text:
Tevaram
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Part of a series on
Shaivism
Deities[show]
Paramashiva
(Supreme being)
Shiva - Shakti
Sadasiva
Rudra
Nataraja
Dakshinamurthy
Ardhanarishvara
Bhairava
Parvati
Durga
Kali
Ganesha
Murugan
Others
Scriptures and texts[show]
Agamas and Tantras
Vedas
Svetasvatara
Tirumurai
Shivasutras
Vachanas
Philosophy[show]
Three Components
Pati
Pashu
Pasam
Three bondages
Anava
Karma
Maya
36 Tattvas
Yoga
Practices[show]
Vibhuti
Rudraksha
Panchakshara
Bilva
Maha Shivaratri
Yamas-Niyamas
Guru-Linga-Jangam
Schools[show]
Adi Margam
Pashupata
Kalamukha
Kapalika
Mantra Margam
Saiddhantika
Siddhantism
Non - Saiddhantika
Kashmir Shaivism
Pratyabhijna
Vama
Dakshina
Kaula: Trika-Yamala-Kubjika-Netra
Others
Nath
Veerashaiva (Lingayatism)
Kaumaram
Siddhar
Srouta
Nusantara Agama Siwa
Scholars[show]
Lakulisa
Abhinavagupta
Vasugupta
Utpaladeva
Nayanars
Meykandar
Nirartha
Basava
Sharana
Srikantha
Appayya
Navnath
Related[show]
Nandi
Tantrism
Jyotirlinga
Shiva Temples
v
t
e
The Thevaram (Tamil: தேவாரம் Thēvāram) denotes the first seven volumes of the Tirumurai, the twelve-volume collection of Śaiva devotional poetry. All seven volumes are dedicated to the works of the three most prominent Tamil poets of the 7th century, the Nayanars - Sambandar, Tirunavukkarasar and Sundarar.[1][2][3] The singing of Tevaram is continued as a hereditary practise in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu.[4]
In the tenth century, during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I, a collection of these songs was found abandoned in the Chidambaram temple, along with other religious literary works, and collated by Nambiyandar Nambi. It is during the Chola dynasty that Saivism came of age and Tevaram, with its body of texts on rituals, philosophy and theology, was canonized.[5] The 276 temples revered by these verses are called paadal petra thalam and another 276 places having Shiva temples that are casually mentioned in the verses are classified as vaipu sthalam. It was Tevaram for Saivism and Nalayira Divya Prabandam for Vaishanvism. There are 796 of these songs with a total of more than 8200 stanzas.[6] The three poets were not only involved in portraying their personal devotion to Shiva, but also involved a community of believers through their songs.[7] It is one of the important sources of Tamil Bhakti, a movement that inspired the agricultural community.[8]
Contents
1 Name
2 Evolution
3 Poets
4 The hymns
5 Compilation
6 In culture
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Name[edit]
The word Dēvāram means garland of poems to the lord
Evolution[edit]
Three stages have been identified in the evolution of Thevaram - first is the mark of Shiva as the supreme deity during the 7th - 9th century, the second involved Chola kings initiating the compilation of all the hymns and installing the images of the 3 saint poets during the 10th to 11th century and the last being the restructuring done by the pontiffs of the mathas who incorporated the hymns into Saiva Siddantha canon in the 13th century.[9] Both the Saiva and Vaishnava textual tradition negated the Vedic orthodoxy and Smartha tradition practised during the era.[10] The authority of the hymns were established with the Saivities calling the Tevaram as Tamil Marai (meaning Tamil Veda), while Vaishnavities called the Nalayira Divya Prabandham as Dravida Veda.[10] The usage of Sanskrit liturgies for religion was overcome with the usage of Tamil in both Tevaram and Prabandham.[11] Sangam literature established the convention of akam (internally orineted) and puram (externally orientated) poetry.[11] Though influence of Sangam literature is often seen in Thevaram, the strict conventions were not followed.[11] The verses were more oriented towards folk tradition, which was easily accessible to people.[11]
Poets[edit]
The first three Tirumurais (meaning parts) of Tevaram are composed by Thiru GnaanaSambanthar, the next three by Appar and the seventh one is composed by Sundarar. Appar and Thiru GnaanaSambanthar lived around the 7th century, while Sundarar lived in the 8th century. During the Pallava period these three travelled extensively around Tamil Nadu offering discourses and songs characterised by an emotional devotion to Shiva and objections to Vaishnavism, Jainism and Buddhism.[12]
Thiru GnaanaSambanthar is a 7th-century Holy Guru Paramaachariyaar(The great Teacher) born in SeeKaazhi, now wrongly called as Sirkali in Brahmin community and was believed to be breastfed by the goddess umadevi also called as Parvati
, whereupon he sang the first hymn. On the request of queen of Pandya Nadu, Thiru GnaanaSambanthar went on pilgrimage to south, defeated Jains in debate, the Jains' provocation of Sambandar by burning his house and challenging him to debate, and Thiru GnaanaSambanthar 's eventual victory over them[13][14] He was a contemporary of Appar, another Saiva saint.[15] Information about Sambandhar comes mainly from the Periya Puranam, the eleventh-century Tamil book on the Nayanars that forms the last volume of the Tirumurai, along with the earlier Tiruttondartokai, poetry by Cuntarar and Nambiyandar Nambi's Tiru Tondar Tiruvandadi. A Sanskrit hagiography called Brahmapureesa Charitam is now lost. The first volumes of the Tirumurai contain three hundred and eighty-four poems of Sambanthar (in 4181 stanzas), all that survive out of a reputed more than 10,000 hymns.[16] ThiruGnaanaSambanthar merged with Lord around the age of 16 in 655 CE on the day of his marriage. His verses were set to tune by ThiruNeelaKanda Yaazhpaanar, who is set to have accompanied the musician on his yal or lute.[17]
Appar's (aka Tirunavukkarasar) was born during the 7th century in Tiruvamur, Tamil Nadu, his childhood name for Marulneekiar. His sister, Thilagavathiar was betrothed to a military commander who died in action. When his sister was about to end her life, he pleaded with her not to leave him alone in the world.[17] She decided to lead an ascetic life and bring up her only brother. During boyhood, Appar was very much interested in Jainism and started studying its scriptures. He went away from home and stayed in their monastery and was renamed Darmasena.[18] Details of Appar's life are found in his own hymns and in Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam (the last book of the Tirumurai). Appar had travelled to nearby Patalipura to join a Jain monastery where he was given the name Dharmasena. "Seeing the transient, ephemeral world he decided to probe into truth through renunciation."[19] After a while, afflicted by a painful illness, Dharmasena returned home.[20] He prayed for relief at the Siva temple where his sister served and was cured by Lord. Lord gave the name 'ThiruNaavukkuArasar'. He was also involved in converting the Pallava king, Mahendravarman to Saivism.[21] This was also the period of resurrection of the smaller Shiva temples. Appar sanctified all these temples by his verses[21] and was also involved in cleaning of the dilapidated temples called uzhavaarappani. He was called Tirunavukkarasu, meaning the "King of divine speech".[22] He extolled Siva in 49,000 stanzas out of which 3130 are now available and compiled in Tirumurais [4,5,6]. When he met Campantar, he called him Appar (meaning father). He merged with lord around the age of 81 in Tirupugalur.[22] He famously known for his ThiruThandagam[6th Thirumurai]. ThiruThandagam is difficult to compose, He is called as 'Thandagach Chadhurar' [Expert in ThiruThaandagam]
