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Pardes (film)
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Pardes
Poster
Directed by
Subhash Ghai
Produced by
Subhash Ghai
Written by
Subhash Ghai
Neeraj Pathak
Javed Siddiqui
Starring
Shah Rukh Khan
Amrish Puri
Mahima Chaudhry
Apoorva Agnihotri
Alok Nath
Himani Shivpuri
Aditya Narayan
Music by
Nadeem-Shravan
Cinematography
Kabir Lal
Edited by
Renu Saluja
Distributed by
Mukta Arts
Release date
8 August 1997 (1997-08-08)
Running time
191 mins
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Budget
₹10 crore (US$1.5 million)[1]
Box office
₹41 crore (US$6.0 million)[1]
Pardes (English: Foreign Land) is a 1997 Indian Hindi-language musical drama film directed by Subhash Ghai. It was released on 8 August 1997.[2] The film stars Shahrukh Khan, Amrish Puri, Alok Nath and newcomers Mahima Chaudhry and Apurva Agnihotri. The film was a commercial, critical and musical hit. Mahima Chaudhry won the Best Newcomer Award for her performance. The film was remade in Telugu as Pelli Kanuka (1998).
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.1.1 India
4.1.2 Overseas
4.2 Critical reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Pardes is a story that discusses the cultural values of the East and West portrayed by Arjun (Shah Rukh Khan) and Ganga (Mahima Chaudhary). Kishorilal (Amrish Puri) is a wealthy businessman living in America visits his old friend Suraj Dev (Alok Nath) in India. During his stay at the conservative traditional Indian household, he gets to know Suraj's eldest daughter Ganga who shares his love for Indian culture.
Ganga's younger siblings are enchanted by the uncle from America because they perceive Western culture and values to be more desirable. They come up with a plan to impress him with an English song. Unimpressed, he sings back a hymn-like song in a more traditional Indian style, "I Love My India." Ganga joins in this song, expressing her equal love for India. The song emphasizes the movie's theme in key moments. After this event, Kishorilal asks Suraj to promise Ganga as a bride for his westernized son, Rajiv (Apoorva Agnihotri). He is convinced that Ganga will be not only a perfect bride, but she will also be able to revive treasured Indian values and make sure it is passed on to his Americanized family.
Kishorilal knows he will have a tough time trying to convince his son to meet Ganga let alone marry her. Back in America, he asks his foster son, Arjun (Shahrukh Khan) to help his plan move along. Arjun has values similar to Kishorilal and Ganga. He spends most of his time working full-time in his uncle's garage and in the spare time he composes music and is being interviewed for composing a new hit song. However, when Kishorilal calls to ask for his help, his loyalty to his uncle is so strong that he cuts the interview short.
Arjun flies to India ahead of Rajiv to set the stage for him to meet Ganga, unintentionally offending Ganga's family with a barrage of orders that includes removing farm animals from around the house and gardens into a nearby farm (to be out of sight) and relocating their servants from residing inside the house to living outdoors. As a result of this Ganga dresses up with horn-rimmed eyeglasses and buck teeth, sending Arjun into a panic about the success of Kishorilal's plans. Later he gets a chance to meet the authentic Ganga, he is entranced.
In an effort to make up for his offensive behaviour Arjun promises to be a trustworthy friend and asks her how he should make amends. Immediately, Ganga requests he return the farm animals and the servants back into the house. She explains to Arjun that in her family, they love all who are a part of it, even animals and servants. This is in direct contrast to Arjun's western view that they are not very important.
When Rajiv arrives, he also acts offensively; sometimes intentionally, and sometimes because he has no idea of what Indians consider rude or inappropriate. Arjun, despite his own attraction to Ganga, smooths the way for Rajiv to bond with Ganga, as per Kishorilal's wishes. In his determination to make Rajiv's marriage happen with Ganga Arjun deceives Ganga about Rajiv's character and habits; he assures her that Rajiv is a "nice guy" he also covers up for Rajiv, telling Ganga the cigarettes she found in Rajiv's room are his own.
Rajiv and Ganga both agree to marry each other thanks to Arjun's efforts. The engagement is set in India, but the families agree that Ganga should visit America before her wedding day. Soon after her engagement, Ganga arrives in the USA but her feelings are hurt as her traditional dress is despised by Rajiv's snarky mother. After a few weeks in the USA, Ganga is home-sick. Her only true friend is Arjun with whom she begins to form a special bond. One day, she is invited to attend a very large and influential gathering arranged by Kishorilal and is also invited to sing. She sings the same "I Love My India" and receives warm, sincere applause.
Gradually Ganga realizes that Rajiv isn't the person Arjun had portrayed him to be when they were in India. Rajiv not only seems eager to leave her at home whenever possible, with little explanation or apology. When he does bring her out with his friends, he smokes, gets drunk and acts like a bully. At one party, he is drinking and flirting with other women while another man begins dancing too closely with Ganga. Rajiv ignores the situation, Arjun loses his temper and fights the man to the ground. Later, Ganga is shocked to discover pictures of Rajiv with his girlfriend that clearly show he has had a sexual relationship with her. She is also astonished to find that Kishorilal's family treats Arjun, a trusted member as a servant.
When Rajiv abandons Ganga for dinner with his girlfriend, Ganga confronts Arjun and demands an explanation. Arjun justifies Rajiv's behaviour, reminding Ganga that Rajiv lives like an American and that she should not make a fuss about such a petty affair. This exchange leads to a key monologue from Ganga. Infuriated that Arjun sees Rajiv's casual, unapologetic unfaithfulness as a "petty affair", she tells him that she needs "Love" – the kind of love he (Arjun) gives others. She further rejects being made into a "decoration" to fit into Kishorilal's palatial mansion. At this point, Arjun realizes that he has fallen in love with Ganga, but because of his immense loyalty to Kishorilal, he continues to encourage her to continue with the engagement and worry about changing Rajiv later.
