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2018 FIFA World Cup Group F
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2018 postage stamp from Russia depicting Group F of the 2018 FIFA World Cup group stage.
Group F of the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place from 17 to 27 June 2018.[1] The group consisted of Germany, Mexico, Sweden, and South Korea.[2] Sweden and Mexico were the top two teams that advanced to the round of 16. The incumbent World Cup champions, Germany, placed last, making it the first time since 1938 that the Germans did not advance beyond the first round,[3][4] and the first time ever, the group stage.[5] The early German exit was "greeted with shock in newspapers around the world".[6]
Contents
1 Teams
2 Standings
3 Matches
3.1 Germany vs Mexico
3.2 Sweden vs South Korea
3.3 South Korea vs Mexico
3.4 Germany vs Sweden
3.5 South Korea vs Germany
3.6 Mexico vs Sweden
4 Discipline
5 References
6 External links
Teams[edit]
Draw position
Team
Pot
Confederation
Method of
qualification
Date of
qualification
Finals
appearance
Last
appearance
Previous best
performance
FIFA Rankings
October 2017[nb 1]
June 2018
F1 Germany 1 UEFA UEFA Group C winners 5 October 2017 19th[nb 2] 2014 (champions) Winners (1954, 1974, 1990, 2014) 1 1
F2 Mexico 2 CONCACAF CONCACAF Fifth Round winners 1 September 2017 16th 2014 (round of 16) Quarter-finals (1970, 1986) 16 15
F3 Sweden 3 UEFA UEFA Second Round winners 13 November 2017 12th 2006 (round of 16) Runners-up (1958) 25 24
F4 South Korea 4 AFC AFC Third Round Group A runners-up 5 September 2017 10th 2014 (group stage) Fourth place (2002) 62 57
Notes
Jump up ^ The rankings of October 2017 were used for seeding for the final draw.
Jump up ^ Germany competed between 1951 and 1990 as West Germany.
Standings[edit]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Sweden 3 2 0 1 5 2 +3 6 Advance to knockout stage
2
Mexico 3 2 0 1 3 4 −1 6
3
South Korea 3 1 0 2 3 3 0 3
4
Germany 3 1 0 2 2 4 −2 3
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers
In the round of 16:
The winners of Group F, Sweden, advanced to play the runners-up of Group E, Switzerland.
The runners-up of Group F, Mexico, advanced to play the winners of Group E, Brazil.
Matches[edit]
All times listed are local time.[1]
Germany vs Mexico[edit]
The two teams had faced each other 11 times, including three FIFA World Cup games all of which were German victories: 6–0 in 1978 (first group stage), 2–1 in 1998 (round of 16), but a 1986 quarter-final game being the most significant, which ended with a German penalty shoot-out victory.[7]
Timo Werner fired a warning shot across the face of Guillermo Ochoa's goal during the first minutes of the match. Héctor Moreno headed straight at Manuel Neuer from their clearest opening. Javier Hernández's one-two with Andrés Guardado allowed him to spin away from Mats Hummels just inside the Germany half and feed Hirving Lozano down the left. Lozano then cut inside the resistance offered by the back-tracking Mesut Özil to crash a low right foot shot inside Neuer's right post. However, two minutes later, Toni Kroos's free-kick arrowed towards the top corner. Ochoa denied the midfielder's shot, pushing the ball against the crossbar. Near the end Joshua Kimmich and Werner came close to scoring, but their attempts were unsuccessful.[8][9]
This defeat represented the first time that Germany had lost the opening game in defence of their trophy. They beat Argentina 3–1 in 1958, drew 0–0 with Poland in 1978, and defeated Bolivia 1–0 in 1994.[10] Germany lost their opening match at a World Cup for only the second time, having done so in 1982, against Algeria. This is the third consecutive World Cup in which the reigning champion has failed to win their opening match – Italy drew 1–1 with Paraguay in 2010, while Spain lost 5–1 against the Netherlands in 2014; and also the fourth champions failed to win their opening match, as France lost 0–1 to Senegal at the 2002 FIFA World Cup (all of whom, coincidentally, had been knocked out at the group stage). Germany had 26 shots, the most by a side without scoring in a World Cup fixture since 2006 (Portugal v England, 29 shots in a 0–0 draw).[8] Mexico beat Germany for only the second time – their last win against them came in a friendly in June 1985. Rafael Márquez featured in his fifth World Cup finals, becoming just the third player to achieve this feat – along with Mexico's Antonio Carbajal and Germany's Lothar Matthäus.[9]
17 June 2018 (2018-06-17)18:00 MSK (UTC+3)
Germany
0–1
Mexico
Report
Lozano 35'
Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
Attendance: 78,011[11]
Referee: Alireza Faghani (Iran)
Germany[12]
Mexico[12]
GK 1 Manuel Neuer (c)
RB 18 Joshua Kimmich
CB 17 Jérôme Boateng
CB 5 Mats Hummels 84'
LB 2 Marvin Plattenhardt 79'
CM 8 Toni Kroos
CM 6 Sami Khedira 60'
RW 13 Thomas Müller 83'
AM 10 Mesut Özil
LW 7 Julian Draxler
CF 9 Timo Werner 86'
Substitutions:
FW 11 Marco Reus 60'
FW 23 Mario Gómez 79'
MF 20 Julian Brandt 86'
Manager:
Joachim Löw
GK 13 Guillermo Ochoa
RB 3 Carlos Salcedo
CB 2 Hugo Ayala
CB 15 Héctor Moreno 40'
LB 23 Jesús Gallardo
CM 16 Héctor Herrera 90'
CM 18 Andrés Guardado (c) 74'
RW 7 Miguel Layún
AM 11 Carlos Vela 58'
LW 22 Hirving Lozano 66'
CF 14 Javier Hernández
Substitutions:
DF 21 Edson Álvarez 58'
FW 9 Raúl Jiménez 66'
DF 4 Rafael Márquez 74'
Manager:
Juan Carlos Osorio
Man of the Match:
Hirving Lozano (Mexico)[13]
Assistant referees:[12]
Reza Sokhandan (Iran)
Mohammadreza Mansouri (Iran)
Fourth official:
Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed (United Arab Emirates)
Reserve assistant referee:
Mohamed Al Hammadi (United Arab Emirates)
Video assistant referee:
Massimiliano Irrati (Italy)
Assistant video assistant referees:
Wilton Sampaio (Brazil)
Carlos Astroza (Chile)
Mark Geiger (United States)
Sweden vs South Korea[edit]
South Korean fans, the "Red Devils", in Seoul
The two teams had faced each other four times, most recently in 2005, a 2–2 draw in a friendly game.[14]
Sweden's defence was tested by a South Korean attack in the early stages. Andreas Granqvist was denied a shot at goal by a last-ditch interception by Kim Young-gwon.[15] Marcus Berg was close to score midway through the first half but his close range shot was beaten away by Jo Hyeon-woo, while South Korea did not manage a single shot on target. Jo also saved from Ola Toivonen's header following a free-kick. In the start to the second half, both sides exchanged chances within the first six minutes. There was a short delay for Kim Min-woo's foul on Viktor Claesson to be analysed on video and for the referee to point to the spot but it did not affect Granqvist, who sent Jo the wrong way.[16] Hwang Hee-chan spurned a glorious opportunity late on, heading wide from 10 yards out, as Sweden ultimately held on for a precious three points.[15]
This was Sweden's first win in their opening match at a World Cup since beating Mexico 3–0 as hosts in 1958.[17] South Korea lost their opening match at a World Cup for the first time since 1998 when they lost 3–1 against Mexico. Sweden's goal was the first they had scored in 402 minutes of international football.[16]
18 June 2018 (2018-06-18)15:00 MSK (UTC+3)
Sweden
1–0
South Korea
Granqvist 65' (pen.)
