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Chief Justice of the United States
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Chief Justice of the
United States
Incumbent
John Roberts
since September 29, 2005
Style
The Honorable (formal)
Mr. Chief Justice (informal)
Your Honor (when addressed directly in court)
Appointer
Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation
Term length
Life tenure
Constituting instrument
U.S. Constitution
Inaugural holder
John Jay
as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
September 26, 1789
Formation
March 4, 1789
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and thus the head of the United States federal court system, which functions as the judicial branch of the nation's federal government. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices; the other eight have the title Associate Justice.
The Chief Justice, as the highest judicial officer in the country, serves as a spokesperson for the federal government's judicial branch, and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts. The Chief Justice is also head of the Judicial Conference of the United States, and in that capacity appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. By law, The Chief Justice is also a member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and by custom is elected chancellor of the board.
The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments. When the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the court's opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the court's meetings. In the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the U.S. Senate. Additionally, the presidential oath of office is typically administered by the Chief Justice (although the Constitution does not assign this duty to anyone in particular).
Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 persons have served as chief justice. The first was John Jay (1789–1795). The current chief justice is John Roberts (since 2005). Four—Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, and William Rehnquist—were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin, title, and appointment to office
2 Duties
2.1 Impeachment trials
2.2 Seniority
2.3 Oath of office
2.4 Other duties
3 Disability or vacancy
4 List of Chief Justices
4.1 Notes
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Origin, title, and appointment to office[edit]
John Jay, by Gilbert Stuart
The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice, but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I, Section 3, Clause 6: "When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside." Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office. Article III, Section 1, which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court, refers to all members of the Court simply as "judges." The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
In 1866, at the urging of Salmon P. Chase, Congress restyled the chief justice's title to the current Chief Justice of the United States. The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888.[1] The associate justices' title was not altered in 1866, and remains as originally created.
The chief justice, like all federal judges, is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior". This language means that the appointments are effectively for life, and that, once in office, a justice's tenure ends only when they die, retire, resign, or are removed from office through the impeachment process.
The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress; the current (2018) annual salary is $267,000, which is slightly higher than that of associate justices, which is $255,300.[2] The practice of appointing an individual to serve as chief justice is grounded in tradition; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice, it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom. There is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court. Constitutional law scholar Todd Pettys has proposed that presidential appointment of chief justices should be done away with, and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own chief justice.[3]
Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as chief justice: Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, and William Rehnquist in 1986. A fourth, Abe Fortas, was nominated to the position in 1968, but not confirmed. As an associate justice does not have to resign his or her seat on the Court in order to be nominated as chief justice, Fortas remained an associate justice. Similarly, when associate justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as chief justice in January 1796, but declined the office, he too remained on the Court. Additionally, two former associate justices subsequently returned to service on the Court as chief justice. John Rutledge was the first. President Washington gave him a recess appointment in 1795. However, his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate, and he left office and the Court. In 1933, former associate justice Charles Evans Hughes was confirmed as chief justice.
Duties[edit]
Along with his general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice has several unique duties to fulfill.
Impeachment trials[edit]
Article I, section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice shall preside over impeachment trials of the President of the United States in the U.S. Senate. Two Chief Justices, Salmon P. Chase and William Rehnquist, have presided over the trial in the Senate that follows an impeachment of the president – Chase in 1868 over the proceedings against President Andrew Johnson and Rehnquist in 1999 over the proceedings against President Bill Clinton. Both presidents were subsequently acquitted.
Seniority[edit]
John Marshall, the fourth and longest serving Chief Justice.
