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List of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah characters
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Following is the list of various characters of the Indian Television sitcom Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah.
Contents
1 Groups and categories
1.1 Gokuldham members
1.2 Purush Mandal
1.3 Mahila Mandal
1.4 Tapu Sena
1.5 Gada Electronics Staff
2 Main characters
2.1 Gada Family
2.1.1 Jethalal Champaklal Gada
2.1.2 Daya Jethalal Gada
2.1.3 Champaklal Jayantilal Gada
2.1.4 Tipendra Jethalal Gada
2.2 Mehta Family
2.2.1 Taarak Mehta
2.2.2 Anjali Taarak Mehta
2.3 Bhide Family
2.3.1 Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide
2.3.2 Madhavi Aatmaram Bhide
2.3.3 Sonu aka Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide
2.4 Sodhi Family
2.4.1 Roshan Singh Sodhi
2.4.2 Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi
2.4.3 Gurucharan Singh Roshan Singh Sodhi
2.5 Iyer Family
2.5.1 Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer
2.5.2 Babita Krishnan Iyer
2.6 Haathi Family
2.6.1 Dr. Hansraj Hathi
2.6.2 Komal Hansraj Hathi
2.6.3 Gulabkumar Hansraj Hathi
2.7 Pinku Aka Pankaj Diwan Sahay
2.8 Patrakar Popatlal Pandey
3 Others
3.1 Abdul
3.2 Natwarlal Prabhatshankar Undhaiwala
3.3 Bagheshwar Dadukh Undhaiwala
3.4 Bawri Dhondulal Kanpuria
3.5 Reporter Rita Srivastav
3.6 Inspector Chalu Pandey
3.7 Sundarlal
3.8 Bhootni/Darawni Dulhan
4 Recurring cast
4.1 Asit Kumarr Modi
4.2 Sunita (Sabjiwali)
4.3 Diwan Sahay
4.4 Deepika Diwan Sahay
4.5 Patil
4.6 Magan
4.7 Subhash
4.8 Kadam
5 Former cast
5.1 Mr. Chandaramani
5.2 Mohanlal
5.3 Inspector Patni
5.4 Gulabo
6 References
Groups and categories[edit]
Gokuldham members[edit]
Purush Mandal[edit]
It is the group of the senior male characters of the society. They always try to have parties hiding from their wives. They drink soda daily at Abdul's soda shop at night. It includes- Jethalal Gada, Taarak Mehta, Aatmaram Bhide, Roshan Singh Sodhi, Krishnan Iyer, Dr. Hathi, Patrakar Popatlal & Abdul (partially).
Mahila Mandal[edit]
The group consists of all senior female members of the society. It includes- Daya Jethalal Gada, Anjali Mehta, Madhavi Bhide, Roshan Kaur Sodhi, Babita Iyer & Komal Hathi.
Tapu Sena[edit]
The Tapu Sena is a penta-member group of children residing in the society. It is providing a juvenile tone to the show. Usually, the group becomes a nuisance for the other members of the Society because of their mischievous activities, while at times, it draws praises from the members by virtue of some laudable activities performed by the children. Since the beginning of the show, the Tapu Sena has, with their childlike activities, characterized the typical frolicsome Indian children. With the growth of the five children to maturity and elegance, the stories have been tailored accordingly to suit the children.[1][2] It includes- Tapu, Sonu, Goli, Gogi, Pinku
Gada Electronics Staff[edit]
Nattu Kaka, Baagha and Magan. All of them are very sincere, laborious and honest. Magan makes rare appearances and Nattu Kaka and Baagha are the main employees. Nattu Kaka handles the finance and Baagha specialises in repairing old mobile phones. Even though Jethalal constantly refuses to give Nattu Kaka and Baagha a hike in their salary despite their constant requests, they are still loyal to Jethalal and are dedicated to their work. Nattu Kaka and Baagha also celebrate festivals and take part in events with Gokuldham Society.
Main characters[edit]
Gada Family[edit]
It is Hindu-Jain mixed Gujarati family who is originally from Bhachau village of Kutch District. The family consists of four people - Jethalal, his wife Daya, his father Champaklal, and his son Tipendra aka Tapu. Jethalal, Daya and Champaklal are weak in English but Tapu is smart and talented. The family enjoys close bonding. Jethalal, Daya and Tappu have immense respect for Champaklal. They own an electronics shop "Gada Electronics" which is run by Jethalal.
Jethalal Champaklal Gada[edit]
Main article: Jethalal Gada
The role is played by Dilip Joshi. He is the main central character around whom the story usually revolves. Jethalal is not very tall, is overweight and has small moustache. Although he is an honest businessman, ideal son, perfect husband and loving father, he is also very careless, forgetful and lazy. He is a late riser. He is a foodie and loves to eat meals prepared by his wife Daya, and also a Gujarati snack called Jalebi Fafda. Jethalal is often scolded by his father Champaklal, for being strict with his son Tapu and wife Daya. Because of this reason Jethalal is scared of his father, but still respects him a lot and is always shown touching his feet for blessings every now and then. He is protective about Tapu when Bhide accuses him for mischief and often ends up fighting with him. He is the proprietor of 'Gada Electronics'. Jethalal is usually called Jethiya by Champaklal, Tapu ke papa by Daya, Jethaji by Babita and Jethabhai by other ladies society members. Though Jethalal loves his wife Daya dearly, he has a secret crush on Babita and leaves no chance to impress her. Whenever he leaves for his shop in the morning and meets Babita in the society compound, his wife Daya comes to the balcony and unknowingly embarrasses him in front of Babita. His luck is the worst and consequently he gets trapped into problems. Jethalal is always very distraught about his brother-in-law Sundar, who always makes him pay thousands of rupees of taxi fare and also makes him pay for his expenses whenever they meet and Jethalal knows Sundar will never repay him the money. But he keeps quite because he does not want to hurt Daya who loves her brother a lot and is not aware of the cold war between them. He is shown to be very tensed about his father who usually gets lost; his mischievous son Tapu who instigates secretary Bhide to fight with him; his employee Nattu Kaka who always demands a hike in his salary and Baagha who along with his business ideas and fiancée Bawri irritates him. His main enemy is Krishnan Iyer, husband of Babita, whom he tries to keep away when he and Babita are together. His best friend is Taarak Mehta, who acts as his troubleshooter and Jethalal calls Taarak Mehta "fire brigade" as he helps him in his troubles. Jethalal loves to eat Jalebi-Fafda, a famous Gujarati snack. He is often shown cladding designer shirts and garish clothes.