Report
Nizhny Novgorod Stadium, Nizhny Novgorod
Attendance: 42,300[18]
Referee: Joel Aguilar (El Salvador)
Sweden[19]
South Korea[19]
GK 1 Robin Olsen
RB 6 Ludwig Augustinsson
CB 4 Andreas Granqvist (c)
CB 18 Pontus Jansson
LB 2 Mikael Lustig
RM 17 Viktor Claesson 61'
CM 7 Sebastian Larsson 81'
CM 8 Albin Ekdal 71'
LM 10 Emil Forsberg
CF 9 Marcus Berg
CF 20 Ola Toivonen 77'
Substitutions:
MF 15 Oscar Hiljemark 71'
FW 22 Isaac Kiese Thelin 77'
MF 13 Gustav Svensson 81'
Manager:
Janne Andersson
GK 23 Jo Hyeon-woo
RB 2 Lee Yong
CB 20 Jang Hyun-soo
CB 19 Kim Young-gwon
LB 6 Park Joo-ho 28'
CM 17 Lee Jae-sung
CM 16 Ki Sung-yueng (c)
CM 13 Koo Ja-cheol 73'
RF 11 Hwang Hee-chan 55'
CF 9 Kim Shin-wook 13' 66'
LF 7 Son Heung-min
Substitutions:
DF 12 Kim Min-woo 28'
MF 15 Jung Woo-young 66'
MF 10 Lee Seung-woo 73'
Manager:
Shin Tae-yong
Man of the Match:
Andreas Granqvist (Sweden)[20]
Assistant referees:[19]
Juan Zumba (El Salvador)
Juan Carlos Mora (Costa Rica)
Fourth official:
Norbert Hauata (Tahiti)
Reserve assistant referee:
Bertrand Brial (New Caledonia)
Video assistant referee:
Mauro Vigliano (Argentina)
Assistant video assistant referees:
Abdulrahman Al-Jassim (Qatar)
Taleb Al Maari (Qatar)
Daniele Orsato (Italy)
South Korea vs Mexico[edit]
The two teams had met in 12 matches, including one game at the 1998 FIFA World Cup group stage, won by Mexico 3–1.[14] The match was attended by the President of South Korea, Moon Jae-in.
In the 12th minute, Hirving Lozano made a block to deny Lee Yong. Nine minutes later, Son Heung-min shot a low drive which Héctor Moreno helped to keep out. Jang Hyun-soo handled Andrés Guardado's cross and the referee awarded a penalty, Carlos Vela stepped up and sent Jo Hyeon-woo the wrong way. Two minutes later, Miguel Layún lashed his effort over from close range. South Korea wanted a penalty of their own after the restart when Moon Seon-min's strike clipped Carlos Salcedo's arm, but the referee waved away their appeals. Jo lunged to his right to tip Javier Hernández's shot wide.[21] Lozano drove into space, Vela drew away to the right as the ball went left to Hernández, who checked back and clipped low past Jo.[22] In the third minute of stoppage time, Son struck from 20-yards into the top-left corner.[21]
Before Son's goal, South Korea had gone 288 minutes without scoring at the World Cup, their longest ever such drought.[23] Hernández scored his 50th goal for Mexico, becoming the first player in the history of the Mexican national team to reach that milestone. Mexico have won back-to-back matches at the World Cup for the first time since winning their first two matches at the 2002 World Cup. Hernández is only the third player to score at three different World Cups for Mexico after Cuauhtémoc Blanco and Rafael Márquez.[22]
23 June 2018 (2018-06-23)18:00 MSK (UTC+3)
South Korea
1–2
Mexico
Son Heung-min 90+3'
Report
Vela 26' (pen.)
Hernández 66'
Rostov Arena, Rostov-on-Don
Attendance: 43,472[24]
Referee: Milorad Mažić (Serbia)
South Korea[25]
Mexico[25]
GK 23 Jo Hyeon-woo
RB 2 Lee Yong 63'
CB 20 Jang Hyun-soo
CB 19 Kim Young-gwon 58'
LB 12 Kim Min-woo 84'
RM 18 Moon Seon-min 77'
CM 8 Ju Se-jong 64'
CM 16 Ki Sung-yueng (c)
LM 11 Hwang Hee-chan
CF 17 Lee Jae-sung
CF 7 Son Heung-min
Substitutions:
MF 10 Lee Seung-woo 72' 64'
MF 15 Jung Woo-young 80' 77'
DF 14 Hong Chul 84'
Manager:
Shin Tae-yong
GK 13 Guillermo Ochoa
RB 21 Edson Álvarez
CB 3 Carlos Salcedo
CB 15 Héctor Moreno
LB 23 Jesús Gallardo
CM 7 Miguel Layún
CM 16 Héctor Herrera
CM 18 Andrés Guardado (c) 68'
RF 11 Carlos Vela 77'
CF 14 Javier Hernández
LF 22 Hirving Lozano 71'
Substitutions:
DF 4 Rafael Márquez 68'
MF 17 Jesús Manuel Corona 71'
MF 10 Giovani dos Santos 77'
Manager:
Juan Carlos Osorio
Man of the Match:
Javier Hernández (Mexico)[26]
Assistant referees:[25]
Milovan Ristić (Serbia)
Dalibor Đurđević (Serbia)
Fourth official:
John Pitti (Panama)
Reserve assistant referee:
Gabriel Victoria (Panama)
Video assistant referee:
Daniele Orsato (Italy)
Assistant video assistant referees:
Artur Soares Dias (Portugal)
Carlos Astroza (Chile)
Tiago Martins (Portugal)
Germany vs Sweden[edit]
The two teams had met in 36 previous matches, including four FIFA World Cup games, the latest of these being a 2–0 Germany win in the 2006 World Cup round of 16.[27]
Julian Draxler had a shot blocked from close range before he toe-poked a left-footed effort narrowly wide from a tight angle soon after. Sebastian Rudy left the field with a bloody nose after a collision with Ola Toivonen moments before he burst into the box to control a Viktor Claesson cross on his chest and lift his shot over Manuel Neuer into the far corner of the net. Three minutes into the second half, Germany drew level when Timo Werner's cross found Marco Reus, who met it with his knee and turned the ball into the bottom corner of the net. With just under 10 minutes left, Jérôme Boateng was dismissed after picking up a second yellow card for a tackle on Marcus Berg, and Neuer then made a one-handed save to deny substitute John Guidetti from a downward header.[28] Toni Kroos tapped a free-kick short to Reus before sweeping the return pass into the top right corner from left of the penalty area with his right foot.[29]
