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Chinese zodiac
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Chinese zodiac
Chinese
生肖
Hanyu Pinyin
shēngxiào
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
shēngxiào
Wu
Romanization
sen平-siau去
Hakka
Romanization
sensiau
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping
saang1-ciu3
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
singsiàu
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUC
săng-ngáu
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese
屬相
Hanyu Pinyin
shǔxiàng
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
shǔxiàng
Wu
Romanization
zoh入-sian平
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping
suk6-soeng1
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
sio̍ksiùnn
The Chinese zodiac is a classification scheme that assigns an animal and its reputed attributes to each year in a repeating 12-year cycle. The 12-year cycle is an approximation to the 11.86-year orbital period of Jupiter, the largest planet of the Solar System.[1] It and its variations remain popular in many Asian countries including China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, Bhutan, and Thailand.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 Signs
3 Chinese calendar
3.1 Years
3.2 Months and solar terms
3.3 Day
4 Compatibility
5 Four Pillars
6 Four Animal Trines
6.1 First Trine
6.2 Second Trine
6.3 Third Trine
6.4 Fourth Trine
7 Zodiac origin stories
7.1 The Great Race
8 Problems with English translation
9 Chinese zodiac in other countries
9.1 Asia
9.2 Bulgars, Huns and Turkic people
9.2.1 Torè calendar
10 Gallery
11 See also
12 References
13 Sources
14 External links
Name[edit]
The Chinese zodiac is called 生肖 or Shēngxiào in Mandarin. Identifying this scheme using the generic term "zodiac" reflects several superficial similarities to the Western zodiac: both have time cycles divided into 12 parts, each labels at least the majority of those parts with names of animals, and each is widely associated with a culture of ascribing a person's personality or events in his or her life to the supposed influence of the person's particular relationship to the cycle.
Nevertheless, there are major differences which render the term inaccurate: the animals of the Chinese zodiac are not associated with constellations spanned by the ecliptic plane. The Chinese 12-part cycle corresponds to years, rather than months. The Chinese zodiac is represented by 12 animals, whereas some of the signs in the Western zodiac are not animals, despite the implication of the Greek etymology of the zodiac.
Signs[edit]
A stone carving of the Chinese zodiac.
The zodiac traditionally begins with the sign of the Rat. The following are the twelve zodiac signs (each with its associated Earthly Branch) in order and their characteristics.[2] Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water as nature five elements.
Rat – 鼠 (子) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Water)
Ox – 牛 (丑) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Tiger – 虎 (寅) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Wood)
Rabbit – 兔 (卯) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Wood)
Dragon – 龍 (辰) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Snake – 蛇 (巳) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Fire)
Horse – 馬 (午) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Fire)
Goat – 羊 (未) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Monkey – 猴 (申) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Metal)
Rooster – 雞 (酉) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Metal)
Dog – 狗 (戌) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Pig – 豬 (亥) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Water)
In Chinese astrology the animal signs assigned by year represent what others perceive you as being or how you present yourself. It is a common misconception that the animals assigned by year are the only signs and many Western descriptions of Chinese astrology draw solely on this system. In fact, there are also animal signs assigned by month (called inner animals), by day (called true animals) and hours (called secret animals). The Earth is all 12 signs, 5 seasons.
While a person might appear to be a Dragon because they were born in the year of the Dragon, they might also be a Snake internally, an Ox truly, and a Goat secretively.
A conflict between a person's zodiac sign and how they live is known as Tai Sui or kai sui.
Chinese calendar[edit]
Main article: Chinese calendar
Years[edit]
Main article: Sexagenary cycle
Within the Four Pillars, the year is the pillar representing information about the person's family background and society or relationship with their grandparents. The person's age can also be easily deduced from the sign of the person, the current sign of the year and the person's perceived age (teens, mid 20's, 40's and so on). For example, a person who is a Tiger is either 12, 24, 36 or 48 years old in 2010, the year of the Tiger. In 2011, the year of the Rabbit, that person is one year older.
The following table shows the 60-year cycle matched up to the Gregorian calendar for the years 1924–2043 (see sexagenary cycle article for years 1804–2043). The sexagenary cycle begins at lichun about February 4 according to some astrological sources.[3]
Year
Associated
Element
Heavenly
Stem
Earthly
Branch
Associated
Animal
Year
1924–1983
1984–2043
1 Feb 05 1924–Jan 23 1925 Yang Wood 甲 子 Rat Feb 02 1984–Feb 19 1985
2 Jan 24 1925–Feb 12 1926 Yin Wood 乙 丑 Ox Feb 20 1985–Feb 08 1986
3 Feb 13 1926–Feb 01 1927 Yang Fire 丙 寅 Tiger Feb 09 1986–Jan 28 1987
4 Feb 02 1927–Jan 22 1928 Yin Fire 丁 卯 Rabbit Jan 29 1987–Feb 16 1988
5 Jan 23 1928–Feb 09 1929 Yang Earth 戊 辰 Dragon Feb 17 1988–Feb 05 1989
6 Feb 10 1929–Jan 29 1930 Yin Earth 己 巳 Snake Feb 06 1989–Jan 26 1990
7 Jan 30 1930–Feb 16 1931 Yang Metal 庚 午 Horse Jan 27 1990–Feb 14 1991
8 Feb 17 1931–Feb 05 1932 Yin Metal 辛 未 Goat Feb 15 1991–Feb 03 1992
9 Feb 06 1932–Jan 25 1933 Yang Water 壬 申 Monkey Feb 04 1992–Jan 22 1993
10 Jan 26 1933–Feb 13 1934 Yin Water 癸 酉 Rooster Jan 23 1993– Feb 09 1994
11 Feb 14 1934–Feb 03 1935 Yang Wood 甲 戌 Dog Feb 10 1994–Jan 30 1995
12 Feb 04 1935–Jan 23 1936 Yin Wood 乙 亥 Pig Jan 31 1995–Feb 18 1996
13 Jan 24 1936–Feb 10 1937 Yang Fire 丙 子 Rat Feb 19 1996–Feb 06 1997
14 Feb 11 1937–Jan 30 1938 Yin Fire 丁 丑 Ox Feb 07 1997–Jan 27 1998
15 Jan 31 1938–Feb 18 1939 Yang Earth 戊 寅 Tiger Jan 28 1998–Feb 15 1999
16 Feb 19 1939–Feb 07 1940 Yin Earth 己 卯 Rabbit Feb 16 1999–Feb 04 2000
17 Feb 08 1940–Jan 26 1941 Yang Metal 庚 辰 Dragon Feb 05 2000–Jan 23 2001
18 Jan 27 1941–Feb 14 1942 Yin Metal 辛 巳 Snake Jan 24 2001–Feb 11 2002
19 Feb 15 1942–Feb 04 1943 Yang Water 壬 午 Horse Feb 12 2002–Jan 31 2003
20 Feb 05 1943–Jan 24 1944 Yin Water 癸 未 Goat Feb 01 2003–Jan 21 2004
21 Jan 25 1944–Feb 12 1945 Yang Wood 甲 申 Monkey Jan 22 2004–Feb 08 2005
22 Feb 13 1945–Feb 01 1946 Yin Wood 乙 酉 Rooster Feb 09 2005–Jan 28 2006
23 Feb 02 1946–Jan 21 1947 Yang Fire 丙 戌 Dog Jan 29 2006–Feb 17 2007
24 Jan 22 1947–Feb 09 1948 Yin Fire 丁 亥 Pig Feb 18 2007–Feb 06 2008
25 Feb 10 1948–Jan 28 1949 Yang Earth 戊 子 Rat Feb 07 2008–Jan 25 2009
26 Jan 29 1949–Feb 16 1950 Yin Earth 己 丑 Ox Jan 26 2009–Feb 13 2010
27 Feb 17 1950–Feb 05 1951 Yang Metal 庚 寅 Tiger Feb 14 2010–Feb 02 2011
28 Feb 06 1951–Jan 26 1952 Yin Metal 辛 卯 Rabbit Feb 03 2011–Jan 22 2012
29 Jan 27 1952–Feb 13 1953 Yang Water 壬 辰 Dragon Jan 23 2012–Feb 09 2013
30 Feb 14 1953–Feb 02 1954 Yin Water 癸 巳 Snake Feb 10 2013–Jan 30 2014
31 Feb 03 1954–Jan 23 1955 Yang Wood 甲 午 Horse Jan 31 2014–Feb 18 2015
32 Jan 24 1955–Feb 11 1956 Yin Wood 乙 未 Goat Feb 19 2015–Feb 07 2016
33 Feb 12 1956–Jan 30 1957 Yang Fire 丙 申 Monkey Feb 08 2016–Jan 27 2017
34 Jan 31 1957–Feb 17 1958 Yin Fire 丁 酉 Rooster Jan 28 2017–Feb 15 2018
35 Feb 18 1958–Feb 07 1959 Yang Earth 戊 戌 Dog Feb 16 2018–Feb 04 2019