The next day, it is Arjun's birthday and he is depressed, a thoughtful Ganga senses his frustration and asks Rajiv to accompany her to wish Arjun a "happy birthday". Rajiv refuses, making it clear that he views Arjun as some kind of servant. Hence, Ganga visits the garage without Rajiv, throwing a surprise party to liven up Arjun's spirits. Rajiv's hostile aunt Neeta notices the growing friendship between Ganga and Arjun and warns Kishorilal. He arranges for Arjun to relocate urgently telling him he has been promoted, and must start with attending a board meeting the following morning in another city far away. Kishorilal then plans a short outing vacation for Rajiv to be with Ganga in Las Vegas.
In Las Vegas, Rajiv gets drunk and reveals his contempt for his fellow Indians; he derides Indians as "hypocrites" and "stupid". Ganga heatedly responds that Indians hate America's drug-riddled, amoral alternative and slaps Rajiv. Furious, he tries to rape Ganga; after a violent struggle, she knocks him unconscious and flees.
Rajiv informs Kishorilal who quickly starts looking for the missing Ganga. Arjun finds her crying at a train station with her clothes torn. He tries to persuade her to go back to Kishorilal's home, but she refuses. Arjun promises to protect her and help her get back to her family safely in India. After Arjun and Ganga safely arrive in India, Kishorilal informs Suraj that Arjun eloped with Ganga and Suraj quickly picks up a family sword that hangs on the wall. Arjun seizes that sword and swears to Ganga's faithfulness and chastity. Then Arjun leaves, intending never to return. Meanwhile, Ganga is not allowed to say a word, and is locked inside a horse shed. Ganga's younger siblings and grandmother sneak in and advise her to run away with Arjun. It is now that Ganga realizes that she is in love with Arjun, and with their help, secretly leaves home. By this time, Kishorilal has arrived in India with Rajiv.
Ganga catches up with Arjun at a temple, and demands that he express his love but Arjun is still loyal to Kishorilal and refuses to marry her. Ganga is devastated but before Arjun walks away, Rajiv turns up with several thugs to kill Arjun but Ganga protects Arjun using her body as a shield.
In the ensuing fight, Arjun takes a terrible beating before getting the upper hand. Kishorilal arrives with Suraj just as Arjun is about to kill Rajiv. Kishorilal furiously suggests that Arjun "honorably" kill himself with a conveniently handy gun, and demands Arjun "tell the truth" about how he came to be in India with Rajiv's promised bride. This leads to the second key monologue of the film.
Arjun confronts Kishorilal with "not wanting to know the truth; people who want the truth, don't ask for it with a gun". He accuses Kishorilal of having become a true Westerner after all, since his wealth has eviscerated his compassion and ability to examine the truth when it doesn't match what he wants it to be. Confessing that he does, in truth, love Ganga, he affirms that he never pursued her and has acted honourably, while Rajiv in every way rejected honourable action and lied about how Ganga came to have returned so suddenly to India; not only was Ganga (personification of the most valued aspects of Indian culture), unable to merge with Western culture, Western values (in the person of Rajiv) almost utterly ruined Ganga.
Ganga confirms Rajiv's attempted rape, which shocks everyone, then tells her father she is willing to die by whatever means he chooses; poison, fire, or hunger. This pivotal scene both verbalizes and symbolizes how good, happy, pure Ganga (Indian values), instead of being able to uplift and enrich Rajiv (Western values), has been sacrificed to the unsuccessful attempt to merge India with the West.
Moreover, but realizing he has indeed heard the truth, Kishorilal affirms that Ganga will marry his son. Rejecting Rajiv (and, symbolically, his own Western compromises), he embraces Arjun as his true son, and along with Suraj and his family blesses the upcoming marriage between Arjun and Ganga.
Cast[edit]
Shahrukh Khan as Arjun Sagar, Kishorilal's foster son who is also a talented singer.
Mahima Chaudhry as Kusum Ganga, a.k.a.Ganga Rajiv's wife to be who falls in love with Arjun.
Amrish Puri as Kishorilal a wealthy businessman who lives in America.
Apurva Agnihotri as Rajiv, Kishorilal's son and Arjun's foster brother.
Alok Nath as Suraj Dev, Ganga's father
Akshata Rao as Narmada, wife of Suraj Dev
Dina Pathak as Suraj's mother
Himani Shivpuri as Kulwanti
Madhuri Bhatia as Neeta, Rajiv's aunt who despises Ganga.
Smita Jaykar as Paddy
Pawan Malhotra as Sharafat Ali
Prachi Save as Daksha
Aditya Narayan as Potla (Ganga's little brother)
Ajay Nagrath as Daboo (Ganga's little brother)
Samta Sagar as Sonali
Subhash Ghai as Singer on the boat (special appearance)
Rakesh Thareja as Paul (Rajiv's friend)
Soundtrack[edit]
Pardes
Soundtrack album by Nadeem Shravan
Genre
Feature film soundtrack
Label
Tips
Zee Music Company
Producer
Srinjoy Bhattacharya
The soundtrack was composed by the duo Nadeem-Shravan, while the lyrics can be credited to Anand Bakshi. It was released under the label of Tips Music Films. The album was very successful among the audience. The tracks "Do Dil Mil Rahe Hai", "I Love My India", "Meri Mehbooba", "Yeh Dil Dewaana" and "Jahan Piya" was immensely popular with songs being played till date. Music director duo Nadeem-Shravan received a Filmfare nomination for the album and won a Star Screen Award for Best Music Director. Ghai wanted A.R.Rahman to compose the music of this film, but Rahman politely declined the offer since he has busy with mega projects in the South Indian Tamil film industry
Track list
No
Title
Singer(s)
1 "Nahin Hona Tha" Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan, Hema Sardesai, Sabri Bros.
