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Bay of Bengal
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Bay of Bengal
Map of Bay of Bengal
Location
South Asia
Coordinates
15°N 88°E / 15°N 88°E / 15; 88Coordinates: 15°N 88°E / 15°N 88°E / 15; 88
Type
Bay
Primary inflows
Indian Ocean
Basin countries
Bangladesh
India
Indonesia
Myanmar
Sri Lanka [1][2]
Max. length
2,090 km (1,300 mi)
Max. width
1,610 km (1,000 mi)
Surface area
2,172,000 km2 (839,000 sq mi)
Average depth
2,600 m (8,500 ft)
Max. depth
4,694 m (15,400 ft)
The Bay of Bengal (Bengali: বঙ্গোপসাগর [bɔŋgopoʃagoɾ], is the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, bounded on the west and north by India and Bangladesh, and on the east by Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India). Its southern limit is a line between Sri Lanka and the northwesternmost point of Sumatra (Indonesia). It is the largest water region called a bay in the world. There are Countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal in South Asia and Southeast Asia.
The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of 2,172,000 square kilometres (839,000 sq mi). A number of large rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal: the Ganges, the Padma, the Jamuna, the Meghna, the Irrawaddy, the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Brahmani, the Baitarani, the Krishna and the Kaveri. Among the important ports are Chennai, Chittagong, Colombo, Kolkata, Mongla, Paradip Port, Port Blair, Tuticorin, Visakhapatnam and Yangon. Among the smaller ports are Dhamra, Kakinada and Payra.
Contents
[hide]
1 Extent
2 Etymology
3 Rivers
4 Seaports
5 Islands
6 Beaches
7 Oceanography
7.1 Plate tectonics
7.2 Marine geology
7.3 Marine biology, flora and fauna
7.4 Chemical oceanography
7.5 Physical oceanography – climate
8 Tropical storms and cyclones
9 Historic sites
10 Religious importance
11 Economy
12 Strategic importance
13 Environmental hazards
13.1 Pollution
14 Transboundary issues affecting the marine ecosystem
14.1 Overexploitation of fisheries
14.2 Degradation of critical habitats
14.3 Pollution and water quality
15 History
15.1 British penal colony
16 Marine archaeology
16.1 Famous ships and shipwrecks
17 See also
18 References
19 Further reading
20 External links
Extent[edit]
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Bay of Bengal as follows:[3]
On the east: A line running from Cape Negrais (16°03'N) in Burma through the larger islands of the Andaman group, in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E and thence along the southwest limit of the Burma Sea [A line running from Oedjong Raja (5°32′N 95°12′E / 5.533°N 95.200°E / 5.533; 95.200) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea].
On the south: Ram Sethu (between India and Ceylon [Sri Lanka]) and from the southern extreme of Dondra Head (south point of Ceylon) to the north point of Poeloe Bras (5°44′N 95°04′E / 5.733°N 95.067°E / 5.733; 95.067).
Etymology[edit]
The bay gets its name from the historical Bengal region (The Indian state of West Bengal and modern-day Bangladesh). In ancient scriptures, this water body may have been referred to as 'Mahodadhi' (Sanskrit: महोदधि, lit. great water receptacle)[4][5][better source needed] while it appears as Sinus Gangeticus or Gangeticus Sinus, meaning "Gulf of the Ganges", in ancient maps.[6]
The other Sanskrit names for Bay of Bengal are 'Vangopasagara' (Sanskrit: वङ्गोपसागर, lit. Bengal's Bay), also simply called as 'Vangasagara' (Sanskrit: वङ्गसागर, lit. Bengal Sea) and 'Purvapayodhi' (Sanskrit: पूर्वपयोधि, lit. Eastern Ocean). Even today in Bengali and Odia it is known as "Bongoposagor".
Rivers[edit]
Many major Rivers of India flow west to east before draining into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganga is the northernmost of these. Its main channel enters and flows through Bangladesh, where it is known as the Padma River, before joining the Meghna River. However, the Brahmaputra River flows from east to west in Assam before turning south and entering Bangladesh where it is called the Jamuna River. This joins the Padma where upon the Padma joins the Meghna River that finally drains into Bay of Bengal. The Sundarbans mangrove of forest of Bangladesh is a forest at the delta of the Padma, Jamuna and Meghna rivers lies partly in West Bengal and mostly in Bangladesh. The Brahmaputra at 2,948 km (1,832 mi) is the 28th longest River in the world. It originates in Tibet. The Hooghly River, another channel of the Ganga that flows through Calcutta drains into Bay of Bengal.