Kroos' goal in (94.39) is the latest winner ever scored on the World Cup stage. The previous record belonged to Francesco Totti, who found the net late on (94.26) against Australia in 2006.[30] Germany came from behind at half-time to win a World Cup match for the first time since 1974 – which was also against Sweden (0–1 at HT, won 4–2). Sweden have lost a World Cup group-stage match for the first time since June 1990, when they lost to Costa Rica – this defeat ends a run of 10 group games unbeaten. Boateng is the first player to be sent off at the World Cup for Germany since Miroslav Klose in 2010 against Serbia.[29]
23 June 2018 (2018-06-23)21:00 MSK (UTC+3)
Germany
2–1
Sweden
Reus 48'
Kroos 90+5'
Report
Toivonen 32'
Fisht Olympic Stadium, Sochi
Attendance: 44,287[31]
Referee: Szymon Marciniak (Poland)
Germany[32]
Sweden[32]
GK 1 Manuel Neuer (c)
RB 18 Joshua Kimmich
CB 16 Antonio Rüdiger
CB 17 Jérôme Boateng 71', 82'
LB 3 Jonas Hector 87'
CM 19 Sebastian Rudy 31'
CM 8 Toni Kroos
RW 13 Thomas Müller
AM 7 Julian Draxler 46'
LW 11 Marco Reus
CF 9 Timo Werner
Substitutions:
MF 21 İlkay Gündoğan 31'
FW 23 Mario Gómez 46'
MF 20 Julian Brandt 87'
Manager:
Joachim Löw
GK 1 Robin Olsen
RB 2 Mikael Lustig
CB 3 Victor Lindelöf
CB 4 Andreas Granqvist (c)
LB 6 Ludwig Augustinsson
RM 17 Viktor Claesson 74'
CM 7 Sebastian Larsson 90+7'
CM 8 Albin Ekdal 52'
LM 10 Emil Forsberg
CF 9 Marcus Berg 90'
CF 20 Ola Toivonen 78'
Substitutions:
MF 21 Jimmy Durmaz 74'
FW 11 John Guidetti 78'
FW 22 Isaac Kiese Thelin 90'
Manager:
Janne Andersson
Man of the Match:
Marco Reus (Germany)[33]
Assistant referees:[32]
Paweł Sokolnicki (Poland)
Tomasz Listkiewicz (Poland)
Fourth official:
Ryuji Sato (Japan)
Reserve assistant referee:
Toru Sagara (Japan)
Video assistant referee:
Clément Turpin (France)
Assistant video assistant referees:
Paweł Gil (Poland)
Cyril Gringore (France)
Paolo Valeri (Italy)
South Korea vs Germany[edit]
The two teams had faced each other three times, including two FIFA World Cup games, one at the 2002 FIFA World Cup semi-finals, which ended with a 1–0 victory for Germany, and one at the 1994 FIFA World Cup group stage, a Germany 3–2 victory.[7]
Son Heung-min shot wide from the edge of the penalty area before Marco Reus shot one towards goal at the other end only to see it blocked. Leon Goretzka drew a one-handed save from Jo Hyeon-woo with a header from the middle of the penalty area, the South Korean goalkeeper diving to his right and pushing the ball away at full stretch. Two minutes into second-half stoppage time, Son's corner from the left reached Kim Young-gwon at the far post who scored into the right corner from six yards out with his left foot, the offside decision that followed was overruled by a VAR decision.[34] Ju Se-jong won the ball off Manuel Neuer who had been at the other end of the pitch in order to join the German attack, thus leaving the goal undefended, and hit a long ball to Son, who ran onto the ball and tapped into an empty net from close range to score the second.[35][36]
Had Mexico defeated Sweden in their final group stage match that same day, a South Korean victory over Germany by at least two goals would have advanced the South Koreans to the Round of 16 based on goal differential, at the expense of Sweden. However, since Sweden defeated Mexico 3–0, the South Koreans were eliminated despite their 2–0 victory over Germany. This marked the second time that South Korea failed to make the Round of 16 in two consecutive FIFA World Cups, having been eliminated in the group stage at the previous one and in four consecutive World Cups from 1986 to 1998.
Germany are the fourth defending champions to be eliminated from the group stage at the World Cup in the last five tournaments, following France in 2002, Italy in 2010, and Spain in 2014; and since the new millennium, all champions eliminated from the group stage have been UEFA members. This is only the second time that Germany have been eliminated from the first round at the World Cup, having done so in 1938, while also being the first time since then that Germany fails to finish among the best eight teams of the tournament. However, this is the first time it happened after the first round was converted back to a group stage format in 1950. This was Germany's first ever defeat against an Asian nation in a World Cup match in what was their sixth such match. This was South Korea's first victory (and clean sheet) at the World Cup since a 2–0 win over Greece in 2010. Son's goal for South Korea (95:52) was the latest goal Germany have ever conceded in a World Cup match (excluding extra-time).[36] This was also the first time Germany finished bottom in the World Cup's group stage, one of the worst performances in their history; having been eliminated from the group stage of UEFA Euro 2000 and 2004. South Korea's win also meant that Australia was the only team from the Asian Football Confederation that failed to win a game in their World Cup campaign.