2 "Meri Mehbooba" Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
3 "Yeh Dil Deewana" Sonu Nigam, Vocals by Shankar Mahadevan, Ehsaan Noorani
4 "I Love My India" Kavita Krishnamurthy, Hariharan, Aditya Narayan
5 "My First Day in USA" Hema Sardesai
6 "Do Dil Mil Rahe Hain" Kumar Sanu
7 "Jahan Piya Wahan Main" K. S. Chitra
8 "I Love My India" (Part 2) Kavita Krishnamurthy
9 "Title Music" Sapna Awasthi, Shankar Mahadevan
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Pardes grossed ₹34.83 crore (US$5.1 million) in India and $1.7 million (₹6.12 crore) in other countries, for a worldwide total of ₹40.95 crore (US$6.0 million), against its ₹10 crore (US$1.5 million) budget. It had a worldwide opening weekend of ₹3.40 crore (US$490,000), and grossed ₹6.19 crore (US$900,000) in its first week.[1] It is the 4th-highest-grossing film of 1997 worldwide.[3]
India[edit]
It opened on Friday, August 8, 1997, across 210 screens, and earned ₹61 lakh (US$89,000) nett on its opening day. It grossed ₹2 crore (US$290,000) nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of ₹3.64 crore (US$530,000) nett. The film earned a total of ₹22.83 crore (US$3.3 million) nett, and was declared "Super Hit" by Box Office India.[1] It is the 4th-highest-grossing film of 1997 in India.[4]
Overseas[edit]
It earned $1.7 million (₹6.12 crore in 1997) outside India.[1] Overseas, it is the 2nd-highest-grossing film of 1997 after Dil To Pagal Hai which grossed $3.3 million (₹12.04 crore in 1997).[5]
Pardes worldwide collections breakdown
Territory
Territory wise Collections break-up
India Nett Gross:
₹22.83 crore (US$3.3 million)
Entertainment tax:
₹12 crore (US$1.7 million)
Total Gross:
₹34.83 crore (US$5.1 million)
International
(outside India) $1.7 million (₹6.12 crore in 1997)
Worldwide ₹40.95 crore (US$6.0 million)
Critical reception[edit]
Pardes received mixed reviews from critics. Praise was given to the music, however aspects of the script were criticised.[6][7]
India Today cites it as one of the first major Bollywood pictures to succeed in the United States.[8]
In their book, New Cosmopolitanisms: South Asians in the US, Gita Rajan and Shailja Sharma view the film as a dichotomous depiction of the good NRI versus bad NRI, with Khan depicting the good immigrant, who assists the rowdy Indian American playboy Rajiv (Apurva Agnihotri), the bad. Khan's character of Arjun is perceived as a metaphor for cosmopolitanism or Indian cultural nationalism in the wider sense, in direct contrast to Rajiv who represents wealthy Westernization and all its negative vices and connotations.[9]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Pardes". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 7 August 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pardes - Movie - Box Office India". boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Top Worldwide Grossers 1997". Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top India Total Nett Gross 1997". Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top Overseas Gross 1997". Box Office India. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Planet Bollywood: Film Review: Pardes". planetbollywood.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pardes". ApunKaChoice. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pardes (1997)". India Today. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Sharma & Rajan 2006, p. 126.
Bibliography
Sharma, Edited by Gita Rajan and Shailja; Rajan, Gita (2006). New Cosmopolitanisms: South Asians in the US. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-6784-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Pardes on IMDb
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t
e
Films by Subhash Ghai
Director
Kalicharan (1976)
Vishwanath (1978)
Gautam Govinda (1979)
Karz (1980)
Krodhi (1981)
Vidhaata (1982)
Hero (1983)
Meri Jung (1985)
Karma (1986)
Ram Lakhan (1989)
Saudagar (1991)
Khalnayak (1993)
Pardes (1997)
Taal (1999)
Yaadein (2001)
Kisna: The Warrior Poet (2005)
Black & White (2008)
Yuvvraaj (2008)
Kaanchi: The Unbreakable (2014)
Producer
Hero (1983)
Karma (1986)
Ram Lakhan (1989)
Saudagar (1991)
Khalnayak (1993)
Trimurti (1995)
Pardes (1997)
Taal (1999)
Rahul (2001)
Yaadein (2001)
Ek Aur Ek Gyarah (2003)
Joggers' Park (2003)
Aitraaz (2004)
Kisna: The Warrior Poet (2005)
Iqbal (2005)
Shaadi Se Pehle (2006)
36 China Town (2006)
Apna Sapna Money Money (2006)
Good Boy, Bad Boy (2007)
Bombay to Bangkok (2008)
Black & White (2008)
Yuvvraaj (2008)
Noukadubi (2011)
Samhita (2013)
Double Di Trouble (2014)
Hero (2015)
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Rena Sofer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rena Sofer
Sofer in 2014
Born
Rena Sherel Sofer
(1968-12-02) December 2, 1968 (age 48)
Arcadia, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1988–present
Spouse(s)
Wally Kurth (m. 1995–97)
Sanford Bookstaver (m. 2003)
Children
2
Rena Sherel Sofer (born December 2, 1968) is an American actress, primarily known for her appearances in daytime television, episodic guest appearances, and made-for-television movies. In 1995, Sofer received a Daytime Emmy Award for her portrayal of Lois Cerullo in the soap opera General Hospital.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Early daytime television
2.2 Daytime television
2.3 Primetime television
2.4 Film
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Sofer was born in Arcadia, California, the daughter of Susan (née Franzblau), a psychology professor, and Martin Sofer, a Conservative Jewish rabbi.[1][2] Her family subsequently moved to Pittsburgh, where she was raised after her parents' divorce.[1] Sofer attended the Frisch School, a Jewish high school in Paramus, New Jersey.[3] She lived in North Bergen, New Jersey, where her father was Rabbi of Temple Beth El, and graduated from North Bergen High School, before beginning classes at Montclair State College.[4][5]
Career[edit]
Early daytime television[edit]
Sofer first played Lois Marie Cerullo on General Hospital. Her first appearance was in 1993 as a band manager.
Daytime television[edit]
Sofer's first high-profile role was as Rocky on the daytime soap opera Loving (1988–91). She is perhaps best known for her role as Lois Cerullo on General Hospital (December 15, 1993 – September 24, 1996). She would later return as a guest star (February 7–17, 1997; September 30-October 2, 1997). Her portrayal of the outrageous Lois won Sofer a Daytime Emmy Award in 1995 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.
In May 2013, it was announced that Sofer would join the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful, in a newly created role of Quinn Fuller; her first episode aired on July 12.[6]
Primetime television[edit]
Sofer has appeared in several high-profile prime time television series in a guest star/supporting cast member roles: Seinfeld, Melrose Place, The Chronicle, Ed, Friends, Spin City, Blind Justice, Ghost Whisperer, 24, NCIS, and Two and a Half Men.