Sundarar (aka Sundaramurthi) was born in Tirunavalur in a Brahmin family during the end of the 7th century.[22] Sadayanar and IsaiGnanyiaar are his parents. His own name was Nambi Arurar and was prevented from marrying by the divine grace of Siva.[22] He later married a temple girl namely Paravi Naachiyaar and a vellala community girl by name Changili naachiyaar.[22] He is the author of 1026 poems compiled as 7th Tirumurai.[22] He is close friend of KazharitruArivaar Nayanar aka Cheramaan perumaal Nayanar(one among the holy 63 nayanar) and EyarKon KalikKaama Nayanar(also one among the holy 63 nayanar. From ThiruAnjaiKalam (now ThiruVanjikulam), He went to Kaiylaayam in Holy Elephant which have 1000 horns.
The hymns[edit]
Tirumurai
The twelve volumes of Tamil Śaiva hymns of the sixty-three Nayanars
Parts Name Author
1,2,3 Tirukadaikkappu Sambandar
4,5,6 Tevaram Tirunavukkarasar
7 Tirupaatu Sundarar
8 Tiruvacakam &
Tirukkovaiyar Manikkavacakar
9 Tiruvisaippa &
Tiruppallaandu Various
10 Tirumandhiram Tirumular
11 Various
12 Periya Puranam Sekkizhar
Paadal Petra Sthalam
Paadal Petra Sthalam
Raja Raja Chola I
Nambiyandar Nambi
All the songs in the Tevaram (called pathikam, Tamil:பதிகம்) are believed to be in sets of ten. The hymns were set to music denoted by Panns and are part of the canon of the Tamil music.[11] They continue to be part of temple liturgy today.[23][24] Several of these poems refer to historic references pointing to the saint-poets' own life, voice of devotee persona, using interior language of the mystic.[25] Multi-vocal rhetoric is commonly used taking on personal emotions and genres and some voices of classical Sangam literature. Of the three, Campantar's life is better interpreted by his verses.[25] According to Zvelebil, Campantar's lyrics are characterized by egocentricism, by militancy and great ardour, by a warm feeling for the greatness and beauty of Tamil language with scholarly experimentation in meters showing familiarity with Sanskrit forms.[17] Campantar's poetry shows structural and thematic distinctiveness of the bhakti speech of poetry....is ....sorry poetry.[26]
"In the temple where he is throned, who bids us not lose heart
In the hour when our senses grow confused, the way grows dim,
Our wisdom fails, and mucus chokes our struggling breath,
In Tiruvaiyar, where the girls dance around, and the drumbeats sound,
The monkeys fear the rain, run up the trees, and scan the clouds"[26]
Appar's poems dealt with inner, emotional and psychological state of the poet saint.[17] The metaphors used in the poems have deep agrarian influence that is considered one of the striking chords for common people to get accustomed to the verse.[27] The quote below is a popular song of Appar glorifying Shiva in simple diction.[26]
"மாசில் வீணையும் மாலை மதியமும்
வீசு தென்றலும் வீங்கிள வேனிலும்
மூசு வண்டறை பொய்கையும் போன்றதே
ஈசன் எந்தை இணையடி நீழலே"
translating to
"The shade of my Lord's twin feet are like the flawless Veena,
like the full-moon of the evening
like the gently breeze blowing from the South
like the young thriving spring
like lake where the swarming bess hum"[26]
Cuntarar's hymns had a touch of humour, a rare thing in religious literature. In one of the verses, he playfully draws an analogy with Siva with himself, both having two wives and the needs of nagging wives.[28]
"Thou art half woman. Thyself
Ganga is in thy long hair
Full well canst thou comprehend
Burden of woman so fair"[28]
The tendency to incorporate place names known to the folks in the idiom of the poems is another characteristic feature of Tevaram.[29] The poems also involved glorifying the feat of Shiva in the particular location – the usage of locale continuously occurring in the verses is a testament.[29] According to Prentiss, the poems do not represent social space as a contested space, the hymns represent the hymnists were free to wander and to offer their praise of Shiva.[30] The emotional intensity of the hymns represent spontaneous expression of thought as an emotional responses to God.[30]
Paadal Petra Sthalams are 275[31] temples that are revered in the verses of Tevaram and are amongst the greatest Shiva temples of the continent. The Divya Desams by comparison are the 108 Vishnu temples glorified in the poems of the contemporary Vaishnava Alvars of Tamil Nadu, India. Vaippu Sthalangal are places that were mentioned casually in the songs in Tevaram.[32] The focus of the moovars hymns suggests darshan (seeing and being seen by God) within the puja (worship) offering.[30] The hymnists made classificatory lists of places like katu (for forest), turai (port or refuge), kulam (water tank) and kalam (field) being used - thus both structured and unstructured places in the religious context find a mention in Tevaram.[30]
Compilation[edit]
The 3 foremost Nayanars with Manikkavasakar - collectively called the Naalvar: (from left) Sambandar, Tirunavukkarasar, Sundarar, Manikkavacakar.
Raja Raja Chola I (985-1013 CE) embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of Tevaram in his court.[33] He sought the help of Nambi Andar Nambi,[34] who was a priest in a temple.[5] It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram.[5][33] The brahmanas (Dikshitars) in the temple opposed the mission, but Rajaraja intervened by consecrating the images of the saint-poets through the streets of Chidambaram.[33][35] Rajaraja thus became to be known as Tirumurai Kanda Cholan meaning one who saved the Tirumurai.[35] Thus far Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar saints were also placed inside the temple.[35] Nambi arranged the hymns of three saint poets Campantar, Appar and Sundarar as the first seven books, Manickavasagar's Tirukovayar and Tiruvacakam as the 8th book, the 28 hymns of nine other saints as the 9th book, the Tirumandiram of Tirumular as the 10th book, 40 hymns by 12 other poets as the 10th book, Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi - the sacred anthathi of the labours of the 63 nayanar saints and added his own hymns as the 11th book.[36] The first seven books were later called as Tevaram, and the whole Saiva canon, to which was added, as the 12th book, Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam (1135 CE) is wholly known as Tirumurai, the holy book. Thus Saiva literature which covers about 600 years of religious, philosophical and literary development.[36]
