text:
Eddie the Eagle (film)
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Eddie the Eagle
British theatrical release poster
Directed by
Dexter Fletcher
Produced by
Adam Bohling
David Reid
Rupert Maconick
Valerie Van Galder
Matthew Vaughn
Written by
Sean Macaulay
Simon Kelton
Starring
Taron Egerton
Hugh Jackman
Christopher Walken
Iris Berben
Jim Broadbent
Music by
Matthew Margeson
Cinematography
George Richmond
Edited by
Martin Walsh
Production
company
Marv Films
Studio Babelsberg
Saville Productions
TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
(US/International)
Lionsgate
(United Kingdom)
Release date
26 January 2016 (2016-01-26) (Sundance Film Festival)
26 February 2016 (2016-02-26) (United States)
28 March 2016 (2016-03-28) (United Kingdom)
Running time
105 minutes[1]
Country
United Kingdom
Germany
United States
Language
English
Budget
$23 million[2]
Box office
$46.1 million[3]
Eddie the Eagle is a 2016 biographical sports comedy-drama film directed by Dexter Fletcher. The film stars Taron Egerton as Eddie Edwards, a British skier who in 1988 became the first competitor to represent Great Britain in Olympic ski jumping since 1929. Hugh Jackman, Christopher Walken, Iris Berben and Jim Broadbent co-star. The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival on 26 January 2016.[4]
The film was released by 20th Century Fox in Canada and the U.S on 27 February 2016 and by Lionsgate in the UK on 28 March 2016. In 2017 it was nominated for the Empire Award for Best British Film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
4 Release
5 Soundtrack
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1973, ten-year-old Eddie Edwards dreams of Olympic glory, practicing in various Olympic events and failing miserably. His mother unconditionally supports him, while his father constantly discourages him. As a young teen, he gives up his dream of participating in the Summer Games in favour of skiing in the Winter Games. Although successful at the sport, he is rejected by British Olympic officials for being uncouth. Realizing he could make the team as a ski jumper (a sport in which the United Kingdom had not participated in six decades), he decamps to a training facility in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. The more seasoned jumpers, specifically those on the Norwegian team, belittle him.
He self-trains, and after successfully completing the 15-metre (49 ft) hill on his first try, he injures himself on his first try from a 40-metre (130 ft) hill. Alcoholic snow groomer Bronson Peary encourages Eddie to give up, but Eddie's tenacious spirit and shared feelings of ostracism by the other jumpers there convince him to train Eddie. Peary is a former champion American ski jumper who left the sport in his 20s after a conflict with his mentor, famous ski jumper Warren Sharp, which Eddie learns from Petra, the kindly owner of a nearby tavern. With very little time to qualify for the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Eddie and Bronson employ various unorthodox methods to condition and refine Eddie's form, and he successfully completes the 40m hill.
To qualify for the British Olympic division in ski jumping, Eddie only needs to complete a jump from a 70-metre (230 ft) hill in order to qualify for the Winter Olympics. Not long after, he manages to land the jump successfully, with a distance of 34 metres (112ft), thus winning a place on the British Olympic Team. However, the officials, in an effort to keep Eddie from sullying the Winter Games with his amateurish skillset, decide to change the rules and demand that he jump at least 61 metres (200 ft). Though discouraged, Eddie decides to continue training and performs on a circuit, his jumps increasing in length each time, but unable to meet the Olympic requirements. During a practice jump at the final event before the cutoff date for qualification, he lands a 61m jump exactly, but on his official jump, he falls and is disqualified. Eddie is devastated and resolves to return home to work with his father as a plasterer, but he receives a letter claiming that his qualifying practice jump is valid, and he happily tells Bronson that he's eligible to compete in the Winter Olympics. Bronson tries to dissuade him, promising that he will make a complete fool of himself and his country if he goes, but Eddie is undeterred, noting that competing in the Olympics was always enough for him.
Upon arriving in Calgary, he receives instant scorn from the other British athletes, who get him drunk and nearly provoke him into fighting after he is subsequently absent from the opening ceremonies. Despite finishing last in the 70m jump with 60.5 metres (198 ft), Eddie sets a British record. His triumphant celebrations win the audience over, and the media embrace him as Eddie "The Eagle". Over the phone, Bronson criticises Edwards for not taking the sport seriously. Edwards publicly apologizes to the press for his antics, and wanting to ensure he does not leave the games as little more than a novelty, he enters the 90-metre (300 ft) jump, which he had never attempted before. Bronson decides to travel to the games and support him. After an encouraging conversation with his idol Matti "The Flying Finn" Nykänen on the lift to the top of the hill, Eddie barely manages to land a 71.5-metre (235 ft) jump. Once again, he scores last in the event, but is nonetheless cheered by the audience as well as millions around the world, which includes a playful salute in the closing speech of the President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games, Frank King. British Olympic officials grudgingly accept him.
Warren Sharp reconciles with Bronson, who was present, and Edwards returns home a national hero to the cheers of his fans at the airport, his mother rushes to him embracing him. And as Eddie looks to his father, he reveals a jumper declaring his support before then embracing Eddie as well.
Cast[edit]
Taron Egerton as Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards
Tom Costello as 10-year-old Eddie Edwards
Jack Costello as 15-year-old Eddie Edwards
Hugh Jackman as Bronson Peary[5]
Christopher Walken as Warren Sharp[6]
Iris Berben as Petra
Mark Benton[7] as Richmond, a BOA official
Keith Allen as Terry
Jo Hartley as Janette Edwards
Ania Sowinski as Clarrie
Tim McInnerny as Dustin Target
Edvin Endre as Matti "The Flying Finn" Nykänen
Marc Benjamin as Lars Holbin
Jim Broadbent as a BBC commentator
Daniel Ings as Zach
Rune Temte as Bjørn, a Norwegian coach
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Eddie the Eagle is a co-production of Marv Films (UK), Studio Babelsberg (Germany) and Saville Productions (US).[8][9][10] In March 2015, it was announced that 20th Century Fox had acquired the film, with Taron Egerton[11] and Hugh Jackman starring and Dexter Fletcher directing, from a screenplay by Sean Macaulay and Simon Kelton.[12] [13][14] Egerton would portray Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards, while Jackman would portray Bronson Peary, his coach; Jackman's character was confirmed as fictional by Eddie Edwards.[15][16] It was also announced that Matthew Vaughn, who produced Kingsman: The Secret Service, would reunite with the studio, serving as a producer on the film, while Adam Bohling, David Reid, Rupert Maconick and Valerie Van Galde would also serve as producers.[12] That same month, it was announced that Christopher Walken had joined the film, portraying the role of Jackman's character's mentor.[6]
The film received funds of €2.2 million, from the German Federal Film Fund (DFFF).[17]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography took place in Oberstdorf and Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Bavaria, in Seefeld in Tirol, at the Pinewood Studios and in London from 9 March to 3 May 2015.[18] Dry slope scenes were filmed at a dry ski slope in Bracknell, Berkshire, UK.