27 June 2018 (2018-06-27)17:00 MSK (UTC+3)
South Korea
2–0
Germany
Kim Young-gwon 90+3'
Son Heung-min 90+6'
Report
Kazan Arena, Kazan
Attendance: 41,835[37]
Referee: Mark Geiger (United States)
South Korea[38]
Germany[38]
GK 23 Jo Hyeon-woo
RB 2 Lee Yong
CB 5 Yun Young-sun
CB 19 Kim Young-gwon
LB 14 Hong Chul
RM 17 Lee Jae-sung 23'
CM 15 Jung Woo-young 9'
CM 20 Jang Hyun-soo
LM 18 Moon Seon-min 48' 69'
CF 13 Koo Ja-cheol 56'
CF 7 Son Heung-min (c) 65'
Substitutions:
FW 11 Hwang Hee-chan 56' 79'
MF 8 Ju Se-jong 69'
DF 22 Go Yo-han 79'
Manager:
Shin Tae-yong
GK 1 Manuel Neuer (c)
RB 18 Joshua Kimmich
CB 5 Mats Hummels
CB 15 Niklas Süle
LB 3 Jonas Hector 78'
CM 6 Sami Khedira 58'
CM 8 Toni Kroos
RW 14 Leon Goretzka 63'
AM 10 Mesut Özil
LW 11 Marco Reus
CF 9 Timo Werner
Substitutions:
FW 23 Mario Gómez 58'
FW 13 Thomas Müller 63'
MF 20 Julian Brandt 78'
Manager:
Joachim Löw
Man of the Match:
Jo Hyeon-woo (South Korea)[39]
Assistant referees:[38]
Joe Fletcher (Canada)
Frank Anderson (United States)
Fourth official:
Julio Bascuñán (Chile)
Reserve assistant referee:
Christian Schiemann (Chile)
Video assistant referee:
Danny Makkelie (Netherlands)
Assistant video assistant referees:
Tiago Martins (Portugal)
Corey Rockwell (United States)
Artur Soares Dias (Portugal)
Mexico vs Sweden[edit]
The two teams had met in nine previous matches, including a 1958 FIFA World Cup group stage match won by Sweden 3–0.[14]
Sweden got the breakthrough five minutes into the second period, Ludwig Augustinsson volleyed past Guillermo Ochoa when Viktor Claesson's mishit sat him up. The referee pointed to the spot when Héctor Moreno slid in on Marcus Berg and Andreas Granqvist shot into the top-left corner. In the 74th minute, substitute Isaac Thelin flicked on a long throw-in and Edson Álvarez sent the ball into his own net with his arm.[40]
Mexico qualify for the knockout stages for the seventh consecutive World Cup despite this defeat, thanks to South Korea's 2–0 victory over Germany.[41] This was Sweden's biggest win in a World Cup match since they defeated Bulgaria 4–0 in 1994 in the third-place play-off match. Granqvist is the first Swede to score two or more goals in a single World Cup tournament since Henrik Larsson in 2002. This was Mexico's worst defeat at the World Cup since they were beaten 6–0 by Germany in 1978. Jesús Gallardo was shown a yellow card after just 15 seconds in this game – the quickest anyone has ever been booked in the World Cup.[42]
27 June 2018 (2018-06-27)19:00 YEKT (UTC+5)
Mexico
0–3
Sweden
Report
Augustinsson 50'
Granqvist 62' (pen.)
Álvarez 74' (o.g.)
Central Stadium, Yekaterinburg
Attendance: 33,061[43]
Referee: Néstor Pitana (Argentina)
Mexico[44]
Sweden[44]
GK 13 Guillermo Ochoa
RB 21 Edson Álvarez
CB 3 Carlos Salcedo
CB 15 Héctor Moreno 61'
LB 23 Jesús Gallardo 1' 65'
CM 18 Andrés Guardado (c) 75'
CM 16 Héctor Herrera
RW 7 Miguel Layún 86' 89'
AM 11 Carlos Vela
LW 22 Hirving Lozano
CF 14 Javier Hernández
Substitutions:
MF 8 Marco Fabián 65'
MF 17 Jesús Manuel Corona 75'
FW 19 Oribe Peralta 89'
Manager:
Juan Carlos Osorio
GK 1 Robin Olsen
RB 2 Mikael Lustig 88'
CB 3 Victor Lindelöf
CB 4 Andreas Granqvist (c)
LB 6 Ludwig Augustinsson
RM 17 Viktor Claesson
CM 7 Sebastian Larsson 26' 57'
CM 8 Albin Ekdal 80'
LM 10 Emil Forsberg
CF 9 Marcus Berg 68'
CF 20 Ola Toivonen
Substitutions:
MF 13 Gustav Svensson 57'
FW 22 Isaac Kiese Thelin 68'
MF 15 Oscar Hiljemark 80'
Manager:
Janne Andersson
Man of the Match:
Ludwig Augustinsson (Sweden)[45]
Assistant referees:[44]
Hernán Maidana (Argentina)
Juan Pablo Belatti (Argentina)
Fourth official:
Andrés Cunha (Uruguay)
Reserve assistant referee:
Mauricio Espinosa (Uruguay)
Video assistant referee:
Mauro Vigliano (Argentina)
Assistant video assistant referees:
Gery Vargas (Bolivia)
Carlos Astroza (Chile)
Wilton Sampaio (Brazil)
Discipline[edit]
Fair play points would have been used as tiebreakers if the overall and head-to-head records of teams had been tied. These were calculated based on yellow and red cards received in all group matches as follows:[2]
first yellow card: minus 1 point;
indirect red card (second yellow card): minus 3 points;
direct red card: minus 4 points;
yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points;
Only one of the above deductions would be applied to a player in a single match.
Team
Match 1
Match 2
Match 3
Points
Sweden 1 2 2
−5
Mexico 2 3
−5
Germany 2 1
−5
South Korea 2 4 4
−10
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Match report – Group F – Germany v Sweden" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tactical Line-up – Group F – Germany v Sweden" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Germany v Sweden – Man of the Match". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Creek, Stephen (27 June 2018). "Defending champions crash out after Kazan collapse". Goal.com.
Jump up ^ "Germany crash out as Korea Republic end on high". FIFA.com. 27 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Emons, Michael (27 June 2018). "South Korea 2 Germany 0". BBC Sport.
Jump up ^ "Match report – Group F – Korea Republic v Germany" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tactical Line-up – Group F – Korea Republic v Germany" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Korea Republic v Germany – Man of the Match". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Webber, Tom (27 June 2018). "Duo advance as world champions Germany bow out". Goal.com.
Jump up ^ "Powerhouse Sweden overrun Mexico". FIFA.com. 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Jennings, Patrick (27 June 2018). "Mexico 0 Sweden 3". BBC Sport.