It is also believed that this show cannot go on without Jethalal aka Dilip Joshi, as he attracts a majority of the audience.
Daya Jethalal Gada[edit]
Main article: Daya Jethalal Gada
Aka Daya Bhabhi and Dayaben. The role is essayed by Disha Vakani. She is the wife of Jethalal and the daughter-in-law of Gada family. She is from Ahmedabad and is popularly referred to as Garba Queen as she loves playing Garba, a Gujarati dance. She is a responsible and dedicated homemaker mostly busy in household chores. Dayaben is very innocent and naive and loves her family, she is a very caring neighbour. Jethalal is fond of her culinary skills. Dayaben enjoys close bonding with her mother Jeevdaya (Yesodhara) and brother Sundar, whom she calls Sundar Veera. Dayaben is a devoted wife and never refers Jethalal by name, instead she calls him Tapu ke Papa, meaning “Tapu’s father”. She is a little superstitious and believes in black magic, ghosts and bad luck etc. Dayaben is very religious and worships Amba Mata or Maata Ji. She usually says “Heh Maa, Maata Ji” holding her hands to her head, whenever she is surprised, forgets something, or thinks some bad is to happen. Daya loves cooking and serving food to guests. For this, she is also called ' Annapoorna' in the show and all of Gokuldham’s residents are fond of her cooking. She offers tea and breakfast to almost every visitor to their house. She speaks in a typical high pitched Gujarati accent. She is always seen wearing a Gujarati sari with a traditional hairdo, except for some special occasions. The role of Dayaben and her unique comic timing with Jethalal is one of the chief reasons for the popularity of the show.
Champaklal Jayantilal Gada[edit]
Aka Champak Chacha. The role is essayed by Amit Bhatt. He is the father of Jethalal who immigrated from ancestral village of Gada family, Bhachau, to live with the family of Jethalal in Mumbai. He is a widower and is eccentric and temperamental in nature. Despite being nearly 69 years old, he is more energetic than Jethalal. He performs Pranayam and Yoga and is active member of Young Old Group, a small group founded by him and his friends. Champaklal loves his whole family and enjoys special bonding with his grandson Tapu. He always takes the side of Tapu and Daya whenever Jethalal scolds them. Due to his supreme decision making authority, Jethalal is often sidelined in family matters. He loves Jethalal with his whole heart but shows it on very rare occasions. He always scolds Jethalal and angrily calls him babuchak and “akkal vagar no dhandho”. He calls Jethalal as Jethiya, Tapu as Tapuda, and Daya as “Bahu”. He also has nicknames for the whole purush mandal as he calls, Taarak Mehta as Mehtoos, Popatlal as Dibba and Bhide as Bhindi Master, Dr. Haathi as “Haathida” and Iyer as “Iyerdi”. However, Champaklal is a fatherly figure for Gokuldham residents. He is always given immense respect and is involved in decision making process. Everyone calls him Chachaji and whole Tapusena calls him Dadaji. Champaklal always acts as a peacemaker in issues and verbal spats. He is also very fond of Daya’s cooking skills and has Mehta be his troubleshooter when Jetha is not available.
Although his original character, as written in "Duniya ne Undha Chashmah" by Taarak Mehta, is rebellious, rustic and ever quarrelling, in the show he is loyal to Gandhian principles and abhors unethical practices such as theft, quarrels and corruption. He is strictly against alcohol and dislikes people who drink. Champaklal looks exactly like his father, the Late Jayantilal Bhimji Gada who in the show was a freedom fighter during the British rule.
Tipendra Jethalal Gada[edit]
Main article: Tipendra Jethalal Gada
Mostly known as Tapu. The role is played by Raj Anadkat (2017–present)/Bhavya Gandhi (2008 July -2017). He is the son of Jethalal. Tapu enjoys close bonding with his grandfather Champaklal who always shields him from the wrath of Jethalal for participating in mischievous activities. He is the leader of Tapu Sena, the gang of society's children. Tapu is now grown up and college going teenager. Tapu is good in academics and sports. In earlier episodes, he was shown to be very mischievous, often creating chaos and nuisance in the society which earned him ire of both Jethalal and the secretary Bhide. However, the grown up, matured Tapu is now capable of solving many miscellaneous problems and also indulges in social service. He is called “Tapuda” by Champaklal and “Tapu Dikka” by Daya.[3]
Mehta Family[edit]
It is also a Gujarati family from Bhavnagar that includes two members, Taarak Mehta and his wife Anjali Mehta. It is a proper educated, intelligent and well living family. They live in the ground floor flat in the Gokuldham Society. Taarak is known to be the advisor and peacemaker in society's important matters and is best friends with Jethalal. His wife Anjali is also of a caring and understanding nature and has put Taarak on a diet as she thinks he is getting fat.
Taarak Mehta[edit]
Main article: Taarak Mehta
A.k.a. Mehta Saab/Saheb. The role is essayed by Shailesh Lodha. It is based on the character of the writer, on whose book the entire show is based. He is considered to be the most intelligent among all the members living in Gokuldham Society. He is a writer and poet by profession. He works in a trading company. He rapidly thinks of solution for any problem and excuses to tell his wife and boss. He is the best friend, mentor and troubleshooter of Jethalal. He is called "Fire Brigade" by Jethalal as he is always there for him when he needs him. He is aware about Jethalal's crush on Babita. Taarak's wife Anjali Mehta who acts as his dietitian strictly controls his diet chart. He is modern, open minded and loves Anjali from the bottom of his heart although he really dislikes the diet food prepared by her, and constantly tries to come up with excuses to avoid eating the diet food.
Anjali Taarak Mehta[edit]
Aka Anjali Bhabhi, Anjali Taarak Mehta. The role is essayed by Neha Mehta. She is sometimes called as ATM, the acronym of her name (Anjali Tarak Mehta). She is a dietitian and exercises regularly. She strictly controls the diet chart of her husband Taarak Mehta. Anjali is smart, intelligent, wise, understanding and mature. She always cares about her husband's health.
Bhide Family[edit]
This middle class Marathi family originally hails from Ratnagiri. It is a family of three, Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide, Madhavi Bhide, and their daughter Sonalika aka Sonu. The Bhides are among the properly educated families in the society.
Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide[edit]
The role is essayed by Mandar Chandwadkar. As he is the secretary of the society, he proudly calls himself Gokuldham Society ka Ekmeva Secretary. Bhide is a very responsible, honest, principled and caring human being. He treats every problem of the society as his own. He always remembers to collect the maintenance cheques from all members and gets irritated when they don’t give the checks on time. As Bhide's modest income is insufficient to meet family needs, he actively gives tuitions to students who need help with studies as he was a school teacher in the past. That's why many a times he tries to spend less money on luxurious things. He also assists his wife in the business of homemade pickles and papads and also in household chores and because of this is adored by the ladies of the society. During any gathering Bhide addresses residents of Gokuldham after giving them his full introduction (Ekmeva Secretary) which often irritates them. Bhide is always reminiscent of old days and loves antique things. He owns a yellow scooter named 'Sakharam' gifted by his wife and considers it as a family member. He daily writes suvichar (daily thought) on the notice board of the society. Bhide has a love-hate relationship with Jethalal. And because of his disapproval of Tapu’s mischief, he tries to keep Sonu away from Tapusena, but in vain. Bhide is often irritated by irresponsible behavior of Jethalal, mischief conducted by Tapu (his playing cricket and other mischief). However, both Jethalal and Bhide wholeheartedly help each other during crisis period. While most people refer to him as Bhide, Iyer is the only person who addresses him by his first name i.e. "Aatmaram", Sodhi mostly calls him "Phidu", Dr. Hathi calls him Bhide Master while Champaklal always calls him "Bhindi master".
Madhavi Aatmaram Bhide[edit]
Aka Madhavi Bhabhi, the role is essayed by Sonalika Joshi. She is the wife of Aatmaram Bhide, secretary of Gokuldham Society. Madhavi Bhide is an educated, intelligent homemaker. She too, like Daya, almost always wears sarees with a traditional hairdo and does not refer to Bhide by his name and instead calls him “Aaho”. As Aatmaram's modest income as a tuition teacher is insufficient to meet family needs, she domestically prepares pickle and Papadum for supplying in the market. She also tries making excuses without hurting him when Bhide starts telling her about his old days as she is bored listening to them every other time. Madhavi always mediates in verbal spats that involve her husband. She has good relations with all members of the society.
Sonu aka Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide[edit]
Mostly known as Sonu. The role is essayed by Nidhi Bhanushali (2012–present)/Jheel Mehta (2008-2012). She is the daughter of Bhide and Madhavi. Sonalika is also an active member of Tapusena and is in the same college as that of Tapu, Goli and Pinku. She is a bright student, who has always scored good percentage and secured first position in the class. Sonu is also very smart and judicious among whole Tapusena. She has often shown her culinary skills by making delicious chocolates.[4]
Sodhi Family[edit]
It is a family from Amritsar. This family consists of three people, Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi, his Parsi wife who is also named Roshan, and their son Gurucharan Singh Sodhi, mostly known as Gogi. Both husband and wife share the same name" Roshan." This cute couple is always ready to help other society members and express their love for each other openly as they have a carefree personality.
Roshan Singh Sodhi[edit]
The role is essayed by Gurucharan Singh (2008-2013, 2014–present)/Laad Singh Maan (2013-2014). Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi, mostly known as Sodhi, is very enthusiastic, daredevilish, optimistic, energetic and strong but naive. He is short tempered and lashes out anyone trying to mess with residents of Gokuldham Society and usually says “Main tenu chadanga nai!” whenever he is angry. He owns a garage called 'Sodhi Garage' and has a Jeep. He is a devout Sikh and always ready to help others. Sodhi is a man with golden heart and he freely expresses his romantic feelings towards his wife who is also named Roshan. He is also very fond of his son Gurucharan Singh Sodhi aka Gogi and pampers him a lot. Sodhi enjoys drinking and always encourages the purush mandal to plan for secret parties. Sodhi is shown as a jaunty, lively and energetic man who often picks up others in his arms whenever he is excited. Sometimes, in rare cases his is also shown as a dimwitted person who is unable to understand the obvious jokes. Also, Sodhi is the only person in Gokuldham Society who owns a four wheeler (an open Jeep) and he often gives rides to the residents of Gokuldham to drop them where they need to go.
Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi[edit]
Aka Roshan Bhabhi. It is played by Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal (2008-2013, 2016–present)/Dilkhush Reporter (2013-2016). She is a Parsi woman.She is very innocent. She loathes her husband's drinking habits so much that she once even went as far as to leave their house. She also reciprocates her romantic feelings about Sodhi openly, but is sometimes shy.
Gurucharan Singh Roshan Singh Sodhi[edit]
Mostly known as Gogi. It is played by Samay Shah. He is the youngest member of the society. He is similar to his father in nature. Gogi is also the member of Tapusena but is in junior class. He is the most pampered child of the society and is very naive which is why he gets into trouble a lot. He is also comical and jokes even in the worst of situations.
Iyer Family[edit]
Iyer family consist of Babita and Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer. Both of them are educated, modern and smart.
Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer[edit]
The role is essayed by Tanuj Mahashabde. Iyer is a Tamilan and hails from Chennai and thus, his Hindi is not very clear. Iyer is a scientist. He is very protective about Babita and skeptic about intentions of Jethalal. Both Iyer and Jethalal publicly fight and indulge in verbal spat with each other on many occasions. They both attempt to showoff and make fun of each other in front of Babita. Iyer has given a lot of gifts and surprises to Babita and he always tries to keep Jethalal away from her. He is also the treasurer of Gokuldham Society. Iyer is the only person who addresses secretary Bhide by his first name i.e. "Aatmaram".
Babita Krishnan Iyer[edit]
Aka Babitaji. The role is essayed by Munmun Dutta. She is fair and the most gorgeous and fashionable lady of Gokuldham Society. Babita is the wife of Iyer. She is from a Bengali family and belongs to Kolkata. Babita is very smart, educated, intelligent and mature lady. However, she is very modern and not comfortable with household chores. She is fluent in Hindi, English and Bengali. Babita is a member of the Gokuldham Mahila Mandal. She treats both Jethalal and Dayaben as her good friend, and is unaware about Jethalal’s crush on her. She usually talks to Jethalal in the morning through her balcony and Jethalal is always praising her and leaves no chance to impress her. In the initial episodes, she was shown as a good dancer. Babita is very conscious about her physical fitness. She keeps herself fit by indulging in exercising, jogging, yoga, swimming, etc.
