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Benjamin Hanby
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Benjamin Hanby
Hanby House, c. 1905
Benjamin Russell Hanby (July 22, 1833 – March 16, 1867), also given as Benjamin Russel Hanby,[1] was an American composer, educator, and pastor who wrote approximately 80 songs. The most famous of his compositions are "Darling Nelly Gray", the Christmas songs "Up on the House Top", "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas", and the hymn "Who Is He In Yonder Stall?".
Hanby was born in Rushville, Ohio.[2] He moved to Westerville, Ohio in 1849, at the age of sixteen, to enroll at Otterbein University.[3] He was involved in the Underground Railroad with his father, Bishop William Hanby.
Hanby composed "Darling Nelly Gray" in 1856[4] in what is now a national historical site,[5] the Hanby House, located at the corner of Grove and Main Streets (moved in the 1930s to 160 West Main Street) in Westerville, adjacent to the campus of Otterbein University. After graduation in 1858, Hanby briefly taught school and then became a minister in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. In 1860, he became principal of Seven Mile Academy in Seven Mile, Ohio.
In 1864, he was minister of a church in New Paris, Ohio, but by Christmas 1864, Ben was no longer working as a pastor, but operating a singing school in New Paris.[4] He composed "Up On The Housetop" as a Christmas sing-along. It was originally titled Santa Claus. The following year, Chicago publisher George Frederick Root published "Up On The Housetop" and brought Hanby to Chicago to pursue other publishing ventures.
Hanby died from tuberculosis in Chicago on March 16, 1867.[4] He is buried in Otterbein Cemetery in Westerville.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Benjamin Russel Hanby, Ohio Composer-Educator, 1833–1867 (1987); C. B. Galbreath, Song Writers of Ohio, in 14 Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications 180 (1905).
Jump up ^ Benjamin Hanby at Ohio History Central
Jump up ^ William Osborne, Music in Ohio 421 (2004); Galbreath, supra, at 183.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Benjamin Russel Hanby", Hanby House
Jump up ^ ""Hanby, Benjamin, House"". National Register of Historic Places.
Darling Nelly Gray, page two
Darling Nelly Gray, page three
External links[edit]
Benjamin Hanby at britannica.com
Benjamin Hanby at ohiohistorycentral.org
Hanby House information from the General Commission on Archives and History
Free scores by Benjamin Hanby at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Benjamin Hanby at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 21062719
LCCN: n83181651
ISNI: 0000 0000 5941 9042
MusicBrainz: 6b1b6ab3-23b8-45d1-ba70-cef87ac495e3
SNAC: w6xs69hv
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Hanby&oldid=823937065"
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Magic bullet (medicine)
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The magic bullet was a scientific concept developed by a German Nobel laureate Paul Ehrlich in 1900.[1] While working at the Institute of Experimental Therapy (Institut für experimentelle Therapie), Ehrlich formed an idea that it could be possible to kill specific microbes (such as bacteria) that cause diseases without harming the body itself. He named the hypothetical agent as Zauberkugel, the magic bullet.[2] He envisioned that just like a bullet fired from a gun to hit a specific target, there could be a way to specifically target invading microbes. His continued research to discover the magic bullet resulted in further knowledge of the functions of the body's immune system, and in the development of Salvarsan, the first effective drug for syphilis, in 1909. His works were the foundation of immunology, and for his contributions he shared the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Élie Metchnikoff.[3]
Ehrlich's discovery of Salvarsan in 1909 for the treatment of syphilis is termed as the first magic bullet. This led to the foundation of the concept of chemotherapy.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Research on antibody
1.2 Research on arsenical dye
2 Discovery of the first magic bullet – Salvarsan
3 References
Background[edit]
Research on antibody[edit]
In the early 1890s, Paul Ehrlich started to work with Emil Behring, professor of medicine at the University of Marburg. Behring had been investigating antibacterial agents and discovered a diphtheria antitoxin. (For that discovery, Bering was the first recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901. Ehrlich was also nominated for that year.[5]) From Behring's work, Ehrlich understood that antibodies produced in the blood could attack invading pathogens without any harmful effect on the body. He speculated that these antibodies act as bullets fired from a gun to target specific microbes. But after further research, he realised that antibodies sometimes failed to kill microbes. This led him to abandon his first idea on magic bullet.[6]
Research on arsenical dye[edit]
Ehrlich joined the Institute of Experimental Therapy (Institut für experimentelle Therapie) at Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in 1899, becoming the director of its research institute the Georg–Speyer Haus in 1906. Here his research focused on testing arsenical dyes for killing microbes. Arsenic was an infamous poison, and his attempt was criticised. He was publicly lampooned as an imaginary "Dr Phantasus".[2] But Ehrlich's rationale was that the chemical structure called side chain forms antibodies that bind to toxins (such as pathogens and their products); similarly, chemical dyes such as arsenic compounds could also produce such side chains to kill the same microbes. This led him to propose a new concept called "side-chain theory". (He later, in 1900, revised his concept as "receptor theory".) Based on his new theory, he postulated that in order to kill microbes, "wir müssen chemisch zielen lernen" ("we have to learn how to aim chemically").[7] His institute was convenient as it was adjacent to a dye factory. He began testing a number of compounds against different microbes. It was during his research that he coined the terms "chemotherapy" and "magic bullet". Although he used the German word zauberkugel in his earlier writings, the first time he introduced the English term "magic bullet" was at a Harben Lecture in London in 1908.[4] By 1901, with the help of Japanese microbiologist Kiyoshi Shiga, Ehrlich experimented with hundreds of dyes on mice infected with trypanosome, a protozoan parasite that causes sleeping sickness. In 1904 they successfully prepared a red arsenic dye they called Trypan Red for the treatment of sleeping sickness.[1]
Discovery of the first magic bullet – Salvarsan[edit]