The Padma–Meghna-Jamuna rivers deposit nearly 1000 million tons of sediment every year. The sediment from these three rivers form the Bengal Delta and the submarine fan, a vast structure that extends from Bangladesh to south of the Equator, is up to 16.5 kilometres (10.3 mi) thick, and contains at least 1,130 trillion tonnes of sediment, which has accumulated over the last 17 million years at an average rate of 665 million tons per annum.[7] The fan has buried organic carbon at a rate of nearly 1.1 trillion mol/yr (13.2 million t/yr) since the early Miocene period. The three rivers currently contribute nearly 8% of the total organic carbon (TOC) deposited in the world's oceans. Due to high TOC accumulation in the deep sea bed of the Bay of Bengal, the area is rich in oil and natural gas and gas hydrate reserves. Bangladesh can reclaim land substantially and economically gain from the sea area by constructing sea dikes, bunds, causeways and by trapping the sediment from its rivers.
Further southwest of Bangladesh, the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri Rivers also flow from west to east in South Asia and drain into the Bay of Bengal. Many small rivers also drain directly into the Bay of Bengal; the shortest of them is the Cooum River at 64 km (40 mi).
The Irrawaddy (or Ayeyarwady) River in Myanmar flows into the Andaman Sea of the Bay of Bengal and once had thick mangrove forests of its own.
Seaports[edit]
The city of Visakhapatnam in India is a major port of the Bay of Bengal
Indian ports on the bay include Kolkata Port, Haldia Port, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Pondicherry, Dhamra, Gopalpur and Bangladeshi ports on the Bay are Chittagong, Mongla, Payra Port.
Islands[edit]
The islands in the bay are numerous, including the Andaman Islands, Nicobar and Mergui groups of India. The Cheduba group of islands, in the north-east, off the Burmese coast, are remarkable for a chain of mud volcanoes, which are occasionally active. Great Andaman is the main archipelago or island group of the Andaman Islands, whereas Ritchie's Archipelago consists of smaller islands. Only 37, or 6.5%, of the 572 islands and islets of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are inhabited.[8]
Beaches[edit]
The Sunderbans bordering the Bay of Bengal is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world.[9]
Cox's Bazar, the longest stretch of beach in the world.[10]
Sea Beach
Location
Cox's Bazar Bangladesh
Kuakata Bangladesh
St. Martin's Island Bangladesh
Sonadia Bangladesh
Inani Bangladesh
Teknaf Bangladesh
Marina Beach, Chennai India
Bakkhali Beach, West Bengal India
Digha Beach, West Bengal India
Mandarmoni Beach, West Bengal India
Tajpur Beach, West Bengal India
Shankarpur Beach, West Bengal India
Pir Jahania India
Bheemili India
Chandaneswar India
Chandipur India
Konarak India
Puri India
R.K.Beach India
Rushikonda India
Manginapudi, Machilipatnam India
Serenity Beach, Pondicherry India
Ngapali Myanmar
Ngwesaung Myanmar
Chaungtha, Pathein Myanmar
Sittwe Myanmar
Galle Face Sri Lanka
Galle Face Sri Lanka
Oceanography[edit]
Plate tectonics[edit]
The lithosphere of the earth is broken up into what are called tectonic plates. Underneath the Bay of Bengal, which is part of the great Indo-Australian Plate and is slowly moving north east. This plate meets the Burma Microplate at the Sunda Trench. The Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands are part of the Burma Microplate. The India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate at the Sunda Trench or Java Trench. Here, the pressure of the two plates on each other increase pressure and temperature resulting in the formation of volcanoes such as the volcanoes in Myanmar, and a volcanic arc called the Sunda Arc. The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and Asian tsunami was a result of the pressure at this zone causing a submarine earthquake which then resulted in a destructive tsunami.[11]
Marine geology[edit]
A zone 50 m wide extending from the island of Ceylon and the Coromandel coast to the head of the bay, and thence southwards through a strip embracing the Andaman and Nicobar islands, is bounded by the 100 fathom line of sea bottom; some 50 m. beyond this lies the 500-fathom limit. Opposite the mouth of the Ganges, however, the intervals between these depths are very much extended by deltaic influence.
Swatch of No Ground is a 14 km-wide deep sea canyon of the Bay of Bengal. The deepest recorded area of this valley is about 1340 m.[12] The submarine canyon is part of the Bengal Fan, the largest submarine fan in the world.[13][14]
Marine biology, flora and fauna[edit]
A spinner dolphin in Bay of Bengal
Tachypleus gigas in Odisha
The Bay of Bengal is full of biological diversity, diverging amongst coral reefs, estuaries, fish spawning and nursery areas, and mangroves. The Bay of Bengal is one of the World's 64 largest marine ecosystems.
Kerilia jerdonii is a sea snake of the Bay of Bengal. Glory of Bengal cone (Conus bengalensis) is just one of the seashells which can be photographed along beaches of the Bay of Bengal.[15] An endangered species, the olive ridley sea turtle can survive because of the nesting grounds made available at the Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, Gahirmatha Beach, Odisha, India. Marlin, barracuda, skipjack tuna, (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna, Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin (Sousa chinensis), and Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) are a few of the marine animals. Bay of Bengal hogfish (Bodianus neilli) is a type of wrass which live in turbid lagoon reefs or shallow coastal reefs. Schools of dolphins can be seen, whether they are the bottle nose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) or the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris). Tuna and dolphins usually reside in the same waters. In shallower and warmer coastal waters the Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) can be found.[16][17]
The Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve provides sanctuary to many animals some of which include the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), giant leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), and Malayan box turtle (Cuora amboinensis kamaroma) to name a few.
