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Browser wars
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2017)
Browser Market Share Worldwide July 2017[1]
Google Chrome
Firefox
Safari
UC Browser
Internet Explorer
Opera
No info
A timeline of web browsers
A browser war is competition for dominance in the usage share of web browsers. The First Browser War was Microsoft's Internet Explorer against Netscape's Navigator during the late 1990s. Browser wars continued with the decline of Internet Explorer's market share since 2003 and the increasing popularity of other browsers including Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, and Opera.
With the introduction of HTML5, CSS 3, a new generation of browser war began, this time adding extensive client-side scripting to the World Wide Web, as well as more widespread use of smartphones and other mobile devices for browsing the web. These newcomers have ensured that browser battles continue among enthusiasts, while the average web user is less affected by their choice of browser.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Mosaic Wars
3 First Browser War
3.1 Internet Explorer 5 & 6
4 Second Browser War
4.1 Updated Browsers Released and the Rise of Mobile
4.2 HTML5 beginnings and Presto rendering engine deprecation
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Background[edit]
Usage share as of Q2 2009 by percent of layout engines/web browsers
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The World Wide Web is an Internet-based hypertext system invented in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser WorldWideWeb, later renamed Nexus, and released it for the NeXTstep platform in 1991.
By the end of 1992 other browsers had appeared, many of them based on the libwww library. These included Unix browsers such as Line Mode Browser, ViolaWWW, Erwise, and MidasWWW, and MacWWW/Samba for the Mac. Even though these browsers tended to be simple HTML viewers, relying on external helper applications to view multimedia content, they provided choice to users both in browsers and platforms.
Mosaic Wars[edit]
Further browsers were released in 1993, including Cello, Arena, Lynx, tkWWW, and Mosaic. The most influential of these was Mosaic, a multiplatform browser developed at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). By October 1994, Mosaic was "well on its way to becoming the world's standard interface", according to Gary Wolfe of Wired.[3]
Several companies licensed Mosaic to create their own commercial browsers, such as AirMosaic and Spyglass Mosaic. One of the Mosaic developers, Marc Andreessen, co-founded the Mosaic Communications Corporation and created a new web browser named Mosaic Netscape.
There are two ages of the Internet — before Mosaic, and after. The combination of Tim Berners-Lee's Web protocols, which provided connectivity, and Marc Andreesen's browser, which provided a great interface, proved explosive. In twenty-four months, the Web has gone from being unknown to absolutely ubiquitous.[4]
To resolve legal issues with NCSA, the company was renamed Netscape Communications Corporation and the browser Netscape Navigator. The Netscape browser improved on Mosaic's usability and reliability and was able to display pages as they loaded. By 1995, helped by the fact that it was free for non-commercial use, the browser dominated the emerging World Wide Web.
Other browsers launched during 1994 included IBM Web Explorer, Navipress, SlipKnot, MacWeb, and Browse.[5]
In 1995, Netscape faced new competition from OmniWeb, WebRouser, UdiWWW, and Microsoft's Internet Explorer 1.0, but continued to dominate the market.
First Browser War[edit]
Market share for several browsers between 1995 and 2010. Firefox was originally named "Phoenix", a name which implied that it would rise like a Phoenix after Netscape Navigator was killed off by Microsoft.
By mid-1995 the World Wide Web had received a great deal of attention in popular culture and the mass media. Netscape Navigator was the most widely used web browser and Microsoft had licensed Mosaic to create Internet Explorer 1.0,[6][7] which it had released as part of the Microsoft Windows 95 Plus! Pack in August.[8]
Internet Explorer 2.0 was released as a free download three months later. Unlike Netscape Navigator it was available to all Windows users for free, even commercial companies.[9] Other companies later followed and gave their browsers away for free.[10] Both Netscape Navigator and competitor products like InternetWorks, Quarterdeck Browser, InterAp, and WinTapestry were bundled with other applications to full Internet suites.[10] New versions of Internet Explorer and Netscape (branded as Netscape Communicator) were released at a rapid pace over the following few years.
Development was rapid and new features were routinely added, including Netscape's JavaScript (subsequently replicated by Microsoft as JScript) and proprietary HTML tags such as <blink> and <marquee>.
Internet Explorer began to approach feature parity with Netscape with version 3.0 (1996), which offered scripting support and the market's first commercial Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) implementation.
In October 1997, Internet Explorer 4.0 was released. The release party in San Francisco featured a ten-foot-tall letter "e" logo. Netscape employees showing up to work the following morning found the giant logo on their front lawn, with a sign attached that read "From the IE team ... We Love You". The Netscape employees promptly knocked it over and set a giant figure of their Mozilla dinosaur mascot atop it, holding a sign reading "Netscape 72, Microsoft 18" representing the market distribution.[11]
Internet Explorer 4 changed the tides of the browser wars. It was integrated into Microsoft Windows, which gave it a large installation base.
