text:
Valence electron
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Four covalent bonds. Carbon has four valence electrons and here a valence of four. Each hydrogen atom has one valence electron and is univalent.
In chemistry, a valence electron is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair. The presence of valence electrons can determine the element's chemical properties, such as its valence—whether it may bond with other elements and, if so, how readily and with how many. For a main group element, a valence electron can exist only in the outermost electron shell; in a transition metal, a valence electron can also be in an inner shell.
An atom with a closed shell of valence electrons (corresponding to an electron configuration s2p6) tends to be chemically inert. Atoms with one or two more valence electrons than are needed for a "closed" shell are highly reactive due to the following reasons:
1) It requires relatively low energy (compared to the lattice enthalpy) to remove the extra valence electrons to form a positive ion.
2) Because of their tendency either to gain the missing valence electrons (thereby forming a negative ion), or to share valence electrons (thereby forming a covalent bond).
Similar to an electron in an inner shell, a valence electron has the ability to absorb or release energy in the form of a photon. An energy gain can trigger an electron to move (jump) to an outer shell; this is known as atomic excitation. Or the electron can even break free from its associated atom's valence shell; this is ionization to form a positive ion. When an electron loses energy (thereby causing a photon to be emitted), then it can move to an inner shell which is not fully occupied.
Valence energy levels correspond to the principal quantum numbers (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...) or are labeled alphabetically with letters used in the X-ray notation (K, L, M, …).
Contents
[hide]
1 The number of valence electrons
2 Electron configuration
3 Chemical reactions
4 Electrical conductivity
5 References
6 External links
The number of valence electrons[edit]
The number of valence electrons of an element can be determined by the periodic table group (vertical column) in which the element is categorized. With the exception of groups 3–12 (the transition metals), the units digit of the group number identifies how many valence electrons are associated with a neutral atom of an element listed under that particular column.
The periodic table of the chemical elements
Periodic table group
Valence electrons
Group 1 (I) (alkali metals) 1
Group 2 (II) (alkaline earth metals) 2
Groups 3-12 (transition metals) 3–12[1]
Group 13 (III) (boron group) 3
Group 14 (IV) (carbon group) 4
Group 15 (V) (pnictogens or nitrogen group) 5
Group 16 (VI) (chalcogens or oxygen group) 6
Group 17 (VII) (halogens) 7
Group 18 (VIII or 0) (noble gases) 8[2]
Electron configuration[edit]
The electrons that determine how an atom reacts chemically are those whose average distance from the nucleus is greatest; that is, those with the highest energy.
For a main group element, the valence electrons are defined as those electrons residing in the electronic shell of highest principal quantum number n.[3] Thus, the number of valence electrons that it may have depends on the electron configuration in a simple way. For example, the electronic configuration of phosphorus (P) is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 so that there are 5 valence electrons (3s2 3p3), corresponding to a maximum valence for P of 5 as in the molecule PF5; this configuration is normally abbreviated to [Ne] 3s2 3p3, where [Ne] signifies the core electrons whose configuration is identical to that of the noble gas neon.
However, transition elements have partially filled (n − 1)d energy levels, that are very close in energy to the ns level.[4] So as opposed to main group elements, a valence electron for a transition metal is defined as an electron that resides outside a noble-gas core.[5] Thus, generally, the d electrons in transition metals behave as valence electrons although they are not in the valence shell. For example, manganese (Mn) has configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5; this is abbreviated to [Ar] 4s2 3d5, where [Ar] denotes a core configuration identical to that of the noble gas argon. In this atom, a 3d electron has energy similar to that of a 4s electron, and much higher than that of a 3s or 3p electron. In effect, there are possibly seven valence electrons (4s2 3d5) outside the argon-like core; this is consistent with the chemical fact that manganese can have an oxidation state as high as +7 (in the permanganate ion: MnO−
4).
The farther right in each transition metal series, the lower the energy of an electron in a d subshell and the less such an electron has the properties of a valence electron. Thus, although a nickel atom has, in principle, ten valence electrons (4s2 3d8), its oxidation state never exceeds four. For zinc, the 3d subshell is complete and behaves similarly to core electrons.
Because the number of valence electrons which actually participate in chemical reactions is difficult to predict, the concept of the valence electron is less useful for a transition metal than for a main group element; the d electron count is an alternative tool for understanding the chemistry of a transition metal.
Chemical reactions[edit]
Main article: Valence (chemistry)
The number of electrons in an atom's outermost valence shell governs its bonding behavior. Therefore, elements whose atoms can have the same number of valence electrons are grouped together in the periodic table of the elements. As a general rule, a main group element (except hydrogen or helium) tends to react to form a closed shell, corresponding to the electron configuration s2p6. This tendency is called the octet rule, because each bonded atom has eight valence electrons including shared electrons.
The most reactive kind of metallic element is an alkali metal of group 1 (e.g., sodium or potassium); this is because such an atom has only a single valence electron; during the formation of an ionic bond which provides the necessary ionization energy, this one valence electron is easily lost to form a positive ion (cation) with a closed shell (e.g., Na+ or K+). An alkaline earth metal of Group 2 (e.g., magnesium) is somewhat less reactive, because each atom must lose two valence electrons to form a positive ion with a closed shell (e.g., Mg2+).
Within each group (each periodic table column) of metals, reactivity increases with each lower row of the table (from a light element to a heavier element), because a heavier element has more electron shells than a lighter element; a heavier element's valence electrons exist at higher principal quantum numbers (they are farther away from the nucleus of the atom, and are thus at higher potential energies, which means they are less tightly bound).
A nonmetal atom tends to attract additional valence electrons to attain a full valence shell; this can be achieved in one of two ways: An atom can either share electrons with a neighboring atom (a covalent bond), or it can remove electrons from another atom (an ionic bond). The most reactive kind of nonmetal element is a halogen (e.g., fluorine (F) or chlorine (Cl)). Such an atom has the following electron configuration: s2p5; this requires only one additional valence electron to form a closed shell. To form an ionic bond, a halogen atom can remove an electron from another atom in order to form an anion (e.g., F−, Cl−, etc.). To form a covalent bond, one electron from the halogen and one electron from another atom form a shared pair (e.g., in the molecule H–F, the line represents a shared pair of valence electrons, one from H and one from F).
