebman,[57] Carol Burnett,[58] Lucille Ball,[58] and Joan Rivers.[59] Additionally, she called actress-producer Goldie Hawn one of her "heroes".[59]
In the media
Schumer on the cover of Ms. magazine in 2015
In 2015, Schumer was named one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people.[60] In 2015, Schumer was also named to Barbara Walters' 10 Most Fascinating People list for 2015.[61] Schumer has received praise for addressing various social issues through comedy.[62][63][64][65][66][67] In June 2015, Monica Heisey of The Guardian criticized her for "a shockingly large blind spot around race."[67] Schumer responded on Twitter, stating "I go in and out of playing an irreverent idiot. That includes making dumb jokes involving race... You can call it a 'blind spot for racism' or 'lazy,' but you are wrong. It is a joke ... I am not racist."[68]
Throughout 2015, several of Schumer's skits in Inside Amy Schumer went viral online, sparking think pieces regarding sex, feminism, and rape culture.[69][70][71][72]
After a fatal shooting took place at a showing of Trainwreck in Louisiana, Schumer advocated for stricter gun control laws and increased mental health funding.[73]
In November 2015, Schumer posed nude for a photo by photographer Annie Leibovitz for 2016 edition of the Pirelli Calendar.[74] Schumer tweeted the photo, writing "Beautiful, gross, strong, thin, fat, pretty, ugly, sexy, disgusting, flawless, woman. Thank you."[75]
In January 2016, Schumer was accused of stealing jokes from comedians Tammy Pescatelli, Kathleen Madigan, Wendy Liebman, and Patrice O'Neal.[76][77] Schumer denied the allegations.[78][79] Other comedians, such as Marc Maron and Dave Rubin, stood up for Schumer.[80][81] Pescatelli later apologized, stating it had "gone too far" and was probably "parallel thinking".[82]
Personal life
Schumer has dated professional wrestler Nick Nemeth, better known by his ring name Dolph Ziggler,[83] and comedian Anthony Jeselnik.[84] In January 2016, Schumer revealed she was in a relationship with Chicago furniture designer Ben Hanisch.[85] Her representative announced in May 2017 that the relationship had ended.[86]
Schumer married chef and farmer Chris Fischer on February 13, 2018 in Malibu, California.[87][88]
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006 Sense Memory Short film
2012 Sleepwalk with Me Amy Uncredited[89]
Price Check Lila
Seeking a Friend for the End of the World Lacey/Woman #1
2015 Trainwreck Amy Townsend Also writer
2017 Snatched Emily Middleton
Thank You for Your Service Amanda Doster
2018 I Feel Pretty Renee Barrett
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2007 Live at Gotham Herself Episode: "2.6"
2007 Last Comic Standing Herself 7 episodes
2008 Reality Bites Back Herself 7 episodes
2009 Cupid Heather Episode: "The Tommy Brown Affair"
2009 30 Rock Stylist Episode: "Mamma Mia"
2010 John Oliver's New York Stand-Up Show Herself Episode: "1.4"
2010 Comedy Central Presents Herself Episode: "14.14"
2011 Curb Your Enthusiasm Teammate #2 Episode: "Mister Softee"
2011 Comedy Central Roast of Charlie Sheen Roaster TV special
2012 Delocated Trish 8 episodes
2012 Louie Diane (voice) Episode: "Barney/Never"
2012 Comedy Central Roast of Roseanne Barr Roaster TV special
2012 Amy Schumer: Mostly Sex Stuff Herself Stand-up special
2012 Dave's Old Porn Herself Episode: "2.3"
2013 Women Who Kill Herself Stand-up special with Rachel Feinstein, Marina Franklin and Nikki Glaser
2013–14 Girls Angie 2 episodes
2013–present Inside Amy Schumer Herself, Various characters Also creator, writer, executive producer, director
2015 2015 MTV Movie Awards Herself (host) TV special
2015 BoJack Horseman Irving Jannings (voice) Episode: "Chickens"
2015 Saturday Night Live Herself (host) Episode: "Amy Schumer/The Weeknd"[90]
2015 Amy Schumer: Live at the Apollo Herself Stand-up special
2016 The Simpsons Mrs. Burns (voice) Episode: "Monty Burns' Fleeing Circus"
2016 Family Guy Factory Crew Leader (voice) Episode: "The Boys in the Band"
2016 Bob's Burgers Young Lady (voice) Episode: "Flu-ouise"
2017 Amy Schumer: The Leather Special Herself Stand-up special
2017 Family Feud Herself Celebrity Family Feud
2018 Saturday Night Live Herself (host) Episode: "Amy Schumer/Kacey Musgraves"
Discography
Albums
2011: Cutting (Comedy Central Records) - CD/Download
2016: Live at the Apollo (Maverick Records) - Download
2017: The Leather Special (Netflix) - LP
Videos
2010: Comedy Central Presents - DVD/Download/Streaming
2013: Mostly Sex Stuff (Comedy Central) - DVD/Download/Streaming
2015: Live at the Apollo (HBO Home Video) - DVD/Download/Streaming
2017: The Leather Special (Netflix) - Streaming
Audiobook
2016: The Girl with the Lower Back Tattoo (Gallery Books) - CD/Download
Compilation Appearances
2013: Women Who Kill (Tracks 1-3) (Entertainment One) - DVD/Download/Streaming
2015: Comedy Central Stand-Up Vault # 3 (Comedy Central) - DVD
2018: Just for Laughs: The Nasty Show, Vol. 1 (Tracks 1-2) - CD/Download
2018: Just for Laughs: The Nasty Show, Vol. 2 (Tracks 1-3) - CD/Download
Stage
Meteor Shower (2017, Broadway)
Bibliography
Schumer, Amy (2016). The Girl with the Lower Back Tattoo. New York: Gallery Books. ISBN 9781501139888. OCLC 954091842.