During these releases, it was common for web designers to display 'best viewed in Netscape' or 'best viewed in Internet Explorer' logos. These images often identified a specific browser version and were commonly linked to a source from which the stated browser could be downloaded. These logos generally recognized the divergence between the standards supported by the browsers and signified which browser was used for testing the pages. In response, supporters of the principle that web sites should be compliant with World Wide Web Consortium standards and hence viewable with any browser started the "Viewable With Any Browser" campaign, which employed its own logo similar to the partisan ones. Most mainstream web sites, however, specified one of Netscape or IE as their preferred browser while making some attempt to support minimal functionality on the other.
Internet Explorer 5 & 6[edit]
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Microsoft had three strong advantages in the browser wars.
One was resources: Netscape began with about 80% market share and a good deal of public goodwill, but as a relatively small company deriving the great bulk of its income from what was essentially a single product (Navigator and its derivatives), it was financially vulnerable. Netscape's total revenue never exceeded the interest income generated by Microsoft's cash on hand. Microsoft's vast resources allowed them to make IE available without charge, as the enormous revenues from Windows were used to fund its development and marketing. Netscape was commercial software for businesses but provided free for home and educational use; Internet Explorer was provided free for all Windows and Macintosh users, cutting off a significant revenue stream: As it was told by Jim Barksdale, President and CEO of Netscape Communications: "Very few times in warfare have smaller forces overtaken bigger forces...".[12]
Another advantage was that Microsoft Windows had over 90% share of the desktop operating system market. Internet Explorer was bundled with every copy of Windows, therefore Microsoft was able to dominate the market share easily as customers had it as the default browser. In this time period, many new computer purchases were first computer purchases for home users or offices, and many of the users had never extensively used a web browser before, so had nothing to compare with and little motivation to consider alternatives; the great set of abilities they had gained with access to the Internet and the World Wide Web made any difference in browser features or ergonomics pale in comparison.
During the United States Microsoft antitrust case in 1998, Intel vice president Steven McGeady, a witness called by the government, said on the stand that a senior executive at Microsoft told him in 1995 of his company's intention to "cut off Netscape's air supply". A Microsoft attorney said that McGeady's testimony is not credible.[13] That same year, Netscape, the company, was acquired by America Online for US$4.2 billion. Internet Explorer became the new dominant browser, attaining a peak of about 96% of the web browser usage share during 2002, more than Netscape had at its peak.
The first browser war ended with Internet Explorer having no remaining serious competition for its market share. This also brought an end to the rapid innovation in web browsers; until 2006 there was only one new version of Internet Explorer since version 6.0 had been released in 2001. Internet Explorer 6.0 Service Pack 1 was developed as part of Windows XP Service Pack 1 and was also integrated into Windows Server 2003. Further enhancements were made to Internet Explorer in Windows XP Service Pack 2 (released in 2004), including a pop-up blocker and stronger default security settings regarding the installation of ActiveX controls.
Second Browser War[edit]
Firefox 2.0, shown here, was released in October 2006.
At the start of Navigator's decline, Netscape open-sourced their browser code, and later entrusted it to the newly formed non-profit Mozilla Foundation—a primarily community-driven project to create a successor to Netscape. Development continued for several years with little widespread adoption until a stripped-down browser-only version of the full suite, which included new features such as a separate search bar (which had previously only appeared in the Opera browser), was created. The browser-only version was initially named Phoenix, but because of trademark issues that name was changed, first to Firebird, then to Firefox. This browser became the focus of the Mozilla Foundation's development efforts and Mozilla Firefox 1.0 was released on November 9, 2004. It then continued to gain an increasing share of the browser market until a peak in 2010.
In 2003, Microsoft announced that Internet Explorer 6 Service Pack 1 would be the last standalone version of its browser. Future enhancements would be dependent on Windows Vista, which would include new tools such as the WPF and XAML to enable developers to build web applications.
In response, in April 2004, the Mozilla Foundation and Opera Software joined efforts to develop new open technology standards which add more capability while remaining backward-compatible with existing technologies.[14] The result of this collaboration was the WHATWG, a working group devoted to the fast creation of new standard definitions that would be submitted to the W3C for approval.
The growing number of device/browser combinations in use, legally-mandated web accessibility, as well as the expansion of expected web functionality to essentially require DOM and scripting abilities, including AJAX, made web standards of increasing importance during this era. Instead of touting their proprietary extensions, browser developers began to market their software based on how closely it adhered to the behavior as specified by the standard.[15]
Updated Browsers Released and the Rise of Mobile[edit]
Usage share of web browsers according to StatCounter
On February 15, 2005, Microsoft announced that Internet Explorer 7 would be available for Windows XP SP2 and later versions of Windows by mid-2005.[16] The announcement introduced the new version of the browser as a major upgrade over Internet Explorer 6 SP1.
Opera had been a long-time small player in the browser wars, known for introducing innovative features such as tabbed browsing and mouse gestures, as well as being lightweight but feature-rich. The software, however, was commercial, which hampered its adoption compared to its free rivals until 2005, when the browser became freeware. On June 20, 2006, Opera Software released Opera 9 including an integrated source viewer, a BitTorrent client implementation, and widgets. It was the first Windows browser to pass the Acid2 test. Opera Mini, a mobile browser, has significant mobile market share. Editions of Opera are also available for the Nintendo DS and the Wii.
