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English Renaissance
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Renaissance
"The School of Athens", Raphael, 1509–1511
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The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th century to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century. As in most of the rest of northern Europe, England saw little of these developments until more than a century later. The beginning of the English Renaissance is often taken, as a convenience, to be 1485, when the Battle of Bosworth Field ended the Wars of the Roses and inaugurated the Tudor Dynasty. Renaissance style and ideas, however, were slow to penetrate England, and the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance.
The English Renaissance is different from the Italian Renaissance in several ways. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music. Visual arts in the English Renaissance were much less significant than in the Italian Renaissance. The English period began far later than the Italian, which was moving into Mannerism and the Baroque by the 1550s or earlier. In contrast, the English Renaissance can only truly be said to begin, shakily, in the 1520s, and it continued until perhaps 1620.
Contents
[hide]
1 Literature
2 Visual arts
3 Music
4 Architecture
5 Criticism of the idea of the English Renaissance
6 Major English Renaissance authors
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Literature[edit]
William Shakespeare, chief figure of the English Renaissance, as portrayed in the Chandos portrait (artist and authenticity not confirmed).
England had a strong tradition of literature in the English vernacular, which gradually increased as English use of the printing press became common by the mid 16th century.[1] By the time of Elizabethan literature a vigorous literary culture in both drama and poetry included poets such as Edmund Spenser, whose verse epic The Faerie Queene had a strong influence on English literature but was eventually overshadowed by the lyrics of William Shakespeare, Thomas Wyatt and others. Typically, the works of these playwrights and poets circulated in manuscript form for some time before they were published, and above all the plays of English Renaissance theatre were the outstanding legacy of the period. The works of this period are also affected by Henry VIII's declaration of independence from the Catholic Church and technological advances in sailing and cartography, which are reflected in the generally nonreligious themes and various shipwreck adventures of Shakespeare.[2]
The English theatre scene, which performed both for the court and nobility in private performances, and a very wide public in the theatres, was the most crowded in Europe, with a host of other playwrights as well as the giant figures of Christopher Marlowe, Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. Elizabeth herself was a product of Renaissance humanism trained by Roger Ascham, and wrote occasional poems such as On Monsieur's Departure at critical moments of her life. Philosophers and intellectuals included Thomas More and Francis Bacon. All the 16th century Tudor monarchs were highly educated, as was much of the nobility, and Italian literature had a considerable following, providing the sources for many of Shakespeare's plays. English thought advanced towards modern science with the Baconian Method, a forerunner of the Scientific Method. The language of the Book of Common Prayer, first published in 1549, and at the end of the period the Authorised Version ("King James Version" to Americans) of the Bible (1611) had enduring impacts on the English consciousness.
Visual arts[edit]
The Ditchley Portrait of Elizabeth I by the foreign Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, c.1592
England was very slow to produce visual arts in Renaissance styles, and the artists of the Tudor court were mainly imported foreigners until after the end of the Renaissance; Hans Holbein was the outstanding figure. The English Reformation produced a huge programme of iconoclasm that destroyed almost all medieval religious art, and all but ended the skill of painting in England; English art was to be dominated by portraiture, and then later landscape art, for centuries to come. The significant English invention was the portrait miniature, which essentially took the techniques of the dying art of the illuminated manuscript and transferred them to small portraits worn in lockets. Though the form was developed in England by foreign artists, mostly Flemish like Lucas Horenbout, the somewhat undistinguished founder of the tradition, by the late 16th century natives such as Nicolas Hilliard and Isaac Oliver produced the finest work, even as the best producers of larger portraits in oil were still foreigners. The portrait miniature had spread all over Europe by the 18th century. The portraiture of Elizabeth I was carefully controlled, and developed into an elaborate and wholly un-realist iconic style, that has succeeded in creating enduring images.
Music[edit]
English Renaissance music kept in touch with continental developments far more than visual art, and managed to survive the Reformation relatively successfully, though William Byrd and other major figures were Catholic. The Elizabethan madrigal was distinct from, but related to the Italian tradition. Thomas Tallis, Thomas Morley, and John Dowland were other leading English composers.
The colossal polychoral productions of the Venetian School had been anticipated in the works of Thomas Tallis, and the Palestrina style from the Roman School had already been absorbed prior to the publication of Musica transalpina, in the music of masters such as William Byrd.