Many of the procedures and inner workings of the Court turn on the seniority of the justices. Traditionally, the chief justice has been regarded as primus inter pares (first among equals)—that is, the chief justice is the highest-ranking and foremost member of the Court, regardless of that officeholder's length of service when compared against that of any associate justice. This seniority and added prestige enables a chief justice to define the Court's culture and norms, and thus influence how it functions. The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari, to decide whether to hear or deny each case. The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it. While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda, in practice this initial agenda-setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court. Nonetheless, a chief justice's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices' understanding of legal principles; it is definitely limited by the fact that he has only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari.[4][5]
Despite the chief justice's elevated stature, his vote carries the same legal weight as the vote of each associate justice. Additionally, he has no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them.[4] The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority. Thus, when the chief justice is in the majority, he always assigns the opinion.[6] Early in his tenure, Chief Justice John Marshall insisted upon holdings which the justices could unanimously back as a means to establish and build the Court's national prestige. In doing so, Marshall would often write the opinions himself, and actively discouraged dissenting opinions. Associate Justice William Johnson eventually persuaded Marshall and the rest of the Court to adopt its present practice: one justice writes an opinion for the majority, and the rest are free to write their own separate opinions or not, whether concurring or dissenting.[7]
The chief justice's formal prerogative—when in the majority—to assign which justice will write the Court's opinion is perhaps his most influential power,[5] as this enables him to influence the historical record.[4] He "may assign this task to the individual justice best able to hold together a fragile coalition, to an ideologically amenable colleague, or to himself." Opinion authors can have a big influence on the content of an opinion; two justices in the same majority, given the opportunity, might write very different majority opinions.[5] A chief justice who knows well the associate justices can therefore do much—by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the court—to affect the general character or tone of an opinion, which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come.
Additionally, the chief justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and tentatively voted on by the justices. He normally speaks first and so has influence in framing the discussion. Although the chief justice votes first—the Court votes in order of seniority—he may strategically pass in order to ensure membership in the majority if desired.[5] It is reported that:
Chief Justice Warren Burger was renowned, and even vilified in some quarters, for voting strategically during conference discussions on the Supreme Court in order to control the Court’s agenda through opinion assignment. Indeed, Burger is said to have often changed votes to join the majority coalition, cast "phony votes" by voting against his preferred position, and, declined to express a position at conference.[8]
Oath of office[edit]
The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States. This is a tradition, rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular, simply that it be taken by the president. Law empowers any federal and state judge, as well as notaries public (such as John Calvin Coolidge, Sr.), to administer oaths and affirmations.
William Rehnquist (left) takes the oath as Chief Justice from retiring Chief Justice Warren E. Burger in 1986, as his wife, Natalie, holds the Bible and President Ronald Reagan (far right) looks on.
If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated, the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court. Seven times, someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President.[9] Robert Livingston, as Chancellor of the State of New York (the state's highest ranking judicial office), administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration; there was no Chief Justice of the United States, nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration. William Cushing, an associate justice of the Supreme Court, administered Washington's second oath of office in 1793. Calvin Coolidge's father, a notary public, administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding.[10] This, however, was contested upon Coolidge's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.[11] John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia.[12] Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office. On November 22, 1963, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Judge Sarah T. Hughes, a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane.
In addition, the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices, whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president.
Other duties[edit]
Since the tenure of William Howard Taft, the office of the Chief Justice has moved beyond just first among equals.[13] The Chief Justice also:
Serves as the head of the federal judiciary.
Serves as the head of the Judicial Conference of the United States, the chief administrative body of the United States federal courts. The Judicial Conference is empowered by the Rules Enabling Act to propose rules, which are then promulgated by the Supreme Court (subject to disapproval by Congress under the Congressional Review Act), to ensure the smooth operation of the federal courts. Major portions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Evidence have been adopted by most state legislatures and are considered canonical by American law schools.
Appoints sitting federal judges to the membership of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), a "secret court" which oversees requests for surveillance warrants by federal police agencies (primarily the F.B.I.) against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States. (see 50 U.S.C. § 1803).
Appoints the members of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, a special tribunal of seven sitting federal judges responsible for selecting the venue for coordinated pretrial proceedings in situations where multiple related federal actions have been filed in different judicial districts.
Serves ex officio as a member of the Board of Regents, and by custom as the Chancellor, of the Smithsonian Institution.
Supervises the acquisition of books for the Law Library of the Library of Congress.[14]
Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other "office of trust or profit" of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats, the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions. Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so-called Jay Treaty (also known as the Treaty of London of 1794), Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. Prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis, and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy. As described above, the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress.
Disability or vacancy[edit]
Under 28 USC,[15] when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions, or that office is vacant, his duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice who is able to act, until the disability or vacancy ends, as chief justice.[3] As of February 13, 2016, Anthony Kennedy is the most senior associate justice.
