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Education in England
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Education in England
Department for Education
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
Secretary of State (Education)
Minister for Universities, Science, Research and Innovation (with BEIS)[2]
Damian Hinds

Sam Gyimah
National education budget (2008–09)
Budget
£62.2 billion[3][4]
General details
Primary languages
English
System type
National
Compulsory education
1880
Literacy (2003[5])
Total
98 %
Male
99 %
Female
99 %
Enrollment
Total
11.7 million
Primary
4.50 million (in state schools)[6] (2016)
Secondary
2.75 million (up to year 11 in state schools)[6] (2016)
Post secondary
Higher Education: 1,844,095[7](2014/15)
Further Education: 2,613,700[8](2014/15)
Total: 4,457,795 (2014/15)
Attainment
Secondary diploma
Level 2 and above: 87.4%
Level 3 and above: 60.3%
(of 19 year olds in 2015)[9]
Level 2 and above: 81.0%
Level 3 and above: 62.6%
(of adults 19-64 in 2014)[8]
Post-secondary diploma
Level 4 and above: 41.0%
(of adults 19-64 in 2014)[8]
Education in England is overseen by the United Kingdom's Department for Education. Local government authorities are responsible for implementing policy for public education and state-funded schools at a local level.
England also has a tradition of independent schools (some of which call themselves "public schools") and home schooling; legally, parents may choose to educate their children by any permitted means. State-funded schools are categorised as selective grammar schools or comprehensive schools. Comprehensive schools are further subdivided by funding into free schools, other academies, any remaining Local Authority schools and others. More freedom is given to free schools, including most religious schools, and other academies in terms of curriculum. All are subject to assessment and inspection by the Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills, or Ofsted.
The state-funded education system is divided into stages based upon age:[10] Early Years Foundation Stage (ages 3–5); primary education (ages 5 to 11), subdivided into Key Stage 1 (KS1) Infants (ages 5 to 7) and Key Stage 2 (KS2) Juniors (ages 7 to 11); secondary education (ages 11 to 16), subdivided into Key Stage 3 (KS3; ages 11 to 14) and Key Stage 4 (KS4; ages 14 to 16); Key Stage 5 is post-16 education (ages 16 to 18); and tertiary education (for ages 18+).[11]
At age 16 the students typically take exams for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) or other Level 1/2 qualifications. While education is compulsory until 18, schooling is compulsory to 16, thus post-16 education can take a number of forms, and may be academic or vocational. This can involve continued schooling, known as "sixth form" or "college", leading (typically after two years of further study) to A-level qualifications (similar to a high school diploma in some other countries), or a number of alternative Level 3 qualifications such as Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC), the International Baccalaureate (IB), Cambridge Pre-U, WJEC or Eduqas. It can also include work-based apprenticeships or traineeships, or volunteering.[12][13]
Higher education often begins with a three-year bachelor's degree. Postgraduate degrees include master's degrees, either taught or by research, and doctoral level research degrees that usually take at least three years. Tuition fees for first degrees in public universities are up to £9,250 per academic year for English, Welsh and European Union students.[14]
The Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF) covers national school examinations and vocational education qualifications. It is referenced to the European Qualifications Framework, and thus to other qualifications frameworks across the European Union.[15] The Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ), which is tied to the RQF, covers degrees and other qualifications from degree-awarding bodies.[16] This is referenced to the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area developed under the Bologna process.[17]
Contents
1 History of English education
2 Legally compulsory education
2.1 Schools and stages
2.2 State-funded schools
2.3 Independent schools
2.4 Education by means other than schooling
2.5 Post-16 education
2.5.1 Sixth form colleges / further education colleges
2.5.2 Apprenticeships and traineeships
2.5.3 Post-16 area reviews
3 Higher education
3.1 Postgraduate education
3.2 Fees
4 Adult education
5 Qualifications Frameworks
6 Criticism
7 Funding
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History of English education[edit]
Main article: History of education in England
Until 1870 all schools were charitable or private institutions, but in that year the Elementary Education Act 1870 permitted local governments to complement the existing elementary schools in order to fill any gaps. The Education Act 1902 allowed local authorities to create secondary schools. The Education Act 1918 abolished fees for elementary schools.
Women's colleges were established in the 19th century to give women access to university education, the first being Bedford College, London (1849), Girton College, Cambridge (1869) and Newnham College, Cambridge (1871). The University of London established special examinations for women in 1868 and opened its degrees to women in 1878.[18] University College Bristol (now the University of Bristol) became the first mixed higher education institution on its foundation in 1876,[19] followed in 1878 by University College London (which had held some mixed classes from 1871).[20]
Legally compulsory education[edit]
Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged 5 to 18, either at school or otherwise, with a child beginning primary education during the school year they turn 5.[21] Children between the ages of 3 and 5 are entitled to 600 hours per year of optional, state-funded, pre-school education. This can be provided in "playgroups", nurseries, community childcare centres or nursery classes in schools.
The age at which a student may choose to stop education is commonly known as the "leaving age" for compulsory education. This age was raised to 18 by the Education and Skills Act 2008; the change took effect in 2013 for 16-year-olds and 2015 for 17-year-olds. From this time, the school leaving age (which remains 16) and the education leaving age (which is now 18) have been separated.[22] State-provided schooling and sixth-form education are paid for by taxes.
All children in England must currently therefore receive an effective education (at school or otherwise) from the first "prescribed day", which falls on or after their fifth birthday until their 18th birthday, and must remain in school until the last Friday in June of the school year in which they turn 16.[13][23][24] The education leaving age was raised in 2013 to the year in which they turn 17 and in 2015 to their 18th birthday for those born on or after 1 September 1997.[22] The prescribed days are 31 August 31 December and 31 March.[25][26] The school year begins on 1 September (or 1 August if a term starts in August).[27]
The Compulsory stages of education are broken into a Foundation Stage (actually covering the last part of optional and first part of compulsory education), 4 Key Stages, and post-16 education (sometimes unofficially termed Key Stage Five, which takes a variety of forms including 6th Form (covering the last 2 years of Secondary Education in schools).
Schools and stages[edit]
Below is a table summarising the most common names of the various schools and stages. Grammar schools are normally state-funded but selective schools, admitting children from 11 years old onward, but there are exceptions.
