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Cold front
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Not to be confused with Cold wave.
The symbol of a cold front: a blue line with triangles pointing in the direction of travel
A retreating cold front with clear air behind
A cold front over the eastern and central region of the United States of America
A cold front is the leading edge of a cooler mass of air, replacing at ground level a warmer mass of air, which lies within a fairly sharp surface trough of low pressure. It forms in the wake of an extratropical cyclone, at the leading edge of its cold air advection pattern, which is also known as the cyclone's dry conveyor belt circulation. Temperature changes across the boundary can exceed 30 °C (54 °F).[1] When enough moisture is present, rain can occur along the boundary. If there is significant instability along the boundary, a narrow line of thunderstorms can form along the frontal zone. If instability is less, a broad shield of rain can move in behind the front, which increases the temperature difference across the boundary. Cold fronts are stronger in the fall and spring transition seasons and weakest during the summer. When a cold front catches up with the preceding warm front, the portion of the boundary that does so is then known as an occluded front.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development of cold fronts
2 Clouds
3 Precipitation
3.1 Frontogenetical circulation
4 Temperature changes
5 Characteristics of boundaries around an extratropical cyclone
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Development of cold fronts[edit]
The cooler and denser air wedges under the less-dense warmer air, lifting it. This upward motion causes lowered pressure along the cold front and can cause the formation of a narrow line of showers and thunderstorms when enough moisture is present. On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangles/spikes (pips) pointing in the direction of travel. A cold front's location is at the leading edge of the temperature drop off, which in an isotherm analysis would show up as the leading edge of the isotherm gradient, and it normally lies within a sharp surface trough.[2] Cold fronts move faster than warm fronts and can produce sharper changes in weather. Since cold air is denser than warm air, it rapidly replaces the warm air preceding the boundary.[3]
In the northern hemisphere, a cold front usually causes a shift of wind from southwest to northwest clockwise, also known as veering, and in the southern hemisphere a shift from northwest to southwest (anticlockwise, backing). Normally, cold fronts can be marked by these characteristics:
Weather phenomenon
Prior to the passing of the front
While the front is passing
After the passing of the front
Temperature Warm Cooling suddenly Steadily cooling
Atmospheric pressure Decreasing steadily Lowest, then sudden increase Increasing steadily
Winds
Southwest to southeast (northern hemisphere)
Northwest to northeast (southern hemisphere)
Gusty; shifting
North to west, usually northwest (northern hemisphere)
South to west, usually southwest (southern hemisphere)
Precipitation/conditions* Light patchy rain can be produced by stratocumulus or stratus in the warm sector. In summer, sometimes thunderstorms if a preceding squall line is present. Prolonged rain (nimbostratus) or thunderstorms (cumulonimbus): depends on conditions. Showers, then clearing
Clouds* Often preceded by cirrus, cirrostratus then altostratus like a warm front (but usually with smaller amounts of these clouds). Areas of cirrocumulus and altocumulus within cirrostratus and altostratus more commonly seen than at a warm front. Larger cumulus clouds under the higher cloud types than at a warm front, where stratocumulus and cumulus humilis usually occur. Some of these cumulus clouds may produce showers ahead of the front. Cumulonimbus and cumulus congestus producing frequent showers, with a sheet of upper altostratus, through which the sun can sometimes be seen. Less commonly nimbostratus occurs with continuous rain. Patchy altocumulus or stratocumulus and higher cirrus clouds along with fast moving stratus fractus then eventually scattered cumulus and sometimes cumulonimbus.
Visibility* Fair to poor in haze Poor, but improving Good, except in showers
Dew Point High, steady Sudden drop Falling
*provided there is sufficient moisture.
Clouds[edit]
If the cold front is highly unstable, cumulonimbus clouds producing thunderstorms commonly form along the front. Anvil cirrus clouds may spread a considerable distance downwind from the thunderstorms.[4] The other cloud types associated with a cold front depend on atmospheric conditions such as air mass stability and wind shear.[5] As the front approaches, middle-étage gives way to altostratus and low-level stratocumulus with intermittent light precipitation if the warm airmass being displaced by the cold front is mostly stable. With significant airmass instability, vertically developed cumulus or cumulonimbus with showers and thunderstorms will form along the front.
After the passage of the cold front, the sky usually clears as high pressure builds in behind the system, although significant amounts of cumulus or stratocumulus, often in the form of long bands called cloud streets may persist if the air mass behind the front remains humid.[6] Small and unchanging amounts of cumulus or cirrus clouds in an otherwise clear sky are usually indications of continuing fair weather as long as the barometric pressure remains comparatively high.
Precipitation[edit]
A cold front as it appeared on the National Weather Service Wichita, Kansas WSR-88D on April 3, 2011. The thin blue line labeled "cold front" is the front, with severe thunderstorms seen developing behind the front, which is moving towards the bottom right.
A cold front commonly brings a narrow band of precipitation that follows along the leading edge of the cold front. These bands of precipitation are often very strong,[7] and can bring severe thunderstorms, hailstorms[8] and/or tornadoes. In the spring, these cold fronts can be very strong, and can bring strong winds when the pressure gradient is higher than normal. During the winter months, cold fronts sometimes come through an area with little or no precipitation. Wider rain bands can occur behind cold fronts which tend to have more stratiform, and less convective, precipitation.[9] These rainstorms sometimes bring flooding, and can move very slowly when the storm steering it is strong and embedded within a meridional flow pattern (with more pole to equator motion rather than west to east motion). In the winter, cold fronts can bring cold spells, and occasionally snow. In the spring or summer in temperate latitudes, hail may occasionally fall along with the rain. If moisture is not sufficient, such as when a system has previously moved across a mountain barrier, cold fronts can pass without cloudiness.
Frontogenetical circulation[edit]
Frontogenesis is the process of creating or steepening the temperature gradient of a front. During this process the atmosphere reacts in an attempt to restore balance, the consequence is a circular motion along the front where air is being lifted up, along the cold front and dropping downward, behind the frontal boundary. This is the actual force of upward motion along a front that is responsible for clouds and precipitation.
As the temperature gradient steepens during frontogenesis, the thermal wind becomes imbalanced. To maintain balance, the geostrophic wind aloft and below adjust, such that regions of divergence/convergence form. Mass continuity would require a vertical transport of air along the cold front where there is divergence (lowered pressure). Although this circulation is described by a series of processes, they are actually occurring at the same time, observable along the front as a thermally direct circulation. There are several factors that influence the final shape and tilt of the circulation around the front, ultimately determining the kind and location of clouds and precipitation.[5][10]
Temperature changes[edit]