In 1906 Ehrlich developed a new derivative of arsenic compound, which he code-named Compound 606 (the number representing the series of all his tested compounds). The compound was effective against malaria infection in experimental animals.[1] In 1905, Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann identified a spirochaete bacterium (Treponema pallidum) as the causative organism of syphilis. With this new knowledge, Ehrlich tested Compound 606 (chemically arsphenamine) on a syphilis-infected rabbit. He did not recognise its effectiveness. Sahachiro Hata went over Ehrlich's work and found on 31 August 1909 he found that the rabbit, which had been injected with Salvarsan 606 was cured using only a single dose, the rabbit showed no adverse effect. (The normal treatment procedure of syphilis at the time involved two to four years routine injection with mercury.) Ehrlich, after receiving this information, performed experiments on human patients with the same success. After convincing clinical trials, the compound number 606 was given a trade name "Salvarsan", a portmanteau for "saving arsenic".[2] Salvarsan was commercially introduced in 1910, and in 1913, a less toxic form "Neosalvarsan" (Compound 914) was released in the market. These drugs became the principal treatments of syphilis until the arrival of penicillin and other novel antibiotics towards the middle of the 20th century.[1] Ehrlich's research on the magic bullet was the foundation of pharmaceutical research.[7]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tan, SY; Grimes, S (2010). "Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915): man with the magic bullet" (PDF). Singapore Medical Journal. 51 (11): 842–843. PMID 21140107.
^ Jump up to: a b c Heynick, F. (2009). "The original 'magic bullet' is 100 years old - extra". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 195 (5): 456–456. doi:10.1192/bjp.195.5.456. PMID 19880937.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, RS (2004). "Paul Ehrlich's magic bullets". The New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (11): 1079–80. doi:10.1056/NEJMp048021. PMID 15014180.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, K. (2009). "The introduction of 'chemotherapy' using arsphenamine - the first magic bullet". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 102 (8): 343–348. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k036. PMC 2726818  . PMID 19679737.
Jump up ^ Chuaire, Lilian; Cediel, Juan Fernando (2009). "Paul Ehrlich: From magic bullets to chemotherapy". Colombia Médica. 39 (3): online.
Jump up ^ Nigel, Kelly; Rees, Bob; Shuter, Paul (2002). Medicine Through Time (2nd ed.). Oxford (UK): Heinemann Educational Publishers. pp. 90–92. ISBN 978-0-435-30841-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Strebhardt, Klaus; Ullrich, Axel (2008). "Paul Ehrlich's magic bullet concept: 100 years of progress". Nature Reviews Cancer. 8 (6): 473–480. doi:10.1038/nrc2394. PMID 18469827.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_bullet_(medicine)&oldid=840063229"
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Ragged school
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Ragged schools
Ragged School and Working Girls Home doorway, Dantzic Street, Manchester
Formation
1844
Type
Nonprofit
Purpose
Social and educational reform
Headquarters
London, England
Location
Great Britain
Region served
England, Scotland, and Wales
Remarks
Ragged Schools became the Shaftesbury Society, which merged with John Grooms in 2007 and adopted the name Livability.
Ragged schools were charitable organisations dedicated to the free education of destitute children in nineteenth-century Britain. The schools were developed in working-class districts. Ragged schools were intended for society's most destitute children. Such children, it was argued, were often excluded from Sunday School education because of their unkempt appearance and often challenging behaviour. The London Ragged Schools Union was established in April 1844 to combine resources in the city, providing free education, food, clothing, lodging and other home missionary services for poor children.[1] Although the London Ragged School Union did not extend beyond the metropolis, its publications and pamphlets helped spread ragged school ideals across the country.
Working in the poorest districts, teachers (who were often local working people) initially utilised stables, lofts, and railway arches for their classes. The majority of teachers were voluntary, although a small number were employed. There was an emphasis on reading, writing, arithmetic, and study of the Bible. The curriculum expanded into industrial and commercial subjects in many schools. It is estimated that about 300,000 children went through the London ragged schools alone between 1844 and 1881.[1]
The Ragged School Museum in the East End of London shows how a ragged school would have looked; it is housed in buildings previously occupied by Dr Thomas Barnardo. The Ragged School Museum provides an idea of the working of a ragged school, but Thomas Barnardo's institution differed considerably in practice and philosophy from those schools accountable to the London Ragged School Union.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early days
2 Birth of the organisation
2.1 Prominent supporters
3 Growth of the organisation
4 Legacy of the ragged schools
4.1 Ragged School Museum
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Early days[edit]
Several different schools claim to have pioneered truly free education for impoverished children. For many of the destitute children of London, going to school each day was not an option. From the 18th century onwards, schools for poor children were few and far between. They had been started in areas where someone had been concerned enough to want to help disadvantaged children towards a better life.[2]
In the late eighteenth century Thomas Cranfield offered free education for poor children in London. While he was a tailor by trade, Cranfield's educational background included studies at a Sunday school on Kingsland Road, Hackney. In 1798, he established a free children's day school on Kent Street near London Bridge. By the time of his death in 1838, he had established 19 free schools providing services for children and infants living in the lower-income areas of London. These opportunities and services were offered days, nights, and on Sundays, for the destitute children of poor families throughout London.[3][4]
John Pounds, a Portsmouth shoemaker, provided important inspiration for the movement. At the age of twelve Pounds' father arranged for him to be apprenticed as a shipwright. Three years later, he fell into a dry dock and was crippled for life after damaging his thigh. Unable to work as a shipwright, John became a shoemaker and, by 1803, had his own shop in St Mary Street, Portsmouth. In 1818, Pounds, known as the crippled cobbler, began teaching poor children without charging fees. He actively recruited children and young people to his school. He spent time on the streets and quays of Portsmouth making contact and even bribing them to come with the offer of baked potatoes.[5] He began teaching local children reading, writing, and arithmetic. His reputation as a teacher grew and he soon had more than 40 students attending his lessons. He also gave lessons in cooking, carpentry and shoemaking. Pounds died in 1839.[4] Pounds quickly became a figurehead for the schools; his ethos was used as an inspiration for the later movement.