Another endangered species royal Bengal tiger is supported by Sundarbans a large estuarine delta that holds a mangrove area in the Ganges River Delta.[18][19]
Chemical oceanography[edit]
Coastal regions bordering the Bay of Bengal are rich in minerals. Sri Lanka, Serendib, or Ratna – Dweepa which means Gem Island. Amethyst, beryl, ruby, sapphire, topaz, and garnet are just some of the gems of Sri Lanka. Garnet and other precious gems are also found in abundance in the Indian states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.[20]
Physical oceanography – climate[edit]
From January to October, the current is northward flowing, and the clockwise circulation pattern is called the "East Indian Current". The Bay of Bengal monsoon moves in a northwest direction striking the Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands first end of May, then the north eastern coast of India by end of June.
The remainder of the year, the counterclockwise current is southwestward flowing, and the circulation pattern is called the East Indian Winter Jet. September and December see very active weather, season varsha (or monsoon), in the Bay of Bengal producing severe cyclones which affect eastern India. Several efforts have been initiated to cope with storm surge.[21]
Tropical storms and cyclones[edit]
Main article: Tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal
Cyclone Sidr at its peak near Bangladesh
A tropical storm with rotating winds blowing at speeds of 74 miles (119 kilometres) per hour is called a cyclone when they originate over the Bay of Bengal; and called a hurricane in the Atlantic.[22] Between 100,000 and 500,000 residents of Bangladesh were killed because of the 1970 Bhola cyclone.
2017, Severe Cyclonic Storm Mora
2017, Cyclone Maarutha
2016, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Vardah
2016, Cyclone Nada
2016, Cyclone Kyant
2016, Cyclone Roanu
2015, Cyclone Komen
2014, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Hudhud
2013, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin
2013, Cyclone Viyaru
2012, Cyclone Nilam
2011, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Thane
2010, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri
2009, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Aila
2008, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis
2007, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr
2006, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala
1999, Odisha Super Cyclonic Storm 05B
1996, Konaseema Cyclone
1991, Super Cyclonic Storm 02B
1989, November Typhoon Gay
1985, May Tropical Storm One (1B)
1982, April Cyclone One (1B)
1982, May Tropical Storm Two (2B)
1982, October Tropical Storm Three (3B)
1981, December Cyclone Three (3B)
1980, October Tropical Storm One (1B)
1980, December Unknown Storm Four (4B)
1980, December Tropical Storm Five (5B)
1977, Andhra Pradesh Cyclone (6B)
1971, Cyclone Odisha
1970, November Bhola cyclone
The Calcutta cyclone of 1864: caused a storm surge of 40 feet. Barometer 28.025 inches of mercury. 50,000 direct deaths and 30,000 from disease.[23]
The Backergunge cyclone of 1876: 10 to 30 or 40 feet storm surge. 100,000 direct deaths and 100,000 indirect from disease.[23]
The False Point cyclone of 1885: 22 feet of storm surge. Barometer 27.135 inches of mercury.[23]
Historic sites[edit]
The Shore Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site on the shore of the Bay of Bengal
The ancient Buddhist heritage sites of Pavurallakonda, Thotlakonda and Bavikonda lie along the coast of Bay of Bengal at Visakhapatnam in India.
The remains of the Sri Vaisakheswara Swamy temple lie under the Bay of Bengal. Spokespeople from Andhra University Centre for Marine Archaeology say the temple may be opposite the Coastal Battery.[24]
The Jagannath Temple at Puri is the one of the four sacred places in Hindu pilgrimage along with Puri beach on the banks of Bay of Bengal. Mahodadhi was named after Lord Jagannath.
Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram is the name for Mahabalipuram. Mahabalipuram's Shore Temple, a World Heritage Site was constructed in the 8th century AD and myth has it that six other temples were built here.
One site that has been preserved is Vivekanandar Illam. It was constructed in 1842 by the American "Ice King" Frederic Tudor to store and market ice year round. In 1897, Swami Vivekananda's famous lectures were recorded here at Castle Kernan. The site is an exhibition devoted to Swami Vivekananda and his legacy.
Arikamedu is an archaeological site in Southern India, in Kakkayanthope, Ariyankuppam Commune, Puducherry. It is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the capital, Pondicherry of the Indian territory of Puducherry
Konark is the home of the Sun Temple or Black Pagoda. This Brahman sanctuary was built of black granite mid-1200 AD and has been declared a World Heritage Site.
Ramanathaswamy Temple is at Dhanushkodi, where the Bay of Bengal and the Laccadive sea come together.[25]
Religious importance[edit]
The Bay of Bengal in the stretch of Swargadwar, the gateway to heaven in Sanskrit, in the Indian town of Puri is considered holy by Hindus.