Cold fronts are the leading edge of cooler air masses, hence the name "cold front". They have stronger temperature changes during the fall (autumn) and spring and during the middle of winter. Temperature changes associated with cold fronts can be as much as 50 °F (30 °C). When cold fronts come through, there is usually a quick, yet strong gust of wind, that shows that the cold front is passing. In surface weather observations, a remark known as FROPA is coded when this occurs.[11] The effects from a cold front can last from hours to days. The air behind the front is cooler than the air it is replacing and the warm air is forced to rise, so it cools. As the cooler air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air, clouds form and rain occurs.
Characteristics of boundaries around an extratropical cyclone[edit]
Occluded cyclone example. The triple point is the intersection of the cold, warm, and occluded fronts.
Cold fronts form when a cooler air mass moves into an area of warmer air in the wake of a developing extratropical cyclone. The warmer air interacts with the cooler air mass along the boundary, and usually produces precipitation. Cold fronts often follow a warm front or squall line. Very commonly, cold fronts have a warm front ahead but with a perpendicular orientation. In areas where cold fronts catch up to the warm front, the occluded front develops. Occluded fronts have an area of warm air aloft. When such a feature forms poleward of an extratropical cyclone, it is known as a trowal, which is short for TRough Of Warm Air aLoft.[12] A cold front is considered a warm front if it begins to retreat ahead of the next extratropical cyclone along the frontal boundary, and called a stationary front if it stalls.
See also[edit]
Cold wave
Air mass
Surface weather analysis
Texas Norther
Weather front
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cold December: 2013". www.climate.umn.edu. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
Jump up ^ David Roth (2006-12-14). "Unified Surface Analysis Manual" (PDF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
Jump up ^ Paul M. Markowski; Yvette P. Richardson (2011-09-20). Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes. John Wiley and Sons. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-119-96667-8. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
Jump up ^ Lee M. Grenci; Jon M. Nese (2001). A World of Weather: Fundamentals of Meteorology: A Text / Laboratory Manual (3 ed.). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. pp. 207–212. ISBN 978-0-7872-7716-1. OCLC 51160155.
^ Jump up to: a b Preview Text, Holton, James R., 2004: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. Academic Press, 277 pp.
Jump up ^ Weston, K. J. (1980). "An observational study of convective cloud streets". Tellus. 32 (5): 433. doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00970.x.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). Prefrontal squall line. Retrieved on 2008-12-24.
Jump up ^ Schemm, S.; L. Nisi, A. Martinov; D. Leuenberg & O. Martius (2016). "On the link between cold fronts and hail in Switzerland". Atmospheric Science Letters. 17 (5): 315–325. doi:10.1002/asl.660.
Jump up ^ K. A. Browning and Robert J. Gurney (1999). Global Energy and Water Cycles. Retrieved on 2008-12-26.
Jump up ^ Preview Text, Carlson, Toby N., 1991: Mid-Latitude Weather Systems. HarperCollins, 435 pp.
Jump up ^ Nav Canada (January 2005). Aviation Weather Services Guide. p. 36. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ St. Louis University (2003-08-04). "What is a TROWAL? via the Internet Wayback Machine". Archived from the original on 2006-09-16. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
External links[edit]
Cold Front: transition zone from warm air to cold air
Weather Fronts
Fronts: the boundaries between air masses
Weather portal
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Matthew Garber
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Matthew Garber
Garber with Karen Dotrice in the 1964 trailer for Mary Poppins
Born
Matthew Adam Garber
(1956-03-25)25 March 1956
Stepney, London, England
Died
13 June 1977(1977-06-13) (aged 21)
Hampstead, London, England
Cause of death
Pancreatitis
Nationality
British
Education
St Paul's School, Winchmore Hill
Highgate School
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1963–1967
Known for
Michael Banks in Mary Poppins (1964)
Matthew Adam Garber (25 March 1956 – 13 June 1977)[1][2] was a British child actor, best known for his role as Michael Banks in the 1964 film Mary Poppins. He also starred in two other Disney films, The Three Lives of Thomasina and The Gnome-Mobile, all three times appearing alongside actress Karen Dotrice.
Ten years after his retirement, Garber contracted hepatitis, which later affected his pancreas. He died of pancreatitis at the age of 21.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Later years and death
4 Filmography
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Born in Stepney, London, to parents who had both performed on stage, Garber attended St Paul's Primary School in Winchmore Hill and Highgate School in Highgate, North London, from September 1968 until July 1972. He had a younger brother, Fergus Garber, who was born in 1964, the year Matthew played Michael Banks. His father's name was recorded by the school he had attended as L. L. Garber.[3] Matthew Garber was considered a spirited and bright boy in a 1967 Disney press release that noted his enjoyment of pulling practical jokes on his friends, playing sports, and reading adventure, mythology and poetry books.[4]
Career[edit]
As a friend of the Garber family, Karen Dotrice's father, Shakespearian actor Roy Dotrice, called Garber to the attention of Disney Casting, where his use of "artful dodges, like squinting, screwing up his nose, and brushing his hair back with one hand" led to his screen debut at age seven in Disney's The Three Lives of Thomasina (1963).[4]
That same year, both Garber and Thomasina co-star Dotrice were hired to play Jane and Michael, the children of Mr. George Banks (David Tomlinson) and Mrs. Banks (Glynis Johns), who get more than they bargained for when they hire a nanny named Mary Poppins (Julie Andrews). Disney's live-action animated film adaptation of the Mary Poppins book series by P. L. Travers won five Academy Awards and made its stars world-famous.
Garber and Dotrice teamed up again in 1967 in The Gnome-Mobile, as the grandchildren of a rich lumber mogul (Walter Brennan) who stumble across a gnome forest and are asked to help keep the gnomes from dying off.
Dotrice recalled, "He was how he looked—an imp, and I loved being his shadow. I can't imagine making movies would have been half as much fun without him. He loved being naughty, finding and jumping off of small buildings on the back lot. While I was Victorian proper and wouldn't let myself get dirty or muddy, Matthew had a great sense of fun and danger. He was a daredevil and could have been a race car driver. And he did live a full life over his 21 years."[4]
Later years and death[edit]
Garber had unknowingly contracted hepatitis while in India in 1976. By the time his father was able to get him home to London several months later, the disease had affected his pancreas.[5] Garber's brother Fergus, who was 13 at the time of Matthew's death, denied any suggestion that Matthew was using drugs and said the hepatitis likely came from eating bad meat.[5] On 13 June 1977, Garber died at the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead, London, of haemorrhagic necrotising pancreatitis, aged 21.[3]
Garber's body was cremated at St. Marylebone Crematorium (East Finchley) London on 16 June. Fergus did not attend the funeral and did not know if any memorial had ever been erected for Matthew. Garber's parents both died in the decade following their elder son's death.[5]
Garber was posthumously named a Disney Legend in 2004. Fergus Garber accepted on his behalf. On the Mary Poppins 40th Anniversary DVD, Karen Dotrice said she regretted not keeping in touch with Garber before his death.[6]
Filmography[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1963 The Three Lives of Thomasina Geordie McNab
1964 Mary Poppins Michael Banks
1967 The Gnome-Mobile Rodney (final film role)
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Channel Islands portal
Disney portal
United Kingdom portal