Release[edit]
In March 2015, it was announced 20th Century Fox would distribute the film in the United States of America. The studio set 29 April 2016 for the release of the film.[12] That same month, it was announced that Lionsgate had acquired United Kingdom distribution rights to the film, with a spring 2016 release planned.[19] In October 2015, Lionsgate set a release date for the film for 1 April 2016.[20] The date was then moved forward to 28 March 2016. The same month, it was announced that the film had delayed to 26 February in the United States.[21] The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival as a "Surprise Screening" on 26 January 2016.[4]
Soundtrack[edit]
"Fly: Songs Inspired by the Film 'Eddie the Eagle,'" curated by Gary Barlow, was release on 1 April 2016 featuring new songs from Tony Hadley, Marc Almond, Holly Johnson, Paul Young, Kim Wilde, Andy Bell, Midge Ure, Nik Kershaw, ABC, Go West, Howard Jones, OMD and Heaven 17.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Eddie the Eagle grossed a worldwide total of $46.1 million. In the UK, it grossed $12.8m making it the highest grossing British film released in the UK in 2016.[3]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 80% based on 167 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The site's consensus reads, "Eddie the Eagle's amiable sweetness can't disguise its story's many inspirational clichés – but for many viewers, it will be more than enough to make up for them."[22] On Metacritic the film has a score of 54 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[23] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[24]
Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote, "Eddie the Eagle is designed for audiences who will throw their weight behind the film’s schmaltz and sentimentality. Anyone unwilling to commit to the movie’s shamelessness will feel like they’ve hit the ground headfirst."[25] KenyaBuzz called it a must-watch saying it is "positively impetuous and unbearably affectionate."[26] A sportswriter who attended the events in which the real Eddie competed, wrote "three generations of my family loved this film. You can't believe most of it, but you can believe in it. That's a subtle but important difference."[27]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Empire Awards March 19, 2017 Best British Film Eddie the Eagle Nominated [28]
Golden Tomato Awards January 12, 2017 Best British Movie 2016 Eddie the Eagle 5th Place [29]
Golden Trailer Awards May 4, 2016 Best Animation Family "Sport" Nominated [30]
Teen Choice Awards July 31, 2016 Choice Movie Actor: Drama Taron Egerton Nominated [31]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "EDDIE THE EAGLE (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. February 11, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent. "Box Office: ‘Gods of Egypt’ Falling Flat, ‘Deadpool’ Still King". Variety.com. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Eddie the Eagle (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming Jr, Mike (January 25, 2016). "‘Eddie The Eagle’ To Soar In Sundance Surprise Screening". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Matthew Turner (February 13, 2015). "Screenwriter: Hugh Jackman won't play Lake Placid's Chuck Berghorn, exactly". Lake Placid News. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony D'Alessandro (2015-03-31). "Christopher Walken Joins Movies ‘Nine Lives’ & ‘Eddie The Eagle’". Deadline. Retrieved 2015-04-24.
Jump up ^ Tuppence Magazine (2015-06-27). "Eddie The Eagle film". Tuppence Magazine. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Jump up ^ Blaney, Martin (2015-05-08). "World of Locations: Germany". Screen International. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Eddie the Eagle". British Films Directory. British Film Council. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
Jump up ^ "Film Review: ‘Eddie the Eagle’". Variety. Los Angeles: Penske Media Corporation. 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
Jump up ^ Before Taron Egerton's casting, Steve Coogan was linked to the role of Edwards. "Eddie the Eagle Role.". Retrieved 10 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c DeFore, John (March 13, 2015). "‘Eddie The Eagle’ Sundance Review". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Eddie the Eagle | Coming to theaters on Feb 26th, 2016". Eddie The Eagle | 20th Century Fox. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Dexter (2016-02-26), Eddie the Eagle, retrieved 2016-04-01
Jump up ^ Pulver, Andrew (2015-06-08). "Eddie the Eagle: film of my life 'only 10%' accurate". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Jump up ^ Pederson, Erik (March 13, 2015). "‘Eddie The Eagle’ Has Landed At Fox; Biopic Starring Taron Egerton, Hugh Jackman Set For 2016". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung (2016-01-20). "Staatsministerin Grütters – DFFF bleibt wichtiger Anreiz für einen attraktiven Filmstandort Deutschland" (Press release) (in German). Berlin: Cabinet of Germany. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (March 9, 2015). "First Look at Hugh Jackman and Taron Egerton on the Set of 'Eddie the Eagle'". comingsoon.net. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (March 16, 2015). "Lionsgate UK Jumps For ‘Eddie The Eagle’". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (October 15, 2015). "‘Eddie The Eagle’ Sets UK Landing Date; Stephen Fry Leaving ‘QI’ – Global Briefs". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (December 17, 2015). "‘Eddie The Eagle’ Trailer Swoops In With First Look At Underdog Ski-Jumper Story". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Eddie the Eagle (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Eddie the Eagle reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "‘Deadpool’ Overthrows ‘Gods Of Egypt’, ‘Eddie The Eagle’ At Thursday Box Office". deadline.com.
Jump up ^ "‘Eddie the Eagle’ Review: Hugh Jackman Ski Tale Buries Audience in Avalanche of Feel-Good-Isms". The Wrap. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "‘Eddie the Eagle’ Review: Sentimental Biopic Brings the Tears". www.kenyabuzz.com. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
Jump up ^ Sharwood, Anthony (16 April 2016). "Eddie The Eagle Starring Hugh Jackman Is The Best Worst Movie We've Seen For Ages". The Huffington Post Australia. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Pape, Danny (February 7, 2017). "Star Wars: Rogue One Leads Empire Awards 2017 Nominations". Flickreel.com. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2016". Rotten Tomatoes. 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "The 17th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees". GoldenTrailer.com. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Vulpo, Mike (May 24, 2016). "Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced: See the "First Wave" of Potential Winners". E!. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
Eddie the Eagle on IMDb
Eddie the Eagle at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
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Films directed by Dexter Fletcher
Wild Bill (2011)
Sunshine on Leith (2013)
Eddie the Eagle (2016)
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Infancy Gospel of Thomas
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Not to be confused with Gospel of Thomas.
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The Infancy Gospel of Thomas is a biographical gospel about the childhood of Jesus, believed to date latest to the 2nd century or earlier. It does not form part of the biblical canon in any form of Christianity.
The Infancy Gospel of Thomas is thought to be Gnostic in origin. The oldest known copy (discovered with the Nag Hammadi) was written in Coptic, not Greek as would have been expected of an authentic apocryphal text or "lost gospel". Later references (by Hippolytus of Rome and Origen of Alexandria) to a "Gospel of Thomas", are more likely to be referring to this Infancy Gospel, than to the wholly different Gospel of Thomas with which it is sometimes confused.
Early Christians regarded the Infancy Gospel of Thomas as inauthentic and heretical. Hipploytus identified it as a fake and a heresy in his Refutation of All Heresies, and his contemporary Origen referred to it in a similar way in a homily written in the early 3rd century. Eusebius rejected it as a heretical "fiction" in the third book of his 4th-century Church History, and Pope Gelasius I included it in his list of heretical books in the 5th century.
While non-canonical in Christianity, the Infancy Gospel of Thomas is said by scholars to influence Islamic beliefs about Jesus along with the Protevangelium of James, with the Qur'an containing references to many stories found in both works. One theory suggested is that Christians in Mecca at the time of Mohammed's life only knew of these texts and not of the Canonical Gospels, but this is contested.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Author
2 Dating
3 Manuscript tradition
4 Content
5 Syriac Infancy Gospel
6 See also
7 Further reading
8 References
9 External links
Author[edit]
The Infancy Gospel of Thomas is a work attributed to "Thomas the Israelite" (in a medieval Latin version).[citation needed] The biblical Thomas (or Judas Thomas, Didymos Judas Thomas, etc.) is very unlikely to have had anything to do with the text. Some scholars believe the initial author was a gentile, and whoever he was, he seems not to have known much of Jewish life besides what he could learn from the Gospel of Luke, which the text seems to refer to directly in ch. 19; Sabbath and Passover observances are mentioned.