Awards and nominations
Award
Wins
Nominations
American Comedy Awards
0 1
Britannia Awards
1 1
Billboard Touring Awards
0 1
Critics Choice Movie Awards
2 2
Critics Choice Television Awards
1 2
GALECA Dorian Award
1 2
Golden Globe Award
0 1
Grammy Awards
0 2
Peabody Award
1 1
People's Choice Award
0 2
Primetime Emmy Award
1 10
Teen Choice Awards
0 1
Television Critics Association Award
2 2
Tony Award
0 1
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
0 1
Writers Guild of America Award
1 4
Overall
10 34
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Ref(s)
2014 American Comedy Award Best Comedy Actress – TV Inside Amy Schumer Nominated
Critics' Choice Television Award Best Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
[91]
GALECA Dorian Award Wilde Wit of the Year Nominated
[92]
Peabody Award Inside Amy Schumer Won
[93]
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series Nominated
[94]
2015 People's Choice Award Favorite Sketch Comedy TV Show Nominated
Writers Guild of America Award Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series Nominated
Critics' Choice Television Award Best Actress in a Comedy Series Won
[95]
Television Critics Association Award Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Won
[96]
Individual Achievement in Comedy Won
Teen Choice Award Choice Comedian Nominated
[97]
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Variety Sketch Series Inside Amy Schumer Won
[94]
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series Nominated
Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series Nominated
Britannia Awards Charlie Chaplin Britannia Award for Excellence in Comedy Won
[98]
2016 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Original Screenplay Trainwreck Nominated
People's Choice Award Favorite Comedic Movie Actress Nominated
[99]
Golden Globe Award Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Nominated
[100]
Chicago Film Critics Association Most Promising Performer Nominated
[101]
Critics' Choice Movie Award Best Actress in a Comedy Won
[102]
MVP Award Won
[102]
Writers Guild of America Award Best Original Screenplay Nominated
[103]
Best Comedy/Variety – Sketch Series Inside Amy Schumer Won
Best Comedy/Variety (Music, Awards, Tributes) – Specials Amy Schumer: Live at The Apollo Nominated
GALECA Dorian Award Wilde Wit of the Year Won
[104]
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Inside Amy Schumer Nominated
Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series Nominated
Outstanding Variety Sketch Series Nominated
Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special Amy Schumer: Live at the Apollo Nominated
Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Saturday Night Live Nominated
Billboard Touring Awards Top Comedy Tour Nominated
[105]
2017 Grammy Awards Best Comedy Album Amy Schumer: Live at the Apollo Nominated
[106]
Best Spoken Word Album The Girl with the Lower Back Tattoo Nominated
2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Comedic Performance I Feel Pretty Nominated
[107]
Tony Award Best Actress in a Play Meteor Shower Nominated
References
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^ Jump up to: a b c Zinoman, Jason (April 18, 2013). "Amy Schumer, Funny Girl". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2014. When Ms. Schumer was 9, her family went bankrupt and her father received a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Three years later her parents divorced. ... Ms. Schumer, who said she is second cousin to Senator Charles E. Schumer of New York.
Jump up ^ Molyneaux, Libby (February 3, 2011). "Make Us Laugh, Funny Girl!". LA Weekly. Retrieved September 13, 2012. He is not my uncle, he is my dad's cousin, I don't even think they are first cousins.
Jump up ^ "All In with Chris Hayes [transcript]". NBC News. August 3, 2015. Archived from the original on September 1, 2015. Today, Senator Chuck Schumer joined actress and comedian Amy Schumer, who also happens to be her second cousin once removed, to call for stronger background checks for gun buyers. Requires clicking "Show more text" link.
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Jump up ^ "Ass-kickin' Amy Schumer is on the rise". Laughspin. ServInt. January 20, 2011. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2014. That's a good question. I don't know. Judaism, for me, is just another area where I didn't feel accepted or like I belonged. I grew up on Long Island, but I grew up in the Irish Catholic mecca of Long Island. I've done some material on being Jewish onstage, and I talk about how the kids used to call me "Amy Jewmer." And I really did: even with the parents of my friends, there was a ton of anti-Semitism going on, openly and in front of me. When it went to college, it was the first time I wasn't apologizing for being Jewish, but there's definitely some residual shame that I grew up with because of it.
Jump up ^ Handler, Rachel (July 2015). "Amy Schumer Does Not Need Your Approval". Complex. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. If a reference pops into my head I'll say it, but my experience of Judaism was this: I went to temple every Friday, and went to Sunday school, you know, Hebrew school, and then I had my Bat Mitzvah, and then I think that might be the last time I was in a temple.