Sofer briefly joined the cast of the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me!, playing the character Vicky Costa.[7] The network later cast Sofer in the short-lived US remake of the UK series Coupling.
In recent years, Rena Sofer has appeared in the NBC TV series Heroes as the recurring character Heidi Petrelli, wife of aspiring politician Nathan Petrelli (Adrian Pasdar). She appeared on Two and a Half Men in 2008, as a former girlfriend of the character Charlie Harper (Charlie Sheen).[8] Rena also has guest starred on Dirty Sexy Money playing an intrepid reporter[9] and played a ghost on Ghost Whisperer. In early 2010, Sofer began a recurring role on NCIS as Attorney Margaret Allison Hart, who is a potential love interest for the character Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon). She had a brief guest role on Bones as a love interest for the character Seeley Booth (David Boreanaz).
In 2013, Sofer had a publicized appearance on Once Upon a Time, playing Snow White's mother.[10]
Film[edit]
In film, she appeared as a love interest of Ben Stiller's character in the film Keeping the Faith, starring Jenna Elfman, Stiller and Edward Norton (who also directed). She also played a bride to-be with Melanie Griffith in Sidney Lumet's movie A Stranger Among Us and in Penelope Buitenhuis's movie The Secret of Hidden Lake.
She played the P.E. teacher Ms. Desjarden in the television film adaptation of Carrie in 2002.
She starred in the television movie Always and Forever which aired October 24, 2009 on the Hallmark Channel.
She also starred as Andrea Larson in the television movie Saved by the Bell: Hawaiian Style.
Personal life[edit]
Sofer and General Hospital love interest and co-star Wally Kurth became involved as their characters' storyline progressed. In 1995, the actors were married and had a daughter, Rosabel Rosalind Kurth. In 1997, Sofer and Kurth divorced.
Sofer married television director/producer Sanford Bookstaver in 2003. On August 5, 2005, Sofer gave birth to her first child with Bookstaver, named Avalon Leone, in Los Angeles.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1992 Stranger Among Us, AA Stranger Among Us Shayna
1992 Saved by the Bell: Hawaiian Style Andrea Larson TV Movie
1994 Twin Sitters Judy
1996 Hostile Advances: The Kerry Ellison Story Kerry Ellison TV Movie
1997 Stepsister, TheThe Stepsister Darcy Canfield Ray TV Movie
1998 Nightmare Street Penny Randolph
2000 Keeping the Faith Rachel Rose
2000 Traffic Helena's Friend
2001 March Hedy Pullman
2002 Carrie Miss Desjarden TV Movie
2006 Secret of Hidden Lake, TheThe Secret of Hidden Lake Maggie Dolan TV Movie
2009 Rock Slyde Sara
2009 Always and Forever Grace Holland TV Movie
2010 Sarah Teenage Sarah
2010 Devil's Teardrop, TheThe Devil's Teardrop Joan TV Movie
2011 Another Man's Wife Hadley Warner TV Movie
Television[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1987 Another World Joyce Abernathy
1988-1991 Loving Amelia McKenzie Domeq
1992 Freshman Dorm Veronica 2 episodes
1993 Herman's Head Stephanie Episode: "When Hermy Met Crawford's Girlfriend"
1993-1997 General Hospital Lois Cerullo Main role
1996 Caroline in the City Risa Glickman Episode: "Caroline and the Nice Jewish Boy"
1997 Seinfeld Mary Anne Episode: "The Muffin Tops"
1998 Glory, Glory Elizabeth TV Pilot
1998 Ellen Jean Episode: "Womyn Fest"
1998 Two Guys, a Girl, and a Pizza Place Lauren Henderson Episode: "Two Guys, a Girl, and a Recovery"
1998 Timecop Dr. Carrie Ann Trent Episode: "D.O.A."
1998-1999 Melrose Place Eve Cleary Main role (Credited as a Recurring Character) 25 episodes
1999 Oh, Grow Up Suzanne Vandermeer 12 episodes
2000 Opposite Sex Ms. Gibson Episode: "Pilot"
2000 Spin City Sam Episode: "Lost and Found"
2001 Weber Show, TheThe Weber Show Dawn Cheswick Episode: "Dog Eat Dog"
2001 Ed Bonnie Hane 7 episodes
2001-2002 Chronicle, TheThe Chronicle Grace Hall 22 episodes
2002 Friends Katie Episode: "The One with the Cooking Class"
2002-2003 Just Shoot Me! Vicki Costa 14 episodes
2003 CSI: Miami Alison Episode: "Grave Young Men"
2003 Coupling Susan Freeman 9 episodes
2005 Blind Justice Christie Dunbar 13 episodes
2006-2007 Heroes Heidi Petrelli 5 episodes
2007 24 Marilyn Bauer 12 episodes
2008 Ghost Whisperer Tammy Episode: "Ball & Chain"
2008, 2010 Two and a Half Men Chrissy 2 episodes
2009 Dirty Sexy Money News Reporter Episode: "The Facts"
2009 Monk Kim Kelly Episode: "Mr. Monk's Favorite Show"
2009 Criminal Minds Erika Silverman Episode: "The Slave of Duty"
2010 Bones Dr. Catherine Bryar Episode: "The Predator in the Pool"
2010 NCIS Margaret Allison Hart 6 episodes
2010 Royal Pains AJ Episode: "Open Up Your Yenta Mouth and Say Ah"
2010 Medium Dr. Natalie Salem Episode: "Native Tongue"
2011-2012 Covert Affairs Geena 3 episodes
2012 House M.D. Marlene Reese Episode: "Man of the House"
2012 Glades, TheThe Glades Alexis Cane Episode: "Old Times"
2012 Beauty & the Beast Sabrina Meyer Episode: "Bridesmaid Up!"
2013 Once Upon a Time Queen Eva Episode: "The Queen is Dead"
2013–present The Bold and the Beautiful Quinn Fuller Main role; 478 episodes
2014 Chicago PD Doctor Episode: "Chin Check"
Awards and nominations[edit]
List of acting awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Title
Result
Ref.