36 Feb 08 1959–Jan 27 1960 Yin Earth 己 亥 Pig Feb 05 2019–Jan 24 2020
37 Jan 28 1960–Feb 14 1961 Yang Metal 庚 子 Rat Jan 25 2020–Feb. 11 2021
38 Feb 15 1961–Feb 04 1962 Yin Metal 辛 丑 Ox Feb 12 2021–Jan 31 2022
39 Feb 05 1962–Jan 24 1963 Yang Water 壬 寅 Tiger Feb 01 2022–Jan 21 2023
40 Jan 25 1963–Feb 12 1964 Yin Water 癸 卯 Rabbit Jan 22 2023–Feb 09 2024
41 Feb 13 1964–Feb 01 1965 Yang Wood 甲 辰 Dragon Feb 10 2024–Jan 28 2025
42 Feb 02 1965–Jan 20 1966 Yin Wood 乙 巳 Snake Jan 29 2025–Feb 16 2026
43 Jan 21 1966–Feb 08 1967 Yang Fire 丙 午 Horse Feb 17 2026–Feb 05 2027
44 Feb 09 1967–Jan 29 1968 Yin Fire 丁 未 Goat Feb 06 2027–Jan 25 2028
45 Jan 30 1968–Feb 16 1969 Yang Earth 戊 申 Monkey Jan 26 2028–Feb 12 2029
46 Feb 17 1969–Feb 05 1970 Yin Earth 己 酉 Rooster Feb 13 2029–Feb 02 2030
47 Feb 06 1970–Jan 26 1971 Yang Metal 庚 戌 Dog Feb 03 2030–Jan 22 2031
48 Jan 27 1971–Feb 14 1972 Yin Metal 辛 亥 Pig Jan 23 2031–Feb 10 2032
49 Feb 15 1972–Feb 02 1973 Yang Water 壬 子 Rat Feb 11 2032–Jan 30 2033
50 Feb 03 1973–Jan 22 1974 Yin Water 癸 丑 Ox Jan 31 2033–Feb 18 2034
51 Jan 23 1974–Feb 10 1975 Yang Wood 甲 寅 Tiger Feb 19 2034–Feb 07 2035
52 Feb 11 1975–Jan 30 1976 Yin Wood 乙 卯 Rabbit Feb 08 2035–Jan 27 2036
53 Jan 31 1976–Feb 17 1977 Yang Fire 丙 辰 Dragon Jan 28 2036–Feb 14 2037
54 Feb 18 1977–Feb 06 1978 Yin Fire 丁 巳 Snake Feb 15 2037–Feb 03 2038
55 Feb 07 1978–Jan 27 1979 Yang Earth 戊 午 Horse Feb 04 2038–Jan 23 2039
56 Jan 28 1979–Feb 15 1980 Yin Earth 己 未 Goat Jan 24 2039–Feb 11 2040
57 Feb 16 1980–Feb 04 1981 Yang Metal 庚 申 Monkey Feb 12 2040–Jan 31 2041
58 Feb 05 1981–Jan 24 1982 Yin Metal 辛 酉 Rooster Feb 01 2041–Jan 21 2042
59 Jan 25 1982–Feb 12 1983 Yang Water 壬 戌 Dog Jan 22 2042–Feb 09 2043
60 Feb 13 1983–Feb 01 1984 Yin Water 癸 亥 Pig Feb 10 2043–Jan 29 2044
Months and solar terms[edit]
Main article: Solar term
Within the Four Pillars, the month is the pillar representing information about the person's parents or childhood. Many Chinese astrologers consider the month pillar to be the most important one in determining the circumstances of one's adult life.
The 12 animals are also linked to traditional Chinese agricultural calendar, which runs alongside the better known Lunar calendar. Instead of months, this calendar is divided into 24 two week segments known as Solar Terms. Each animal is linked to two of these solar terms for a period similar to the Western month. Unlike the 60 year Lunar calendar, which can vary by as much as a month in relation to the Gregorian calendar, the agricultural calendar varies by only one day, beginning on the Gregorian calendar on February 3 or 4 every year. Again unlike the cycle of the lunar years, which begins with the Rat, the agricultural calendar begins with the Tiger as it is the first animal of spring. Around summer days are longer than winter days, because it occurs differences of perihelion and aphelion.
As each sign is linked to a month of the solar year, it is thereby also linked to a season. Each of the elements is also linked to a season (see above), and the element that shares a season with a sign is known as that sign's fixed element. In other words, that element is believed to impart some of its characteristics to the sign concerned. The fixed element of each sign applies also to the year and hour signs, and not just the monthly sign. It is important to note that the fixed element is separate from the cycle of elements which interact with the signs in the 60-year cycle.
Season
Lunar month
Fixed element
Solar longitude
Solar term
Gregorian date
Approx. Western zodiac
Spring 1st – 寅 (yin) Tiger Wood 314° 立春 lìchūn Feb 4 – Feb 19 Aquarius
329° 雨水 yǔshuǐ Feb 20 – Mar 5 Pisces
2nd – 卯 (mao) Rabbit Wood 344° 啓蟄 qǐzhé (驚蟄 jīngzhé) Mar 6 – Mar 20
359° 春分 chūnfēn Mar 21 – Apr 4 Aries
3rd – 辰 (chen) Dragon Wood 14° 清明 qīngmíng Apr 5 – Apr 20
29° 穀雨 gǔyǔ Apr 21 – May 4 Taurus
Summer 4th – 巳 (si) Snake Fire 44° 立夏 lìxià May 5 – May 21
59° 小滿 xiǎomǎn May 22 – Jun 5 Gemini
5th – 午 (wu) Horse Fire 74° 芒種 mángzhòng Jun 6 – Jun 21
89° 夏至 xiàzhì Jun 22 – Jul 6 Cancer
6th – 未 (wei) Goat Fire 104° 小暑 xiǎoshǔ Jul 7 – Jul 22
119° 大暑 dàshǔ Jul 23 – Aug 6 Leo
Autumn 7th – 申 (shen) Monkey Metal 134° 立秋 lìqiū Aug 7 – Aug 22
149° 處暑 chùshǔ Aug 23 – Sep 7 Virgo
8th – 酉 (you) Rooster Metal 164° 白露 báilù Sep 8 – Sep 23
181° 秋分 qiūfēn Sep 24 – Oct 7 Libra
9th – 戌 (xu) Dog Metal 194° 寒露 hánlù Oct 8 – Oct 23
211° 霜降 shuāngjiàng Oct 24 – Nov 6 Scorpio
Winter 10th – 亥 (hai) Pig Water 224° 立冬 lìdōng Nov 7 – Nov 22
244° 小雪 xiǎoxuě Nov 23 – Dec 6 Sagittarius
11th – 子 (zi) Rat Water 251° 大雪 dàxuě Dec 7 – Dec 21
271° 冬至 dōngzhì Dec 22 – Jan 5 Capricorn
12th – 丑 (chou) Ox Water 284° 小寒 xiǎohán Jan 6 – Jan 20
299° 大寒 dàhán Jan 21 – Feb 3 Aquarius
Day[edit]
Four pillars calculator can determine the zodiac animal of the day.[4] Chinese animal signs rule over days of the week, too. The term for them is “True Animals”. If your astrologer wishes to prepare a chart, it is essential he or she knows the animals of your day of birth. Given there are only seven days of the week and 12 animals, there is some repetition or doubling up. The animals for each day are as follows:
Monday: Goat
Tuesday: Dragon, Pig
Wednesday: Horse, Rooster
Thursday: Rat
Friday: Rabbit, Snake, Dog
Saturday: Ox, Tiger
Sunday: Monkey
Compatibility[edit]
As the Chinese zodiac is derived according to the ancient Five Elements Theory, every Chinese Sign is composed of five elements[citation needed] with relations, among those elements, of interpolation, interaction, over-action, and counter-action—believed to be the common law of motions and changes of creatures in the universe. Different people born under each animal sign supposedly have different personalities,[citation needed] and practitioners of Chinese astrology consult such traditional details and compatibilities to offer putative guidance in life or for love and marriage.[5]
Chinese Zodiac Compatibility Grid[6]
Sign
Best Match
Match
No Match
Rat Rat, Dragon, Monkey Snake, Rooster, Ox, Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Dog, Tiger Horse
Ox Ox, Snake, Rooster Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Dog, Tiger, Horse, Pig, Rabbit Goat
Tiger Tiger, Dog, Horse Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Snake, Rooster, Ox, Dragon, Rat Monkey
Rabbit Rabbit, Pig, Goat Dog, Tiger, Horse, Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Snake, Ox Rooster
Dragon Dragon, Monkey, Rat Snake, Rooster, Ox, Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Tiger, Horse Dog
Snake Snake, Rooster, Ox Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Dog, Tiger, Horse, Rabbit, Goat Pig
Horse Horse, Dog, Tiger Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Snake, Rooster, Ox, Dragon, Monkey Rat
Goat Goat, Pig, Rabbit Dog, Tiger, Horse, Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Snake, Rooster Ox
Monkey Monkey, Dragon, Rat Snake, Rooster, Ox, Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Dog, Horse Tiger
Rooster Rooster, Snake, Ox Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Dog, Tiger, Horse, Pig, Goat Rabbit
Dog Dog, Tiger, Horse Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Snake, Rooster, Ox, Monkey, Rat Dragon
Pig Pig, Rabbit, Goat Dog, Tiger, Horse, Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Rooster, Ox Snake
Four Pillars[edit]
Main article: Four Pillars of Destiny
The Four Pillars method can be traced back to the Han dynasty (201 BC – 220 AD), and is still much used in Feng shui astrology and general analysis today. The Four Pillars or Columns chart is called such as the Chinese writing causes it to fall into columns. Each pillar or column contains a stem and a branch—and each column relates to the year, month, day and hour of birth. The first column refers to the year animal and element, the second to the month animal and element, the third to the day animal and element, and the last to the hour animal and element.