In 1841 Sheriff Watson established a school in Aberdeen, Scotland. Unlike the earlier efforts of Pounds and Cranfield, Watson used compulsion to increase attendance at the institution. Watson was frustrated by the number of children who committed a petty crime and faced him in his courtroom. Rather than sending them to prison for vagrancy, Watson established a school for boys. As a law official, the sheriff arrested the vagrant children and enrolled them in school.[4]
The Industrial Feeding School opened to provide reading, writing and arithmetic. Watson believed that gaining these skills would help the boys rise above the lowest level of society. It was not confined to the 'three R's', however, as the young scholars also received instruction on geology.[6] Three meals a day were provided and the boys were taught useful trades such as shoemaking and printing. A school for girls followed in 1843. In 1845, the schools were integrated. From here, the movement spread to Dundee and other parts of Scotland.
The same year that Watson established his school in Aberdeen, the Field Lane ragged school began in Clerkenwell, London. Historians have debated how connected the movement was between England and Scotland. E.A.G. Clark argued that ‘the London and Scottish schools had little in common except their name’.[7] More recently, Laura Mair has demonstrated that literature, philosophy and passionate individuals were shared between schools. She writes that 'schools forged significant links across cities and countries that disregarded physical distance'.[8] It was S. R. Starey, the secretary of the Field Lane ragged school, who first applied the term 'ragged' to the institutions in an advert he submitted to The Times seeking public support. [9]
Although the Edinburgh Original Ragged School, established by the Revered Thomas Guthrie in April 1847, was not the first ragged school in Scotland, Guthrie was later acknowledged as a core leader of the movement. His 'Plea for Ragged Schools', published in March 1847 to garner the public's support for a school in the city, laid out his indisputable arguments that proved highly influential. Guthrie was first introduced to the idea of a ragged schools in 1841, while acting as the Parish Minister of St. John’s Church in Edinburgh. On a visit to Anstruther in Fife, he saw a picture of John Pounds in Portsmouth and felt inspired and humbled by the cobbler's work.
Birth of the organisation[edit]
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
In April 1844, Locke, Moutlon, Morrison, and Starey formed a steering committee to address the social welfare needs of the community. On 11 April 1844, at 17 Ampton Street off the Grays Inn Road, they facilitated a public meeting to determine local interest, research feasibility, and establish structure. This was the birth of the Ragged Schools Union.[1][4] In 1944, the Union adopted the name "Shaftesbury Society" in honour of the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury. In 2007, the Society was merged with John Grooms, taking the new name of Livability.
Mr Locke of the Ragged School Union called for more help in keeping the schools open. Many petitions for funding and grants were made to Parliament to assist with educational reform. He asked the government to give more thought to preventing crime, rather than punishing the wrongdoers. He said the latter course only made the young criminals worse.[1][2]
In 1840, the Mission used the term "ragged" in its Annual Report to describe their establishment of five schools for 570 children. In the report, the Mission reported that their schools had been formed exclusively for children "raggedly clothed". The children only had very ragged clothes to wear and they rarely had shoes. In other words, they did not own clothing suitable to attend any other kind of school.[1][10]
Prominent supporters[edit]
Several people volunteered and offered their time, skills, and talents as educators and administrators of the ragged schools. Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury was one of Britain's greatest social reformers, whose broad-ranging concerns included education, animal welfare, public health and improving working conditions.
In 1844 Lord Shaftesbury became the president of the ragged schools. He used his knowledge of the schools, the refuges, and his understanding of the living conditions among low-income families to pursue changes in legislation. He served as the president of the London Ragged School Union for 39 years. In 1944 the Union adopted the name "Shaftesbury Society" in his honour. Shaftesbury maintained his commitment to the Ragged Schools and educational reform until his death in 1885.
Charles Dickens, 1858
In 1843, Charles Dickens began his association with the schools and visited the Field Lane Ragged School.[11] He was appalled by the conditions, yet moved toward reform.[12] The experience inspired him to write A Christmas Carol. While he initially intended to write a pamphlet on the plight of poor children, he realised that a dramatic story would have more impact.
Dickens continued to support the schools, donating funds on various occasions. At one point, he donated funds, along with a water trough, stating that it was "so the boys may wash and for a supervisor"! (from a letter to Field Lane). He later wrote about the school and his experience there in Household Words. In 1837, he used the area called Field Lane as a setting for Fagin’s den in his classic novel, Oliver Twist.
