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Mjolnir (comics)
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Mjolnir
Mjolnir held by Thor Odinson on the cover of
Thor #494 (Jan. 1996).
Art by Mike Deodato Jr.
Publication information
Publisher
Marvel Comics
First appearance
Journey into Mystery #83 (August 1962)
Created by
Stan Lee
Jack Kirby
Joe Sinnott
In story information
Type
Mystic item/artifact, Weapon
Element of stories featuring
Thor (Thor Odinson)
Thor (Jane Foster)
Mjolnir (/ˈmoʊlnɪr/ MOHL-n(ee)r) is a fictional sentient weapon[1] appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is depicted as the principal weapon of the superheroes Thor Odinson and Jane Foster. Mjolnir, which first appears in Journey into Mystery #83 (August 1962), was created by writer Stan Lee and designed by artists Jack Kirby and Joe Sinnott.
Mjolnir was typically depicted as a large, square-headed gray sledgehammer. It has a short, round handle wrapped in brown leather, culminating in a looped lanyard. The object is based on Mjölnir, the weapon of the mythological Thor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication history
2 Background
3 Wielders
4 Powers and abilities
5 Other versions
6 In other media
7 References
8 External links
Publication history[edit]
Mjolnir debuted in Journey into Mystery #83 (Aug. 1962) for Marvel Comics. Prior to this time, "Mjolnar," invented by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, appeared in Adventure Comics #75 (Jun. 1942), in the Sandman story, "The Villain from Valhalla." For Marvel, the hammer was immediately established as the main weapon of the Thunder god Thor Odinson. The weapon's origin is revealed in Thor Annual #11 (1983), although another version is presented in Thor vol. 2, #80 (Aug. 2004).
In a 2002 documentary with Kevin Smith, Lee says his brother Larry Lieber made up the name of Thor's hammer referring to the hammer's original name, the "Uru Hammer".[2] Later, writer Roy Thomas changed the name of the hammer to the mythologically correct name of "Mjolnir" and used the name "Uru" created by Larry Lieber as the name of the fictional metal that the hammer is made from.[3]
Other significant moments in Marvel continuity include the altering of Mjolnir's enchantments in Thor #282 (April 1979) and Thor #340 (Feb. 1984); the temporary possession of Mjolnir by a member of the Enchanters Three in Thor vol. 3, #14–15 (Aug.–Sep. 1999); and when the hammer has been damaged, occurring in Journey Into Mystery #119 (Aug. 1965); Avengers #215 (Jan. 1982); Thor #388 (Feb. 1988);Thor vol. 2, #11 (May 1999); Thor vol. 2, #80 (Aug. 2004) and Thor vol. 3, #600 (Feb. 2009).
Background[edit]
In Marvel continuity, Mjolnir is forged by Dwarven blacksmiths, and is composed of the fictional Asgardian metal uru. The side of the hammer carries the inscription "Whosoever holds this hammer, if he be worthy, shall possess the power of Thor."[4]
The hammer is created when Odinson's adopted brother Loki cuts off the hair of the goddess Sif as part of a cruel jest, and, when threatened with violence by Thor, promises to fetch replacement hair from the dwarf smiths. Loki commissions the hair from the Sons of Ivaldi and the obliging dwarves also make a magic ship and spear as gifts for the gods. Loki is convinced that no one can match their workmanship, and challenges a dwarf named Eitri to make finer treasures. Eitri creates a golden ring and golden boar spear with magical properties, and finally begins work on a hammer. Loki panics at the sight of the treasures, and, afraid he will lose the wager, transforms himself into a mayfly and stings Eitri's assistant on the brow as he is working the bellows for the forge. The assistant stops for a moment to wipe away the blood, and the bellows fall flat. As a result, the hammer's handle is shorter in length than Eitri had originally intended, meaning that the hammer could only be wielded one-handed.