1995 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series General Hospital Won [11]
1995 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Younger Lead Actress General Hospital Won [12]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rena Sofer at the Internet Movie Database
Jump up ^ http://www.cityviewnc.com/a-woman-apart-by-nomee-landis
Jump up ^ Dickter, Adam. Sofer Sex, The Jewish Week, September 19, 2003.
Jump up ^ "Rena Sofer", Oh, Grow Up, WCHS. Accessed September 22, 2011. "Born in Arcadia, California, Rena moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, following her parents' divorce, and later to North Bergen, New Jersey, where she finished high school."
Jump up ^ Lipton, Michael A. "Heart Condition: For Rena Sofer, Checking into General Hospital Meant Finding a Healing Love with Costar Wally Kurth", People (magazine), October 31, 1994. Accessed September 22, 2011. "Neither parent remarried, and today Sofer maintains close relations with both her father, who presides at Temple Beth El in North Bergen, N.J., and her mother, a professor of developmental psychology at the University of North Carolina in Fayetteville.... She took a drama class during her senior year at North Bergen High School and then, after less than a semester at Montclair State College, took acting lessons in New York."
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (May 20, 2013). "Exclusive: Rena Sofer Joins The Bold and the Beautiful". TV Guide. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sandell, Scott. "TUNED IN; A New Face, but the Usual 'Shoot'", Los Angeles Times, October 1, 2002. Accessed June 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ Waldman, Allison. "Rena Sofer booked on Two and a Half Men", TV Squad, August 8, 2008. Accessed August 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ Shhh! Rena Sofer Has a Dirty Sexy Little Secret!" TV Guide. November 10, 2008. Retrieved on November 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Once Upon a Time Exclusive: Rena Sofer Cast as Snow White's Mother". TV Guide. 9 January 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Winners of Daytime Emmy Awards at a glance". The Daily Union. Kansas: Montgomery Communications, Inc. Associated Press. May 21, 1995. p. 2. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Days of Our Lives' Wins Best Soap Opera Award". The Durant Daily Democrat. Associated Press. February 19, 1995. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
External links[edit]
Rena Sofer on IMDb
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Irrigation in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An irrigation canal in Gujarat. Irrigation contributes significantly to the agriculture in India.
Irrigation in India includes a network of major and minor canals from Indian rivers, groundwater well based systems, tanks, and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities. Of these groundwater system is the largest.[1] In 2010, only about 35% of total agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated.[2] About 2/3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on monsoons.[3] Irrigation in India helps improve food security, reduce dependence on monsoons, improve agricultural productivity and create rural job opportunities. Dams used for irrigation projects help produce electricity and transport facilities, as well as provide drinking water supplies to a growing population, control floods and prevent droughts.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Ancient India
1.2 Islamic era
1.3 Colonial era
2 Irrigation trends since 1947
3 Statewise irrigation types, capacity and actual
4 Project classification
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Ancient India[edit]
The earliest mentions of irrigation are found in Rigveda chapters 1.55, 1.85, 1.105, 7.9, 8.69 and 10.101.[5] The Veda mentions only well-style irrigation,[6] where kupa and avata wells once dug are stated to be always full of water, from which varatra (rope strap) and cakra (wheel) pull kosa (pails) of water. This water was, state the Vedas, led into surmi susira (broad channels) and from there into khanitrima (diverting channels) into fields.[5]
Later, the 4th-century BCE Indian scholar Pāṇini, mentions tapping several rivers for irrigation.[5][7] The mentioned rivers include Sindhu, Suvastu, Varnu, Sarayu, Vipas and Chandrabhaga.[5] Buddhist texts from the 3rd century BCE also mention irrigation of crops.[6] Texts from the Maurya Empire era (3rd century BCE) mention that the state raised revenue from charging farmers for irrigation services from rivers.[5][8]
Patanjali, in Yogasutra of about the 4th century CE, explains a technique of yoga by comparing it to "the way a farmer diverts a stream from an irrigation canal for irrigation".[9][10] In Tamil Nadu, the Grand Anicut (canal) across the Kaveri river was implemented in the 3rd century CE, and the basic design is still used today.[8]
Islamic era[edit]
Waterworks were undertaken during the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire era from the 12th to 18th centuries. However, these were primarily to supply water to the palaces and parks of the sultans and other officials.[11]
Colonial era[edit]
Ganges irrigation canal built during the colonial era, and inaugurated in 1854.