Key stage
Year
Final exam
Age
State funded schools
Fee paying independent schools
Early Years Nursery (or Pre-School) None, though individual schools may set end of year tests. 3-4 Primary Lower Infant Pre-preparatory
Reception (or Foundation) 4-5
KS1 Year 1 5-6
Year 2 6-7
KS2 Year 3 7-8 Junior
Year 4 8-9 Preparatory or Junior
Year 5 9-10 Middle
Year 6 SATS
A grammar school entrance exam, often the 11-plus 10-11
comprehensive schools
selective schools
KS3 Year 7 None, though individual schools may set end of year tests. 11-12 Secondary Lower school High school Grammar school
Year 8 12-13
Year 9 13-14 Upper Senior (Public)
KS4 Year 10 14-15 Upper school
Year 11 GCSE 15-16
KS5 Year 12 Advanced subsidiary level or school-set end of year tests. 16-17 College Sixth form
Year 13 A-Levels 17-18
The government has been unable to recruit sufficient teachers and lecturers. There are 1,000 too few computing teachers, 1,200 too few physics teachers and 1,850 too few maths teachers. Lecturers in further education colleges fell by just under 20,000 from 2010 to 2017. The public sector pay cap is blamed.[28] English secondary schools have 15,000 fewer teachers and teaching assistants than they had two years ago. This leads to larger classes as well as pupils getting less individual attention.[29]
Thousands of children with special education needs are at home without a school place because funding for places was not provided. The number rose from 1710 in 2016 to 4050 in 2017.[30]
State-funded schools[edit]
St Barnabas Church of England Primary School, Oxford
Main article: State-funded schools (England)
Some 93% of children between the ages of 3 and 18 are in education in state-funded schools without charge (other than for activities such as swimming, theatre visits and field trips for which a voluntary payment can be requested, and limited charges at state-funded boarding schools[31]).
Allerton High School, a typical former secondary modern school in Leeds, West Yorkshire.
Since 1998, there have been six main types of maintained (state-funded) school in England:[32][33][34]
Academy schools, established by the 1997-2010 Labour Government to replace poorly-performing community schools in areas of high social and economic deprivation. Their start-up costs are typically funded by private means, such as entrepreneurs or NGOs, with running costs met by Central Government and, like Foundation schools, are administratively free from direct local authority control. The 2010 Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government expanded the role of Academies in the Academy Programme, in which a wide number of schools in non-deprived areas were also encouraged to become Academies, thereby essentially replacing the role of Foundation schools established by the previous Labour government. They are monitored directly by the Department for Education.[35] In 2018 it was reported that several academies were struggling financially and running deficits.[36]
Community schools (formerly county schools), in which the local authority employs the schools' staff, owns the schools' lands and buildings, and has primary responsibility for admissions.
Free schools, introduced by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition following the 2010 general election, are newly established schools in England set up by parents, teachers, charities or businesses, where there is a perceived local need for more schools. They are funded by taxpayers, are academically non-selective and free to attend, and like Foundation schools and Academies, are not controlled by a local authority. They are ultimately accountable to the Secretary of State for Education. Free schools are an extension of the existing Academy Programme. The first 24 free schools opened in Autumn 2011.
Foundation schools, in which the governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions. School land and buildings are owned by the governing body or by a charitable foundation. The Foundation appoints a minority of governors. Many of these schools were formerly grant maintained schools. In 2005 the Labour government proposed allowing all schools to become Foundation schools if they wished.
Voluntary Aided schools, linked to a variety of organisations. They can be faith schools (about two thirds Church of England-affiliated; just under one third Roman Catholic Church, and a few another faith), or non-denominational schools, such as those linked to London Livery Companies. The charitable foundation contributes towards the capital costs of the school (typically 10%), and appoints a majority of the school governors. The governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions.[37]
Voluntary Controlled schools, which are almost always faith schools, with the lands and buildings often owned by a charitable foundation. However, the local authority employs the schools' staff and has primary responsibility for admissions.
In addition, three of the fifteen City Technology Colleges established in the 1980s still remain; the rest having converted to academies. These are state-funded all-ability secondary schools which charge no fees but which are independent of local authority control. There are also a small number of state-funded boarding schools.
English state-funded primary schools are almost all local schools with a small catchment area. More than half are owned by the Local Authority, though many are (nominally) voluntary controlled and some are voluntary aided. Some schools just include infants (aged 4 to 7) and some just juniors (aged 7 to 11). Some are linked, with automatic progression from the infant school to the junior school, and some are not. A few areas still have first schools for ages around 4 to 8 and middle schools for ages 8 or 9 to 12 or 13.
An example of a Grammar School - in Sutton, London
English secondary schools are mostly comprehensive, although the intake of comprehensive schools can vary widely, especially in urban areas with several local schools. Nearly 90% of state-funded secondary schools are specialist schools, receiving extra funding to develop one or more subjects in which the school specialises, which can select up to 10% of their intake for aptitude in the specialism (though relatively few of them have taken up this option). In a few areas children can enter a grammar school if they pass the eleven plus exam; there are also a number of isolated fully selective grammar schools and a few dozen partially selective schools.[38] A significant minority of state-funded schools are faith schools, which are attached to religious groups, most often the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church.
All state-funded schools are regularly inspected by the Office for Standards in Education, often known simply as Ofsted. Ofsted publish reports on the quality of education at a particular school on a regular basis. Schools judged by Ofsted to be providing an inadequate standard of education may be subject to special measures, which could include replacing the governing body and senior staff.
Independent schools[edit]
Main article: Independent school (United Kingdom)
Approximately 7% of school children in England attend privately run, fee-charging independent schools. Some independent schools for 13–18-year-olds are known for historical reasons as 'public schools' and for 8–13-year-olds as 'prep schools'. Some schools offer scholarships for those with particular skills or aptitudes, or bursaries to allow students from less financially well-off families to attend. Independent schools do not have to follow the National Curriculum, and their teachers are not required or regulated by law to have official teaching qualifications."[39]
Education by means other than schooling[edit]
See also: Education Otherwise
The 1944 Education Act (Section 36) stated that parents are responsible for the education of their children, "by regular attendance at school or otherwise", which allows children to be educated at home. The legislation places no requirement for parents who choose not to send their children to school to follow the National Curriculum, or to give formal lessons, or to follow school hours and terms, and parents do not need to be qualified teachers.[40] Small but increasing numbers of parents do choose to educate their children outside the conventional school systems.[41][42][43] Officially referred to as "Elective Home Education", teaching ranges from structured homeschooling (using a school-style curriculum) to less-structured unschooling.[44][45] Education Otherwise has supported parents who wished to educate their children outside school since the 1970s. The state provides no financial support to parents who choose to educate their children outside of school.
Post-16 education[edit]
Students at both state schools and independent schools typically take GCSE examinations, which mark the end of compulsory education in school. Above school-leaving age, the independent and state sectors are similarly structured.