Within each group of nonmetals, reactivity decreases with each lower rows of the table (from a light element to a heavy element) in the periodic table, because the valence electrons are at progressively higher energies and thus progressively less tightly bound. In fact, oxygen (the lightest element in group 16) is the most reactive nonmetal after fluorine, even though it is not a halogen, because the valence shell of a halogen is at a higher principal quantum number.
In these simple cases where the octet rule is obeyed, the valence of an atom equals the number of electrons gained, lost, or shared in order to form the stable octet. However, there are also many molecules which are exceptions, and for which the valence is less clearly defined.
Electrical conductivity[edit]
Valence electrons are also responsible for the electrical conductivity of an element; as a result, an element may be classified as a metal, a nonmetal, or a semiconductor (or metalloid).
Metallic elements generally have high electrical conductivity when in the solid state. In each row of the periodic table, the metals occur to the left of the nonmetals, and thus a metal has fewer possible valence electrons than a nonmetal. However, a valence electron of a metal atom has a small ionization energy, and in the solid state this valence electron is relatively free to leave one atom in order to associate with another nearby. Such a "free" electron can be moved under the influence of an electric field, and its motion constitutes an electric current; it is responsible for the electrical conductivity of the metal. Copper, aluminium, silver, and gold are examples of good conductors.
A nonmetallic element has low electrical conductivity; it acts as an insulator. Such an element is found toward the right of the periodic table, and it has a valence shell that is at least half full (the exception is boron). Its ionization energy is large; an electron cannot leave an atom easily when an electric field is applied, and thus such an element can conduct only very small electric currents. Examples of solid elemental insulators are diamond (an allotrope of carbon) and sulfur.
A solid compound containing metals can also be an insulator if the valence electrons of the metal atoms are used to form ionic bonds. For example, although elemental sodium is a metal, solid sodium chloride is an insulator, because the valence electron of sodium is transferred to chlorine to form an ionic bond, and thus that electron cannot be moved easily.
A semiconductor has an electrical conductivity that is intermediate between that of a metal and that of a nonmetal; a semiconductor also differs from a metal in that a semiconductor's conductivity increases with temperature. The typical elemental semiconductors are silicon and germanium, each atom of which has four valence electrons. The properties of semiconductors are best explained using band theory, as a consequence of a small energy gap between a valence band (which contains the valence electrons at absolute zero) and a conduction band (to which valence electrons are excited by thermal energy).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Consists of ns and (n-1)d electrons. Alternatively, the d electron count is used.
Jump up ^ Except for helium, which has only two valence electrons.
Jump up ^ Petrucci R.H., Harwood W.S. and Herring F.G., General Chemistry (8th edn, Prentice-Hall 2002), p.339.
Jump up ^ THE ORDER OF FILLING 3d AND 4s ORBITALS. chemguide.co.uk
Jump up ^ Miessler G.L. and Tarr, D.A., Inorganic Chemistry (2nd edn. Prentice-Hall 1999). p.48.
External links[edit]
Francis, Eden. Valence Electrons.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valence_electron&oldid=831009787"
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Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce
Also known as
Girlfriends' Guide to Freedom (season 3-present)'
Based on
Girlfriends' Guides series
by Vicki Iovine
Developed by
Marti Noxon
Starring
Lisa Edelstein
Beau Garrett
Necar Zadegan
Paul Adelstein
Janeane Garofalo
Alanna Ubach
Retta
Composer(s)
Robert Duncan
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
40 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Marti Noxon
Vicki Iovine
Meryl Poster
Robert Duncan McNeill
Liz Kruger
Craig Shapiro
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
45 minutes
Production company(s)
Tiny Pyro Productions
Universal Cable Productions
Distributor
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Release
Original network
Bravo
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02) – present
External links
Official website
Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce (also known as Girlfriends' Guide to Freedom in season 3, Girlfriends' Guide to Bossing Up in season 4, and Girlfriends' Guide to Ever After in season 5) is an American comedy-drama television series developed by Marti Noxon for the American cable network Bravo. Based on the Girlfriends' Guides book series by Vicki Iovine,[1] the series revolves around Abby McCarthy, a self-help author who finds solace in new friends and adventures as she faces an impending divorce. Lisa Edelstein portrays the main character Abby. Beau Garrett, Necar Zadegan and Paul Adelstein co-star. Janeane Garofalo was part of the main cast for the first seven episodes of season 1 before departing the cast. She was replaced in episode 8 with Alanna Ubach. Retta recurred during the show's second season before being promoted to the main cast at the start of season 3.