Haathi Family[edit]
This is a Bihari family. All three of the members, Dr. Hansraj Hathi, Komal Hathi and their son Goli are obese but decent and peace loving. They live in the ground floor flat in Gokuldham Society.
Dr. Hansraj Hathi[edit]
Aka Haathi Bhai or Hans or Hathida. The role was played by Nirmal Soni (2008–2009)/Kavi Kumar Azad (2009–2018). Hansraj Hathi is a doctor by profession. He is suffering from obesity. Dr. Hathi is a voracious eater. He is very kind, humorous and positive. His attention is always focused on eating even during serious discussions. He usually says Sahi Baat Hai (that's right) on all issues. The actor playing this character, Kavi Kumar Azad, died on July 9, 2018 due to a sudden heart attack in Mumbai.[5]
Komal Hansraj Hathi[edit]
Aka Komal Bhabhi. The role is played by Ambika Ranjankar. She is the wife of Dr. Hathi. Komal Hathi is a homemaker but is very protective of her family. She is confident, strong and funny. She dislikes her husband’s eating habits but is not very hard on him. Komal Hathi is an active member of Mahila Mandal and gives ideas to make the society even better. She usually says "Oh come on". However, she gets a bit competitive at times.
Gulabkumar Hansraj Hathi[edit]
Mostly known as Goli. The role is essayed by Kush Shah. He is an active member of Tapusena. He is strong and very cunning. Goli wants to enter into his father's footstep and aspires to become a doctor. He is also a voracious eater like his father and loves the food prepared by his mother and Dayaben. He is also a little overweight. He is often seen making fun of Jethalal in various instances and drawing Jethalal's ire in return. Bhide mostly calls him Godya whenever he irritates him.
Pinku Aka Pankaj Diwan Sahay[edit]
Pinku is part of Tapu Sena. He is 19 years old. Pinku's real name is Pankaj Diwan Sahay which was revealed after 10 years. In the initial episodes, Pinku was shown living with his aunt and uncle in Gokuldham in A wing, but he later moved to a nearby society called Gulmohar Apartment. His uncle now lives in Canada and Pinku lives in his house with the cook Ghevarchand (Ghevar ; Ghevar Chacha) and the maid Kamla (Kamla Tai). His parents were introduced as secret agents of Government of India. His father's name is Diwan Sahay and mother's name is Deepika Sahay.
Patrakar Popatlal Pandey[edit]
This role is played by Shyam Pathak. He is a 40 years old bachelor, still hoping to get married, though his cynical nature often spoils his marriage aspirations. He is a crime reporter in the newspaper Toofan Express, which according to him is an international newspaper despite being low profile. Popatlal describes himself as 'The Golden Crow Award Winner' senior young journalist. He is from Bhopal. Popatlal is a miser and very stingy but always take a stand for society residents. However, he spends money wholeheartedly when it comes to marriage proposals. He often indulges in fights with Bhide and Jethalal over petty issues. Popatlal is pessimist and often uses the word "cancel" and Duniya hila dunga (I will shake the whole world) whenever someone makes him angry regarding any issue. Popatlal always carries his umbrella, regardless of the weather and is very fond of it (he had celebrated his umbrella’s 10th birthday aka ten years since he bought it). All his endeavors to get married have so far failed miserably. He is often shown visiting marriage bureaus and giving advertisements. Several times his marriage has been called off due to poor luck. He was previously involved in brief relationships with Sapna, Bulbul, Kavita, Kalavati, Senorita, Koyal,carry,mausami,Jhilmil, Bhootni etc. Popatlal is so fond of marriage that he once saw in his dream that he is being married with a ghost. Popatlal is also a committee member of the Gokuldham Society. Sodhi affectionately calls him "Popu" and Champak Chacha often call him "Dibba" due to his pessimistic outbursts. He is the most beloved uncle of the Tapu Sena and often fights with Bhide for not allowing the children to play cricket or other sports in the society.
Others[edit]
Abdul[edit]
The role is played by Sharad Sankla. He is the proprietor of a soda shop and general stores 'All In One General Store' situated next to the society entrance. He is the only Muslim guy in the show and the society members treat Abdul as a family member. Male members gather at Abdul's shop for interaction and enjoy soda at night after dinner. He is best known for his soda. He also sells toys, sports equipments and general store items, so that neither kids nor ladies have to go out to buy them. Abdul also offers the service of home delivery. He is disciplined and always ready to help others. He assists in making arrangements, decoration for a various cultural, social and religious programs to be held in the society along with Tapusena and arranges for all types of workers and labours, whenever required. He wholeheartedly participates in every religious festival and celebrations. He is not a resident of Gokuldham but treats the society as if his own home.
Natwarlal Prabhatshankar Undhaiwala[edit]
Mostly known as Nattu Kaka. The role is essayed by Ghanashyam Nayak. He is the manager of Jethalal's "Gada Electronics" shop. Nattu Kaka is very fluent in English and effectively handles operations of the shop. He often irritates Jethalal by using sophisticated English words despite knowing Jethalal's incompetency with English. He is from a village Undhai. He resides in Mumbai with his nephew Bagha as his wife has passed away. Nattu Kaka and Bagha have their dinner at Padmavati Bhojnalaya. He disturbs Jethalal with his perplexing offers and peculiar schemes. From several years Nattu Kaka is demanding salary hike but Jethalal cunningly turns down his request each time. However, Nattu Kaka is very honest, intelligent and efficient in his work. He often addresses Bagha as “Bagha boy” and Jethalal as “Seth-Ji”. He also addresses Daya as “Sethani-Ji” and Tapu as “Chhote Seth-Ji” and Champaklal as “Bapuji”.
Bagheshwar Dadukh Undhaiwala[edit]
Mostly known as Bagha. The role is played by Tanmay Vekaria. He works at Jethalal's shop and describes himself as the assistant manager. Bagha is the nephew of Natu Kaka. He has his back tilted behind. He often annoys Jethalal by suggesting worthless schemes and offers for enhancing sales. His girlfriend and now fiancee is Bawri. Bagha is also very honest, hard working and intelligent but is very naive. He is expert in repairing impaired mobile phones and other electronic items. He generally says jaisi jiski soch which means 'as anyone thinks'. Before playing the role of Bagha, Tanmay Vekaria has played various characters in the initial episodes such as kaamwali's bai husband and rickshawallah.