Samudra arati of worship of the sea by disciples of the Govardhan Matha at Puri
The Samudra arati is a daily tradition started by the present Shankaracharya of Puri 9 years ago to honour the sacred sea.[26] The daily practise includes prayer and fire offering to the sea at Swargadwar in Puri by disciples of the Govardhana matha of the Shankaracharya. On Paush Purnima of every year the Shankaracharya himself comes out to offer prayers to the sea.
Economy[edit]
One of the first trading ventures along the Bay of Bengal was The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies more commonly referred to as the British East India Company. Gopalpur-on-Sea was one of their main trading centers. Other trading companies along the Bay of Bengal shorelines were the English East India Company and the French East India Company.[27]
BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) supports free trade internationally around the Bay of Bengal between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
The Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project is a new venture proposed which would create a channel for a shipping route to link the Gulf of Mannar with the Bay of Bengal. This would connect India from east to west without the necessity of going around Sri Lanka.
Thoni and catamaran fishing boats of fishing villages thrive along the Bay of Bengal shorelines. Fishermen can catch between 26 and 44 species of marine fish.[28] In one year, the average catch is two million tons of fish from the Bay of Bengal alone.[29] Approximately 31% of the world’s coastal fishermen live and work on the bay.[30]
Strategic importance[edit]
The Bay of Bengal is centrally located in South and Southeast Asia. It lies at the center of two huge economic blocks, the SAARC and ASEAN. It influences China's southern landlocked region in the north and major sea ports of India and Bangladesh. China, India, and Bangladesh have forged naval cooperation agreements with Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia to increase cooperation in checking terrorism in the high seas.[31]
Image of United States ships participating in the Malabar 2007 naval exercise. Aegis cruisers from the navies of Japan and Australia, and logistical support ships from Singapore and India in the Bay of Bengal took part.
Its outlying islands (the Andaman and Nicobar islands) and, most importantly, major ports such as Kolkata, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Tuticorin, Chittagong, and Mongla, along its coast with the Bay of Bengal added to its importance.[32]
China has recently made efforts to project influence into the region through tie-ups with Myanmar and Bangladesh.[33] The United States has held major exercises with Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and recently India.[34][35][36][37] The largest ever wargame in Bay of Bengal, known as Malabar 2007, was held in 2007 and naval warships from US, Bangladesh, Thailand, Singapore, Japan and Australia took part. India was a participant.
Large deposits of natural gas in the areas within Bangladesh's sea zone incited a serious urgency by India and Myanmar into a territorial dispute.[31] Disputes over rights of some oil and gas blocks have caused brief diplomatic spats between Myanmar and India with Bangladesh.
The disputed maritime boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar resulted in military tensions in 2008 and 2009. Bangladesh is pursuing a settlement with Myanmar and India to the boundary dispute through the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea.[38]
Environmental hazards[edit]
Pollution[edit]
The Asian brown cloud, a layer of air pollution that covers much of South Asia and the Indian Ocean every year between January and March, and possibly also during earlier and later months, hangs over the Bay of Bengal. It is considered to be a combination of vehicle exhaust, smoke from cooking fires, and industrial discharges.[39]
Transboundary issues affecting the marine ecosystem[edit]
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A transboundary issue is defined as an environmental problem in which either the cause of the problem and/or its impact is separated by a national boundary; or the problem contributes to a global environmental problem and finding regional solutions is considered to be a global environmental benefit. The eight Bay of Bengal countries have (2012) identified three major transboundary problems (or areas of concern) affecting the health of the Bay, that they can work on together. With the support of the Bay Of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project (BOBLME), the eight countries are now (2012) developing responses to these issues and their causes, for future implementation as the Strategic Action Programme.
Overexploitation of fisheries[edit]
Some small fishing boats are catching fish & sell them in local coastal markets
Fisheries production in the Bay of Bengal is six million tonnes per year, more than seven percent of the world's catch. The major transboundary issues relating to shared fisheries are: a decline in the overall availability of fish resources; changes in species composition of catches; the high proportion of juvenile fish in the catch; and changes in marine biodiversity, especially through loss of vulnerable and endangered species. The transboundary nature of these issues are: that many fish stocks are shared between BOBLME countries through the transboundary migration of fish, or larvae. Fishing overlaps national jurisdictions, both legally and illegally – overcapacity and overfishing in one location forces a migration of fishers and vessels to other locations. All countries (to a greater or lesser degree) are experiencing difficulties in implementing fisheries management, especially the ecosystem approach to fisheries. Bay of Bengal countries contribute significantly to the global problem of loss of vulnerable and endangered species.
The main causes of the issues are: open access to fishing grounds; Government emphasis on increasing fish catches; inappropriate government subsidies provided to fishers; increasing fishing effort, especially from trawlers and purse seiners; high consumer demand for fish, including for seed and fishmeal for aquaculture; ineffective fisheries management; and illegal and destructive fishing.