Produced by Universal Cable Productions, it is the first original scripted series for Bravo.[2] A 13-episode first season was ordered by the network, which premiered on December 2, 2014.[3] The show debuted to 1.04 million viewers. Critical reception for the series has initially been generally positive, with particular praise towards Edelstein's performance and the series' quality over the reality series on Bravo. The show was eventually renewed for a second season, which premiered on December 1, 2015.[4] On April 13, 2016, it was announced that Bravo had renewed the show for a third, fourth and fifth season.[5] On August 5, 2016, It was announced that the fifth season would be the show's last.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Guest
2 Episodes
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Ratings
4 Broadcast
4.1 Home media and streaming
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Lisa Edelstein as Abby McCarthy, a self-help book author in her early 40s in Los Angeles. Her marriage has recently ended, throwing both her personal and professional lives into serious disarray.[1]
Beau Garrett as Phoebe Conte, a recent divorcée and former model. Up until now she has been a typical free spirit but she is now seeking a more stable life.[1]
Necar Zadegan as Delia Banai, a divorce attorney who represents Abby in her divorce. She struggles with career and personal life balance.[7]
Paul Adelstein as Jake Novak, Abby's husband from whom she is recently separated. He is a director with a limited amount of success and has up until now lived in Abby's shadow.[1] (season 1-2; recurring season 3)
Janeane Garofalo as Lyla Straley, Abby's friend, a divorcée and entertainment lawyer. A bitter custody battle with her ex causes her to flee California for Portland in the middle of season 1.[1] (episodes 1–7)
Alanna Ubach as Jo Hernandez-Frumpkis, Abby's best friend from college who comes to live with her in LA. She is recently separated from her husband after finding out he had a second family.[8] (episode 8–present)
Retta as Barbara Sawyer, Abby's co-worker at SheShe, who later becomes her business partner. (season 3–present; recurring season 2)[9]
Recurring[edit]
Julianna Guill as Becca Riley, Jake's new girlfriend and a successful actress on a CW show
Patrick Heusinger as Max McCarthy, Abby's brother
J. August Richards as Ford, husband to Abby's brother
Warren Christie as Will, Abby's new boyfriend
Brian Markinson as Albert, Delia's boss and long-time fling. Delia has an affair with him while engaged to Gordon
Matthew Glave as Gordon Beech, Delia's client with whom she starts an affair
Brandon Jay McLaren as Marco, Phoebe's love interest
Aaron Staton as JD, Phoebe's love interest
Jean Smart as Katherine Miller, Abby's editor
Mark Valley as Dr. Harris, Abby's love interest
Maury Sterling as Rob Frumpkis, Jo's ex-husband
Will Kemp as Scott, the vegan confectioner at Jo's bakery
Megan Hilty as Charlene, Frumpkis' new girlfriend
Charles Mesure as Ralf, Phoebe's ex-husband
James Lesure as Mike Brady, Charlie's baseball coach
Daisy Betts as Gemma
Guest[edit]
Carrie Fisher as Cat
Suke Kaiser as Kori Wingo, Phoebe's former boss
Bernadette Peters as Annie
Laverne Cox as Adele Northrop
Victor Webster as Carl, a male escort who Abby spends the night talking to
Barry Bostwick as George, Abby's dad
Lesley Ann Warren as Dina, Abby's mom
Malcolm Jamal Warner as Darrell
Kathie Lee Gifford as herself
Hoda Kotb as herself
Kyle Richards as herself
Jessica Clark as Merete
Denise Richards as Temple Hampton, Will's new girlfriend
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 13 December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02) February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)
2 13 December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01) February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
3 7 January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11) February 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)
4 6 August 17, 2017 (2017-08-17) September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)
5 TBA June 14, 2018 (2018-06-14)[10] TBA
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Edelstein and Garofalo's performances were praised by the critics.
Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce was met with generally positive reviews from television critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the series received an average score of 69, based on 21 reviews. Lori Rackl of Chicago Sun-Times gave the episode a 4 star rating (out of 4 stars), calling it "a sometimes hilarious, sometimes heartbreaking story about an L.A.-based self-help author" and added that the first two episodes "reveal a much more nuanced, poignant tale, punctuated by some genuinely funny scenes."[11] LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the series a grade of "A-", calling it "a very solid drama" that should be on HBO or Showtime. Ferguson also praised the characters and the series's messiness, writing "Visually, it's almost flawless (there's one obvious green-screen moment in the pilot, but it's not Ringer level), but every character here is deeply flawed."[12] Los Angeles Times's Mary McNamara lauded the series' cast's portrayal of the characters and deemed the series "smartly acted, crisply written and willing to address all manner of issues — marriage, betrayal, family economics, friendship, even the pitfalls of public domesticity — in gratifyingly complex ways."[13] Brian Lowry, writing for Variety, applauded the series' cast and material, noting how it sticks to the network's demographic while maintaining a level of quality.[14]
Gail Pennington of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the series "a smart, solid examination of just how messy relationships are and how hard it is to make them work."[15] Slate's Willa Paskin highlighted Edelstein's portrayal of the lead character, describing her as "very well cast, both commanding and nurturing enough to seem like the ideal advice-giver" and noted that the series has "a satisfying and complex take on social dynamics in friendship and romance."[16] Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times praised Edelstein and Garofalo as "one reason" the show is entertaining and found the comic side of the series "a lot more fun."[17] Time's writer James Poniewozik praised the writing and Edelstein's "sympathetic" performance, noting that the latter "grounds a show that often otherwise plays like young-adult fiction for actual adults." However, Poniewozik opined that "there's one lesson Girlfriends’ Guide to Divorce has (over)learned from its Bravo peers: that there's no reality so compelling that it can’t be sweetened with a little Photoshop."[18] David Hinckley, writing for the New York Daily News, highlighted the series' best moments as those showing the messy side of marital discourse while heralding Edelstein's performance as "memorably moving."[19] Margaret Lyons of Vulture was critical of the several aspects of the series, including the characters Abby and Lyla's attitude on giving their spouses child support, but found the series to be its best "at its nastiest."[20]
Ratings[edit]
No. in
Episode title
Air date
Time slot (EST)
18–49 demo
rating
Viewership
(millions)
Ref
series
season
1 1 Rule No. 23: Never Lie to the Kids December 2, 2014 Tuesdays
10:00 P.M. 0.5 1.04 [21]
2 2 Rule No. 174: Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour December 9, 2014 0.4 0.85 [22]
3 3 Rule No. 47: Always Take Advantage of "Me" Time December 16, 2014 0.3 0.70 [23]
4 4 Rule No. 426: Fantasyland: A Great Place to Visit December 23, 2014 0.3 0.77 [24]
5 5 Rule No. 21: Leave Childishness to Children December 30, 2014 0.4 0.87 [25]
6 6 Rule No 33: When in Doubt, Run Away January 6, 2015 0.4 0.87 [26]
7 7 Rule No. 67: Don't Kill the Princess January 13, 2015 0.4 0.77 [27]
8 8 Rule No. 17: Ask the Answer Lady January 20, 2015 0.3 0.69 [28]
9 9 Rule No. 32: F-You, Rob Frumpkis January 27, 2015 0.4 0.91 [29]
10 10 Rule No. 3: Don't Stand in the Doorway February 3, 2015 0.3 0.74 [30]
11 11 Rule No. 46: Keep the Holidays Low Key February 10, 2015 0.4 0.83 [31]
12 12 Rule No. 92: Don't Do the Crime If You Can't Do the Time February 17, 2015 0.4 0.74 [32]
13 13 Rule No. 101: Know When It's Time to Move On February 24, 2015 0.3 0.79 [33]
Broadcast[edit]
Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce premiered in the United States on Bravo on December 2, 2014, in Canada on Slice on January 9, 2015,[34] and in the United Kingdom on Lifetime UK on September 15, 2015.[35]