References[edit]
Jump up ^ GRO Register of Births: JUN 1956 5d 746 Stepney - Matthew A Garber, mmn = Barson
Jump up ^ GRO Register of Deaths: JUN 1977 12 1869 Hampstead - Matthew Adam Garber, DoB = 25 March 1956
^ Jump up to: a b Elizabeth (27 April 1999). "About Matthew Garber (a.k.a. Michael Banks)". Reelclassics.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Matthew Garber". Disney Insider. 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Fergus Garber Interview". Mail on Sunday. 24 October 2004. pp. FB 38–39.
Jump up ^ Dotrice, Karen (2004). The Making of Mary Poppins. Walt Disney Pictures. I remember his mum, Margo, calling to let us know that Matthew had died. That was so unexpected. ... I wished I had picked up the phone over the years, I wished I had treated him more like a brother, but he's indelibly printed in all of our minds, he's eternal ... an amazing little soul.
Further reading[edit]
Dye, David (1988). Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985. University of Michigan Press. pp. 80–82. ISBN 9780899502472 – via McFarland & Company.
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Matthew Garber on IMDb
Matthew Garber at the TCM Movie Database
Matthew Garber at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Garber&oldid=801107423"
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The Happiness Patrol
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This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (July 2010)
149[1] – The Happiness Patrol
Doctor Who serial
"The Kandy Man"
Cast
Doctor
Sylvester McCoy (Seventh Doctor)
Companion
Sophie Aldred (Ace)
Others
Sheila Hancock — Helen A
Ronald Fraser — Joseph C
Georgina Hale — Daisy K
Harold Innocent — Gilbert M
Lesley Dunlop — Susan Q
Rachel Bell — Priscilla P
Jonathan Burn — Silas P
Tim Barker — Harold V
David John Pope — Kandy Man
John Normington — Trevor Sigma
Richard D. Sharp — Earl Sigma
Tim Scott — Forum Doorman
Mary Healey — Killjoy
Steve Swinscoe, Mark Carroll — Snipers
Philip Neve — Wences
Ryan Freedman — Wulfric
Annie Hulley — Newscaster
Production
Directed by
Chris Clough
Written by
Graeme Curry
Script editor
Andrew Cartmel
Produced by
John Nathan-Turner
Executive producer(s)
None
Incidental music composer
Dominic Glynn
Production code
7L
Series
Season 25
Length
3 episodes, 25 minutes each
Originally broadcast
2 November–16 November 1988
Chronology
← Preceded by Followed by →
Remembrance of the Daleks Silver Nemesis
Doctor Who episodes (1963–1989)
Doctor Who episodes (2005–present)
The Happiness Patrol is the second serial of the 25th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in three weekly parts on BBC1 from 2 to 16 November 1988.
The serial is set on the Earth colony world Terra Alpha. In the serial, the alien time traveller the Seventh Doctor (Sylvester McCoy) starts a rebellion against the planet's ruler, Helen A (Sheila Hancock), a woman who seeks to eliminate all unhappiness on the planet.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Broadcast and reception
4 Commercial releases
4.1 In print
4.2 Home media
5 References
6 External links
6.1 Reviews
6.2 Target novelisation
Plot[edit]
The Seventh Doctor and Ace visit a human colony on the planet Terra Alpha, where the planet's secret police force, the Happiness Patrol, roam the streets hunting down and killing so-called 'Killjoys'. The colony is governed by Helen A, who is obsessed with eliminating unhappiness. Also in her employee is the Kandy Man, a grotesque, sweet-based robot created by Gilbert M, one of Helen A’s senior advisers.
The Doctor and Ace meet an unhappy guard Susan Q, who becomes an ally, and Earl Sigma, a wandering harmonica player. They, along with the native inhabitants of Terra Alpha, the Pipe People, work to overthrow the tyranny of Helen A. They begin supporting public demonstrations of unhappiness, encouraging the people to revolt, and attempting to expose Helen A's population control programme to Trevor Sigma, an official galactic census taker.
The first to be disposed of is Helen A’s pet Stigorax, Fifi, a rat-dog creature used to hunt down the Pipe People, as it is crushed in the pipes below the city when Earl causes an avalanche of crystallised sugar with his harmonica. Then the Pipe People destroy the Kandy Man in a flow of his own fondant surprise (previously used to execute dissidents). Realising that she is beaten, Helen A attempts to escape the planet in a rocket, only to discover that the rocket has already been commandeered by Gilbert M and Joseph C, her husband. She tries to flee, but the Doctor stops her, and tries to teach her about the true nature of happiness, which can only be understood if counterbalanced by sadness. Helen A at first sneers at the Doctor, but when she discovers the remains of her beloved pet Fifi, she collapses in tears, and finally feels some sadness of her own.
Production[edit]
Working titles for this story included The Crooked Smile.[2] The production team considered transmitting this story in black and white to fit with its intended film noir atmosphere.[2] A fan myth holds that the third episode was supposed to be animated, but this was never the case.[3] The entire serial was shot in studio in July and August 1988.[4]
Helen A was intended to be a caricature of then British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.[5] Hancock stated that she "hate[d] Mrs Thatcher with a deep and venomous passion".[4] In 2010, Sylvester McCoy told the Sunday Times: "Our feeling was that Margaret Thatcher was far more terrifying than any monster the Doctor had encountered". The Doctor's calls on the drones to down their tools and revolt was intended as a reference to the 1984-1985 miners' strike.[5] Most of this element was eventually toned down.[2]
In the story, the Doctor sings "As Time Goes By", the song famously sung by Dooley Wilson in the 1942 film Casablanca. John Normington played Morgus in The Caves of Androzani, and later appeared in "Ghost Machine", an episode of the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood.
Episode
Title
Run time
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [6]
1
"Part One" 24:51 2 November 1988 (1988-11-02) 5.3
2
"Part Two" 24:48 9 November 1988 (1988-11-09) 4.6
3
"Part Three" 24:25 16 November 1988 (1988-11-16) 5.3
Broadcast and reception[edit]
Bassett's complained over the similarity between the Kandy Man in this story and their trademark character. The BBC agreed not to use the Kandy Man again.[2]
In The Discontinuity Guide, Paul Cornell, Martin Day and Keith Topping identify a gay subtext to the story: "there's entrapment over cottaging, the TARDIS is painted pink, and the victim of the fondant surprise is every inch the proud gay man, wearing, as he does, a pink triangle."[7] The story ends with Helen A's husband abandoning her and leaving with another man.
Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury, referred to this story in his 2011 Easter sermon, on the subject of happiness and joy.[8] Marc Sidwell has described it as an expression of national unease at rave culture.[9]