The Italian and English Renaissances were similar in sharing a specific musical aesthetic. In the late 16th century Italy was the musical center of Europe, and one of the principal forms which emerged from that singular explosion of musical creativity was the madrigal. In 1588, Nicholas Yonge published in England the Musica transalpina—a collection of Italian madrigals that had been Anglicized—an event which began a vogue of madrigal in England which was almost unmatched in the Renaissance in being an instantaneous adoption of an idea, from another country, adapted to local aesthetics. English poetry was exactly at the right stage of development for this transplantation to occur, since forms such as the sonnet were uniquely adapted to setting as madrigals: indeed, the sonnet was already well developed in Italy. Composers such as Thomas Morley, the only contemporary composer to set Shakespeare, and whose work survives, published collections of their own, roughly in the Italian manner but yet with a unique Englishness; interest in the compositions of the English Madrigal School have enjoyed a considerable revival in recent decades.
Architecture[edit]
Despite some buildings in a partly Renaissance style from the reign of Henry VIII, notably Hampton Court Palace, the vanished Nonsuch Palace, Sutton Place and Layer Marney Tower, it was not until the Elizabethan architecture of the end of the century that a true Renaissance style emerged, influenced far more by northern Europe than Italy. The most famous buildings are large show houses constructed for courtiers, and characterised by lavish use of glass, as at "Hardwick Hall, more glass than wall", Wollaton Hall and Hatfield House and Burghley House, the style continuing into the early 17th century before developing into Jacobean architecture. Lesser, but still large, houses like Little Moreton Hall continued to be constructed and expanded in essentially medieval half-timbered styles until the late 16th century. Church architecture essentially continued in a late Gothic style until the Reformation, and then stopped almost completely, although church monuments, screens and other fittings often had classical styles from about the mid-century. The few new church buildings were usually still Gothic in style, as in Langley Chapel of 1601.[3]
Criticism of the idea of the English Renaissance[edit]
Young Man Among Roses, portrait miniature by Nicholas Hilliard, 1588, V&A. Believed to be the Earl of Essex
The notion of calling this period "The Renaissance" is a modern invention, having been popularized by the historian Jacob Burckhardt in the 19th century. The idea of the Renaissance has come under increased criticism by many cultural historians, and some have contended that the "English Renaissance" has no real tie with the artistic achievements and aims of the Italian artists (Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello) who are closely identified with Renaissance visual art. Whereas from the perspective of literary history, England had already experienced a flourishing of literature over 200 years before the time of Shakespeare, during the last decades of the fourteenth century. Geoffrey Chaucer's popularizing of English as a medium of literary composition rather than Latin occurred only 50 years after Dante had started using Italian for serious poetry, and Chaucer translated works by both Boccaccio and Petrarch into Middle English. At the same time William Langland, author of Piers Plowman, and John Gower were also writing in English. In the fifteenth century, Thomas Malory (author of Le Morte D'Arthur), John Lydgate, and Thomas Hoccleve were notable figures. For this reason, scholars find the singularity of the period called the English Renaissance questionable; C. S. Lewis, a professor of Medieval and Renaissance literature at Oxford and Cambridge, famously remarked to a colleague that he had "discovered" that there was no English Renaissance, and that if there had been one, it had "no effect whatsoever".
Historians have also begun to consider the word "Renaissance" as an unnecessarily loaded word that implies an unambiguously positive "rebirth" from the supposedly more primitive Middle Ages. Some historians have asked the question "a renaissance for whom?," pointing out, for example, that the status of women in society arguably declined during the Renaissance. Many historians and cultural historians now prefer to use the term "early modern" for this period, a term that highlights the period as a transitional one that led to the modern world, but attempts to avoid positive or negative connotations.
Other cultural historians have countered that, regardless of whether the name "renaissance" is apt, there was undeniably an artistic flowering in England under the Tudor monarchs, culminating in Shakespeare and his contemporaries.
Major English Renaissance authors[edit]
Major literary figures in the English Renaissance include:
Francis Bacon
Francis Beaumont
George Chapman
Francis Hubert
Thomas Dekker
John Donne
John Fletcher
John Ford
Ben Jonson
Thomas Kyd
Christopher Marlowe
Philip Massinger
Thomas Middleton
Thomas More
Thomas Nashe
William Rowley
William Shakespeare
James Shirley
Philip Sidney
Edmund Spenser
William Tyndale
John Webster
Thomas Wyatt
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Renaissance in the United Kingdom.