Degradation of critical habitats[edit]
The Bay of Bengal is an area of high biodiversity, with many endangered and vulnerable species. The major transboundary issues relating to habitats are: the loss and degradation of mangrove habitats; degradation of coral reefs; and the loss of, and damage to, seagrasses. The transboundary nature of these major issues are: that all three critical habitats occur in all BOBLME countries. Coastal development for several varying uses of the land and sea are common in all BOBLME countries. Trade in products from all the habitats is transboundary in nature. Climate change impacts are shared by all BOBLME countries. The main causes of the issues are: food security needs of the coastal poor; lack of coastal development plans; increasing trade in products from coastal habitats; coastal development and industrialization; ineffective marine protected areas and lack of enforcement; upstream development that affects water-flow; intensive upstream agricultural practices; and increasing tourism.
Pollution and water quality[edit]
The major transboundary issues relating to pollution and water quality are: sewage-borne pathogens and organic load; solid waste/marine litter; increasing nutrient inputs; oil pollution; persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and persistent toxic substances (PTSs); sedimentation; and heavy metals. The transboundary nature of these issues are: discharge of untreated/partially treated sewage being a common problem. Sewage and organic discharges from the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River are likely to be transboundary. Plastics and derelict fishing gear can be transported long distances across national boundaries. High nutrient discharges from rivers could intensify largescale hypoxia. Atmospheric transport of nutrients is inherently transboundary. Differences between countries with regard to regulation and enforcement of shipping discharges may drive discharges across boundaries. Tar balls are transported long distances. POPs/PTSs and mercury, including organo-mercury, undergo long-range transport. Sedimentation and most heavy metal contamination tend to be localized and lack a strong transboundary dimension. The main causes of the issues are: increasing coastal population density and urbanization; higher consumption, resulting in more waste generated per person; insufficient funds allocated to waste management; migration of industry into BOBLME countries; and proliferation of small industries.
History[edit]
Ross Island, in the Andamans, was one of the main naval bases of British India during World War II
Northern Circars occupied the western coast of the Bay of Bengal and is now considered to be India's Madras state. Chola dynasty (9th century to 12th century) when ruled by Rajaraja Chola I occupied the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal circa AD 1014, The Bay of Bengal was also called the Chola Lake. The Kakatiya dynasty reached the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers. Kushanas about the middle of the 1st century AD invaded northern India perhaps extending as far as the Bay of Bengal. Chandragupta Maurya extended the Maurya Dynasty across northern India to the Bay of Bengal. Hajipur was a stronghold for Portuguese Pirates. In the 16th century the Portuguese built trading posts in the north of the Bay of Bengal at Chittagong (Porto Grande) and Satgaon (Porto Pequeno).[40] Before the arrival of British to India it was also known as "Kalinga Sagar".[41]
British penal colony[edit]
Cellular Jail or "Black Waters" built in 1896 on Ross Island, a part of the Andaman Island Chain. As early as 1858 this island was used as a British penal colony for political prisoners facing life imprisonment.[42][better source needed]
Marine archaeology[edit]
Maritime archaeology or marine archaeology is the study of material remains of ancient peoples. A specialized branch, Archaeology of shipwrecks studies the salvaged artifacts of ancient ships. Stone anchors, amphorae shards, elephant tusks, hippopotamus teeth, ceramic pottery, a rare wood mast and lead ingots are examples which may survive the test of time for archaeologists to study and place the salvaged findings into a time line of history. coral reefs, tsunamis, cyclones, mangrove swamps, battles and a criss cross of sea routes in a high trading area combined with pirating have all contributed to shipwrecks in the Bay of Bengal.[43]
Famous ships and shipwrecks[edit]
1778 to 1783 The Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War or American War of Independence ranged as far as the Bay of Bengal.
c. 1816 Mornington ship burned in the Bay of Bengal.[44]
1850 American clipper brig Eagle is supposed to have sunk in the Bay of Bengal.[45]
American Baptist missionary Adoniram Judson, Jr. died 12 April 1850 and was buried at sea in the Bay of Bengal.
1855 The Bark "Incredible" struck on a sunken rock in the Bay of Bengal.[46]
1865, a gale dismasted the Euterpe while traversing the Bay of Bengal typhoon.
1875 Veleda 76 m (250 ft) long and 15 m (50 ft) wide is a part of a current salvage operation.[47]
1942 Japanese cruiser Yura of the Second Expeditionary Fleet, Malay Force, attacked merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal.
1971 December 3 – It was claimed that the Indian Navy destroyer, INS Rajput, sunk the Pakistan Navy submarine PNS Ghazi off Visakhapatnam, in the Bay of Bengal.
See also[edit]
Andhra Pradesh
Bangladesh
Myanmar
Odisha
West Bengal
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Berlin, Donald L. (25 January 2005). "The emerging Bay of Bengal". Asia Times Online.
Jump up ^ Arpi, Claude (26 December 2006). "1971 War: How the US tried to corner India". Rediff.com.