Dating[edit]
The first known quotation of its text is from Irenaeus of Lyon, ca 185. The earliest possible date of authorship is in the 80s A.D., the approximate date of the Gospel of Luke, from which the author of the Infancy Gospel borrowed the story of Jesus in the temple at age twelve (see Infancy 19:1-12 and Luke 2:41-52). Scholars generally agree on a date in the mid- to late-2nd century A.D. There are two 2nd-century documents, the Epistula Apostolorum and Irenaeus' Adversus haereses, which refer to a story of Jesus' tutor telling him, "Say alpha," and him replying, "First tell me what is beta, and I can tell you what alpha is." It is generally agreed that there was at least some period of oral transmission of the text, either wholly or as several different stories before it was first redacted and transcribed, and it is thus entirely possible that both of these documents and the Infancy Gospel of Thomas all refer to the oral versions of this story.
Manuscript tradition[edit]
It is unknown whether the original language of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas was Greek or Syriac. The few surviving Greek manuscripts provide no clues themselves, since none of them date before the 13th century, while the earliest authorities, according to the editor and translator Montague Rhodes James, are a much abbreviated 6th century Syriac version, and a Latin palimpsest of the 5th or 6th century, which has never been fully translated and can be found in Vienna. There are many different manuscripts, translations, shortened versions, alternates, and parallels with slight nuance differences. James found that their large number makes the accounting of which text was which very difficult. This number of texts and versions reflects the great popularity of the work during the High Middle Ages.
Content[edit]
Jesus raises the clay birds of his playmates to life. (Klosterneuburger Evangelienwerk, 14th century)
The text describes the life of the child Jesus, with fanciful, and sometimes malevolent, supernatural events, comparable to the trickster nature of the god-child in many a Greek myth. One of the episodes involves Jesus making clay birds, which he then proceeds to bring to life, an act also attributed to Jesus in Quran 5:110,[2] and in a medieval work known as Toledot Yeshu, although Jesus' age at the time of the event is not specified in either account. In another episode, a child disperses water that Jesus has collected. Jesus kills his first child, when at age one he curses a boy, which causes the child's body to wither into a corpse. Later, Jesus kills another child when Jesus curses him when he apparently accidentally bumps into Jesus, throws a stone at Jesus, or punches Jesus (depending on the translation).
When Joseph and Mary's neighbors complain, they are miraculously struck blind by Jesus. Jesus then starts receiving lessons, but arrogantly tries to teach the teacher instead, upsetting the teacher who suspects supernatural origins. Jesus is amused by this suspicion, which he confirms, and revokes all his earlier apparent cruelty. Subsequently he resurrects a friend who is killed when he falls from a roof, and heals another who cuts his foot with an axe.
After various other demonstrations of supernatural ability, new teachers try to teach Jesus, but he proceeds to explain the law to them instead. There is another set of miracles in which Jesus heals his brother who is bitten by a snake, and two others who have died from different causes. Finally, the text recounts the episode in Luke in which Jesus, aged twelve, teaches in the temple.
Although the miracles seem quite randomly inserted into the text, there are three miracles before, and three after, each of the sets of lessons. The structure of the story is essentially:
Bringing life to a dried fish (this is only present in later texts)
(First group)
3 Miracles - Breathes life into birds fashioned from clay, curses a boy, who then becomes a corpse, curses a boy who falls dead and his parents become blind
Attempt to teach Jesus which fails, with Jesus doing the teaching
3 Miracles - Reverses his earlier acts, resurrects a friend who fell from a roof, heals a man who chopped his foot with an axe.[3]
(Second group)
3 Miracles - Carries water on cloth, produces a feast from a single grain, stretches a beam of wood to help his father finish constructing a bed
Attempts to teach Jesus, which fails, with Jesus doing the teaching
3 Miracles - Heals James from snake poison, resurrects a child who died of illness, resurrects a man who died in a construction accident
Incident in the temple paralleling Luke
Episodes from Jesus' childhood as depicted in the "Klosterneuburger Evangelienwerk", a 14th-century gospel translation:
Jesus is carrying water in his lap, after his water jar got broken; other children are watching in surprise.
Jesus hands the water in his lap over to Mary.
Jesus reassembles the water jars of the children who, in an attempt to imitate him, smashed their jars on purpose.
Jesus tells Joseph to raise a dead man.
Joseph raises the man on the stretcher from the dead.
During play, child Zenon falls off the roof of a house; two Jews accuse Jesus to have pushed him.
Jesus raises the dead child from the dead, so he can testify that Jesus is innocent.
Together with other children, Jesus is catching fish on Sabbath.
A Jew who scolds the children dies on the spot.
The children complain about Jesus to adult Jews.
At Mary's and Joseph's request, Jesus raises the dead man.
Jesus plays with lions and guides them up to the town gates. The town people are scared.
Jesus quarrels with his teacher in front of other pupils about the nature of the letters.
Syriac Infancy Gospel[edit]
The Syriac Infancy Gospel (Injilu 't Tufuliyyah), translated from a Coptic original, gives some parallels to the episodes "recorded in the book of Josephus the Chief Priest, who was in the time of Christ."[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Unknown years of Jesus
Further reading[edit]
Barnstone, Willis (ed.). The Other Bible, Harper Collins, 1984, pp. 398–403. ISBN 0-06-250031-7
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Qur'an being influenced by The Infancy Gospel of Thomas: Bart Ehrman https://ehrmanblog.org/a-different-interpretation-of-the-mischievous-boy-jesus/
Jump up ^ Kate Zebiri of the University of London (Spring 2000). "Contemporary Muslim Understanding of the Miracles of Jesus" (PDF). The Muslim World. Hartford Seminary's Macdonald Center for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. 90: 74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-09. Retrieved 2010-01-04. In the Qur'an, the miracles of Jesus are described in two passages: 3:49 and 5:110. Qur'an 3:49 attributes the following words to Jesus: I have come to you, with a Sign from your Lord, in that I make for you of clay, the figure of a bird, and breathe into it, and it becomes a bird by God's permission
Jump up ^ Gospel of Thomas Greek Text A(Archive), Wesley Center Online, Northwest Nazarene University
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Infancy Gospel of Thomas
Early Christian Writings: Infancy Gospel of Thomas
Gnostic Society Library: Infancy Gospel of Thomas introduction and translations by M.R. James, 1924
[hide]
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The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden (1926)
The Lost Books of the Bible
Gospel of James
Syriac Infancy Gospel
Infancy Gospel of Thomas
Epistles of Jesus Christ and Abgarus King of Edessa
Gospel of Nicodemus
Apostles' Creed
Epistle to the Laodiceans
Epistle to Seneca the Younger
Acts of Paul and Thecla
First Epistle of Clement
Second Epistle of Clement
Epistle of Barnabas
Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians
Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians
Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians
Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans
Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians
Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrneans
Epistle of Ignatius to Polycarp
The Shepherd of Hermas
Letter of Herod To Pilate the Governor
Letter of Pilate to Herod
Gospel of Peter
Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians
The Forgotten Books of Eden
Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan
Second Book of Enoch
Psalms of Solomon
Odes of Solomon
Letter of Aristeas
4 Maccabees
Story of Ahikar
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: n82122579
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List of 24 Hours of Le Mans winners
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nine-time Le Mans winner, Danish driver Tom Kristensen
The 24 Hours of Le Mans (24 heures du Mans) is the world's oldest sports car endurance race and one of the most famous and influential in motorsports history.
The overall winners of all events since 1923 are listed here. The race has been run every year since its inception with the exception of 1936, where the race was not run due to worker strikes, and 1940 to 1948, due to World War II. Records for wins are also listed. Lower class wins are not included.
133 total drivers have won in the eighty-six runnings of the event.