In the 16–18 age group, sixth form education is not compulsory, but mandatory education or training until the age of 18 was phased in under the Education and Skills Act 2008, with 16-year-olds in 2013 and for 17-year-olds in September 2015. While students may still leave school on the last Friday in June, they must remain in education of some form until their 18th birthday.[13]
Sixth form colleges / further education colleges[edit]
Students over 16 typically study in the sixth form of a school, in a separate sixth form college, or in a Further Education (FE) College. Courses at FE colleges, referred to as further education courses, can also be studied by adults over 18. Students typically study Level 3 qualifications such as A-levels, BTEC National awards and level 3 NVQs. Some 16–18 students will be encouraged to study Key Skills in Communication, Application of Number, and Information Technology at this time.
Apprenticeships and traineeships[edit]
The National Apprenticeship Service helps people 16 or more years of age enter apprenticeships in order to learn a skilled trade. Traineeships are also overseen by the National Apprenticeship Service, and are education and a training programmes that are combined with work experience to give trainees the skills needed to get an apprenticeship.[46]
Apprenticeships come in four levels: Intermediate (level 2), Advanced (level 3), Higher (level 4 – 7) and Degree (level 6 – 7). Intermediate apprenticeships are equivalent to 5 GCSEs at A* – C, Advanced to 2 A-levels, Higher to a foundation degree or above, and Degree apprenticeships to a bachelor's or master's degree.[47]
A study in 2014 found that unemployment rates among former apprentices one year after completing their apprenticeships were one-third those of university graduates one year after finishing their degrees.[48] A 2015 study by the Sutton Trust found that, while average net[49] lifetime earnings for those who had completed level 5 apprenticeships were higher than those for graduates from non-Russell Group universities, most apprenticeships offered were at levels 2 and 3, providing little improvement over earnings from secondary school qualifications. The report also found that apprenticeships had a lower perceived value compared to degrees in Britain than in many other countries.[50]
Post-16 area reviews[edit]
In 2015, the Department announced a major restructuring of the further education sector, through 37 area reviews of post-16 provision.[51] The proposals were criticised by NUS Vice President for Further Education Shakira Martin for not sufficiently taking into account the impact on learners;[52][53] the Sixth Form Colleges' Association similarly criticised the reviews for not directly including providers of post-16 education other than colleges, such as school and academy sixth forms and independent training providers.[54]
Higher education[edit]
Main article: Universities in the United Kingdom
The chapel of King's College, Cambridge University.
London School of Economics Library Roof
A view from one of the postgraduate study carrels at the Clock Tower of Maughan Library, King's College London, one of the founding colleges of University of London.
Campus of New College Durham, a college of further and higher education
Built as a factory in the early 20th century, the William Morris building is now home to Coventry University's Faculty of Business, Environment and Society
The University of Birmingham, a 'Red Brick university'.
Higher education in England is provided by Higher Education (HE) colleges, university colleges, universities and private colleges. Students normally enter higher education as undergraduates from age 18 onwards, and can study for a wide variety of vocational and academic qualifications, including certificates of higher education and higher national certificates at level 4, diplomas of higher education, higher national diplomas and foundation degrees at level 5, bachelor's degrees (normally with honours) at level 6, and integrated master's degrees and degrees in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary science at level 7.[55]
Historically, undergraduate education outside a small number of private colleges and universities has been largely state-financed since the 1960s, with a small contribution from top-up fees introduced in the 1990s,[56] however fees of up to £9,000 per annum have been charged from October 2012. There is a perceived hierarchy among universities, with the Russell Group seen as being composed of the country's more prestigious universities.[57] League tables of universities are produced by private companies and generally cover the whole UK.
The state does not control university syllabuses, but it does influence admission procedures through the Office for Fair Access (OFFA), which approves and monitors access agreements to safeguard and promote fair access to higher education. The independent Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education inspects universities to assure standards, advises on the granting of degree awarding powers and University title, and maintains the Quality Code for Higher Education, which includes the Framework for Higher Education Qualification.[58] Unlike most degrees, the state has control over teacher training courses, and standards are monitored by Ofsted inspectors.[59]
The typical first degree offered at English universities is the bachelor's degree with honours, which usually lasts for three years, although more vocational foundation degrees, typically lasting two years (or full-time equivalent) are also available in some institutions. Many institutions now offer an integrated master's degree, particularly in STEM subjects, as a first degree, which typically lasts for four years, the first three years running parallel to the bachelor's course. During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. The difference in fees between integrated and traditional postgraduate master's degrees (and that fees are capped at the first degree level for the former) makes taking an integrated master's degree as a first degree a more attractive option. Integrated master's degrees are often the standard route to chartered status for STEM professionals in England.[60]
Postgraduate education[edit]
Students who have completed a first degree can apply for postgraduate and graduate courses. These include:
Graduate certificates, graduate diplomas, professional graduate certificate in education – level 6 courses aimed at those who have already completed a bachelor's degree, often as conversion courses
Postgraduate certificates, postgraduate diplomas, postgraduate certificate in education – level 7 courses shorter than a full master's degree
Master's degrees (typically taken in one year, though research-based master's degrees may last for two) – taught or research degrees at level 7
Doctorates (typically taken in three years) – research degrees at level 8, the top level of the qualifications frameworks, often requiring a master's degree for entry. These may be purely research based (PhD/DPhil) or research and practice (professional doctorates). "New Route" PhDs, introduced in 2001, take at least 4 years and incorporate teaching at master's level.[61]
Postgraduate education is not automatically financed by the state.
Fees[edit]
Until the academic year 2011-2012 most undergraduates paid fees that were set at a maximum of £3,375 per annum. These fees are repayable after graduation, contingent on attaining a certain level of income, with the state paying all fees for students from the poorest backgrounds. UK students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance. Undergraduates admitted from the academic year 2012-2013 have paid tuition fees set at a maximum of up to £9,000 per annum, with most universities charging over £6,000 per annum, and other higher education providers charging less.
Postgraduate fees vary but are generally more than undergraduate fees, depending on the degree and university. There are numerous bursaries (awarded to low income applicants) to offset undergraduate fees and, for postgraduates, full scholarships are available for most subjects, and are usually awarded competitively.
Different arrangements apply to English students studying in Scotland, and to Scottish and Welsh students studying in England. Students from outside the UK and the EU attending English universities are charged differing amounts, often in the region of £5,000 - £20,000 per annum[62] for undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The actual amount differs by institution and subject, with the lab based subjects charging a greater amount.