Jump up ^ "The Burma Project -Burma Debate". Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "India's Largest Naval War Game in Bay of Bengal". Global Politician. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Parameswaran, Prashanth (7 May 2015). "US Eyes Expanded Military Exercises with ASEAN Navies". The Diplomat. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Miglani, Sanjeev (22 July 2015). "India, Japan, U.S. plan naval exercises in tightening of ties in Indian Ocean". Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Gady, Franz-Stefan (13 October 2015). "Confirmed: Japan Will Permanently Join US-India Naval Exercises". The Diplomat. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Maritime Boundary Dispute Between Bangladesh and Myanmar: Motivations, Potential Solutions, and Implications".
Jump up ^ "EO Natural Hazards: Smog over the Bay of Bengal". NASA Earth Observatory. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
Jump up ^ The Portuguese in Bengal. History of Ugolim (Hoogli), Meliapore ... Archived 3 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. URL accessed 21 January 2007
Jump up ^ Odisha Government, e-magazine. "Universal Brotherhood and the Temple of Lord Jagannath at Paradip" (PDF). Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "History of Andaman Cellular Jail: Recapture of Andaman Islands to keep Political Prisoners". AndamanCellularJail.org. Archived from the original on 13 January 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Marine Archaeology in India URL accessed 22 January 2007
Jump up ^ Shipwrecks 1816–1818 URL accessed 10 January 2015
Jump up ^ The Maritime Heritage Project: Gold Rush Ships, Passengers, Captains URL accessed 23 January 2007
Jump up ^ Shipping Notes from the 1800s – P.E.I. URL accessed 23 January 2007
Jump up ^ Diving-News.com » Wrecks URL accessed 23 January 2007
Further reading[edit]
The Maritime Boundary Dispute Between Bangladesh and Myanmar: Motivations, Potential Solutions, and Implications by Jared Bissinger (Asia Policy, July 2010) published by National Bureau of Asian Research
External links[edit]
Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bay of Bengal.
Myanmar Marine Biodiversity Atlas Online
487 V. Suryanarayan, Prospects for a Bay of Bengal Community
Arabian Sea: depth contours and undersea features – Map/Still – Britannica Concise
Bay of Bengal in Encyclopedia
Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project
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2018–19 NHL season
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
2018–19 NHL season
League
National Hockey League
Sport
Ice hockey
Duration
October 3, 2018 – June 2019
Number of games
82
Number of teams
31
Draft
Top draft pick
Rasmus Dahlin
Picked by
Buffalo Sabres
Regular season
Playoffs
Stanley Cup
NHL seasons
← 2017–18
2019–20 →
The 2018–19 NHL season will be the 102nd season of operation (101st season of play) of the National Hockey League. 31 teams will be competing in an 82-game regular season. The regular season is scheduled to begin on October 3, 2018, and will end on April 6, 2019. The 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs will then begin a few days afterwards, with the Stanley Cup Finals held in early June.
Contents
1 League business
1.1 Collective Bargaining Agreement
1.2 Salary cap
1.3 Rule changes
1.4 Media rights
1.5 Draft
1.6 Preseason games in China
2 Coaching changes
3 Front office changes
4 Arena changes
5 Regular season
5.1 International games
5.2 Outdoor games
5.3 All–Star Game
6 Uniforms
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
League business[edit]
Collective Bargaining Agreement[edit]
The current collective bargaining agreement (CBA) is in its seventh season. The NHL can chose to opt out of the CBA on September 1, 2019, or the NHLPA can choose to opt out of the CBA on September 19, 2019.
Salary cap[edit]
On December 9, 2017, the National Hockey League Players' Association announced that the salary cap would be set at $79.5 million per team for the 2018–19 season.[1]
Rule changes[edit]
No major rule changes have been implemented this season.
Media rights[edit]
This is the eighth season under the NHL's ten year U.S. rights deal with NBC Sports and fifth season of its twelve year Canadian rights deals with Sportsnet and TVA Sports.
On December 20, 2017, CBC Sports and Rogers Communications struck an agreement to renew Hockey Night in Canada through the end of Rogers's current broadcast contract. The two sides had previously reached an agreement to extend its original four-year agreement by an additional year.[2]
Draft[edit]
The 2018 NHL Entry Draft was held June 22 and 23, 2018. The Buffalo Sabres, by virtue of winning the draft lottery on April 28, held the first overall selection, using it to select defenseman Rasmus Dahlin.
Preseason games in China[edit]
Two preseason games will be played in China.[3] The Calgary Flames and Boston Bruins will play one game at the Shenzhen Universiade Sports Center in Shenzhen on September 15, 2018 and another game at Cadillac Arena in Beijing on September 19, 2018.[4]
Coaching changes[edit]
Coaching changes
Off-season
Team
2017–18 coach
2018–19 coach
Story / Accomplishments
Calgary Flames Glen Gulutzan Bill Peters Gulutzan was fired on April 17, following the Flames' failure to make the playoffs. In two seasons, the Flames went 82–68–14 under Gulutzan. The Flames made the playoffs in Gulutzan's first season with the team before missing out the following year.[5] On April 23, Peters was named the Flames' new head coach.[6] He had coached the Carolina Hurricanes the previous four seasons.