Tudor period
Canons of Renaissance poetry
Jacobean era
Early modern Britain
Walter Raleigh
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Renaissance Period". people.umass.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Life in Renaissance England". www.uh.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
Jump up ^ Airs, Malcolm, The Buildings of Britain, A Guide and Gazetteer, Tudor and Jacobean, especially chapters 1, 3 and 8, 1982, Barrie & Jenkins (London), ISBN 0-09-147831-6
Further reading[edit]
Cheney, Patrick. "Recent Studies in the English Renaissance," SEL: Studies In English Literature (2007) 47(1): 199-275
Hadfield, Andrew. The English Renaissance, 1500-1620 (2001)
Hattaway, Michael, ed. A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture. (2000). 747 pp.
Keenan, Siobhan. Renaissance Literature (Edinburgh Critical Guides to Literature) (2008)
Lamb, Mary Ellen. "Recent Studies In The English Renaissance," SEL: Studies in English Literature (Johns Hopkins); 2006 46(1): 195-252
Loewenstein, David. "Recent Studies in the English Renaissance," SEL: Studies in English Literature Spring 2011, Vol. 51 Issue 2, pp 199–278
Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne R.; and Levin, Carole, eds. Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England (2007) 459p.
Rowse, A. L. The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society (2000) excerpt and text search
Sheen, Erica, and Lorna Hutson, eds. Literature, Politics and Law in Renaissance England (2005)
Smith, Emma and Garrett A. Sullivan Jr., eds. The Cambridge Companion to English Renaissance Tragedy (2010)
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9½ Weeks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
9½ Weeks
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Adrian Lyne
Produced by
Mark Damon
Sidney Kimmel
Zalman King
Antony Rufus-Isaacs
Screenplay by
Sarah Kernochan
Zalman King
Patricia Louisanna Knop
Based on
9½ Weeks
by Ingeborg Day
Starring
Kim Basinger
Mickey Rourke
Music by
Jack Nitzsche
Cinematography
Peter Biziou
Edited by
Caroline Biggerstaff
Ed Hansen
Tom Rolf
Mark Winitsky
Production
company
Galactic Films
Jonesfilm
Producers Sales Organization
Triple Ajaxxx
Distributed by
MGM/UA Entertainment Company
Release date
February 21, 1986 (1986-02-21)
Running time
117 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Spanish
Budget
$17 million
Box office
$100 million[2]
9½ Weeks (originally titled Nine ½ Weeks) is a 1986 American erotic romantic drama film directed by Adrian Lyne with a screenplay by Sarah Kernochan, Zalman King, and Patricia Louisanna Knop. The film is based on the 1978 memoir of the same name by Austrian-American author Ingeborg Day. It stars Kim Basinger as Elizabeth McGraw and Mickey Rourke as John Gray. McGraw is a New York City art gallery employee who has a brief yet intense affair with a mysterious Wall Street broker. The film was completed in 1984, but not released until February 1986.
Considered too explicit by its American distributor, and cut for U.S. release, the film was a box office bomb in the U.S, grossing only $6.7 million at the box office[3] on a $17 million budget. It also received mixed reviews at the time of its release. However it became a huge success internationally in its unedited version, particularly in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, making $100 million worldwide.[2] It has also acquired a large fanbase on video and DVD and has developed a cult following.[4]
The film spawned a direct-to-video sequel, Another 9½ Weeks (1997) and a direct-to-video prequel The First 9½ Weeks (1998).
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Release
3.1 Critical reception
3.2 Accolades
4 Music
5 Home media
6 Derivative works
6.1 Sequel and prequel
6.2 Parody
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
The title of the film refers to the duration of a relationship between Wall Street arbitrageur John Gray and divorced SoHo art gallery employee Elizabeth McGraw. John initiates and controls the various experimental sexual practices of this volatile relationship to push Elizabeth's boundaries. In doing so, Elizabeth experiences a gradual downward spiral toward emotional breakdown.