Despite the error, the Norse gods consider Eitri to have forged the greater treasures, and in retaliation, Loki loses the bet and the Sons of Ivaldi sew Loki's lips shut. The ruler of the Norse gods, Odin, uses the hammer — called Mjolnir ("Grinder") by Eitri—and eventually passes it to his son Odinson, who goes by the title "Thor", who must first prove he is worthy to wield the weapon.[5]
Another version of the hammer's origin is presented in the second volume of the title Thor, in which Odin orders the dwarven blacksmiths Eitri, Brok and Buri to forge Mjolnir using the core of a star (the movie uses this origin as well, and Odin says that Mjolnir was "forged in the heart of a dying star") and an enchanted forge. The forging of the hammer is apparently so intense it destroys the star and nearly the Earth itself.[6]
An additional alternate take on Mjolnir's origin is presented in Jason Aaron's The Mighty Thor series. It is explained that the Mother Storm, a sentient storm the size of a galaxy, had once threatened all of Asgard. After a fierce battle, Odin managed to trap it within a nugget of uru that had earlier been given to him by dwarven blacksmiths. He ordered the dwarves to forge the nugget into a weapon that would be able to harness the Mother Storm's power but found it too difficult to control. The hammer was forgotten until eons later when his son was finally able to lift it and make it his personal weapon.[7]
Mjolnir itself has several enchantments: no living being may lift the hammer unless they are worthy; it returns to the exact spot from which it is thrown and returns to its Thor when summoned; it may summon the elements of storm (lightning, wind, and rain) by stamping its handle twice on the ground;[4] manipulate the weather on an almost global scale;[8] open interdimensional portals, allowing its wielder to travel to other dimensions (such as from Earth to Asgard);[9] and transform THor Odinson into the guise of a mortal, the physician Donald Blake, by stamping the hammer's head on the ground once and willing the change. When Thor transforms into Blake, his hammer takes the appearance of a wooden walking stick. When disguised, the hammer's enchantments limiting those who may lift it are not in effect. The hammer itself has also shown to be unaffected by external enchantments.[10] Thors have several times used their Mjolnirs to pin down opponent, since they cannot lift the hammer.
A previous provision of this enchantment required that the hammer could not be "gone from Thor's grasp," or out of physical contact with its Thor for more than "sixty seconds full" without his spontaneous reversion of its users to their mortal selves; fortunately, Mjolnir is small enough to be tucked into a belt for times when its user prefers to have both of their hands free. There are times when Thor had both hands free but produced Mjolnir by reaching behind Thor's shoulder; the suggestion was that Mjolnir was placed in some kind of sheath or sling on his back, with the handle pointing up so it could be quickly grasped.
In some stories this limitation did not apply in Asgard, although this stipulation was removed in a storyline in which this enchantment is transferred to Stormbreaker, the hammer of Beta Ray Bill.[11] After this, the Donald Blake persona disappeared for a time, and Thor assumed a civilian identity simply by changing into modern clothing, carrying Mjolnir concealed within a duffel bag. Odinson eventually adopts the mortal persona of Jake Olson as penance for accidentally causing the original Olson's death during a fight, and simply pounds a fist to effect a change;[12] during this time, Mjolnir would disappear when Olson became Thor, and reappear in Thor's fist when returning to his true form.
Mjolnir was originally capable of creating chronal displacement and therefore allowing time travel,[13] although this enchantment was removed by the entity Immortus with the Thunder god's consent to help the planet Phantus which was trapped in Limbo.[14] However, Thor is still able to manipulate time with Mjolnir.[15]
When Ragnarok took place, Mjolnir was separated from Thor and fell through the dimensions, creating a tear in Hell that allowed Doctor Doom to escape (Doom having been imprisoned there after his last encounter with the Fantastic Four). Although Doom and the FF attempt to claim the hammer, none of them are able to lift it, resulting in Donald Blake — who had been returned to life when the spell negating his existence wore off with Asgard's destruction—claiming it himself. With Blake and Thor once again co-existing, the hammer resumes its original 'disguise' of a walking-stick (although Blake's original limp healed, he sustained minor spine damage during a later confrontation). The hammer is later damaged in a fight with Bor, Thor's grandfather. Doctor Strange is able to repair the hammer using the Odinforce possessed by Thor, but warns Thor that, should the hammer be damaged in such a manner again, the new link between them could result in Thor being killed himself. The hammer was also sliced in two by the Destroyer.[16] Thor visits the forges in Pittsburgh to mend it.