Growth of the organisation[edit]
By 1844, there were at least 20 free schools for the poor, maintained through the generosity of community philanthropists, the volunteers working with their local churches, and the organisational support of the London City Mission. During this time, it was suggested that it would be beneficial to establish an official organisation or society to share resources and promote their common cause.
In April 1844 the London Ragged School Union was founded during a meeting of four men to pray for the city's poor children. Starey, the secretary of Field Lane school, was present. There was a massive growth in the numbers of schools, teachers and students. By 1851, the number of educators would grow to include around 1,600 persons. By 1867, some 226 Sunday Ragged Schools, 204 day schools and 207 evening schools provided a free education for about 26,000 students.[1] However, the schools were heavily reliant on volunteers and continually faced problems in finding and keeping staff. Women played an important role as volunteer teachers. A newspaper report on the progress of the schools announced that 'the most valuable teachers in ragged schools are those of the female sex’.[13]
The ragged school movement became respectable, even fashionable, attracting the attention of many wealthy philanthropists. Wealthy individuals such as Angela Burdett-Coutts gave large sums of money to the London Ragged School Union. This helped to establish 350 ragged schools by the time the 1870 Education Act was passed.[14] As Eager (1953) explains, "He gave what had been a Nonconformist undertaking, the cachet of his Tory churchmanship – an important factor at a time when even broad-minded (Anglican) churchmen thought that Nonconformists should be fairly credited with good intentions, but that cooperation (with them) was undesirable".[1][15]
Legacy of the ragged schools[edit]
Ragged School Museum
The success of the ragged schools definitively demonstrated that there was a demand for education among the poor. In response, England and Wales established school boards to administer elementary schools. However, education was still not free of fees. After 1870 public funding began to be provided for elementary education among working people.
School boards were public bodies created in boroughs and parishes under the Elementary Education Act 1870 following campaigning by George Dixon, Joseph Chamberlain and the National Education League for elementary education that was free from Anglican doctrine. Members to the board were directly elected, not appointed by borough councils or parishes. As the school boards were built and funded, the demand for ragged schools declined. The Board Schools continued in operation for 32 years. They were officially abolished by the Education Act 1902, which replaced them with local education authorities.
Ragged School Museum[edit]
Dr Thomas Barnardo
Founded in 1990, a Ragged School Museum occupies a group of three canalside buildings on Copperfield Road in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets that once housed the largest ragged school in London; the buildings had previously been used by Dr Thomas Barnardo.
Barnardo arrived in London in 1866, planning to train as a doctor and become a missionary in China. In London, he was confronted by a city where disease was rife, poverty and overcrowding endemic and educational opportunities for the poor were non-existent. He watched helplessly as a cholera epidemic swept through the East End, leaving more than 3,000 Londoners dead and many destitute. He gave up his medical training to pursue his local missionary works and in 1867, opened his first ragged school, where children could gain a free basic education. Ten years later, Barnardo’s Copperfield Road School opened its doors to children and for the next thirty-one years educated tens of thousands of children. It closed in 1908, by which time enough government schools had opened in the area to serve the needs of local families.
The buildings, originally warehouses for goods transported along the Regent’s Canal, then went through a variety of industrial uses until, in the early 1980s, they were threatened with demolition. A group of local people joined together to save them and reclaim their unique heritage. The Ragged School Museum Trust was set up and the museum opened in 1990.
The museum was founded to make the history of the ragged schools and the broader social history of the East End accessible to all. An authentic Victorian classroom has been set up within the original buildings, in which 14,000 children each year experience a school lesson as it would have been taught more than 100 years ago.
See also[edit]
Rosenwald Schools, in the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Walvin, J. (1982). A Child’s World. A social history of English childhood 1800–1914. Pelican. ISBN 0-14-022389-4.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ragged Schools, Industrial Schools and Reformatories". Hidden Lives Revealed. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Eager, W. McG. Making Men: the history of the Boys’ Clubs and related movements in Great Britain, London:University of London Press, 1953, p. 121
^ Jump up to: a b c d Smith, M. K. (2001). "Ragged Schools and Youth Work". Retrieved 9 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Caroline Cornwallis, 'The Philosophy of the Ragged Schools' (London: Pickering, 1851), p. 43.
Jump up ^ W. Watson, 'Chapters on Ragged and Industrial Schools' (Edinburgh: Blackwood and Sons, 1872), p. 16.
Jump up ^ E.A.G. Clark, ‘The Ragged School Union and the Education of the London Poor in the Nineteenth Century’ (unpublished Master’s thesis, University of London, 1967), pp. 8-9.
Jump up ^ Laura M. Mair '"The Only Friend I have in this World": Ragged School Relationships in England and Scotland, 1844-1870' (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017), p. 60.,
Jump up ^ Mair, pp. 52-53
Jump up ^ Montague, C.J. Sixty Years in Waifdom. Or, the Ragged School Movement in English history, London:Charles Murray, 1904, p. 34
Jump up ^ History of Field Lane Ragged School
Jump up ^ Charles Dickens and the Ragged Schools
Jump up ^ Mair, p. 83.