Microsoft released Internet Explorer 7 on October 18, 2006. It included tabbed browsing, a search bar, a phishing filter, and improved support for web standards (including full support for PNG) — all features already long familiar to Opera and Firefox users. Microsoft distributed Internet Explorer 7 to genuine Windows users (WGA) as a high-priority update through Windows Update.[17] Typical market share analysis showed only a slow uptake of Internet Explorer 7 and Microsoft decided to drop the requirement for WGA and made Internet Explorer 7 available to all Windows users in October 2007.[18] Throughout the two following years, Microsoft worked on Internet Explorer 8. On December 19, 2007, the company announced that an internal build of that version had passed the Acid2 CSS test in "IE8 standards mode" — the last of the major browsers to do so. Internet Explorer 8 was released on March 19, 2009. New features included accelerators, improved privacy protection, a compatibility mode for pages designed for older browsers,[19] and improved support for various web standards. It was the last version of Internet Explorer to be released for Windows XP. Internet Explorer 8 scored 20/100 in the Acid3 test, which was much worse than all major competitors at the time.[20]
On October 24, 2006, Mozilla released Mozilla Firefox 2.0. It included the ability to reopen recently closed tabs, a session restore feature to resume work where it had been left after a crash, a phishing filter, and a spell-checker for text fields. Mozilla released Firefox 3.0 on June 17, 2008,[21] with performance improvements and other new features. Firefox 3.5 followed on June 30, 2009, with further performance improvements, native integration of audio and video, and more privacy features.[22]
Apple created forks of the open-source KHTML and KJS layout and JavaScript engines from the KDE Konqueror browser in 2002. They explained that those provided a basis for easier development than other technologies by virtue of being small (fewer than 140,000 lines of code), cleanly designed, and standards-compliant.[23] The resulting layout engine became known as WebKit and it was incorporated into the Safari browser that first shipped with Mac OS X v10.3. On June 13, 2003, Microsoft said it was discontinuing Internet Explorer on the Mac platform and on June 6, 2007, Apple released a beta version of Safari for Microsoft Windows. On April 29, 2010, Steve Jobs wrote open letter regarding his Thoughts on Flash, and the place it would hold on Apple's iOS devices and web browsers. Web developers were tasked with updating their web sites to be mobile friendly, and while many disagreed with Steve Jobs's assessment on Adobe Flash, history would soon prove his case in point with notable mentions of poor performance of Flash on Android devices. HTML4 and CSS2 were the standard in most browsers in 2006. However, new features being added to browsers from HTML5 and CSS3 specifications were quickly making their mark by 2010, especially in the emerging mobile browser market where new ways of animating and rendering for various screen sizes were to become the norm. Accessibility would also become a key player for the mobile web.[24][25][26]
On December 28, 2007, Netscape announced that support for its Mozilla-derived Netscape Navigator would be discontinued on February 1, 2008, suggesting its users migrate to Mozilla Firefox.[27] However, on January 28, 2008, Netscape announced that support would be extended to March 1, 2008, and mentioned Flock alongside Firefox as alternatives to its users.
Google released the Chrome browser for Microsoft Windows on December 11, 2008, using the same WebKit rendering engine as Safari and a faster JavaScript engine called V8. Shortly after, an open-sourced version for the Windows, OS X, and Linux platforms was released under the name Chromium. According to Net Applications, Chrome had gained a 3.6% usage share by October 2009. After the release of the beta for Mac OS X and Linux, the market share had increased rapidly.[28]
During December 2009 and January 2010, StatCounter reported that its statistics indicated that Firefox 3.5 was the most popular browser, when counting individual browser versions, passing Internet Explorer 7 and 8 by a small margin.[29][30] This was the first time a global statistic has reported that a non-Internet Explorer browser version had exceeded the top Internet Explorer version in usage share since the fall of Netscape Navigator. This feat, which GeekSmack called the "dethroning of Microsoft and its Internet Explorer 7 browser,"[31] could largely be attributed to the fact that it came at a time when version 8 was replacing version 7 as the dominant Internet Explorer version. No more than two months later Internet Explorer 8 had established itself as the most popular browser version, a position which it still held as of March 2011. And other major statistics, such as Net Applications, never reported any non-Internet Explorer browser version as having a higher usage share than the most popular Internet Explorer version, although Firefox 3.5 was reported as the third most popular browser version between December 2009 and February 2010, to be replaced by Firefox 3.6 since April 2010, each ahead of Internet Explorer 7 and behind Internet Explorer 6 and 8.[32]
HTML5 beginnings and Presto rendering engine deprecation[edit]
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On January 21, 2010, Mozilla released Mozilla Firefox 3.6, which allows support for a new type of theme display, 'Personas', which allows users to change Firefox's appearance with a single click. Version 3.6 also improves JavaScript performance, overall browser responsiveness, and startup times.[33]
In October 2010, StatCounter reported that Internet Explorer had for the first time dropped below 50% market share to 49.87% in their figures.[34] Also, StatCounter reported Internet Explorer 8's first drop in usage share in the same month.[35]
Google released Google Chrome 9 on February 3, 2011. New features introduced included support for WebGL, Chrome Instant, and the Chrome Web Store.[36] The company created another seven versions of Chrome that year, finishing with Chrome 16 on December 15, 2011. The first version of Chrome available to the public in 2012 was Chrome 17, which was released on February 15, 2012. In April 2012, Google browsers (Chrome and Android) became the most used browsers on Wikimedia Foundation sites.[37] By May 21, 2012, StatCounter reported Chrome narrowly overtaking Internet Explorer as the most used browser in the world.[38] However, troughs and peaks in the market share between Internet Explorer and Chrome meant that Internet Explorer was slightly ahead of Chrome on weekdays up until July 4.[39] At the same time, Net Applications reported Internet Explorer firmly in first place, with Google Chrome almost overtaking Firefox as the second.[40] In 2012, responding to Chrome's popularity, Apple discontinued Safari for Windows.[41]
Microsoft released Internet Explorer 9 on March 14, 2011. It featured a revamped interface, support for the basic SVG feature set, and partial HTML5 video support, among other new features. It only runs on Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows Phone 7. The company later released Internet Explorer 10 along with Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8 in 2012, and an update compatible with Windows 7 followed in 2013. This version drops Vista and Phone 7 support. The release preview of Internet Explorer 11 was released on September 17, 2013. It supports the same desktops as its predecessor.