Within the 'Four Pillars', the Year column purports to provide information about one's ancestor or early age, and the Month column about one's parents or growing age. The Day column purports to offer information about oneself (upper character) and one's spouse (lower character) or adult age, and the Hour column about children or late age.[7]
Four Animal Trines[edit]
See: Astrological aspect#Trine
First Trine[edit]
The first trine consists of the Rat, Dragon and Monkey. These three signs are said to be intense and powerful individuals capable of great good, who make great leaders but are rather unpredictable. The three are said to be intelligent, magnanimous, charismatic, charming, authoritative, confident, eloquent and artistic, but can be manipulative, jealous, selfish, aggressive, vindictive or deceitful.
Second Trine[edit]
The second trine consists of the Ox, Snake and Rooster. These three signs are said to possess endurance and application, with slow accumulation of energy, meticulous at planning but tending to hold fixed opinions. The three are said to be intelligent, hard-working, modest, industrious, loyal, philosophical, patient, goodhearted and morally upright, but can also be self-righteous, egotistical, vain, judgmental, narrow-minded or petty.
Third Trine[edit]
The third trine consists of the Tiger, Horse and Dog. These three signs are said to seek true love, to pursue humanitarian causes, to be idealistic and independent but tending to be impulsive. The three are said to be productive, enthusiastic, independent, engaging, dynamic, honorable, loyal and protective, but can also be rash, rebellious, quarrelsome, anxious, disagreeable or stubborn.
Fourth Trine[edit]
The fourth trine consists of the Rabbit, Goat and Pig. These three signs are said to have a calm nature and somewhat reasonable approach; they seek aesthetic beauty and are artistic, well-mannered and compassionate, yet detached and resigned to their condition. The three are said to be caring, self-sacrificing, obliging, sensible, creative, empathetic, tactful and prudent, but can also be naive, pedantic, insecure, selfish, indecisive or pessimistic.
Zodiac origin stories[edit]
There are many stories and fables to explain the beginning of the zodiac. Since the Han Dynasty, the 12 Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. However, for the sake of entertainment and convenience, they have been replaced by the 12 animals. The 24 hours are divided into 12 periods, and a mnemonic refers to the behaviour of the animals:[8][9]
Earthly Branches may refer to a double-hour period. In the latter case it is the center of the period; for instance, 马 (Horse) means noon or a period from 11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m..
Rat (Zishi): 23:00 to 00:59. This is the time when Rats are most active in seeking food. Rats also have a different number of digits on front and hind legs, thus earning Rat the symbol of "turn over" or "new start".
Ox (Choushi): 01:00 to 02:59. This is the time when Oxen begin to chew the cud slowly and comfortably.
Tiger (Yinshi): 03:00 to 04:59. This is the time when Tigers hunt their prey more and show their ferocity.
Rabbit (Maoshi): 05:00 to 06:59. This is the time when the Jade Rabbit is busy pounding herbal medicine on the Moon according to the tale.
Dragon (Chenshi): 07:00 to 08:59. This is the time when Dragons are hovering in the sky to give rain.
Snake (Sishi): 09:00 to 10:59. This is the time when Snakes are leaving their caves.
Horse (Wushi): 11:00 to 12:59. This is the time when the sun is high overhead and while other animals are lying down for a rest, Horses are still standing.
Goat (Weishi): 13:00 to 14:59. This is the time when Goats eat grass and urinate frequently.
Monkey (Shenshi): 15:00 to 16:59. This is the time when Monkeys are lively.
Rooster (Youshi): 17:00 to 18:59. This is the time when Roosters begin to get back to their coops.
Dog (Xushi): 19:00 to 20:59. This is the time when Dogs carry out their duty of guarding the houses.
Pig (Haishi): 21:00 to 22:59. This is the time when Pigs are sleeping sweetly.
The Great Race[edit]
An ancient folk story tells that Cat and Rat were both very bad at swimming. Although they were poor swimmers, they were both quite intelligent. To get to the meeting called by the Jade Emperor, they had to cross a river to reach the meeting place. The Jade Emperor had also decreed that the years on the calendar would be named for each animal in the order they arrived to the meeting. Cat and Rat decided that the best and fastest way to cross the river was to hop on the back of Ox. Ox, being kindhearted and naive, agreed to carry them both across.[9]
Midway across the river, the Rat pushed the Cat into the water. Approaching the other side, the Rat jumped off the Ox and rushed to the Jade Emperor. It was named as the first animal of the zodiac calendar. The Ox, came in second. The third one to come was the Tiger. Even though it was strong and powerful it explained to the Jade Emperor that the currents were pushing him downstream.[9]
Suddenly, from a distance came a thumping sound, and the Rabbit arrived. It explained how it crossed the river: by jumping from one stone to another in a nimble fashion. Halfway through, it almost lost the race, but it was lucky enough to grab hold of a floating log that later washed him to shore. For that, it became the fourth animal in the zodiac cycle. In fifth place was the flying Dragon. The Jade Emperor was wondering why such a swift airborne creature such as the Dragon failed to come in first.
The Dragon explained that it had to stop by a village and brought rain for all the people, and therefore it was held back. Then, on its way to the finish, it saw the helpless Rabbit clinging onto a log so it did a good deed and gave a puff of breath to the poor creature so that it could land on the shore. The Jade Emperor was astonished of the Dragon's good nature, and it was named as the fifth animal. As soon as it had done so, a galloping sound was heard, and the Horse appeared.
Hidden on its hoof was the Snake, whose sudden appearance gave it a fright, thus making it fall back and giving the Snake the sixth spot, while the Horse placed seventh. After a while, the Goat, Monkey and Rooster came to the heavenly gate. With combined efforts they managed to arrive to the other side. The Rooster found a raft and the Monkey and the Goat tugged and pulled trying to get all the weeds out of the way.
The Jade Emperor was pleased with their teamwork and decided to name the Goat as the eighth animal followed by the Monkey and then the Rooster. The eleventh animal placed in the zodiac cycle was the Dog. Although it should have been the best swimmer it wanted to stay in the water and play for a bit. Though his explanation for being late was because it needed a good bath after a long spell. For that, it almost did not make it to the finish line.
Right when the Emperor was going to close the race, an "oink" sound was heard: it was the Pig. "Lazy little Pig" originated from this story. The Pig felt hungry in the middle of the race, so it stopped, ate something and then fell asleep. After it awoke, it finished the race in twelfth place and became the last animal to arrive. The cat eventually drowned, and did not make it in the zodiac. It is said that this is the reason cats always hunt Rats.
Another folk story tells that the Rat deceived the Ox into letting it jump on its back, in order for the Ox to hear the Rat sing, before jumping off at the finish line and finishing first.
In Chinese mythology, a story tells that the cat was tricked by the Rat so it could not go to the banquet. This is why the cat is not part of the Chinese zodiac.
In Buddhism, legend has it that Gautama Buddha summoned all of the animals of the Earth to come before him before his departure from this Earth, but only 12 animals actually came to bid him farewell. To reward the animals who came to him, he named a year after each of them. The years were given to them in the order they had arrived.
The twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac were developed in the early stages of Chinese civilization, over hundreds of years before it developed into the current version; it is difficult to investigate its real origins. Most historians agree that the cat is not included, as they had not yet been introduced to China from India, with the arrival of Buddhism.