Jump up ^ History of the Ragged Schools
Jump up ^ Eager, W. McG. Making Men: the history of the Boys’ Clubs and related movements in Great Britain, London:University of London Press, 1953, p. 123
External links[edit]
"The First Ragged School, Westminster" (oil painting) Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery
In 2007 the Shaftesbury Society merged with John Grooms to form Livability History of Livability
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "article name needed". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ragged_school&oldid=812594585"
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Carter Beauford
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Carter Beauford
Beauford performing in 2008
Background information
Birth name
Carter Anthony Beauford
Born
(1957-11-02) November 2, 1957 (age 60)
Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
Genres
Alternative rock
jazz
R&B
fusion
world
Occupation(s)
Musician
composer
arranger
drummer
Instruments
Drums
percussion
vocals
Years active
1991–present
Labels
RCA
Associated acts
Dave Matthews Band
Victor Wooten
Santana
Vertical Horizon
Website
davematthewsband.com
Carter Anthony Beauford (born November 2, 1957, in Charlottesville, Virginia) is an American drummer, percussionist, and founding member of Dave Matthews Band. He is known for his ability to adapt to a variety of genres, and both his ambidextrous and his open-handed drumming styles. He plays the drums and sings backing vocals in the band. Beauford was ranked number 10 by a Rolling Stone magazine reader's poll in 2010 for greatest drummers of all-time.[1]
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Secrets, Dave Matthews Band
2 Collaboration
3 Equipment
4 Personal life
5 Awards
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Beauford was first exposed to the drums at age three. At the time, his father had bought tickets to a Buddy Rich concert and could not find someone to watch his son, so he took young Beauford along to the show. Beauford was mesmerized by Buddy Rich on stage. After that show, Beauford's father bought his son a tin drum set with paper heads, since Beauford showed so much interest in learning the instrument. Beauford began performing professionally when he was nine.[2]
Beauford explains his unusual playing style in his instructional video "Under The Table & Drumming", attributing his use of left-hand-lead on a right-handed kit to playing his own kit in front of a mirror as a child in an attempt to emulate his favorite drummers, like Buddy Rich. He unknowingly set up his drums in reverse of whichever performer and set that he had in mind, in an attempt to make the mirrored image of himself match that of the audience's perspective, as he had seen it on stage and TV. This helped him to become completely ambidextrous at a very early age, albeit by accident.[citation needed]
Beauford earned a degree in Occupational Therapy from Shenandoah University, in Winchester, Virginia.[3]
Secrets, Dave Matthews Band[edit]
Members from Toots & the Maytals and Dave Matthews Band when performing together in 1998. Paul Douglas (left), Carter Beauford (back), LeRoi Moore (front), Toots Hibbert (right).
Eventually, he joined Secrets, a Richmond-based jazz fusion band. Other members included childhood friend and next-door neighbor saxophonist LeRoi Moore, trumpeter John D'earth, vocalist Dawn Thompson, bassist Keith Horne, keyboardist Butch Taylor, keyboardist Dane Bryant, saxophonist Eddie Williams and virtuoso guitarist Tim Reynolds. Secrets performed throughout Virginia, at places such as The Jewish Mother in Virginia Beach, and at Miller's, the bar in Charlottesville where Dave Matthews worked as a bartender. Beauford also played jazz in Blue Indigo with LeRoi Moore, Sal Soghoian, and George Melvin. Blue Indigo performed regularly at Tokyo Rose and Miller's, and was featured at the Delaware Water Gap Jazz Festival. Eventually, Matthews approached both Beauford and Moore regarding some music he had written that he wished to record. Beauford agreed to perform on a demo, which is how he became involved with the group that was to become the Dave Matthews Band.
Collaboration[edit]
Beauford has also worked with other artists on jam projects, including Vertical Horizon, Carlos Santana, Rashawn Ross, John Popper (of Blues Traveler), Tim Reynolds, Béla Fleck and Victor Wooten; both alone and within Béla Fleck and the Flecktones.[4]
Equipment[edit]
Beauford behind his drum kit with the Dave Matthews Band
Beauford uses a Yamaha Drums Recording Custom drum kit, a Ludwig Alex Van Halen Signature Rosewood snare drum, 6.5x14" with a die-cast hoop on the batter side and a triple flanged hoop snare side, Zildjian cymbals, Remo drumheads, Vic Firth sticks and mallets, Yamaha and Drum Workshop hardware including a Yamaha Hex-Rack since the 2008 Summer Tour and various Latin Percussion cowbells, woodblocks and other assorted percussion equipment. He also uses FootJoy golf gloves rather than traditional drum gloves. Prior to Vic Firth, Beauford was an endorser of Pro-Mark sticks and even had his own Pro-Mark Carter Beauford signature drumstick.
Beauford has used several Jeff Ocheltree, and Ron Dunnett custom metal snares in the past, the most common being a bright purple with gold hardware he used for the better half of the 2000s. Around the 2006/7 tour season, the Dunnetts were replaced by a prototype silver Yamaha metal snare later to be confirmed by BeaufordBuddy.com to be Carter's forthcoming Signature Snare. The Yamaha Signature "Carter Beauford" Snare Drum is still a prototype, not in production. As of April 2009, photographs of Beauford live showed him using a Ludwig Black Beauty in place of the Signature Snare. This has raised questions if the Signature snare has been dropped by Yamaha.