Carolina Hurricanes Bill Peters Rod Brind'Amour Peters resigned on April 20, following the Hurricanes' failure to make the playoffs. Under Peters the Hurricanes went 137–138–53 and missed the playoffs in all four seasons.[7] On May 8, Brind'Amour, who had spent the previous seven years as an assistant coach for the Hurricanes, was named the Hurricanes' new head coach.[8]
Dallas Stars Ken Hitchcock Jim Montgomery Hitchcock retired from coaching on April 13, following the Stars' failure to make the playoffs to become a consultant for the franchise. The Stars went 319–186–60–20 under Hitchcock, winning the Stanley Cup in 1999, going back the following season, and winning the Presidents' Trophy twice.[9] On May 4, Montgomery was named the Stars' new head coach.[10] He led the Denver Pioneers to the 2017 NCAA championship.
New York Islanders Doug Weight Barry Trotz Weight was relieved of his duties by the Islanders on June 5, a few weeks after the hiring of Lou Lamoriello as the president of hockey operations for the Islanders. The Islanders went 59–49–14 under Weight in his one-and-a-half seasons as head coach, never making the playoffs. Weight would remain with the Islanders.[11] On June 21, Trotz was hired as head coach, and was previously the head coach of the Nashville Predators and Washington Capitals with whom he won the Stanley Cup in 2018.[12]
New York Rangers Alain Vigneault David Quinn Vigneault was fired by the New York Rangers on April 7, hours after the team's last regular season game after failing to make the playoffs for the first time in nearly a decade and the second time since the 2004–05 NHL lockout. The Rangers went 226–147–37 under Vigneault, going to the Finals in his first year as head coach and winning the Presidents' Trophy the following season.[13] On May 23, Quinn was named the Rangers' new head coach.[14] He previously served as the assistant coach for the Colorado Avalanche during the 2012–13 season.
Washington Capitals Barry Trotz Todd Reirden Trotz resigned on June 18 amid speculation of a contract dispute that neither he nor the Capitals confirmed.[15] In four seasons under Trotz, the Capitals went 205–89–34, won two Presidents' Trophies and won the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals.[16] On June 29, Reirden was named head coach by the Capitals.[17] Reirden, in his first NHL head coach position, had been an assistant with the Capitals for all four seasons under Trotz.
Front office changes[edit]
General managers
Off-season
Team
2017–18 GM
2018–19 GM
Story / Accomplishments
Minnesota Wild Chuck Fletcher Paul Fenton Fletcher was relieved of his duties by the Wild on April 23, shortly after their defeat in the first round of the playoffs. He had been the Wild's general manager since the start of the 2009–10 season. Fenton was hired as his replacement on May 21; he had previously held the same position with the American Hockey League's Milwaukee Admirals.[18] [19]
New York Islanders Garth Snow Lou Lamoriello Snow was relieved of his duties by the Islanders on June 5, a few weeks after the hiring of Lou Lamoriello as the president of hockey operations for the Islanders. He had been the Islanders' general manager since the start of the 2006–07 season. Lamoriello replaced Snow as the Islanders' new general manager.[20]
Team presidents
Off-season
Team
2017–18 President
2018–19 President
Story / Accomplishments
Buffalo Sabres Russ Brandon Kim Pegula Brandon, who served as team president while concurrently serving a similar position with the Buffalo Bills, resigned from both positions on May 1, 2018. He had spent three years as the Sabres' president. Pegula, the wife of owner Terrence Pegula, replaced Brandon in both positions, and became the only current female team president in the NHL.[21]
Arena changes[edit]
The New York Islanders will move half of their home schedule back to their previous home, the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, after the Barclays Center proved to be unsuitable as a full-time NHL venue. The Islanders will continue to play the remaining half of their home schedule at the Barclays Center, an arrangement that will last until 2021, when Belmont Park Arena is scheduled to open.[22]
The St. Louis Blues' home arena was renamed from Scottrade Center to Enterprise Center on July 1, 2018.[23]
The Toronto Maple Leafs' home arena was renamed from the Air Canada Centre to Scotiabank Arena on July 1, 2018.[24]
Regular season[edit]
The regular season will begin on October 3, 2018, and will end on April 6, 2019. Each team will receive a five-day "bye week", all of which will take place in mid-January. The regular season schedule was released on June 21.[25][26]
International games[edit]
Three regular season games, branded as the NHL Global Series, will be played in Europe.[27] The Edmonton Oilers will play against the New Jersey Devils at Scandinavium in Gothenburg, Sweden on October 6, 2018. The Florida Panthers and Winnipeg Jets will play two games at Hartwall Arena in Helsinki, Finland on November 1 and 2, 2018.[28]
Outdoor games[edit]
The Winter Classic will be held on January 1, 2019, at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana, and will feature the Chicago Blackhawks and the Boston Bruins.[29]
The NHL Stadium Series will be held on February 23, 2019, at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and will feature the Pittsburgh Penguins and the Philadelphia Flyers.[30]
All–Star Game[edit]
Main article: 2019 National Hockey League All-Star Game
The 2019 National Hockey League All-Star Game will be held in San Jose, California, at SAP Center, home of the San Jose Sharks, on January 26, 2019, the first time it will be held on a Saturday after many years of the All-Star game being played on a Sunday.[31][32]
Uniforms[edit]
The Anaheim Ducks will wear a new third jersey inspired by the uniforms from their years as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim from 1993 to 2006.[33]
