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Point Place
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Point Place
Genre
Sitcom
Type
Town
First appearance
That '70s Pilot (23 August 1998 (1998-08-23))
Last appearance
That '70s Finale (18 May 2006 (2006-05-18))
Point Place is the fictional town in Wisconsin in which the television sitcom That '70s Show takes place. It is depicted as an archetypal American suburban community, inhabited largely by white Americans and the middle class, as befitting the socioeconomic outlook of the United States at the time. According to the episode "Hey Hey What Can I Do," Point Place's economy seems to be largely built around slaughtering (in fact, a later episode "Leaving Home Ain't Easy" reveals a roadway named "Slaughterhouse Way" because it leads to a slaughterhouse).
Contents
1 Background
2 Residences
3 Workplaces
4 Hangouts
5 Schools
6 Other places
7 Nearby fictitious locations
8 Nearby real locations
8.1 Chicago
8.2 Kenosha
8.3 Mackinac Island
8.4 Sheboygan
8.5 Green Bay
8.6 Madison
8.7 Milwaukee
8.8 Wisconsin Dells
9 References
Background[edit]
Over the course of the series, Point Place is depicted as a population center gradually evolving from an industrial town into a growing suburban city during the economic downturn of the mid-to-late 1970s. During the period between 1976 and 1980, small, locally owned businesses are forced to close as aggressive chain stores move in and rust-belt factories are shut down due to the fall in consumer demand. Other closings include the auto parts manufacturing plant (where Red Forman was a supervisor), a local appliance and electronics store, Bargain Bob's (owned and operated by Bob Pinciotti), the local Foto Hut chain (owned by Leo) and the Forman & Son muffler and auto repair shop (itself built in a former local muffler business). In their stead, large chain stores such as Price Mart and Muffler Master (which purchased the Forman & Son business) moved in and opened. During the eighth and final season, in contravention to this trend, the William Barnett-owned music chain Grooves is sold and closed, with the sole remaining store becoming the privately owned business of Barnett’s son, Steven Hyde.
The town is depicted as a somewhat rich town. Though Jackie thinks it looks like Paris (to which Donna replies "No wonder you think Kelso could be a model!"), the town is often verbally bashed by numerous characters throughout the series.
The "FAQ" on the program's official website says, "Point Place is a fictional suburb of Green Bay, Wisconsin. This is why many Wisconsinites may recognize names of towns such as Kenosha. In reality, the location of Point Place has no basis in actual Wisconsin geography.[1] There is an episode where the gang travels "down" to Kenosha to go to a movie."[2] This seemed to be directly contradicted by concrete information given in several episodes,[3] such as the fact in one episode ("The Velvet Rope") it was possible to drive to Chicago, attend a party and drive back in the course of a few hours; in another episode, Kelso explicitly states that Chicago is a two-hour drive from Point Place, consistent with the theory of a Kenosha-area location. Over the course of the series, many other local businesses and events were identified as being in or taking place in Kenosha (which is actually 155 miles from Green Bay). The name Point Place was chosen for the town because co-creator Bonnie Turner is from Toledo, Ohio where there is a section of town called Point Place.
Residences[edit]
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Forman residence - The main setting for most of the series. The Forman house is not home just to Red, Kitty, Eric and Laurie; most of the main cast members have stayed with the Formans at least once. Hyde was permanently taken in when his mother skipped town. Fez stays with them while Immigration Services conducts an investigation on him. Jackie secretly moves in with Hyde in the basement after her father is sent to prison and her mother is nowhere to be found. Donna spends the night with Eric on occasion and even Bob needed sanctuary once after being kicked out by Midge. Most scenes in the series were shot in the Forman's home, notably the basement, a favorite hangout spot and the locale for most of the "circle" scenes. Some of the most pivotal moments in Eric and Donna's relationship occur as they recline on the hood of the Vista Cruiser in the Forman driveway.[4]
Pinciotti residence - The house next door to the Forman's and a frequent setting for episodes in the series, primarily those involving members of the Pinciotti household: Bob, Midge and Donna. (There was also a younger sister, who was written out of the series). Eventually Bob and Midge break up but agree to continue living together even while dating other people, causing Donna much stress. In later seasons, Midge has run off, leaving Bob to stew over the depressing shambles of his former life. He starts dating again and eventually starts seeing Jackie's mom Pam, played by Brooke Shields. Midge returns unexpectedly and decides to shack up with Bob and Pam forming a triad type relationship
Burkhart residence - The house where Jackie lives until her father is carted off to prison. The planning committee for President Ford's visit is held here, as well as the "high class" party Jackie holds to test Kelso's fitness as a lifelong mate. Predictably, the evening ends in disaster at Kelso's hand, an incident that later leads to their breakup, along with Kelso's infidelity.
Fez's apartment - Fez's home after his marriage to Laurie fails and he has to find another place to live, (he also says his host parents, the Erdmans, found out he graduated high school). Initially he shares the place with Kelso. Red takes delight in messing up their apartment when they first move in. After Kelso moves to Chicago, Jackie moves in. Fenton (Jim Rash), being the landlord, lives below them.
Kelso residence - Though not seen as much as the above-mentioned residences, this is the house that Kelso, his brother Casey, (played by Luke Wilson) and their parents and five other siblings live. Donna and Eric both went there to confront Casey about his behavior. Eric also went there in need of a toilet (when he was unable to use either one at Donna's house or his house) but was rejected by Kelso for refusing to hold a party. Casey's bedroom is shown in Season 4, Ep 22, "Eric's Corvette Caper," when Donna and Jackie snoop around in his room while he is gone and are met by Kelso sleeping in Casey's bed.
Hyde Residence - The run-down dwelling Hyde and his mother lived in before she skipped town. Dilapidated and messy, it is unknown if such conditions arose after Edna's departure, or if the house had always been in a state of disarray.