Elizabeth first sees John in New York City where she grocery shops and again at a street market where she decides against buying an expensive scarf. John wins her heart when he eventually produces that scarf. They start dating, and Elizabeth is increasingly subjected to John's behavioral peculiarities; he blindfolds Elizabeth, who is at first reluctant to comply with his sexual fantasy demands, yet she sees him as loving and playful. He gives her an expensive gold watch, and instructs her to use it to think about him at noon. She takes this imperative even further by masturbating at her workplace at the designated time. However, he ultimately confuses Elizabeth by his reluctance to meet her friends despite the intimacy of their sexual relations.
Elizabeth's confusion about John increases when he leaves her alone at his apartment. She examines his closet until she discovers a photograph of him with another woman. John asks her if she went through his stuff, declaring that he will punish her. Their ensuing altercation escalates into sexual assault until she blissfully concedes to his struggle to overpower her. Their sexual intensity grows as they start having sex in public places.
Elizabeth's heightened need for psychosexual stimulation drives her to stalk John to his office and to obey his injunction to crossdress herself for a rendezvous. On leaving the establishment, two men hurl a homophobic slur when they mistake John and Elizabeth for a gay couple. A fight ensues. Elizabeth picks up a knife from one of the attackers and stabs one of them in the buttocks and both attackers flee. After the fight, Elizabeth reveals a wet tank-top and has sex onsite with John with intensely visceral passion. Following this encounter, John's sexual games acquire sadomasochistic elements.
Rather than satisfying or empowering Elizabeth, such experiences intensify her emotional vulnerability. While meeting at a hotel room, John blindfolds her. A prostitute starts caressing Elizabeth as John observes them. The prostitute removes Elizabeth's blindfold and starts working on John. Elizabeth violently intervenes, and flees the hotel, with John pursuing her. They run until they find themselves in an adult entertainment venue. Moments later, John and Elizabeth gravitate towards each other, finding themselves interlocked in each other's seemingly inescapable embrace.
The following morning, John senses that he will never see her again. He attempts to share with her details about his life. Elizabeth tells him that it is too late as she leaves the apartment. John begins his mental countdown to 50, hoping she will come back by the time he is finished.
Cast[edit]
Mickey Rourke and Kim Basinger.
Kim Basinger as Elizabeth McGraw
Mickey Rourke as John Gray
Margaret Whitton as Molly
David Margulies as Harvey
Christine Baranski as Thea
Karen Young as Sue
William DeAcutis as Ted
Dwight Weist as Farnsworth
Roderick Cook as Sinclair
Victor Truro as Gallery Client
Release[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
9½ Weeks has a 64% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 22 reviews.[5]
The film was championed by some critics. Roger Ebert praised the film, giving it three and a half stars out of four, stating: "A lot of the success of 9½ Weeks is because Rourke and Basinger make the characters and their relationship convincing." He further elaborated by saying that their relationship was believable, and unlike many other characters in other erotic films at that time, the characters in this movie are much more real and human.[6]
Over time, some critics have warmed to the film and audiences gave it somewhat of a legacy thanks to its success in the rental market. It performed very well in Europe, particularly in Italy, France and also in Latin America. Its success in France was so strong that it played for five years at a Paris cinema, earning approximately $100 million.[7] In São Paulo, Brazil, it played for 76 weeks in the cult movie house Cine Belas Artes.
Accolades[edit]
The film was nominated for three categories at the 1986 Golden Raspberry Awards, Worst Actress (Kim Basinger, who lost to Madonna for Shanghai Surprise), Worst Original Song ("I Do What I Do" by Jonathan Elias, John Taylor, Michael Des Barres, which lost to "Love or Money" from Under the Cherry Moon), and Worst Screenplay (Patricia Louisiana Knop, Zalman King, Sarah Kernochan, which lost to Howard the Duck). The film gained a huge following on home video, and regardless of its reception, both Basinger and Rourke became huge stars.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated[8]
Music[edit]
The main single released from the 9½ Weeks: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was "I Do What I Do", performed by Duran Duran bass guitarist John Taylor, giving his first solo singing performance during a hiatus in Duran Duran's career. The song reached #23 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #42 on the UK Singles Chart. Music for the score was composed by Taylor and Jonathan Elias. Original music for the movie was also written by Jack Nitzsche, but his compositions are not included on the soundtrack.