Ian Berriman of SFX wrote that The Happiness Patrol was "far superior" to Dragonfire, particularly praising the Kandyman and the supporting cast. However, he felt that "while the script is brimming with witty, provocative ideas and droll one-liners, it struggles to piece them together into a satisfying narrative".[10] Radio Times reviewer Patrick Mulkern described it as a "clever and funny satire" and praised the acting and political commentary.[4] DVD Talk's John Sinnott gave The Happiness Patrol five out of five stars, calling it a "minor masterpiece". He commended the irony, social commentary, and McCoy's acting.[11]
Commercial releases[edit]
In print[edit]
The Happiness Patrol
Author
Graeme Curry
Cover artist
Alister Pearson
Series
Doctor Who book:
Target novelisations
Release number
146
Publisher
Target Books
Publication date
15 February 1990
ISBN
0-426-20339-9
A novelisation of this serial, written by scriptwriter Graeme Curry, was published by Target Books in February 1990. Adapting his scripts rather than the televised version, Curry's book includes scenes cut during editing and his original envisioning of the Kandy Man with a human appearance, albeit with powdery white skin and edible candy-cane glasses. An unabridged reading of the novelisation by Rula Lenska was released by BBC Audiobooks in July 2009.
Home media[edit]
The Happiness Patrol was released on VHS on 4 August 1997, by BBC Worldwide. It was then released on DVD on 7 May 2012 alongside Dragonfire as part of the "Ace Adventures" box set.[12][13] This serial was also released as part of the Doctor Who DVD Files in Issue 119 on 24 July 2013.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ From the Doctor Who Magazine series overview, in issue 407 (pp26-29). The Discontinuity Guide, which counts the four segments of The Trial of a Time Lord as four separate stories and also counts the unbroadcast serial Shada, lists this story as number 153. Region 1 DVD releases follow The Discontinuity Guide numbering system.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The Happiness Patrol at Doctor Who: A Brief History of Time (Travel)
Jump up ^ BBC - Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide - The Happiness Patrol - Details
^ Jump up to: a b c Mulkern, Patrick (17 September 2012). "Doctor Who: The Happiness Patrol". Radio Times. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Adams, Stephen (14 February 2010). "Doctor Who 'had anti-Thatcher agenda'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ratings Guide". Doctor Who News. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Cornell, Paul; Day, Martin; Topping, Keith (1995). "The Happiness Patrol". The Discontinuity Guide (reprinted on BBC Doctor Who website)|format= requires |url= (help). London: Virgin Books. p. 343. ISBN 0-426-20442-5. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Williams, Rowan (24 April 2011). "Archbishop of Canterbury's 2011 Easter Sermon". archbishopofcanterbury.org. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Sidwell, Marc (21 August 2014). "Who's back: The Doctor is the unexpected freedom fighter our civilisation still needs". City AM.
Jump up ^ Berriman, Ian (4 May 2012). "Doctor Who: Ace Adventures Review". SFX. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Sinnot, John (19 May 2012). "Doctor Who: The Happiness Patrol". DVD Talk. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
Jump up ^ DWM 433
Jump up ^ "DVD Schedule Update". Doctor Who News. 2011-03-05. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Seventh Doctor
The Happiness Patrol at BBC Online
The Happiness Patrol at the Doctor Who Reference Guide
Script to Screen: The Happiness Patrol, by Jon Preddle (Time Space Visualiser issue 42, January 1995)
Reviews[edit]
The Happiness Patrol reviews at Outpost Gallifrey
The Happiness Patrol reviews at The Doctor Who Ratings Guide
Target novelisation[edit]
Doctor Who - The Happiness Patrol reviews at The Doctor Who Ratings Guide
The Happiness Patrol title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
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Bridge to Terabithia (novel)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Terebithia" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Terebinthia.
Bridge to Terabithia
First edition
Author
Katherine Paterson
Illustrator
Donna Diamond
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
1
Genre
Children's novel
Publisher
Crowell
Publication date
October 21, 1977
ISBN
0-690-01359-0 (hardback edition)
OCLC
2818232
LC Class
PZ7.P273 Br
Preceded by
Louisa Hampredge
Followed by
Katherine Paterson
Bridge to Terabithia is a work of children's literature about two lonely children who create a magical forest kingdom. It was written by Katherine Paterson and was published in 1977 by Thomas Crowell. In 1978, it won the Newbery Medal. Paterson drew inspiration for the novel from a real event that occurred in August 1974 when her son's friend was struck and killed by lightning.
The novel tells the story of fifth grader Jesse Aarons, who becomes friends with his new neighbor, Leslie Burke, after he loses a footrace to her at school. She is a smart, talented, outgoing tomboy from a wealthy family, and he thinks highly of her. He is an artistic boy from a poorer family who, in the beginning, is fearful, angry, and depressed. After meeting Leslie, his life is transformed. He becomes courageous and learns to let go of his frustration. They create a kingdom for themselves, which Leslie names "Terabithia."
The novel's content has been the frequent target of censors and appears at number eight on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books for the decade 1990–2000.[1] It is studied in English studies classes in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
It has been adapted for the screen twice: a 1985 PBS TV movie and a 2007 Disney/Walden Media feature film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Plot summary
3 Characters
4 Literary significance
5 Adaptations
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Katherine Paterson lived for a time in Takoma Park, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, DC.[2] The novel was inspired by a tragedy of that time: on August 14, 1974, her son David's best friend, Lisa Christina Hill, died after being struck by lightning in Bethany Beach, Delaware. She was eight years old.[2][3][4] There is a tree dedicated to her in a memorial outside Takoma Park Elementary School (pre-K to second grade), which she and David attended.[4] Sligo Creek, which runs through Takoma Park, may have provided inspiration, too.[2]
The name of the imaginary kingdom is similar to that of the Narnian island Terebinthia, created by C. S. Lewis in 1951 or earlier for Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. Paterson observed in 2005:
I thought I had made it up. Then, rereading The Voyage of the Dawn Treader by C. S. Lewis, I realized that I had probably gotten it from the island of Terebinthia in that book. However, Lewis probably got that name from the Terebinth tree in the Bible, so both of us pinched from somewhere else, probably unconsciously.[5]
The novel makes a direct reference to The Chronicles of Narnia as a set of books that Leslie lends to Jess so he can learn to behave like a king.
Another fantasy series indirectly referenced is The Chronicles of Prydain.[citation needed]
Plot summary[edit]