Erdman residence - The Erdman couple initially host Fez. They have a distaste for rock & roll music and the devil. In Season 1 Episode 8, Hyde refers to them as Ozzie and Harry.
Trailer Park - An unnamed, rustic trailer park where Donna and Eric would've lived following their wedding had it happened.
Workplaces[edit]
Bargain Bob's - Bob's appliance store, apparently the only store open on Christmas Eve, which is seen during the first three seasons. Red briefly works there as well. When Price-Mart comes to Point Place, Bob can't compete with them and is forced to close the store.
Fotohut - The town's photo developing lab (based on Fotomat). It was located in a small shack in a grocery store parking lot. The business was run by town hippie Leo (Tommy Chong) with Hyde's assistance. Leo claims to own more of these huts but forgets where they are. When Leo disappears, Hyde, Kelso, Fez and Jackie discover that everything from the Fotohut has disappeared as well.
Grooves - The town's record store, opened in the late 1970s as part of the invasion of chain stores into Point Place's formerly locally owned business scene. It is owned by Hyde's biological father, William "W.B." Barnett, who later sells the chain and gives Hyde the last remaining store in the final season. By the end of the series, it is run by Hyde with help from Randy and Leo.
Forman & Son muffler shop - Red's muffler shop, which he opened in the seventh season. The name of the store is ironic, in that Eric never worked there, though Red did offer both him and Hyde a job. The shop is ultimately closed down in the eighth season after Red sells it to a big muffler chain and retires. The store is apparently turned into a parking lot by the chain.
Price-Mart - A one-stop shopping center akin to Kmart, which both Red and Eric work at during the second through fifth seasons; Red as the manager and Eric as a stock boy. Eric is ultimately fired by Red after he announces he's engaged to Donna and Red leaves the store after suffering a heart attack at the end of the fifth season.
WFPP ("The Sound") - A small radio station specializing in 1970s hard rock. Donna works there for most of the series as an intern and later a full-time DJ. Her on-air nickname is "Hot Donna."
Holiday Hotel - A hotel in Point Place where the high school job fair takes place. It is here that Hyde meets up with Roy Keene, his former "Big Brother," and takes a job as a hotel kitchen worker under Roy's supervision. It is also here that Kelso gets involved with the Point Place Police Academy during the job fair and in the interim takes a job as a bus boy for the hotel. Eric is in need of cash to support his family and marry Donna and wins the title of waiter in a competition against Kelso. Nurses conventions and weddings are frequently held at the Holiday Hotel. Presumably based on Holiday Inn.
Dog food factory - An unnamed factory owned by Joanne, Bob's girlfriend after Midge left. Eric briefly worked here as a coupon liaison after Red fired him from Price-Mart, and was fired by Joanne after she broke up with Bob.
Point Place Shopping Mall - Houses many of Point Place's retail amenities such as The Cheese Palace, where Jackie takes her first job as cheese maiden. Halverson's department store is where Kelso gets an underwear modeling job. The jewelry store is where the character Fenton is introduced, and it is mentioned he worked at the lingerie store before that. There is also a bridal store where Jackie goes every week to try on wedding dresses. The mall is one of Jackie's favorite places to be so she can pretend she is a Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader and sign autographs for 6th graders. Midge thinks the mall is a great place to wear White Shoulders perfume. Based on the glory days of 1970s shopping malls.
All That Glitters - All That Glitters is the jewelry store where Eric buys an engagement ring from Fenton. (Season 5 Episode 15)
Point Place Public Access - A public access TV station serving Point Place, offering programs such as local news and presumably "What's up Wisconsin?" hosted by Christine St. George (Mary Tyler Moore). Jackie once had a show where she mostly talked about trends she considered cool and bashed people she hated and later served as an intern for "What's up Wisconsin?" There was also a belly-dancing show that Bob Pinciotti once co-hosted (much to Donna's horror). It is unknown if the station is the same as or related to news-hosting WZUZ, as seen in the eighth-season episode, "Fun It."
Fatso Burger - An old fashioned burger joint that the gang likes to eat at. Eric's first job was here, though he left due to the demand for his time. The drive thru contains an iconic statue of the mascot Fatso the clown, which was once stolen by the gang and accidentally destroyed by Fez upon trying to return it. Bob impregnated Midge in the parking lot (apparently while she was drinking a milkshake). The manager of Fatso Burger was Ricky, portrayed by actor Danny Bonaduce.
Point Place Hospital - The town hospital where some of the major characters are sent when they are injured. Kelso is sent there after an allergic reaction to eggs (he drinks raw eggs to try and impress Jackie). It is also where most of the male characters go after falling off the water tower (though depending on the activity they may lie to their parents about it). Red is sent there after his heart attack at the end of season 5. Leo is sent there after a car accident in which Fez drives into some crates which fall on top of Leo. Kitty Forman, in the beginning of the series, works as a nurse there and later quits. She later returns and remains employed there throughout the rest of the series. Eric goes to work with her in the episode "Career Day."
Jeri's Fresh Hair - The hair salon which employs Fez in Seasons 7 and 8. It is also Donna Pinciotti's hair salon. Jackie Burkhart also works here briefly.
Hangouts[edit]
The Hub - Point Place's local teen hangout, a tiny short-order diner renowned amongst Point Place's youth for its French fries. While the pilot depicted it as being a toned-down version of a cowboy bar, subsequent episodes presented it as a 1950s-style soda fountain. Earlier episodes depicted it as containing a small pinball arcade primarily featuring the Williams pinball game "Travel Time."[5] The Hub also had fake wood paneling and what appears to be a large peace sign painted on the wall behind the jukebox, although as the series progressed and video games rose in popularity, the machines were removed and replaced by a Space Invaders cabinet and the Hub was painted, replacing the wood with a simple white wall.