Home media and streaming[edit]
The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 13, 2015.[36] On November 1, 2015 [37] season 1 of Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce became available to stream in the US for Netflix subscribers.[38] The show is also available from electronic sell-through platforms such as iTunes,[39] Amazon Instant Video,[40] and Vudu.[41]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bibel, Sara (February 19, 2014). "Bravo Orders 13 Episodes of Scripted Drama 'Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce' Starring Lisa Edelstein". Zap2it. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 19, 2014). "Bravo Picks Up Marti Noxon's 'Girlfriends' Guide To Divorce' As First Scripted Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 14, 2014). "'Million Dollar Listing New York' Renewed for Season Four + Bravo Greenlights Three New Series". TV by the Numbers (Press release). Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dixon, Dani (September 30, 2015). "Season 2 of Bravo's Scripted Series 'Girlfriend's Guide To Divorce' To Premiere December 1". TV by the Numbers (Press release). Tribune Digital Ventures. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce' gets 3-season renewal at Bravo". TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
Jump up ^ "Bravo's 'Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce' to End After Season 5 (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2018-01-03.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 14, 2014). "Bravo's 'Girlfriend's Guide To Divorce' Adds 'Rake's Necar Zadegan As New Regular". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Alanna Ubach Joins Bravo's 'Girlfriends Guide To Divorce', Matthew Glave & Virginia Williams To Recur". Deadline Hollywood. August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael. "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce Promotes Retta to Series Regular in Season 3". TV Line. TVLine Media, LLC. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference S5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Rackl, Lori (November 30, 2014). "Bravo found a keeper with great new series 'Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce'". Chicago Sun-Times. Chicago: Tim Knight. Sun-Times Media Group. Archived from the original on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, LaToya (December 2, 2014). "Girlfriends' Guide To Divorce is Bravo's beautifully messy introduction to scripted drama". The A.V. Club. Chicago: The Onion, Inc. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ McNamara, Mary (December 2, 2014). "Review 'Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce' marries Bravo to good TV". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles: Austin Beutner. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian (November 30, 2014). "TV Review: Bravo's 'Girlfriends' Guide To Divorce'". Variety. Los Angeles. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Pennington, Gail (December 2, 2014). "TV review: Bravo's 'Girlfriends' Guide' is surprisingly good". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis: Ray Farris. Lee Enterprises. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Paskin, Willa (December 2, 2014). "Lowbrow and Delectable". Slate. The Slate Group. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Stanley, Alessandra (December 1, 2014). "Divvying Up Perks, Pity, Scorn and Snark". The New York Times. New York City: Dean Baquet. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (December 1, 2014). "Review: The Image-Conscious Uncoupling of Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce". Time. New York City: Time Inc. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Roush, Matt (December 2, 2014). "Tuesday TV: One for the Family (Toy Story) and One for Adults (Girlfriends' Guide)". TV Guide. Radnor: CBS Interactive. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret (December 2, 2014). "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce, Bravo's First Scripted Series, Is At Its Best When It's At Its Nastiest". New York. New York City: New York Media, LLC. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (December 3, 2014). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 12.2.2014". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (December 10, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, 'Anarchy Afterword', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Benched', 'Ground Floor' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 17, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Ink Master' Tops Night + 'The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills', 'The Curse of Oak Island', NBA Basketball & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (December 24, 2014). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 12.23.2014". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 2, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: College Football Tops Night + 'Moonshiners' The Little Couple', 'Ground Floor' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 8, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Haves and the Have Nots' Wins Night' 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Switched at Birth', 'Dance Moms', 'The Real World' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff (July 13, 2011). "Monday's Cable Ratings: "Pawn Stars" Tops Heated Race". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff (July 20, 2011). "Monday's Cable Ratings: History's "Pawn Stars" Holds Onto Crown". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 28, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Tops Night + 'Pretty Little Liars', 'The Haves and the Have Nots', 'Sons of Liberty' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 4, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Being Mary Jane' Wins Night, 'Moonshiners', 'The Haves and the Have Nots', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Justified' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 11, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Haves and the Have Nots' Tops Night + 'Being Mary Jane', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 19, 2015). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: '19 Kids and Counting' Wins Night, 'Being Mary Jane', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Rizzoli & Isles', 'Cougar Town' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 25, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 2.24.2015". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce to premiere on Slice in Canada". The TV Watercooler. http://google.com/+JeevanBrar. Retrieved 2015-11-10. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "Lifetime UK Acquires 'Girlfriends' Guide To Divorce', Sets September Premiere - TVWise". TVWise. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
Jump up ^ Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce: Season 1, 2015-10-13, retrieved 2015-11-10
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Olivia (2015-10-30). "What's New On Netflix This Weekend: 'Manson Family Vacation', November Titles, And More". Decider | Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Instant, HBO Go. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce | Netflix". www.netflix.com. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce, Season 1 on iTunes". iTunes. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Watch Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce Season 1 Episode - Amazon Video". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
Jump up ^ "VUDU - Watch Movies". www.vudu.com. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
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Magnificent Seven (gymnastics)
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The Magnificent Seven was the 1996 United States Olympic women's gymnastics team that won the first ever gold medal for the United States in the women's team competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. The seven members of the team were Shannon Miller, Dominique Moceanu, Dominique Dawes, Kerri Strug, Amy Chow, Amanda Borden, and Jaycie Phelps. Miller, Dawes and Chow also won individual medals in Atlanta. The team is perhaps best known for Strug sticking the landing of a vault to clinch the gold medal while injured.