In 1800, some 800,000 hectares was irrigated in India.[8] The British Raj by 1940 built significant number of canals and irrigation systems in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,[12] Punjab, Assam and Orissa.[13][14][15] The Ganges Canal reached 350 miles from Haridwar to Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh. In Assam, a jungle in 1840, by 1900 had 4,000,000 acres under cultivation, especially in tea plantations. In all, the amount of irrigated land multiplied by a factor of eight. Historian David Gilmour states British colonial government had built irrigation network with Ganges canal and that, "by the end of the century the new network of canals in the Punjab" were in place.[16]
Much of the increase in irrigation during British colonial era was targeted at dedicated poppy and opium farms in India, for exports to China.[17][18][19] Poppy cultivation by the British Raj required reliable, dedicated irrigation system.[20] Large portions of the eastern and northern regions of India, namely United Provinces, Northwestern Provinces, Oudh, Behar, Bengal and Rewa were irrigated to ensure reliable supply of poppy and opium for China.[21] By 1850, the Asian opium trade created nearly 1,000 square kilometers of poppy farms in India in its fertile Ganges plains, which increased to over 500,000 acres by 1900.[21] This diversion of food crop land to cash crop use, state scholars, led to massive famines over the 1850 to 1905 period.[22][23]
Major irrigation canals were built after millions of people died each in a series of major famines in the 19th century in British India.[8][23] In 1900, British India (including Bangladesh and Pakistan) had about 13 million ha under irrigation. In 1901 the Viceroy, Lord Curzon, appointed a Commission chaired by Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff to draw up a comprehensive irrigation plan for India. In 1903 the Commission's report recommended irrigation of an additional 2.6 million hectares.[24][25] By 1947, the irrigated area had increased to about 22 million ha.[8] In Northwestern British India region alone, with the colonial government's effort, 2.2 million hectares of previously barren land was irrigated by 1940s, most of which is now part of Pakistan.[26] Arthur Cotton led some irrigation canal projects in the Deccan peninsula, and landmarks are named after him in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. However, much of the added irrigation capacity during the colonial era was provided by groundwater wells and tanks, operated manually.[27]
Irrigation trends since 1947[edit]
One of the sections of Bhakra Canal system in north India. This canal network irrigates over 4 million hectares of land.[28]
India's irrigation covered crop area was about 22.6 million hectares in 1951, and it increased to a potential of 90 mha at the end of 1995, inclusive of canals and groundwater wells.[29] However, the potential irrigation relies of reliable supply of electricity for water pumps and maintenance, and the net irrigated land has been considerably short. According to 2001/2002 Agriculture census, only 58.1 million hectares of land was actually irrigated in India.[30] The total arable land in India is 160 million hectares (395 million acres). According to the World Bank, only about 35% of total agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated in 2010.[2]
The ultimate sustainable irrigation potential of India has been estimated in a 1991 United Nations' FAO report to be 139.5 million hectares, comprising 58.5 mha from major and medium river-fed irrigation canal schemes, 15 mha from minor irrigation canal schemes, and 66 mha from groundwater well fed irrigation.[29]
India's irrigation is mostly groundwater well based. At 39 million hectares (67% of its total irrigation), India has the world's largest groundwater well equipped irrigation system (China with 19 mha is second, USA with 17 mha is third).[1]
India has spent ₹ 16,590 crore on irrigation development between 1950 and 1985. Between 2000-2005 and 2005-2010, India proposed to invest a sum of ₹ 1,03,315 crore and 2,10,326 crore on irrigation and flood control in India.[31]
Statewise irrigation types, capacity and actual[edit]
State
Total crop area
(million hectares)
Groundwater irrigation
crop area
(million hectares)
Canal irrigation
crop area
(million hectares)
Total crop area
actually irrigated
(million hectares)
Andhra Pradesh 14.3 2.5 2.7 4.9
Arunachal Pradesh 0.4 0.07 0.05
Assam 3.0 0.13 0.1 0.22
Bihar 6.4 2.2 1.3 3.5
Chhattisgarh 5.1 0.17 0.74 0.85
Goa 0.1 0.1 0.1
Gujarat 9.9 3.1 0.5 3.2
Haryana 3.6 1.99 1.32 3.26
Himachal Pradesh 1.0 0.02 0.09 0.11
Jammu & Kashmir 0.9 0.02 0.38 0.37
Jharkhand 3.2 0.11 0.13 0.24
Karnataka 12.2 1.43 1.33 2.38
Kerala 1.5 0.18 0.21 0.39
Madhya Pradesh 15.8 2.74 1.70 4.19
Maharashtra 19.8 3.12 1.03 3.36
Manipur 0.2 0.05 0.05
Meghalaya 0.3 0.06 0.06
Mizoram 0.1 0.01 0.01
Nagaland 1.1 0.1 0.07
Odisha 4.9 0.17 1.07 1.24
Punjab 4.0 3.06 0.94 3.96
Rajasthan 21.1 3.98 1.52 5.12
Sikkim 0.1 0.01 0.01
Tamil Nadu 6.5 1.61 1.43 2.66
Tripura 0.3 0.02 0.05 0.07
Uttar Pradesh 17.6 10.64 4.21 14.49
Uttarakhand 0.8 0.22 0.14 0.35
West Bengal 5.5 2.09 1.22 2.98
All India 159.6 39.43 22.48 58.13
Note: The all India total includes land area for Union Territories of India that is not shown in the above table.
Project classification[edit]
An irrigation canal in western Rajasthan.
Irrigation Projects in India are classified on three major aspects into:[citation needed]
1. Minor Irrigation Projects
2. Medium Irrigation Projects
3. Major Irrigation Projects Since 1950, irrigation works were classified on the basis of cost incurred for the projects' implementation, governing and dissemination., However, the Planning Commission of India adopted the classification of projects on the basis of culturable command area(CCA).
See also[edit]
Agriculture and Agronomy portal
Agriculture in India
Animal husbandry in India
Electricity sector in India
Farmers' suicides in India
Forestry in India
Indian Rivers Inter-link
Rural roads and infrastructure in India
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b S. Siebert et al (2010), Groundwater use for irrigation – a global inventory, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, pp. 1863–1880
^ Jump up to: a b Agricultural irrigated land (% of total agricultural land) The World Bank (2013)
Jump up ^ Economic Times: How to solve the problems of India's rain-dependent on agricultural land
Jump up ^ National Water Development Agency Ministry of Water Resources, Govt of India (2014)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e BN Puri, IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IN ANCIENT INDIA, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 48/49 (1968), pp. 383-390
^ Jump up to: a b Hoiberg, Dale (2000). Students' Britannica India. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.
Jump up ^ Gopal, Lallanji (2008). History of agriculture in India, up to c. 1200 A.D. p. 762. ISBN 978-81-8069-521-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e India - History of Irrigation FAO - United Nations (2014)
Jump up ^ White, David (2014). The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: a biography. Princeton University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-691-14377-4.
Jump up ^ Patañjali (Transl: Chip Hartranft) (2003). The Yoga-Sūtra of Patañjali: a new translation with commentary. Boston: Shambhala Publications. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-59030-023-7.
Jump up ^ Edward Balfour, The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, p. PA377, at Google Books
Jump up ^ Praveen Singh (2003), Colonising the Rivers: Colonial Technology, Irrigation and Flood Control in North Bihar, 1850–1950, Ph.D. thesis (Jawaharlal Nehru University), pp. 198–261
Jump up ^ Neil Charlesworth, British Rule and the Indian Economy, 1800-1914 (1981) pp 23-37
Jump up ^ Ian Stone, Canal Irrigation in British India: Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy (2002) pp 278-80
Jump up ^ for the historiography, see Rohan D’Souza, "Water in British India: the making of a ‘colonial hydrology’." History Compass (2006) 4#4 pp: 621-628. online
Jump up ^ David Gilmour (2007). The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 9.