The water tower - Point Place's signature landmark and a popular after-hours hangout spot for the town's youth, which has been repeatedly vandalized by the gang, including the painting of a pot leaf (although it looks more like a hand giving the finger), one testicle, and the tag "MICHAEL + JACKIE" (which was later repainted erroneously into "MICHAEL + FEZ"). A running gag involves someone—usually Kelso—falling off the tower every time the characters climb it. Charlie Richardson is the only known person to have died from falling off the water tower (resulting in its rechristening as the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower). Those from the gang who fall off it rarely end up in a hospital; most times they get away with scratches and bruises (to which Kelso once remarked "Screw that, I'm invincible!" after falling off the tower shortly after Charlie's death). The tower was also the site of Eric and Donna's engagement. It was also the site of Fez's and Jackie's first official kiss as a couple. In the final episode, Fez and Hyde trick Kelso into jumping off the tower one last time.
Mount Hump - A popular destination to have sex. Donna and Eric considered this spot for their wedding, making a scouting trip with Kelso's van, which they ultimately destroyed during so. The guys try to row a canoe down the mountain once. A nearby lake (where the gang has camped before) is reputedly filled with alligators, though this is mostly a myth cooked up by the cops for reasons unknown.
Schools[edit]
Point Place High - The high school of the town. Every major character attended high school here. The team name is the Vikings. The gym is the town bomb shelter. Eric always has the best parking spot next to the exit. The high school resides at 2120 South Michigan Ave., Point Place, WI. The street address is an in-joke; 2120 South Michigan Avenue is the name of a 1964 instrumental by The Rolling Stones, itself based on the street address of the offices and recording studios of Chess Records and Checker Records, at 2120 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago.
Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow - An all-girls Catholic school established about 10 miles from Eric's house. Donna was sent here for her senior year as punishment for running off to California.
Old Maine - The elementary school most of the gang attended until it burned down. The gang returned here on Halloween one year to find their permanent records had survived the fire.
Point Place Junior College - An unseen community college Donna attends in lieu of going to the University of Wisconsin to be with Eric (it is also implied Randy attends here). While the education is described as lackluster, the college is located right next to a Dairy Queen (Free Peanut Buster Parfaits are handed out the first day of class).
Point Place Police Academy - The academy all new recruits for the Point Place Police force go to in order to learn about police basics. Kelso attends the school to become a cop, though temporarily transferred to an academy in Waukegan, Illinois after he accidentally burns down the one in Point Place during flare gun practice gone awry.
Other places[edit]
Point Place Veteran's Association - A VFW type place for military veterans. The place was known for excluding National Guardsmen until Bob sent a series of angry letters to get them to change their policy. Red is well known here. The place is notoriously anti-hippie, even setting up Jane Fonda targets in the urinals, though Leo was treated with respect due to his veteran status.
Point Place Church - An unnamed church attended by the Formans. The denomination is never stated; it has no priests and no apparent Catholic iconography but it is nonetheless attended by Bob and Midge Pinciotti, established Catholics. In Season 1 Episode 10 "Sunday Bloody Sunday," Red's mother, Bernice Forman notes the number of Polish in the congregation. Services have been officiated by two different characters: Pastor Dave (Kevin McDonald) and Pastor Dan (Billy Dee Williams). Eric Forman also mentions taking communion in one episode.
Funland - An amusement park about 12 miles from Eric's house. The mascots are Woofy the Funland dog and the Funland Princess. When Woofy hears someone ask for the time he jumps in and says it's always "fun o'clock" (except for closing time), usually followed by a barbershop quartet. Kelso gets lost every time he goes there because "there's fun around every corner."
War Memorial Auditorium - A stadium built mainly for concerts. The gang sees Ted Nugent there in one episode.
Nipple Creek - An unseen creek that was mentioned as a possible location for Eric and Donna's wedding.
The Viking Lodge - This is for elderly men what the Hub is for the youth. This is the place where elderly men, including Red (and, twice, Steven Hyde) hang out and hide from their wives. It is also known for having a sauna, where Hyde gets uncomfortable when the old men open their robes.
Bus station - A bus station for Greyhound and other cross country buses. In season 1 episode 9, the Forman family pick up Laurie and Kate (Laurie's friend) on their Thanksgiving holiday visit back from college. Eric dropped Donna off here when she was planning to go to college (though she stayed behind). In another episode, Kelso tries to drop Jackie off here so she can head for Chicago to begin her new job, but she refuses because "other people's butts have been in those seats" and demands Kelso drive her there.
Charlie's Bar - A bar in Point Place where some of the adults and possibly the teens hang out. On Red's last day of work at the auto parts plant, he joins his co-workers at the bar for one last drink. This is the only time Red drinks with them here (the co-workers are presumably hated by Red but are friends with each other and apparently hang out here).
Phillies - A diner briefly shown in the eighth episode of season 1 where Red and Kitty eat. The camera zooms out, showing the diner from Nighthawks.
Blannigan's - This casual restaurant for young folk replaced the high class The Lion's Head restaurant, which previously burned down. Both of these venues are featured in the season 1, episode 8 Drive-In, when Red and Kitty are trying to be more spontaneous, due to poor results in a Cosmo survey.
K-Mart - Jackie mentions one is opening up on Franklin Street.
Point Place Meditation Supply and Dried Fruit Depot - The store where Kitty purchased her meditation supplies in Season 7, Episode 5. Kitty viewed the store name as clever. Eric remarked that his mother had a low bar for thinking of something as clever, a realization that he said colored many of the compliments she had given him.