Nambi was also involved in setting musical modes for Tevaram.[37] He accomplished this by visiting his native village of Tirunilakanta Yalpanar, where he met a woman of the Tamil Panar caste who learned the mode of divine revelation. She returned to Chidambaram with Nambi, where she sang and danced for Shiva.[37]
In 1918, 11 more songs were found engraved in stone temple in Tiruvidavayil in a village close to Nannillam and it was the first instance found where Tevaram verses were found in inscriptions.[38]
In culture[edit]
Tevaram was one of the sole reasons for converting Vedic ritual to Agamic puja followed in Shiva temples.[39] Though these two systems are overlapping, Agamic tradition ensures the perpetuation of the Vedic religion's emphasis on the efficacy of ritual as per Davis.[39] Odhuvars, Sthanikars, or Kattalaiyars offer musical programmes in Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu by singing Tevaram after the daily rituals.[40] These are usually carried out as chorus programme soon after the divine offering. The singing of Tevaram was followed by musicals from the music pillars in such temples like Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple, Nellaiappar Temple and Suchindram.[41] The singers of these hymns were referred as Tirupadiyam Vinnapam seyvar or Pidarar from the inscriptions of Nandivarman III in the Tiruvallam Bilavaneswara temple records. Rajaraja deputed 48 pidarars and made liberal provisions for their maintenance and successors.[35] A few earlier records give details about the gifts rendered to the singers of Tevaram from Parantaka I of the 8th century.[35] A record belonging to Rajendra I mentions Tevaranayakan, the supervisor of Tevaram and shows the institutionalisation of Tevaram with the establishiment of a department.[35] There are records from Kulothunga Chola III from Nallanyanar temple in South Arcot indicating singing of Tiruvempavai and Tiruvalam of Manickavasagar during special occasion in the temple.[35] From the 13th century, the texts were passed on to the Odhuvars by the Adheenams or mathas and there was no more control by the kings or the brahmanas.[9] The Odhuvars were from vellala community and were trained in ritual singing in Tevaram schools.[9]
Periya Puranam, the eleventh-century Tamil book on the Nayanars that forms the last volume of the Tirumurai primarily had references only to Tevaram and subsequently expanded to 12 parts.[42] One of the first anthologies of moovars hymns called the Tevara Arulmuraitirattu is linked to Tamil Saiva siddhantha philosophy by grouping ninety-nine verses into 10 categories.[42] The category headings are God, soul, bond, grace, guru, methodology, enlightenment, bliss, mantra and liberation - correspond to Umapthi's work, Tiruvarutpayan.[43] Tirumurai kanda puranam is another anthology for Tirumurai as a whole, but primarily focuses on Tevaram. It is the first of the works to refer the collection of volumes as Tirumurai.[43]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Ignatius Hirudayam, "Canonical Books of Saivism and Vaishnavism in Tamil and Sanskrit" in the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Ed. George Menachery, Vol.III, 2010, pp.16 ff.
Jump up ^ Cutler 1987, p. 4
Jump up ^ Zvelebil 1974, p. 92
Jump up ^ Knight 2010, p. 294
^ Jump up to: a b c Cort 1998, p. 178
Jump up ^ Sabaratnam 2001, p. 24
Jump up ^ Sabaratnam 2001, p. 25
Jump up ^ Schüler 2009, p. 32
^ Jump up to: a b c Khanna 2007, p. xxii
^ Jump up to: a b Khanna 2007, p. 53
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sabaratnam 2001, p. 26
Jump up ^ N.Subramaniam (1975). Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad (to AD 1336). Ennes Publication Udumalpet 642 128. p. 277.
Jump up ^ Harman 1992, p. 24
Jump up ^ Prentiss 1999, p. 43
Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia of Jainism, Volume 1, page 5468
Jump up ^ The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age, page 330
^ Jump up to: a b c d Zvelebil 1974, p. 95
Jump up ^ Sages Through Ages - Volume V: India's Heritage.P.74.K. K. Nair
Jump up ^ Dr R. Nagasamy, Siva Bhakthi Chapter 3 Archived 6 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dr R. Nagasamy, Siva Bhakthi Chapter 2 Archived 22 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Vasudevan 2003, p. 13
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Zvelebil 1974, p. 96
Jump up ^ "Glossary". TempleNet. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Abodes of Shiva". Indiantemples.com. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Callewaert 1994, p. 199
^ Jump up to: a b c d Aiyangar 2004, p. 35
Jump up ^ Sabaratnam 2001, p. 27
^ Jump up to: a b Aiyangar 2004, p. 34
^ Jump up to: a b Sabaratnam 2001, pp. 27–28
^ Jump up to: a b c d Prentiss 1992, pp. 51–52
Jump up ^ "A comprehensive description of the 275 Shivastalams glorified by the Tevaram hymns". templenet.com. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
Jump up ^ International review for the history of religions, Volumes 15–17. International Association for the History of Religions, CatchWord (Online service)
^ Jump up to: a b c Culter 1987, p. 50
Jump up ^ Xavier Irudayaraj,"Self Understanding of 'Saiva Siddanta' Scriptures," in The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India,Ollur [Trichur] 2010 Ed. George Menachery, Vol. III,p.14 ff.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Vasudevan 2003, pp. 109-110
^ Jump up to: a b Zvelebil 1974, p. 191
^ Jump up to: a b Culter 1987, p. 192
Jump up ^ Ayyar, p. 23
^ Jump up to: a b Cort 1998, p. 176
Jump up ^ Ghose 1996, p. 239
Jump up ^ Bhargava 2006, p. 467
^ Jump up to: a b Prentiss 1992, p. 140
^ Jump up to: a b Prentiss 1992, p. 144
References[edit]
Aiyangar, Krishnaswami S. (2004), South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 81-206-0999-9 .
Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1993). South Indian shrines: illustrated. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0151-3.