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Jump up ^ "'Inside Amy Schumer': Go Behind the Scenes of That Incredible '12 Angry Men' Homage". Indiewire. May 5, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Seabaugh, Julie (January 6, 2014). "Variety's 2014 Breakthrough in Comedy Winner: Amy Schumer". Variety. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wallenstein, Andrew (May 10, 2015). "The Misunderstood Genius of Amy Schumer". Variety. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ryzik, Melena (July 8, 2015). "The Sneaky Power of Amy Schumer, in 'Trainwreck' and Elsewhere". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obeidallah, Dean (June 30, 2015). "Amy Schumer is no Donald Trump". CNN. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Heisey, Monica (June 28, 2015). "Amy Schumer: comedy's viral queen". The Guardian. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Amy Schumer fires back at critics: 'I am not racist'". CNN. June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Heisey, Monica (June 28, 2015). "Amy Schumer: comedy's viral queen". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Beauty Buzz: Amy Schumer's No Makeup Sketch Went Viral, Super Fast Workouts, More". StyleCaster. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Why Everyone Is Talking About Amy Schumer". The Cheat Sheet. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gorenstein, Colin. ""The media decides when you're no longer believably f**kable": Amy Schumer tears into industry sexism". Salon. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Jessica (August 3, 2015). "Amy Schumer Joins Her Cousin Sen. Chuck Schumer to Call for Stronger Gun Laws, Mental Health Funding". ThinkProgress. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fallon, Kevin (November 30, 2015). "Amy Schumer Poses Nude: The Radical Power of Her 'Beautiful, Gross' Photo". The Daily Beast. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Amy Schumer on Twitter". Twitter. November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bottari, Jeff (January 21, 2016). "Amy Schumer Says She'd Take a Lie-Detector Test to Prove She Didn't Steal Jokes". Vanity Fair. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Will (January 21, 2016). "Tammy Pescatelli apologizes for accusing Amy Schumer of joke stealing". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ MizoguchiI, Karen (January 20, 2016). "Amy Schumer Denies Joke Stealing, Accuses Comedian Tammy Pescatelli of 'Trying to Get Something Going'". People. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ McHenry, Jackson (January 21, 2016). "Amy Schumer Responds to Joke-Theft Accusations: 'I Have Never and Would Never Steal a Joke.'". Vulture. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Abad-Santos, Alex (January 30, 2016). "Marc Maron stands up for Amy Schumer: "This isn't about justice, it's about hate."". Vox. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Crocker, Lizzie (January 22, 2016). "Is Amy Schumer Really a Joke Thief?". The Daily Beast. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Guglielmi, Jodi (January 21, 2016). "Comedian Tammy Pescatelli Apologizes for Accusing Amy Schumer of Joke Stealing: 'She Has Every Right to Be Mad'". People. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Amy Schumer, Comedian, On Breakup With WWE's Dolph Ziggler: 'The Sex Was Too Athletic'". The Huffington Post. August 23, 2012. Archived from the original on August 16, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ruiz, Michelle (April 29, 2013). "Inside Amy Schumer: Realer Than Real Sex". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mallenbaum, Carly (January 6, 2016). "Instagram official: Amy Schumer brings new 'man' to White House". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Lily (May 16, 2017). "Amy Schumer and Boyfriend Ben Hanisch Split After Almost 2 Years of Dating". E!. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Melas, Chloe (February 15, 2018). "Amy Schumer marries chef Chris Fischer". CNN. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Conrad, Marissa (February 15, 2018). "Amy Schumer Just Married a Farmer! Here Are 11 Make-You-Happy Facts About Chris Fischer". Modern Farmer. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Symkus, Ed (July 15, 2015). "Shrewsbury comedian Mike Birbiglia on the silver screen in 'Trainwreck'". The Patriot Ledger. Quincy, Massachusetts. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tracy Morgan, Miley Cyrus, Amy Schumer to Host Saturday Night Live". Us Weekly. August 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Critics' Choice TV Awards 2014: And the nominees are..." Entertainment Weekly. May 28, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'12 Years a Slave,' 'American Hustle' Among Dorian Award Nominees (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. January 14, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Inside Amy Schumer (Comedy Central)". Peabody Awards. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Inside Amy Schumer". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Critics' Choice Awards Winners: Full List". Variety. May 31, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Empire,' John Oliver, Amy Schumer, Jon Hamm, 'Better Call Saul' Honored By TCA". Deadline. August 8, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wave 1 Nominees". Teen Choice Awards. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Amy Schumer to Receive Britannia Comedy Award". Variety. September 15, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ ""Mad Max: Fury Road" Leads The Race For 2015 CFCA Awards". CFCA. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globe Nominations 2016: The Complete List". Vanity Fair. December 10, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ ""Mad Max: Fury Road" Leads The Race For 2015 CFCA Awards". Chicago Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Spotlight' shines as best picture, Amy Schumer wins best actress and MVP at Critics' Choice Awards". New York Daily News. January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "WGA Awards: 'Spotlight' & 'The Big Short' Take Marquee Film Honors; 'Mad Men', 'Veep' & 'Mr. Robot' Top TV – Full List". Deadline. February 13, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Carol' Sweeps Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Awards". Variety. January 18, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Reveals 2016 Touring Awards Finalists". Billboard. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fisher, Kendall (December 6, 2016). "Amy Schumer Nominated for the 2017 Grammys: See More of the Most Unlikely Grammy Award Winners of All Time". E!. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations". May 3, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Amy Schumer
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Official website
Amy Schumer on IMDb
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Amy Schumer
Stand-Up
Albums/Specials
Cutting Album (2011)
Mostly Sex Stuff Special (2012)
Women Who Kill Special, Compilation (2013)
Live at the Apollo Special (2015), Album (2016)
The Leather Special Special, Album (2017)
Just for Laughs: The Nasty Show, Vols. 1 & 2 Compilations (2018)
Amy Schumer Presents
Rachel Feinstein: Only Whores Wear Purple Special (2016)
Mark Normand: Don't Be Yourself Special (2017)
TV Series
Live at Gotham (2007)
Last Comic Standing Contestant (2007)
John Oliver's New York Stand-Up Show (2010)
Comedy Central Presents Special (2010)
Funny as Hell (2011-12)
Comedy Central Roast Roaster (2011-12)
Star, Writer & Producer
Films
Trainwreck (2015)
Snatched (2017)
I Feel Pretty (2018)
TV Series
Reality Bites Back (2008)
A Different Spin with Mark Hoppus (2010)
Inside Amy Schumer (2013-Present)
Book/Audiobook
The Girl with the Lower Back Tattoo (2016)
Web Videos/Shorts
A Day in the Life of a Female Comedian (2011)
Podcast
Amy Schumer Presents: 3 Girls, 1 Keith (2018)
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Awards for Amy Schumer
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Britannia Awards
Excellence in Film
Albert R. Broccoli (1989)
Michael Caine (1990)
Peter Ustinov (1992)
Martin Scorsese (1993)
Anthony Hopkins (1995)
Bob Weinstein and Harvey Weinstein (1996)
Dustin Hoffman (1997)
John Travolta (1998)
Stanley Kubrick (1999)
Steven Spielberg (2000)
George Lucas (2002)
Hugh Grant (2003)
Tom Hanks (2004)
Tom Cruise (2005)
Clint Eastwood (2006)
Denzel Washington (2007)
Sean Penn (2008)
Robert De Niro (2009)
Jeff Bridges (2010)
Warren Beatty (2011)
Daniel Day-Lewis (2012)
George Clooney (2013)
Robert Downey Jr. (2014)
Meryl Streep (2015)
Jodie Foster (2016)
Matt Damon (2017)
Excellence in Directing
Peter Weir (2003)
Jim Sheridan (2004)
Mike Newell (2005)
Anthony Minghella (2006)
Martin Campbell (2007)
Stephen Frears (2008)
Danny Boyle (2009)
Christopher Nolan (2010)
David Yates (2011)
Quentin Tarantino (2012)
Kathryn Bigelow (2013)
Mike Leigh (2014)
Sam Mendes (2015)
Ang Lee (2016)
Ava DuVernay (2017)
Worldwide Contribution to
Entertainment
Howard Stringer (2003)
Kirk Douglas (2009)
Ridley Scott & Tony Scott (2010)
John Lasseter (2011)
Will Wright (2012)
Ben Kingsley (2013)
Judi Dench (2014)
Harrison Ford (2015)
Samuel L. Jackson (2016)
Kenneth Branagh (2017)
British Artist of the Year
Rachel Weisz (2006)
Kate Winslet (2007)
Tilda Swinton (2008)
Emily Blunt (2009)
Michael Sheen (2010)
Helena Bonham Carter (2011)
Daniel Craig (2012)
Benedict Cumberbatch (2013)
Emma Watson (2014)
James Corden (2015)
Felicity Jones (2016)
Claire Foy (2017)
Excellence in Comedy
Betty White (2010)
Ben Stiller (2011)
Trey Parker and Matt Stone (2012)
Sacha Baron Cohen (2013)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2014)
Amy Schumer (2015)
Ricky Gervais (2016)
Aziz Ansari (2017)
Excellence in Television
Aaron Spelling (1999)
HBO Original Programming (2002)
Dick Van Dyke (2017)
Humanitarian Award
Richard Curtis (2007)
Don Cheadle (2008)
Colin Firth (2009)
Idris Elba (2013)
Mark Ruffalo (2014)
Orlando Bloom (2015)
Ewan McGregor (2016)
Retired Awards
BBC (1999)
Tarsem Singh (1999)
Angela Lansbury (2003)
Helen Mirren (2004)
Elizabeth Taylor (2005)
Ronald Neame (2005)
Sidney Poitier (2006)
Bob Shaye and Michael Lynne (2007)
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Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in a Comedy
Jennifer Lawrence (2012)
Amy Adams (2013)
Jenny Slate (2014)
Amy Schumer (2015)
Meryl Streep (2016)
Margot Robbie (2017)
show
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Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Tina Fey (2011)
Zooey Deschanel / Amy Poehler (2012)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2013)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2014)
Amy Schumer (2015)
Rachel Bloom (2016)
Kate McKinnon (2016)
Rachel Brosnahan (2017)
show
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TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy
David Hyde Pierce (1997)
David Hyde Pierce (1998)
Ray Romano (1999)
Jane Kaczmarek (2000)
Jane Kaczmarek (2001)
Bernie Mac (2002)
Jon Stewart (2003)
Ricky Gervais (2004)
Jon Stewart (2005)
Steve Carell (2006)
Alec Baldwin (2007)
Tina Fey (2008)
Jim Parsons (2009)
Jane Lynch (2010)
Ty Burrell / Nick Offerman (2011)
Louis C.K. (2012)
Louis C.K. (2013)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2014)
Amy Schumer (2015)
Rachel Bloom (2016)
Donald Glover (2017)
Rachel Brosnahan (2018)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 1453362518058
GND: 1081749873
ISNI: 0000 0003 7142 7362
LCCN: n2012039177
MusicBrainz: d9c141e2-3285-4595-9723-b79472fc01a5
SUDOC: 192870874
VIAF: 251034834
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Fish locomotion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Fish propel themselves through water using many different mechanisms.