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners
2 Records
2.1 Drivers
2.1.1 Most wins
2.1.2 Most consecutive wins
2.1.3 Winning drivers per nation
2.1.4 Total wins per nation
2.2 Constructors
2.2.1 Most wins
2.2.2 Most consecutive wins
2.2.3 By nationality
2.3 Motive Power
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Winners[edit]
Year
Drivers
Team
Car
Tyre
Laps
Distance
Championship
2018
Sébastien Buemi
Fernando Alonso
Kazuki Nakajima Toyota Gazoo Racing Toyota TS050 Hybrid M 388 5286.888 km FIA World Endurance Championship
2017
Timo Bernhard
Brendon Hartley
Earl Bamber Porsche LMP Team Porsche 919 Hybrid M 367 5001.834 km FIA World Endurance Championship
2016
Romain Dumas
Neel Jani
Marc Lieb Porsche Team Porsche 919 Hybrid M 384 5233.53 km FIA World Endurance Championship
2015
Nico Hülkenberg
Earl Bamber
Nick Tandy Porsche Team Porsche 919 Hybrid M 395 5383.46 km FIA World Endurance Championship
2014
Marcel Fässler
André Lotterer
Benoît Tréluyer Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R18 e-tron quattro M 379 5165.39 km FIA World Endurance Championship
2013
Tom Kristensen
Allan McNish
Loïc Duval Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R18 e-tron quattro M 348 4742.89 km FIA World Endurance Championship
2012
Marcel Fässler
André Lotterer
Benoît Tréluyer Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R18 e-tron quattro M 378 5151.76 km FIA World Endurance Championship
2011
Marcel Fässler
André Lotterer
Benoît Tréluyer Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R18 TDI M 355 4838.30 km Intercontinental Le Mans Cup
2010
Mike Rockenfeller
Timo Bernhard
Romain Dumas Audi Sport North America Audi R15 TDI plus M 397 5410.71 km
2009
David Brabham
Marc Gené
Alexander Wurz Peugeot Sport Total Peugeot 908 HDi FAP M 382 5206.28 km
2008
Tom Kristensen
Allan McNish
Rinaldo Capello Audi Sport North America Audi R10 TDI M 381 5192.65 km
2007
Frank Biela
Emanuele Pirro
Marco Werner Audi Sport North America Audi R10 TDI M 369 5036.85 km
2006
Frank Biela
Emanuele Pirro
Marco Werner Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R10 TDI M 380 5187 km
2005
JJ Lehto
Marco Werner
Tom Kristensen ADT Champion Racing Audi R8 M 370 5050.5 km
2004
Seiji Ara
Tom Kristensen
Rinaldo Capello Audi Sport Japan Team Goh Audi R8 M 379 5169.9 km
2003
Tom Kristensen
Rinaldo Capello
Guy Smith Team Bentley Bentley Speed 8 M 377 5146.05 km
2002
Frank Biela
Tom Kristensen
Emanuele Pirro Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R8 M 375 5118.75 km
2001
Frank Biela
Tom Kristensen
Emanuele Pirro Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R8 M 321 4381.65 km
2000
Frank Biela
Tom Kristensen
Emanuele Pirro Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R8 M 368 5007.99 km
1999
Pierluigi Martini
Yannick Dalmas
Joachim Winkelhock Team BMW Motorsport BMW V12 LMR M 365 4968 km
1998
Laurent Aïello
Allan McNish
Stéphane Ortelli Porsche AG Porsche 911 GT1-98 M 351 4773.18 km
1997
Michele Alboreto
Stefan Johansson
Tom Kristensen Joest Racing TWR Porsche WSC-95 G 361 4909.6 km
1996
Manuel Reuter
Davy Jones
Alexander Wurz Joest Racing TWR Porsche WSC-95 G 354 4814.4 km
1995
Yannick Dalmas
JJ Lehto
Masanori Sekiya Kokusai Kaihatsu Racing McLaren F1 GTR M 298 4055.8 km
1994
Yannick Dalmas
Hurley Haywood
Mauro Baldi Le Mans Porsche Team Dauer 962 Le Mans G 344 4678.4 km
1993
Geoff Brabham
Christophe Bouchut
Éric Hélary Peugeot Talbot Sport Peugeot 905 Evo 1B M 375 5100 km
1992
Derek Warwick
Yannick Dalmas
Mark Blundell Peugeot Talbot Sport Peugeot 905 Evo 1B M 352 4787.2 km World Sportscar Championship
1991
Volker Weidler
Johnny Herbert
Bertrand Gachot Mazdaspeed Co. Ltd. Mazda 787B D 362 4922.81 km World Sportscar Championship
1990
John Nielsen
Price Cobb
Martin Brundle Silk Cut Jaguar Jaguar XJR-12 G 359 4882.4 km
1989
Jochen Mass
Manuel Reuter
Stanley Dickens Team Sauber Mercedes Sauber C9-Mercedes-Benz M 389 5265.115 km
1988
Jan Lammers
Johnny Dumfries
Andy Wallace Silk Cut Jaguar Jaguar XJR-9LM D 394 5332.97 km World Sports Prototype Championship
1987
Derek Bell
Hans-Joachim Stuck
Al Holbert Rothmans Porsche AG Porsche 962C D 354 4791.9 km World Sports Prototype Championship
1986
Derek Bell
Hans-Joachim Stuck
Al Holbert Rothmans Porsche AG Porsche 962C D 367 4972.731 km World Sports Prototype Championship
1985
Klaus Ludwig
Paolo Barilla
"John Winter" Joest Racing Porsche 956 D 373 5088.507 km World Endurance Championship
1984
Klaus Ludwig
Henri Pescarolo Joest Racing Porsche 956 D 359 4900.276 km World Endurance Championship
1983
Vern Schuppan
Al Holbert
Hurley Haywood Rothmans Porsche Porsche 956 D 370 5047.934 km World Endurance Championship
1982
Jacky Ickx
Derek Bell Rothmans Porsche System Porsche 956 D 359 4899.086 km World Endurance Championship
1981
Jacky Ickx
Derek Bell Porsche System Porsche 936 D 354 4825.348 km World Endurance Championship
1980
Jean Rondeau
Jean-Pierre Jaussaud Jean Rondeau Rondeau M379B-Ford Cosworth G 338 4608.02 km World Championship for Makes
1979
Klaus Ludwig
Bill Whittington
Don Whittington Porsche Kremer Racing Porsche 935 K3 D 307 4173.93 km
1978
Jean-Pierre Jaussaud
Didier Pironi Alpine Renault Renault Alpine A442B M 369 5044.53 km
1977
Jacky Ickx
Hurley Haywood
Jürgen Barth Martini Racing Porsche System Porsche 936/77 D 342 4671.83 km
1976
Jacky Ickx