Bhargava, Gopal K.; Shankarlal C. Bhatt (2006). Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 25. Tamil Nadu. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. ISBN 81-7835-381-4.
Callewaert, Winand M.; Rupert Snell (1994). According to tradition: hagiographical writing in India. Otto Harrasowitz. ISBN 3-447-03524-2.
"Carnatic music". Encyclopædia Britannica (15 ed.). 2005.
"Classical Notes: Musical people". The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
Cort, John E. (1998). Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-3786-8.
Cutler, Norman (1987). Songs of experience: the poetics of Tamil devotion. USA: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data. ISBN 0-253-35334-3.
Das, Sisir Kumar; Sāhitya Akādemī (2005). A history of Indian literature, 500-1399: from courtly to the popular. chennai: Sāhitya Akādemī. ISBN 81-260-2171-3.
Eliot, Charles. Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol II. (of 3). Middlesex: Eco Library. ISBN 978-1-4068-6296-6.
Knight, Jr, Douglas M.; Douglas M. Knight (2001). Balasaraswati: her art & life. Middle Town CT: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6906-6.
Khanna, Meenakshi (2007). Cultural History of Medieval India. Delhi: Social Science Press. ISBN 978-81-87358-30-5.
Harman, William P. (1992), The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess, Delhi: Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-1-59884-655-3 .
Menachery, George (2010). St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India Vol. III. ISBN 818713206X.
Prentiss, Karen Pechilis; Karen Pechilis (1999), The embodiment of bhakti, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-512813-3 .
Sabaratnam, Lakshmanan (2001). Ethnic attachments in Sri Lanka: social change and cultural continuity. Palgrave. ISBN 0-312-29348-8.
Schüler, Barbara (2009). Of death and birth: Icakkiyamman̲, a Tamil goddess, in ritual and story. Otto Harrasowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05844-5.
Vasudevan, Geetha (2003), The royal temple of Rajaraja: an instrument of imperial Cola power, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, ISBN 81-7017-383-3
Zvelebil, Kamil (1974). A History of Indian literature Vol.10 (Tamil Literature). Otto Harrasowitz. ISBN 3-447-01582-9.
Further reading[edit]
Swamigal, Thirugnana Sambandar. "campantar tEvAram -1 part 1, patikams 1-66" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Thirugnana Sambandar. "campantar tEvAram -1 part 2, patikams 67-136" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Thirugnana Sambandar. "campantar tEvAram -2 part 1, patikams 1-60" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Thirugnana Sambandar. "campantar tEvAram -2 part 2, patikams 61-122" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Thirugnana Sambandar. "campantar tEvAram -3 part 1, patikams 1-66" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Thirugnana Sambandar. "campantar tEvAram -3 part 2, patikams 67-125 & later additions" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu. "tEvAram of tirunAvukkaracu cuvAmikaL tirumuRai 4 part - 1 Poems(1-487)" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu. "tEvAram of tirunAvukkaracu cuvAmikaL tirumuRai 4 part - 2 Poems(488-1070)" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu. "tEvAram of tirunAvukkaracu cuvAmikaL tirumuRai 5 part - 1 Poems(1-509)" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu. "tEvAram of tirunAvukkaracu cuvAmikaL tirumuRai 5 part - 2 Poems(510-1016)" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu. "tEvAram of tirunAvukkaracu cuvAmikaL tirumuRai 6 part - 1 Poems(1-508)" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu. "tEvAram of tirunAvukkaracu cuvAmikaL tirumuRai 6 part - 2 Poems(509-981)" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Sundaramurthi. "tEvAram of cuntaramUrti cuvAmikaL tirumuRai 7, part 1 Poems (1-517)" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
Swamigal, Sundaramurthi. "tEvAram of cuntaramUrti cuvAmikaL tirumuRai 7, part 2 Poems (518-1026)" (PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
External links[edit]
Thevaaram.org - A site exclusively for 12 Thirumurai
Similar in both spirit and intonation
Classical Notes: Musical people
The Authenticity of Sthala Puranas (HinduDharma: Puranas)
The poetic charm of Tamizh isai
Tevaram Songs
Dharmapuram Adhinam's web site giving the transliteration / translation of the 12 Tirumurais
Digital Tevaram, an Indology CD released by the French Institute of Pondicherry, has the English translation of all Tevarams (1 to 7 Tirumurais)
Digital Tevaram compiled by the French Institute of Pondicherry
Sundharamurthi swamikalin Thevaram
hide
v
t
e
Shaivism
History
History of Shaivism
Deities
Shiva
Sadyojata
Vamadeva
Aghora
Tatpurusha
Ishana
Nataraja
Dakshinamurthy
Harihara
Shakti
Ardhanarishvara
Parvati
Ganesha
Kartikeya
Nandi
Texts
Shvetashvatara Upanishad
Shivarahasya Purana
Shiva Purana
Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta
Mantra/ Stotra
Om Namah Shivaya
Rudrashtakam
Mahamrityunjaya Mantra
Shiva Tandava Stotra
Shiva Sahasranama
Shiv Chalisa
Shri Rudram
Shiva Mahimna Stotra
Philosophical Traditions
Shaiva Siddhanta
Pashupata Shaivism
Kashmir Shaivism
Veera Shaivism
Siddha Siddhanta
Shiva Advaita
Shaiva Smartas
Jyotirlingas
Bhimāśankara
Ghuṣmeśvara
Kedāranātha
Viśveśvara
Mallikārjuna
Mahākāleśvara
Nāgeśvara
Omkāreśvara
Rāmeśvara
Somanātha
Tryambakeśvara
Vaidyanātha
Pancha Bhoota Stalam
Chidambaram Temple (Ether)
Sri Kalahasti Temple (Air)
Annamalaiyar Temple (Fire)
Thiruvanaikaval Temple (Water)
Ekambareswarar Temple (Earth)
Temples
Amarnath
Brihadeeswarar
Kailash Mansarovar
Katasraj temple
Lingaraj Temple
Meenakshi
Tirunelveli
Panch Kedar
Kedarnath
Tungnath
Rudranath
Madhyamaheshwar
Kalpeshwar
Pancha Sabhai
Ratna Sabai
Pon Sabai
Velli Sabai
Thamira Sabai
Chitira Sabai
Tiruchengode
Thirukutralam
Vadakkum Nathan
List of Shiva temples in India
Traditional Observances
Kanwar Yatra
Lingam
Rasalingam
Maha Shivaratri
Pradosha
Shiva Puja
Siddha
Vibhuti
Other names
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tevaram&oldid=848935860"
Categories:
Tamil-language literature
Carnatic music
Texts related to Nayanar saints
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from October 2016
Use Indian English from October 2016
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Articles containing Tamil-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
മലയാളം
Русский
தமிழ்
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 July 2018, at 10:19 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background-color: #FFC569; padding:0.25em;