Fish locomotion is the variety of types of animal locomotion used by fish, principally by swimming. This however is achieved in different groups of fish by a variety of mechanisms of propulsion in water, most often by wavelike movements of the fish's body and tail, and in various specialised fish by movements of the fins. The major forms of locomotion in fish are anguilliform, in which a wave passes evenly along a long slender body; sub-carangiform, in which the wave increases quickly in amplitude towards the tail; carangiform, in which the wave is concentrated near the tail, which oscillates rapidly; thunniform, rapid swimming with a large powerful crescent-shaped tail; and ostraciiform, with almost no oscillation except of the tail fin. More specialised fish include movement by pectoral fins with a mainly stiff body, as in the sunfish; and movement by propagating a wave along the long fins with a motionless body in fish with electric organs such as the knifefish.
In addition, some fish can variously "walk", i.e., move over land, burrow in mud, and glide through the air.
Contents
[hide]
1 Swimming
1.1 Body/caudal fin propulsion
1.1.1 Anguilliform
1.1.2 Sub-carangiform
1.1.3 Carangiform
1.1.4 Thunniform
1.1.5 Ostraciiform
1.2 Median/paired fin propulsion
1.2.1 Rajiform
1.2.2 Diodontiform
1.2.3 Amiiform
1.2.4 Gymnotiform
1.2.5 Balistiform
1.2.6 Oscillatory
1.2.6.1 Tetraodontiform
1.2.6.2 Labriform
1.3 Dynamic lift
1.4 Hydrodynamics
1.4.1 Body-caudal fin
1.5 Adaptation
2 Flight
2.1 Tradeoffs
2.2 Biplane body plan
2.3 Monoplane body plan
3 Walking
4 Burrowing
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Swimming[edit]
Fish swim by exerting force against the surrounding water. There are exceptions, but this is normally achieved by the fish contracting muscles on either side of its body in order to generate waves of flexion that travel the length of the body from nose to tail, generally getting larger as they go along. The vector forces exerted on the water by such motion cancel out laterally, but generate a net force backwards which in turn pushes the fish forward through the water. Most fishes generate thrust using lateral movements of their body and caudal fin, but many other species move mainly using their median and paired fins. The latter group swim slowly, but can turn rapidly, as is needed when living in coral reefs for example. But they can't swim as fast as fish using their bodies and caudal fins.[1][2]
Body/caudal fin propulsion[edit]
There are five groups that differ in the fraction of their body that is displaced laterally:[1]
Anguilliform[edit]
Eels propagate a more or less constant-sized flexion wave along their slender bodies.
In the anguilliform group, containing some long, slender fish such as eels, there is little increase in the amplitude of the flexion wave as it passes along the body.[1][3]
Sub-carangiform[edit]
The sub-carangiform group has a more marked increase in wave amplitude along the body with the vast majority of the work being done by the rear half of the fish. In general, the fish body is stiffer, making for higher speed but reduced maneuverability. Trout use sub-carangiform locomotion.[1]
Carangiform[edit]
The carangiform group, named for the Carangidae, are stiffer and faster-moving than the previous groups. The vast majority of movement is concentrated in the very rear of the body and tail. Carangiform swimmers generally have rapidly oscillating tails.[1]
Thunniform[edit]
Tunas such as the bluefin swim fast with their large crescent-shaped tails.
The thunniform group contains high-speed long-distance swimmers, and is characteristic of tunas[4] and is also found in several lamnid sharks.[5] Here, virtually all the sideways movement is in the tail and the region connecting the main body to the tail (the peduncle). The tail itself tends to be large and crescent shaped.[1]
Ostraciiform[edit]
The ostraciiform group have no appreciable body wave when they employ caudal locomotion. Only the tail fin itself oscillates (often very rapidly) to create thrust. This group includes Ostraciidae.[1]
Median/paired fin propulsion[edit]
Boxfish use median-paired fin swimming, as they are not well streamlined, and use primarily their pectoral fins to produce thrust.
Not all fish fit comfortably in the above groups. Ocean sunfish, for example, have a completely different system, the tetraodontiform mode, and many small fish use their pectoral fins for swimming as well as for steering and dynamic lift. Fish with electric organs, such as those in the knifefish (Gymnotiformes), swim by undulating their very long fins while keeping the body still, presumably so as not to disturb the electric field that they generate.
Many fish swim using combined behavior of their two pectoral fins or both their anal and dorsal fins. Different types of Median paired fin propulsion can be achieved by preferentially using one fin pair over the other, and include rajiform, diodontiform, amiiform, gymnotiform and balistiform modes.[2]
Rajiform[edit]
Rajiform locomotion is characteristic of rays, skates, and mantas when thrust is produced by vertical undulations along large, well developed pectoral fins.[2]
Diodontiform[edit]
Porcupine fish (here, Diodon nicthemerus) swim by undulating their pectoral fins.
Diodontiform locomotion propels the fish propagating undulations along large pectoral fins, as seen in the porcupinefish (Diodontidae).[2]
Amiiform[edit]
Amiiform locomotion consists of undulations of a long dorsal fin while the body axis is held straight and stable, as seen in the bowfin.[2]
Gymnotiform[edit]
Gymnotus maintains a straight back while swimming to avoid disturbing its electric sense.