Contents
[hide]
1 1996 Olympics
1.1 Individual stars
1.2 Team competition
1.2.1 Compulsories
1.2.2 Optionals
1.3 Olympic team scores
1.4 Individual All-Around finals
1.5 Event finals
1.5.1 Vault
1.5.2 Uneven bars
1.5.3 Balance beam
1.5.4 Floor exercise
2 Post-Olympics
3 Gallery
4 See also
5 References
1996 Olympics[edit]
Individual stars[edit]
The leader of the Magnificent Seven is often said[according to whom?] to be Shannon Miller, the second most decorated American gymnast in history and that year's reigning national champion.[1] The other two individual stars on the team were Dominique Dawes and Dominique Moceanu, the previous two national champions (in 1994 and 1995 respectively). However, Kerri Strug eventually qualified for the individual all-around over Moceanu.
The other three members on the team were less heralded. Nevertheless, they were an integral part of the team's success. Amy Chow had the highest difficulty of anyone on the team, most notably on the uneven bars. Jaycie Phelps provided clean lines and solid gymnastics on all four events. The final member to qualify for the team, Amanda Borden, was named team captain due to her vivacious personality.[citation needed]
The highest two scoring athletes on the team during the compulsories did not even perform at the Olympic Trials. Both Miller and Moceanu had been sidelined with injuries, but were named to the team anyway, proving that the petition-system was in the team's best interest.
Team competition[edit]
Compulsories[edit]
The team compulsories took place on July 21, 1996. Unlike in the 1992 Games, when two athletes from each country participated in each session, in these Games, teams competed together. The United States team competed in the third session, with Russia and China left to compete in the fourth session. Romania had already competed in the first session, so the United States team could only chase their already posted scores. The top four teams would compete in the last session during the optionals. Ultimately, Ukraine, not China, earned this fourth spot along with the United States, Russia, and Romania.
With seven athletes on each team for the first and only time, each team (other than Romania who had only six members because of an injury) put their six best team members up on each event. Of these six scores, only the top five would count. On the United States team in both compulsories and optionals, Miller, Moceanu, Dawes, Strug, and Phelps competed on all four events while Chow only competed on bars and vault and Borden only competed on beam and floor. The United States started their meet on uneven bars with no major misses. Miller earned the highest score of 9.775, and Strug's score of 9.675 was dropped.
Following uneven bars, the team moved to balance beam where Strug led off with a shaky performance. Borden and Dawes followed, each with noticeable errors. Phelps, who won the compulsory round at the Olympic Trials (although neither Miller or Moceanu competed at this event), was next. Although known for her beautiful technique, she looked shaky from the start of the routine and fell off the beam during the fouette jump element. Although she finished strongly, her low score of 9.012 was dropped. Miller followed with a routine that appeared to be flawless and earned the overall high beam score of the competition, 9.737. Moceanu anchored the United States and with only minor errors and impeccable form on certain elements earned a 9.687.
Next the group moved to floor exercise where everyone performed well, with no major errors. Strug earned the team's high score of 9.825, and Phelps' score of 9.662 was dropped. At this point in the competition, the United States was still trailing Romania as the team moved to vault.
Everyone vaulted well, with Dawes, Miller, and Strug sticking their landings. Chow essentially stuck her landing as well, with only a minor slide of her left foot. The United States surpassed Romania after this rotation, however, Russia would later qualify first to optionals.
Optionals[edit]
As in the compulsory round, the United States started the competition on uneven bars. Everyone performed well with Miller, Strug, and Phelps tying with the team's low score of 9.787. Dawes posted the team's high score of 9.850 and combined with their scores from compulsories, both Dawes and Chow qualified for event finals. The team then moved to balance beam.
Putting their rocky compulsory round behind them, the team performed well on beam without any major errors. Miller posted one of the competition's high beam score of 9.862 (Kui Yuanyuan of China had the highest score of 9.875) and qualified first to the event finals, ahead of Moceanu who earned a 9.850 and qualified second. Phelps' score of 9.600 was dropped.
As the event took place in Atlanta, the crowd was heavily pro-United States, and the cheering and flash photography was at an unprecedented level. The crowd continued to cheer on its team as the group moved to the floor exercise where Phelps led off with a great start. Borden, Moceanu, and Dawes followed, all without significant error. As predicted, Moceanu's floor music, "The Devil Went Down to Georgia," was a smash hit with the already raucous crowd. Following Dawes was Miller who showed the first obvious error in any of the American routines when she under-rotated her opening tumbling pass, a double layout. Although a major break, Miller avoided touching the floor with her hands, finished strongly, and the team ultimately dropped her score of 9.618. Strug anchored the team and earned a 9.837, qualifying first to event finals along with Moceanu who also earned a 9.837 and qualified fourth. Dawes, who posted the team's high optionals floor exercise score of 9.850, would have qualified seventh to the event finals but because of the rule that only two gymnasts from each country can compete, she was to be left out. The team was leading Russia as the group moved to vault.
In the team competition, each gymnast performed two vaults however, only the higher score of the two vaults was counted. Phelps led the team off, followed by Chow, Miller, and Dawes, all with strong showings. With a narrow lead, Moceanu vaulted next, needing a 9.430 to secure the gold medal. On both of Moceanu's attempts, she was severely under-rotated and fell backwards onto the mat. She earned only a 9.200 which was not enough to clinch the gold medal as Russia was still performing on floor and could theoretically score as high as 10.00. In hindsight, it is known that Moceanu's 9.200 was in fact enough for the United States to win gold, however, they didn't know this with certainty at the time.