The soundtrack also included tracks from Luba, Bryan Ferry, Dalbello, Corey Hart, Joe Cocker, Devo, Eurythmics and Stewart Copeland. Winston Grennan's reggae "Savior" as well as Jean Michel Jarre's "Arpegiator", played during the sex scene on the stairs in the rain, were not included on the record.
Home media[edit]
In 1998, Warner Bros. released an "uncut, uncensored version" on DVD that was 117 minutes.[9] The film was released on the Blu-ray format in the United States on March 6, 2012.
Derivative works[edit]
Sequel and prequel[edit]
In 1997, a sequel was released via direct-to-video called Another 9½ Weeks, starring Rourke and Angie Everhart and directed by Anne Goursaud.
In 1998, a second straight-to-video film was released, this one a prequel called The First 9½ Weeks that starred Paul Mercurio and Clara Bellar.
Parody[edit]
A parody of the original film, 9½ Ninjas!, was released in 1991.[10]
See also[edit]
Film portal
Sex in film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NINE 1/2 WEEKS (18)". British Board of Film Classification. February 17, 1986. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Douglas (February 8, 2012). "Zalman King, Creator of Soft-Core Films, Dies at 70". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "9 1/2 Weeks (1986)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rabin, Nathan (2002-04-04). "Another 9½ Weeks". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
Jump up ^ 9½ Weeks at Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (1986-02-21). "9½ Weeks". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
Jump up ^ "9 1/2 Weeks: the original Fifty Shades of Grey". thetelegraph.uk. February 13, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-19.
Jump up ^ "9 1/2 Weeks". Movie-Censorship.com. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "9 ½ Ninjas!". The New York Times.
Briggs, Joe Bob (2005). Profoundly Erotic: Sexy Movies that Changed History. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 0-7893-1314-6.
External links[edit]
9½ Weeks on IMDb
9½ Weeks at AllMovie
9½ Weeks at Rotten Tomatoes
9½ Weeks at Box Office Mojo
[hide]
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Foxes (1980)
Flashdance (1983)
9½ Weeks (1986)
Fatal Attraction (1987)
Jacob's Ladder (1990)
Indecent Proposal (1993)
Lolita (1997)
Unfaithful (2002)
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Pawan Kumar Chamling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Hon'ble
Pawan Kumar Chamling
5th Chief Minister of Sikkim
Incumbent
Assumed office
12 December 1994
Preceded by
Sanchaman Limboo
Personal details
Born
(1950-09-22) 22 September 1950 (age 67)
Yangang, Kingdom of Sikkim
(now in Sikkim, India)
Nationality
Indian
Political party
Sikkim Democratic Front
Spouse(s)
Dhan Maya Chamling
Tika Maya Chamling
Children
4 Sons 4 Daughters
Bijoy, Bishal, Bikash and Bibek Chamling (sons)
Sushila, Shiela, Sunita and Komal Chamling (daughters)
Profession
Farmer, Contractor
Website
pawanchamling.in
Pawan Kumar Chamling (born 22 September 1950) is the fifth and incumbent Chief minister of the Indian state of Sikkim.[1][2] Chamling is the founder president of the Sikkim Democratic Front,[3] which has governed the state for five successive terms since 1994.[4]
Chamling is the longest standing current Chief minister of any state in India and the second longest serving Chief minister after India's independence, behind Jyoti Basu. Prior to establishing the Sikkim Democratic Front, Chamling served as Minister for Industries, Information and Public Relations from 1989 to 1992 in the Nar Bahadur Bhandari cabinet.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Political career
3 References
4 External links
Personal life[edit]
Chamling was born in Yangang, East Sikkim to Ashbahadur Chamling and Asharani Chamling. Chamling is also a Nepali language writer and recipient of the Bhanu Puraskar (2010) awarded by Sikkim Sahitya Parishad. He writes under the pen name Pawan Chamling Kiran. Mr. Chamling has 8 children, 4 sons and 4 daughters.
Political career[edit]
Chamling was elected as the president of Yangang Gram Panchayat in 1982. In 1985, he was elected to the Sikkim Legislative Assembly for the first time. After being elected for the second time from Damthang, he became the Minister for Industries, Information and Public Relations from 1989 to 1992 in the Nar Bahadur Bhandari cabinet. After a series of major political upheavals in Sikkim, Chamling formed the Sikkim Democratic Front on 4 March 1993.