Jump up ^ "Match report – Group F – Mexico v Sweden" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tactical Line-up – Group F – Mexico v Sweden" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mexico v Sweden – Man of the Match". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
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Challenger Deep
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Location of Challenger Deep within the Mariana Trench and Western Pacific Ocean
The Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the Earth's seabed hydrosphere, with a depth of 10,898 to 10,916 m (35,755 to 35,814 ft) by direct measurement from submersibles, and slightly more by sonar bathymetry. It is in the Pacific Ocean, at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group. The Challenger Deep is a relatively small slot-shaped depression in the bottom of a considerably larger crescent-shaped oceanic trench, which itself is an unusually deep feature in the ocean floor. Its bottom is about 11 km (7 mi) long and 1.6 km (1 mi) wide, with gently sloping sides.[1] The closest land to the Challenger Deep is Fais Island (one of the outer islands of Yap), 287 km (178 mi) southwest, and Guam, 304 km (189 mi) to the northeast. It is located in the ocean territory of the Federated States of Micronesia, 1.6 km (1 mi) from its border with ocean territory associated with Guam.[2]
The depression is named after the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS Challenger, whose expedition of 1872–1876 made the first recordings of its depth. According to the August 2011 version of the GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names, the location and depth of the Challenger Deep are 11°22.4′N 142°35.5′E / 11.3733°N 142.5917°E / 11.3733; 142.5917 and 10,920 m (35,827 ft) ±10 m (33 ft).[3]
June 2009 sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 (sonar multibeam bathymetry system for 300–11,000 m deep water mapping) aboard the RV Kilo Moana indicated a depth of 10,971 metres (35,994 ft). The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with a precision of 0.2% to 0.5% of water depth; this is an error of about 22 to 55 m (72 to 180 ft) at this depth.[4][5][6] Further soundings made by the US Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping in October 2010 are in agreement with this figure, preliminarily placing the deepest part of the Challenger Deep at 10,994 m (36,070 ft), with an estimated vertical uncertainty of ±40 m (131 ft).[7][8] A 2014 study concludes that with the best of 2010 multibeam echosounder technologies a depth uncertainty of ±25 m (82 ft) (95% confidence level) on 9 degrees of freedom and a positional uncertainty of ±20 to 25 m (66 to 82 ft) (2drms) remain and the location of the deepest depth recorded in the 2010 mapping is 10,984 m (36,037 ft) at 11°19′48″N 142°11′57″E / 11.329903°N 142.199305°E / 11.329903; 142.199305 (11°19′47.650″N 142°11′57.498″E / 11.32990278°N 142.19930500°E / 11.32990278; 142.19930500).[6]
Only four descents have ever been achieved. The first descent by any vehicle was by the manned bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960. This was followed by the unmanned ROVs Kaikō in 1995 and Nereus in 2009. In March 2012 a manned solo descent was made by the deep-submergence vehicle Deepsea Challenger.[9][10][11] These expeditions measured very similar depths of 10,898 to 10,916 metres (35,755 to 35,814 ft).
Contents
[hide]
1 History of depth mapping from the surface
2 Descents
2.1 Manned descents
2.1.1 Trieste
2.1.2 Deepsea Challenger
2.1.3 Planned manned descents
2.2 Unmanned descents
2.2.1 Kaikō
2.2.2 ABISMO
2.2.3 Nereus
2.2.4 Haidou-1
3 Lifeforms
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
History of depth mapping from the surface[edit]
Over many years, the search for the point of maximum depth has involved many different vessels.[12]
The HMS Challenger expedition (December 1872 – May 1876) first sounded the depths now known as the Challenger Deep. This first sounding was made on 23 March 1875 at station 225.[13] The reported depth was 4,475 fathoms (26,850 ft; 8,184 m) at 11°24′N 143°16′E / 11.400°N 143.267°E / 11.400; 143.267, based on two separate soundings.
A 1912 book, The Depths of the Ocean by Sir John Murray, records the depth of the Challenger Deep as 31,614 ft (9,636 m), reporting the sounding taken by the converted navy collier USS Nero in 1899.[14] Murray was one of the expedition scientists.[15]
In 1951, about 75 years after its original discovery, the entire Mariana Trench was surveyed by a second Royal Navy vessel, captained by George Stephen Ritchie (later Rear Admiral Ritchie); this vessel was also named HMS Challenger, after the original expedition ship. This survey recorded the deepest part of the trench using echo sounding, a more precise and easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition. A depth of 5,960 fathoms (35,760 ft; 10,900 m) was measured at 11°19′N 142°15′E / 11.317°N 142.250°E / 11.317; 142.250.
Research vessel Vityaz in Kaliningrad "Museum of world ocean"
The maximum surveyed depth of the Challenger Deep was reported in 1957 by the Soviet Research vessel Vityaz recording a spot 11,034 metres (36,201 ft) ±50 m (164 ft) deep at 11°20.9′N 142°11.5′E / 11.3483°N 142.1917°E / 11.3483; 142.1917.[12] It was dubbed the Mariana Hollow and is listed in many reference sources, including the Encyclopædia Britannica,[16] articles in National Geographic[17] and on maps. The pressure at this depth is approximately 1,099 times that at the surface, or 111 MPa (16,099 psi).[18]
In 1959, the US Navy research vessel RV Stranger using bomb-sounding surveyed a maximum depth of 10,915 m (35,810 ft) ±10 m (33 ft) at 11°20.0′N 142°11.8′E / 11.3333°N 142.1967°E / 11.3333; 142.1967.[3][12]
In 1962, the US Navy research vessel RV Spencer F. Baird using a frequency-controlled depth recorder surveyed a maximum depth of 10,915 m (35,810 ft) ±10 m (33 ft) at 11°20.0′N 142°11.8′E / 11.3333°N 142.1967°E / 11.3333; 142.1967.[12]
In 1975 and 1980, the US Navy research vessel RV Thomas Washington using a precision depth recorder with satellite positioning surveyed a maximum depth of 10,915 m (35,810 ft) ±10 m (33 ft) at 11°20.0′N 142°11.8′E / 11.3333°N 142.1967°E / 11.3333; 142.1967.[12]
In 1984, the survey vessel Takuyo from the Hydrographic Department of Japan, used a narrow, multibeam echo sounder to take a measurement of 10,924 m (35,840 ft) ±10 m (33 ft) at 11°22.4′N 142°35.5′E / 11.3733°N 142.5917°E / 11.3733; 142.5917.[3][12][19]
Deep Sea Research Vessel RV Kairei
In 1998, a regional bathymetric survey of the Challenger Deep was conducted by the Deep Sea Research Vessel RV Kairei, from the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, using a SeaBeam 2112 multibeam echosounder. The regional bathymetric map made from the data obtained in 1998 shows that the greatest depths in the eastern, central, and western depressions are 10,922 m (35,833 ft) ±74 m (243 ft), 10,898 m (35,755 ft) ±62 m (203 ft), and 10,908 m (35,787 ft) ±36 m (118 ft), respectively, making the eastern depression the deepest of the three.[12]
In 1999 and 2002, the RV Kairei revisited the Challenger Deep. The cross track survey in the 1999 RV Kairei cruise shows that the greatest depths in the eastern, central, and western depressions are 10,920 m (35,827 ft) ±10 m (33 ft), 10,894 m (35,741 ft) ±14 m (46 ft), and 10,907 m (35,784 ft) ±13 m (43 ft), respectively, which supports the results of the 1998 survey. The detailed grid survey in 2002 showed that the deepest site is located in the eastern part of the eastern depression around 11°22.260′N 142°35.589′E / 11.371000°N 142.593150°E / 11.371000; 142.593150, with a depth of 10,920 m (35,827 ft) ±5 m (16 ft), about 290 m (950 ft) southeast of the deepest site determined by the survey vessel Takuyo in 1984 and about 240 m (790 ft) east of the deepest place determined by the 1998 RV Kairei survey.[12]
On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Kongsberg Simrad EM 120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water (300 – 11,000 metres) mapping aboard the RV Kilo Moana (mothership of the Nereus underwater vehicle) indicated a depth of 10,971 m (35,994 ft). The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, which is capable of an accuracy of 0.2% to 0.5% of water depth across the entire swath.[4][5][20] In 2014 the multibeam bathymetry data of this sonar mapping have yet to be publicly released, so the data are not available for comparisons with other soundings.[6]