Bawri Dhondulal Kanpuria[edit]
The role is played by Monika Bhadoriya. She is the fiancee of Bagha. She is fair in complexion, tall and always clad in salwar kameej. Bawri hails from Kanpur. She is dim-witted and usually arrives at Gada Electronics at odd timings and working hours and disturbs Bagha which always annoys Jethalal. Bawri is very forgetful of people's names and misspells them (except for Bagha) and says haye-haye galti se mistake ho gayi which means ‘I made a mistake by mistake’ when corrected.
Reporter Rita Srivastav[edit]
Aka Rita Reporter. The role is played by Priya Ahuja Rajda. She is a news reporter and works for 'Kal Tak' news channel. She also lives in Gokuldham Society, in the flat below Jethalal’s balcony but makes rare appearances. Rita is often shown drafting news report on society's incidents. The programmes, games, tournaments and celebrations of Gokuldham Society are often covered by 'Kal Tak' news channel. Rita is a bachelor. Both Rita and Popatlal dislike each other due to their professional profile. Popatlal is from print media whereas Rita works in electronic media. She is intelligent, smart and a good-looking lady with generous and helping nature and wholeheartedly supports social causes. Rita now appears rarely to telecast high-profile cases solved by residents of Gokuldham Society.
Inspector Chalu Pandey[edit]
The role is played by Daya Shankar Pandey. He is the inspector of Goregaon Police Station Mumbai. He is an honest, strong and courageous police officer. His frequent catchphrase is Mera Naam hain Inspector Chalu Pandey, jhoot bologe to padenge dande (means 'My name is Inspector Chalu Pandey, on lying you will be treated with sticks). He abhors anyone disobeying the law. Chalu Pandey is often irritated by Gokuldham Society who themselves solve the cases immediately after his arrival. Jethalal usually erroneously calls him as Chaluji (which means Mr. Cunning) which annoys him. He is afraid of his wife Basundi, who has not made an appearance but is talking to Chalu Pandey of phone and is annoyed that he does not have free time for her from his work.
Sundarlal[edit]
The role is played by Mayur Vakani. He is the younger brother of Daya and brother-in-law of Jethalal. He lives in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Sundar is considered as a caring brother by residents of Gokuldham Society. He always travels to Mumbai via taxi and cunningly draws fare from the pocket of Jethalal. Only Jethalal and Taarak Mehta are familiar with his true colours. He often comes up with new businesses ideas but abandons them due to his temperamental nature. Daya is not aware about the cold war that exists between Jethalal and Sundar. Mayur Vakani is brother of Disha Vakani in real life too.
Bhootni/Darawni Dulhan[edit]
The roles were played by Mamta Dutta. The character of “Bhootni” appeared in 2013 who terrorised Gokuldham Society. She had blue eyes, red lipstick and a white sari on with wild hair. She first scared Jethalal and then the whole society. It turned out though that she was not a real ghost, but pretending to be one to scare all the residents out of Gokuldham Society so that she and her gang could operate their drug trafficking business from there. She was exposed by Tapu Sena and Daya, who also pretended to be a ghost to scare the Bhootni to make her reveal the truth. She and her gang were arrested by the police.
Mamta Dutta made an appearance in August 2018 again, this time as the “Darawni Dulhan” who mainly targets bachelors. Champaklal is the first one to see her in Matka King Mohanlal’s balcony at night. Nobody believes Champaklal thinking it to be his imagination as nobody else sees anything when they check. Popatlal finds out about a certain “Darawni Dulhan” who settles in vacant flats and terrorised bachelors. He also sees the ghost and everyone believes him and Champaklal when the other society members also find bangles, a Mangal Sutra and red footprints on the walls of Mohanlal’s house. But when the police arrives, all the bangles and footprints and even the words “Go away from here” which were written on the doorstep are gone, leading the police to believe it was an imagination. Later that night, Popatlal has a dream in which the Darawni Dulhan marries him and he and Champaklal are terrified. To make their fear go away, Sodhi makes them drink alcohol, and Champaklal thinking it is a medicine, drinks the whole bottle and feels brave and challenges the Dulhan to fight him.
Recurring cast[edit]
Asit Kumarr Modi[edit]
Main article: Asit Kumarr Modi
He plays the role of himself. He is a film and television producer, who sometimes visits the Gokuldham Society and is friendly with the society members. In early episodes, Asit Kumarr Modi also used to play various characters.
Sunita (Sabjiwali)[edit]
The role is played by Madhusree Sharma. She is a very kind Marathi woman and comes to sell vegetables in the Gokuldham Society and all the wives of Gokuldham buy their vegetables from her. She shares a great bond with Gokuldham Society's Mahila Mandal. Her onscreen appearance is very rare.
Diwan Sahay[edit]
Pinku's Father who is working as secret agent in The Government of India along with his wife,Deepika Diwan Sahay,Pinku's Mother.
Deepika Diwan Sahay[edit]
Pinku's Mother who works in The Government of India as secret agent, Along with Diwan Sahay,Pinku's Father.
Patil[edit]
He is the assistant of Inspector Chalu Pandey and appears rarely.
Magan[edit]
He is a staff member of Gada Electronics and usually takes care of the stock of electronic items. He is the one who looks after the shop in the absence of Jethalal, Natu Kaka and Bagha. His lower lip is a little twisted. His onscreen appearance is very rare.
Subhash[edit]
He is a Dry Cleaner and Popatlal does his laundry at his shop. His shop named 'Chamko Laundry' is next to Abdul's shop near society entrance.
Kadam[edit]
He is also an Inspector working under Chalu Pandey.
Former cast[edit]
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: "Former cast" is not a valid category for cast. Cast members don't stop being of academic importance just because they've left the series. If that were the case, then if a series was canceled, we'd move everybody into the "Former cast". Please integrate these people back into relevant sections above, and if you want to explain that the people left the series or that the characters were killed off, feel free to do so in prose. See WP:TVCAST. Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mr. Chandaramani[edit]
The role was played by Raju Kher. Mr. Chandaramani is a rich NRI who resides in Singapore. His flat is occasionally used for miscellaneous purposes.
Mohanlal[edit]
Mohanlal aka "Matka King" was shown as a rich man residing in Gokuldham Society. He was a corrupt businessman who earned money through illegal activities.
Inspector Patni[edit]
He was another inspector. He always used to say a line main hoon Inspector Patni, muzrimon ki banata hoon chatni meaning ' I am Inspector Patni, who crushes criminals'.