attrs: class id href

values: NavToggle NavToggle1 #

attrs: class style

values: font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values:
/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)
mw-redirect
Āgama (Hinduism)

values:
/wiki/Pasam_(Saivism)
mw-redirect
Pasam (Saivism)

values:
/wiki/Maya_(illusion)
mw-redirect
Maya (illusion)

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Nalayira_Divya_Prabandham
mw-redirect
Nalayira Divya Prabandham

values:
/wiki/File:HinduismSymbol.PNG
image
Om symbol

values: clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;

values:
/wiki/Paadal_Petra_Sthalams
mw-redirect
Paadal Petra Sthalams

values:
/wiki/Divya_Desams
mw-redirect
Divya Desams

values:
/wiki/Vaippu_Sthalangal
mw-redirect
Vaippu Sthalangal

values:
/wiki/Madurai_Meenakshi_Amman_Temple
mw-redirect
Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.templenet.com/glossary3.html

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.thevaaram.org/ta/index.php

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.thevaaram.org/index.php

values:
/wiki/History_of_Shaivism
mw-redirect
History of Shaivism

values:
navbox-image
9
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Smarta_Tradition
mw-redirect
Smarta Tradition

values:
/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Swamy
mw-redirect
Mallikarjuna Swamy

values:
/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_Temple
mw-redirect
Brihadeeswarar Temple

values:
/wiki/Katasraj_temple
mw-redirect
Katasraj temple

values:
/wiki/Kutralanathar_Temple
mw-redirect
Kutralanathar Temple

values:
/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Shiva
mw-redirect
List of titles and names of Shiva

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Texts related to Nayanar saints