On 7 October 2010, further sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep area was conducted by the US Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC) aboard the USNS Sumner (T-AGS-61). The results were reported in December 2011 at the annual American Geophysical Union fall meeting. Using a Kongsberg Maritime EM 122 multibeam echosounder system coupled to positioning equipment that can determine latitude and longitude up to 50 cm (20 in) accuracy, from thousands of individual soundings around the deepest part the CCOM/JHC team preliminary determined that the Challenger Deep has a maximum depth of 10,994 m (36,070 ft) at 11°19′35″N 142°11′14″E / 11.326344°N 142.187248°E / 11.326344; 142.187248, with an estimated vertical uncertainty of ±40 m (131 ft) at 2 standard deviations (≈ 95.4%) confidence level.[7] A secondary deep with a depth of 10,951 m (35,928 ft) was located at approximately 23.75 nmi (44.0 km) to the east at 11°22′11″N 142°35′19″E / 11.369639°N 142.588582°E / 11.369639; 142.588582 in the Mariana Trench.[8][21][22][23]
In 2014, a study was conducted regarding the determination of the depth and location of the Challenger Deep based on data collected previous to and during the 2010 sonar mapping of the Mariana Trench with a Kongsberg Maritime EM 122 multibeam echosounder system aboard the USNS Sumner (T-AGS-61). This study by James. V. Gardner et al. of the Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping-Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC), Chase Ocean Engineering Laboratory of the University of New Hampshire splits the measurement attempt history into three main groups: early single-beam echo sounders (1950s - 1970's), early multibeam echo sounders (1980s - 21st century), and modern (i.e., post-GPS, high-resolution) multibeam echo sounders. Taking uncertainties in depth measurements and position estimation into account the raw data of the 2010 bathymetry of the Challenger Deep vicinity consisting of 2,051,371 soundings from eight survey lines was analyzed. The study concludes that with the best of 2010 multibeam echosounder technologies after the analysis a depth uncertainty of ±25 m (82 ft) (95% confidence level) on 9 degrees of freedom and a positional uncertainty of ±20 to 25 m (66 to 82 ft) (2drms) remain and the location of the deepest depth recorded in the 2010 mapping is 10,984 m (36,037 ft) at 11°19′48″N 142°11′57″E / 11.329903°N 142.199305°E / 11.329903; 142.199305. The depth measurement uncertainty is a composite of measured uncertainties in the spatial variations in sound-speed through the water volume, the ray-tracing and bottom-detection algorithms of the multibeam system, the accuracies and calibration of the motion sensor and navigation systems, estimates of spherical spreading, attenuation throughout the water volume, and so forth.[6]
The 2009 and 2010 maximal depths were not confirmed by the series of dives Nereus made to the bottom during an expedition in May–June 2009. The direct descent measurements by the four expeditions which have reported from the bottom, have fixed depths in a narrow range from 10,916 m (Trieste) to 10,911 m (Kaikō), to 10,902 m (Nereus) to 10,898 m (Deepsea Challenger) Although an attempt was made to correlate locations, it could not be absolutely certain that Nereus (or the other descents) reached exactly the same points found to be maximally deep by the sonar/echo sounders of previous mapping expeditions, even though one of these echo soundings was made by Nereus mothership.
Descents[edit]
Manned descents[edit]
Lt. Don Walsh, USN (bottom) and Jacques Piccard (center) in the bathyscaphe Trieste.
Trieste[edit]
Main article: Bathyscaphe Trieste
On 23 January 1960, the Swiss-designed Trieste, originally built in Italy and acquired by the U.S. Navy, descended to the ocean floor in the trench manned by Jacques Piccard (who co-designed the submersible along with his father, Auguste Piccard) and USN Lieutenant Don Walsh. Their crew compartment was inside a spherical pressure vessel, which was a heavy-duty replacement (of the Italian original) built by Krupp Steel Works of Essen, Germany. Their descent took almost five hours and the two men spent barely twenty minutes on the ocean floor before undertaking the three-hour-and-fifteen-minute ascent. Their early departure from the ocean floor was due to their concern over a crack in the outer window caused by the temperature differences during their descent.[24] The measured depth at the bottom was measured with a manometer at 10,916 m (35,814 ft) ±5 m (16 ft).[12][25]
Deepsea Challenger[edit]
Main article: Deepsea Challenger
DSV Deepsea Challenger
On 26 March 2012 (local time), Canadian film director James Cameron made a solo manned descent in the DSV Deepsea Challenger to the bottom of the Challenger Deep.[9][10][11][26] At approximately 05:15 ChST on 26 March (19:15 UTC on 25 March), the descent began.[27] At 07:52 ChST (21:52 UTC), Deepsea Challenger arrived at the bottom. The descent lasted 2 hours and 36 minutes and the recorded depth was 10,898.4 metres (35,756 ft) when Deepsea Challenger touched down.[28] Cameron had planned to spend about six hours near the ocean floor exploring but decided to start the ascent to the surface after only 2 hours and 34 minutes.[29] The time on the bottom was shortened because a hydraulic fluid leak in the lines controlling the manipulator arm obscured the visibility out the only viewing port. It also caused the loss of the submersible's starboard thrusters.[30] At around 12:00 ChST (02:00 UTC on 26 March), the Deepsea Challenger website says the sub resurfaced after a 90-minute ascent,[31] although Paul Allen's tweets indicate the ascent took only about 67 minutes.[32] During a post-dive press conference Cameron said: "I landed on a very soft, almost gelatinous flat plain. Once I got my bearings, I drove across it for quite a distance ... and finally worked my way up the slope." The whole time, Cameron said, he didn't see any fish, or any living creatures more than an inch (2.5 cm) long: "The only free swimmers I saw were small amphipods"—shrimplike bottom-feeders.[33]
Planned manned descents[edit]
Several other manned expeditions are planned. These include:[34]
Triton Submarines, a Florida-based company that designs and manufactures private submarines, whose vehicle, Triton 36000/3, will carry a crew of three to the seabed in 120 minutes;[35]
Virgin Oceanic, sponsored by Richard Branson's Virgin Group, is developing a submersible designed by Graham Hawkes, DeepFlight Challenger,[36] with which the solo pilot will take 140 minutes to reach the seabed;[37]
DOER Marine, a San Francisco Bay Area based marine technology company established in 1992, that is developing a vehicle, Deepsearch (and Ocean Explorer HOV Unlimited), with some support from Google's Eric Schmidt with which a crew of two or three will take 90 minutes to reach the seabed, as the program Deep Search.[38]
Unmanned descents[edit]
Kaikō[edit]
Main article: Kaikō
On 24 March 1995, the Japanese robotic deep-sea probe Kaikō broke the depth record for unmanned probes when it reached close to the surveyed bottom of the Challenger Deep. Created by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), it was one of the few unmanned deep-sea probes in operation that could dive deeper than 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). The manometer measured depth of 10,911 m (35,797 ft) ±3 m (10 ft) at 11°22.39′N 142°35.54′E / 11.37317°N 142.59233°E / 11.37317; 142.59233[39] for the Challenger Deep is believed to be the most accurate measurement taken yet.[12] Kaikō also collected sediment cores containing marine organisms from the bottom of the deep.[17][18] Kaikō made many unmanned descents to the Mariana Trench during three expeditions in 1995, 1996 and 1998.[40] The greatest depth measured by Kaikō in 1996 was 10,898 m (35,755 ft) at 11°22.10′N 142°25.85′E / 11.36833°N 142.43083°E / 11.36833; 142.43083 and in 1998 10,907 m (35,784 ft) at 11°22.95′N 142°12.42′E / 11.38250°N 142.20700°E / 11.38250; 142.20700.[12] It was lost at sea off Shikoku Island during Typhoon Chan-Hom on 29 May 2003.