The novel chronicles the life of an artistic young boy named Jess Aarons and the burdens and hardships of his home life, such as his duties on his family's farm and the constant agitations and annoyances of his four sisters. He has straw-colored hair and long legs. Leslie Burke is an intelligent, wealthy girl who has just moved into "the old Perkins place" down the road from him. He is initially cold toward her. After having trained all summer to become his class' fastest runner, he is infuriated when she outruns him in a recess footrace.
After further negative experiences with classroom tormentors or rivals, including Gary Fulcher, Jess eagerly anticipates the arrival of music class due to his infatuation for its beautiful young teacher, Miss Edmunds. However, on the day it begins, he discovers a fondness for Leslie, eccentric and ostracized, and they develop a friendship. He marvels at the way she genuinely likes to read and write, not just to impress their teacher, and the way she makes running look beautiful and effortless (not that he would ever actually say anything of the sort). On a sunny day, Jess and Leslie use a rope to swing over a creek, and they decide to design an imaginary sanctuary from the burdens and pains of everyday life. They reign as monarchs, calling their domain Terabithia and constructing a small refuge in which their imaginary escapades take place.
At school, Jess and Leslie are challenged by an older bully named Janice Avery, whom they immensely detest. After she steals a package of Twinkies from Jess' younger sister May Belle's lunch, they forge a romantic letter under the disguise of Willard Hughes, the object of Janice's infatuation, setting her up for misunderstanding. The plan is successful, exposing her to public mortification. Later, Leslie encounters her sobbing in the girls' bathroom. It develops that her father beats her severely, and that this explains her difficulty relating to other people. She is upset since she had confided her troubles to her two best friends, and they have spread the rumor all throughout the school. At this, both Jess and Leslie develop sympathy for—and Leslie even the beginnings of a friendship with Janice. In the meantime, Leslie's bond with Jess also increases powerfully, and they continue to indulge in the pleasures derived from Terabithia, adopting a puppy named Prince Terrien, abbreviated to P.T..
One day in Terabithia, Jess complains about going to church for Easter and Leslie asks if she can come. He is uncertain about her request and he asks his mother about it. She reluctantly agrees and off they go. After the mass, Leslie inquires what happens if you don't believe in God. May Belle jumps in and claims that He will damn you to hell. They looked at her in shock and Jess tells her to not go around damning people to hell.
On being invited on a trip to an art museum with Miss Edmunds, Jess accepts the offer without notifying Leslie or his parents beforehand (he tells his mother while she is half asleep). He enjoys it, but upon returning home is horrified to learn that while he was away, Leslie attempted to visit Terabithia on her own and drowned in the creek when the rope broke. A shocked Jess, incapable of absorbing or accepting the impact or horror of her sudden death, denies his grief and even her existence. It is implied that May Belle is terrified that Leslie may be sentenced to eternal damnation due to her doubts regarding religion (revealed at Easter). Jess' father reassures him that God could not possibly be so unfair. After he miserably accepts the inevitability of Leslie's death, he is saddened even further by the grief exhibited by her mourning parents, who have decided to return to their previous home in Pennsylvania.
Jess decides to pay tribute to Leslie by crafting a funeral wreath, bending a pine bough into a circle. Leaving it in their special pine grove in Terabithia, he discovers a terrified May Belle halfway across the creek—having attempted to follow him over the fallen tree he used to get to Terabithia after the rope broke—and assists her back. The Burkes grant him some lumber (from aborted renovations) they are leaving behind, which he uses to build a more permanent, though rudimentary, bridge. He chooses to fill the void left by Leslie's death by making May Belle the new queen of Terabithia, permitting her to share his sanctuary from then onward (Terabithia had been kept as Jess' and Leslie's secret before). Then, tells her to keep her "mind wide open" and all of the inhabitants of Terabithia welcome their new queen.
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of Bridge to Terabithia characters
Jess Aarons — In the beginning of the novel, is habitually fearful, angry and depressed. He also has a crush on his music teacher, Miss Edmunds, which plays an integral role in the final events of the story. After meeting and then ultimately losing Leslie, he is transformed, in that he becomes courageous and lets go of his anger and frustration.
Leslie Burke — An intelligent, talented, imaginative, outgoing girl, it is she who creates the imaginary kingdom of Terabithia. Her talents include gymnastics, creative writing, swimming and running. Jess thinks highly of her, and they are loyal friends. She is a newcomer to his school, and not socially accepted by the other students. She dies when she falls into a creek and sustains a head injury that keeps her unconscious until she drowns.
Joyce Ann Aarons — Jess' bratty baby sister. May Belle thinks she is "nothing but a baby".
May Belle Aarons — One of Jess' younger sisters. She is described as the only one of his siblings with whom he feels comfortable. However, because she is six years to his 10, she does not fit the mold of the ideal confidante to him, leaving him still desperate for companionship. She clearly worships him from the beginning, and like him, feels that she does not have a place in the family. She is the first of his sisters to learn about Terabithia, and becomes the queen after Leslie's death.[6] She is the only one he allows to enter his world and the only one who has any sort of empathy for, or acceptance of, him in his family.
Ellie and Brenda Aarons — Jess' two older sisters. They primarily exist as secondary static characters, or ones who do not grow or change as a result of the events of a story. They are never mentioned separately within the novel and are never portrayed in a positive light. From the beginning, they continually ask for favors from their mother, and pocket money which she cannot afford to give them. With sufficient whining, they know how to get their way with their parents, such as asking for five dollars to pay for school supplies from their mother by saying that their father promised that they could have the money. Being the older of the two and the oldest child in the family, Ellie develops their ideas. Both have an incredible desire not to have anything to do with Jesse specifically, but with all of their younger siblings more broadly. At the climax of the story, when Jess learns of Leslie's death, Brenda is the one who tells him of it. The fact that she is the one who breaks the news to him in the novel only serves to increase the shock.
Janice Avery — The school bully at Lark Creek. She is very overweight and tends to become very offended when people tease her for being so. She has a crush on Willard Hughes, which Jess and Leslie use to trick her. Her father beats her and she secretly smokes. Also, her face is used on the giant troll living in Terabithia for the 2007 movie.