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2016

values: Category:Use Indian English from October 2016

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Articles containing Tamil-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tevaram
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Tevaram&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevaram
Tevaram – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: Теварам – Russian

values: தேவாரம் – Tamil

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tevaram rootpage-Tevaram skin-vector action-view


text:
Saturday Night Massacre
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Watergate scandal
Watergate complex
Events
List[hide]
Presidency of Richard Nixon
Timeline
Nixon White House tapes
Operation Sandwedge
Operation Gemstone
1972 U.S. presidential election
"Saturday Night Massacre"
"White House horrors"
United States v. Nixon
Resignation speech
Inauguration of Gerald Ford
People
Watergate burglars[show]
Bernard Barker
Virgilio Gonzalez
Eugenio Martínez
James W. McCord Jr.
Frank Sturgis
Groups[show]
Master list of Nixon's political opponents
Nixon's Enemies List
Watergate Babies
Watergate Seven
White House Plumbers
CRP[show]
Committee for the Re-Election
of the President (CRP)
Fred LaRue
Jeb Stuart Magruder
Robert Mardian
John N. Mitchell
Kenneth Parkinson
Hugh W. Sloan Jr.
Maurice Stans
White House[show]
President Richard Nixon
Alexander Butterfield
Charles Colson
John Dean
John Ehrlichman
Gerald Ford
H. R. Haldeman
E. Howard Hunt
Egil Krogh
G. Gordon Liddy
Gordon C. Strachan
Rose Mary Woods
Judiciary[show]
Archibald Cox
Leon Jaworski
John Sirica
Journalists[show]
Carl Bernstein
Bob Woodward
Ben Bradlee
Howard Simons
Lesley Stahl
The Washington Post
Intelligence community[show]
Mark Felt ("Deep Throat")
L. Patrick Gray
Richard Helms
James R. Schlesinger
Congress[show]
Howard Baker
Sam Ervin
Peter W. Rodino
U.S. Senate Watergate Committee
Impeachment process
Related[show]
Frank Wills (security guard)
James F. Neal (prosecutor)
All the President's Men (book, film)
The Final Days (book, film)
Dick (film)
v
t
e
The Saturday Night Massacre was a series of events which took place in the United States on the evening of Saturday, October 20, 1973, during the Watergate scandal. U.S. President Richard Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox; Richardson refused and resigned effective immediately. Nixon then ordered Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus to fire Cox; Ruckelshaus refused, and also resigned. Nixon then ordered the third-most-senior official at the Justice Department, Solicitor General Robert Bork, to fire Cox. Bork considered resigning, but did as Nixon asked. The political and public reaction to Nixon's actions were negative and highly damaging to the president. A new special counsel was appointed eleven days later on November 1, 1973,[1] and on November 14, 1973, a court ruled that the dismissal had been illegal.[2][3]
Contents
1 History
2 Aftermath
3 Origin of the phrase
4 Impact and legacy
5 References
History[edit]
U.S. Attorney General Elliot Richardson had appointed Cox in May 1973 after promising the House Judiciary Committee that he would appoint a special prosecutor to investigate the events surrounding the break-in of the Democratic National Committee's offices at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C., on June 17, 1972. The appointment was created as a career reserved position in the Justice department, meaning it came under the authority of the attorney general who could only remove the special prosecutor "for cause", e.g., gross improprieties or malfeasance in office. Richardson had, in his confirmation hearings before the U.S. Senate, promised not to use his authority to dismiss the Watergate special prosecutor, unless for cause.[4]
When Cox issued a subpoena to Nixon, asking for copies of taped conversations recorded in the Oval Office, the president refused to comply. On Friday, October 19, 1973, Nixon offered what was later known as the Stennis Compromise—asking the infamously hard-of-hearing Senator John C. Stennis of Mississippi to review and summarize the tapes for the special prosecutor's office. Cox refused the compromise that same evening, and it was believed that there would be a short rest in the legal maneuvering while government offices were closed for the weekend.[4]
Archibald Cox
However, on the following day (Saturday), Nixon ordered Attorney General Richardson to fire Cox. Richardson refused and resigned in protest. Nixon then ordered Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus to fire Cox. Ruckelshaus also refused and resigned.[4]
Nixon then ordered the Solicitor General of the United States, Robert Bork, as acting head of the Justice Department, to fire Cox. Both Richardson and Ruckelshaus had given personal assurances to Congressional oversight committees that they would not interfere, but Bork had not. Although Bork later claimed he believed Nixon's order to be valid and appropriate, he still considered resigning to avoid being "perceived as a man who did the President's bidding to save my job".[5] Nevertheless, having been brought to the White House by limousine and sworn in as acting attorney general, Bork wrote the letter firing Cox[2] – and the Saturday Night Massacre was complete.[6]
Aftermath[edit]
Initially, the Nixon White House claimed to have fired Ruckelshaus, but as an article published the next day by The Washington Post pointed out, "The letter from the President to Bork also said Ruckelshaus resigned", catching Nixon lying.[7]
The night he was fired, Cox's deputy prosecutor and press aides held an impassioned news briefing and read the following statement from him, "Whether ours shall continue to be a government of laws and not of men is now for Congress and ultimately the American people."[8]
On November 14, 1973, federal district judge Gerhard Gesell ruled firing Cox was illegal absent a finding of extraordinary impropriety as specified in the regulation establishing the special prosecutor's office.[2][9] Congress was infuriated by what it saw as a gross abuse of presidential power—as were many Americans, who sent an unusually large number of telegrams to the White House and Congress in protest.[10][11][12]
Front page of The New York Times, October 21, 1973, announcing the dismissal of Cox and the departure of Richardson and Ruckelshaus
Less than a week after the Saturday Night Massacre, an Oliver Quayle poll for NBC News showed that, for the first time, a plurality of U.S. citizens supported impeaching Nixon, with 44% in favor, 43% opposed, and 13% undecided, with a sampling error of 2 to 3 per cent.[13] In the days that followed, numerous resolutions of impeachment against the president were introduced in Congress.
However, the House Judiciary Committee did not approve its first article of impeachment until July 27 the following year – more than nine months after the Saturday Night Massacre – when it charged Nixon with obstruction of justice. Two more articles of impeachment quickly followed.
Within two weeks, Nixon had made the decision to resign; following a televised speech in which he announced his intentions, he did so on August 9, 1974.
Origin of the phrase[edit]
The actual origin of the phrase is unknown; it first appeared in writing two days after the events, in a Washington Post article by David S. Broder on October 22, but even in that article, Broder writes that the events were already "being called" the Saturday Night Massacre. In a 2017 article in the Post, Amy B. Wang attributed the phrase to humorist Art Buchwald, based on the recollection of Sally Quinn.[14]
Impact and legacy[edit]
Leon Jaworski
Nixon felt political pressure to allow Bork to appoint a new special prosecutor, and Bork chose Leon Jaworski.[15][16] There was a question whether Jaworski would limit his investigation to the Watergate break-in or follow Cox's lead and look into other corrupt activities, such as those involving the "White House Plumbers".[17] Continuing Cox's investigation, Jaworski did look at broader corruption involving the White House.[18]