ABISMO[edit]
Main article: ABISMO
On 3 June 2008, the Japanese robotic deep-sea probe ABISMO (Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile) reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench about 150 km (93 mi) east of the Challenger Deep and collected core samples of the deep sea sediment and water samples of the water column. Created by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), it was the only unmanned deep-sea probe in use that could dive deeper than 10,000 m (32,808 ft) after that of Nereus. During ABISMO's deepest Mariana Trench dive its manometer measured a depth of 10,258 m (33,655 ft) ±3 m (10 ft)[41]
Nereus[edit]
HROV Nereus
Main article: Nereus (underwater vehicle)
On 31 May 2009 the United States sent the Nereus hybrid remotely operated vehicle (HROV) to the Challenger Deep.[42] Nereus thus became the first vehicle to reach the Mariana Trench since 1998 and the deepest-diving vehicle then in operation.[42] Project manager and developer Andy Bowen heralded the achievement as "the start of a new era in ocean exploration".[42] Nereus, unlike Kaikō, did not need to be powered or controlled by a cable connected to a ship on the ocean surface.[43]
Nereus spent over 10 hours at the bottom of the Challenger Deep and measured a depth of 10,902 m (35,768 ft) at 11°22.1′N 142°35.4′E / 11.3683°N 142.5900°E / 11.3683; 142.5900, while sending live video and data back to its mothership RV Kilo Moana at the surface and collecting geological and biological samples from the Challenger Deep bottom with its manipulator arm for further scientific analysis.[4][42][44][45]
The Nereus was operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. It was lost on May 10, 2014.[46]
Haidou-1[edit]
On 23 May 2016 the Chinese submersible Haidou-1 dove to a depth of 10,767 m (35,325 ft) in the Mariana Trench. This autonomous and remotely operated vehicle has a design depth of 11,000 m (36,089 ft).[47]
Lifeforms[edit]
The Summary Report of the HMS Challenger expedition lists radiolaria from the two dredged samples taken when the Challenger Deep was first discovered.[48] These (Nassellaria and Spumellaria) were reported in the Report on Radiolaria (1887)[49] written by Ernst Haeckel.
On their 1960 descent, the crew of the Trieste noted that the floor consisted of diatomaceous ooze and reported observing "some type of flatfish" lying on the seabed.[50]
"... And as we were settling this final fathom, I saw a wonderful thing. Lying on the bottom just beneath us was some type of flatfish, resembling a sole, about 1 foot long and 6 inches across. Even as I saw him, his two round eyes on top of his head spied us — a monster of steel — invading his silent realm. Eyes? Why should he have eyes? Merely to see phosphorescence? The floodlight that bathed him was the first real light ever to enter this hadal realm. Here, in an instant, was the answer that biologists had asked for the decades. Could life exist in the greatest depths of the ocean? It could! And not only that, here apparently, was a true, bony teleost fish, not a primitive ray or elasmobranch. Yes, a highly evolved vertebrate, in time's arrow very close to man himself. Slowly, extremely slowly, this flatfish swam away. Moving along the bottom, partly in the ooze and partly in the water, he disappeared into his night. Slowly too — perhaps everything is slow at the bottom of the sea — Walsh and I shook hands.[51]
Many marine biologists are now skeptical of this supposed sighting, and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber.[52][53] The video camera on board the Kaiko probe spotted a sea cucumber, a scale worm and a shrimp at the bottom.[54][55] At the bottom of the Challenger deep, the Nereus probe spotted one polychaete worm (a multi-legged predator) about an inch long.[56]
An analysis of the sediment samples collected by Kaiko found large numbers of simple organisms at 10,900 m (35,800 ft).[57] While similar lifeforms have been known to exist in shallower ocean trenches (> 7,000 m) and on the abyssal plain, the lifeforms discovered in the Challenger Deep possibly represent taxa distinct from those in shallower ecosystems.