Strug vaulted next as the anchor of the team and performed the same vault as Moceanu, also falling backwards onto the mat. Upon standing up, it became apparent that Strug had suffered an injury to her ankle. As it was unknown to the team that they had already secured the gold medal, Strug was encouraged by her coach, Bela Karolyi, to vault again. Karolyi continuously chanted, "you can do it, Kerri!" which later became a mantra in popular culture. The secondary agenda, often overlooked by public awareness, is that Strug was in a tight contest with Moceanu to qualify for the All-Around competition. Each country in the 1996 Games could send only three gymnasts to the All-Around finals, and had Strug not vaulted again, she would have finished fourth behind Miller, Dawes, and Moceanu, just as she did in the 1992 Games, behind Miller, Okino, and Zmeskal. As Moceanu was Karolyi's star pupil, it's unclear if this development factored into her coach's desire for her to vault again. Exactly how this may have played a factor is unknown, as without a second vault Moceanu would've participated it the All-Around anyway.
Strug walked around, trying to shake off the injury to her ankle, as she headed back to the start of the vaulting runway with Karolyi's and her teammates' encouragement. She performed the vault well and nearly stuck the landing, however, she immediately lifted her injured leg and collapsed in pain, needing to be carried off the podium. The team was guaranteed the gold medal, and the crowd erupted with cheers. This image of Strug's vault instantly became the most enduring moment of the 1996 Olympics, and one of the most celebrated moments in American Olympic history. Strug not only qualified for vault finals, but also for the All-Around competition. In a twist of irony, the vault that secured her place in the All-Around also prohibited her from participating as she was too injured to compete, and Moceanu took her place. Miller took her place in vault finals, and Dawes took her place in floor finals. Additionally, Dawes qualified for vault finals during this competition, earning the team's high vault score of 9.762.
Strug was immediately carried away to a hospital tent, however, Karolyi, adamant that she not miss the medal ceremony, eventually carried her to the podium behind the team. Miller moved out of her assigned place in line (based on height) to Strug's left side to help lift Strug onto the podium along with Moceanu who was on Strug's right. Because of being whisked away from the team and the thick bandage on her leg, Strug didn't have time to put the pants of her warm-up suit on and thus was the only one not wearing them. Because of these factors, the resulting team photographs show a less uniform look amongst the teammates than in other years.
Despite Strug's heroic vault, Miller was the team's highest scoring member of the team competition, earning the second-highest two-day total in the entire competition (78.028, behind Lilia Podkopayeva's 78.061). However, Dawes (39.187) was the team's highest scoring member during the optionals portion of the competition (only Simona Amânar's optionals score of 39.387 was higher than that of Dawes), and Strug's optionals total (39.073) also narrowly outscored Miller's (38.967).
The team's gold medal victory was considered phenomenal for the United States because the then defunct Soviet Union had won the event in every Olympics it had entered since the 1950s. Furthermore, the United States had never won the event in either the Olympics or the World Championships, yet in Atlanta, they fielded the deepest American team in history up to that point and upstaged both the Russians and the Romanians, then reigning as World Champions.
Winning the gold medal instantly endeared the team to the American public, and tours, endorsement deals, interviews, and televised specials followed, earning them all a secure place in American Olympic and gymnastics history.
Olympic team scores[edit]
Rank
Team
Vault
Uneven
Bars
Balance
Beam
Floor
Total
Rank
C
O
Rank
C
O
Rank
C
O
Rank
C
O
Rank
United States (USA) 97.209 2 97.809 1 96.410 2 97.797 1 389.225
Shannon Miller 9.762 9.700 10 9.775 9.787 9 9.737 9.862 1 9.787 9.618 18 78.028 2
Dominique Dawes 9.725 9.762 8 9.762 9.850 5 9.425 9.725 11 9.687 9.850 7 77.786 6
Kerri Strug* 9.812 9.712 5 9.675 9.787 14 9.350 9.737 15 9.825 9.837 1 77.735 7
Dominique Moceanu 9.662 9.200 48 9.725 9.812 11 9.687 9.850 2 9.750 9.837 4 77.523 11
Jaycie Phelps 9.587 9.662 21 9.712 9.787 13 9.012 9.600 38 9.662 9.750 15 76.722 17
Amy Chow 9.700 9.712 11 9.762 9.837 6 39.011 95
Amanda Borden 9.312 9.725 19 9.712 9.762 10 38.511 97
*Strug qualified to all-around final, but did not participate due to injured ankle during Team Optionals. Moceanu participated in her place.
For all team scores see Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around.
Individual All-Around finals[edit]
In the individual All-Around finals, Dominique Moceanu had a big balance check after her punch front on the balance beam which ultimately knocked her out of contention when she only scored a 9.600. Despite the low score she still managed to finish 9th in the all-around. In stark contrast, Dominique Dawes and Shannon Miller both started out on the uneven bars, and after the first two rotations (uneven bars and balance beam) they were in 1st and 2nd place respectively. The excitement however, proved to be short lived. Miller came up short on her first tumbling pass on floor (a double layout), and stepped out of bounds on her last tumbling pass on floor (a full twisting double back). A score of 9.475 dashed any dreams of a medal for her. Next up was Dawes, and while doing a punch front on floor she fell out of bounds. She scored a 9.000 and just like that team USA was completely out of the all-around contention. Miller ended up placing 8th, while Dawes placed 17th. World champion Lilia Podkopayeva took the title and the gold, while the three Romanians took revenge for their disappointing team bronze by sweeping the other medals (Gina Gogean won silver, and Simona Amânar and Lavinia Miloşovici tied for bronze).[2][3][4][5]
Event finals[edit]
Vault[edit]
During event finals team USA did considerably better. On day one of event finals on vault both Shannon Miller (subbing for an injured Kerri Strug) and Dominique Dawes competed. Neither were flawless, with Miller falling on her second vault, and they finished 6th (Dawes) and 8th (Miller). Simona Amânar of Romania won with a 9.825 average, while Mo Huilan of China finished second (9.768) and Gina Gogean of Romania third (9.750).
Uneven bars[edit]
On the next event, uneven bars, both Amy Chow and Dominique Dawes competed. Amy Chow had a great routine to score a 9.837 which tied Bi Weijing for second. Svetlana Khorkina finished first (9.850) and Dominique Dawes finished fourth (9.800).