The concept of rapid releases established by Google Chrome prompted Mozilla to do the same for its Firefox browser. On June 21, 2011, Firefox 5.0 was the first rapid release for this browser, finished a mere six weeks after the previous edition.[42] Mozilla created four more whole-number versions throughout the year, finishing with Firefox 9 on December 20, 2011. For those desiring long term support, Mozilla made an Extended Support Release (ESR) version of Firefox 10 on January 31, 2012. Contrary to the regular version, a Firefox ESR receives regular security updates plus occasional new features and performance updates for approximately one year, after which a 12-week grace period is given before discontinuing that version number.[citation needed] Those who continued to use the rapid releases with an active Internet connection were automatically updated to Firefox 11 on March 15, 2012.[citation needed]
During this era, all major web browsers implemented support for HTML5 video.[citation needed] Supported codecs, however, varied from browser to browser. Current versions[when?] of Android, Chrome, and Firefox support Theora, H.264, and the VP8 version of WebM. Older versions of Firefox omitted H.264 due to it being a proprietary codec, but it was made available beginning in version 17 for Android and version 20 for Windows. Internet Explorer and Safari support H.264 exclusively,[when?] but the Theora and VP8 codecs can be manually installed on the desktop versions.[citation needed]
Given the popularity of WebKit for mobile browsers, Opera Software discontinued its own Presto engine in February 2013. The Opera 12 series of browsers were the last to use Presto with its successors using WebKit instead.
See also[edit]
After the Software Wars
Comparison of web browsers
Usage share of web browsers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top Browsers Per Country, July 2017". Statcounter. 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Did the browser wars finally end in 2014?". Over the past decade, a lot has changed: Mobile devices now outnumber traditional PCs, and the desktop browser has become much less important than mobile web clients and apps. Apple's mobile Safari and Google's Chrome are now major players, Mozilla is in a time of major transition, and Microsoft is still paying for its past sins with Internet Explorer.
And in 2014, all those players seem to have dug in to well-entrenched positions.
Jump up ^ Wolfe, Gary (October 1994). "The (Second Phase of the) Revolution Has Begun". Wired Magazine. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
Jump up ^ Pesce, Mark (October 15, 1995). "A Brief History of Cyberspace". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Berghel, Hal (2 April 1996). "Hal Berghel's Cybernautica". Retrieved 14 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Elstrom, Peter (22 January 1997). "MICROSOFT'S $8 MILLION GOODBYE TO SPYGLASS". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 29 June 1997. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Thurrott, Paul (22 January 1997). "Microsoft and Spyglass kiss and make up". WindowsITPro. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Windows History: Internet Explorer History". Microsoft.com. 2003-06-30. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Internet Explorer Web Browser Available on All Major Platforms, Offers Broadest International Support" (Press release). Microsoft. 30 April 1996. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Berst, Jesse (20 February 1995). "Web-Wars". PC Week. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mozilla stomps IE". Home.snafu.de. 1997-10-02. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Roads and Crossroads of the Internet History". NetValley.com. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
Jump up ^ Chandrasekaran, Rajiv (November 1998). "Microsoft Attacks Credibility of Intel Exec". Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Position Paper for the W3C Workshop on Web Applications and Compound Documents". W3.org. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ "The Business Benefits of Web Standards". In such an increasingly heterogeneous environment, testing each web page in every configuration is impossible. Coding to standards is then the only practical solution.
Jump up ^ "IEBlog : IE7". Blogs.msdn.com. 2005-02-15. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ Evers, Joris. "Microsoft tags IE 7 'high priority' update | CNET News.com". News.com.com. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ "IEBlog: Internet Explorer 7 Update". Blogs.msdn.com. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Window Internet Explorer 8 Fact Sheet" (Press release). Microsoft. March 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Presto and WebKit-based browsers scored 100 in 2008, with Firefox scoring 93 in June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Coming Tuesday, June 17th: Firefox 3". Mozilla Developer Center. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Mozilla Advances the Web with Firefox 3.5". Mozilla Europe and Mozilla Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
Jump up ^ KDE KFM-Devel mailing list "(fwd) Greetings from the Safari team at Apple Computer", January 7, 2003.