Problems with English translation[edit]
Due to confusion with synonyms during translation, some of the animals depicted by the English words did not exist in ancient China. For example, 羊 can mean Goat, ram or sheep. Similarly, 鼠 Rat can also be translated as mouse, as there are no distinctive words for the two genera in Chinese. Further, 豬 Pig is sometimes translated to boar after its Japanese name, and 牛 plainly means Ox and Cow, and not water buffalo, 水牛. 雞 Rooster may mean Chicken. However, Rooster is the most commonly used one among all the synonyms, same for 羊, 鼠, etc.
Chinese zodiac in other countries[edit]
The Chinese zodiac signs are also used by cultures other than Chinese. For one example, they usually appear on Korean New Year and Japanese New Year's cards and stamps. The United States Postal Service and those of several other countries issue a "Year of the ____" postage stamp each year to honor this Chinese heritage.
The Chinese lunar coins, depicting the zodiac animals, inspired the Canadian Silver Maple Leaf coins, as well as varieties from Australia, Korea, and Mongolia. The Chinese zodiac is an internationally popular theme, available from many of the world's government and private mints.
The Chinese zodiac is also used in some other Asian countries that have been under the cultural influence of China. However, some of the animals in the zodiac may differ by country.
Asia [edit]
Further information: Burmese zodiac
The Korean zodiac is essentially identical to the Chinese zodiac, but the Sino-Korean word 양 (yang) normally refers specifically to a sheep in the Korean language (where a native Korean word 염소 yeomso is used to mean "Goat"), although the Chinese source of the loanword yang may refer to any goat-antelope.
The Japanese zodiac includes the Sheep (hitsuji) instead of the Goat (which would be yagi), and the Wild boar (inoshishi, i) instead of the Pig (buta).[10] The Japanese have, since 1873, celebrated the beginning of the new year on January 1 as per the Gregorian calendar.
The Vietnamese zodiac is almost identical to the Chinese zodiac except the second animal is the Water Buffalo instead of the Ox, and the fourth animal is the Cat instead of the Rabbit.
The Cham zodiac uses the same animals and order as the Chinese zodiac, but replaces the Monkey with the turtle (known locally as kra). Similarly the Malay zodiac is identical to the Chinese but replaces two of the animals with the turtle (kura-kura) and mousedeer (kancil). One of the replaced animals is always the Rabbit, the other being either the Pig or Monkey.
The Thai zodiac includes a nāga in place of the Dragon[11] and begins, not at Chinese New Year, but either on the first day of fifth month in Thai lunar calendar, or during the Songkran festival (now celebrated every 13–15 April), depending on the purpose of the use.[12]
Bulgars, Huns and Turkic people [edit]
The European Huns used the Chinese zodiac.[citation needed] This common Chinese-Turkic Zodiac was in use in Balkan Bulgaria well into the Bulgars' adoption of Slavic languages and Orthodox Christianity[citation needed]. Following is the Hunnish or Bulgarian Pagan zodiac calendar, distinctive from the Greek zodiac but much in conformity with the Chinese one:
Torè calendar[edit]
Names of years
Kuzgé – [Year of] Saravana - Rat
Shiger (Syger) – Ox
Kuman (Imén)
Ügur – Tiger, Myachè Ügur – Tiger
Taushan – Rabbit
Samar – Dragon Birgün (Bergen, Birig, Baradj) – Dragon
Dilan – Snake
Tykha – Horse
Téké – Goat
Bichin, Michin – Monkey
Tavuk – Rooster (also written tağuk—ğ is pronounced as v in Turk. verbs döğmek and öğmek)
It – Dog
Shushma – Pig (many[who?] mistake it as boar though) (Turk., Russ. "Kaban"—Translator's[who?] Note, also cognate of Turkish şişman, "fat")
In Kazakhstan, an animal cycle similar to the Chinese is used, but the Dragon is substituted by a snail (Kazakh: улу), and Tiger appears as a leopard (Kazakh: барыс).
In Mongolia, 12 year beasts are called "Арван хоёр жил" meaning "12 years"
Hulgana - Хулгана - Rat
Ukher - Үхэр - Ox
Bar - Бар - Tiger
Tuulai - Туулай - Rabbit
Luu - Луу - Dragon
Mogoi - Могой - Snake
Mori - Морь - Horse
Honi - Хонь - Goat
Bichin, Michin, Mechin - Бич/Мич, Бичин, Мичин, Мэчин - Monkey
Tahiya - Тахиа - Rooster
Nohoi - Нохой - Dog
Gahai - Гахай - Pig
In Kyrgyz 12-year cycle is called "Мүчөл", words for Tiger, Dragon and Monkey are only used in 12-year cycle.
Chychkan - Чычкан - Mouse
Uy - Уй - Cow
Bars - Барс - Tiger
Koyon - Коён - Rabbit
Uluu - Улуу - Dragon
Jylan - Жылан - Snake
Jylky - Жылкы - Horse
Koy - Кой - Sheep
Mechin - Мечин - Monkey
Took - Тоок - Chicken
It - Ит - Dog
Donuz - Доңуз - Wild boar
Gallery[edit]
A chart indicating good and bad bloodletting days and when to guard against demons. Detail: The chart contains a sme ba (9 figures symbolizing the elements in geomancy) in the center with the Chinese pa-kua (8 trigrams) surrounded by 12 animals of months and years.
Soyombo and several Buddhist, tengrist and Chinese zodiac symbols in a wall mosaic.
Twelve Chinese zodiac jade figurines. Capital Museum, Beijing, China.
See also[edit]
China portal
Earthly Branches
Astrology and science
Chinese New Year
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dr Zai, J. Taoism and Science: Cosmology, Evolution, Morality, Health and more. Ultravisum, 2015.
Jump up ^ Theodora Lau, The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes, pp. 2–8, 30–5, 60–4, 88–94, 118–24, 148–53, 178–84, 208–13, 238–44, 270–78, 306–12, 338–44, Souvenir Press, New York, 2005
Jump up ^ ""Almanac" "lunar" zodiac beginning of spring as the boundary dislocation? — China Network". 16 February 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.traditionalfengshui.co.za/fourpillarssoftware.htm
Jump up ^ "Chinese Compatibility Matching". Jan 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chinese Zodiac Animal Signs Compatibility". yourchineseastrology.com/.
Jump up ^ chinesefortunecalendar.com
Jump up ^ The 12 Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 十二生肖, Drake University, retrieved October 11, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c Annotated Bibliography Plan: Chinese Astrology, University of Hawai'i, retrieved October 11, 2013
Jump up ^ "Japanese Zodiac Signs and Symbols". japanesezodiac.org/. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Jump up ^ ""งูใหญ่-พญานาค-มังกร" รู้จัก 3 สัญลักษณ์ปี "มะโรง"". ประชาชาติธุรกิจ. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "การเปลี่ยนวันใหม่ การนับวัน ทางโหราศาสตร์ไทย การเปลี่ยนปีนักษัตร โหราศาสตร์ ดูดวง ทำนายทายทัก". Archived from the original on 2011-01-03.
Sources[edit]
Shelly H. Wu. (2005). Chinese Astrology. Publisher: The Career Press, Inc. ISBN 1-56414-796-7
External links[edit]
"The Year of the Rooster: On Seeing"
"The Year of the Rooster, On Eating, Injecting, Imbibing & Speaking"
"2016: The Golden Monkey, A Year to Remember"
"The Dragon Raises its Head 龍抬頭"
"From the Year of the Ape to the Year of the Monkey" (on use of Zodiac figures for political criticism)
Media related to Chinese Zodiac at Wikimedia Commons
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Tuileries Palace
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Coordinates: 48°51′44″N 2°19′57″E / 48.86222°N 2.33250°E / 48.86222; 2.33250
Tuileries Palace
Palais des Tuileries
The Tuileries Palace and the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel circa 1860. The Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile can be seen in the background.
General information
Type
Royal residence
Architectural style
Built in the 16th century: Renaissance, Additions of the 17th and 18th centuries: Louis XIII Style and Baroque, Additions of the 19th century: Neo-Classicism, Neo-Baroque and Napoleon III Style
Construction started
1564
Completed
1860's
Demolished
23 May 1871
The Tuileries Palace (French: Palais des Tuileries, IPA: [palɛ de tɥilʁi]) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine. It was the usual Parisian residence of most French monarchs, from Henry IV to Napoleon III, until it was burned by the Paris Commune in 1871.