Adult education[edit]
Adult education, continuing education or lifelong learning is offered to students of all ages. This can include the vocational qualifications mentioned above, and also:
One or two year access courses, to allow adults without suitable qualifications access to university.
The Open University runs undergraduate and postgraduate distance learning programmes.
The Workers' Educational Association offers large number of semi-recreational courses, with or without qualifications, made available by Local Education Authorities under the guise of Adult Education. Courses are available in a wide variety of areas, such as holiday languages, crafts and yacht navigation.
Qualifications Frameworks[edit]
The two qualifications frameworks in England are the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF), for qualifications regulated by Ofqual, and the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ) for qualifications granted by bodies with degree awarding powers, overseen by the Quality Assurance Agency. These share a common numbering scheme for their levels, which was also used for the earlier Qualifications and Credit Framework. The RQF is linked to the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and the FHEQ to the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area (QF-EHEA).[15][16][17][63]
RQF/FHEQ level
Common qualifications
EQF/QF-EHEA equivalent
Level 1 Foundation diploma
GCSE (grades D - G)
NVQ level 1 EQF level 2
Level 2 Higher diploma
GCSE (grades A* - C)
NVQ level 2 EQF level 3
Level 3 Advanced diploma
A-level
International Baccalaureate
BTEC National
NVQ level 3 EQF level 4
Level 4 Certificate of Higher Education
HNC (awarded by a degree-awarding institution) QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the Short Cycle
BTEC Professional award, certificate and diploma level 4
Higher National Certificate (HNC)
NVQ level 4 EQF level 5
Level 5 BTEC Professional award, certificate and diploma level 5
Higher National Diploma (HND)
NVQ level 4
Diploma of Higher Education
Foundation degree
HND (awarded by a degree-awarding institution) QF-EHEA Short Cycle (within or linked to first cycle)
Level 6 BTEC Advanced Professional award, certificate and diploma level 6
NVQ level 4 EQF level 6
Graduate certificate
Graduate diploma
Professional Graduate Certificate of Education QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the First Cycle
Ordinary bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree with honours QF-EHEA First Cycle (end of cycle)
Level 7 BTEC Advanced Professional award, certificate and diploma level 7
NVQ level 5 EQF level 7
Postgraduate certificate
Postgraduate diploma
Postgraduate Certificate of Education QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the Second Cycle
Integrated master's degree
Master's degree QF-EHEA Second Cycle (end of cycle)
Level 8 NVQ level 5 EQF level 8
Doctorates QF-EHEA Third Cycle (end of cycle)
Criticism[edit]
According to the Schools Minister, “strong evidence has been emerging of grade inflation across subjects” in recent years.[64] The Confederation of British Industry, the EEF and the British Chambers of Commerce are also complaining of falling academic standards. Employers often experience difficulty in finding young people who have such basic employability skills as literacy, numeracy, problem solving, teamworking and time management. As a result, employers either have to pay for employees' remedial education, or they must hire foreign candidates.[65][66][67]
Katharine Birbalsingh has written of the problems she perceives in many community schools. She cites the impossibility of effective classroom management, bad teachers who cannot be dismissed, and government policies encouraging "soft" subjects. Birbalsingh has visited schools in Jamaica and India where pupils are desperate to gain the kind of education to which pupils in her own school (and their parents) were indifferent. She was a deputy head teacher in south London until she spoke at a Conservative Party conference in 2010 and was quickly sacked.[68] Frank Chalk, who taught at an inner-city school for ten years before resigning in frustration, makes similar claims.[69]
Pupils claiming free school meals (2010)[70]
School type
Primary
Secondary
All 19.3% 15.2%
Church of England 13.1% 12.0%
Roman Catholic 16.3% 14.0%
Non-religious 21.5% 15.6%
Schools with fewer free school meal children than local postcode average (2010)[70]
School type
Primary
Secondary
Church of England 63.5% 39.6%
Roman Catholic 76.3% 64.7%
Non-religious 47.3% 28.8%
An analysis of 2010 school data by The Guardian found that state faith schools were not taking a fair share of the poorest pupils in their local areas, as indicated by free school meal claims. Not only was this so at an overall national level, but also in the postcode areas nearby the schools. This suggested selection by religion was leading to selection of children from more well-off families.[71]
A survey of 2000 teachers by The Guardian in 2011 identified a widespread reason for not enjoying the job: lack of trust and respect by senior staff, parents and governments.[72] Writing about her own reasons for leaving teaching, a contributing editor to the newspaper's Guardian Teacher Network described the realisation of needing to leave the profession as having slowly crept up on her. Being a mature entrant, she questioned things in her aspiration to improve education and was reluctant to "be moulded into a standard shape".[73]
Throughout the time they are in full-time education children in the north of England do less well than children in the south east. There are also variations in attainment between towns in the north. Calls have been made to remedy this.[74]
Many teachers claim they are working 55 or 60 hours a week and many are leaving the profession due to work pressure and fear for their mental health.[75][76] A poll by the National Education Union suggested four out of five teachers had considered leaving during the year to 2018.[77]
The Institute for Fiscal Studies claims plans for school spending would cause a "real-terms cut of 2.8% in per-pupil funding between 2016 and 2022".[78] Just under a quarter of teachers who qualified since 2011 have left the profession.[79] Amyas Morse of the National Audit Office said, "Schools are facing real challenges in retaining and developing their teachers, with growing pupil numbers and tighter budgets. Schools are finding it increasingly difficult to retain experienced teachers.[80] Schools are asking parents for money because funding is falling short of what they need.[81] The National Association of Head Teachers (NAHT) is writing to all MPs drawing attention to problems faced by English state schools due to funding shortages and warning that standards are at risk after £2.8bn in cuts and additional costs the government imposed.[82]
There is a gap in performance between pupils from better off families and poorer pupils. To counter this a cross party committee of MP's suggested giving subsidised housing to teachers willing to work in deprived schools. Also it was suggested would-be head teachers should spend time in senior positions in struggling schools before they qualify to be heads.[83]
There is a common mis-assumption that a school that fails to do well in the school maming-and-shaming league tables, which are based on the government specified curriculum, could be improved by changing its governing structure. This was tested in 2018 by Profesor Robert Plomin of Kings College London.[84] His study, based on 4,000 pupils who identified as white British and attended schools across the UK, assessed the pupils’ genetic data, their families’ socioeconomic status, their ability (measured by an IQ-style test), prior achievement (11+ or Sats results) and GCSE results. There is a 7% difference in the results between private schools and the worst performing socondary school, but when all the selection factors are included, the difference is less than 1%. The results are dependant on the intake rather than the process; and potentially successful children cluster round 'good schools'.[84]
Funding[edit]
Funding for English schools will change to a national formula in 2018, with some schools likely to gain from the new formula and others likely to lose.[85] Secretary of State for Education, Justine Greening claims funding will depend less on the postcode lottery. The National Audit Office (NAO) claims funding will be cut by 8%.[86][87] According to councils funding cuts will potentially prevent many local authorities meeting legal obligations to schools in areas like checking staff for criminal records and ensuring buildings are asbestos free.[88] The Institute for Fiscal Studies maintains real spending on schooling per pupil has dropped by 8% since 2010.[89]