Gijs van Lennep Martini Racing Porsche System Porsche 936 G 349 4769.923 km
1975
Jacky Ickx
Derek Bell Gulf Research Racing Co. Mirage GR8-Ford Cosworth G 336 4594.577 km
1974
Henri Pescarolo
Gérard Larrousse Equipe Gitanes Matra MS670C G 337 4606.571 km World Championship for Makes
1973
Henri Pescarolo
Gérard Larrousse Equipe Matra-Simca Shell Matra MS670B G 355 4853.945 km World Championship for Makes
1972
Henri Pescarolo
Graham Hill Equipe Matra-Simca Shell Matra MS670 G 344 4691.343 km World Championship for Makes
1971
Helmut Marko
Gijs van Lennep Martini Racing Team Porsche 917K F 397 5335.313 km International Championship for Makes
1970
Hans Herrmann
Richard Attwood Porsche KG Salzburg Porsche 917K G 343 4607.81 km International Championship for Makes
1969
Jacky Ickx
Jackie Oliver J.W. Automotive Engineering Ford GT40 Mk. I F 372 4997.88 km International Championship for Makes
1968
Pedro Rodríguez
Lucien Bianchi J.W. Automotive Engineering Ford GT40 Mk. I F 331 4452.88 km International Championship for Makes
1967
Dan Gurney
A. J. Foyt Shelby-American Inc. Ford GT40 Mk. IV G 388 5232.9 km International Championship for Sports-Prototypes
International Championship for Sports Cars
1966
Bruce McLaren
Chris Amon Shelby-American Inc. Ford GT40 Mk. II G 360 4843.09 km International Championship for Sports-Prototypes
International Championship for Sports Cars
1965
Jochen Rindt
Masten Gregory
Ed Hugus North American Racing Team Ferrari 250LM G 348 4677.11 km International Championship for GT Manufacturers
1964
Jean Guichet
Nino Vaccarella SpA Ferrari SEFAC Ferrari 275P D 349 4695.31 km International Championship for GT Manufacturers
1963
Ludovico Scarfiotti
Lorenzo Bandini SpA Ferrari SEFAC Ferrari 250P D 339 4561.71 km International Championship for GT Manufacturers
1962
Olivier Gendebien
Phil Hill SpA Ferrari SEFAC Ferrari 330 TRI/LM Spyder D 331 4451.255 km International Championship for GT Manufacturers
1961
Olivier Gendebien
Phil Hill Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari 250 TRI/61 D 333 4476.58 km World Sportscar Championship
1960
Olivier Gendebien
Paul Frère Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari 250 TR59/60 D 314 4217.527 km World Sportscar Championship
1959
Carroll Shelby
Roy Salvadori David Brown Racing Dept. Aston Martin DBR1 A 323 4347.9 km World Sportscar Championship
1958
Olivier Gendebien
Phil Hill Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari 250 TR58 E 305 4101.926 km World Sportscar Championship
1957
Ron Flockhart
Ivor Bueb Ecurie Ecosse Jaguar D-Type D 327 4397.108 km World Sportscar Championship
1956
Ron Flockhart
Ninian Sanderson Ecurie Ecosse Jaguar D-Type D 300 4034.939 km
1955
Mike Hawthorn
Ivor Bueb Jaguar Cars Ltd. Jaguar D-Type D 307 4135.38 km World Sportscar Championship
1954
José Froilán González
Maurice Trintignant Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari 375 Plus P 302 4061.15 km World Sportscar Championship
1953
Tony Rolt
Duncan Hamilton Jaguar Cars Ltd. Jaguar C-Type D 304 4088.064 km World Sportscar Championship
1952
Hermann Lang
Fritz Riess Daimler-Benz A.G. Mercedes-Benz W194 C 277 3733.839 km
1951
Peter Walker
Peter Whitehead Peter Walker Jaguar XK-120C D 267 3611.193 km
1950
Louis Rosier
Jean-Louis Rosier Louis Rosier Talbot Lago Grand Sport T26 D 256 3465.12 km
1949
Luigi Chinetti
Peter Mitchell-Thomson Lord Selsdon Ferrari 166MM E 235 3178.299 km
1940
to
1948
Races cancelled for World War II and French reconstruction
1939
Jean-Pierre Wimille
Pierre Veyron Jean-Pierre Wimille Bugatti Type 57S Tank D 248 3354.76 km
1938
Eugène Chaboud
Jean Trémoulet Eugène Chaboud / Jean Trémoulet Delahaye 135CS D 235 3180.94 km
1937
Jean-Pierre Wimille
Robert Benoist Roger Labric Bugatti Type 57G Tank D 243 3287.938 km
1936
Race cancelled due to workers strike
1935
Johnny Hindmarsh
Luis Fontés Arthur W. Fox / Charles Nichol Lagonda M45R Rapide D 222 3006.797 km
1934
Luigi Chinetti
Philippe Étancelin Luigi Chinetti / Philippe Étancelin Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 E 213 2886.938 km
1933
Raymond Sommer
Tazio Nuvolari Soc. Anon. Alfa Romeo Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 E 233 3144.038 km
1932
Raymond Sommer
Luigi Chinetti Raymond Sommer Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 E 218 2954.038 km
1931
Earl Howe
Henry Birkin Earl Howe Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 D 184 3017.654 km
1930
Woolf Barnato
Glen Kidston Bentley Motors Ltd. Bentley Speed Six D 179 2930.663 km
1929
Woolf Barnato
Henry Birkin Bentley Motors Ltd. Bentley Speed Six D 174 2843.83 km
1928
Woolf Barnato
Bernard Rubin Bentley Motors Ltd. Bentley 4½ Litre D 154 2669.272 km
1927
Dudley Benjafield
Sammy Davis Bentley Motors Ltd. Bentley 3 Litre Super Sport D 137 2369.807 km
1926
Robert Bloch
André Rossignol No Team Name Lorraine-Dietrich B3-6 D 147 2552.414 km
1925
Gérard de Courcelles
André Rossignol No Team Name Lorraine-Dietrich B3-6 D 129 2233.982 km
1924
John Duff
Frank Clement Duff & Aldington Bentley 3 Litre Sport D 120 2077.341 km
1923
André Lagache
René Léonard Chenard & Walcker SA Chenard & Walcker Sport 3-Litre M 128 2209.536 km
Records[edit]
Six-time Le Mans winner, Belgian driver Jacky Ickx
Five-time Le Mans winners: British driver Derek Bell (left), German driver Frank Biela (center), Italian driver Emanuele Pirro (right).