Chamling is the second chief minister in India after Jyoti Basu, of West Bengal to govern a state five terms in a row, with his party Sikkim Democratic Front winning the 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly elections. His party first came to power in Sikkim after winning the 1994 assembly elections. His popularity kept soaring in Sikkim due to his developmental work and for maintaining peace. In 2009, his party Sikkim Democratic Front won all 32 assembly seats in Sikkim Legislative Assembly.
Following win in 2014 assembly election, he was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Sikkim for the fifth consecutive time on May 21, 2014 by Shriniwas Dadasaheb Patil, the Governor of Sikkim. He became the chief minister for a fifth time, a record previously held by Jyoti Basu who ruled West Bengal from 1977 to 2000.[5]
His party SDF won 22 out of 32 assembly seats in the 2014 legislative assembly election. 18 months after the 2014 elections, on November 30, 2015, 7 out of 10 opposition MLAs joined the SDF party under the leadership of Pawan Chamling. Now the ruling front has 28 out of 32 assembly seats in the state.
On 18 January 2016 Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi made a two-day visit to the state to declare Sikkim as the first and the only "organic state" in the country, as it has fully implemented organic farming statewide.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sikkim budget session from 25 June". Zee News. of insiaGangtok. PTI. June 13, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pawan Chamling — The Fifth Chief Minister of Sikkim". National Informatics Centre. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sikkim CM wants BJP chief to step in".
Jump up ^ "Sikkim CM Pawan Kumar Chamling: We have been let down by West Bengal".
Jump up ^ "Chamling sworn in as Sikkim CM for record fifth time". The Indian Express. Gangtok. Press Trust of India. May 21, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sikkim becomes India's first organic state". Daily News and Analysis. 16 January 2016.
External links[edit]
Website of Sikkim Democratic Front
Chief Minister's website
Pawan Chamling's Speech
Pawan Chamling in the program Satyameva Jayate on making Sikkim an Organic State
Preceded by
Sanchaman Limboo Chief Minister of Sikkim
12 December 1994 – present Succeeded by
incumbent
[show]
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Andhra Pradesh
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Odisha
Naveen Patnaik
Puducherry
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Punjab
Amarinder Singh
Rajasthan
Vasundhara Raje
Sikkim
Pawan Kumar Chamling
Tamil Nadu
Edappadi K. Palaniswami
Telangana
K. Chandrasekhar Rao
Tripura
Manik Sarkar
Uttar Pradesh
Yogi Adityanath
Uttarakhand
Trivendra Singh Rawat
West Bengal
Mamata Banerjee
Women chief ministers
From the Bharatiya Janata Party
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[show]
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Chief Ministers of Sikkim
Kazi Lhendup Dorjee
Nar Bahadur Bhandari
B. B. Gurung
Sanchaman Limboo
Pawan Kumar Chamling
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 40443224
GND: 12898595X
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pawan_Kumar_Chamling&oldid=815951952"
Categories:
1950 births
Living people
Chief Ministers of Sikkim
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People from South Sikkim district
Indian people of Nepalese descent
Nepali-language poets
Indian National Congress politicians from Sikkim
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CONCACAF Gold Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with CONCACAF Cup or CONCACAF Championship.
This article is about the men's competition. For the women's competition, see CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup.
CONCACAF Gold Cup
Organising body
CONCACAF
Founded
1963; 54 years ago (1963)[1]
Region
North America, Central America and the Caribbean
Number of teams
12 (later 16 in 2019)
Related competitions
CONCACAF Cup
Current champions
United States (6th title)
Most successful team(s)
Mexico (7 titles)
Website
www.concacaf.com/category/gold-cup
2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup
The CONCACAF Gold Cup (Spanish: Copa de Oro de la CONCACAF) (French: Coupe d'Or de la CONCACAF) is the main association football (soccer) competition of the men's national football teams governed by CONCACAF, determining the continental champion of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.