While Nixon continued to refuse to turn over the tapes, he agreed to release transcripts of a large number of them. Nixon said he did so partly because any audio pertinent to national security would have to be redacted from the tapes. There was further controversy on November 7 when an 18½-minute portion of one tape was found to have been erased. Nixon's personal secretary, Rose Mary Woods, said she had accidentally erased the tape by pushing the wrong foot pedal on her tape player while answering the phone. Later forensic analysis determined that the tape had been erased in several segments—at least five, and perhaps as many as nine.[19]
Nixon's presidency succumbed to mounting pressure resulting from the Watergate scandal and its cover-up. Faced with almost certain impeachment and conviction, Nixon resigned.
In his posthumously published memoirs, Bork said Nixon promised him the next seat on the Supreme Court following Bork's role in firing Cox. Nixon was unable to carry out that promise, but President Ronald Reagan nominated Bork for the Supreme Court in 1987; he was rejected by the Senate.[20]
The Ethics in Government Act of 1978 was a direct result of the Saturday Night Massacre.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Attorney General, Prosecutor Picked". The Argus-Press. Associated Press. November 1, 1973.
^ Jump up to: a b c Noble, Kenneth B. (July 26, 1987). "New Views Emerge Of Bork's Role in Watergate Dismissals". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Nader v. Bork, 366 F. Supp. 104 (D.D.C. 1973)
^ Jump up to: a b c Watergate (VHS). Volume 2: The Conspiracy Crumbles. Episode 4: Massacre. Discovery Channel. 1994. OCLC 37028979.
Jump up ^ Noble, Kenneth B. (July 2, 1987). "Bork Irked by Emphasis on His Role in Watergate". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Nixon Fires Cox; Richardson Quits". The Vindicator. Youngstown, Ohio. Associated Press. October 21, 1973.
Jump up ^ Kilpatrick, Carroll (October 21, 1973). "Nixon Forces Firing of Cox; Richardson, Ruckelshaus Quit". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Oelsner, Lesley (October 21, 1973). "Cox Office Shut On Nixon's Order". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Nader v. Bork, 366 F. Supp. 104 (D.D.C. 1973)
Jump up ^ "Record Numbers Jam Western Union". McClatchy Newspapers Service and UPI. The Modesto Bee (Modesto, California). p. A2. "Western Union today reported a record 71,000 telegrams received in its Washington office about the firing [of] Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox in the first 36 hours ..."
Jump up ^ "You Can Cheaply Wire (Cable) The White House". The Modesto Bee (Modesto, California). October 22, 1973. p. A2. "... special flat rate for public opinion messages to Washington, D.C. ... up to 15 words, can be sent by dialing 1-800 ... $1.25 charge for the telegram is then billed to the calling person's telephone number ..."
Jump up ^ "Impeachment Mail Floods Congress". Gadsden Times (Gadsden, Alabama). October 24, 1973. p. 2. "... Sen. Barry Goldwater, R-Ariz., had 270 telegrams for impeachment and about a dozen against it with telephone calls more evenly divided in sentiment. Sen. John G. Tower, R-Tex., reported 275 telegrams against Nixon, 16 for him;..."
Jump up ^ "Poll Shows Many for Impeachment". Associated Press. Spokane Daily Chronicle. October 23, 1973. p. 14. "... shows 44 per cent favored impeaching Nixon. Forty-three per cent opposed impeachment and 13 per cent were undecided, according to the poll…built-in sampling error of 2 to 3 per cent ..."
Jump up ^ Wang, Amy B. (May 12, 2017). "Who coined 'Saturday Night Massacre'? A birthday party at a YMCA may hold the key". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Amar, Vikram David (June 30, 2017). "A Summary and Analysis of the Nixon Tapes Case That Still Governs Important Aspects of "Executive Privilege" Today". Justia.
Jump up ^ Cloud, Stanley (April 18, 2018). "'A political volcano just erupted': is the US on the brink of the next Watergate?". The Guardian. At least 22 impeachment resolutions were quickly introduced in the House, along with 12 bills and resolutions ... calling for the appointment of a new special prosecutor.
Jump up ^ Evans, Rowland; Novak, Robert. "Nixon Hoping Jaworski Will Drop Plumber Probe". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. November 6, 1973. p. 6.
Jump up ^ Evans, Rowland; Novak, Robert. "Jaworski: In Cox's footsteps". The Free Lance–Star (Fredericksburg, Virginia). November 19, 1973. p. 4.
Jump up ^ Clymer, Adam. "National Archives Has Given Up on Filling the Nixon Tape Gap". The New York Times. May 9, 2003. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bork: Nixon Offered Next High Court Vacancy in '73". ABC News. February 25, 2013. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013 – via Yahoo! News.
Jump up ^ Schoen, Douglas E. (2016). The Nixon effect: how Richard Nixon's presidency fundamentally changed American politics. New York: Encounter Books. p. 284. ISBN 1594038007. OCLC 891619019.
show
v
t
e
Richard Nixon
37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961)
U.S. Senator from California (1950–1953)
U.S. Representative for CA-12 (1947–1950)
Presidency
First inauguration
Second inauguration
Nixon Doctrine
"Bring Us Together"
Economic policies
Nixon shock
Tar Baby Option
Environmental Protection Agency
creation
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Space exploration
1971 National Cancer Act
Vietnam War
Cambodian bombing
Paris Peace Accords
"Peace with Honor"
Silent majority
Cold War period
Linkage policy
1972 Visit to China
Shanghai Communiqué
Détente
1972 Moscow Summit
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
SALT I Treaty
Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement
Threshold Test Ban Treaty
Endangered Species Act
Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
War on Drugs
Drug Enforcement Administration
Enemies List
list of opponents
Operation CHAOS
Watergate
timeline
White House tapes
United States v. Nixon
Senate Watergate Committee
impeachment process
Resignation
speech
Pardon
State of the Union Address (1970
1973
1974)
Wilson desk
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
controversies
Life and
politics
Richard Nixon Foundation
Presidential Library and Museum
Birthplace and boyhood home
Checkers speech
Kitchen Debate
Operation 40
"Last press conference"
Florida White House
"La Casa Pacifica"
Nixon Center
Nixon v. General Services Administration
Death and state funeral
Books
Six Crises (1962)
Bibliography
Elections
United States House of Representatives elections, 1946
1948
U.S. Senate election, 1950
California gubernatorial election, 1962
Republican Party presidential primaries, 1960
1964
1968
1972
Republican National Conventions, 1952
1956
1960
1968
1972
Nixon Presidential campaign, 1968
United States presidential elections, 1952
1956
1960
debates
1968
1972
Popular
culture
Nixon goes to China (phrase)
Millhouse (1971 film)
Four More Years (1972 film)
All the President's Men (1976 film)
White House Madness (1975 film)
Nixon in China (1987 opera)
Nixon (1995 film)
Elvis Meets Nixon (1997 film)
Dick (1999 film)
The Frost-Nixon Interviews (2006 play, 2008 film)
Our Nixon (2013 film)
U.S. Postage stamp
Related
Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act
Presidential Townhouse
Staff
Colonel Jack Brennan (aide de camp)
Manolo Sanchez (valet)
Rose Mary Woods (secretary)
Family
Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon (wife)
Tricia Nixon Cox (daughter)
Julie Nixon Eisenhower (daughter)
Frank Nixon (father)
Hannah Nixon (mother)
Donald Nixon (brother)
Edward Nixon (brother)
Donald A. Nixon (nephew)
Christopher Nixon Cox (grandson)
Jennie Eisenhower (granddaughter)
← Lyndon B. Johnson
Gerald Ford →
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Massacre&oldid=856545602"
Categories:
1973 in American politics
October 1973 events
Political terminology of the United States
Termination of employment
United States Department of Justice
Watergate scandal
1973 in Washington, D.C.
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from May 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
日本語
Polski
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 August 2018, at 00:29 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: span