The Slaughterhouse (unseen) - A slaughter house located in or near the town on Slaughterhouse Drive. It's possible one of the positions Eric was interviewed for in "Hey, Hey, What Can I Do?" by the company that owns the slaughterhouse.
The Arboretum (unseen) - Donna and Eric visited seeing plants and trees from around the world. Eric said it was a "great day" until Donna left and then said to the guys it was a "horrible day" with "little signs with Latin". (Season 5 Episode 11)
Nearby fictitious locations[edit]
Burkhart Cabin - Directions may make it hard to locate: "Interstate 43 to Wisconsin Highway 60, head east when it gets different, go a ways past the fancy thing and turn left at the ugly house..."
Nearby real locations[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This section contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (February 2017)
Chicago[edit]
Eric, Donna, Fez, and Hyde are shown attending a popular disco club in Chicago (Donna is admitted immediately, while Fez, Hyde and, Eric have to do some convincing with the bouncer). Jackie briefly moves here to start a television job, but leaves due to conflicts with Hyde and Kelso, the latter of whom moves there full time to be closer to his daughter and start a job at the Playboy Club during the final season.
Kenosha[edit]
Kitty refers to another city, Kenosha, as "quite a drive," and Eric bargains his curfew to be pushed to 1 am on Saturday night, implicating quite some distance in "That Disco Episode" (season 1 episode 7).
Midge Pinciotti refers to a community college in Kenosha. She is taking the class, The Woman Warrior: Fighting Female Stereotypes in the season 1, episode 14 "Stolen Car."
The National Guard Armory at Kenosha hosts World Wrestling Federation professional wrestling in "That Wrestling Show" (Season 1 Episode 15).
They are also seen going to a roller disco in Kenosha (Season 3 Episode 5).
Mackinac Island[edit]
Kitty reminisces dancing to the song Volare by Dean Martin at The Avalon, a venue on Mackinac Island that she and Red used to frequent. Eric implies that this is an even further drive from Point Place than is Kenosha in "That Disco Episode" (season 1 episode 7).
Sheboygan[edit]
Bob Pinciotti mentions that Point Place is on a downturn. His immediate assumption is that it is the "...evil spilling over from Sheboygan," in "The Keg" (Season 1 Episode 6).
Green Bay[edit]
When Laurie comes from college for the Thanksgiving break (Season 1 Episode 9), Eric makes fun of Laurie's decision to major in philosophy. Eric cracks a joke that there's a new philosophy factory in Green Bay while poking fun of Laurie's job prospect if she graduates college. A seventh season episode features Red and the kids attending a Packers-Chicago Bears game at Lambeau Field
Madison[edit]
Madison is the home to the University of Wisconsin-Madison where Laurie attended briefly and where the boys attend Visitors Weekend. The hear they'll be staying at a coed dorm (fictitious "North Residence Hall"), until Red hears and instead they stay in Red and Kitty's motel room (Season 5 Episode 6).
Milwaukee[edit]
Donna and Jackie visit Marquette University in Milwaukee to potentially attend, against Donna's wishes (Season 5 Episode 6). It is also the location of William Barnett's main offices, as shown in season 7.
Wisconsin Dells[edit]
Kitty is excited about a potential vacation to the Wisconsin Dells. She says it is three counties away and that they will have to take the interstate.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kenosha,+WI/Green+Bay,+WI/@43.5602991,-89.3787811,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x88055e372255d1e5:0x6d11785b8a32df18!2m2!1d-87.8211854!2d42.5847425!1m5!1m1!1s0x8802e2e809b380f3:0x6370045214dcf571!2m2!1d-88.019826!2d44.519159
Jump up ^ That '70s Show, Frequently Asked Questions.
Jump up ^ "That '70s Show (1998) - FAQ".
Jump up ^ "That '70s Show took TV adolescence down into the basement (where it belongs)". 2014-07-30. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
Jump up ^ Internet Pinball Machine Database: Williams 'Travel Time' Images
Jump up ^ "That '70s Show - Sheer Heart Attack Aired on FXP - Ark TV Transcript - Search what is being mentioned across national TV". mreplay.com. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
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Membrane models
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This article discusses the cell membrane models proposed from the years 1880 to 2000, which all led to the discovery of the current Fluid Mosaic Model of membranes.
For artificial membranes, see Model membrane.
Before the emergence of electron microscopy in the 1950s, scientists did not know the structure of a cell membrane or what its components were; biologists and other researchers used indirect evidence to identify membranes before they could actually be visualized. Specifically, it was through the models of Overton, Langmuir, Gorter and Grendel, and Davson and Danielli, that it was deduced that membranes have lipids, proteins, and a bi-layer. The advent of the electron microscope, the findings of J. David Robertson, the proposal of Singer and Nicolson, and additional work of Unwin and Henderson all contributed to the development of the modern membrane model. However, understanding of past membrane models elucidates present-day perception of membrane characteristics. Following intense experimental research, the membrane models of the preceding century gave way to the fluid mosaic model that is accepted today.
Contents
1 Gorter and Grendel's membrane theory (1925)
2 The Davson and Danielli model with backup from Robertson (1940–1960)
3 Singer and Nicolson's fluid mosaic model (1972)
4 Henderson and Unwin's membrane theory
5 See also
6 References
Gorter and Grendel's membrane theory (1925)[edit]
Diagram of the arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules to form a lipid bi-layer. The yellow polar head groups separate the grey hydrophobic tails from the aqueous cytosolic and extracellular environments.