After Thor's death in the fight against the Serpent,[17] Loki is able to take Blake's walking stick — the only remaining trace of Thor after he was 'replaced' by Tanarus—and turn it back into Mjolnir in front of the Silver Surfer,[18] the Surfer's energy and Loki's belief in his brother allowing the hammer to return to Thor and restore his memory in time to face the God -Devourer that was about to consume his soul in the afterlife.[19]
During the Original Sin storyline as Thor and the Avengers investigate Uatu The Watcher's murder, Nick Fury whispers an undisclosed secret to Thor that causes him to lose the ability to pick up Mjolnir.[20] The nature of Mjolnir's enchantment also changes so that even Odin cannot lift it. The hammer is subsequently picked up by an unknown female, later revealed to be Jane Foster, who inherits the power and title of Thor, with the inscription changing to read "if she be worthy".[21]
After the destruction and reconstruction of the multiverse, the Mjolnir of the Ultimate Thor falls to land on Asgard, but the entire area where it landed is subsequently taken into the possession of the Collector, who vows to kill his various prisoners unless Thor will tell him a means of bypassing the worthiness enchantment so that he can wield the hammer himself.[22] Although he fights his way to claim the hammer,[23] Odinson decides to leave it, instead working with Beta Ray Bill to channel the power of the hammer to return Asgard to its rightful place. When they have returned to Asgard, Odinson tells Bill that the secret Fury told him was 'Gorr was right', a reference to the God-Butcher who believed that gods were not needed as they only brought pain and suffering. The issue concludes with another individual, later to be revealed as Volstagg, going to claim the hammer of Ultimate Thor, identified by publicity as 'the War Thor'.[24]
When Captain America is 'reprogrammed' into an agent of Hydra by a sentient cosmic cube, he sets up a complex chain of events that allow him to take control of America, banishing Jane Foster and claiming Mjolnir for himself, his ability to wield the hammer ensuring that Odinson follows him despite Rogers's actions, believing that his ability to wield the hammer shows that Rogers is right. In the final stand, after Odinson sides with the heroes over Hydra, Sam Wilson, Bucky, and Eric Lang are able to use a fragment of the Cosmic Cube to restore the original Steve Rogers to existence. This attack also reveals that Hydra had used their cosmic cube to change the nature of the worthiness enchantment to "If he be strong, shall possess the power of Hydra", with the 'reset' triggered by the cube's restoration of Rogers also restoring the original enchantment so that the original Rogers can lift the hammer where his Hydra self cannot.[25]
Wielders[edit]
Individuals in the primary continuity
Thor Odinson[26]
Roger "Red" Norvell[27]
Beta Ray Bill[28]
Captain America[29][30]
Eric Masterson[31]
Odin (Thor's father)
Bor (Thor's grandfather)[32]
Buri (also known as Tiwaz, Thor's great-grandfather)[33]
Loki[34][35]
Jane Foster[21][36]
Squirrel Girl[37]
The Destroyer [38]
Stevil Rogers[39]
Marvel Cinematic Universe (Earth-199999)
Thor Odinson[40]
Odin[40]
Vision[41]
Hela[42]
Sentient constructs (non-sentient machines apparently cannot)[43] in the primary continuity
Zarrko the Tomorrow Man's mining robot[44]
Air-Walker[45]
Awesome Android[46]
The hammer has been lifted by Earth itself when animated by magical means.[47]
Characters from outside the primary comic book continuity
Conan the Barbarian[48]
Dargo Ktor (Future Thor)[49]
(Old) Rick Jones of Hulk Future Imperfect[50]
Loki[51]
Magni[52]
Rogue[53]
Miguel O'Hara (Spider-Man 2099)[54]
Professor X (In Issue 69 of X-Men)
Sarah Rogers (Crusader, daughter of Steve Rogers and Rogue)[55]
Woden[56]
Alex Power[57]
Superman[58]
Wonder Woman (non-canonical)[59]
Black Widow[60]
Several imitations of Mjolnir have also existed. These include Stormbreaker and the mace Thunderstrike, created for Beta Ray Bill[61] and Eric Masterson respectively.[62] Loki has been responsible for the creation of several imitations – a version of Mjolnir, called Stormcaster, is presented to the mutant X-Men member Storm in an attempt to control her,[63] which she later destroyed using Mjolnir.[64] To spite Thor, another version is given to the mercenary Deadpool.[65] Loki also allows Surtur to use the forge Mjolnir was created from to craft copies during Ragnarok.[6] HYDRA created evil versions of Iron Man, Captain America, Hawkeye and Thor, the Thor imitator had a technological imitation of Mjolnir.[66] Tony Stark and Reed Richards also create a technological imitation Mjolnir for use by Ragnarok, the clone of Thor, during the Civil War storyline.[67] A tiny version was created from a sliver of Mjolnir for the use of Throg, leader of the Pet Avengers.