Drums: Yamaha Recording Custom and PHX:
22"x18" bass drum
8"x8" rack tom
10"x9" rack tom
12"x10" rack tom
13"x11" rack tom
14"x12" rack tom
16"x16" floor tom
18"x16" floor tom
Ludwig Black Beauty snare
Cymbals: Zildjian:
20" A custom projection ride/19" K custom hybrid china (stacked)
18" K dark crash medium thin
14" K mini china
6" A custom splash
8" A custom splash
14" K mastersound hi-hats
10" K custom dark splash
19" K dark crash thin
10" A custom splash
16" K dark crash thin
22" K custom medium ride
16" A custom crash
21" A ultra hammered china
19" K china/18" fx oriental china "trash" (stacked)
18" A custom EFX
Heads: Remo:
Snare: Controlled Sound X Coated black dot or Ambassador Black Suede, Ambassador Clear Hazy snare side on bottom
Toms: Pinstripe Clear, Ambassador Clear on bottoms
Bass: Powerstroke P3 Clear
Sticks: Vic Firth (formerly Promark sticks):
Carter Beauford SBEA signature sticks
RUTE606 fiber sticks
Personal life[edit]
Beauford has a daughter from his first marriage and two children from his second. Beauford discusses his family briefly while riding with the band in a helicopter over The Gorge Amphitheatre in their DVD The Gorge, in the "special features" section.
Awards[edit]
Modern Drummer Readers Poll 2003 – Best Pop Drummer
Modern Drummer Readers Poll 2003 – Best Recorded Performance: Dave Matthews Band: Live at Folsom Field, Boulder, Colorado
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Readers' Rock List: Best Drummers". Rolling Stone magazine. February 8, 2010. Archived from the original on April 13, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Carter Beauford". Official DMB website. 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
Jump up ^ Delancey, Morgan (2001). The Dave Matthews Band: Step Into the Light. ECW Press. p. 1968. ISBN 1550224433. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Griffith, J.T. (2010). "Carter Beauford". All Music review. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dave Matthews Band.
Carter Beauford at AllMusic
Carter Beauford at Drummerworld
Carter's drum kit and equipment list
Dave Matthews Band Live from The Beacon Theatre on Fuse TV June 1, 2009
Биография Carter Beauford на русском
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BIBSYS: 3076412
BNF: cb16208071s (data)
ISNI: 0000 0001 1932 3588
LCCN: no00089584
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Photosynthetic pigment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A photosynthetic pigment (accessory pigment; chloroplast pigment; antenna pigment) is a pigment that is present in chloroplasts or photosynthetic bacteria and captures the light energy necessary for photosynthesis.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plants
2 Bacteria
3 Algae
4 Archaea
5 References
Plants[edit]
Green plants have six closely related photosynthetic pigments (in order of increasing polarity):
Carotene - an orange pigment
Xanthophyll - a yellow pigment
Phaeophytin a[1] - a gray-brown pigment
Phaeophytin b[1] - a yellow-brown pigment
Chlorophyll a - a blue-green pigment
Chlorophyll b - a yellow-green pigment
Chlorophyll a is the most common of the six, present in every plant that performs photosynthesis. The reason that there are so many pigments is that each absorbs light more efficiently in a different part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Chlorophyll a absorbs well at a wavelength of about 400-450 nm and at 650-700 nm; chlorophyll b at 450-500 nm and at 600-650 nm. Xanthophyll absorbs well at 400-530 nm. However, none of the pigments[citation needed] absorbs well in the green-yellow region, which is responsible for the abundant green we see in nature.
Bacteria[edit]
Like plants, the cyanobacteria use water as an electron donor for photosynthesis and therefore liberate oxygen; they also use chlorophyll as a pigment. In addition, most cyanobacteria use phycobiliproteins, water-soluble pigments which occur in the cytoplasm of the chloroplast, to capture light energy and pass it on to the chlorophylls. (Some cyanobacteria, the prochlorophytes, use chlorophyll b instead of phycobilin.) It is thought that the chloroplasts in plants and algae all evolved from cyanobacteria.
Several other groups of bacteria use the bacteriochlorophyll pigments (similar to the chlorophylls) for photosynthesis. Unlike the cyanobacteria, these bacteria do not produce oxygen; they typically use hydrogen sulfide rather than water as the electron donor.
Recently, a very different pigment has been found in some marine γ-proteobacteria: proteorhodopsin. It is similar to and probably originated from bacteriorhodopsin (see below under archaea). Bacterial chlorophyll b has been isolated from Rhodopseudomonas spp. but its structure is not yet known
Algae[edit]
Green algae, red algae and glaucophytes all use chlorophylls. Red algae and glaucophytes also use phycobiliproteins, but green algae do not.