Evert Gorter and François Grendel (Dutch physiologists) approached the discovery of our present model of the plasma membrane structure as a lipid bi-layer. They simply hypothesized that if the plasma membrane is a bi-layer, then the surface area of the mono-layer of lipids measured would be double the surface area of the plasma membrane. To examine their hypothesis, they performed an experiment in which they extracted lipids from a known number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) of different mammalian sources, such as humans, goats, sheep, etc. and then spreading the lipids as a mono-layer in a Langmuir-Blodgett trough. They measured the total surface area of the plasma membrane of red blood cells, and using Langmuir's method, they measured the area of the mono-layer of lipids. In comparing the two, they calculated an estimated ratio of 2:1 Mono-layer of lipids:Plasma membrane. This supported their hypothesis, which led to the conclusion that cell membranes are composed of two apposing molecular layers.[1] The two scientists proposed a structure for this bi-layer, with the polar hydrophilic heads facing outwards towards the aqueous environment and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards away from the aqueous surroundings on both sides of the membrane. Although they arrived at the right conclusions, some of the experimental data were incorrect such as the miscalculation of the area and pressure of the lipid mono-layer and the incompleteness of lipid extraction. They also failed to describe membrane function, and had false assumptions such as that of plasma membranes consisting of mostly lipids. However, on the whole, this envisioning of the lipid bi-layer structure became the basic underlying assumption for each successive refinement in modern understanding of membrane function.[2]
The Davson and Danielli model with backup from Robertson (1940–1960)[edit]
Trilaminar appearance of cell membrane
Following the proposal of Gorter and Grendel, doubts inevitably arose over the veracity of having just a simple lipid bi-layer as a membrane. For instance, their model could not provide answers to questions on surface tension, permeability, and the electric resistance of membranes. Therefore, physiologist Hugh Davson and biologist James Danielli suggested that membranes indeed do have proteins. According to them, the existence of these "membrane proteins" explained that which couldn't be answered by the Gorter-Grendel model.
In 1935, Davson and Danielli proposed that biological membranes are made up of lipid bi-layers that are coated on both sides with thin sheets of protein and they simplified their model into the "pauci-molecular" theory.[3] This theory declared that all biological membranes have a "lipoid" center surrounded by mono-layers of lipid that are covered by protein mono-layers. In short, their model was illustrated as a "sandwich" of protein-lipid-protein. The Davson-Danielli model threw new light on the understanding of cell membranes, by stressing the important role played by proteins in biological membranes.
By the 1950s, cell biologists verified the existence of plasma membranes through the use of electron microscopy (which accounted for higher resolutions). J. David Robertson used this method to propose the unit membrane model.[4] Basically, he suggested that all cellular membranes share a similar underlying structure, the unit membrane. Using heavy metal staining, Robertson's proposal also seemed to agree instantaneously with the Davson-Danielli model. According to the trilaminar pattern of the cellular membrane viewed by Robertson, he suggested that the membranes consist of a lipid bi-layer covered on both surfaces with thin sheets of proteins. This suggestion was a great boost to the proposal of Davson and Danielli.[5] However, even with Robertson's substantiation, the Davson-Danielli model had serious complications, a major one being that the proteins studied were mainly globular and couldn't therefore fit into the model's claim of thin protein sheets. These difficulties with the model stimulated new research in membrane organization and paved the way for the fluid mosaic model, which was proposed in 1972.
Singer and Nicolson's fluid mosaic model (1972)[edit]
Main article: Fluid mosaic model
In 1972, S. Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicolson developed new ideas for membrane structure. Their proposal was the fluid mosaic model, which is the dominant model now. It has two key features—a mosaic of proteins embedded in the membrane, and the membrane being a fluid bi-layer of lipids. The lipid bi-layer suggestion agrees with previous models but views proteins as globular entities embedded in the layer instead of thin sheets on the surface.
According to the model, membrane proteins are in three classes based on how they are linked to the lipid bi-layer:
Integral proteins: Immersed in the bi-layer and held in place by the affinity of hydrophobic parts of the protein for the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids on interior of the layer.
Peripheral proteins: More hydrophilic, and thus are non-covalently linked to the polar heads of phospholipids and other hydrophilic parts of other membrane proteins on the surface of the membrane.
Lipid anchored proteins: Essentially hydrophilic, so, are also located on the surface of the membrane, and are covalently attached to lipid molecules embedded in the layer.
As for the fluid nature of the membrane, the lipid components are capable of moving parallel to the membrane surface and are in constant motion. Many proteins are also capable of that motion within the membrane. However, some are restricted in their mobility due to them being anchored to structural elements such as the cytoskeleton on either side of the membrane.
In general, this model explains most of the criticisms of the Davson–Danielli model. It eliminated the need to accommodate membrane proteins in thin surface layers, proposed that the variability in the protein/lipid ratios of different membranes simply means that different membranes vary in the amount of protein they contain, and showed how the exposure of lipid-head groups at the membrane surface is compatible with their sensitivity to phospholipase digestion. Also, the fluidity of the lipid bi-layers and the intermingling of their components within the membrane make it easy to visualize the mobility of both lipids and proteins.
Singer and Nicolson's fluid mosaic model
Henderson and Unwin's membrane theory[edit]
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). Ion channels are integral membrane proteins of great importance for living organisms.