Built in 1564, it was gradually extended until it closed off the western end of the Louvre courtyard and displayed an immense façade of 266 metres. Since the destruction of the Tuileries, the Louvre courtyard has remained open and the site is now the location of the eastern end of the Tuileries Garden, forming an elevated terrace between the Place du Carrousel and the gardens proper.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Louis XIV
1.2 Louis XV
1.3 Louis XVI
1.4 Revolutionary France
1.5 Napoleon
1.6 Restoration
1.7 The Second Empire
1.7.1 Interior
2 Destruction of the Tuileries
2.1 Demolition
3 Tuileries Garden and the Axe historique
3.1 Tuileries Garden
4 Rebuilding the Tuileries Palace
4.1 Cost
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The Tuileries Palace in the 1600s
The old medieval Louvre (background) and the Tuileries (foreground) linked by the Grande Galerie along the River Seine, in 1615
The Tuileries Palace and the Louvre on the 1739 Turgot map of Paris, during the reign of Louis XV
The Tuileries Palace (white) was located at the west end of the modern Louvre, closing off the Louvre courtyard
After the accidental death of Henry II of France in 1559, his widow Catherine de' Medici (1519–1589) planned a new palace. She sold the medieval Hôtel des Tournelles, where her husband had died, and began building the palace of Tuileries in 1564, using architect Philibert de l'Orme. The name derives from the tile kilns or tuileries which had previously occupied the site. The palace was formed by a range of long, narrow buildings. During the reign of Henry IV (1589–1610), the building was enlarged to the south, so it joined the long riverside gallery, the Grande Galerie, which ran all the way to the older Louvre Palace in the east.
Louis XIV[edit]
During the reign of Louis XIV major changes were made to the Tuileries Palace. From 1659 to 1661 it was extended to the north by the addition of the Théâtre des Tuileries.[1] From 1664 to 1666 the architect Louis Le Vau and his assistant François d'Orbay made other significant changes. They transformed Philibert de l'Orme's facades and central pavilion, replacing its grand central staircase with a colonnaded vestibule on the ground floor and the Salle des Cents Suisses (Hall of the Hundred Swiss Guards) on the floor above and adding a rectangular dome. A new grand staircase was installed in the entrance of the north wing of the palace, and lavishly decorated royal apartments were constructed in the south wing. The king's rooms were on the ground floor, facing toward the Louvre, and the queen's on the floor above, overlooking the garden. At the same time, Louis' gardener, André Le Nôtre, redesigned the Tuileries gardens. The Court moved into the Tuileries Palace in November 1667, but left in 1672, and soon thereafter went to the Palace of Versailles.[2] The Tuileries Palace was virtually abandoned and used only as a theatre, but its gardens became a fashionable resort of Parisians.
Louis XV[edit]
The boy-king Louis XV was moved from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace on 1 January 1716, four months after ascending to the throne. He moved back to Versailles on 15 June 1722, three months before his coronation. Both moves were made at the behest of the Regent, the duc d'Orléans. The king also resided at the Tuileries for short periods during the 1740s.[3]
Louis XVI[edit]
The storming of the Tuileries Palace on 10 August 1792 and the massacre of the Swiss Guard
On 6 October 1789, during the French Revolution, Louis XVI and his family were forced to leave Versailles and brought to the Tuileries where they were kept under surveillance. For the next two years the palace remained the official residence of the king.
On 9 November 1789, the National Constituent Assembly, formerly the Estates-General of 1789, had moved its deliberations from the tennis court at Versailles to the Tuileries, following the removal of the court to Paris. The Tuileries' covered riding ring, the Salle du Manège (which ran along the north end of the Tuileries Gardens to the west of the palace), home to the royal equestrian academy, provided the largest indoor space in the city.
The royal family tried to escape after dark, on 20 June 1791, but were captured at Varennes and brought back to the Tuileries. The following year, on 10 August 1792, the palace was stormed by an armed mob, which overwhelmed and massacred the Swiss Guard as the royal family fled through the gardens and took refuge with the Legislative Assembly. The Paris National Guard defended the King, but the daughter of King Louis XVI claimed that many of the guard were already in favor of the revolution.[4]
In November 1792, the Armoire de fer incident took place at the Tuileries palace. This was the discovery of a hiding place at the royal apartments, believed to contain the secret correspondence of Louis XVI with various political figures. The incident created a considerable scandal that served to discredit the King.
Revolutionary France[edit]
The Tuileries accommodated the Constituent Assembly, its successor, the National Convention, and, in 1795, the Council of Five Hundred (Conseil des Cinq-Cents) of the Directoire until the body moved to the Palais-Bourbon in 1798. In 1799, the Jacobin Club du Manège had its headquarters there. The Committee of Public Safety met in the Pavillon de Flore. A courtier of a later era could summon up nightmarish visions of the palace's Salle de Spectacle, or theater, where many Convention sessions were held during the Reign of Terror:
At night a single lamp illumined this huge deserted hall, peopled with terrible memories. These I would often muse over as I stopped at the spot once occupied by the chair of the president, where Boissy d'Anglas had saluted the bleeding head of Feraud, and where Thuriot had listened impassively to the outburst of Robespierre at bay: "President of assassins, once more I ask your ear !" I saw in imagination the "Mountain," the "Plain," the "Marsh," and the crowded tribunes; I fancied I could hear the shrieking clamour of the "tricoteuses" and the drums of the "sections" hastening to the attack or to the rescue of the Assembly; and I would call up one or other of the acts of the mighty drama of which this sinister hall has been the scene.
—  Augustin Filon, Recollections of the Empress Eugénie, [5]
Napoleon[edit]
Military review in front of the Tuileries in 1810, by Hippolyte Bellangé. The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, which can be seen on the right of this painting, used to be the entrance gate of the palace of the Tuileries and, with the Pavillon de Flore, is all that remains, above ground, of the palace at the site.
When Napoleon Bonaparte came into power in 1799, he made the Tuileries the official residence of the First Consul and, later, the imperial palace. In 1808, Napoleon began constructing the northern gallery which also connected to the Louvre, enclosing a vast square (place).
As Napoleon I's chief residence, the Tuileries Palace was redecorated in the Neoclassical Empire style by Percier and Fontaine and some of the best known architects, designers, and furniture makers of the day.
In 1809, Jacob-Desmalter, principal supplier of furniture to the Emperor, began work on a jewel cabinet designed for the Empress Joséphine's great bedroom in the Tuileries (and soon to be used by Marie-Louise). Designed by the architect Charles Percier, this impressive piece of furniture was embellished with several gilt-bronze ornaments: the central panel depicts the "Birth of the Queen of the Earth to whom Cupids and Goddesses hasten with their Offerings" by the bronzier Pierre-Philippe Thomire, after a bas-relief by Chaudet. Jacob-Desmalter completed the "great jewelry box" in 1812, with two smaller items of furniture in the same style but using woods from rainforests in China.
After Napoléon's divorce, Pierre Paul Prud'hon was commissioned to design the apartments of his new wife, Marie-Louise. For the bridal suite of the new Empress he designed all the furniture and interior decorations in a Greek Revival style.
Restoration[edit]
The Tuileries Palace became the royal residence at the time of the Bourbon Restoration from 1814 to 1830. During the July Revolution of 1830, the palace was attacked for a third time by an armed mob and occupied. The Swiss Guards stationed at the palace, aware of what had happened in 1792 to their predecessors, abandoned the palace. King Louis Philippe I took up permanent residence there until 1848, when it was again invaded on 24 February.
After the coup d'état by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in 1852, the Tuileries Palace served as the official residence of the executive branch of government, and when President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte became Emperor Napoléon III, he moved from his office at the Élysée Palace to the Tuileries.
The Second Empire[edit]
Gala soirée of 10 June 1867, for sovereigns attending the International Exposition of that year, by Pierre Tetar van Elven. The exterior horseshoe staircase, from the garden to the Salle de Maréchaux, was temporarily erected for the occasion.[6]
During the Second Empire, the Tuileries was extensively refurbished and redecorated after the looting and damage that occurred during the Revolution of 1848. Some imposing state rooms were designed and richly decorated, serving as the center stage of the ceremonies and pageantry of the Second Empire, such as on the occasion of Queen Victoria's state visit to France in 1855. The Second Empire also completed the northern wing of the Louvre along the rue de Rivoli, linking the Tuileries Palace with the rest of the Louvre, and thus finally achieving the huge complex of the Louvre-Tuileries, whose master plan had been envisioned three centuries earlier. Previously, the Place du Carrousel had been swept clear of the old houses that had encroached on it.
The prominent roof-lines of the palace and especially its squared central dome were influential prototypes in the Second Empire style adopted for hotels and commercial buildings as well as residences in the United Kingdom and North America.