Archaea[edit]
Halobacteria use the pigment bacteriorhodopsin which acts directly as a proton pump when exposed to light.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b CHLOROPHYLLS, JECFA, 1987
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Ultra HD Blu-ray
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Blu-ray
Media type
High-density optical disc
Encoding
H.265/MPEG-H Part 2 (HEVC)
Capacity
50 GB (dual-layer,[1] 82 Mbit/s)
66 GB (dual-layer,[1] 108 Mbit/s)
100 GB (triple-layer,[1] 128 Mbit/s)
Block size
2 KB sector, 64 KB block size[1]
Read mechanism
Diode laser
Developed by
Blu-ray Disc Association
Dimensions
120 mm (4.7 in) diameter
Usage
Ultra-high-definition video
Optical discs
General[show]
Optical disc
Optical disc drive
Optical disc authoring
Authoring software
Recording technologies
Recording modes
Packet writing
Optical media types[show]
Compact disc (CD): CD-DA, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, 5.1 Music Disc, Super Audio CD (SACD), Photo CD, CD Video (CDV), Video CD (VCD), Super Video CD (SVCD), CD+G, CD-Text, CD-ROM XA, CD-i
DVD: DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-R DL, DVD+R DL, DVD-R DS, DVD+R DS, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-D, DVD-A, HVD, EcoDisc
Blu-ray Disc (BD): BD-R & BD-RE, Ultra HD Blu-ray
Blu-ray 3D
Universal Media Disc (UMD)
Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)
Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)
Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)
HD DVD: HD DVD-R, HD DVD-RW, HD DVD-RAM
High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)
VCDHD
GD-ROM
Personal Video Disc (PVD)
MiniDisc (MD), Hi-MD
LaserDisc (LD), LD-ROM, LV-ROM
Video Single Disc (VSD)
Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)
Five dimensional disc (5D DVD)
Nintendo optical disc (NOD)
Archival Disc
Professional Disc
Standards[show]
SFF ATAPI/MMC
Mount Rainier (packet writing)
Mount Fuji (layer jump recording)
Rainbow Books
File systems
ISO 9660
Joliet
Romeo
Rock Ridge / SUSP
El Torito
Apple ISO 9660 Extensions
Universal Disk Format (UDF)
ISO 13490
See also[show]
History of optical storage media
High-definition optical disc format war
v
t
e
Ultra HD Blu-ray is a digital optical disc data storage format that supersedes Blu-ray.[2] Ultra HD Blu-ray discs are incompatible with existing Blu-ray players.[1] Ultra HD Blu-ray supports 4K UHD (3840 × 2160 resolution) video at frame rates up to 60 frames per second,[2] encoded using High Efficiency Video Coding.[2] The discs support both high dynamic range by increasing the color depth to 10-bit per color and a greater color gamut than supported by conventional Blu-ray video by using the Rec. 2020 color space.
Specifications[edit]
The specification allows for three disc capacities, each with their own data rate: 50 GB with 82 Mbit/s, 66 GB with 108 Mbit/s, and 100 GB with 128 Mbit/s.[2] Ultra HD Blu-ray technology was licensed in mid 2015, and players had an expected release date of Christmas 2015.[2] Ultra HD Blu-ray uses a new revision of AACS DRM, AACS 2.
On May 12, 2015, the Blu-ray Disc Association revealed completed specifications and the official Ultra HD Blu-ray logo.[3] Unlike conventional DVDs and Blu-rays, the new 4K format does not have region coding.[4]
On March 1, 2016, the BDA released Ultra HD Blu-ray with mandatory support for HDR10 Media Profile video and optional support for Dolby Vision.[5][6]
Initial titles[edit]
The first Ultra HD 4K Blu-ray Discs were officially released from four studios on March 1, 2016.[7] These were Sony (six titles: The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Salt, Hancock, Chappie, Pineapple Express, and The Smurfs 2),[8] Lionsgate (four titles: Sicario, The Last Witch Hunter, The Expendables 3, and Ender's Game),[9] Warner Bros. (four titles: Mad Max: Fury Road, The Lego Movie, Pan, and San Andreas),[10] and 20th Century Fox (10 titles: The Martian, Kingsman: The Secret Service, Exodus: Gods and Kings, X-Men: Days of Future Past, Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials, The Maze Runner, Wild, Agent 47, Fantastic Four, and Life of Pi).[11][excessive detail?]
Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness are the first Ultra HD Blu-rays from Paramount Home Media Distribution, which were released on June 14, 2016.[12] Sammi Cheng Touch Mi 2 World Tour was officially the world's first live concert released in UHD Blu-ray format on 22 May, 2017 by Warner Music Group. The concert was the first live show production recorded in 4K format in region, and the field production and pre-production work was begun in November, 2016. [13] The first Ultra HD Blu-ray for Walt Disney Studios is Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, which was released on August 22, 2017.[14] [15]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "White Paper: Blu-ray Disc™ Format" (PDF). www.blu-raydisc.com (4th ed.). 2015. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "4K Blu-ray discs arriving in 2015 to fight streaming media". CNET. September 5, 2014. Retrieved October 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Blu-ray Disc Association Completes Ultra HD Blu-ray™ Specification and Releases New Logo - Business Wire". BusinessWire.com. May 12, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Michael S. Palmer (2015-10-07). "Everything We Know About Ultra HD Blu-ray". High-Def Digest. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