List of Chief Justices[edit]
Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice:[16][17]
Chief Justice
Date confirmed
(Vote)
Tenure[a]
Tenure length
Appointed by
Prior position[b]
1 John Jay
(1745–1829) September 26, 1789
(Acclamation) 000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789
–
June 29, 1795
(Resigned) 7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days George Washington Acting
United States Secretary of State
(1789–1790)
2 John Rutledge
(1739–1800) December 15, 1795
(10–14)[c] 000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[d]
–
December 28, 1795
(Resigned, nomination having been rejected) 7002138000000000000♠138 days Chief Justice of the
South Carolina Court of
Common Pleas and Sessions
(1791–1795)
Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court
(1789–1791)
3 Oliver Ellsworth
(1745–1807) March 4, 1796
(21–1) 000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796
–
December 15, 1800
(Resigned) 7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days United States Senator
from Connecticut
(1789–1796)
4 John Marshall
(1755–1835) January 27, 1801
(Acclamation) 000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801
–
July 6, 1835
(Died) 7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days John Adams 4th
United States Secretary of State
(1800–1801)
5 Roger B. Taney
(1777–1864) March 15, 1836
(29–15) 000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836
–
October 12, 1864
(Died) 7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days Andrew Jackson 12th
United States Secretary
of the Treasury
(1833–1834)
6 Salmon P. Chase
(1808–1873) December 6, 1864
(Acclamation) 000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864
–
May 7, 1873
(Died) 7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days Abraham Lincoln 25th
United States Secretary
of the Treasury
(1861–1864)
7 Morrison Waite
(1816–1888) January 21, 1874
(63–0) 000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874
–
March 23, 1888
(Died) 7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days Ulysses S. Grant Ohio State Senator
(1849–1850)
Presiding officer,
Ohio constitutional convention
(1873)
8 Melville Fuller
(1833–1910) July 20, 1888
(41–20) 000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888
–
July 4, 1910
(Died) 7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days Grover Cleveland President,
Illinois State Bar Association
(1886)
Illinois State Representative
(1863–1865)
9 Edward Douglass White
(1845–1921) December 12, 1910[e]
(Acclamation) 000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910
–
May 19, 1921
(Died) 7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days William Howard Taft Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court
(1894–1910)
10 William Howard Taft
(1857–1930) June 30, 1921
(Acclamation) 000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921
–
February 3, 1930
(Retired) 7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days Warren G. Harding 27th
President of the United States
(1909–1913)
11 Charles Evans Hughes
(1862–1948) February 13, 1930
(52–26) 000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930
–
June 30, 1941
(Retired) 7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days Herbert Hoover 44th
United States Secretary of State
(1921–1925)
Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court
(1910–1916)
12 Harlan F. Stone
(1872–1946) June 27, 1941[e]
(Acclamation) 000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941
–
April 22, 1946
(Died) 7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days Franklin D. Roosevelt Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court
(1925–1941)
13 Fred M. Vinson
(1890–1953) June 20, 1946
(Acclamation) 000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946
–
September 8, 1953
(Died) 7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days Harry S. Truman 53rd
United States Secretary
of the Treasury
(1945–1946)
14 Earl Warren
(1891–1974) March 1, 1954
(Acclamation) 000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[d]
–
June 23, 1969
(Retired) 7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 30th
Governor of California
(1943–1953)
15 Warren E. Burger
(1907–1995) June 9, 1969
(74–3) 000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969
–
September 26, 1986
(Retired) 7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days Richard Nixon Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
(1956–1969)
16 William Rehnquist
(1924–2005) September 17, 1986[e]
(65–33) 000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986
–
September 3, 2005
(Died) 7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days Ronald Reagan Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court
(1972–1986)
17 John Roberts
(born 1955) September 29, 2005
(78–22) 000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005
–
Incumbent 7003453600000000000♠12 years, 153 days George W. Bush Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
(2003–2005)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The start date given here for each chief justice is the day they took the oath of office, and the end date is the day of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.
Jump up ^ Listed here (unless otherwise noted) is the position—either with a U.S. state or the federal government—held by the individual immediately prior to becoming Chief Justice of the United States.
Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the United States Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.
^ Jump up to: a b Recess appointment
^ Jump up to: a b c Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. The nomination of a sitting associate justice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process.