The Arizona Coyotes will wear the "Kachina" uniform as the team's new third jerseys. They previously used this design for road games from 1996 to 2003.[34]
The Carolina Hurricanes will wear a new black third jersey, which was inspired by the third uniform used from 2008 to 2017.[35]
The New Jersey Devils will wear third jerseys for the first time in franchise history with new white throwback uniforms similar to those worn from 1982 to 1992.[36]
The Philadelphia Flyers will wear black third jerseys, which were worn in the 2017 Stadium Series.[37]
The St. Louis Blues will wear third jerseys, which are based on the uniforms worn during the 2017 Winter Classic.[38]
See also[edit]
2018–19 NHL transactions
2018–19 NHL suspensions and fines
List of 2018–19 NHL Three Star Awards
2018 in sports
2019 in sports
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NHL Revenues Salary Cap Projected To Rise In 2018–19/c-293815570". NHL.com. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rogers and CBC Sign New 7 Year Deal For Hockey Night In Canada". Sportsnet.ca. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruins, Flames will play in 2018 O.R.G. NHL China Games". NHL.com. May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Boston Bruins, Calgary Flames to play two pre-season games in China". sportsnet.ca. May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018. The Flames and Bruins will clash Sept. 15 in Shenzhen and Sept. 19 in Beijing.
Jump up ^ "FLAMES RELIEVE THREE COACHES OF DUTIES". NHL.com. April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "FLAMES NAME BILL PETERS HEAD COACH". NHL.com. April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Terry, Miles (April 20, 2018). "Bill Peters Resigns Position as Head Coach". NHL.com. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Williams, Terrell (May 8, 2018). "Hurricanes Name Rod Brind'Amour as Head Coach". NHL.com. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Stars head coach Ken Hitchcock announces retirement". NHL.com. April 13, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dallas Stars dip into college ranks to get their new head coach". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. May 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Islanders fire GM Garth Snow, head coach Doug Weight". ESPN. June 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trotz Named Head Coach". NHL.com. June 21, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Alain Vigneault Fired From Rangers". NYTimes.com. April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "David Quinn Named Rangers Head Coach". NHL.com. May 23, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gulitti, Tom (June 18, 2018). "Trotz, Capitals will know his worth soon enough". NHL.com. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gulitti, Tom (June 18, 2018). "Trotz leaves as coach of Capitals". NHL.com. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Capitals Name Todd Reirden Head Coach". NHL.com. June 29, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Wild not renewing GM Chuck Fletcher's deal after quick playoff exit". CBC. April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Wild Hire Predators Assistant Paul Fenton as New GM". Associated Press. May 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Islanders fire GM Garth Snow, head coach Doug Weight". ESPN. June 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Graham, Tim (May 1, 2018). "Russ Brandon resigns from Bills, Sabres after internal investigation". The Buffalo News. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Compton, Brian (January 29, 2018). "Islanders to play 12 games at Nassau Coliseum in 2018-19". NHL.com. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Enterprise Awarded Naming Rights Of Blues Arena". Fox2Now.com. May 21, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Krashinsky Robertson, Susan; Bradshaw, James; Gray, Jeff (August 29, 2017). "Toronto's Air Canada Centre to be renamed Scotiabank Arena in $800-million deal". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018-19 NHL home openers". NHL.com. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018-19 NHL schedule released". NHL.com. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "NHL to play games in Sweden, Finland, China next season". NHL.com. January 28, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NHL announces 2018 Global Series dates, locations, ticket information". NHL.com. March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bruins To Play Blackhawks In 2019 Winter Classic At Notre Dame Stadium". November 18, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2019 Coors Light NHL Stadium Series Announced". November 19, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NHL moves up All-Star skills competition, game in 2019". Associated Press. ESPN. April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Dan (January 27, 2018). "2019 NHL All-Star Game to be held at San Jose". Retrieved January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ducks Unveil 2018-19 Third Jersey for 25th Anniversary Season". NHL.com. July 21, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gretz, Adam (June 22, 2018). "Coyotes go retro, Hurricanes get new look with third jerseys". ProHockeyTalk. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Carolina Hurricanes unveil new third jersey for 2018-19 NHL season". Sportsnet.ca. June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Mike (August 21, 2018). "New Jersey Devils unveil old-school alternate uniforms". sportsnet.ca. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Mike (July 26, 2018). "Flyers reintroducing all-black third jerseys for 2018-19 season". sportsnet.ca. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pinkert, Chris (August 27, 2018). "Blues pay tribute to team heritage with third jersey". NHL.com. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
External links[edit]
2018–19 NHL season schedule
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