Interior[edit]
The private apartment used by Napoleon III, on the ground floor of the southern wing of the palace, consisted of "overheated gilt boxes furnished in the style of the First Empire", being kept at "an excessively high temperature" by the emperor. Empress Eugénie had her apartment above, connected to the emperor's by a winding staircase, with a mezzanine occupied by the treasurer of the privy purse in between, and comprising eight of the eleven rooms on the bel etage of the southern wing's garden side. This arrangement at the Tuileries was unlike at Versailles, where the apartments of monarch and consort were both on the same floor and the king's was the grander of the two. [7]
The state rooms – on the Carrousel, or east, side – of the south wing were used variously depending on the occasion. If it were an informal dinner, the household would gather in the Private Drawing Room, or Salon d'Apollon, which was separated from the Salle de Maréchaux, in the central pavilion, by the First Consul's Room, or Salon Blanc. The party would proceed through the throne room to dinner in the Salon Louis XIV. However, gala dinners were held in the larger Galerie de Diane, the southernmost of the state apartments. If it were a state ball, then refreshments would be set up in the Galerie; and the procession of the imperial party would be from there to the Salle de Maréchaux, which occupied the space of two entire floors of the central Pavillon de L'Horloge and served as the ballroom. [7]
The little-used northern wing of the palace, which contained the chapel, Galerie de la Paix, and the Salle de Spectacle would be called into service only for performances, such as the Auber cantata performed the evening of Napoleon and Eugénie's civil wedding ceremony, 29 July 1853, [8] or for the most important fêtes, such as the party given for sovereigns attending the International Exposition, on 10 June 1867. The Salle de Spectacle was also used as a hospital during the Franco-Prussian War. [5]
The southernmost pavilion, the Pavillon de Flore, served as the backstairs to the palace. Service corridors led to it. One could get from there to the sprawling basement, lit with innumerable gas lamps, where a railway had been set up to bring food from the kitchens under the Rue de Rivoli. [9]
Destruction of the Tuileries[edit]
Tuileries Palace before 1871, view from the Louvre
The same view after the 1871 fire and before the demolition of 1883
The finalization of the long planned Louvre-Tuileries complex was not to happen. On 23 May 1871, during the suppression of the Paris Commune, 12 men under the orders of Jules Bergeret, the former chief military commander of the Commune, set the Tuileries on fire at 7 p.m., using petroleum, liquid tar and turpentine. The fire lasted 48 hours and thoroughly gutted the palace, except for the southernmost part, the Pavillon de Flore[10] (the gate of honor, the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, also remains, as well as the foundation[11]). The dome itself was blown up by explosives placed in the central pavilion and detonated by the converging fires. Observing this, Bergeret sent a note to the Committee of Public Safety: 'The last vestiges of Royalty have just disappeared. I wish that the same may befall all the public buildings of Paris'[12] It was only on 25 May that the Paris fire brigades and the 26th battalion of the Chasseurs d'Afrique managed to put out the fire. The library and other portions of the Louvre were also set on fire by Communards and entirely destroyed. The museum itself was only miraculously saved.
The ruins of the Tuileries stood on the site for 11 years. Although the roofs and the inside of the palace had been utterly destroyed by the fire, the stone shell of the palace remained intact and restoration was possible. Other monuments of Paris also set on fire by Communards, such as the City Hall, were rebuilt in the 1870s. After much hesitation, the Third Republic eventually decided not to restore the ruins of the Tuileries, which had become a symbol of the former royal and imperial regimes. However, the portions of the Louvre that had also been destroyed by fire were rebuilt in their original style.
Demolition[edit]
The Château de la Punta in Corsica which was partially built with stones from the Tuileries
In 1882, the French National Assembly voted for the demolition of the ruins, which were sold to a private entrepreneur for the sum of 33,300 gold francs (approximately US$130,000 in 2005[citation needed]), despite the protests of Baron Haussmann and other members of French artistic and architectural circles, who opposed what they thought was a crime against French arts and history. The demolition was started in February 1883 and completed on 30 September 1883. Bits of stone and marble from the palace were sold by a private entrepreneur, Achille Picart, as souvenirs, and even to build a castle in Corsica, near Ajaccio, the Château de la Punta (fr),[13] which is essentially a reconstruction of the Pavillon de Bullant. The courtyard pediment of the central pavilion can be seen in Paris' Georges Cain square (fr), some courtyard is in the garden of the Trocadero. Other pieces are in the Louvre, the Museum of Decorative Arts, and at schools of architecture, fine arts, and bridges and roads.[14]
Tuileries Garden and the Axe historique[edit]
Main article: Tuileries Garden
Afternoon at the Tuileries Park by Adolph von Menzel
When the large empty space between the northern and southern wings of the Louvre now familiar to modern visitors was revealed in 1883, for the first time the Louvre courtyard opened into an unbroken Axe historique. The Tuileries Garden (French: Jardin des Tuileries) is surrounded by the Louvre (to the east), the Seine (to the south), the Place de la Concorde (to the west) and the Rue de Rivoli (to the north).
The straight line which runs through the Place de la Concorde and the Arc de Triomphe to La Défense was originally centred on the façade of the Tuileries, a similar line leading across the entrance court of the Louvre. As the two façades were placed at slightly differing angles, this has resulted in a slight 'kink' on the site of the palace a feature ultimately dictated by the curved course of the River Seine.
Tuileries Garden[edit]
The Tuileries Garden covers about 63 acres (25 hectares) and still closely follows a design laid out by the royal landscape architect André Le Nôtre in 1664. His spacious formal garden plan drew out the perspective from the reflecting pools one to the other in an unbroken vista along a central axis from the west façade, which has been extended as the Axe historique.
The Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume is a museum of contemporary art located in the northwest corner of the gardens.
Rebuilding the Tuileries Palace[edit]
Le Nôtre's central axis of the Tuileries' parterres in a late 17th-century engraving
The same view today, past the palace's site to the Palais du Louvre
Since 2003, the Comité national pour la reconstruction des Tuileries[15][16] has been proposing to rebuild the Tuileries Palace. This effort is similar to the proposal of reconstruction of the Berliner Stadtschloss (Berlin City Palace). There are several reasons for rebuilding the Palace of the Tuileries. Ever since the destruction of 1883, the famous perspective of the Champs-Élysées, which ended on the majestic façade of the Tuileries Palace, now ends at the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, formerly centered on the Tuileries but now occupying a large empty space. The Louvre, with its pyramid on the one hand, and the Axe historique of the Place de la Concorde-Champs-Élysées-Arc de Triomphe on the other, are not aligned on the same axis.
The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel fortuitously stands near the intersection of the two axes. The Palace of the Tuileries, which was located at the junction of these two diverging axes, helped to disguise this bending of the axes. Architects argue that the rebuilding of the Tuileries would allow the re-establishment of the harmony of these two different axes. The Tuileries Gardens would also recover their purpose, which was to be a palace garden.
Also, it is emphasized that the Musée du Louvre needs to expand its ground plan to properly display all its collections, and if the Tuileries Palace were rebuilt the Louvre could expand into the rebuilt palace. It's also proposed to rebuild the state apartments of the Second Empire as they stood in 1871. All the plans of the palace and many photographs are stored at the Archives nationales. Furthermore, all the furniture and paintings from the palace survived the 1871 fire because they had been removed in 1870 at the start of the Franco-Prussian War and stored in secure locations.
Today, the furniture and paintings are still deposited in storehouses and are not on public display due to the lack of space in the Louvre. It is argued that recreating the state apartments of the Tuileries would allow the display of these treasures of the Second Empire style which are currently hidden.
Cost[edit]
In 2006 a rebuilding of the Palace of the Tuileries was estimated to cost 300 million euros (US$380 million). The plan was to finance the project by public subscription with the work being undertaken by a private foundation, with the French government spending no money on the project. The French president at that time, Jacques Chirac, called for a debate on the subject. Former president Charles de Gaulle had also supported reconstruction, saying that it would "make a jewel of the centre of Paris."[11]
Gallery[edit]
The vast complex formed by the Tuileries Palace and the Louvre Palace.
State rooms of the Tuileries Palace before 1871 - Salon Louis XIV
Great staircase
Tuileries Palace before 1871 - View from the Tuileries Gardens
Princess Marie of Orléans in her studio in the Tuileries Palace (by Prosper Lafaye (fr), c. 1842)
Stool from the former Palais des Tuileries by François-Honoré-Georges Jacob-Desmalter, Paris around 1810
See also[edit]
Paris portal
Pavillon de Flore
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Coeyman 1998, pp. 45–46.
Jump up ^ Hautecoeur 1927, pp. 123–142; Devêche 1981, pp. 9–13.