Jump up ^ "Web Content Accessibility and Mobile Web: Making a Website Accessible Both for People with Disabilities and for Mobile Devices". W3C. Retrieved 2012-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Mobile Product Accessibility Testing Resources". Digital.gov. Retrieved 2013-07-31.
Jump up ^ "When it comes to accessibility, Apple continues to lead in awareness and innovation". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
Jump up ^ "The Netscape Blog". Netscape, AOL. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Browser market share". Net Applications. December 30, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
Jump up ^ Firefox 3.5 is world's most popular browser, StatCounter says, Nick Eaton. seattlepi blogs. 2009-12-21. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
Jump up ^ "StatCounter global stats – Top 12 browser versions". StatCounter. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Firefox 3.5 surpasses IE7 market share". Geeksmack.net. 2009-12-22. Archived from the original on 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
Jump up ^ "Browser market share trend". Marketshare.hitslink.com. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Mozilla Firefox 3.6 Release Notes". Mozilla.com. 2010-01-21. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Internet Explorer browser falls below 50% of worldwide market for first time". StatCounter. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "StatCounter Browser Versions form Oct 09 to Oct 10". StatCounter. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Google Chrome Blog". chrome.blogspot.com. 2011-02-03. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report - Browsers e.a." Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Google Chrome Overtakes Internet Explorer". Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share". Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Browser market share". Netmarketshare.com. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
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Bibliography[edit]
DOJ/Antitrust: U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division. Civil Action No. 98-1232 (Antitrust) Complaint, United States of America v. Microsoft Corporation. May 18, 1998. Press release: Justice Department Files Antitrust Suit Against Microsoft for Unlawfully Monopolizing Computer Software Markets
External links[edit]
A March 1998 Interview with Marc Andreessen about Microsoft antitrust litigation and browser wars
The Roads and Crossroads of Internet History: Chapter 4. Birth of the World Wide Web by Gregory R. Gromov
Browser Statistics – Month by month comparison spanning from 2002 and onward displaying the usage share of browsers among web developers
Browser Stats – Chuck Upsdell's Browser Statistics
Browser Stats – Net Applications' Browser Statistics
StatCounter Global Stats – tracks the market share of browsers including mobile from over 4 billion monthly page views
Browser war, RIA and future of web development
Browser Wars II: The Saga Continues – an article about the development of the browser wars
Web Browsers' War – 2012 – An article about web browsers' war in 2012
Thomas Haigh, "Protocols for Profit: Web and Email Technologies as Product and Infrastructure" in The Internet & American Business, eds. Ceruzzi & Aspray, MIT Press, 2008– business & technological history of web browsers, online preprint
stephenbrooks.org – browserwars – a multiplayer browser game, shows the logo of the browsers used
Browser Market Share – current market share of browsers and their versions, desktop and mobile
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Timeline of web browsers
[show]
General
Comparison
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History
List
for Unix
Usage share
[show]
1990s
1990
WorldWideWeb (Nexus)
1991
Line Mode Browser
libwww
1992
Erwise
MacWWW (Samba)
MidasWWW
tkWWW
ViolaWWW
1993
AMosaic
Arena
Cello
Emacs/W3
Lynx 2
NCSA Mosaic
VMS Mosaic
1994
AirMosaic
Internet in a Box
ANT Fresco
Argo
IBM WebExplorer
SlipKnot
Minuet
Navipress
Mosaic/Mosaic Netscape/Netscape Navigator
Spyglass Mosaic
TCP/Connect II
1995
Agora
ALynx
AMSD Ariadna
Cyberjack
eWorld Web Browser
Grail
Internet Explorer 1
Internet Explorer 2
Netscape Navigator 2
NetShark
OmniWeb
HotJava
UdiWWW
WebShark
1996
Cyberdog
Arachne
AWeb
IBrowse
Amaya
Internet Explorer 3
Netscape Navigator 3
Opera 2
Oracle PowerBrowser
tcpCONNECT4
Voyager
1997
Netscape Communicator
Internet Explorer 4
Opera 2.1
1998
NeoPlanet
Mozilla Application Suite
Opera 3–3.21
1999
iCab
Internet Explorer 5
Omniweb 3