Drivers[edit]
Most wins[edit]
Rank
Driver
Wins
Years
1
Tom Kristensen 9 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2013
2
Jacky Ickx 6 1969, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1982
3
Derek Bell 5 1975, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1987
Frank Biela 2000, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007
Emanuele Pirro 2000, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007
6
Olivier Gendebien 4 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962
Henri Pescarolo 1972, 1973, 1974, 1984
Yannick Dalmas 1992, 1994, 1995, 1999
Most consecutive wins[edit]
Rank
Driver
Consecutive
Wins
Years
1
Tom Kristensen 6 2000 - 2005
2
Woolf Barnato 3 1928 - 1930
Olivier Gendebien 1960 - 1962
Henri Pescarolo 1972 - 1974
Jacky Ickx 1975 - 1977
Emanuele Pirro 2000 - 2002
Frank Biela 2000 - 2002
Marco Werner 2005 - 2007
Winning drivers per nation[edit]
Rank
Nation
Winning
Drivers
1
United Kingdom 32
2
France 29
3
Germany 19
4
United States 12[1]
5
Italy 11[1]
6
Belgium 5
7
Australia 4
New Zealand
9
Austria 3
Japan
Switzerland
12
Denmark 2
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
16
Argentina 1
Canada
Finland
Mexico
Total wins per nation[edit]
Rank
Nation
Wins
1
France 43
2
United Kingdom 42
3
Germany 31
4
United States 18
Italy
6
Belgium 13
7
Denmark 10
8
New Zealand 5
Switzerland
10
Austria 4
Australia
12
Netherlands 3
Japan
14
Finland 2
Spain
Sweden
17
Argentina 1
Canada
Mexico
Constructors[edit]
Most wins[edit]
Rank
Constructor
Wins
Years
1
Porsche 19 1970-1971, 1976-1977, 1979, 1981-1987, 1994,[2] 1996-1998,[3] 2015-2017
2
Audi 13 2000-2002, 2004-2008, 2010-2014
3
Ferrari 9 1949, 1954, 1958, 1960-1965
4
Jaguar 7 1951, 1953, 1955-1957, 1988, 1990
5
Bentley 6 1924, 1927-1930, 2003
6
Alfa Romeo 4 1931-1934
Ford 1966-1969
8
Matra-Simca 3 1972-1974
Peugeot 1992-1993, 2009
10
Lorraine-Dietrich 2 1925-1926
Bugatti 1937, 1939
12
Chenard & Walcker 1 1923
Lagonda 1935
Delahaye 1938
Talbot-Lago 1950
Mercedes-Benz 1952
Aston Martin 1959
Mirage 1975
Renault-Alpine 1978
Rondeau 1980
Sauber-Mercedes 1989 [4]
Mazda 1991
McLaren 1995
BMW 1999
Toyota 2018
Most consecutive wins[edit]
Rank
Constructor
Consecutive
Wins
Years
1
Porsche 7 1981 - 1987
2
Ferrari 6 1960 - 1965
3
Audi 5 2004 - 2008
Audi 2010 - 2014
5
Bentley 4 1927 - 1930
Alfa Romeo 1931 - 1934
Ford 1966 - 1969
8
Jaguar 3 1955 - 1957
Matra-Simca 1972 - 1974
Porsche 1996 - 1998
Audi 2000 - 2002
Porsche 2015 - 2017
13
Lorraine-Dietrich 2 1925 - 1926
Porsche 1970 - 1971
Porsche 1976 - 1977
Peugeot 1992 - 1993
By nationality[edit]
Nation
Win(s)
Constructor(s)
1
Germany 34 4
2
United Kingdom 17 6
3
France 15 9
4
Italy 13 2
5
United States 4 1
6 Japan 2 2
7 Switzerland 1 [4] 1
Motive Power[edit]
By engine type
Format
Wins
Naturally Aspirated
Forced Induction
Gasoline
Diesel
Hybrid
V12 20 16 4 16 4 0
Inline 6 14 14 0 14 0 0
Flat 6 14 0 14 14 0 0
V8 13 6 7 13 0 0
Inline 8 6 1 5 6 0 0
V6 5 1 5 1 4 4
Inline 4 4 4 0 4 0 0
V10 3 2 1 2 1 0
V4 3 0 3 3 0 3
Flat 12 2 2 0 2 0 0
4 Rotor 1 1 0 1 0 0
Total 85 47 38 76 9 7
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Luigi Chinetti won Le Mans initially as an Italian, but later won as an American. His wins are included for both countries.
Jump up ^ The 1994 victory is listed with Porsche, although Dauer Sportwagen was the official constructor of the road car, a Porsche 962 heavily modified for street use and race homologation.
Jump up ^ The 1996 and 1997 victories are listed with Porsche, although the car was built by TWR on a modified Jaguar XJR-14 chassis, fitted with a Porsche 962 engine.
^ Jump up to: a b The ACO attributed the 1989 victory to the Swiss constructor Sauber
References[edit]
(in French) Le Mans 1965 in Automobile Historique n°48 May 2005
(in French) 24 heures du Mans 1973 in Automobile Historique n°49 June/July 2005
External links[edit]
Le Mans official site
Le Mans winners, history
Results pages
Le Mans Register
Le Mans History All the cars, drivers, classifications, history, photos
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The Magnificent Seven
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the 2016 remake, see The Magnificent Seven (2016 film). For other uses, see Magnificent Seven.
The Magnificent Seven
Original film poster
Directed by
John Sturges
Produced by
John Sturges
Screenplay by
William Roberts
Uncredited:
Walter Bernstein
Walter Newman
Based on
Seven Samurai
by Akira Kurosawa
Shinobu Hashimoto
Hideo Oguni
(uncredited)
Starring
Yul Brynner
Eli Wallach
Steve McQueen
Charles Bronson
Robert Vaughn
James Coburn
Brad Dexter
Horst Buchholz
Music by
Elmer Bernstein
Cinematography
Charles Lang
Edited by
Ferris Webster
Production
company
The Mirisch Company
Alpha Productions
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
October 23, 1960 (1960-10-23)
Running time
128 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$2 million[1]
Box office
$2,250,000 (rentals)[2]
The Magnificent Seven is a 1960 American Western film directed by John Sturges and starring Yul Brynner, Eli Wallach, Horst Buchholz, James Coburn, Brad Dexter, Steve McQueen, Robert Vaughn, and Charles Bronson.[3] The film is an Old West-style remake of Akira Kurosawa's 1954 Japanese film Seven Samurai. Brynner, McQueen, Buchholz, Bronson, Vaughn, Coburn, and Dexter[3] portray the title characters, a group of seven gunfighters hired to protect a small village in Mexico from a group of marauding bandits and their leader (Wallach). The film's musical score was composed by Elmer Bernstein. In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Pre-production
4 Production
5 Score
6 Reception
7 Sequels and adaptations
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
A poor village in Mexico is periodically raided for food and supplies by a gang of bandits led by Calvera (Eli Wallach). After the latest raid, during which the bandits kill a villager, the village leaders decide they have had enough, and on the advice of the village elder (Vladimir Sokoloff), they decide to fight back. Taking what few objects of value the village has, three villagers ride to a town just inside the United States border hoping to barter for weapons. They are impressed by Chris Adams (Yul Brynner), a veteran Cajun gunslinger, and approach him for advice. Chris suggests they instead hire gunfighters to defend the village, as "men are cheaper than guns." At first agreeing only to help them recruit men, Chris eventually decides to lead the group and, despite the meager pay offered, he finds five willing gunmen.
The group includes the gunfighter Vin Tanner (Steve McQueen), who has gone broke after a round of gambling; Chris's friend Harry Luck (Brad Dexter), who assumes Chris must secretly be expecting a much bigger reward for the work; the Irish-Mexican Bernardo O'Reilly (Charles Bronson), who has fallen on hard times; Britt (James Coburn), an expert in both knife and gun who joins purely for the challenge involved; and the dapper, on-the-run gunman Lee (Robert Vaughn), plagued by nightmares of fallen enemies and haunted by fears that he has lost his nerve for battle. On their way to the village they are trailed by the hotheaded Chico (Horst Buchholz), an aspiring gunfighter whose previous attempts to join Chris had been spurned. Impressed by his persistence, Chris invites him into the group.
Arriving at the village, they work with the villagers to build fortifications and train them to defend themselves. They note the lack of women in the village, until Chico stumbles upon Petra (Rosenda Monteros) and discovers the women were hidden in fear that the gunmen will rape them. The gunmen begin to bond with the villagers, and Petra pursues Chico. When Bernardo points out that the gunmen are being given the choice food, the gunmen share it with the village children.
Calvera and his bandits arrive, sustain heavy losses in a shootout with the seven and the villagers, and get run out of town. The villagers celebrate, believing Calvera will not return, but Chico infiltrates Calvera's camp and learns that Calvera must return, as his men are short of food.
Upon hearing this, some fearful villagers call for the gunfighters to leave. Even some of the seven waver, but Chris insists that they stay, even threatening to kill anyone who suggests giving up the fight. They ride out to make a surprise raid on Calvera's camp, but find it abandoned. Returning to the village, they are caught by Calvera and his men, who colluded with some of the villagers to sneak in and take control. Calvera spares the seven's lives, believing they have learned the simple farmers are not worth fighting for, and fearing reprisals from the gunfighters' friends across the border. While preparing to depart, Chris and Vin admit they have become emotionally attached to the village. Bernardo likewise gets angry when the boys he befriended call their parents cowards. Chico declares he hates the villagers, and when Chris points out he grew up as a farmer as well, Chico angrily responds that it is men like Calvera and Chris who made the villagers what they are.