Balance beam[edit]
On the balance beam event finals was where the USA crowd saw the most drama. Dominique Moceanu and Shannon Miller were both competing, and they were both supposed to challenge for gold. Moceanu, however, had a very scary fall. During her flight series of a back handspring followed by three layouts, she missed her foot on the second layout but still flipped over and smashed her head into the beam. Somehow she was able to grab onto the beam with both hands, but the damage had already been done with a score of 9.125 and 6th place. Miller, however, did well to score a 9.862 and win the beam title.
This was the only individual gold for the United States at the 1996 Olympics and only the third ever individual Olympic gold for U.S. women's gymnastics – the first in a non-boycotted Olympics. (Mary Lou Retton won all-around gold in 1984 and Julianne McNamara won gold on uneven bars in 1984). Since then, six American female gymnasts have won individual Olympic gold medals: Carly Patterson (all-around in 2004), Nastia Liukin (all-around in 2008), Shawn Johnson (balance beam in 2008), Gabrielle Douglas (all-around in 2012), Aly Raisman (floor exercise in 2012),and Simone Biles (all-around, vault, and floor exercise in 2016).
Floor exercise[edit]
During the floor final Dominique Moceanu and Dominique Dawes both competed. They both had successful routines; however Dawes performed better for a 9.837 and 3rd place, while Moceanu received a 9.825 and 4th place. The crowd loved Moceanu's cute choreography and presentation, but her tumbling was not as difficult as the three medallists.
Post-Olympics[edit]
The Magnificent Seven went on tour after their gold medal performance. Strug, however, elected not to join the other six members and instead headlined a rival tour for considerably higher compensation than the other six.
The entire team appeared on a Wheaties cereal box and on several talk shows. Miller, once again the most successful member of the team following her five medal total in the Barcelona Games, captured the only individual gold for the American women. Her gold medal on the balance beam was a first for an American, followed only by Shawn Johnson at the 2008 games.
In 2008, Magnificent Seven was inducted into the United States Olympic Hall of Fame in the team category. The team received their award in Chicago with other Olympic greats.[6]
In 2012, viewers were able to vote on some of the greatest Olympic moments in NBC history for a special Top 30 Olympic Moments program to air July 21, prior to the London Olympics. Kerri Strug's vault was one of the clips and ended up receiving the most votes, placing first on the countdown.
On July 8-10th 2016 all of the Magnificent Seven were at the SAP center for the Olympic trials and the USA Gymnastics’ Parade of Olympians on July 9 in San Jose, Calif..
Gallery[edit]
Dominique Dawes in 2011
Dominique Moceanu in 2006
See also[edit]
Gymnastics portal
Olympics portal
Women's gymnastics events at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Fierce Five, the U.S. 2012 Summer Olympics women's artistic gymnastics team, who won the second team all-around gold medal
Final Five, the U.S. 2016 Summer Olympics women's artistic gymnastics team, who won the third team all-around gold medal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Story Of America's Most Decorated Olympic Gymnast Shannon Miller". Retrieved 2016-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Happy Landing". sportsillustraded.com. 1997-08-11. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Kerri Strug – The Historic Vault". Retrieved 2008-08-11.
Jump up ^ "51: Kerri Strug fights off pain, helps U.S. win gold". ESPN.com. c. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
Jump up ^ "A Hurting Kerri Strug Wasn't Ready to Stop Yet". The New York Times Online. 1996-03-04. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Samuelson, "Magnificent Seven" chosen for US Olympic hall". USA Today. 2008-04-15.
[show]
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1996 USA Olympic Gymnastics Team
Men's artistic gymnastics athletes
John Roethlisberger
Blaine Wilson
John Macready
Jair Lynch
Kip Simons
Chainey Umphrey
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Women's artistic gymnastics athletes (Magnificent Seven)
Amanda Borden
Amy Chow
Dominique Dawes
Shannon Miller
Dominique Moceanu
Jaycie Phelps
Kerri Strug
Rhythmic gymnastics athletes
Jessica Davis
Coaches
Márta Károlyi (Head Women's Artistic Gymnastic Coach)
Mary Lee Tracy (Assistant Head Women's Artistic Gymnastic Coach)
Béla Károlyi (Women's Artistic Gymnastic Coach)
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List of countries that border only one other country
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This is the list of countries that border only one other country, with only land borders being counted. Some of these countries have several neighbours "across the sea". As an example Denmark "borders" Sweden and Norway by sea, and Canada has sea boundaries with Denmark (between Baffin Island and Greenland) and France (between the island of Newfoundland and the territory of St. Pierre and Miquelon). Other countries, such as Sri Lanka, border only one other country by sea.
Territory leased or ceded by one country to another for perpetual use, but not in sovereignty, such as Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba, or memorials, such as the American Cemetery in France, do not constitute true territorial borders, because the land occupied remains a formal part of the host country.
Contents
[hide]
1 Countries bordering only one other country
2 Causeways, bridges, and tunnels
3 Dependent territories
4 Historical
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Countries bordering only one other country[edit]
Country
Neighbour
Border length (km)
Border length (mi)
Notes
Brunei Malaysia 381 237 [A]
Canada United States 8,893 5,526 [B]
Denmark Germany 68 42 [C]
Dominican Republic Haiti 360 220 [D]
The Gambia Senegal 740 460 [E]
Haiti Dominican Republic 360 220 [D]
Ireland United Kingdom 360 220 [F]
Lesotho South Africa 909 565 [G]
Monaco France 4.4 2.7
Papua New Guinea Indonesia 820 510 [H]
Portugal Spain 1,214 754
Qatar Saudi Arabia 60 37 [I]
San Marino Italy 39 24 [J]
South Korea North Korea 238 148 [K]
Timor-Leste Indonesia 228 142 [L]
United Kingdom Ireland 360 220 [M]
Vatican City Italy 3.2 2.0 [N]
Causeways, bridges, and tunnels[edit]
Passport Island, site of the land border between Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, is seen at the far left. Each nation has a border checkpoint on the island on opposite sides of the border.