Miss Edmunds — The somewhat unconventional and controversial music teacher, whom Jess greatly admires. She invites him to go to the Smithsonian Museum, which leads Leslie to go to Terabithia by herself. As a result, she is alone when she falls from the rope.
Prince Terrien — A puppy that Jesse gave Leslie for Christmas. He is the guardian and court jester of Terabithia. In the novel, he is referred to as P.T.
Gary Fulcher — He and Jess both hope to be the fastest kid in the fifth grade; he serves as another bully in the story, but he is not quite as mean as Janice Avery.
Mrs. Myers — Jess and Leslie's teacher, given the nickname "Monster Mouth Myers." She favors Leslie, and tells Jess after her death that she was the best student she had ever had. Her husband had also died.
Bill and Judy Burke — Leslie's parents, novelists who come to the story's location for their work. Mom — book writer, Dad — political writer. Unlike most of the locals, they do not watch television.
Literary significance[edit]
The novel's content has been the frequent target of censors. It ranks number 8 on the American Library Association list of most commonly challenged books in the United States for 1990–1999.[1] On the ALA list for 2000–2009 it ranks #28.[7] The challenges stem from death being a part of the plot;[8][9] Jesse's frequent use of the word "lord" outside of prayer;[10] allegations that it promotes secular humanism, New Age religion, occultism, and Satanism;[11] and for use of offensive language.[12]
The novel is often featured in English studies classes in Ireland, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Canada,[13] the Philippines, Ecuador, the United Kingdom,[14] Costa Rica, Panama, South Africa and the United States.
In 2012, the novel was ranked number ten among all-time best children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. Two other books by Paterson made the top 100.[15]
Adaptations[edit]
Two films have been made based on the novel, both with the original title. One was a PBS TV movie made in 1985, starring Annette O'Toole, Julian Coutts, and Julie Beaulieu. The second was a theatrical film released on February 16, 2007, starring Josh Hutcherson, AnnaSophia Robb, Robert Patrick, Bailee Madison, and Zooey Deschanel; the adaptation was done in part by David Paterson himself.
A musical stage adaptation ("supported by a lyrical score") entitled The Bridge to Terabithia is listed for sale by Stageplays.com, credited to Paterson and Stephanie S. Tolan, another children's writer.[16] It was catalogued by the Library of Congress in 1993, with primary credit to Steve Liebman for the music, as Bridge to Terabithia: a play with music (New York: S. French, c1992).[17]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "100 most frequently challenged books: 1990–1999". Office for Intellectual Freedom, American Library Association (ALA.org). 2001. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kohn, Diana (2004). "Lisa Hill and the Bridge to Terabithia". Takoma-Silver Spring Voice. Archived from the original on June 14, 2009. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
Jump up ^ "Questions". Katherine Paterson (terabithia.com). Retrieved 2007-02-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Local Connection". The Washington Post. February 15, 2007. Retrieved 2010-03-01. After you have read or seen Bridge to Terabithia, visit Takoma Park Elementary, the school David Paterson and Lisa Hill—the inspirations for Jess and Leslie—attended in the 1970s. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Questions for Katherine Paterson". Bridge to Terabithia, 2005 Harper Trophy edition.
Jump up ^ Paterson, Katherine; Diamond, Donna. Bridge to Terabithia Movie Tie-in Edition. HarperEntertainment. ISBN 0-06-122728-5. The last sentence of the novel, "Shhh, yes. There's a rumor going around that the beautiful girl arriving today might be the queen they've been waiting for."
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009". American Library Association. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
Jump up ^ The National Council of English Teachers curriculum report including section "Why Bridge To Terabithia Should Not Be Banned" which discusses the death issue. Archived Archived January 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. 2007-01-27. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Opinion: What Have Other People Thought About Bridge to Terabithia?" Archived December 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.. Scholastic Kids (scholastic.com/kids). Retrieved 2007-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Connecticut Residents Seek to Ban Two Newbery Medal Winners from School" Archived February 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. American Booksellers Association. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
Jump up ^ Annotated list from "Ten Most Challenged Books of 2003" Archived September 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2009-09-07
Jump up ^ Annotated list from "Ten Most Challenged Books of 2002" Archived 2010-10-26 at the Wayback Machine.. ALA. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
Jump up ^ Grade 5 Reading List. British Columbia Ministry of Education. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Year 9 curriculum" Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. National Strategy Literacy and Learning in Religious Education. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (July 7, 2012). "Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results". A Fuse #8 Production. Blog. School Library Journal (blog.schoollibraryjournal.com). Retrieved 2015-10-30.
Jump up ^ "The Bridge to Terabithia: Katherine Paterson & Stephanie S. Tolan". Distributor product display. Stageplays.com: Largest Collection of Plays and Musicals in the World. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
Jump up ^ Subject (LCSH) "Musicals—Librettos". "Bridge to Terabithia: a play with music"[permanent dead link]. Library of Congress Online Catalog. LCCN Permalink (lccn.loc.gov). Retrieved 2015-10-31.
Bridge to Terabithia, Hardcover edition (ISBN 0-690-01359-0)
External links[edit]
Children's literature portal
Study guide created by the author (PDF)
"Lisa Hill and the Bridge to Terabithia" by Diana Kohn (PDF)
Awards
Preceded by
Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry Newbery Medal recipient
1978 Succeeded by
The Westing Game
[show]
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Bridge to Terabithia (1977 novel)
1985 TV movie
2007 film
Film soundtrack
Characters
Creatures
[show]
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Novels by Katherine Paterson
The Sign of the Chrysanthemum (1973)
Of Nightingales That Weep (1974)
The Master Puppeteer (1975)
Bridge to Terabithia (1977)
The Great Gilly Hopkins (1978)
Jacob Have I Loved (1980)
Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom (1983)
Come Sing, Jimmy Jo (1985)
Park's Quest (1988)
Lyddie (1991)
Flip-Flop Girl (1994)
Jip, His Story (1996)
Parzival: The Quest of the Grail Knight (1998)
Preacher’s Boy (1999)
The Same Stuff as Stars (2002)
Bread and Roses, Too (2006)
The Day of the Pelican (2009)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4668513-3
VIAF: 183040424
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridge_to_Terabithia_(novel)&oldid=843307880"