Jump up ^ Bernier, Oliver, Louis The Beloved: The Life of Louis XV, Doubleday, Garden City, 1984 pp. 12-39
Jump up ^ O'Leary, Margaret R. "Tuileries Palace Attacked, August 10, 1792." Forging Freedom: The Life of Cerf Berr of Médelsheim. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 344. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b Filon, Augustin (1920). Recollections of the Empress Eugénie. London: Cassell and Company, Ltd. pp. 126–127. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fête de nuit aux Tuileries le 10 juin 1867, à l'occasion de la visite de souverains étrangers à l'exposition universelle". Paintings. Carnavalet Museum (in French). Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Filon, Augustin (1920). Recollections of the Empress Eugénie. London: Cassell and Company, Ltd. pp. 61–74. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Kurtz, Harold (1964). The Empress Eugénie: 1826-1920. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 56.
Jump up ^ Filon, Augustin (1920). Recollections of the Empress Eugénie. London: Cassell and Company, Ltd. pp. 107–108. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Paris". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (14th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1956. p. 293.
^ Jump up to: a b Samuel, Henry (14 August 2006). "£200m plan to restore glory of Tuileries Palace". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
Jump up ^ 'Paris under Siege' by Joanna Richardson publ. Folio Society London 1982
Jump up ^ "Le Chateau de la Punta". Pagesperso-orange.fr.
Jump up ^ Van Cappel de Premont, François. "Du Pavillon Bullant au Château de la Punta" (PDF). Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Alain Boumier, président du Comité national pour la reconstruction des Tuileries, en chat sur L'Internaute" (in French). Linternaute.com. 2006-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Le Palais des Tuileries va-t-il renaître de ses cendres ?" [Will the Tuileries Palace Rise From Its Ashes?]. La Croix (in French). 14 September 2008. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Sources
Coeyman, Barbara (1998). "Opera and Ballet in Seventeenth-Century French Theatres: Case Studies of the Salle des Machines and the Palais Royal Theater" in Radice 1998, pp. 37–71.
Devêche, André (1981). The Tuileries Palace and Gardens, translated by Jonathan Eden. Paris: Éditions de la Tourelle-Maloine. OCLC 461768004, 13623823.
Hautecoeur, Louis (1927). L'Histoire des Chateaux du Louvre et des Tuileries. Paris: G. Van Oest. OCLC 1748382, 250838397.
Radice, Mark A., editor (1998). Opera in Context: Essays on Historical Staging from the Late Renaissance to the Time of Puccini. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 9781574670325.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tuileries Palace.
Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article about Tuileries Palace.
National Committee for the rebuilding of the Tuileries Palace (in French)
Rebuilding the Tuileries by Charles T. Downey (Ionarts, 17 August 2006)
http://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2008/qSEQ080604809.html: Projet de reconstruction du palais des Tuileries - 13 ème législature, Journal Officiel du Sénat, June & August 2008, (French).
Photos of the gardens of the Tuileries
Interior and exterior photos, as well as plan of the state floor, of the Second Empire period
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text:
Thomas Lennon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Thomas Lennon (disambiguation).
Thomas Lennon
Lennon in 2015
Born
Thomas Patrick Lennon
(1970-08-09) August 9, 1970 (age 47)
Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, director
Years active
1991–present
Spouse(s)
Jenny Robertson (m. 2002)
Children
1
Thomas Patrick Lennon (born August 9, 1970) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer and director best known as a cast member on MTV's The State, for his role as Lieutenant Jim Dangle on the Comedy Central series Reno 911! and as Felix Unger on the CBS series The Odd Couple. He is the writing partner of Robert Ben Garant.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Acting and performing
2.2 Screenwriting
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Lennon was born in Oak Park, Illinois. Of Irish descent,[1] he is the son of Kathleen (McSheehy) and Timothy Lennon.[2] Lennon graduated from Oak Park and River Forest High School in 1988. At age 16, he met friend and future co-worker Kerri Kenney at Theatre Camp at Northwestern University. The two later attended NYU,[3] where they joined a comedy troupe called The New Group.
Career[edit]
Acting and performing[edit]
While a member of The New Group, the comedy troupe changed its name to The State. As they performed their material at theaters and clubs in New York City, they worked on the MTV show You Wrote It, You Watch It. This led to the self-titled series The State (1993–95), which was nominated for a 1995 Cable Ace Award for Best Comedy Series. That same year, they created a special for CBS called The State's 43rd Annual All-Star Halloween Special.
Following the cancellation of The State, Lennon, along with Kenney, Robert Ben Garant and Michael Ian Black, went on to create and star in the Comedy Central program Viva Variety (1997–99). The show was based on a sketch that Lennon had written for the final season of The State, called "The Mr. and Former Mrs. Laupin Variety Programme." Viva Variety received a 1997 Cable Ace Award nomination for Best Comedy Series. After Viva Variety, Lennon, Kenney and Garant created and starred in Reno 911! (2003–09). Initially slated for Fox, the program later debuted on Comedy Central.
Lennon has appeared as a guest star in dozens of TV shows, including The League, Childrens Hospital, Party Down, New Girl, How I Met Your Mother, Comedy Bang Bang, Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23. One of his notable guest starring roles was as Joey Tribbiani's blackjack dealing, "identical hand twin" on the Friends fifth-season finale ("The One In Vegas," Pts. I and II). Additionally, he has appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, The Tonight Show, The Daily Show, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, and at 31, had the second-most number of appearances on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson.
In 2008, Lennon started doing stand-up comedy, occasionally playing guitar and incorporating music. He has appeared on The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail, John Oliver's New York Stand-Up Show, The Jeselnik Offensive, and The Benson Interruption. He was the guest on the first episode of Chris Hardwick's The Nerdist Podcast, which was recorded in Lennon's garage.
In 2010, Lennon and Garant created and starred in a sitcom pilot for NBC called The Strip. In May that year it was announced that NBC had decided not to produce it as a series.
In November and December 2011, Lennon filled in as guest voice for the robot sidekick Geoff Peterson on the CBS show The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson.
Lennon has also appeared in numerous films, including Bad Teacher, Memento, How To Lose A Guy In 10 Days, Transformers: Age of Extinction, and I Love You, Man, for which he and costar Paul Rudd were nominated for a 2009 MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss. In both Christopher Nolan's film Memento (2000) and The Dark Knight Rises (2012), Lennon played the role of a doctor.[4]
Lennon's voice acting work includes Kim Possible, Bob's Burgers, Archer and Planet Sheen, in which he played the character of Pinter. He played Scribble in Tinkerbell and the Secret of the Wings and Tinkerbell and the Legend of the Neverbeast. He supplied the voice of Eddie the Shipboard Computer in the film version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and plays the voice of Fearless Leader in the 2014 DreamWorks short film version of Rocky and Bullwinkle. He is also the voice of Munk on Dawn of the Croods and the voice of Chief O'Hara in the Warner Brothers animated film: Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders.
Since its premiere in October 2013, Lennon has appeared 17 times on the late-night internet-based improv panel game show, @midnight (which he also produces), winning a total of seven times.[5]
In 2014, Lennon was cast as Felix Unger in the television series reboot of The Odd Couple opposite Matthew Perry, who plays Oscar Madison.[6] In 2016, he co-starred as a scientist in Paramount Animation's Monster Trucks and guest starred on the FOX action sitcom Lethal Weapon as Leo Getz, a character previously portrayed on film by Joe Pesci. Lennon will appear throughout the second season as a recurring character. At the 2016 People's Choice Awards ceremony, he participated in an on-stage sketch parodying the recent gaffe by Steve Harvey at the Miss Universe 2015 pageant.[7]
Screenwriting[edit]
Thomas Lennon is a successful screenwriter and script doctor. Most of Lennon's screenplays are written in collaboration with writing partner Robert Ben Garant.[3] Their films have earned over $1.4 billion at the worldwide box office.[8]
Among Garant and Lennon's credits are the Night at the Museum films, the 2005 Disney comedy The Pacifier and the 2006 prison comedy Let's Go To Prison.
In August 2010, John Landgraf, president of FX Network, announced that his network had ordered a pilot episode for a new Garant/Lennon science fiction television comedy called USS Alabama, set 1000 years in the future, aboard a United Nations peacekeeping spaceship, the U.S.S. Alabama.[4]
Garant and Lennon released a book about writing for film called Writing Movies for Fun and Profit: How We Made a Billion Dollars at the Box Office and You Can Too! in 2011.[8]
Garant and Lennon wrote, directed and starred in the 2013 film Hell Baby starring Rob Corddry and Leslie Bibb. The film was produced by Darko Entertainment, and shot on location in New Orleans, Louisiana. Hell Baby premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival.[4] Garant and Lennon are credited as story co-writers on the film version of Baywatch (2017).
Most recently, The Machine, written by Garant and Lennon, is set to star Vin Diesel. Additionally, their script Action No. 1 is currently in pre-production.