See also[edit]
Lists of United States Supreme Court cases
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Administrative Agencies: Office of the Chief Justice, 1789–present". Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Judicial Compensation". Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Pettys, Todd E. (2006). "Choosing a Chief Justice: Presidential Prerogative or a Job for the Court?". Journal of Law & Politics. The University of Iowa College of Law. 22 (3): 231–281. SSRN 958829  .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Judiciary". Ithaca, New York: Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cross, Frank B.; Lindquist, Stefanie (June 2006). "The decisional significance of the Chief Justice" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Law Review. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Law School. 154 (6): 1665–1707.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, David M. (2008). Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics (8th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-393-93218-8.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, David M. (2008). Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics (8th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-393-93218-8.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Timothy R.; Spriggs II, James F.; Wahlbeck, Paul J. (June 2005). "Passing and Strategic Voting on the U.S. Supreme Court". Law & Society Review. Law and Society Association, through Wiley. 39 (2): 349–377. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Inaugurations: Presidential Oaths of Office". Memory.loc.gov. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Excerpt from Coolidge's autobiography". Historicvermont.org. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Prologue: Selected Articles". Archives.gov. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Swearing-In Ceremony, Part 5 of 6". Inaugural.senate.gov. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, David M. (2008). Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics (8th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-393-93218-8.
Jump up ^ "Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress". Library of Congress. March 6, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "28 U.S. Code § 3 – Vacancy in office of Chief Justice; disability | LII / Legal Information Institute". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations: 1789–Present". www.senate.gov. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Justices 1789 to Present". www.supremecourt.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Further reading[edit]
Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.
Flanders, Henry. The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1874 at Google Books.
Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L., eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.
Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6.
Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.
External links[edit]
Media related to Chief Justice of the United States at Wikimedia Commons
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Chief Justices of the United States
John Jay (1789–1795; cases)
John Rutledge (1795; cases)
Oliver Ellsworth (1796–1800; cases)
John Marshall (1801–1835; cases)
Roger B. Taney (1836–1864; cases)
Salmon P. Chase (1864–1873; cases)
Morrison Waite (1874–1888; cases)
Melville Fuller (1888–1910; cases)
Edward Douglass White (1910–1921; cases)
William Howard Taft (1921–1930; cases)
Charles Evans Hughes (1930–1941; cases)
Harlan F. Stone (1941–1946; cases)
Fred M. Vinson (1946–1953; cases)
Earl Warren (1953–1969; cases)
Warren E. Burger (1969–1986; cases)
William Rehnquist (1986–2005; cases)
John Roberts (2005–present; cases)
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2012 SEC Championship Game
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the SEC men's basketball championship of the same year, see 2012 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament.
2012 SEC Championship Game
Conference Championship
2012 SEC Championship Logo
Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Bulldogs
(11–1) (11–1)
32 28
Head coach:
Nick Saban Head coach:
Mark Richt
AP Coaches BCS
2 2 2
AP Coaches BCS
3 3 3
1
2
3
4
Total
Alabama 0 10 8 14 32
Georgia 0 7 14 7 28
Date
December 1, 2012
Season
2012
Stadium
Georgia Dome
Location
Atlanta, Georgia
MVP
RB Eddie Lacy, Alabama
Favorite
Alabama by 7½
Referee
Tom Ritter
Halftime show
Dr Pepper $100,000 Tuition Throw
Attendance
75,624
United States TV coverage
Network
CBS
Announcers
Verne Lundquist play-by-play
Gary Danielson color
Tracy Wolfson sideline
Nielsen ratings
16.2 million viewers[1]
SEC Championship Game
< 2011 2013 >
2012 SEC football standings
v
t
e
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
W
L
Eastern Division
No. 5т Georgia xy 7 – 1 12 – 2
No. 9 Florida x% 7 – 1 11 – 2
No. 8 South Carolina 6 – 2 11 – 2
No. 23 Vanderbilt 5 – 3 9 – 4
Missouri 2 – 6 5 – 7
Tennessee 1 – 7 5 – 7
Kentucky 0 – 8 2 – 10
Western Division
No. 1 Alabama x$# 7 – 1 13 – 1
No. 14 LSU 6 – 2 10 – 3
No. 5т Texas A&M 6 – 2 11 – 2
Mississippi State 4 – 4 8 – 5
Ole Miss 3 – 5 7 – 6
Arkansas 2 – 6 4 – 8
Auburn 0 – 8 3 – 9
Championship: Alabama 32, Georgia 28
# – BCS National Champion
$ – BCS representative as conference champion
% – BCS at-large representative
x – Division champion/co-champions
y – Championship game participant
Rankings from AP Poll
The 2012 SEC Championship Game was played on December 1, 2012, in the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia, and determined the 2012 football champion of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The game featured the Georgia Bulldogs, winners of the SEC Eastern Division vs the Alabama Crimson Tide, the winner of the SEC Western Division.