attrs: href title

value: th

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

values: NavToggle NavToggle1 #

values: United States presidential election, 1972

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.2em 0 0.5em;

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: United States Senate Watergate Committee

values: Impeachment process against Richard Nixon

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:18.0em;

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: United States House Committee on the Judiciary

values:
/wiki/Watergate_Hotel
mw-redirect
Watergate Hotel

values:
/wiki/Washington_Post
mw-redirect
Washington Post

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/The_Argus-Press
mw-redirect
The Argus-Press

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/37028979

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/891619019

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/891619019

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of Vice Presidents of the United States

values: List of United States Senators from California

values: California's 12th congressional district

values: United States Environmental Protection Agency

values:
/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%9379)
mw-redirect
Cold War (1962–79)

values:
/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China
mw-redirect
1972 Nixon visit to China

values: Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War

values: Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970

values:
/wiki/War_on_Drugs
mw-redirect
War on Drugs

values: List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon

values: Richard Nixon judicial appointment controversies

values: Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum

values: Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference

values:
/wiki/Florida_White_House
mw-redirect
Florida White House

values: Nixon v. General Services Administration

values: Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1948

values: United States Senate election in California, 1950

values: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1964

values: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1968

values: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1972

values: Richard Nixon presidential campaign, 1968

values: United States presidential election, 1952

values: United States presidential election, 1956

values: United States presidential election, 1960

values: United States presidential election, 1968

values: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Political terminology of the United States

values: Category:United States Department of Justice

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Saturday_Night_Massacre
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Masacre del sábado por la noche – Spanish

values: 토요일 밤의 학살 – Korean

values: 土曜日の夜の虐殺 – Japanese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Saturday_Night_Massacre rootpage-Saturday_Night_Massacre skin-vector action-view