Jump up ^ Thorner (1962), ‘Deindustrialization’ in India, 1881–1931, In: D. Thorner, and A. Thorner (Editors), Land and Labour in India, ISBN 978-8180280214
Jump up ^ T. Roy, London School of Economics, Globalization, Factor Prices and Poverty in Colonial India, Australian Economic History Review, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 73-94 (March 2007)
Jump up ^ Sarkar (1983), The colonial economy, In: S. Sarkar (Editor) Modern India: 1885–1947, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0333904251
Jump up ^ National and English Review, Volume 6, p. PA480, at Google Books, WH Allen & Co, London
^ Jump up to: a b The Parliamentary Debates, Volume 348, p. 1058, at Google Books, Hansard's, HM Government, Great Britain (14 August 1890), pp. 1054-1061
Jump up ^ Maddison, A. (1970), The historical origins of Indian poverty, PSL Quarterly Review, 23(92), pp. 31-81
^ Jump up to: a b Richard Hunt (1997), To End Poverty - The Starvation of the Periphery by the Core, Oxford, UK, ISBN 978-0952887201, pp. 145-148
Jump up ^ "Scott-Moncrieff Commission". www.britanica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott-Moncrieff, Sir Colin Campbell (1903). Report of the Indian Irrigation Commission, 1901-1903. London: H. M. Stationery Office.
Jump up ^ Jin-Bee Ooi (1983). Natural resources in tropical countries. Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-9971-69-063-2.
Jump up ^ Edward Balfour, The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia at Google Books, pp. 377-380
Jump up ^ Himachal Pradesh & Punjab - Bhakra and Gobindsagar FAO - United Nations
^ Jump up to: a b Irrigation in India FAO, United Nations
Jump up ^ Net Irrigated Area FAO, United Nations
Jump up ^ PDF on 10th 5-Year Plan of India(2002-2007)
External links[edit]
Global Map of Irrigation Areas INDIA Irrigated land data by state and districts of India, FAO-United Nations and University of Bonn, Germany (2013)
Central Board of Irrigation and Power
Ministry of Water Resources Government of India
International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID)
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California grizzly bear
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the University of California, Berkeley mascot, see California Golden Bears.
California grizzly bear
Monarch, a preserved specimen, on display at the California Academy of Sciences.
Conservation status

Extinct (1924) (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species: U. arctos
Subspecies: †U. a. californicus
Trinomial name
Ursus arctos californicus
Merriam 1896, pp. 76–77
Synonyms
colusus Merriam, 1914
henshawi Merriam, 1914
klamathensis Merriam, 1914
magister Merriam, 1914
mendocinensis Merriam, 1916
tularensis Merriam, 1914
The California grizzly bear (Ursus arctos californicus) is an extinct subspecies of the grizzly bear, the very large North American brown bear. "Grizzly" could have meant "grizzled" (that is, with golden and grey tips of the hair) or "fear-inspiring" (this is actually spelled "grisly").[1] Nonetheless, after careful study, naturalist George Ord formally classified it in 1815 – not for its hair, but for its character – as Ursus horribilis ("terrifying bear").[2] Genetically, North American grizzlies are closely related;[3] in size and coloring, the California grizzly bear was much like the grizzly bear of the southern coast of Alaska. In California, it was particularly admired for its beauty, size and strength. The grizzly became a symbol of the Bear Flag Republic, a moniker that was attached to the short-lived attempt by a group of American settlers to break away from Mexico in 1846. Later, this rebel flag became the basis for the state flag of California, and then California was known as the "Bear State."[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Nomenclature
2 History and extinction
2.1 Baiting
3 Reintroduction
4 Symbolism
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Nomenclature[edit]
A Kodiak bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), is very similar physiologically to the California grizzly, despite the pronounced humpback
A 1953 researcher stated, "The specific status of North American brown bears (or grizzly bears) is one of the most complex problems of mammalian taxonomy. The difficulty stems directly from the work of Merriam (1918), who concluded that there are 86 forms of grizzlies (and brown bears) in North America."[5]
North American grizzlies were taxonomically grouped as a species apart from other bear species, until DNA testing revealed that they should properly be grouped in the same species as the other brown bears.[3] Grizzlies living in California had been classified by Merriam into many subspecies, but the only genetically anomalous grouping in North America is the ABC Islands bears.[6]
History and extinction[edit]
Lassoing a grizzly, c. 1870s
The first recorded encounters of California grizzly bears by the Europeans are in the diaries kept by several members of the 1769 Portola expedition, first exploration by land of what is now the state of California. Several place names that include the Spanish word for bear (oso) trace their origins back to that first expedition (e.g. Los Osos).
As the settled frontier of New Spain was extended northward, settlers began to populate California and establish large cattle herds as the main industry. The grizzly bears killed livestock and so became enemies of the rancheros. Vaqueros hunted the grizzlies, sometimes roping and capturing them to be displayed in public battles with bulls.[7] This popular spectator sport inspired betting as to whether the bear or the bull would win.
One popular, though false[8] account is that Horace Greeley, after seeing such a fight, gave the modern stock market its "bear" and "bull" nicknames — based on the fighting styles of the two animals: the bear swipes downward while the bull hooks upward.