The seven gunmen are escorted some distance from the village, where their weapons are returned to them. They debate their next move and all but Harry, who believes the effort will be futile and suicidal, agree to return and fight.
The gunmen infiltrate the village and a gunfight breaks out. Harry, who has had a change of heart, returns in time to save Chris's life, but is himself fatally shot. Harry pleads to know what they were fighting for, and Chris lies about a hidden gold mine to let Harry believe he died for a fortune. Lee finds the nerve to burst into a house where several villagers are held captive, shooting the bandits guarding them, allowing the villagers to join the fight, but is then gunned down as he leaves the house. Bernardo is shot protecting the boys he befriended, with his last breath telling them to look at how bravely their fathers are fighting. Britt dies after shooting at a considerable number of bandits but exposing himself from cover. Chris manages to shoot Calvera, who asks him, "You came back... to a place like this? Why? A man like you? Why?" He dies without receiving an answer. The remaining bandits take flight.
The three surviving gunmen help to bury the dead, then ride out of town. As the group stops on a hill overlooking the village, Chico parts company with them, realizing he wants to stay behind with Petra. Chris and Vin bid farewell to the village elder, who tells them that only the villagers have really won, whereas they are "like the wind, blowing over the land and passing on." As they pass the graves of their fallen comrades, Chris admits, "The Old Man was right. Only the farmers won. We lost. We'll always lose."[5][6]
Cast[edit]
The Seven
Yul Brynner as Chris Adams, a Cajun gunslinger, leader of the seven
Steve McQueen as Vin Tanner, the drifter
Charles Bronson as Bernardo O'Reilly, the professional in need of money
Robert Vaughn as Lee, the traumatized veteran
Brad Dexter as Harry Luck, the fortune seeker
James Coburn as Britt, the knife expert
Horst Buchholz as Chico, the young, hot-blooded shootist
Others
Eli Wallach as Calvera, the lead Mexican bandit
Vladimir Sokoloff as The Old Man
Jorge Martínez de Hoyos as Hilario
Rosenda Monteros as Petra
Whit Bissell as Chamlee the Undertaker
Rico Alaniz as Sotero
Natividad Vacío as Miguel
Robert J. Wilke as Wallace
Val Avery as Henry the Corset Salesman
Bing Russell as Robert, Henry's Traveling Companion
Brad Dexter was cast at the urging of Frank Sinatra, who knew Sturges well, because Dexter had saved Sinatra's life when the two were swimming off the coast of Hawaii. James Coburn was a great fan of the Japanese Seven Samurai, having seen it 15 times, and was hired through the help of co-star and former classmate Robert Vaughn, after the role of the expert gunslinger had been rejected by actors Sterling Hayden and John Ireland.[7]
Sturges was eager to cast Steve McQueen in the picture, having just worked with him on the 1959 film Never So Few, but McQueen could not get a release from actor/producer Dick Powell, who controlled McQueen's hit TV series Wanted Dead or Alive. On the advice of his agent, McQueen, an expert race car driver, staged a car accident and claimed that he couldn't work on his series because he had suffered a whiplash injury and had to wear a neck brace. During the interval required for his "recuperation", he was free to appear in The Magnificent Seven.[8]
Pre-production[edit]
Yul Brynner approached producer Walter Mirisch with the idea of remaking Kurosawa's famous samurai film. But once Mirisch had acquired the rights from Japan's Toho Studios, and finalized a distribution deal with United Artists, Brynner was sued for breach of contract by actor Anthony Quinn, who claimed that he and Brynner had developed the concept together and had worked out many of the film's details before the two had a falling-out. Quinn ultimately lost his claim, because there was nothing in writing.[9]
Script credit was a subject of contention. Associate producer Lou Morheim commissioned Walter Bernstein, a blacklisted scriptwriter, to produce the first draft "faithfully" adapted from the original script written by Shinobu Hashimoto, Hideo Oguni and Akira Kurosawa; when executive producer Walter Mirisch and Brynner took over the production, they brought on Walter Newman, whose version "is largely what's on screen." When Newman was unavailable to be on-site during the film's principal photography in Mexico, William Roberts was hired, in part to make changes required by Mexican censors. When Roberts asked the Writers Guild of America for a co-credit, Newman asked that his name be removed from the credits.[10]
Production[edit]
Filming began on March 1, 1960, on location in Mexico, where both the village and the U.S. border town were built for the film. The location filming was in Cuernavaca, Durango, and Tepoztlán and at the Churubusco Studios.[11] The first scene shot was the first part of the six gunfighters' journey to the Mexican village, prior to Chico being brought into the group.[citation needed]
During filming there was considerable tension between Brynner and McQueen, who was displeased at his character having only seven lines of dialogue in the original shooting script. To compensate, McQueen took numerous opportunities to upstage Brynner and draw attention to himself, including shielding his eyes with his hat, flipping a coin during one of Brynner's speeches, rattling his shotgun shells, and hanging low from his horse to drink from a stream. Brynner, who was only half an inch taller than McQueen, would often build up a little mound of earth to stand on when the two actors were on camera together, only to have McQueen surreptitiously kick the dirt out of place before retakes. When newspapers started reporting on the altercations on set between the two, Brynner issued a press statement, declaring, "I never feud with actors. I feud with studios."[12] Years later Buchholz said Brynner had put a stop to McQueen's antics by telling him the next time he tried his upstaging tricks he, Brynner, would simply remove his hat to get back the spotlight for good (Brynner is one of the most legendary bald men in film history).[citation needed]
The film was shot in Panavision, an anamorphic format.[citation needed]
Score[edit]
The film's score is by Elmer Bernstein. Along with the readily recognized main theme and effective support of the story line, the score also contains allusions to twentieth-century symphonic works, such as the reference to Bartok's Concerto for Orchestra, second movement, in the tense quiet scene just before the shoot out. The original soundtrack was not released at the time until reused and rerecorded by Bernstein for the soundtrack of Return of the Seven. Electric guitar cover versions by Al Caiola in the U.S. and John Barry[13] in the U.K. were successful on the popular charts.[14] A vocal theme not written by Bernstein was used in a trailer.
In 1994, James Sedares conducted a re-recording of the score performed by The Phoenix Symphony Orchestra, which also included a suite from Bernstein's score for The Hallelujah Trail, issued by Koch Records; Bernstein himself conducted the Royal Scottish National Orchestra for a performance released by RCA in 1997, but the original film soundtrack was not released until the following year by Rykodisc. (Varèse Sarabande reissued this album in 2004.)
Main Title and Calvera (3:56)
Council (3:14)
Quest (1:00)
Strange Funeral/After The Brawl (6:48)
Vin’s Luck (2:03)
And Then There Were Two (1:45)
Fiesta (1:11)
Stalking (1:20)
Worst Shot (3:02)
The Journey (4:39)
Toro (3:24)
Training (1:27)
Calvera's Return (2:37)
Calvera Routed (1:49)
Ambush (3:10)
Bernardo (3:33)
Surprise (2:08)
Defeat (3:26)
Crossroads (4:47)
Harry's Mistake (2:48)
Calvera Killed (3:33)
Finale (3:27)
Bernstein's score has frequently been quoted in the media and popular culture. Starting in 1963, the theme was used in commercials in the U.S. for Marlboro cigarettes. A similar-sounding (but different) tune was used for Victoria Bitter beer in Australia. The theme was included in the James Bond film Moonraker.