A cross-party parliamentary committee criticised the government's free school programme as poor value for money. The Public Accounts Committee criticised the government for spending excessively on unsuitable sites and building schools where none are needed. Meanwhile, other schools are not getting repairs done and need £7bn to be brought back to a satisfactory condition. “While the department is spending significant funds in creating 500 more free schools, even in areas with no shortage of places, existing schools struggle to live within their budgets and carry out routine maintenance,” according to the Public Accounts Committee report.[90]
The government is planning to provide extra funding for grammar schools and there is concern that this will do nothing for the vast majority of secondary school pupils in non-selective schools where extra resources aare desperately needed. Geoff Barton of the Association of School and College Leaders said, “We are disappointed that the government has decided to spend scarce funding on expanding grammar schools. While there are many good selective schools, just as there are many good non-selective schools, the evidence is clear that expanding the number of selective places is likely to be damaging to social mobility.”[91]
See also[edit]
Education in the United Kingdom
City Learning Centre
British Schools Foundation
Education by country
List of schools in England
National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
School uniforms in England
Science Learning Centres
Science education in England
Special education in England
List of universities in England
List of universities in the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jo Johnson reappointed as universities and science minister". Times Higher Education. 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ From July 2016, Higher Education comes under the Department for Education, Science under the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy[1]
Jump up ^ Annex A: Total Departmental Spending, 7391 Departmental report 2008[permanent dead link], Department for Children, Schools and Families. £43 billion total spending on schools.
Jump up ^ Table 1 Total Departmental spending, Departmental report 2008 Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine., Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills. £14.3 billion spending on HE, £4.9 billion on FE.
Jump up ^ Estimate for the United Kingdom, from United Kingdom, CIA World Factbook
^ Jump up to: a b "National pupil projections: July 2016". Department for Education. July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Higher Education Student Enrolments and Qualifications Obtained at Higher Education Providers in the United Kingdom 2014/15". Higher Education Statistics Agency. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Further education and skills: statistical first release (SFR)". Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Level 2 and 3 attainment by young people aged 19 in 2015". Department for Education. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Divisions between stages fall at the start/end of academic years so an 11 year old child may, for example, be in primary or secondary school depending on the date and when in the year their birthday falls
Jump up ^ "The national curriculum". Gov.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Options at 16 and beyond". Kent County Council. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "School leaving age". Gov.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Richard Adams (20 July 2016). "English universities to raise tuition fees for first time since they trebled". The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b "Find and Compare Qualifications Frameworks". European Commission. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Compare different qualifications". Gov.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Bologna Process in higher education" (PDF). Quality Assurance Agency. 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Alison McCarty (6 June 2018). "Worldwide Perspective on Education and Women from University of London Alumni". University of London. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Our history". University of Bristol. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Women, Economics and UCL in the late 19th Century". Department of Economics. University College London. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Schools in the Great Britain". Rogalinski.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Education and Skills Act 2008, Office of Public Sector Information.
Jump up ^ Section 8. Compulsory school age, Education Act 1996 Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine., 1996 c.56, UK Parliament.
Jump up ^ "School attendance and absence: the law". Directgov.
Jump up ^ "The Education (Start of Compulsory School Age) Order 1998". The National Archives.
Jump up ^ "School leaving age". Retrieved 6 December 2013. You’ll have to stay in some form of education or training until you turn 18, if you started year eleven in September 2013 or later
Jump up ^ The Education (Information as to Provision of Education) (England) Regulations 1994, Statutory Instrument 1994 No. 1256, UK Parliament.
Jump up ^ Shortfall in teacher numbers hits 30,000 The Observer
Jump up ^ Cash crisis forces secondary schools in England to cut 15,000 staff The Guardian
Jump up ^ Special needs cash shortfall 'leaves thousands of pupils unplaced' BBC
Jump up ^ Jeevan Vasagar (31 January 2012). "State boarding school boom: surge in pupils living away from home". Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Categories of Schools – Overview". GovernorNet. Department for Children, Schools and Families. 5 September 2003. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Composition of Schools in England" (PDF). Department for Children, Schools and Families. June 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Types of School Archived 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine., Citizens Advice Bureau.
Jump up ^ "What are Academies?". Standards Site. Department for Children, Schools and Families. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Dozens of academy schools need bailouts from taxpayers The Guardian
Jump up ^ "Voluntary Aided Schools". Teachernet. Department for Children, Schools and Families. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Clyde Chitty (16 November 2002). "The Right to a Comprehensive Education". Second Caroline Benn Memorial Lecture. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Table 1.2: Full-time and Part-time pupils by age, gender and school type, Education and Training Statistics for the United Kingdom: 2008 Archived 22 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine., Department for Children, Schools and Families. Enrolment at independent schools is not partitioned by stages in the source, and has been estimated using an equal division. The error is within the precision of these figures.
Jump up ^ "Educating your child at home". Directgov. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Richard Garner (28 January 2002). "Rising number of parents decide they can do a better job than the education system". The Independent. London. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Mathew Charles (18 March 2005). "Growth market in home education". BBC News. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Katie Razzall; Lewis Hannam (26 September 2007). "UK home-school cases soar". Channel 4 News. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Elective Home Education: Guidelines for Local Authorities" (PDF). Department for Children, Schools and Families. 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Terri Dowty (editor) (2000). Free Range Education: How Home Education Works. Hawthorn Press. ISBN 1-903458-07-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Traineeships". Skills Funding Agency. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "A Guide to Apprenticeships". National Apprenticeship Service. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Clark, Laura (25 November 2014). "Apprentices beat graduates in jobs race: University leavers three times more likely to be unemployed a year after finishing course". Daily Mail. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
Jump up ^ including student debt repayments
Jump up ^ Dr Philip Kirby (9 October 2015). "Levels of Success: The potential of UK apprenticeships". Sutton Trust. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ [1] Department for Education. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Robertson, Alix (20 April 2016). "Shakira Martin re-elected as NUS vice president for FE". FE Week. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Offord, Paul (2 November 2016). "Student focus for Sir Vince Cable's FE comeback". FE Week. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Burke, Jude (8 July 2016). "MPs launch inquiry into post-16 area reviews". FE Week. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies" (PDF). November 2014. p. 17.