In 1866, a grizzly bear described as weighing as much as 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) was killed in Valley Center, California, the biggest bear ever found in California, as recalled in 1932 by Catherine E. Lovett Smith, who had been six years old at the time and on whose family's ranch the bear had been found; Lovett Smith stated that this was where Valley Center got its original name of "Bear Valley" (other sources concurred as to the story of the bear, but differed on its size).[9]
Less than 75 years after the discovery of gold in 1848, almost every grizzly bear in California had been tracked down and killed. One prospector in Southern California, William F. Holcomb (nicknamed "Grizzly Bill" Holcomb), was particularly well known for hunting grizzly bears in what is now San Bernardino County. The last hunted California grizzly bear was shot in Tulare County, California, in August 1922, although no body, skeleton or pelt was ever produced. Two years later in 1924, what was thought to be a grizzly was spotted in Sequoia National Park for the last time and thereafter, grizzlies were never seen again in California.[9][10][11]
Baiting[edit]
Main article: Bear-baiting
Californian grizzly bears had been pitted against other animals, such as bulls.[12]
Reintroduction[edit]
California still has habitat for about 500 grizzlies.[13] In 2014, the US Fish and Wildlife Service received and rejected a petition to reintroduce grizzly bears to California.[14][15] In 2015 the Center for Biological Diversity launched a petition aimed at the California state legislature to reintroduce the grizzly bear to the state.[16][17][18] The California grizzly bear has been considered as a possible candidate for attempts at de-extinction, through the proposed use of back-breeding, cloning and genetic engineering to recreate extinct species.[19]
Symbolism[edit]
Flag of California
The California grizzly bear is one of the state's most visible and enduring symbols, adorning both the state flag and seal. The Bear Flag first flew in 1846 as a symbol of the short-lived California Republic. A second version was adopted as the state flag by the state legislature in 1911.[20] The bear symbol became a permanent part of the state seal in 1849. The California grizzly bear was designated the official state animal in 1953.[21][22] The bear is celebrated in name and as mascot of the sports teams of the University of California, Berkeley (the California Golden Bears), and of the University of California, Los Angeles (the UCLA Bruins) and in the mascot of University of California, Riverside (Scottie the Bear, dressed in a Highland kilt). The California Maritime Academy operates a training ship named "Golden Bear".[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Caniformia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wright, William Henry (1909). The Grizzly Bear: The Narrative of a Hunter-naturalist, Historical, Scientific and Adventurous. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Grisly indeed, Grizzly Island was aptly named". Daily Republic. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, C.; Waits, L.; Joyce, P. (2006). "Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico". Mol Ecol. 15 (14): 4477–85.
Jump up ^ Storer, T.I.; Tevis, L.P. (1955). California Grizzly. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 335. ISBN 0520205200.
Jump up ^ Rausch, Robert L. (1953). "On the Status of some Arctic Mammals". Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. Paper 497. Journal of the Arctic Institute of North America (July 1953) 6(2). 6 (2).
Jump up ^ tephens, Tim. "DNA Study Clarifies Relationship Between Polar Bears and Brown Bears." University Of California, Santa Cruz. University Of California, Santa Cruz Newscenter, 14 Mar. 2013. Web
Jump up ^ Storer & Tevis (1955). California Grizzly. UC Press.
Jump up ^ "Bull, n1 III.8.a." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2014. Web. 20 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Valley Center History Museum". Retrieved 2012-05-05.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Brett (August 9, 2014). "Great grizzly bear hunt in Santa Paula backcountry reaps state flag icon, tall tales". Ventura County Star. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Grinnell, J.; Dixon, J.; Linsdale., J. (1937). Fur bearing animals of California. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Tracy Irwin Storer; Lloyd Pacheco Tevis (1996). California Grizzly. University of California Press. pp. 42–187. ISBN 978-0-520-20520-8. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
Jump up ^ Carroll, C.; R. F. Noss; N. H. Schumaker; P. C. Paquet (2001). David Maehr; Reed F. Noss; Jeffery L. Larkin, eds. Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Challenges in the 21st Century (1 ed.). Washington, DC: Island Press. pp. 25–46. ISBN 9781559638173. Is the return of the wolf, wolverine, and grizzly bear to Oregon and California biologically feasible?
Jump up ^ Woody, Todd (20 Jun 2014). "A New Move to Bring the Grizzly Bear Back to California". TakePart. Participant Media. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "EDITORIAL: Grizzly bear homecoming?". Fresno Bee. 19 Jul 2014. Retrieved 28 Sep 2015. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Where are the Bears?". Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Platt, John (28 Jul 2015). "Waving the Flag for the Grizzly's Return to California". TakePart. Participant Media. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Miller, Craig (May 2, 2016). "Move to Return Grizzly Bears to California Will Be an Uphill Push". KQED Science. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Gross, Liza (June 5, 2013). "De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived?". KQED Science. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Trinkle, William J. (4 August 2013). "A Brief History of the Bear Flag". The Bear Flag Museum. Sacramento, CA USA. Retrieved 7 May 2014. The flag soon came to be called the “Bear Flag” and the insurgency came to be called the “Bear Flag Revolt"
Jump up ^ "History and Culture – State Symbols". California State Library. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
Jump up ^ California State Legislature (1911), "An act to select adopt the bear flag as the state flag of California", The statutes of California and amendments to the codes passed at the thirty-ninth session of the legislature, San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney, p. 6, retrieved 24 September 2011
Further reading[edit]
Merriam, C. Hart (13 April 1896), "Preliminary Synopsis of the American Bears", Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 10: 65–83 + plates IV–VI, retrieved 23 September 2011
Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Subspecies Ursus arctos californicus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 589. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Merriam, C. Hart (13 August 1914), "Description of Thirty apparently New Grizzly and Brown Bears from North America", Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 27: 173–196, retrieved 24 September 2011
Merriam, C. Hart (6 September 1916), "Nineteen Apparently New Grizzly and Brown Bears from Western America", Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 29: 133–154, retrieved 24 September 2011
Hall, E. Raymond (10 August 1984), "Geographic variation among brown and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in North America", Special publication 13, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, retrieved 24 September 2011
Miller, Craig R.; Waits, Lisette P.; Joyce, Paul (December 2006), "Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico" (PDF), Molecular Ecology, 15 (14): 4477–4485, doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x, PMID 17107477, retrieved 24 September 2011
Solnit, Rebecca; Caron, Mona (2010), A California Bestiary, Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, pp. 13–15, ISBN 978-1-59714-125-3
External links[edit]
"Ursus arctos californicus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
Ursus arctos californicus Merriam, 1896 at the Encyclopedia of Life
Shaggy God – Topic: Ursus arctos californicus Merriam, 1896
The Monarch Bear Institute
Bring Back the California Grizzly
Grizzly Bear National Monument (proposed)
Data related to Ursus arctos californicus at Wikispecies
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q2565286
EoL: 1267908
GBIF: 6163848
iNaturalist: 147088
ITIS: 726987
MSW: 14000974
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_grizzly_bear&oldid=835503048"
Categories:
IUCN Red List extinct species
Bears
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