Other uses include in the 2004 documentary film Fahrenheit 9/11; in the 2005 film The Ringer; as entrance music for the British band James, as well as episodes of The Simpsons that had a "Western" theme (mainly in the episode titled "Dude, Where's My Ranch?"). The opening horn riff in Arthur Conley's 1967 hit "Sweet Soul Music" is borrowed from the theme. Canadian band Kon Kan use the opening bars of the theme in their single "I Beg Your Pardon". Celtic Football Club (Glasgow, Scotland) used the theme music whenever Henrik Larsson scored a goal.
The Cheers episode "Diane Chambers Day" (season 4, episode 22) revolves around the bar denizens being invited to watch The Magnificent Seven, and ends with them singing an a cappella version of the theme.
The Mick Jones 1980s band Big Audio Dynamite covered the song as "Keep off the Grass" (although this cover was not officially released). In 1995, the KLF also did a drum and bass cover of the main title as "The Magnificent"; it was released under the group alias One World Orchestra on the charity compilation The Help Album.
In 1992, the main theme of The Magnificent Seven came into use on a section of the Euro Disneyland Railroad at Disneyland Paris. Portions of the theme play as the train exits the Grand Canyon diorama tunnel behind Phantom Manor, enters Frontierland, and travels along the bank of the Rivers of the Far West.
The "Main Title" was used as an intro tune on many nights of Bruce Springsteen's 2012 Wrecking Ball Tour. The theme was played as the E Street Band entered the stage, adding to the dramatic atmosphere in the stadium.
Reception[edit]
Howard Thompson of The New York Times called the film a "pallid, pretentious and overlong reflection of the Japanese original"; according to Thompson, "don't expect anything like the ice-cold suspense, the superb juxtaposition of revealing human vignettes and especially the pile-driver tempo of the first Seven."[15] According to Variety magazine's December 31, 1960, review, "Until the women and children arrive on the scene about two-thirds of the way through, The Magnificent Seven is a rip-roaring rootin' tootin' western with lots of bite and tang and old-fashioned abandon. The last third is downhill, a long and cluttered anti-climax in which The Magnificent Seven grow slightly too magnificent for comfort."[16] Akira Kurosawa, however, was reportedly so impressed by the film that he presented John Sturges with a sword.[17]
At the 33rd Academy Awards, the score was nominated for Best Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture, losing to Ernest Gold's score for Exodus. Many decades later, however, the score for The Magnificent Seven was listed at No. 8 on the American Film Institute's list of the top 25 American film scores.
The film has grown greatly in esteem since its release, largely due to its cast (several of whom were to go on to become superstars over the decade following its release) and its music score. As of January 29, 2017, it has a freshness rating of 90% on Rotten Tomatoes based on ratings of 40 critics.[18] It is the second most shown film in U.S. television history, behind only The Wizard of Oz.[19] The film is also ranked No. 79 on the AFI's list of American cinema's 100 most-thrilling films.
Sequels and adaptations[edit]
The film was a box office disappointment in the United States, but proved to be such a smash hit in Europe that it ultimately made a profit.[2][20] Three sequels were eventually made: Return of the Seven (1966), Guns of the Magnificent Seven (1969), and The Magnificent Seven Ride (1972). None were as successful as the original film.
The film also inspired a television series, The Magnificent Seven, which ran from 1998 to 2000. Robert Vaughn was a recurring guest star, a judge who hires the seven to protect the town in which his widowed daughter-in-law and his grandson live.
The 1980s action-adventure series The A-Team was initially devised as a combination of The Dirty Dozen and The Magnificent Seven.[21] The show's pilot film plays much on the plot of The Magnificent Seven, and there are similar plot echoes in various other episodes. James Coburn was originally approached to play John "Hannibal" Smith, the team's leader, a role that ultimately went to George Peppard in the series; and Robert Vaughn was added to the cast in the final season as part of a revamp attempt to boost fading ratings.
A remake of the film was released on September 23, 2016, with Antoine Fuqua directing and Denzel Washington, Chris Pratt, Ethan Hawke, Vincent D'Onofrio, Lee Byung-hun, Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, Martin Sensmeier and Peter Sarsgaard starring.[22][23]
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
1960s portal
List of American films of 1960
"The Magnificent Seven" - A song by The Clash
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Glenn Lovell, Escape Artist: The Life and Films of John Sturges, University of Wisconsin Press, 2008 p194
^ Jump up to: a b "Rental Potentials of 1960", Variety, 4 January 1961 p 47. Please note figures are rentals as opposed to total gross.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Magnificent Seven". Turner Classic Movies. Atlanta: Turner Broadcasting System (Time Warner). Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Library of Congress announces 2013 National Film Registry selections" (Press release). Washington Post. December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Transcript of script. Accessed 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ The film's closing lines echo the last words of the source film, Seven Samurai, spoken by the character Kambei: "Again we are defeated. The winners are those farmers. Not us."[citation needed]
Jump up ^ Pendreigh, Brian. "Magnificent obsession". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Eliot, Marc (2012). Steve McQueen. NY: Three Rivers Press. pp. 75–77. ISBN 0307453227. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Stafford, Jeff. "The Magnificent Seven". TCM Film Article. Turner Classic Movies, Inc. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Robert Koehler (May 8, 2001). "The Magnificent Seven (MGM Home Entertainment release)". Variety. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
Jump up ^ "The Magnificent Seven" Filming locations. IMDB http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054047/locations?ref_=ttco_ql_6
Jump up ^ Capua, Michelangelo (2006). Yul Brynner: A Biography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 95–96. ISBN 0786424613. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ p.14 Billboard 27 Feb 1961
Jump up ^ p.226 Cusic, Donb The Cowboy in Country Music: An Historical Survey with Artist Profiles 2011 McFarland
Jump up ^ Thompson, Howard (November 24, 1960). "On Japanese Idea: Magnificent Seven, a U.S. Western, Opens". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
Jump up ^ "Magnificent Seven". Variety. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
Jump up ^ Costanzo WV (2013). "Close Up: The Magnificent Seven". World Cinema through Global Genres. John Wiley & Sons. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-118-71310-5.
Jump up ^ URL: http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1013077-magnificent_seven/ . Accessed Sep 26, 2012
Jump up ^ "Could 'The Magnificent Seven' be the film that finally revives the Western film genre?". www.morningticker.com. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
Jump up ^ Mirisch, Walter (2008). I Thought We Were Making Movies, Not History (p. 113). University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin. ISBN 0-299-22640-9.
Jump up ^ Joe Neumaier (2001-01-21). "Encore: A Real Kick In the 'A'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
Jump up ^ "Haley Bennett Lands Female Lead In MGM's 'The Magnificent Seven'".
Jump up ^ Borys Kit (May 14, 2015). "Matt Bomer Joining Denzel Washington, Chris Pratt in 'Magnificent Seven' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved May 15, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Magnificent Seven
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Shadowed (1946)
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For the Love of Rusty (1947)
Keeper of the Bees (1947)
Thunderbolt (1947)
The Sign of the Ram (1948)
Best Man Wins (1948)
The Walking Hills (1949)
The Capture (1950)
Mystery Street (1950)
Right Cross (1950)
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Kind Lady (1951)
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Fast Company (1953)
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Bad Day at Black Rock (1955)
Underwater! (1955)
The Scarlet Coat (1955)
Backlash (1956)
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957)
The Law and Jake Wade (1958)
The Old Man and the Sea (1958)
Last Train from Gun Hill (1959)
Never So Few (1959)
The Magnificent Seven (1960)
By Love Possessed (1961)
Sergeants 3 (1962)
A Girl Named Tamiko (1962)
The Great Escape (1963)
The Satan Bug (1965)
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Hour of the Gun (1967)
Ice Station Zebra (1968)
Marooned (1969)
Joe Kidd (1972)
Chino (1973)
McQ (1974)
The Eagle Has Landed (1976)
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