Borders relevant to this list may include short borders in the middle of man-made constructions. Artificial islands and causeways are permanent geographic features.[citation needed]
Denmark: in addition to its border with Germany, technically also has an extremely short border with Sweden across the Øresund Bridge.
Singapore: although an island nation with no natural land borders, is connected to Malaysia by the Johor Causeway and the Malaysia–Singapore Second Link.
United Kingdom: in addition to its border with Ireland, has a border with France in the Channel Tunnel.
Bahrain: although an island nation with no natural land borders, it is connected to Saudi Arabia by the King Fahd Causeway at Passport Island.
Dependent territories[edit]
In some cases, a dependent territory of one nation borders another nation.
Akrotiri and Dhekelia: British sovereign base areas, border the Republic of Cyprus. Dhekelia also borders the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, but the latter is recognised only by Turkey.
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: Adélie Land, France's (largely unrecognised) claim in Antarctica borders only the Australian Antarctic Territory. (It also touches other claims at the South Pole.)
Gibraltar: a British overseas territory, occupies a small peninsula and has a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) land border with Spain.
Greenland: a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark, has a border dispute with Canada around the area of Hans Island. Canada recognises the international border as crossing through the middle of the Island.[clarify][dubious – discuss]
Hong Kong: comprising a continental portion and more than 200 islands in the South China Sea, was formerly ceded and leased by Qing China to the United Kingdom. It was returned to the People's Republic of China in 1997, but has since then operated with its own judicial system under the policy of "One Country, Two Systems". The land border and coastline, although no longer one between two states, are still controlled as though Hong Kong were an international exclave.
Macau: comprises a peninsula and one island in the South China Sea, 60 km (37 mi) west of Hong Kong, and like Hong Kong was formerly administered by a colonial power (in this case, Portugal) but returned to the People's Republic of China in 1999. It too has its own judicial system and retains border and coastal controls similar to those of an exclave.
Ross Dependency: New Zealand's (largely unrecognised) territorial claim in Antarctica borders only the Australian Antarctic Territory and the unclaimed Marie Byrd Land. (It also touches other claims at the South Pole.)
/ Saint Martin: The island is split between two island territories: the northern half, Saint-Martin, is a French overseas collectivity; the southern half, Sint Maarten, is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Historical[edit]
There were many countries that historically had only one neighbour. Some no longer exist while others now have either no land borders or borders with more than one nation due to border changes.
Korea bordered only China for several hundred years before 1860, after which a second international border with Russia appeared (approx. 17 km (11 mi) long), according to the Convention of Peking. Following the division of Korea in 1945 only North Korea now shares this border.
Ciskei, one of the South African "independent" homelands, reincorporated on April 27, 1994.
Venda, one of the South African "independent" homelands, was a true enclave bordering only South Africa and separated narrowly from Zimbabwe by the Madimbo corridor to the north; reincorporated on April 27, 1994.
Dominion of Newfoundland, with Canada, until March 31, 1949 when it became the Canadian province of Newfoundland (now named Newfoundland and Labrador).
The Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England bordered each other until 1707 when Scotland and England were united by the Acts of Union, see Anglo-Scottish border.
Japan bordered Russia on the island of Sakhalin from 1905 until 1910, when a second border with Manchuria (China) and the Russian Far East appeared upon Japan's annexation of Korea. Both Sakhalin and Korea were relinquished in 1945. (See Karafuto Prefecture and Empire of Japan).
Weihaiwei, 1898–1930, British colony on a leased territory from Manchu Qing Empire. Transferred to the Republic of China in 1930.
The Colony of Tasmania bordered only by the Colony of Victoria (on Boundary Islet), until the creation of the commonwealth of Australia.
See also[edit]
Enclave and exclave
Island country
Land borders
Landlocked country
List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders
List of enclaves and exclaves
List of island countries
List of divided islands
List of political and geographic borders
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak on the island of Borneo.
Jump up ^ The border around the area of Hans Island between Canada and Greenland (a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark) is disputed and undefined. Canada also shares a small maritime border with the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
Jump up ^ Since 1999, Denmark is connected to Sweden via the Øresund Bridge, which was opened in the year 2000.
^ Jump up to: a b On the island of Hispaniola.
Jump up ^ The Republic of the Gambia is bordered north, south and east by Senegal.
Jump up ^ The Republic of Ireland borders Northern Ireland, a constituent country of the United Kingdom, on the island of Ireland.
Jump up ^ Lesotho is an enclave which is entirely surrounded by South Africa.
Jump up ^ On the island of New Guinea.
Jump up ^ The planned Qatar–Bahrain Friendship Bridge would connect Qatar to Bahrain.
Jump up ^ San Marino is an enclave entirely surrounded by Italy.
Jump up ^ On the Korean Peninsula, at the Demarcation Line. The two countries are separated by a 4 km wide Demilitarized Zone.
Jump up ^ On the island of Timor.
Jump up ^ On the island of Ireland. The British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia border Spain and Cyprus respectively, but these territories are not part of the United Kingdom proper (see #Dependent territories section).
Jump up ^ The Vatican is an enclave entirely surrounded by Italy.
References[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_that_border_only_one_other_country&oldid=807718313"
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values: Yalnız bir ölkə ilə həmsərhəd olan ölkələrin siyahısı – Azerbaijani

values: Liste von Staaten mit nur einer Landgrenze – German

values: 한 나라와만 국경을 맞대고 있는 나라 목록 – Korean

values: Daftar negara yang hanya berbatasan dengan satu negara – Indonesian

values: Liste over land som kun grenser til ett annet land – Norwegian

values: Lista de países que possuem fronteiras terrestres com apenas um país – Portuguese

values: Luettelo valtioista, joilla on vain yksi maarajanaapuri – Finnish

values: దేశాల జాబితా – ఒకే దేశంతో సరిహద్దు కలిగినవి – Telugu

values: فہرست ممالک جو صرف ایک ملک کے ساتھ سرحد رکھتے ہیں – Urdu

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