Most of the organisms collected were simple, soft-shelled foraminifera (432 species according to National Geographic[58]), with four of the others representing species of the complex, multi-chambered genera Leptohalysis and Reophax. Eighty-five percent of the specimens were organic, soft-shelled allogromiids, which is unusual compared to samples of sediment-dwelling organisms from other deep-sea environments, where the percentage of organic-walled foraminifera ranges from 5% to 20%. As small organisms with hard, calcareous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because of the high solubility of calcium carbonate in the pressurized water, scientists theorize that the preponderance of soft-shelled organisms in the Challenger Deep may have resulted from the typical biosphere present when the Challenger Deep was shallower than it is now. Over the course of six to nine million years, as the Challenger Deep grew to its present depth, many of the species present in the sediment died out or were unable to adapt to the increasing water pressure and changing environment.[59] The species that survived the change in depth were the ancestors of the Challenger Deep's current denizens.[citation needed]
On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive in the Challenger Deep.[60][61] Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 1,900 ft (579 m) below the sea floor under 8,500 ft (2,591 m) of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States.[60][62] According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."[60]
See also[edit]
Sirena Deep
Horizon Deep
Galathea Depth
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ All Things Considered (9 March 2012). "Diving Back to the Bottom of the Mariana Trench". NPR. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ The Colbert Report, airdate: 2012 April 12, interview with James Cameron
^ Jump up to: a b c "IHO-IOC GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names, August 2011 version". GEBCO. August 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA June and July 2009". University of Hawaii Marine Center. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Inventory of Scientific Equipment aboard the R/V KILO MOANA". University of Hawaii Marine Center. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "So, How Deep Is the Mariana Trench?" (PDF). Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping-Joint Hydrographic Center (CCOM/JHC), Chase Ocean Engineering Laboratory of the University of New Hampshire. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Amos, Jonathan (7 December 2011). "Oceans' deepest depth re-measured". BBC News. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong, Andrew A. (2011-12-22). "Cruise Report - UNH-CCOM/JHC Technical Report 11-002" (PDF). NOAA/UNH Joint Hydrographic Center University of New Hampshire. p. 12. Retrieved 2012-05-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Than, Ker (25 March 2012). "James Cameron Completes Record-Breaking Mariana Trench Dive". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Broad, William J. (25 March 2012). "Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea". New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b AP Staff (25 March 2012). "James Cameron has reached deepest spot on Earth". MSNBC. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Nakanishi, Masao (10 April 2011). "A precise bathymetric map of the world's deepest seafloor, Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench" (PDF). Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years of 1872-76 (page 877)". 19thcenturyscience.org. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Theberge, A. (24 March 2009). "Thirty Years of Discovering the Mariana Trench". Hydro International. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Page 131 of Murray's book refers to the Challenger Deep.
Jump up ^ "Mariana Trench". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Jump up to: a b "Life Is Found Thriving at Ocean's Deepest Point", National Geographic News, 3 February 2005
^ Jump up to: a b Akimoto; et al. (2001). "The deepest living foraminifera, Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench". Marine Micropaleontology. 42: 95. doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(01)00012-3.
Jump up ^ Ritchie, Steve. "The deepest depths". Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
Jump up ^ EM 120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system brochure
Jump up ^ EM 122 Multibeam echosounder
Jump up ^ EM 122 sonar multibeam bathymetry system brochure
Jump up ^ Instruction manual EM Series (EM 120 & EM 122) Multibeam echo sounders
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Press Release, Office of Naval Research (1 February 1960). "Research Vessels: Submersibles – Trieste". United States Navy. Archived from the original on 18 April 2002. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Prince, Rosa (25 March 2012). "James Cameron becomes first solo diver to visit Earth's deepest point". The Telegraph. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ National Geographic (25 March 2012). "James Cameron Begins Descent to Ocean's Deepest Point". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ National Geographic (25 March 2012). "James Cameron Now at Ocean's Deepest Point". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ National Geographic (26 March 2012). "Cameron's Historic Dive Cut Short by Leak; Few Signs of Life Seen". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ National Geographic (28 March 2012). "Cameron's Historic Dive Cut Short by Leak; Few Signs of Life Seen". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
Jump up ^ www.deepseachallenge.com (25 March 2012). "We Just Did the Impossible". www.deepseachallenge.com. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/PaulGAllen (27 March 2012). "Paul Allen Tweets from Challenger Deep". https://twitter.com/PaulGAllen. Retrieved 27 March 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ National Geographic (27 March 2012). "James Cameron on Earth's Deepest Spot: Desolate, Lunar-Like". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Race to the bottom of the ocean". BBC News. 22 February 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Triton 36,000 Full Ocean Depth Submersible". Triton Submarines. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Virgin Oceanic, Operations Team Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved 25 March 2012)
Jump up ^ "Virgin Oceanic". Virgin Oceanic. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Deep Search". DOER Marine. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kaiko 7000II". Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Revisiting the Challenger Deep using the ROV Kaiko" (PDF). Winter 2009 Volume 43, Number 5. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20080616/ “ABISMO", Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile, Succeeds in World’s First Multiple Vertical Sampling from Mid-ocean, Sea Floor and Sub-seafloor over Depth of 10,000 m in Mariana Trench June 16, 2008 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Robot sub reaches deepest ocean". BBC News. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "'Nereus' reaches deepest part of the ocean". physorg.com. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA April and May 2009". University of Hawaii Marine Center. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hybrid Remotely Operated Vehicle "Nereus" Reaches Deepest Part of the Ocean". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27374326
Jump up ^ Nitrogen experiment among breakthroughs, by Zhao Xinying, Tuesday, August 23, 2016
Jump up ^ [1], entry on 23 March 1875.
Jump up ^ [2], Report on the Radiolaria collected by H.M.S. Challenger by Ernst Haeckel.
Jump up ^ "To the bottom of the sea", T. A. Heppenheimer, AmericanHeritage.com
Jump up ^ Seven Miles Down: The Story of the Bathyscaph Trieste (1961) by J. Piccard and R. S. Dietz. pp. 172–174. Published by the Putnam, New York.
Jump up ^ "James Cameron dives deep for Avatar", Guardian, 18 January 2011
Jump up ^ "James Cameron heads into the abyss", Nature, 19 March 2012
Jump up ^ "Mission to Marianas", New Scientist, 2 November 1996
Jump up ^ "The last frontier", Time, 14 August 1995
Jump up ^ Accessed 8 Oct 2009 Archived 1996-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. Geography of the ocean floor near Guam with some notes on exploration of the Challenger Deep.
Jump up ^ Todo, Yuko; et al. (2005). "Simple Foraminifera Flourish at the Ocean's Deepest Point". Science. 307 (5710): 689. doi:10.1126/science.1105407. PMID 15692042.
Jump up ^ Roach, John (3 February 2005). "Life Is Found Thriving at Ocean's Deepest Point". National Geographic News.
Jump up ^ Roach, John. "Life If Found Thriving at Ocean's Deepest Point". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Choi, Charles Q. (17 March 2013). "Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth". LiveScience. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Glud, Ronnie; Wenzhöfer, Frank; Middleboe, Mathias; Oguri, Kazumasa; Turnewitsch, Robert; Canfield, Donald E.; Kitazato, Hiroshi (17 March 2013). "High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth". Nature Geoscience. 6 (4): 284. Bibcode:2013NatGe...6..284G. doi:10.1038/ngeo1773. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Oskin, Becky (14 March 2013). "Intraterrestrials: Life Thrives in Ocean Floor". LiveScience. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
External links[edit]
"Official press release regarding Challenger Deep operation". Archived from the original on 18 April 2002.
Mariana Trench
Mariana Trench: Seven miles deep, the ocean is still a noisy place
Location of Challenger Deep Interactive map

Coordinates: 11°22.4′N 142°35.5′E / 11.3733°N 142.5917°E / 11.3733; 142.5917
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