Powers and abilities[edit]
Mjolnir can be used both offensively and defensively.
As one of the most formidable weapons known to man or god, it is described as impacting with sufficient force to "level mountains,"[68] with primarily adamantium and vibranium proving too impervious.[69] Other offensive capabilities include creating vortices and forcefields (capable of containing an explosion that could potentially destroy a galaxy);[70] emitting mystical blasts of energy; controlling electromagnetism; molecular manipulation;[71] and generating the Geo-Blast (an energy wave that taps a planet's gravitational force),[72] Anti-Force (energy created to counter-act another force),[73] the thermo-blast which can even challenge such beings as Ego the living planet,[74] and God Blast (a blast that taps into Thor's life force).[75] The hammer can travel through planets to return to Thor.[76] It can even create antimatter particles[77] and whirling it round can create winds powerful enough to lift the Taj Mahal.[78] The hammer can also move extremely heavy objects, including the Washington Monument.[79]
There are also other several rarely used abilities. Mjolnir can track a person[80] and mystical items;[81] absorb energy, such as draining the Asgardian powers of the Wrecking Crew into the Wrecker;[82] or detect illusions, as Thor once commanded the hammer to strike the demonic Mephisto, who was hiding amongst false images of himself.[83] As a former religious relic, Mjolnir is lethal to the undead, causing creatures such as vampires to burst into flame and crumble to dust.[84] Mjolnir also can project images, as Thor shows a glimpse of Asgard to fellow Avenger Iron Man.[85] It is near-indestructible, surviving bullets,[86] Anti-matter,[87] and the Melter's melting beam.[88]
The hammer has two properties relating to movement. When it is deliberately thrown by Thor, it will return to his hand despite any intervening obstacles or distance, even traveling through planets to return to Thor.[76] When it has been dropped or set aside, it takes a fixed position, from which it cannot be moved except by a 'worthy' individual.[89]
The hammer has also drained energy from the radioactive supervillain called the Presence, who is forced to surrender before being killed.[90] Mjolnir was able to absorb, contain, and direct the energy of a Null Bomb, which was powerful enough to destroy an entire galaxy.[91] Mjolnir also causes a side effect when used against the hero Union Jack: when Thor erroneously attacks the hero with a blast of lightning and then cancels the offensive, Union Jack is accidentally endowed with the ability to generate electricity.[92] The hammer has been used to both power an Atlantean warship[93] and temporarily drain the forcefield of the villain Juggernaut.[94] If someone swears on the hammer their spirit can be summoned up after death.[95] As well as absorbing radiation, the hammer can repel it back.[96]
The hammer's ability to transform its user also purges the user of any toxins or radiations in their systems; however, this works against its current wielder, Jane Foster, as she is currently suffering from cancer, with the result that her transformations purge her of the radiation used in her chemotherapy while leaving the cancerous cells alone.[97]
But Mjolnir is also not indestructible, having been damaged several times: a force beam from the Asgardian Destroyer slices it in two;[98] the Molecule Man dispels the atomic bonds between the hammer's molecules, vaporizing Mjolnir;[99] the hammer shatters after channeling an unmeasurable amount of energy at the Celestial Exitar;[100] Dark god Perrikus slices Mjolnir in half with a magical scythe;[101] and the hammer is shattered when it collides with the uru weapons of Loki's Storm Giant followers, resulting in an atomic-scale explosion.[102]
Other versions[edit]
During the Celestial Saga storyline, an earlier version of Mjolnir is revealed to exist and was apparently thrown to Midgard (Earth) by Thor's sons, Modi and Magni, landing in the Rhine river where it transformed into the magical Rhinegold.[103]
A version of Mjolnir in the What If? series was wielded by Rogue after she accidentally absorbed Thor's powers, the remnants of Thor in her psyche helping her assume his role.