The Gold Cup is held every two years. Before 2015, when the Gold Cup did not fall in the same year as the FIFA Confederations Cup, the winner, or highest-placed team that is a member of both CONCACAF and FIFA, qualified for the next staging of that tournament. Beginning in 2015, the winners of two successive Gold Cups (the 2013 and 2015 editions in the first instance) face each other in CONCACAF Cup – a playoff to determine the CONCACAF entrant to the next Confederations Cup. If the same team has won the Gold Cup on both relevant occasions, there will be no playoff and that team will automatically qualify for the Confederations Cup.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Championships before CONCACAF
1.2 CONCACAF Championship (1963–1989)
1.3 CONCACAF Gold Cup (1991–present)
2 Tournament results
3 Performance by country
4 Records and statistics
5 Media coverage
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Winners of the CONCACAF Gold Cup up to 2017
Championships before CONCACAF[edit]
Before the Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) was formed in 1961, association football in the region was divided into smaller, regional divisions. The two main bodies consisted of the Confederación Centroamericana y del Caribe de Fútbol (CCCF) founded in 1938 (consisting of Central America and most of the Caribbean) and the North American Football Confederation (NAFC) founded in 1946 (consisting of the North American nations of United States, Mexico, Canada, and Cuba). Each confederation held its own competition, the CCCF Championship and the NAFC Championship. The CCCF held 10 championships from 1941–1961, Costa Rica winning seven (1941, ’46, ’48, ’53, ’55, ’60, ’61), and one each by El Salvador (1943), Panama (1951) and Haiti (1957). The NAFC held four championships in 1947 and 1949 and later, after 41 years of absence, in 1990 and 1991 for the North American zone as the North American Nations Cup with Mexico winning two (47 & ’49) and Canada winning one (1990) before the introduction of the CONCACAF Gold Cup. [3]
CONCACAF Championship (1963–1989)[edit]
For more details on this topic, see CONCACAF Championship.
CONCACAF was founded in 1961 through the merging of NAFC and CCCF which resulted in a single championship being held for the continent. The first CONCACAF tournament was held in 1963 in El Salvador with Costa Rica becoming the first champion. The CONCACAF Campeonato de Naciones, as it was called, was held every two years from 1963–1973. The second tournament was held in Guatemala in 1965 when Mexico defeated the host country in the final of a six-team tournament. The 1967 competition was held in Honduras and saw a third champion crowned, Guatemala. Costa Rica won their second title as hosts in 1969, knocking off Guatemala, while two years later, Mexico won their second championship as the tournament moved to Trinidad & Tobago, the first time in the Caribbean. In 1973, the tournament kept the same format of six teams playing a single round-robin, but there were bigger stakes attached: CONCACAF’s berth in the FIFA World Cup tournament in 1974. In Port-au-Prince, Haiti, the host country pulled off a shocking upset by winning the tournament and claiming a spot in the World Cup in West Germany.
With the Campeonato de Naciones doubling as the final World Cup qualifying tournament, the next two editions were held in Mexico City and Tegucigalpa, Honduras in 1977 and 1981, respectively. In each case the host country was crowned champion and earned a spot in the World Cup. In 1985 and 1989, the winner of the World Cup qualifying tournament was again crowned Confederation champion. Canada and Costa Rica were named champions in 1985 and 1989, receiving a trophy.[4][better source needed]
CONCACAF Gold Cup (1991–present)[edit]
In 1990, CONCACAF brought the CONCACAF Championship to an end and created the CONCACAF Gold Cup, with the USA hosting the first competition in 1991. The host country was the inaugural champion of the eight-team tournament. Mexico dominated the remainder of the decade, winning three consecutive CONCACAF Gold Cup titles in 1993, 1996 and 1998.
In 1996, the Gold Cup field included its first guest team, the defending FIFA World Cup Champions Brazil. Guests were invited to participate in the six Gold Cup tournaments from 1996 to 2005. Starting with the 2000 Gold Cup, the tournament field was increased to twelve teams and for the 2007 tournament, the Gold Cup again was contested exclusively by nations within CONCACAF.
The 2007 Gold Cup was contested in the United States where the hosts successfully defended their title beating Mexico in the final 2–1 in Chicago; Canada and Guadeloupe shared third place. Mexico won the 2009 Gold Cup by beating the United States 5–0. In the 2011 Gold Cup, Mexico defeated the USA 4–2 in the final while the USA won the 2013 Gold Cup by beating Panama 1–0.
Since the formation of the Gold Cup in 1991, the CONCACAF Championship has been won seven times by Mexico, six times by the United States, and once by Canada. Runners-up include Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, and Jamaica.