Opera 3.5–3.62
[show]
2000s
2000
Beonex Communicator
Galeon
K-Meleon
MediaBrowser
Netscape 6
Opera 4–4.02
2001
iCab 2.5
Internet Explorer 6
Omniweb 4
Opera 5–5.12
2002
Avant Browser 7
Camino
Epiphany
Netscape 7
Opera 6–6.1
2003
GreenBrowser
Maxthon
Opera 7–7.3
Safari
SlimBrowser
2004
Avant Browser 9
Phoenix/Firebird/Firefox
Opera 7.5–7.55
2005
AOL Explorer
Deepnet Explorer
Firefox 1.5
Opera 8–8.54
Safari 2
2006
Avant Browser 11
Firefox 2
Internet Explorer 7
Opera 9–9.27
2007
Maxthon 2
Opera 9.5–9.64
Safari 3
SeaMonkey 1.1
2008
Google Chrome
Firefox 3
Netscape Browser
Netscape Navigator 9
NetSurf 1.2
2009
Avant Browser 11.7
Google Chrome 2–3
Firefox 3.5
Internet Explorer 8
Opera 10–10.63
Pale Moon
Safari 4
SeaMonkey 2.0
[show]
2010s
2010
Google Chrome 4–8
Firefox 3.6
Lunascape 6.0.1
Maxthon 3
NetSurf 2.5
Opera 11–11.64
Safari 5
2011
Google Chrome 9–16
Firefox 4–9
Internet Explorer 9
Lunascape 6.5
Opera 12–12.17
SeaMonkey 2.1–2.4
Waterfox
2012
Google Chrome 17–23
Firefox 10–17
Internet Explorer 10
Lunascape 6.7
Maxthon 3.4
NetSurf 2.9
Safari 6
2013
Google Chrome 24–31
Firefox 18–26
Internet Explorer 11
Opera 15–18
Safari 7
SeaMonkey 2.15–2.22
2014
Google Chrome 32–39
Firefox 27–34
Lunascape 6.9
NetSurf 3.1
Opera 19–26
Safari 8
SeaMonkey 2.23–2.31
2015
Google Chrome 40–47
Firefox 35–43
Lunascape 6.10–6.12
Microsoft Edge 20, 25
Opera 27–34
Safari 9
SeaMonkey 2.32–2.39
Vivaldi
2016
Google Chrome 48–55
Firefox 44–50
Lunascape 6.13–6.15
Microsoft Edge 38
Opera 35–42
Safari 10
2017
Basilisk
Brave
Google Chrome 56–63
Firefox 51–57
Microsoft Edge 40–41
Opera 43–49
Safari 11
SeaMonkey 2.46–2.49
[show]
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Chicago P.D. (season 5)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Chicago P.D. (season 5)
Chicago P.D. Season 5 poster
Country of origin
United States
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27) – present
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 4
List of Chicago P.D. episodes
The fifth season of Chicago P.D., an American police drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Rick Eid, premiered on September 27, 2017.[1] This season will feature it's 100th episode.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Regular
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Crossover
2 Episodes
3 Production
3.1 Cast changes
4 Ratings
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Regular[edit]
Jason Beghe as Sergeant Henry "Hank" Voight
Jon Seda as Detective Antonio Dawson
Jesse Lee Soffer as Detective Jay Halstead
Tracy Spiridakos as Detective Hailey Upton
Patrick John Flueger as Officer Adam Ruzek
Marina Squerciati as Officer Kim Burgess
LaRoyce Hawkins as Officer Kevin Atwater
Amy Morton as Desk Sergeant Trudy Platt
Elias Koteas as Detective Alvin Olinsky
Recurring[edit]
Mykelti Williamson as Lieutenant Denny Woods
Esai Morales as Chief Lugo
Chris Agos as Assistant State's Attorney Steve Kot
Crossover[edit]
Monica Raymund as Paramedic Gabriela Dawson
Nick Gehlfuss as Dr. Will Halstead
Yaya DaCosta as April Sexton
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Chicago P.D. episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
85
1 "Reform" Eriq La Salle Rick Eid September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27) 6.11[2]
Halstead, who has been partnered with new team member Hailey Upton, has to deal with Erin Lindsay's departure and the news that she will not return. Burgess returns from her leave and the Intelligence unit investigates an escalating gang war that involves the accidental death of a young child. Voight seeks help from Antonio Dawson and later asks him to return to Intelligence full time.
86
2 "The Thing About Heroes" Rohn Schmidt John Dove October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04) 6.19[3]
The Intelligence unit teams up with the FBI after a deadly bomb explodes during an annual street festival. The case turns personal for Burgess when an officer she helped trained goes missing after the explosion and evidence linking him to the bomb and a terrorist group mounts. Desperate to prove her friend's innocence, Burgess goes against Voight and the investigation to dig deeper on her own and discovers her friend was running his own undercover operation on the terrorist group.
87
3 "Promise" John Whitesell Timothy J. Sexton October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11) TBD
With Dawson back in Intellengence, he takes on a case that involves the brutal murder of a young Latina woman who is suspected to be a drug mule. Dawson later begins to hit roadblocks when he has trouble finding strong witnesses.