In a future visited by the Hulk where Earth had been decimated by nuclear wars, Thor's hammer was one of the many mementos of the age of heroes kept by the now-elderly Rick Jones; the Maestro—the Hulk's twisted future self—attempted to use the hammer against the Hulk during their second confrontation in Rick's museum of hero memorabilia, but failed to lift it even with Thor's death as he was naturally unworthy to do so.[104] A later storyline set before the Hulk's fight with the Maestro featured the elder Rick working with his younger self to defeat Thanatos- another alternate Rick- by using his own ability to summon and lift the hammer, explaining that he had been judged worthy to use it for things that young Rick had yet to do and Thanatos would never achieve.[105] In a similar but alternate dystopian future, Mjolnir also rests in a super-hero artifact vault overseen by Rick Jones.[106]
Mjolnir can be seen as one of the many treasures in the one-shot 'The Last Heist' that takes place in the "Tellos" universe.
In the Ultimate Marvel imprint title The Ultimates and its sequel The Ultimates 2, the Ultimate version of Thor wields a Mjolnir styled after a classical war hammer.[107] Loki claims that Thor is not really a god, and that Mjolnir is not magical in origin, instead an advanced technological marvel designed by the European Union Super Soldier Program to mimic Thor's powers, but this proves to be false. At the end of The Ultimates 2 Thor proves his divinity and reclaims his Asgardian powers to defeat Loki.[108] In The Ultimates 3: Who Killed The Scarlet Witch, Thor wields a hammer more closely resembling the mainstream Marvel Universe Mjolnir.[109] In one scene where he is entering a secured building, the computer controlling access identifies first Thor, then Mjolnir; this leads another character to question why the computer identified Mjolnir as a separate, sentient organism, but Thor does not give an explanation for this. He later displays a wall of weapons, including both hammers, which he states were gifts from his father forged by Ulik the Troll.[110] However, in the prequel miniseries Ultimate Comics: Thor it is revealed that the original hammer is not the "real" Mjolnir but instead Dr. Braddock gives Thor tech-armor, and Thor suggests to turn the power supply into a hammer.[111] Neither version of the hammer seems to be such that its use is restricted by the worthiness test. In Ultimate Comics: The Ultimates Thor puts his hammer inside the Room With No Doors with his son Modi, so that he may escape the destruction and genocide of the Asgardians. With Thor being the last Asgardian alive and his hammer is gone, he loses his divine powers and becomes mortal. Tony Stark kept Thor's tech armor and hammer since Thor no longer felt he had use for it, and gives it to Thor to "restore" his powers because he feels the world "needs a god of thunder".[112]
In other media[edit]
See also: Thor (Marvel Comics) in other media
Mjolnir is briefly seen by itself during a post-credits scene in Iron Man 2 (2010) at the bottom of a giant crater in New Mexico; S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson informs Nick Fury, "We've found it." It has since appeared in every Marvel Cinematic Universe film that features Thor including Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), Thor: The Dark World (2013), and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015). In Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Hela destroys Mjolnir during a battle with Thor,[113] but at the film's conclusion Thor learns how to channel his power without using the hammer as a focus.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Mighty Thor (vol. 2) #12
Jump up ^ Stan Lee & Kevin Smith (6 November 2002). Stan Lee's Mutants, Monsters & Marvels (Video). DHG Productions. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Journey Into Mystery #83 (Aug. 1962)