In January 2017, Victor Montagliani announced the expansion of the Gold Cup from 12 to 16 teams, starting with the 2019 tournament.[5]
Tournament results[edit]
CONCACAF Gold Cup
Year
Host
Final
Third Place Match
Winner
Score
Runner-up
3rd Place
Score
4th Place
1991
Details United States
United States 0–0 a.e.t.
(4–3 pen.)
Honduras
Mexico 2–0
Costa Rica
1993
Details United States
Mexico
Mexico 4–0
United States Costa Rica
Jamaica 1–1
a.e.t. (1)
1996
Details United States
Mexico 2–0
Brazil
United States 3–0
Guatemala
1998
Details United States
Mexico 1–0
United States
Brazil 1–0
Jamaica
2000
Details United States
Canada 2–0
Colombia
Not Held
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
2002
Details United States
United States 2–0
Costa Rica
Canada 2–1
South Korea
2003
Details United States
Mexico
Mexico 1–0
a.s.d.e.t.
Brazil
United States 3–2
Costa Rica
2005
Details United States
United States 0–0 a.e.t.
(3–1 pen.)
Panama
Not held
Colombia
Honduras
2007
Details United States
United States 2–1
Mexico Canada
Guadeloupe
2009
Details United States
Mexico 5–0
United States Costa Rica
Honduras
2011
Details United States
Mexico 4–2
United States Honduras
Panama
2013
Details United States
United States 1–0
Panama Honduras
Mexico
2015
Details United States
Canada
Mexico 3–1
Jamaica
Panama 1–1 a.e.t.
(3–2 pen.)
United States
2017
Details United States
United States 2–1
Jamaica
Not held
Costa Rica
Mexico
2019 TBA TBD - TBD TBD
(1) Costa Rica and Jamaica shared third place.
Teams in italics are guest nations.
Performance by country[edit]
The following table shows cumulative top four results for all editions of the CONCACAF Gold Cup. The Third Place column lists third-place match winners, and teams eliminated in semi-finals in years without a third-place match.
Team
Winners
Runners-up
Third Place
Fourth Place
Mexico 7 (1993, 1996, 1998, 2003, 2009, 2011, 2015) 1 (2007) 3 (1991, 2013, 2017) —
United States 6 (1991, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2013, 2017) 4 (1993, 1998, 2009, 2011) 2 (1996, 2003) 1 (2015)
Canada 1 (2000) — 2 (2002, 2007) —
Panama — 2 (2005, 2013) 2 (2011, 2015) —
Jamaica — 2 (2015, 2017) 1 (1993) 1 (1998)
Brazil — 2 (1996, 2003) 1 (1998) —
Honduras — 1 (1991) 4 (2005, 2009, 2011, 2013) —
Costa Rica — 1 (2002) 3 (1993, 2009, 2017) 2 (1991, 2003)
Colombia — 1 (2000) 1 (2005) —
Peru — — 1 (2000) —
Trinidad and Tobago — — 1 (2000) —
Guadeloupe — — 1 (2007) —
Guatemala — — — 1 (1996)
South Korea — — — 1 (2002)
Records and statistics[edit]
Main article: CONCACAF Gold Cup records and statistics
Media coverage[edit]
In the United States, the CONCACAF Gold Cup airs on Fox Sports (since 2007) and Univision Deportes (since 2000). In Mexico it airs on Televisa and TV Azteca. In Canada it switched to TSN in 2017, after years on Sportsnet.
See also[edit]
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup
Football continental championships
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup - Technical Report" (pdf). CONCACAF. 12 November 2007. p. 4. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "2013, 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners will play one-off match for 2017 Confederations Cup berth". MLS Soccer. April 5, 2013. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ www.goldcup.org
Jump up ^ "1985 Gabriel Kafaty Cup". Flickr. 3 April 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Montagliani happy with 2016, sees big things for CONCACAF in new year". Jamaica Observer. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017. Of course the Gold Cup is this year and it is the last edition of 12 teams as we will increase it to 16 for the 2019 version.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to CONCACAF Gold Cup.
Official Gold Cup Site at CONCACAF.com
Copa Oro coverage on Univision.com
Gold Cup at RSSSF
Gold Cup & Championship on RSSSF Archive
[show]
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CONCACAF Championship (1963–1989)
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