Henderson and Unwin have studied the purple membrane by electron microscopy, using a method for determining the projected structures of unstained crystalline specimens. By applying the method to tilted specimens, and using the principles put forward by DeRosier and Klug for the combination of such two-dimensional views, they obtained a 3-dimensional map of the membrane at 7 Å resolution. The map reveals the location of the protein and lipid components, the arrangement of the polypeptide chains within each protein molecule, and the relationship of the protein molecules in the lattice.[6]
High-resolution micrographs of crystalline arrays of membrane proteins, taken at a low dose of electrons to minimize radiation damage, have been exploited to determine the three-dimensional structure by a Fourier transform. Recent studies on negatively stained rat hepatocyte gap junctions subjected to 3-dimensional Fourier reconstructions (of low-dose electron micrographs) indicate that the six protein sub-units are arranged in a cylinder slightly tilted tangentially, enclosing a channel 2 nm wide at the extracellular region. The dimensions of the channel within the membrane were narrower but could not be resolved (Unwin and Zampighi, 1980). A small radical movement of the sub-units at the cytoplasmic ends could reduce the sub-unit inclination tangential to six-fold axis and close the channel.[7]
Further details of the molecular organization should emerge as more methods of preparation become available, so that high-resolution 3-dimensional images comparable to the purple membranes are obtained. By using ingenious procedures for the analysis of periodic arrays of biological macromolecules, in which data from low-dose electron images and diffraction patterns were combined, Henderson and Unwin (1975) reconstructed a three-dimensional image of purple membranes at 0.7 nm resolution. Glucose embedding was employed to alleviate dehydration damage and low doses (< 0.5 e/A*) to reduce the irradiation damage. The electron micrographs of unstained membranes were recorded such that the only source of contrast was a weak phase contrast induced by defocusing.
In their experiment, Unwin and Henderson found that protein extends to both sides of the lipid bi-layer and is composed of seven α-helices packed about 1–1.2 nm apart, 3.5–4.0 nm in length, running perpendicular to the plane of membrane. The molecules are organized around a 3-fold axis with a 2 nm-wide space at the center that is filled with lipids. This elegant work represents the most significant step forward thus far, as it has for the first time provided us with the structure of an integral membrane protein in situ. The availability of the amino acid sequence, together with information about the electron scattering density from the work of Henderson and Unwin, has stimulated model-building efforts (Engleman et al., 1980) to fit the bacteriorhodopsin sequence information into a series of α-helical segments.
See also[edit]
Cell biology
Cell theory
History of cell membrane theory
Membrane protein
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Membrane – An Introduction" (PDF). Wiley-VCH. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Becker's World of the Cell (8th ed.). University of Wisconsin-Madison: Jeff Hardin. 2012.
Jump up ^ Robertson, J. David. "Membrane Structure" (PDF). jcb.rupress.org. jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Heuser, John E. "In Memory of J.David Robertson" (PDF). heuserlab.wustl.edu. heuserlab.wustl.edu. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Hardin, Jeff; Kleinsmith, Lewis J.; Bertoni, Gregory; Becker, Wayne M. (2012). World of the Cell (Eighth ed.). US: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. pp. 158–163. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ R. Henderson & P. N. T. Unwin (September 4, 1975). "Three-dimensional model of purple membrane obtained by electron microscopy" (PDF). Nature. Cambridge: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. 257: 28, 29. doi:10.1038/257028a0.
Jump up ^ Malhotra, S. K. (1983). The Plasma membrane. Canada: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 3, 92, 93, 95.
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NBA Rookie of the Year Award
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hideNational Basketball Association awards and honors
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The National Basketball Association's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given to the top rookie(s) of the regular season. Initiated following the 1952–53 NBA season, it confers the Eddie Gottlieb Trophy, named after the former Philadelphia Warriors head coach.
The winner is selected by a panel of United States and Canadian sportswriters and broadcasters,[1] each casting first, second, and third place votes (worth five points, three points, and one point respectively). The player(s) with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award.[2]
The most recent Rookie of the Year winner is Ben Simmons. Twenty-one winners were drafted first overall. Sixteen winners have also won the NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) award in their careers; Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld earning both honors the same season. Nineteen of the forty two non-active winners have been elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Three seasons had joint winners—Dave Cowens and Geoff Petrie in the 1970–71 season, Grant Hill and Jason Kidd in the 1994–95 season, and Elton Brand and Steve Francis in the 1999–2000 season.[3] Five players won the award unanimously (by capturing all of the first-place votes) – Ralph Sampson, David Robinson, Blake Griffin, Damian Lillard, and Karl-Anthony Towns.[4]
Patrick Ewing of Jamaica,[5] Pau Gasol of Spain, Kyrie Irving and Ben Simmons of Australia and Andrew Wiggins of Canada are the only winners not born in the United States. Three of these individuals have dual nationality by birth—Wiggins and Simmons have American fathers, and both of Irving's parents are Americans. Ewing immigrated to the Boston area at age 11, Irving moved to the United States at age 2, and Wiggins and Simmons moved to the U.S. while in high school. Gasol is the only winner trained totally outside the U.S.
Contents
1 Winners
2 Unofficial winners
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Winners[edit]
Wilt Chamberlain won the award in the 1959–60 NBA season.
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award in the 1969–70 NBA season.
Larry Bird won the award in the 1979–80 NBA season.
Michael Jordan won the award in the 1984–85 NBA season.
Allen Iverson won the award in the 1996–97 NBA season.
Pau Gasol won the award in the 2001–02 NBA season.
LeBron James won the award in the 2003–04 NBA season.
Kevin Durant won the award in the 2007–08 NBA season.
Derrick Rose won the award in the 2008–09 NBA season.