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Second Epistle to the Corinthians
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The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, often written as 2 Corinthians, is a Pauline epistle and the eighth book of the New Testament of the Bible. Paul the Apostle and "Timothy our brother" wrote this epistle to "the church of God which is at Corinth, with all the saints which are in all Achaia".[2Cor.1:1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Structure
3 Background
4 Content
5 Uniqueness
6 Scholars
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Composition[edit]
While there is little doubt among scholars that Paul is the author, there is discussion over whether the Epistle was originally one letter or composed from two or more of Paul's letters.[1]:8
Although the New Testament contains only two letters to the Corinthian church, the evidence from the letters themselves is that he wrote at least four and the church replied at least once:
1 Cor 5:9 ("I have written you in my letter not to associate with sexually immoral people", NIV) refers to an early letter, sometimes called the "warning letter" or the "pre-canonical letter".[2]
1 Corinthians
The Severe Letter: Paul refers to an earlier "letter of tears" in 2 Corinthians 2:3–4 and 7:8. 1 Corinthians does not match that description, so this "letter of tears" may have been written between 1 Corinthians and 2 Corinthians.
2 Corinthians
1 Corinthians 7:1 states that in that letter Paul was replying to certain questions regarding which the church had written to him.
The abrupt change of tone from being previously harmonious to bitterly reproachful in 2 Corinthians 10–13 has led many to speculate that chapters 10–13 form part of the "letter of tears" which were in some way tagged on to Paul's main letter.[3] Those who disagree with this assessment usually say that the "letter of tears" is no longer extant.[4]
Some scholars also find fragments of the "warning letter", or of other letters, in chapters 1–9,[5] for instance that part of the "warning letter" is preserved in 2 Cor 6:14–7:1,[3] but these hypotheses are less popular.[6]
Structure[edit]
The first page of II Corinthians from a 1486 Latin Bible (Bodleian Library).
The book is usually divided as follows:[4]
1:1–11 – Greeting
1:12 – 7:16 – Paul defends his actions and apostleship, affirming his affection for the Corinthians.
8:1 – 9:15 – Instructions for the collection for the poor in the Jerusalem church.
10:1 – 13:10 – A polemic defense of his apostleship
13:11–13 – Closing greetings
Background[edit]
Paul's contacts with the Corinthian church can be reconstructed as follows:[4]
Paul visits Corinth for the first time, spending about 18 months there (Acts 18:11). He then leaves Corinth and spends about 3 years in Ephesus (Acts 19:8, 19:10, 20:31). (Roughly from AD 53 to 57, see 1 Corinthians article).
Paul writes the "warning letter" in his first year from Ephesus (1 Corinthians 5:9).
Paul writes 1 Corinthians from his second year at Ephesus.
Paul visits the Corinthian church a second time, as he indicated he would in 1 Corinthians 16:6. Probably during his last year in Ephesus. 2 Corinthians 2:1 calls this a "painful visit".
Paul writes the "letter of tears".
Paul writes 2 Corinthians, indicating his desire to visit the Corinthian church a third time (2 Cor 12:14, 2 Cor 13:1). The letter does not indicate where he is writing from, but it is usually dated after Paul left Ephesus for Macedonia (Acts 20), from either Philippi or Thessalonica in Macedonia.[7]
Paul presumably made the third visit after writing 2 Corinthians, because Acts 20:2–3 indicates he spent 3 months in Greece. In his letter to Rome, written at this time, he sent salutations from some of the principal members of the church to the Romans.[7]
Content[edit]
In Paul's second letter to the Corinthians, he again refers to himself as an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God and reassures the people of Corinth that they will not have another painful visit, but what he has to say is not to cause pain but to reassure them of the love he has for them. It is shorter in length in comparison to the first and a little confusing if the reader is unaware of the social, religious, and economic situation of the community. Paul felt the situation in Corinth was still complicated and felt attacked.
Some challenged his authority as an apostle, and he compares the level of difficulty to other cities he has visited who had embraced it, like the Galatians. He is criticized for the way he speaks and writes and finds it just to defend himself with some of his important teachings. He states the importance of forgiving others, and God’s new agreement that comes from the Spirit of the living God (2 Cor. 3:3), and the importance of being a person of Christ and giving generously to God’s people in Jerusalem, and ends with his own experience of how God changed his life (Sandmel, 1979).
Uniqueness[edit]
Easton's Bible Dictionary writes,
This epistle, it has been well said, shows the individuality of the apostle more than any other. "Human weakness, spiritual strength, the deepest tenderness of affection, wounded feeling, sternness, irony, rebuke, impassioned self-vindication, humility, a just self-respect, zeal for the welfare of the weak and suffering, as well as for the progress of the church of Christ and for the spiritual advancement of its members, are all displayed in turn in the course of his appeal." —Lias, Second Corinthians.[7]
Scholars[edit]
George H. Guthrie – professor at Union University in Jackson, Tennessee
Larry Welborn – Professor at Fordham University in The Bronx, New York
See also[edit]
Textual variants in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians
First Epistle to the Corinthians
Third Epistle to the Corinthians
2 Corinthians 11:19
Authorship of the Pauline Epistles
Come-outer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harris, Murray J. (2005). The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. The New International Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-7126-8.
Jump up ^ Jerusalem Bible, note e at 1 Cor. 5:9
^ Jump up to: a b THE SECOND LETTER TO THE CORINTHIANS, from "An Introduction to the New Testament" by Edgar J. Goodspeed, 1937
^ Jump up to: a b c 2 Corinthians: Introduction, Argument, and Outline, by Daniel Wallace at bible.org
Jump up ^ New Testament Letter Structure, from Catholic Resources by Felix Just, S.J.
Jump up ^ "An Introduction to the Bible", by John Drane (Lion, 1990), p.654
^ Jump up to: a b c Corinthians, Second Epistle to the, in Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
2 Corinthians
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Second Epistle to the Corinthians
"Corinthians, Epistles to the". Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 150–154.
Online translations of Second Epistle to the Corinthians:
Online Bible at GospelHall.org
2 Corinthians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions
Commentary articles by J. P. Meyer on Second Corinthians, by chapter: 1–2, 3, 4:1–6:10,
6:11–7:16,
8–9, 10–13
Second Epistle to the Corinthians
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First Corinthians New Testament
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values: الرسالة الثانية إلى أهل كورنثوس – Arabic