Jump up ^ Caleb Denison (2016-01-28). "Ultra HD Blu-ray arrives March 2016; here's everything we know". Digital Trends. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ Michael S. Palmer (2016-02-10). "Hands On First Look: Samsung UBD-K8500 Ultra HD Blu-ray Player". High-Def Digest. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Upcoming Fox 4K Blu-ray Titles". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold (2016-01-06). "Dolby Collaborates on 4K Ultra HD Movies from Sony, MGM, Uni". Variety. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
Jump up ^ Steven Cohen (2016-01-13). "Lionsgate Reveals Ultra HD Blu-ray Launch Titles, Release Date Set for March 1". High-Def Digest. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
Jump up ^ "WARNER BROS. HOME ENTERTAINMENT'S FIRST ULTRA HD BLU-RAY™ TITLES TO BE RELEASED MARCH 1". Prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
Jump up ^ "4k Ultra HD Blu-ray Titles from Fox Show Up on Amazon". Hd-report.com. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
Jump up ^ http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=18800
Jump up ^ "Sammi Cheng Touch Mi 2 world tour 4K Blu-ray". bluray.com. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
Jump up ^ Landy, Tom (July 4, 2017). "James Gunn's 'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2' Blu-ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray Coming in August". High-Def Digest. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Katzmeier, David (June 9, 2017). "'Guardians of the Galaxy 2' could be Disney's first 4K Blu-ray". CNET. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
[show]
v
t
e
Blu-ray
Discs
Blu-ray (BD / BD-ROM)
Blu-ray Disc recordable (BD-R / BD-RE)
Blu-ray Disc Java (BD-J)
High Fidelity Pure Audio (HFPA)
Total HD
Ultra HD
Technology
Blu-ray Disc region codes
Blu-ray & HD-DVD comparison
HDTV disc format war
Blu-ray rot
BD-AV
Blue laser
Content protection
BD-ROM Mark
BD+
Cinavia
AACS
HDCP
Groups
Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA)
Blu-ray Disc Founders (BDF)
BD-R(E)(DL) manufacturers
Disc manufacturers
Player manufacturers
Hardware/Software/Content
VCR/Blu-ray combo
Blu-ray ripper
Blu-ray Disc recorder
3D releases
Portal
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Video storage formats
Videotape
Analog
Quadruplex (1956)
VERA (1958)
Ampex 2 inch helical VTR (1961)
Sony 2 inch helical VTR (1961)
Type A (1965)
CV-2000 (1965)
Akai (1967)
U-matic (1969)
EIAJ-1 (1969)
Cartrivision (1972)
Philips VCR (1972)
V-Cord (1974)
VX (1974)
Betamax (1975)
IVC (1975)
Type B (1976)
Type C (1976)
VHS (1976)
VK (1977)
SVR (1979)
Video 2000 (1980)
CVC (1980)
VHS-C (1982)
M (1982)
Betacam (1982)
Video8 (1985)
MII (1986)
S-VHS (1987)
S-VHS-C (1987)
Hi8 (1989)
Ruvi (1998)
Digital
D1 (1986)
D2 (1988)
D3 (1991)
DCT (1992)
Digital Betacam (1993)
D5 (1994)
Digital-S (D9) (1995)
Betacam SX (1996)
Digital8 (1999)
MicroMV (2001)
High Definition
Sony HDVS (1984)
UniHi (1984)
W-VHS (1994)
HDCAM (1997)
D-VHS (1998)
D6 HDTV VTR (2000)
HDV (2003)
HDCAM SR (2003)
Videodisc
Analog
Phonovision (1927)
Ampex-HS (1967)
TeD (1975)
LaserDisc (1978)
CED (1981)
VHD (1983)
Laserfilm (1984)
CD Video (1987)
VSD (c. 1987)
Digital
VCD (1993)
MovieCD (c. 1995)
DVD (1996)
MiniDVD (c. 1996)
DVD-Video (1997)
CVD (1998)
SVCD (1998)
EVD (2003)
PVD (Personal Video Disc) (2003)
HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc) (2004)
UMD (2004)
FVD (2005)
High Definition
MUSE Hi-Vision LD (1994)
VMD (2006)
HD DVD (2006)
BRD (BD/Blu-ray disc) (2006)
MiniBD (c. 2006)
HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc) (2007)
CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc) (2008)
UHD BRD (Ultra HD Blu-ray disc) (2016)
Virtual
Media agnostic
DV (1995)
DVCPRO (1995)
DVCAM (1996)
DVCPRO50 (1997)
DVCPRO HD (2000)
Tapeless
CamCutter Editcam (1995)
XDCAM (2003)
MOD (2005)
AVCHD (2006)
AVC-Intra (2006)
TOD (2007)
iFrame (2009)
XAVC (2012)
Solid state
P2 (2004)
SxS (2007)
MicroP2 (2012)
Video recorded to film
Kinescope (1947)
Telerecording (1940s)
Electronicam kinescope (1950s)
Electronic Video Recording (1967)
[show]
v
t
e
High definition media
Media formats
Blu-ray
China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)
D-VHS
HD DVD
Holographic Versatile Disc
Ultra HD Blu-ray
Promoter
Blu-ray Disc Association
China High-definition DVD Industry Association
HD DVD Promotion Group
HVD Forum
Interactivity
Advanced Content
BD-Java
Recordable formats
BD-R
BD-RE
HD DVD-R
HD DVD-RAM
HD DVD-RW
Comparison
Comparison of high definition optical disc formats
Copy prevention
AACS (BD, FVD, and HD DVD)
BD+ (BD)
HDCP (BD and HD DVD)
ROM Mark (BD)
Cinavia (BD)
Blu-ray players
TotalMedia Theatre
CyberLink PowerDVD
PlayStation 3
Sony BDP-S1
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
HD DVD players
Xbox 360 HD DVD Drive
[show]
v
t
e
High-definition (HD)
Concepts
High-definition television
High-definition video
Ultra-high-definition television
Analog broadcast
(All defunct)
819 line system
HD MAC
MUSE (Hi-Vision)
Digital broadcast
ATSC
DMB-T/H
DVB
ISDB
SBTVD
Audio
Dolby Digital
Surround sound
DSD
DXD
DTS
Filming and storage
DCI
HDV
HD media and
compression
Blu-ray
CBHD
D-VHS
DVD-Audio
H.264
H.265
HD DVD
HD VMD
MPEG-2
MVC
Super Audio CD
Ultra HD Blu-ray
Uncompressed
VC-1
Connectors
Component
DisplayPort
DVI
HDMI
VGA
Deployments
List of digital television deployments by country
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultra_HD_Blu-ray&oldid=804376617"
Categories:
Blu-ray Disc
Consumer electronics
High dynamic range
High-definition television
Rotating disc computer storage media
Television terminology
Video storage
2015 in technology
Products introduced in 2015
Audiovisual introductions in 2015
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This page was last edited on 8 October 2017, at 16:16.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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