Georgia was the designated "home" team. The game was televised by CBS Sports for the twelfth straight season. Kickoff was scheduled at 4:00 (EST).[2] Alabama won the game 32-28 improving their record to 4-4 in the title game. Alabama's Eddie Lacy was named MVP after rushing for 181 yards and two touchdowns. The game at the time was the most watched college football game of the 2012 season (it would be surpassed by the 2013 BCS National Championship Game on January 7, 2013) with the game receiving a 10.1 share or 21.0 million viewers tuned in.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Game summary
2 Scoring summary
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Game summary[edit]
After the first-ever scoreless first quarter in this game's history,[4] the teams traded touchdowns in the second quarter. Alabama kicked a field goal as time expired in the first half to take a 10-7 lead.
Georgia took the game's largest lead in the third quarter with two touchdowns, the second of which was an Alec Ogletree 55 yard return of a blocked field goal. Alabama answered with a rushing touchdown and two-point conversion by T. J. Yeldon. Eddie Lacy's second touchdown of the game put the Tide ahead as the fourth quarter began. These two Alabama running backs each finished the game with over 150 yards; they are the first duo of running backs in SEC championship history to each have even 100 yards.[4]
The Bulldogs once again went in front by three on their very next drive, when they took only two minutes to answer with a Todd Gurley touchdown run. Georgia's defense continued to allow Alabama yardage on the ground, but they forced an Alabama punt with 7:14 remaining, still up by three. Georgia could only keep the ball for four plays and two minutes, though, as they punted back to the Tide with 5:24 left in the game.
Georgia's defense was "stacking the line," using an extra defender to prevent gains on the ground.[3] Alabama took advantage: on first down with three minutes left, quarterback AJ McCarron used play action to free up Amari Cooper for a 45-yard touchdown pass.
The Alabama defense forced Georgia to punt with two minutes left. But, Georgia used all of their timeouts while their defense also held firm. A punt gave Georgia one last drive, starting from their own 15 yard line. It seemed as if the game was over when Dee Milliner appeared to have intercepted a pass on the fourth play of the drive. However, replay overturned the interception ruling, and Georgia again had an opportunity.
Three more long passes brought the Bulldogs all the way to the 8 yard line with the clock winding down. With 9 seconds to play, an Aaron Murray pass toward the end zone was deflected toward Chris Conley in the field of play. Surprised to see the ball—he was not the intended receiver on the play—Conley caught the pass as he fell at the 5 yard line.[3] The clock ran out before Georgia could run another play.
Scoring summary[edit]
[hide]Scoring summary
Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score
Plays
Yards
TOP
Alabama
Georgia
2 13:59 13 87 4:48 Georgia Jay Rome 19-yard touchdown reception from Aaron Murray, Marshall Morgan kick good 0 7
2 1:59 6 70 3:05 Alabama Eddie Lacy 41-yard touchdown run, Jeremy Shelley kick good 7 7
2 0:00 5 42 1:15 Alabama 22-yard field goal by Jeremy Shelley 10 7
3 12:09 9 75 2:51 Georgia Todd Gurley 3-yard touchdown run, Marshall Morgan kick good 10 14
3 6:31 11 43 5:38 Georgia Cade Foster 49-yd Field Goal blocked, returned by Alec Ogletree for 55 yards for a touchdown 10 21
3 4:19 4 62 2:12 Alabama T. J. Yeldon 10-yard touchdown run, 2-point run good 18 21
4 14:57 7 74 3:07 Alabama Eddie Lacy 1-yard touchdown run, Jeremy Shelley kick good 25 21
4 12:54 5 75 2:03 Georgia Todd Gurley 10-yard touchdown run, Marshall Morgan kick good 25 28
4 3:15 4 55 2:09 Alabama Amari Cooper 44-yard touchdown reception from AJ McCarron, Jeremy Shelley kick good 32 28
"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
32
28
Notes[edit]
This was Alabama's 8th appearance in the title game. The previous seven appearances were all against the Florida Gators. This was Georgia's 5th appearance and second consecutive SEC Championship game. This was the first meeting between the schools since 2008. From 2006-12, the winner of this game played in the BCS National Championship Game seven straight times with a record of 6-1 (LSU was defeated by fellow SEC member Alabama following winning the 2011 SEC Championship Game).