Lennon is also the author of four of IFC's "50 Greatest Comedy Sketches of All Time."[9]
Personal life[edit]
Lennon lives in Los Angeles with his wife, actress Jenny Robertson,[3] and their son Oliver (born 2009). He is also a big fan of The Smiths and Morrissey,[10] occasionally performing live with the tribute band 'Sweet and Tender Hooligans' as a guest guitarist.[11]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994 A Friend of Dorothy Moonie Short film
1998 Row Your Boat Census Taker
1999 Drop Dead Gorgeous Documentarian (voice)
2000 Memento Doctor
2001 Out Cold Eric Montclare
2002 Boat Trip The priest
2003 Le Divorce Roger Walker
2003 How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days Thayer
2003 A Guy Thing Pete Morse
2004 Taxi N/A Writer
2004 Heights Marshall
2006 Conversations with Other Women Videographer
2005 Herbie: Fully Loaded Larry Murphy Writer
2005 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Eddie the Shipboard Computer (voice)
2005 The Godfather of Green Bay D.U.G.
2005 The Pacifier Writer
2006 Night at the Museum Writer
2006 Bickford Shmeckler's Cool Ideas Police officer
2006 Let's Go to Prison Writer
2006 Eden Court Shroeder Duncan
2007 Balls of Fury Karl Wolfschtagg Writer, producer
2007 Reno 911!: Miami Lieutenant Jim Dangle Writer, executive producer
2007 The Ten Scotty Pale
2008 Hancock Mike
2009 Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian Orville Wright Writer
Uncredited cameo
2009 17 Again Ned Gold
2009 I Love You, Man Doug
2009 Al's Brain in 3-D Co-Worker Short film
2010 Hot Tub Time Machine Customer Uncredited
2011 Cedar Rapids Roger Lemke
2011 How to Survive a Robot Uprising Writer
2011 Bad Teacher Carl Halabi
2011 What's Your Number? Dr. Barrett 'Barry' Ingold
2011 A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas Todd
2012 The Hunger Pains Buttitch Totalapathy Short film
2012 What to Expect When You're Expecting Craig
2012 The Dark Knight Rises Doctor
2012 Secret of the Wings Reading Fairy (voice)
2012 Howard Cantour.com Rocco Short film
2013 Hell Baby Pat Writer, producer, director (with Robert Ben Garant)
2013 Rapture-Palooza Mr. Murphy
2013 Jerry, the Exorcist Roommate Jerry Short film
2013 We're the Millers Rick Nathanson
2014 Mr. Peabody and Sherman Italian Peasant #2 (voice) Also wrote additional dialogue
2014 Transformers: Age of Extinction Chief of Staff
2014 Rocky & Bullwinkle Fearless Leader / Mayan Princess (voice) Short film; also writer
2014 Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Scribble (voice)
2015 Knight of Cups Tom
2015 Hot Tub Time Machine 2 BMW Guy Uncredited
2015 Grand Zero David Van Vleck Short film
2016 Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Chief O'Hara / Prison Warden (voice)
2016 Monster Trucks Dr. Jim Dowd
2017 Baywatch Story writer
2017 Pottersville Brock Masterson
2018 A Futile and Stupid Gesture Michael O'Donoghue Post-production
2018 Half Magic Post-production
2018 Batman vs. Two-Face Chief O'Hara (voice) In production
2018 The 15:17 to Paris Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992 You Wrote It, You Watch It Various Also writer
1993–1995 The State Various characters Also co-creator and writer
1995 The State's 43rd Annual All-Star Halloween Special Various characters Television special; also writer
1997 Viva Variety Host Meredith Laupin 16 episodes; also writer
1997–1999 Hercules Atlas (voice) 3 episodes
1999 Friends Randall Episode: "The One in Vegas" parts 1 and 2
1999 Strangers with Candy Wrote episode: "Bogie Nights"
1999–2000 Jesse Ernie 2 episodes
2001 The Legend of Tarzan Landlord (voice) Episode: "Tarzan and the Mysterious Visitor"
2002 Kim Possible Unknown character (voice) Episode: "Kimitation Nation"
2002 MDs Chester E. Donge 8 episodes
2003–09 Reno 911! Lieutenant Jim Dangle Also creator
2004–06 Brandy & Mr. Whiskers Vic (voice) 2 episodes
2006 Stacked Gary Episode: "You're Getting Sleepy"
2007 Wainy Days Ice Cream Man Episode: "Dorvid Days"
2009 The League Bryce Episode: "The Usual Bet"
2010 Archer Charles (voice) 3 episodes
2010 Party Down Nick DiCintio Episode: "Nick DiCintio's Orgy Night"
2010 Svetlana Fyodor Episode: "Wish Fulfillment"
2010–11 Funny or Die Presents Richard / Co-pilot 5 episodes
2010–13 Planet Sheen Pinter/Blurg (voice) 15 episodes
2011 Memphis Beat Keith Grant Episode: "Inside Man"
2011 Childrens Hospital Pat Episode: "Home Is Where the Hospital Is"
2012 New Girl Neil Episode: "See Ya"
2012–15 Comedy Bang! Bang! Various 4 episodes
2012 How I Met Your Mother Klaus 2 episodes
2012 Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 Trey Epis
2012 Blake Shelton's Not So Family Christmas Director Television special
2012–14 Bob's Burgers Chuck (voice) 3 episodes
2013 Franklin & Bash Harley Episode: "Shoot to Thrill"
2013 NTSF:SD:SUV:: Santa Episode: "Wreck the Halls"
2013 @midnight Contestant Executive producer
2013 Key & Peele Person at People Park #5 Episode: "Pussy on the Chainwax"
2013 Wendell & Vinnie Lord Derek Episode: "Swindle & Vinnie"
2013–14 Sean Saves the World Max Thompson 14 episodes
2013–14 Newsreaders Vincent Gates/Pritchard Batchman 3 episodes
2014 Hollywood Game Night Himself Episode: "Things That Go Clue-Boom in the Night"
2014 The Goldbergs Tauntaun Todd Episode: "A Wrestler Named Goldberg"
2014 Hot in Cleveland Agent Gilmore Episode: "Surprise!"
2014 The Birthday Boys Lou Skywalker Episode: "Cerf's Folly"
2014 Comedy Central's All-Star Non-Denominational Christmas Special Television special; writer
2015 Over the Garden Wall Jimmy Brown (voice) Episode: "Chapter 3: Schooltown Follies"
2015 The Hotwives Garrett Truesdale Episode: "You Make Me Wanna Drought"
2015 Crash Test: With Rob Huebel and Paul Scheer Studio Security Television special
2015 Robot Chicken Various (voice) Episode: "Garbage Sushi"
2015–17 The Odd Couple Felix Unger Main role
2015–16 Another Period Marquis de Sainsbury 5 episodes
2015–16 Drunk History Major Jesse Marcel/Timothy Leary 2 episodes
2015–16 TripTank Caller / Broker / Rob (voice) 3 episodes
2015–16 Dawn of the Croods Munk / Crud (voice) 9 episodes
2016 Animals. Kevin (voice) Episode: "Rats."
2016 Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures Wick Cooper / Cleaning Droid (voice) 4 episodes
2016 Bajillion Dollar Propertie$ Serge 6 episodes; also executive producer
2016, 2017 American Dad! News Director, Satan (voice) 2 episodes
2017 Santa Clarita Diet Principal Novak 3 episodes
2017-present Lethal Weapon Leo Getz Guest appearance (season 1)
Recurring role (season 2)
2017 Milo Murphy's Law Henry (voice) Episode: "Murphy's Lard"
2017 Justice League Action Amazo (voice) Episode: "Boo-ray for Bizarro"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ juliehamill (2016-11-13). "Julie Hamill • 15 Minutes With Thomas Lennon, actor". Juliehamill.com. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
Jump up ^ "That cop in the short shorts". Nl.newsbank.com. 2009-04-09. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pearlman, Cindy. "Oak Park native acts, writes way to 'Reno 911!' and beyond", Chicago Sun-Times. Published April 15, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thomas Lennon on IMDb
Jump up ^ "Tom Lennon". Retrieved March 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael. "The Odd Couple Pilot Scoop: Look Who's Playing the Felix to Matthew Perry's Oscar". TVLine.com. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jane Lynch Spoofs Steve Harvey's Miss Universe Gaffe At People's Choice Awards". Huffington Post. January 7, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Morning Edition (2011-07-05). "You Too Can Be A Successful Screenwriter". NPR. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
Jump up ^ "50 Greatest Comedy Sketches of All Time" IFC; April 7, 2008
Jump up ^ "Interview: Thomas Lennon spontaneously pares down his list of quintessential Smiths songs". rhino.com. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Sweet & Tender Hooligans – About". Sweetandtenderhooligans.com. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Lennon.
Thomas Lennon on IMDb
Thomas Lennon on Twitter
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