Gulabo[edit]
Simple Kaul has played the role of Gulabo. Jethalal along with friends went to Kashmir for celebrating last days of his bachelorhood. Due to immense craze for acting, Jethalal volunteered to appear for a marriage scene with Gulabo as her groom in a movie. Unfortunately, the movie never got released and Jethalal returned to Mumbai. However, Gulabo's life was ruined due to this incident as she was forced to remain spinster. Once again, the poor luck of Jethalal brought Gulabo to his doorsteps. She then claimed Jethalal as her legal husband. Jethalal then challenged the authenticity of this fake marriage in court. Sensing his defeat, Jethalal cunningly feigns renouncing public life and Gulabo admits the fact behind their fake marriage. She then tied nuptial knot with "Pyare Mohan" - the lawyer of Jethalal, thus bringing the track to an end.

References[edit]
Jump up ^ "TMKOC Tapu Sena". timesofindia.com. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "TMKOC Tapu Sena". timesofindia.com. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bhavya Gandhi quits the show". timesofindia.com. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jheel Mehta opts out of Taarak Mehta in order to focus on studying". tellychakkar.com. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashma's Dr Hathi, Actor Kavi Kumar Azad, Passes Away". News18. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
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Whole life insurance
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Whole life insurance, or whole of life assurance (in the Commonwealth of Nations), sometimes called "straight life" or "ordinary life," is a life insurance policy which is guaranteed to remain in force for the insured's entire lifetime, provided required premiums are paid, or to the maturity date.[1] As a life insurance policy it represents a contract between the insured and insurer that as long as the contract terms are met, the insurer will pay the death benefit of the policy to the policy's beneficiaries when the insured dies. Because whole life policies are guaranteed to remain in force as long as the required premiums are paid, the premiums are typically much higher than those of term life insurance where the premium is fixed only for a limited term. Whole life premiums are fixed, based on the age of issue, and usually do not increase with age. The insured party normally pays premiums until death, except for limited pay policies which may be paid-up in 10 years, 20 years, or at age 65. Whole life insurance belongs to the cash value category of life insurance, which also includes universal life, variable life, and endowment policies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Death benefit
2 Maturity
3 Taxation
4 Uses
4.1 Personal and family uses
4.2 Business uses
5 Level Premium
6 Reserves
7 Cash values
8 Pricing methods
8.1 Non-participating
8.2 Participating
8.3 Indeterminate premium
9 Variations
9.1 Economic
9.2 Limited pay
9.3 Single premium
9.4 Interest sensitive
10 Requirements
11 Guarantees
12 Liquidity
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Death benefit[edit]
The death benefit of a whole life policy is normally the stated face amount. However, if the policy is "participating", the death benefit will be increased by any accumulated dividend values and/or decreased by any outstanding policy loans. (see example below) Certain riders, such as Accidental Death benefit may exist, which would potentially increase the benefit.
In contrast, universal life policies (a flexible premium whole life substitute) may be structured to pay cash values in addition to the face amount, but usually do not guarantee lifetime coverage in such cases.
Maturity[edit]
A whole life policy is said to "mature" at death or the maturity age of 100, whichever comes first.[2] To be more exact the maturity date will be the "policy anniversary nearest age 100". The policy becomes a "matured endowment" when the insured person lives past the stated maturity age. In that event the policy owner receives the face amount in cash. With many modern whole life policies, issued since approximately 2000, maturity ages have been increased to 120. Increased maturity ages have the advantage of preserving the tax-free nature of the death benefit. In contrast, a matured endowment may have substantial tax obligations.
Taxation[edit]
The entire death benefit of a whole life policy is free of income tax, except in unusual cases.[3] This includes any internal gains in cash values. The same is true of group life, term life, and accidental death policies.
However, when a policy is cashed out before death, the treatment varies. With cash surrenders, any gain over total premiums paid will be taxable as ordinary income. The same is true in the case of a matured endowment.[4] This is why most people choose to take cash values out as a "loan" against the death benefit rather than a "surrender." Any money taken as a loan is free from income tax as long as the policy remains in force. For participating whole life policies, the interest charged by the insurance company for the loan is often less than the dividend each year, especially after 10–15 years, so the policy owner can pay off the loan using dividends. If the policy is surrendered or canceled before death, any loans received above the cumulative value of premiums paid will be subject to tax as growth on investment.
It should be emphasized that, while life insurance benefits are generally free of income tax, the same is not true of estate tax. In the US, life insurance will be considered part of a person's taxable estate to the extent he possesses "incidents of ownership."[5] Estate planners often use special irrevocable trusts to shield life insurance from estate taxes.
Uses[edit]
Personal and family uses[edit]
Individuals may find whole life attractive because it offers coverage for an indeterminate length of time. It is the dominant choice for insuring so-called "permanent" insurance needs, including:
Funeral expenses,
Estate planning,
Surviving spouse income, and
Supplemental retirement income.
Individuals may find whole life less attractive, due to the relatively high premiums, for insuring:
Large debts,
Temporary needs, such as children's dependency years,
Young families with large needs and limited income.
In the second category, term life is generally considered more suitable and has played an increasingly larger role in recent years.
Business uses[edit]
Businesses may also have legitimate and compelling needs, including funding of:[6]
Buy-sell agreements
Death of key person[7]
Supplemental executive retirement plans (S.E.R.P.)
Deferred compensation
While Term life may be suitable for Buy-Sell agreements and Key Person indemnification, cash value insurance is almost exclusively for Deferred Comp and S.E.R.P.'s.
Level Premium[edit]
Level premium whole life insurance (sometimes called ordinary whole life, though this term is also sometimes used more broadly) provides lifetime death benefit coverage for a level premium.
Whole life premiums are much higher than term insurance premiums, but because term insurance premiums rise with increasing age of the insured, the cumulative value of all premiums paid under whole and term policies are roughly equal if the policy continues to average life expectancy. Part of the insurance contract stipulates that the policyholder is entitled to a cash value reserve that is part of the policy and guaranteed by the company. This cash value can be accessed at any time through policy loans that are received income tax-free and paid back according to mutually agreed-upon schedules. These policy loans are available until the insured's death. If any loans amounts are outstanding—i.e., not yet paid back—upon the insured's death, the insurer subtracts those amounts from the policy's face value/death benefit and pays the remainder to the policy's beneficiary.
Whole life insurance may prove a better value than term for someone with an insurance need of greater than ten to fifteen years due to favorable tax treatment of interest credited to cash values. However, for those unable to afford the premium necessary to provide adequate whole life coverage for their current insurance needs, it would be imprudent to purchase less coverage than is adequate as whole life insurance rather than purchase an adequate level of term to cover their current need.