Jump up ^ Heidi Blake (10 November 2010). "Grants, loans and tuition fees: a timeline of how university funding has evolved". Daily Telegraph.
Jump up ^ Paul Blackmore (29 March 2016). "Universities vie for the metric that cannot be measured: prestige". The Guardian. “The Russell Group has successfully stage-managed the position that it is seen as comprising the best universities. Some are and some aren’t, but by and large this is nonsense.
“However, parents increasingly say they want their child to go to one.”
Pre-92 head
Jump up ^ "About us". Quality Assurance Agency. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Teacher training providers". Office for Standards in Education. 5 December 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Select Committee on Science and Technology (17 July 2012). "Higher Education in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects" (PDF). House of Lords. p. 26. First degrees have, in the past, usually lasted three years and resulted in a Bachelors degree. There has, however, been a move towards four year courses in STEM subjects, particularly engineering, leading to an integrated Masters degree and increasingly Masters are seen as a prerequisite for postgraduate study internationally. Such a degree, or its equivalent at Masters level, is essential to achieving Chartered status in engineering and some other areas.
Jump up ^ Sara McDonnell (March 2011). "What is a PhD?". jobs.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "UKCISA - Fees, funding and Student Support". Retrieved 25 February 2010. UK Council for International Student Affairs > How much will the 'overseas' fee for my course be?
Jump up ^ "Qualifications can cross boundaries" (PDF). Quality Assurance Agency, Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework Partnership, CCEA Accreditation, Ofqual, CQFW Welsh Government and Quality and Qualifications Ireland. September 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Paton, Graeme (13 July 2012). "More students forced to sit university admissions tests". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Boosting employability skills". Confederation of British Industry. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Skills and education submissions". EEF: The Manufacturers' Association. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "The BCC Skills and Employment Manifesto". British Chambers of Commerce. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Katharine Birbalsingh (2011). To Miss with Love. Viking. ISBN 0-670-91899-7
Jump up ^ Frank Chalk (2006). It's Your Time You're Wasting: A Teacher's Tales of Classroom Hell. Monday Books. ISBN 978-0-9552854-0-0
^ Jump up to: a b "How many poor children go to faith schools?". The Guardian. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Jessica Shepherd and Simon Rogers (5 March 2012). "Church schools shun poorest pupils". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Berliner, Wendy (3 October 2011). "Guardian survey finds teachers want to be treated as professionals". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 October 2011. Many wrote: 'I love teaching but...' [...] fed up with governments that don't trust them [...] One former solicitor, now questioning the sense of the career switch, said: "There is a profound lack of respect by senior staff and parents for the quality of work and quantity of work undertaken by teachers. [...]"
Jump up ^ Drury, Emma (5 October 2011). "Why I left teaching". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 October 2011. [leaving teaching] just kind of crept up on me until I had had enough. [...] The problem, I think, was me. I wasn't a fresh out of college squashy NQT ready to be moulded into a standard shape. [...] I questioned things and I answered back. I was determined to make things better.
Jump up ^ Children in northern England being failed by educational divide, study finds The Guardian
Jump up ^ sen/apr/15/demanding-workload-driving-young-teachers-out-of-profession Demanding workload driving young teachers out of profession The Guardian
Jump up ^ Workload 'pushing young teachers to the brink' BBC
Jump up ^ Vast majority of teachers considered quitting in past year – poll The Guardian
Jump up ^ Heads warn parents of 'cash-starved schools' BBC
Jump up ^ Almost a quarter of teachers who have qualified since 2011 have left profession The Guardian
Jump up ^ Teacher retention efforts 'not working'§§ BBC
Jump up ^ Schools asking parents for 'money via direct debit' owing to cuts The Guardian
Jump up ^ English school budgets facing 'breaking point', warn headteachers The Guardian
Jump up ^ Give teachers in poorer schools subsidised housing – MPs The Guardian
^ Jump up to: a b Devlin, Hannah (23 March 2018). "Selective schools make no difference to GCSE results, study says". the Guardian. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Schoolsweek report 14 December 2016
Jump up ^ Schools face cuts of £3bn, says watchdog BBC
Jump up ^ Thousands of schools stand to lose out under new funding formula The Guardian
Jump up ^ School funding cuts 'will leave councils unable to meet legal obligations' The Guardian
Jump up ^ School spending on pupils cut by 8%, says IFS BBC
Jump up ^ MPs condemn free schools policy as incoherent and wasteful The Guardian
Jump up ^ Grammar schools in England to get £50m expansion fund The Guardian
Further reading[edit]
Blatchford, Roy (2014). The Restless School. John Catt Educational. p. 136. ISBN 978-1909717077.
Christodoulou, Daisy (2014). Seven Myths About Education. Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-0415746823.
Martin, Mary Clare. "Church, school and locality: Revisiting the historiography of 'state' and 'religious' educational infrastructures in England and Wales, 1780–1870." Paedagogica Historica 49.1 (2013): 70-81.
Peal, Robert (2014). Progressively worse: The Burden of Bad Ideas in British Schools. Civitas. p. 298. ISBN 978-1906837624. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
External links[edit]
Department for Education
Fully searchable UK school guide independent and state
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
A history of education in England by Derek Gillard, an advocate of the comprehensive system
"The Skills for Life survey: A national needs and impact survey of literacy, numeracy and ICT skills", Research Brief RB490, Department for Education and Skills, 2003
Skills for Life: Progress in Improving Adult Literacy and Numeracy (PDF), House of Commons Public Accounts Committee, 14 January 2009
Guardian Special Report - Education
Statistics: school and pupil numbers Department for Education
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streaming service
Website
www.cbs.com/all-access/
Registration
Monthly subscription required to access content
Launched
October 28, 2014 (2014-10-28)
CBS All Access is an over-the-top subscription streaming video on demand service owned and operated by CBS Interactive. It offers original content, content newly aired on CBS's broadcast properties, and content from CBS's library, along with live streams of the local CBS affiliate's main channel, where available.