88
4 "Snitch"[4] TBA TBA October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18) TBD
89
5 "Home"[5] TBA TBA October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25) TBD
90
6 "Fallen"[6] TBA TBA November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01) TBD
Production[edit]
Cast changes[edit]
On May 25, 2017, it was announced that Sophia Bush has departed the series,[7] while Jon Seda is set to return after the cancellation of Chicago Justice.[8] After recurring last season as Detective Hailey Upton, Tracy Spiridakos has been promoted to a series regular for this season.[9]
Mykelti Williamson will reprise his role of Lieutenant Denny Woods in a recurring role,[10] and Wendell Pierce will join the cast as Alderman Ray Price, in a recurring role.[11]
Wil Traval will guest as Sergeant McGrady, who shares a history with Upton.[12] Anabelle Acosta joins the cast in the recurring role of Camila, and will begin appearing from episode 7,[13] while Zach Appelman will make his debut as Burgess' boyfriend and federal prosecutor, Matt Miller from episode 8.[14]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Reform" September 27, 2017 1.3/5 6.11[2] TBD TBD TBD TBD
2 "The Thing About Heroes" October 4, 2017 1.2/5 6.19[3] TBD TBD TBD TBD
3 "Promise" October 11, 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
4 "Snitch" October 18, 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
5 "Home" October 25, 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
6 "Fallen" November 1, 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (June 19, 2017). "NBC Sets 2017-2018 Fall Premiere Dates, Including 'This Is Us,' 'Will & Grace'". Variety. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (September 28, 2017). "'Survivor' premiere adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 5, 2017). "'SEAL Team,' 'Law & Order: SVU' and everything else unchanged: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "(#504) "Snitch"". The Futon Critic. September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "(#505) "Home"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "(#506) "Fallen"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 25, 2017). "Sophia Bush Departing 'Chicago P.D.' After Four Seasons". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (July 12, 2017). "'Chicago P.D.': Jon Seda to Return for Season 5". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (July 25, 2017). "Chicago P.D. Promotes Tracy Spiridakos to Series Regular for Season 5". TVLine. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 18, 2017). "'Chicago P.D.': Mykelti Williamson Joins NBC Cop Drama As Recurring In Season 5". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (July 19, 2017). "'Chicago Fire' Taps 'Fifty Shades of Grey' Alum to Recur; 'Chicago P.D.' Enlists Wendell Pierce (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (September 28, 2017). "Chicago P.D. Enlists Jessica Jones Actor — What's His Connection to Upton?". TVLine. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (October 4, 2017). "'Chicago P.D.' Casts 'Ballers' Alum Anabelle Acosta in Recurring Role for Season 5 (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (October 6, 2017). "Chicago P.D. Casts Sleepy Hollow Vet Zach Appelman as Burgess' New Beau". TVLine. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Chicago P.D. episodes on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Chicago franchise
Chicago Fire
Characters
Matthew Casey
Kelly Severide
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
Chicago P.D.
Characters
Kim Burgess
Antonio Dawson
Erin Lindsay
Hank Voight
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
Chicago Med
Characters
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
Other
Chicago Justice
See also
Law & Order franchise
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Crossovers
"Comic Perversion"
"Chicago Crossover"
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This page was last edited on 12 October 2017, at 06:05.
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Who Are You When I'm Not Looking
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Who Are You When I'm Not Looking"
Single by Blake Shelton
from the album All About Tonight
Released
September 6, 2010
Format
Music download
Genre
Country
Length
3:09
Label
Reprise Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Earl Bud Lee
John Wayne Wiggins
Producer(s)
Scott Hendricks
Blake Shelton singles chronology
"All About Tonight"
(2010) "Who Are You When I'm Not Looking"
(2010) "Honey Bee"
(2011)
"All About Tonight"
(2010) "Who Are You When I'm Not Looking"
(2010) "Honey Bee"
(2011)
"Who Are You When I'm Not Looking" is a song written by Earl Bud Lee and John Wayne Wiggins and recorded by American country music artist Joe Nichols for his 2007 album Real Things.[1] Blake Shelton covered the song for his EP All About Tonight, from which it was released as a single in September 2010. His version debuted at number 51 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in September 2010.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Music video
3 Critical reception
4 Chart performance
4.1 Year-end charts
4.2 Certifications and sales
5 References
6 External links
Content[edit]
The song is a ballad in which the narrator wants to know the characteristics his lover's hiding from him (e.g. "Do you paint your toes 'cause you bite your nails?").
Music video[edit]
The Blake Shelton music video premiered on October 1, 2010 during CMT's Big New Music Weekend. It was voted GAC's No. 1 video of 2010.
Critical reception[edit]
Matt Bjorke of Roughstock gave the song a four-out-of-five-star rating, calling it a "list song," but the lyrics "an emotion in which anyone who has been in love will certainly relate to."[3] Jim Malec of American Twang gave the song a thumbs-up review, calling it an "intimate rumination on the mystery of a beautiful, graceful woman."[4] Karlie Justus of Engine 145 gave the song a thumbs-up. She thought that Blake Shelton's performance was "flatter" than Joe Nichols's, but said that the lyrics were "grounded and honest."[1] Gary Graff of Billboard also described the song positively, saying that it "mixes humor and pathos with a sweet melody and a wry attitude."[5]
Chart performance[edit]
"Who Are You When I'm Not Looking" debuted at number fifty-one on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs for the week of September 18, 2010. It became Shelton's eighth number one single on the country chart dated March 5, 2011. It has sold 1,098,000 copies in the United States as of June 2013.[6]
Chart (2010–11)
Peak
position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[7] 72
US Billboard Hot 100[8] 46
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[9] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2011)
Position
US Country Songs (Billboard)[10] 32
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[11]
Platinum 1,098,000[6]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Preceded by
"Someone Else Calling You Baby"
by Luke Bryan Billboard Hot Country Songs
number-one single
March 5, 2011 Succeeded by
"Don't You Wanna Stay"
by Jason Aldean and Kelly Clarkson
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Justus, Karlie (October 27, 2010). "Blake Shelton – "Who Are You When I’m Not Looking"". Engine 145. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Who Are You When I'm Not Looking" Debuts at #51
Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (September 7, 2010). "Blake Shelton – "Who Are You When I'm Not Looking"". Roughstock. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
Jump up ^ Malec, Jim (September 8, 2010). "Blake Shelton – "Who Are You When I'm Not Looking"". American Twang. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
Jump up ^ Graff, Gary (July 30, 2010). "All About Tonight review". Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Grein (June 12, 2013). "Week Ending June 9, 2013. Songs: Pretty Fly For A White Guy". Chart Watch. Yahoo Music.