Gymnotiform locomotion consists of undulations of a long anal fin, essentially upside down amiiform, seen in the knifefish (Gymnotiformes).[2]
Balistiform[edit]
In balistiform locomotion, both anal and dorsal fins undulate. It is characteristic of the family Balistidae(triggerfishes). It may also be seen in the Zeidae.[2]
Oscillatory[edit]
Oscillation is viewed as pectoral-fin-based swimming and is best known as mobuliform locomotion. The motion can be described as the production of less than half a wave on the fin, similar to a bird wing flapping. Pelagic stingrays, such as the manta, cownose, eagle and bat rays use oscillatory locomotion.[6]
Tetraodontiform[edit]
In tetraodontiform locomotion, the dorsal and anal fins are flapped as a unit, either in phase or exactly opposing one another, as seen in the Tetraodontiformes (boxfishes and pufferfishes). The ocean sunfish displays an extreme example of this mode.[2]
Labriform[edit]
In labriform locomotion, seen in the wrasses (Labriformes), oscillatory movements of pectoral fins are either drag based or lift based. Propulsion is generated either as a reaction to drag produced by dragging the fins through the water in a rowing motion, or via lift mechanisms.[2][7]
Dynamic lift[edit]
Sharks are denser than water, and must swim continually, using dynamic lift from their pectoral fins.
Bone and muscle tissues of fish are denser than water. To maintain depth fish such as sharks, but also some bony fish, increase buoyancy by means of a gas bladder or by storing oils or lipids. Fish without these features use dynamic lift instead. It is done using their pectoral fins in a manner similar to the use of wings by airplanes and birds. As these fish swim, their pectoral fins are positioned to create lift which allows the fish to maintain a certain depth. The two major drawbacks of this method are that these fish must stay moving to stay afloat and that they are incapable of swimming backwards or hovering.[8][9]
Hydrodynamics[edit]
Similarly to the aerodynamics of flight, powered swimming requires animals to overcome drag by producing thrust. Unlike flying, however, swimming animals often do not need to supply much vertical force because the effect of buoyancy can counter the downward pull of gravity, allowing these animals to float without much effort. While there is great diversity in fish locomotion, swimming behavior can be classified into two distinct "modes" based on the body structures involved in thrust production, Median-Paired Fin (MPF) and Body-Caudal Fin (BCF). Within each of these classifications, there are numerous specifications along a spectrum of behaviours from purely undulatory to entirely oscillatory. In undulatory swimming modes, thrust is produced by wave-like movements of the propulsive structure (usually a fin or the whole body). Oscillatory modes, on the other hand, are characterized by thrust produced by swiveling of the propulsive structure on an attachment point without any wave-like motion.[2]
Body-caudal fin[edit]
Play media
Sardines use body-caudal fin propulsion to swim, holding their pectoral, dorsal, and anal fins flat against the body, creating a more streamlined body to reduce drag.
Most fish swim by generating undulatory waves that propagate down the body through the caudal fin. This form of undulatory locomotion is termed Body-Caudal Fin (BCF) swimming on the basis of the body structures used; it includes anguilliform, sub-carangiform, carangiform, and thunniform locomotory modes, as well as the oscillatory ostraciiform mode.[2][10]
Adaptation[edit]
Similar to adaptation in avian flight, swimming behaviors in fish can be thought of as a balance of stability and maneuverability.[11] Because BCF swimming relies on more caudal body structures that can direct powerful thrust only rearwards, this form of locomotion is particularly effective for accelerating quickly and cruising continuously.[2][10] BCF swimming is, therefore, inherently stable and is often seen in fish with large migration patterns that must maximize efficiency over long periods. Propulsive forces in MPF swimming, on the other hand, are generated by multiple fins located on either side of the body that can be coordinated to execute elaborate turns. As a result, MPF swimming is well adapted for high maneuverability and is often seen in smaller fish that require elaborate escape patterns.[11]
The habitats occupied by fishes are often related to their swimming capabilities. On coral reefs, the faster-swimming fish species typically live in wave-swept habitats subject to fast water flow speeds, while the slower fishes live in sheltered habitats with low levels of water movement.[12]
Fish do not rely exclusively on one locomotor mode, but are rather locomotor generalists,[2] choosing among and combining behaviors from many available behavioral techniques. At slower speeds, predominantly BCF swimmers often incorporate movement of their pectoral, anal, and dorsal fins as an additional stabilizing mechanism at slower speeds,[13] but hold them close to their body at high speeds to improve streamlining and reducing drag.[2] Zebrafish have even been observed to alter their locomotor behavior in response to changing hydrodynamic influences throughout growth and maturation.[14]
In addition to adapting locomotor behavior, controlling buoyancy effects is critical for aquatic survival since aquatic ecosystems vary greatly by depth. Fish generally control their depth by regulating the amount of gas in specialized organs that are much like balloons. By changing the amount of gas in these swim bladders, fish actively control their density. If they increase the amount of air in their swim bladder, their overall density will become less than the surrounding water, and increased upward buoyancy pressures will cause the fish to rise until they reach a depth at which they are again at equilibrium with the surrounding water.[15]
Flight[edit]
See also: flying fish and flying and gliding animals
The transition of predominantly swimming locomotion directly to flight has evolved in a single family of marine fish, the Exocoetidae. Flying fish are not true fliers in the sense that they do not execute powered flight. Instead, these species glide directly over the surface of the ocean water without ever flapping their "wings." Flying fish have evolved abnormally large pectoral fins that act as airfoils and provide lift when the fish launches itself out of the water. Additional forward thrust and steering forces are created by dipping the hypocaudal (i.e. bottom) lobe of their caudal fin into the water and vibrating it very quickly, in contrast to diving birds in which these forces are produced by the same locomotor module used for propulsion. Of the 64 extant species of flying fish, only two distinct body plans exist, each of which optimizes two different behaviors.[16][17]
Flying fish gain sufficient lift to glide above the water thanks to their enlarged pectoral fins.