Their victory in this game, along with their ranking based on their season-long performance, earned Alabama a spot in the BCS National Championship game, where they defeated Notre Dame, 42-14.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rachel Cohen, Can BCS Title Game Challenge TV Ratings Record?, AP via ABCNews.com, January 4, 2013
Jump up ^ [1], 2012 SEC Championship Game
^ Jump up to: a b c "Alabama holds off Georgia, reaches BCS championship game". ESPN. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Woodburn, Peter. "Alabama vs. Georgia 2012 results: Bama claims title, shot at national championship". SB Nation. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
External links[edit]
"2012 SEC Championship: #2 Alabama vs. #3 Georgia" Replay of the 2012 SEC Championship Game
[show]
v
t
e
SEC Championship Game
Years
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Venues
Legion Field (1992–1993)
Georgia Dome (1994–2016)
Mercedes-Benz Stadium (2017–present)
[show]
v
t
e
College Football on CBS
Related articles
College football on television
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Lore televised by CBS
Tight-roping the sidelines in Happy Valley (1982)
Hail Flutie (1984)
Catholics vs. Convicts (1988)
Georgia Tech vs. Virginia (1990)
Tebow's 4th Quarter comeback (2008)
Game of the Century (2011)
Hello, Johnny Football (2012)
Prayer at Jordan–Hare (2013)
Kick Six (2013)
Games televised annually
Army–Navy Game
SEC Championship Game
Sun Bowl
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2012_SEC_Championship_Game&oldid=819526039"
Categories:
2012 Southeastern Conference football season
Alabama Crimson Tide football games
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SEC Championship Game
2012 in sports in Georgia (U.S. state)
2010s in Atlanta
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Healthcare in England
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Healthcare in England is mainly provided by England's public health service, the National Health Service, that provides healthcare to all permanent residents of the United Kingdom that is free at the point of use and paid for from general taxation. Since health is a devolved matter, there are differences with the provisions for healthcare elsewhere in the United Kingdom.[1] Though the public system dominates healthcare provision in England, private health care and a wide variety of alternative and complementary treatments are available for those willing to pay.
Contents
[hide]
1 National Health Service (NHS)
1.1 Funding and management
1.2 NHS Constitution
1.3 Patient experience
1.4 Experiences, perceptions and reporting of the NHS
2 Private-sector medical care
3 See also
4 References
National Health Service (NHS)[edit]
The National Health Service (NHS) is free at the point of use for the patient though there are charges associated with eye tests, dental care, prescriptions, and many aspects of personal care.