The service is noted for streaming the Grammy Awards and Star Trek: Discovery.[1] As of early 2018, it has over 2 million subscribers.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Subscribership
3 Criticism
4 Programming
4.1 Original programming
4.2 Syndicated and archived programming
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
On October 28, 2014, CBS launched CBS All Access, an over-the-top subscription streaming service – priced at $5.99 USD per month ($9.99 with an option for advertising-free streaming content[2]) – which allows users to view past and present episodes of CBS shows.[3][4][5] Announced on October 16, 2014 (one day after HBO announced the launch of its over-the-top service HBO Now), as the first OTT offering by an American broadcast television network, the service initially encompassed the network's existing streaming portal at CBS.com and its mobile app for smartphones and tablet computers; CBS All Access became available on Roku on April 7, 2015, and on Chromecast on May 14, 2015.[6][7] In addition to providing full-length episodes of CBS programs, the service allows live programming streams of local CBS affiliates in 124 markets reaching 75% of the United States (including stations owned by Tribune Broadcasting, Sinclair Broadcast Group, Hearst Television, Tegna Media, Nexstar Media Group, Meredith Corporation, Griffin Communications, Raycom Media, Weigel Broadcasting and Cox Media Group and the launch group of CBS Television Stations), including SEC sports and the NFL; however due to the absence of streaming rights, a few sports events are not streamed on the service (mainly involving PGA Tour events, some locally programmed NFL preseason games, and select brokered shows through CBS Sports Spectacular), along with limited syndicated and paid programming where only a local broadcast license to carry the program is allowed and web airing rights are retained by the syndicator or infomercial producer.[8][9][10][11][12] By the very nature of it being live, streaming of a local affiliate does include all advertising, even with the commercial-free plan.
On December 1, 2016, CBS announced an agreement with the National Football League to allow clearance of regional NFL games carried by CBS on CBS All Access from Week 13 of the 2016 NFL season on. At the time, the games were blacked out on non-Verizon Wireless mobile devices due to that provider's exclusivity agreement as part of their "official wireless provider" sponsorship of the league.[13] In the 2018 NFL season, a new agreement with Verizon ending that exclusivity will allow CBS All Access to stream games to all mobile devices.
As of February 2017[update], the service had nearly 1.5 million subscribers.[14]
In August 2017, CBS announced plans to expand CBS All Access internationally. The first international market to receive the service will be Canada, with a launch date planned for early 2018. [15] Plans to launch the service in Australia quickly followed, resulting from CBS's purchase of Australian free-to-air broadcaster Network Ten.[16] The service will launch in Australia by the end of 2018.[17]
In September 2017, Star Trek Discovery debuted on streaming on CBS, and they also recorded record number of sign-ups after this.[18] The records where the greatest number of single day, week, and monthly sign-up records since the streaming network's inception.[18] They reported the previous single-day record was held by the 2017 Grammy award ceremony coverage.[18] CBS was noted as harnessing the Star trek fan-base which were noted as willing to get the service just to see the series.[19]
Buoyed by Star Trek Discovery CBS All Access reached over 2 million subscribers by early 2018, with the 60th Annual Grammy Awards also providing a boost to Cell App watchers.[1] The 60th Grammys in January 2018 resulted in the 2nd biggest day for sign-ups after the Discovery premier.[1]
In April 2018, CBS All Access Canada, the first international service, launched.[20] Much of the high profile current CBS content is missing from the service in Canada, due to it being already exclusively licensed to Canadian TV channels and networks. Non-exclusively licensed and unlicensed content is available on the service, from current shows and classic shows.[21] The U.S. servicce's flagship show, Star Trek: Discovery, is licensed to Canadian broadcaster Space and Z Tele and Canadian VOD service CraveTV, unavailable to the Canadian CBS service.[22][21]
Subscribership[edit]
Early 2015- over 100,000 subscribers.[23]
December 2016- around 1.2 million[24]
February 2017- nearly 1.5 million subscribers.[25]
Early 2018- over 2 million[26]
Criticism[edit]
CBS All Access has received criticism[27] about the technical aspects of the service, with a maximum video quality of only 720p with high compression levels and two-channel stereo sound rather than a surround sound format such as Dolby Digital. This contrasts with Hulu's maximum 1080p streaming (and CBS's default over-the-air transmission standard of 1080i), and Netflix's maximum available quality being 4k with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound.
Programming[edit]
See also: List of original programs distributed by CBS All Access
Original programming[edit]
On November 2, 2015, it was announced that the first CBS All Access original series would be a new Star Trek series in 2017, which is set in the original Star Trek universe.[28] The first season will consist of 15 episodes.
On May 18, 2016, it was announced that The Good Wife would get a spin-off featuring Christine Baranski's character Diane Lockhart. The series, titled The Good Fight, launched with a CBS broadcast premiere on February 19, 2017, with the remaining nine episodes exclusive to CBS All Access.[29] The series became the first original drama on the platform when the Star Trek series premiere was delayed until the fall of 2017.[30]
On August 2, 2016, the announcement was made that an online version of Big Brother would air on CBS All Access in the fall of 2016. The announcement marked the first CBS television series set to air exclusively on the platform. It is also expected to be the first reality game show set to air exclusively on any streaming platform.[31] On August 10, 2016, CBS announced that Julie Chen would continue to serve as host, and then revealed the season to be called Big Brother: Over the Top.
Syndicated and archived programming[edit]
The most recent episodes of the network's shows are usually made available on CBS.com and CBS All Access the day after their original broadcast.
CBS All Access provides complete back catalogs of most of its current series, including full-season "stacking rights" (with the exception of certain series, such as The Big Bang Theory, to which CBS only holds "last five" episode rights as Warner Bros. retains all other rights as the show's distributor), as well as a wide selection of episodes of classic series from the CBS Television Distribution program library – including shows previously owned by Paramount Television made for both CBS and other networks prior to CBS's acquisition of its program library through the CBS-Viacom split (including the complete episode catalog of shows like Star Trek, Cheers, MacGyver, Twin Peaks and CSI: Miami) to subscribers of the service. CBS All Access also carries behind-the-scenes features from CBS programs and special events, and (beginning with the 17th season in June 2015) live feeds and special content from the reality series Big Brother.[3]
In mid-April 2017, a limited library of films, made up of content from Paramount Pictures, The Samuel Goldwyn Company and CBS Films, was made available on the service. This includes several titles in the Star Trek film series.