Tradeoffs[edit]
While most fish have caudal fins with evenly sized lobes (i.e. homocaudal), flying fish have an enlarged ventral lobe (i.e. hypocaudal) which facilitates dipping only a portion of the tail back onto the water for additional thrust production and steering.[17]
Because flying fish are primarily aquatic animals, their body density must be close to that of water for buoyancy stability. This primary requirement for swimming, however, means that flying fish are heavier (have a larger mass) than other habitual fliers, resulting in higher wing loading and lift to drag ratios for flying fish compared to a comparably sized bird.[16] Differences in wing area, wing span, wing loading, and aspect ratio have been used to classify flying fish into two distinct classifications based on these different aerodynamic designs.[16]
Biplane body plan[edit]
In the biplane or Cypselurus body plan, both the pectoral and pelvic fins are enlarged to provide lift during flight.[16] These fish also tend to have "flatter" bodies which increase the total lift producing area thus allowing them to "hang" in the air better than more streamlined shapes.[17] As a result of this high lift production, these fish are excellent gliders and are well adapted for maximizing flight distance and duration.
Comparatively, Cypselurus flying fish have lower wing loading and smaller aspect ratios (i.e. broader wings) than their Exocoetus monoplane counterparts, which contributes to their ability to fly for longer distances than fish with this alternative body plan. Flying fish with the biplane design take advantage of their high lift production abilities when launching from the water by utilizing a "taxiing glide" in which the hypocaudal lobe remains in the water to generate thrust even after the trunk clears the water's surface and the wings are opened with a small angle of attack for lift generation.[16]
In the monoplane body plan of Exocoetus, only the pectoral fins are abnormally large, while the pelvic fins are small.
Monoplane body plan[edit]
In the Exocoetus or monoplane body plan, only the pectoral fins are enlarged to provide lift. Fish with this body plan tend to have a more streamlined body, higher aspect ratios (long, narrow wings), and higher wing loading than fish with the biplane body plan, making these fish well adapted for higher flying speeds. Flying fish with a monoplane body plan demonstrate different launching behaviors from their biplane counterparts. Instead of extending their duration of thrust production, monoplane fish launch from the water at high speeds at a large angle of attack (sometimes up to 45 degrees).[16] In this way, monoplane fish are taking advantage of their adaptation for high flight speed, while fish with biplane designs exploit their lift production abilities during takeoff.
Walking[edit]
Main article: Walking fish
Play media
Alticus arnoldorum hopping
Play media
Alticus arnoldorum climbing up a vertical piece of Plexiglas
A "walking fish" is a fish that is able to travel over land for extended periods of time. Some other cases of nonstandard fish locomotion include fish "walking" along the sea floor, such as the handfish or frogfish.
Most commonly, walking fish are amphibious fish. Able to spend longer times out of water, these fish may use a number of means of locomotion, including springing, snake-like lateral undulation, and tripod-like walking. The mudskippers are probably the best land-adapted of contemporary fish and are able to spend days moving about out of water and can even climb mangroves, although to only modest heights.[18] The Climbing gourami is often specifically referred to as a "walking fish", although it does not actually "walk", but rather moves in a jerky way by supporting itself on the extended edges of its gill plates and pushing itself by its fins and tail. Some reports indicate that it can also climb trees.[19]
There are a number of fish that are less adept at actual walking, such as the walking catfish. Despite being known for "walking on land", this fish usually wriggles and may use its pectoral fins to aid in its movement. Walking Catfish have a respiratory system that allows them to live out of water for several days. Some are invasive species. A notorious case in the United States is the Northern snakehead.[20] Polypterids have rudimentary lungs and can also move about on land, though rather clumsily. The Mangrove rivulus can survive for months out of water and can move to places like hollow logs.[21][22][23][24]
Ogcocephalus parvus
There are some species of fish that can "walk" along the sea floor but not on land; one such animal is the flying gurnard (it does not actually fly, and should not be confused with flying fish). The batfishes of the Ogcocephalidae family (not to be confused with Batfish of Ephippidae) are also capable of walking along the sea floor. Bathypterois grallator, also known as a "tripodfish", stands on its three fins on the bottom of the ocean and hunts for food.[25] The African lungfish (P. annectens) can use its fins to "walk" along the bottom of its tank in a manner similar to the way amphibians and land vertebrates use their limbs on land. [26][27][28]
Burrowing[edit]
Many fishes, particularly eel-shaped fishes such as true eels, moray eels, and spiny eels, are capable of burrowing through sand or mud.[29] Ophichthids, the snake eels, are capable of burrowing either forwards or backwards.[30]
See also[edit]
Aquatic locomotion
Role of skin in locomotion
Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
Undulatory locomotion
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Breder, CM (1926). "The locomotion of fishes". Zoologica. 4: 159–297.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sfakiotakis, M.; Lane, D. M.; Davies, J. B. C. (1999). "Review of Fish Swimming Modes for Aquatic Locomotion" (PDF). IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 24 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-24. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Long Jr, J. H., Shepherd, W., & Root, R. G. (1997). Manueuverability and reversible propulsion: How eel-like fish swim forward and backward using travelling body waves". In: Proc. Special Session on Bio-Engineering Research Related to Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, 10th Int. Symp. Unmanned Untethered Submersible Technology (pp. 118-134).