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton – Chart history" Canadian Hot 100 for Blake Shelton. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Blake Shelton. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton – Chart history" Billboard Hot Country Songs for Blake Shelton. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2011: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Blake Shelton – Who Are You When I%27m Not Looking". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 17, 2013. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Blake Shelton
Studio albums
Blake Shelton (2001)
The Dreamer (2003)
Blake Shelton's Barn & Grill (2004)
Pure BS (2007)
Startin' Fires (2008)
Red River Blue (2011)
Based on a True Story... (2013)
Bringing Back the Sunshine (2014)
If I'm Honest (2016)
Christmas albums
Cheers, It's Christmas (2012)
Extended plays
Hillbilly Bone (2010)
All About Tonight (2010)
Compilations
Loaded: The Best of Blake Shelton (2010)
Reloaded: 20 #1 Hits (2015)
Notable singles
"Austin"
"All Over Me"
"Ol' Red"
"The Baby"
"Heavy Liftin'"
"Playboys of the Southwestern World"
"Some Beach"
"Goodbye Time"
"Nobody but Me"
"Don't Make Me"
"The More I Drink"
"Home"
"She Wouldn't Be Gone"
"I'll Just Hold On"
"Hillbilly Bone" (with Trace Adkins)
"All About Tonight"
"Who Are You When I'm Not Looking"
"Honey Bee"
"God Gave Me You"
"Drink on It"
"Over"
"Sure Be Cool If You Did"
"Boys 'Round Here" (with Pistol Annies and Friends)
"Mine Would Be You"
"Doin' What She Likes"
"My Eyes" (with Gwen Sebastian)
"Neon Light"
"Lonely Tonight" (with Ashley Monroe)
"Sangria"
"Gonna"
"Came Here to Forget"
"Savior's Shadow"
"She's Got a Way with Words"
"A Guy with a Girl"
"Every Time I Hear That Song"
"I'll Name the Dogs"
Guest singles
"The Truth About Men" (with Tracy Byrd, Andy Griggs and Montgomery Gentry)
"Just a Fool" (with Christina Aguilera)
"Medicine" (with Shakira)
Related topics
Discography
"Friends"
Ten Times Crazier Tour
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Are_You_When_I%27m_Not_Looking&oldid=804664412"
Categories:
2007 songs
2010 singles
Joe Nichols songs
Blake Shelton songs
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks
Country ballads
Music videos directed by Trey Fanjoy
Show Dog-Universal Music singles
Reprise Records singles
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from October 2012
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This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 11:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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text:
Tootsee Roll
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the chewy chocolate-flavoured candy, see Tootsie Rolls.
"Tootsee Roll"
Single by 69 Boyz
from the album 199Quad
Released
May 27, 1994
Recorded
1993
Genre
Hip hop, Southern hip hop, Miami bass
Length
4:18
Label
Rip-It
Songwriter(s)
Albert V Bryant, Pat Hicks
Producer(s)
Quad City DJ's
69 Boyz singles chronology
"Tootsee Roll"
(1994) "Kitty Kitty"
(1994)
"Tootsee Roll"
(1994) "Kitty Kitty"
(1994)
"Tootsee Roll" is a song by rap group 69 Boyz released as the first single from their debut album 199Quad. In the United States, the song sold one million copies and earned a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America.[1][2] It reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in early January 1995,[3] number nine on Hot R&B Singles and number one on Hot Rap Singles.[4] "Tootsee Roll" took 27 weeks to hit its Hot 100 peak of number 8,[5] spending the previous four months in the top 20 before finally reaching its peak.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1994)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles 9
U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1994)
Position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[6] 65
Chart (1995)
Position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[7] 63
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Best-Selling Records of 1994". Billboard. BPI Communications. 107 (3): 57. January 21, 1995. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – 69 Boyz – Tootsee Roll". Recording Industry Association of America.
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1995-01-07/hot-100
Jump up ^ Artist Chart History - 69 Boyz - Singles, Billboard.com
Jump up ^ Inc, Nielsen Business Media (1995-01-07). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1994". Retrieved 2010-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1995". Retrieved 2010-08-27.
This 1990s single–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tootsee_Roll&oldid=821218378"
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This page was last edited on 19 January 2018, at 02:41.
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