Key
^
Denotes player who is still active in the NBA
*
Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Denotes unanimous winners
DP #
Draft pick number
DY
Draft year
T
Territorial pick
Rookie of the Year
Season
Player
Position
Nationality
Team
DP #
DY
1952–53
Don Meineke
Forward/Center United States Fort Wayne Pistons 12 1952
1953–54
Ray Felix
Center United States Baltimore Bullets 1 1953
1954–55
Bob Pettit*
Forward/Center United States Milwaukee Hawks 2 1954
1955–56
Maurice Stokes*
Forward/Center United States Rochester Royals 2 1955
1956–57
Tom Heinsohn*
Forward United States Boston Celtics T 1956
1957–58
Woody Sauldsberry
Forward/Center United States Philadelphia Warriors 60 1957
1958–59
Elgin Baylor*
Forward United States Minneapolis Lakers 1 1958
1959–60
Wilt Chamberlain*[a]
Center United States Philadelphia Warriors T 1959
1960–61
Oscar Robertson*
Guard United States Cincinnati Royals 1/T 1960
1961–62
Walt Bellamy*
Center United States Chicago Packers 1 1961
1962–63
Terry Dischinger
Forward/Guard United States Chicago Zephyrs 8 1962
1963–64
Jerry Lucas*[b]
Forward/Center United States Cincinnati Royals T 1962[b]
1964–65
Willis Reed*
Center/Forward United States New York Knicks 8 1964
1965–66
Rick Barry*
Forward United States San Francisco Warriors 2 1965
1966–67
Dave Bing*
Guard United States Detroit Pistons 2 1966
1967–68
Earl Monroe*
Guard United States Baltimore Bullets 2 1967
1968–69
Wes Unseld*[a]
Center/Forward United States Baltimore Bullets 2 1968
1969–70
Lew Alcindor*
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks 1 1969
1970–71[c]
Dave Cowens*
Center/Forward United States Boston Celtics 4 1970
1970–71[c]
Geoff Petrie
Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 8 1970
1971–72
Sidney Wicks
Forward/Center United States Portland Trail Blazers 2 1971
1972–73
Bob McAdoo*
Center/Forward United States Buffalo Braves 2 1972
1973–74
Ernie DiGregorio
Guard United States Buffalo Braves 3 1973
1974–75
Jamaal Wilkes*
Forward/Guard United States Golden State Warriors 11 1974
1975–76
Alvan Adams
Center/Forward United States Phoenix Suns 4 1975
1976–77
Adrian Dantley*
Forward/Guard United States Buffalo Braves 6 1976
1977–78
Walter Davis
Guard/Forward United States Phoenix Suns 5 1977
1978–79
Phil Ford
Guard United States Kansas City Kings 2 1978
1979–80
Larry Bird*[d]
Forward United States Boston Celtics 6 1978[d]
1980–81
Darrell Griffith
Guard United States Utah Jazz 2 1980
1981–82
Buck Williams
Forward/Center United States New Jersey Nets 3 1981
1982–83
Terry Cummings
Forward United States San Diego Clippers 2 1982
1983–84
Ralph Sampson*
Center/Forward United States Houston Rockets 1 1983
1984–85
Michael Jordan*
Guard United States Chicago Bulls 3 1984
1985–86
Patrick Ewing*
Center United States[e] New York Knicks 1 1985
1986–87
Chuck Person
Forward United States Indiana Pacers 4 1986
1987–88
Mark Jackson
Guard United States New York Knicks 18 1987
1988–89
Mitch Richmond*
Guard United States Golden State Warriors 5 1988
1989–90
David Robinson* [f]
Center United States San Antonio Spurs 1 1987[f]
1990–91
Derrick Coleman
Forward United States New Jersey Nets 1 1990
1991–92
Larry Johnson
Forward United States Charlotte Hornets 1 1991
1992–93
Shaquille O'Neal*
Center United States Orlando Magic 1 1992
1993–94
Chris Webber
Forward/Center United States Golden State Warriors 1 1993
1994–95[c]
Grant Hill*
Forward/Guard United States Detroit Pistons 3 1994
1994–95[c]
Jason Kidd*
Guard United States Dallas Mavericks 2 1994
1995–96
Damon Stoudamire
Guard United States Toronto Raptors 7 1995
1996–97
Allen Iverson*
Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers 1 1996
1997–98
Tim Duncan
Forward/Center United States[g] San Antonio Spurs 1 1997
1998–99
Vince Carter^
Guard/Forward United States Toronto Raptors 5 1998
1999–00[c]
Elton Brand
Forward United States Chicago Bulls 1 1999
1999–00[c]
Steve Francis
Guard United States Houston Rockets 2 1999
2000–01
Mike Miller
Forward/Guard United States Orlando Magic 5 2000
2001–02
Pau Gasol^
Forward/Center Spain Memphis Grizzlies 3 2001
2002–03
Amar'e Stoudemire
Forward/Center United States Phoenix Suns 9 2002
2003–04
LeBron James^
Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers 1 2003
2004–05
Emeka Okafor^
Center/Forward United States Charlotte Bobcats 2 2004
2005–06
Chris Paul^
Guard United States New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets 4 2005
2006–07
Brandon Roy
Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 6 2006
2007–08
Kevin Durant^
Forward United States Seattle SuperSonics 2 2007
2008–09
Derrick Rose^
Guard United States Chicago Bulls 1 2008
2009–10
Tyreke Evans^
Guard/Forward United States Sacramento Kings 4 2009
2010–11
Blake Griffin^ [h]
Forward United States Los Angeles Clippers 1 2009[h]
2011–12
Kyrie Irving^
Guard United States Cleveland Cavaliers 1 2011
2012–13
Damian Lillard^
Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 6 2012
2013–14
Michael Carter-Williams^
Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers 11 2013
2014–15
Andrew Wiggins^
Forward/Guard Canada Minnesota Timberwolves 1 2014
2015–16
Karl-Anthony Towns^
Center United States[i] Minnesota Timberwolves 1 2015
2016–17
Malcolm Brogdon^
Guard United States Milwaukee Bucks 36 2016
2017–18
Ben Simmons^
Forward/Guard Australia Philadelphia 76ers 1 2016[j]
Unofficial winners[edit]
Prior to the 1952–53 season, the Rookie of the Year was selected by newspaper writers;[18] however, the NBA does not officially recognize those players as winners. The league did publish the pre-1953 winners in their 1994–95 edition of the Official NBA Guide and the 1994 Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia, but those winners have not been listed in subsequent publications.[18][19][20]
Season
Player
Position
Nationality
Team
DP #
DY
1947–48
Paul Hoffman
Guard/Forward United States Baltimore Bullets 70 1947
1948–49
Howie Shannon
Guard/Forward United States Providence Steamrollers 1 1949
1949–50
Alex Groza
Center United States Indianapolis Olympians 2 1949
1950–51
Paul Arizin*
Forward/Guard United States Philadelphia Warriors T 1950
1951–52[c]
Bill Tosheff
Guard United States Indianapolis Olympians 32 1951
1951–52[c]
Mel Hutchins
Forward/Center United States Milwaukee Hawks 2 1951
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
NBA Development League Rookie of the Year Award
NBA Rookie of the Month Award
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in same year.