Jump up ^ Hawkins, JD; Sepulveda, CA; Graham, JB; Dickson, KA (2003). "Swimming performance studies on the eastern Pacific bonito Sarda chiliensis, a close relative of the tunas (family Scombridae) II. Kinematics". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 206: 2749–2758.
Jump up ^ Klimley, A. Peter (2013). The Biology of Sharks, Skates, and Rays. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-44249-5.
Jump up ^ Lindsey, C.C. (1978). "Locomotion". In Hoar W.S. and Randall, D.J. Fish Physiology. 7. Academic Press. San Francisco. pp. 1–100. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Fulton, CJ; Johansen, JL; Steffensen, JF (2013). "Energetic extremes in aquatic locomotion by coral reef fishes". PLOS ONE. 8: e54033. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054033.
Jump up ^ Bennetta, William J. (1996). "Deep Breathing". Retrieved 2007-08-28.
Jump up ^ "Do sharks sleep". Flmnh.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-09-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Blake, R. W. (2004). "Review Paper: Fish functional design and swimming performance". Journal of Fish Biology. 65: 1193–1222. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00568.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Weihs, Daniel (2002). "Stability versus Maneuverability in Aquatic Locomotion". Integrated and Computational Biology. 42: 127–134. doi:10.1093/icb/42.1.127.
Jump up ^ Fulton, CJ; Bellwood, DR; Wainwright, PC (2005). "Wave energy and swimming performance shape coral reef fish assemblages". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 272: 827–832. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.3029.
Jump up ^ Heatwole, SJ; Fulton, CJ (2013). "Behavioural flexibility in coral reef fishes responding to a rapidly changing environment". Marine Biology. 160: 677–689. doi:10.1007/s00227-012-2123-2.
Jump up ^ McHenry, Matthew J.; Lauder, George V. (2006). "Ontogeny of Form and Function: Locomotor Morphology and Drag in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)". Journal of Morphology. 267: 1099–1109. doi:10.1002/jmor.10462.
Jump up ^ "Actinopterygii: More on Morphology". University of California. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Fish, F.E. (1990) Wing design and scaling of flying fish with regard to flight performance. "J. Zool. Lond." 221, 391-403.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fish, Frank. (1991) On a Fin and a Prayer. "Scholars." 3(1), 4-7.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2015-01-08.
Jump up ^ Climbing Fish
Jump up ^ "Maryland Suffers Setback in War on Invasive Walking Fish", National Geographic News July 12, 2002
Jump up ^ Shells, trees and bottoms: Strange places fish live
Jump up ^ "Tropical fish can live for months out of water". Reuters. 15 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Fish Lives in Logs, Breathing Air, for Months at a Time
Jump up ^ Fish Lives in Logs, Breathing Air, for Months at a Time
Jump up ^ Jones, AT; KJ Sulak (1990). "First Central Pacific Plate and Hawaiian Record of the Deep-sea Tripod Fish Bathypterois grallator (Pisces: Chlorophthalmidae)" (PDF). Pacific Science. 44 (3): 254–7.
Jump up ^ Fish uses fins to walk and bound
Jump up ^ Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes
Jump up ^ A Small Step for Lungfish, a Big Step for the Evolution of Walking
Jump up ^ Monks, Neale (2006). Brackish-Water Fishes. TFH. pp. 223–226. ISBN 0-7938-0564-3.
Jump up ^ Allen, Gerry (1999). Marine Fishes of Southeast Asia: A Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. Tuttle Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-4629-1707-5. many have a bony, sharp tail and are equally adept at burrowing forward or backward.
Further reading[edit]
Alexander, R. McNeill (2003) Principles of Animal Locomotion. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08678-8.
Eloy, Christophe (2013). "On the best design for undulatory swimming". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 717: 48–89. doi:10.1017/jfm.2012.561.
Lauder, GV; Nauen, JC; Drucker, EG (2002). "Experimental Hydrodynamics and Evolution: Function of Median Fins in Ray-finned Fishes". Integr. Comp. Biol. 42 (5): 1009–1017. doi:10.1093/icb/42.5.1009.
Videler JJ (1993) Fish Swimming Springer. ISBN 9780412408601.
Vogel, Steven (1994) Life in Moving Fluid: The Physical Biology of Flow. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02616-5 (particularly pp. 115–117 and pp. 207–216 for specific biological examples swimming and flying respectively)
Wu, Theodore, Y.-T., Brokaw, Charles J., Brennen, Christopher, Eds. (1975) Swimming and Flying in Nature. Volume 2, Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-37089-1 (particularly pp. 615–652 for an in depth look at fish swimming)
External links[edit]
How fish swim: study solves muscle mystery
Simulated fish locomotion
Basic introduction to the basic principles of biologically inspired swimming robots
The biomechanics of swimming
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values: illustration of a typical flying fish body plan

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values: Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water

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//doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.1.127

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//doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.10462

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