The NHS provides the majority of healthcare in England, including primary care, in-patient care, long-term healthcare, ophthalmology and dentistry. The National Health Service Act 1946 came into effect on 5 July 1948. Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used by less than 8% of the population[citation needed], and generally as a top-up to NHS services. Recently there have been some examples where unused private sector capacity has been used to increase NHS capacity and in some cases the NHS has commissioned the private sector to establish and run new facilities on a sub contracted basis. Some new capital programs have been financed through the private finance initiative. The involvement of the private sector remains relatively small yet, according to one survey by the BMA, a large proportion of the public oppose such involvement.[2]
Funding and management[edit]
The NHS is divided conceptually into two parts covering primary and secondary care with trusts given the task of health care delivery. There are two main kinds of trusts in the NHS reflecting purchaser/provider roles: commissioning trusts are responsible for examining local needs and negotiating with providers to provide health care services to the local population, and provider trusts which are NHS bodies delivering health care service. Commissioning trusts negotiate service delivery with providers that may be NHS bodies or private entities. They will be involved in agreeing major capital and other health care spending projects in their region.[3]
By far the most known and most important purchases are services including general practice physician services (most of whom are private businesses working under exclusive contract to the NHS), community nursing, local clinics and mental health service. For most people, the majority of health care is delivered in a primary health care setting. Provider trusts are care deliverers, the main examples being the hospital trusts and the ambulance trusts which spend the money allocated to them by the commissioning trusts. Because hospitals tend to provide more complex and specialised care, they receive the lion's share of NHS funding.[4]
The hospital trusts own assets (such as hospitals and the equipment in them) purchased for the nation and held in trust for them.[3] Commissioning has also been extended to the very lowest level enabling GPs who identify a need in their community to commission services to meet that need. Primary care is delivered by a wide range of independent contractors such as GPs, dentists, pharmacists and optometrists and is the first point of contact for most people. Secondary care (sometimes termed acute health care) can be either elective care or emergency care and providers may be in the public or private sector, but the majority of secondary care happens in NHS owned facilities.[5]
The NHS is the world's largest health service and the world's fourth-largest employer; only the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Indian Railways, and Wal-Mart employ more people directly.[6]
NHS Constitution[edit]
See NHS Constitution for England
The NHS has recently adopted a formal constitution which for the first time, in one document, lays down the objectives of the NHS, the rights and responsibilities of the various parties (patients, staff, trust boards) and the guiding principles which govern the service.[7]
Patient experience[edit]
A patient needing specialist care at a hospital or clinic, will be informed by the GP of the hospitals where they can get their treatment.[8] This choice usually includes public and private hospitals. The NHS will pay for treatment in a private setting if the hospital meets the cost and service criteria that NHS hospitals adhere to. Otherwise opting for a private hospital makes the patient liable for private hospital fees. Because the private sector often has higher costs, most people choose to be treated for free in an NHS hospital. If the GP judges the case to be extremely urgent, the doctor may by-pass the normal booking system and arrange an emergency admission. The median wait time for a consultant led first appointment in English hospitals is a little over 3 weeks.[9] Patients can be seen by the hospital as out-patients or in-patients, with the latter involving overnight stay. The speed of in-patient admission is based on medical need and time waiting with more urgent cases faster though all cases will be dealt with eventually. Only about one third of hospital admissions are from a waiting list. For those not admitted immediately, the median wait time for in-patient treatment in English hospitals is a little under 6 weeks.[9] Trusts are working towards an 18-week guarantee that means that the hospital must complete all tests and start treatment within 18 weeks of the date of the referral from the GP. Some hospitals are introducing just in time workflow analysis borrowed from manufacturing industry to speed up the processes within the system and improve efficiencies.[10]
Almost all NHS hospital treatment is free of charge along with drugs administered in hospital, surgical consumables and appliances issued or loaned. However, if a patient has chosen to be treated in an NHS hospital as a private fee paying patient by arrangement with his consultant, the patient (or the insurance company) will be billed. This can happen because at the inception of the NHS, hospital consultants were allowed to continue doing private work in NHS hospitals and can enable private patients to "jump the NHS queue". This arrangement is nowadays quite rare as most consultants and patients choose to have private work done in private hospitals.
Emergency Department (traditionally known as Accident and Emergency) treatment is also free of charge. A triage nurse prioritises all patients on arrival. Waiting times can be up to 4 hours if a patient goes to the Emergency Department with a minor problem or may be referred to other agencies (e.g. pharmacy, GP, Walk in clinic). Emergency Departments try to treat patients within 4 hours as part of NHS targets for emergency care.[citation needed] The Emergency Department is always attached to an NHS general hospital. Private hospitals do not provide emergency care services.
The NHS also provides end of life palliative care in the form of Palliative Care Specialist Nurses. The NHS can also commission the expertise of organisations in the voluntary sector to compliment palliative care. Such organisations include Marie Curie Cancer Care, Sue Ryder Care and Macmillan Cancer Support. Despite their names, these services are designed for all palliative conditions, not exclusively cancer. All palliative care services provide support for both the patient and their relatives during and after the dying process. Again, these are all free of charge to the patient.