While some life insurance companies market whole life as a "death benefit with a savings account", the distinction is artificial, according to life insurance actuaries Albert E. Easton and Timothy F. Harris. The net amount at risk is the amount the insurer must pay to the beneficiary should the insured die before the policy has accumulated premiums equal to the death benefit. It is the difference between the policy's current cash value (i.e., total paid in by owner plus that amount's interest earnings) and its face value/death benefit. Although the actual cash value may be different from the death benefit, in practice the policy is identified by its original face value/death benefit.
The advantages of whole life insurance are its guaranteed death benefits; guaranteed cash values; fixed, predictable premiums; and mortality and expense charges that do not reduce the policy's cash value. The disadvantages of whole life are the inflexibility of its premiums and the fact that the internal rate of return of the policy may not be competitive with other savings and investment alternatives.
Death benefit amounts of whole life policies can also be increased through accumulation and/or reinvestment of policy dividends, though these dividends are not guaranteed and may be higher or lower than earnings at existing interest rates over time. According to internal documents from some life insurance companies, the internal rate of return and dividend payment realized by the policyholder is often a function of when the policyholder buys the policy and how long that policy remains in force. Dividends paid on a whole life policy can be utilized in many ways.
The life insurance manual defines policy dividends as refunds of premium over-payments. They are therefore not exactly like corporate stock dividends, which are payouts of net income from total revenues.
Modified whole life insurance features smaller premiums for a specified period of time, followed by higher premiums for the remainder of the policy. Survivorship life insurance is whole life insurance insuring two lives, with proceeds payable after the second (later) death.The level premium system results in overpaying for the risk of dying at younger ages, and underpaying in later years toward the end of life.[8]
Reserves[edit]
The over-payments inherent in the level premium system mean that a large portion of expensive old-age costs are prepaid during a person's younger years. U.S. Life insurance companies are required by state regulation to set up reserve funds to account for said over-payments, which represent promised future benefits, and are classified as Legal Reserve Life Insurance Companies. The Death Benefit promised by the contract is a fixed obligation calculated to be payable at the end of life expectancy, which may be 50 years or more in the future. (see non-forfeiture values)
Most of the visible and apparent wealth of Life Insurance companies is due to the enormous assets (reserves) they hold to stand behind future liabilities. In fact, reserves are classified as a liability, since they represent obligations to policyholders.[9] These reserves are primarily invested in bonds and other debt instruments, and are thus a major source of financing for government and private industry.
Cash values[edit]
Cash values are an integral part of a whole life policy, and reflect the reserves necessary to assure payment of the guaranteed death benefit. Thus, "cash surrender" (and "loan") values arise from the policyholder's rights to quit the contract and reclaim a share of the reserve fund attributable to his policy. (see #Example of non-forfeiture values below)
Although life insurance is often sold with a view toward the "living benefits" (accumulated cash and dividend values), this feature is a byproduct of the level premium nature of the contract. The original intent was not to "sugar coat" the product; rather it is a necessary part of the design. However, prospective purchasers are often more motivated by the thought of being able to "count my money in the future." Policies purchased at younger ages will usually have guaranteed cash values greater than the sum of all premiums paid after a number of years. Sales tactics frequently appeal to this self-interest (sometimes called "the greed motive"). It is a reflection of human behavior that people are often more willing to talk about money for their own future than to discuss provisions for the family in case of premature death (the "fear motive"). On the other hand, many policies purchased due to selfish motives will become vital family resources later in a time of need.
The marketing of whole life (and other cash value policies) as a substitute for savings and investments is considered controversial in some circles. Sometimes the regulatory agencies forbid the use of the words "savings" or "investment" by sales people when describing life insurance, insisting that life insurance should only be for "protection" against the economic hazard of death.
When discontinuing a policy, according to Standard Non-forfeiture Law, a policyholder is entitled to receive his share of the reserves, or cash values, in one of three ways (1) Cash, (2) Reduced Paid-up Insurance, or (3) Extended term insurance.
Pricing methods[edit]
Non-participating[edit]
All values related to the policy (death benefits, cash surrender values, premiums) are usually determined at policy issue, for the life of the contract, and usually cannot be altered after issue. This means that the insurance company assumes all risk of future performance versus the actuaries' estimates. If future claims are underestimated, the insurance company makes up the difference. On the other hand, if the actuaries' estimates on future death claims are high, the insurance company will retain the difference.
Non-participating policies are typically issued by Stock companies, with stockholder capital bearing the risk. Since whole life policies frequently cover a time span in excess of 50 years, it can be seen that accurate pricing is a formidable challenge! Actuaries must set a rate which will be sufficient to keep the company solvent through prosperity or depression, while remaining competitive in the marketplace. The company will be faced with future changes in Life expectancy, unforeseen economic conditions, and changes in the political and regulatory landscape. All they have to guide them is past experience.
Participating[edit]
In a participating policy (also "par" in the United States, and known as a "with-profits policy" in the Commonwealth), the insurance company shares the excess profits (divisible surplus) with the policyholder in the form of annual dividends. Typically these "refunds" are not taxable because they are considered an overcharge of premium (or "reduction of basis"). In general, the greater the overcharge by the company, the greater the refund/dividend ratio; however, other factors will also have a bearing on the size of the dividend. For a mutual life insurance company, participation also implies a degree of ownership of the mutuality.[10]
Participating policies are typically (although not exclusively) issued by Mutual life insurance companies. However, Stock companies sometimes issue participating policies. Premiums for a participating policy will be higher than for a comparable non-par policy, with the difference (or, "overcharge") being considered as "paid-in surplus" to provide a margin for error equivalent to stockholder capital. It should be emphasized that illustrations of future dividends are never guaranteed.
In the case of mutual companies, unneeded surplus is distributed retrospectively to policyholders in the form of dividends. Sources of surplus include conservative pricing, mortality experience more favorable than anticipated, excess interest, and savings in expenses of operation.[11]
While the "overcharge" terminology is technically correct for tax purposes, actual dividends are often a much greater factor than the language would imply. For a period of time during the 1980s and '90's, it was not uncommon for the annual dividend to exceed the total premium at the 20th policy year and beyond.[12] {Milton Jones, CLU, ChFC}
With non-participating policies, unneeded surplus is distributed as dividends to stockholders.