^ Jump up to: a b Though drafted in 1962 by the Cincinnati Royals, Jerry Lucas did not sign with the team until 1963 when he tried to sign with the Cleveland Pipers of the American Basketball League instead. He ended up sitting out the year when the deal fell through. His rookie season with the Royals began in the 1963–64 season.[6]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Denotes seasons in which joint winners were named
^ Jump up to: a b Though drafted in 1978 by the Boston Celtics, Larry Bird, opted to stay in college for his senior year, did not play in the NBA until 1979. His rookie season with the Celtics began in the 1979–80 season.[7]
Jump up ^ Patrick Ewing was born in Jamaica, but had become a naturalized United States citizen while playing college basketball at Georgetown.[8] He represented the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics.[9]
^ Jump up to: a b Though drafted in 1987 by the San Antonio Spurs, David Robinson did not play in the NBA until 1989 due to commitments to the United States Navy.[10] His rookie season with the Spurs began in the 1989–90 season.[11]
Jump up ^ Because Tim Duncan is a United States citizen by birth, as are all natives of the U.S. Virgin Islands,[12] he was able to play for the U.S. internationally. He represented the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics[13]
^ Jump up to: a b Though drafted in 2009 by the Los Angeles Clippers, Blake Griffin missed the entire 2009–10 season due to a knee injury. His rookie season with the Clippers was the 2010–11 season.[14]
Jump up ^ Karl-Anthony Towns was born and raised in the United States to an American father and a Dominican mother.[15] He has represented the Dominican Republic internationally since 2012.[16]
Jump up ^ Though drafted in 2016 by the Philadelphia 76ers, Ben Simmons missed the entire 2016–17 season due to his broken right foot. His rookie season with the Sixers was the 2017–18 season.[17]
References[edit]
General
"Rookie of the Year Award". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved April 27, 2007.
"Rookie of the Year Award Winners". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Wolves' Towns named 2015-16 Kia Rookie of the Year". NBA.com. May 16, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Trail Blazers' Brandon Roy Named 2006-07 T-Mobile NBA Rookie of the Year". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. May 3, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Brand, Francis named NBA co-rookies of the year". CBC Sports. November 10, 2000. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ "It's unanimous: Karl-Anthony Towns gets every first-place vote for Rookie of the Year". StarTribune.com. Minneapolis Star Tribune. May 16, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bargnani becomes first European top NBA draft pick". People's Daily Online. June 29, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Jerry Lucas Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Larry Bird Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Ralph Wiley (January 7, 1985). "The Master Of The Key: After years of relying on others to unlock doors for him, Georgetown's center Patrick Ewing will soon go off on his own". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "All-Time USA Basketball Men's Roster: E". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on August 4, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Dave Anderson (May 18, 1987). "Sports of the Times; The Robinson Plot Thickens". The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "David Robinson". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved June 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Virgin Islands". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "All-Time USA Basketball Men's Roster: D". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Griffin's rookie season lost to injury". ESPN.com. January 13, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Zgoda, Jerry (June 26, 2015). "Karl-Anthony Towns taken No.1 by Wolves; Tyus Jones acquired in trade with Cavaliers". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Calipari makes Dominican team roster cuts". WKYT. June 16, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Philadelphia 76ers announce Ben Simmons done for season". NBA.com. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, David (March 2, 2009). "Bill Tosheff: NBA Co-Rookie of the Year and Tireless Advocate for the "Pre-1965ers". 20 Second Timeout. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Allan (October 30, 1994). "NBA forgot it honored Hoffman". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sachare, Alex (1994). The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia. New York: Villard Books. p. 371. ISBN 978-0-679-43293-7.
show
v
t
e
NBA Rookie of the Year Award
1953: Meineke
1954: Felix
1955: Pettit
1956: Stokes
1957: Heinsohn
1958: Sauldsberry
1959: Baylor
1960: Chamberlain
1961: Robertson
1962: Bellamy
1963: Dischinger
1964: Lucas
1965: Reed
1966: Barry
1967: Bing
1968: Monroe
1969: Unseld
1970: Alcindor
1971: Cowens & Petrie
1972: Wicks
1973: McAdoo
1974: DiGregorio
1975: Wilkes
1976: Adams
1977: Dantley
1978: Davis
1979: Ford
1980: Bird
1981: Griffith
1982: Williams
1983: Cummings
1984: Sampson
1985: Jordan
1986: Ewing
1987: Person
1988: Jackson
1989: Richmond
1990: Robinson
1991: Coleman
1992: Johnson
1993: O'Neal
1994: Webber
1995: Hill & Kidd
1996: Stoudamire
1997: Iverson
1998: Duncan
1999: Carter
2000: Brand & Francis
2001: Miller
2002: Gasol
2003: Stoudemire
2004: James
2005: Okafor
2006: Paul
2007: Roy
2008: Durant
2009: Rose
2010: Evans
2011: Griffin
2012: Irving
2013: Lillard
2014: Carter-Williams
2015: Wiggins
2016: Towns
2017: Brogdon
2018: Simmons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=852303406"
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