Experiences, perceptions and reporting of the NHS[edit]
Although the NHS has a high level of popular public support within the country, the national press is often highly critical of it and this may have affected perceptions of the service within the country as a whole and outside. An independent survey conducted in 2004 found that users of the NHS often expressed very high levels satisfaction about their personal experience of the medical services they received. Of hospital inpatients, 92% said they were satisfied with their treatment; 87% of GP users were satisfied with their GP; 87% of hospital outpatients were satisfied with the service they received; and 70% of Accident and Emergency department users reported being satisfied.[11] But when asked whether they agreed with the question "My local NHS is providing me with a good service" only 67% of those surveyed agreed with it, and only 51% agreed with the statement "The NHS is providing a good service.[11] The reason for this disparity between personal experience and overall perceptions is not clear. Similarly the survey also showed that net satisfaction with NHS services (the number reporting satisfied less those reporting dissatisfied) was generally higher amongst NHS services users than for all respondents (users as well as non-users). Where more people had no recent experience of that service, the difference in net positive perception reported by users compared to non-users was more likely to diverge. For example, the least used service surveyed was walk in centres (only 15% of all persons surveyed had actually used an NHS Walk in clinic in the last year) but 85% of walk in clinic users were satisfied with the service they received. Users' net positive satisfaction was 80%. However, for all respondents (including non-recent users) the overall net positive satisfaction was just 25%. The service with the highest rate of use was the GP service (77% having seen their GP in the last year) and the difference in net satisfaction between users and all users was the smallest (76% and 74% net satisfied respectively)[11] It is also apparent from the survey that most people realise that the national press is generally critical of the service (64% reporting it as being critical compared to just 13% saying the national press is favourable), and also that the national press is the least reliable source of information (50% reporting it to be not very or not at all reliable, compared to 36% believing the press was reliable).[11] Newspapers were reported as being less favourable and also less reliable than the broadcast media. The most reliable sources of information were considered to be leaflets from GPs and information from friends (both 77% reported as reliable) and medical professionals (75% considered reliable).[11]
Most people think that the NHS is well run, with 73% of people reporting that they are satisfied with the running of the service and only a little over 10% reporting themselves as dissatisfied.[12]
England's healthcare is ranked 14th in Europe in the Euro Health Consumer Index.
Private-sector medical care[edit]
England has a private sector in health care providing a lesser set of treatments than those obtainable from the NHS[citation needed]. Private health care is sometimes funded by employers through medical insurance as part of a benefits package to employees though it is mostly the larger companies that do. Insurers also market policies directly to the public. Most private care is for specialist referrals with most people retaining their NHS GP as point of first contact.
The private sector now does some subcontracting work for the NHS. Thus an NHS patient can be treated in the private sector as an NHS patient if the Health Services has subcontracted work to the hospital.
Some private hospitals are business enterprises and some are non-profit-making trusts. Some hospital groups provide insurance plans (e.g. Bupa, Benenden), and some insurance companies have deals with particular private hospital groups. Some private sector patients can be treated in NHS hospitals in which case the patient or his/her insurance company is billed.
See also[edit]
England portal
Polyclinics in England
Healthcare in the United Kingdom
History of the National Health Service (England)
List of NHS trusts
List of hospitals in England
Category:Healthcare in England by county
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Triggle, Nick (2 January 2008). "NHS 'now four different systems'". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Survey of the general public's views on NHS system reform in England" (PDF). BMA. 1 June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The structure of the NHS" (PDF). Royal College of General Practitioners. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Secondary care consumes more costs than any other part of the spending of PCTS. See Figure A.15 in "Primary care trust expenditure: Appendix A" (PDF). www.dh.gov.uk. November 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2017. Financial Data Tables taken from DH Annual Report
Jump up ^ "The structure of the NHS in England - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "About the National Health Service (NHS) in England - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "NHS Constitution for England". Department of Health. 21 January 2009. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "NHS hospital services explained - The NHS in England - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.gnn.gov.uk/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.asp?MediaDetailsID=216856[dead link]
Jump up ^ "No Delays Essentials". www.nodelaysachiever.nhs.uk. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e IPSOS-Mori. "NHS 2004 survey". UK Department of Health. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
Jump up ^ See Figure 4.2: Responses to the Question "overall, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the running of the NHS nowadays?" taken from latest IPSOS/Mori survey, page 43, DH Annual report to parliament, "Department of Health: Department report 2009" (PDF). www.dh.gov.uk. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
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