Indeterminate premium[edit]
Similar to non-participating, except that the premium may vary year to year. However, the premium will never exceed the maximum premium guaranteed in the policy. This allows companies to set competitive rates based on current economic conditions.
Variations[edit]
Economic[edit]
A blending of participating and term life insurance, wherein a part of the dividends is used to purchase additional term insurance. This can generally yield a higher death benefit, at a cost to long term cash value. In some policy years the dividends may be below projections, causing the death benefit in those years to decrease.
Limited pay[edit]
Limited pay policies may be either participating or non-par, but instead of paying annual premiums for life, they are only due for a certain number of years, such as 20. The policy may also be set up to be fully paid up at a certain age, such as 65 or 80.[13] The policy itself continues for the life of the insured. These policies would typically cost more up front, since the insurance company needs to build up sufficient cash value within the policy during the payment years to fund the policy for the remainder of the insured's life. With Participating policies, dividends may be applied to shorten the premium paying period.
Single premium[edit]
A form of limited pay, where the pay period is a single large payment up front. These policies typically have fees during early policy years should the policyholder cash it in.
Interest sensitive[edit]
This type is fairly new, and is also known as either "excess interest" or "current assumption" whole life. The policies are a mixture of traditional whole life and universal life. Instead of using dividends to augment guaranteed cash value accumulation, the interest on the policy's cash value varies with current market conditions. Like whole life, death benefit remains constant for life. Like universal life, the premium payment might vary, but not above the maximum premium guaranteed within the policy.[14]
Requirements[edit]
Whole life insurance typically requires that the owner pay premiums for the life of the policy. There are some arrangements that let the policy be "paid up", which means that no further payments are ever required, in as few as 5 years, or with even a single large premium. Typically if the payor doesn't make a large premium payment at the outset of the life insurance contract, then he is not allowed to begin making them later in the contract life. However, some whole life contracts offer a rider to the policy which allows for a one time, or occasional, large additional premium payment to be made as long as a minimal extra payment is made on a regular schedule. In contrast, universal life insurance generally allows more flexibility in premium payment.
Guarantees[edit]
The company generally will guarantee that the policy's cash values will increase every year regardless of the performance of the company or its experience with death claims (again compared to universal life insurance and variable universal life insurance which can increase the costs and decrease the cash values of the policy). The dividends can be taken in one of three ways. The policy owner can be given a cheque from the insurance company for the dividends, the dividends can be used to reduce the premium payment, or the dividends can be reinvested back into the policy to increase the death benefit and the cash value at a faster rate. When the dividends paid on a whole life policy are chosen by the policy owner to be reinvested back into the policy, the cash value can increase at a rather substantial rate depending on the performance of the company.
The cash value will grow tax-deferred with compounding interest. Even though the growth is considered "tax-deferred," any loans taken from the policy will be tax-free as long as the policy remains in force. In addition, the death benefit remains tax-free (meaning no income tax and no estate tax). As the cash value increases, the death benefit will also increase and this growth is also non-taxable. The only way tax is ever due on the policy is (1) if the premiums were paid with pre-tax dollars, (2) if cash value is "withdrawn" past basis rather than "borrowed," or (3) if the policy is surrendered. Most whole life policies can be surrendered at any time for the cash value amount, and income taxes will usually only be placed on the gains of the cash account that exceeds the total premium outlay. Thus, many are using whole life insurance policies as a retirement funding vehicle rather than for risk management.
Liquidity[edit]
Cash values are considered liquid assets because they are easily accessible at any time, usually with a phone call or fax to the insurance company requesting a "loan" or "withdrawal" from the policy. Most companies will transfer the money into the policy holder's bank account within a few days.
Cash values are also liquid enough to be used for investment capital, but only if the owner is financially healthy enough to continue making premium payments (Single premium whole life policies avoid the risk of the insured failing to make premium payments and are liquid enough to be used as collateral. Single premium policies require that the insured pay a one time premium that tends to be lower than the split payments. Because these policies are fully paid at inception, they have no financial risk and are liquid and secure enough to be used as collateral under the insurance clause of collateral assignment.)[15] Cash value access is tax free up to the point of total premiums paid, and the rest may be accessed tax free in the form of policy loans. If the policy lapses, taxes would be due on outstanding loans. If the insured dies, death benefit is reduced by the amount of any outstanding loan balance.[16]
Internal rates of return for participating policies may be much worse than universal life and interest-sensitive whole life (whose cash values are invested in the money market and bonds) because their cash values are invested in the life insurance company and its general account, which may be in real estate and the stock market. However, universal life policies run a much greater risk, and are actually designed to lapse. Variable universal life insurance may outperform whole life because the owner can direct investments in sub-accounts that may do better. If an owner desires a conservative position for his cash values, par whole life is indicated.
Reported cash values might seem to "disappear" or become "lost" when the death benefit is paid out. The reason for this is that cash values are considered to be part of the death benefit. The insurance company pays out the cash values with the death benefit because they are inclusive of each other. This is why loans from the cash value are not taxable as long as the policy is in force (because death benefits are not taxable).
See also[edit]
Life insurance
Permanent life insurance
Theory of Decreasing Responsibility
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Life Insurance, a Consumer's Handbook/ Belth 2nd ed p23
Jump up ^ Life Insurance, a Consumer's Handbook / Belth 2nd ed p22
Jump up ^ Tax Facts / The National Underwriter 2015 Ed p39
Jump up ^ Tax Facts / National Underwriter 2015 Ed P32
Jump up ^ IRC Sec 2042
Jump up ^ "Businesses - Life Happens". Life Happens - The Life and Health Insurance Foundation for Education (LIFE).
Jump up ^ Life Insurance / Huebner & Black Ch 3
Jump up ^ Life Insurance/Huebner & Black 9th ed P6
Jump up ^ Life Insurance / Huebner & Black 9th Ed P 277-279
Jump up ^ Alexander B. Grannis, Chair. "The Feeling's Not Mutual". New York State Assembly. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Life Insurance" Huebner & Black/ 9th ed p320
Jump up ^ BEST'S FLITCRAFT 1985 Ed P561
Jump up ^ "A Guide to Life Insurance". The Association of British Insurers. Archived from the original on 2006-12-10. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
Jump up ^ "glossary". Life and Health Insurance Foundation for Education. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
Jump up ^ Florida Life and Health Study Manual, 12 edition
Jump up ^ "Whole Life Insurance". The Asset Protection Book. Archived from the original on 2007-01-14. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
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