See also[edit]
Amazon Video
Hulu
HBO Now
Netflix
Sony Crackle
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Perez, Sarah (January 29, 2018). "The Grammys Gave CBS All Access Its Second-Biggest Day for Signups Yet." TechCrunch.com. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ ""CBS ALL ACCESS" ROLLS OUT COMMERCIAL-FREE OPTION FOR SUBSCRIBERS". CBS Corporation. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Brian Stelter; Frank Pallotta (October 16, 2014). "New way to watch CBS shows, for $6 a month". CNN Money. Time Warner. Retrieved July 17, 2015. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Don Kaplan (October 16, 2014). "CBS, like HBO, takes on Netflix with a service to deliver TV shows via broadband". Daily News. New York. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Emily Steel (October 16, 2014). "Cord-Cutters Rejoice: CBS Joins Web Stream". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Roberto Baldwin (April 7, 2015). "CBS All Access launches on Roku with live streaming and VOD". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Billy Steele (May 14, 2015). "CBS All Access app gets Chromecast support (Update: Fox and FXNow, too)". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton (April 9, 2015). "CBS Affiliates Sign on to Expand Reach of All Access SVOD Service". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Michael Malone (April 22, 2015). "Five Gray TV Stations Launch CBS All Access". Broadcasting & Cable. NewBay Media. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Todd Spangler (May 14, 2015). "CBS Expands 'All Access' Live Local TV Streaming to Two-Thirds of U.S." Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ George Winslow (July 16, 2015). "CBS All Access Expands Access". Broadcasting & Cable. NewBay Media. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Annlee Ellingson (October 16, 2014). "Hulu holdout CBS launches on-demand and live streaming". L.A. Biz. American City Business Journals. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Brian (1 December 2016). "CBS Will Live-Stream NFL Games On Its 'All Access' SVOD Service". Variety. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Todd Spangler (February 13, 2017). "Showtime Hits 1.5 Million Streaming Subscribers, CBS All Access Nears Same Mark (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.
Jump up ^ "CBS ALL ACCESS TO EXPAND GLOBALLY – CBS Corporation". www.cbscorporation.com.
Jump up ^ "Ten Network to be purchased by US giant CBS". ABC News. 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Mason, Max (May 4 2018). "Network Ten parent CBS to launch streaming service All Access by year end". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved May 6 2018. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c D'Alessandro, Anthony (25 September 2017). "'Star Trek Discovery' Fuels Record Signups For CBS All Access".
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "CBS All Access launches in Canada". CBS News. 24 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Lewis (23 April 2018). "Canadians get limited version of new CBS streaming app". The Toronto Star. TorStar.
Jump up ^ "New Star Trek series to premiere on CTV, then air on Space and Z". The Globe and Mail. The Canadian Press. 18 May 2016.
Jump up ^ [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cbs-all-access-streaming-service-780636
Jump up ^ [https://www.fiercecable.com/broadcasting/cbs-all-access-now-reportedly-at-1-2m-subscribers
Jump up ^ Todd Spangler (February 13, 2017). "Showtime Hits 1.5 Million Streaming Subscribers, CBS All Access Nears Same Mark (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "Star Trek Discovery – Stranded in Compressed, Two-Channel Subscription Space".
Jump up ^ "New Star Trek Television Series Coming In 2017 To CBS All Access – CBS.com". CBS. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Good Wife Spinoff To Star Christine Baranski And Cush Jumbo". CBS. CBS Interactive.
Jump up ^ "'Star Trek: Discovery' Delayed Again as Spock's Father Is Cast".
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-04. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
External links[edit]
Official website: https://www.cbs.com/all-access/ (USA)
Canadian website: https://www.cbsallaccess.ca/ (Canada)
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CBS All Access original programming
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Riley Voelkel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Riley Voelkel
Born
(1990-04-26) April 26, 1990 (age 27)
Elk Grove, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, model
Years active
2010–present
Riley Voelkel (born April 26, 1990) is an American Canadian actress. She is known for portraying Freya Mikaelson on The CW television series The Originals. Voelkel also played the role of Jenna Johnson on the HBO television series The Newsroom. In 2013, she played the younger version of Jessica Lange's character, the witch Fiona Goode in the FX series American Horror Story: Coven.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Voelkel was born in the United States, but raised in Canada. She was very involved in sports and school, being a part of a softball team for 9 years.
Just a month away from going to college, a modeling scout was coming to her town and she decided to try her luck. The scout picked her and she went to Los Angeles where she was very much liked by several agents. She moved to Los Angeles to model, but, soon after, she joined an acting class recommended by an agent.[1]
Career[edit]
Voelkel's first big break into the industry came when she auditioned for the role of a club girl in The Social Network, winning the part. After finishing the picture, she signed with an agent,[citation needed] and booked her first starring role, as Carrie in the independent film, The Secret Lives of Dorks, released in 2013.[2][3] In 2012, she joined the HBO series The Newsroom only for the pilot episode, but later became the character of Jenna.[1] In 2014, she was cast as one of the leads in the Amazon pilot Point Of Honor.[4][5]
In the fall 2014, Voelkel was cast in an unnamed recurring role on The CW series The Originals during its second season. Her character on The Originals, Freya Mikaelson, was upgraded to a series regular for the show's third season.[6][7]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2010 The Social Network Final Club Girl Uncredited[citation needed]
2011 Prom Claire
2012 Hidden Moon Christine Brighton
2013 Synthesizers Club Girl Short film
2013 The Secret Lives of Dorks Carrie Smith
2016 Scrambled Cristina Post-production
2016 Advance & Retreat Alison Sinclair TV Movie
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2010 Glory Daze Caroline Episode: Pilot
2012 The Mentalist Tristan Episode: "Red is the New Black"
2012–14 The Newsroom Jenna Johnson Recurring, 15 episodes
2013 American Horror Story: Coven Young Fiona Goode 3 episodes
2014 Glee Sam Episode: "New New York"
2014–present The Originals Freya Mikaelson Recurring (season 2)
Regular (season 3– ); 27 episodes
2015 Point of Honor Lorelei Sumner Unsold television pilot
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Don't ask Riley Voelkel why America is the best country in the world!". July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Frank Scheck (September 25, 2013). "The Secret Lives of Dorks: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott Foundas (October 15, 2013). "Film Review: 'The Secret Lives of Dorks'". Variety. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (August 27, 2014). "Riley Voelkel Cast In 'Point Of Honor'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Todd Spangler (November 11, 2014). "Amazon Studios Announces 7 Pilots for Early 2015". Variety. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andy Swift (May 11, 2015). "Originals Scoop: Riley Voelkel Promoted to Series Regular". TVLine. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Originals Season 2 Spoilers: Meet Freya Mikaelson". gossipandgab.com.
External links[edit]
Riley Voelkel on IMDb
Riley Voelkel on Twitter
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riley_Voelkel&oldid=814866264"
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