values: ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܩܘܪܢܬܝܐ ܕܬܪܬܝܢ – Aramaic

values: Korinflilərə ikinci məktub – Azerbaijani

values: Другі ліст да Карынфянаў Святога Апостала Паўла – Belarusian

values: Другое пасланьне да карынцянаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Второ послание към коринтяните – Bulgarian

values: Paulus' Andet Brev til Korintherne – Danish

values: 2. Brief des Paulus an die Korinther – German

values: Pauluse teine kiri korintlastele – Estonian

values: Β΄ Επιστολή προς Κορινθίους – Greek

values: Segunda epístola a los corintios – Spanish

values: 2-a epistolo al la korintanoj – Esperanto

values: نامه دوم به قرنتیان – Persian

values: Deuxième épître aux Corinthiens – French

values: Twadde Brief oan de Korintiërs – Western Frisian

values: Dara Litir Naomh Pól chuig na Corantaigh – Irish

values: करिंत्कारांक पावलुचें दुस्रें पत्र – Goan Konkani

values: 코린토 신자들에게 보낸 둘째 서간 – Korean

values: Պողոս առաքյալի երկրորդ նամակը Կորնթացիներին – Armenian

values: Surat Paulus yang Kedua kepada Jemaat di Korintus – Indonesian

values: האיגרת השנייה אל הקורינתים – Hebrew

values: კორინთელთა მიმართ (მეორე) – Georgian

values: Urwandiko rwa II kub’ikorinto – Kinyarwanda

values: Pāvila 2. vēstule korintiešiem – Latvian

values: Antrasis laiškas korintiečiams – Lithuanian

values: Pál második levele a korinthosziakhoz – Hungarian

values: കോറിന്തോസുകാർക്ക് എഴുതിയ രണ്ടാം ലേഖനം – Malayalam

values: Gŏ̤-lìng-dŏ̤, Hâiu Cṳ̆ – Min Dong Chinese

values: Tweede brief van Paulus aan de Korintiërs – Dutch

values: コリントの信徒への手紙二 – Japanese

values: Paulus' andre brev til korinterne – Norwegian

values: Segunda Epístola aos Coríntios – Portuguese

values: A doua epistolă a lui Pavel către corinteni – Romanian

values: Kurinthuyuqkunapaq iskay ñiqin qillqa – Quechua

values: Второе послание к Коринфянам – Russian

values: O le tusi e lua a Paulo ia Korinto – Samoan

values: Second Epistle to the Corinthians – Simple English

values: Друга посланица Коринћанима – Serbian

values: Druga poslanica Korinćanima – Serbo-Croatian

values: Ikalawang Sulat sa mga taga-Corinto – Tagalog

values: 2 கொரிந்தியர் (நூல்) – Tamil

values: จดหมายของนักบุญเปาโลถึงชาวโครินธ์ ฉบับที่ 2 – Thai

values: Pavlus’un Korintlilere ikinci mektubu – Turkish

values: 2-ге послання до Коринтян – Ukrainian

values: کرنتھیوں کے نام دوسرا خط – Urdu

values: كورىنتلىقلارغا يېزىلغان ئىككىنچى خەت – Uyghur

values: Thư thứ hai gửi tín hữu Côrintô – Vietnamese

values: Deujhinme lete sint På ås djins d' Corinte – Walloon

values: Ikaduha nga Surát ngadto han mga taga Corinto – Waray

values: Episteli Kejì sí àwọn ará Kọ́ríntì – Yoruba

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