Jump up ^ Thor Annual #11 (1983)
^ Jump up to: a b Thor vol. 2 #80 (August 2004)
Jump up ^ The Mighty Thor (vol. 2) #12
Jump up ^ Amazing Spider-Man #339 (September 1990)
Jump up ^ Journey Into Mystery #88 (Jan. 1963)
Jump up ^ Journey into Mystery #103 (April 1964)
Jump up ^ Thor #340 (Feb. 1984)
Jump up ^ Thor vol. 3, #1 (July 1998)
Jump up ^ Journey Into Mystery #86 (Nov. 1962)
Jump up ^ Thor #282 (April 1979)
Jump up ^ Avengers #300 (February 1989)
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Jump up ^ The Mighty Thor #9
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Jump up ^ Aaron, Jason (w), Deodato, Mike (a). Original Sin #7 (August 2014). Marvel Comics
^ Jump up to: a b Jason Aaron (w), Russell Dauterman (a). Thor v4, 1 (October 2014), Marvel Comics
Jump up ^ The Unworthy Thor #2
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Jump up ^ The Unworthy Thor #5
Jump up ^ Secret Empire #10
Jump up ^ Journey into Mystery #83 (August 1962)
Jump up ^ Thor #276 (Oct. 1978)
Jump up ^ Thor #337 (Nov. 1983)
Jump up ^ Thor #390 (Apr. 1988)
Jump up ^ Fear Itself #7 (Oct. 2011)
Jump up ^ Thor #433 (June 1991)
Jump up ^ Thor #600 (April 2009)
Jump up ^ Thor #355 (May 1985)
Jump up ^ Loki: Agent of Asgard #9 (December 2014)
Jump up ^ Avengers & X-Men: AXIS #9 (December 2014)
Jump up ^ Thor vol. 4 #8 (May 2015)
Jump up ^ The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl Beats Up the Marvel Universe (October 2016)
Jump up ^ Thor vol. 6 #7 (May 2015)
Jump up ^ Free Comic Book Day: Secret Empire (April 2017)
^ Jump up to: a b Thor (May 2011)
Jump up ^ Avengers: Age of Ultron (May 2015)
Jump up ^ Thor: Ragnarok (October 2017)
Jump up ^ Thor #387 (Jan. 1988); Fantastic Four #536 – 537 (May – June 2006)
Jump up ^ Journey Into Mystery #101 – 102 (Feb. – March 1964)
Jump up ^ Thor #305 (March 1981)
Jump up ^ She-Hulk #14 (Feb. 2007)
Jump up ^ Marvel Team-Up 26 (Oct. 1974); Avengers #212 (Oct. 1981)
Jump up ^ What If? #39 (June 1983)
Jump up ^ Thor #384 (Oct. 1984)
Jump up ^ Captain Marvel vol 2 #30 - Time
Flies IV of IV (May 2002)
Jump up ^ What If? #47 (Oct. 1984)
Jump up ^ Thor vol. 2, #75 (May 2004)
Jump up ^ What If? vol. 2 #66 (Oct. 1994)
Jump up ^ 2099: Manifest Destiny (March 1998)
Jump up ^ What If? vol. 2 #114 (Nov. 1994)
Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy #43 (Dec. 1993)
Jump up ^ Thor and the Warriors Four #4 (July 2010)
Jump up ^ Avengers/JLA #4 (May 2004)
Jump up ^ Marvel vs DC #4 (April 1996)
Jump up ^ "What If? Age of Ultron" #3 (2014)
Jump up ^ Thor #339 (Jan. 1984))
Jump up ^ Thor #459 (Feb. 1993)
Jump up ^ X-Men Annual #9 (1985)
Jump up ^ To Serve and Protect #3
Jump up ^ Deadpool #37 (Feb. 2000)
Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider-Man #520 (August 2005)
Jump up ^ Civil War #1–7 (May 2006 – Jan. 2007)
Jump up ^ Thor #312 (Oct. 1981)
Jump up ^ Avengers #68 (Sep. 1969)
Jump up ^ Thor #407 (Sept. 1989)
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Jump up ^ Thor #161 (Feb. 1969)
Jump up ^ Thor vol. 3, #25 (July 2000)
Jump up ^ Thor vol. 1, #133
Jump up ^ Thor vol. 3, #12 (June 1999)
^ Jump up to: a b Thor Vol 2 #4
Jump up ^ Journey into Mystery #85
Jump up ^ Journey into Mystery #94
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Jump up ^ Avengers #13 (Feb. 1965)
Jump up ^ Journey Into Mystery #120 (Sept. 1965)
Jump up ^ Avengers #277 (March 1987)
Jump up ^ Thor #310 (Aug. 1981)
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Jump up ^ The Mighty Thor vol.2 #1
Jump up ^ Journey Into Mystery #118 (July 1965); repaired Journey Into Mystery #120 (Sept. 1965)
Jump up ^ Avengers#215 (Jan. 1982) and restored in Avengers#216 (Feb. 1982)
Jump up ^ Thor #388 (Feb. 1988) and restored by the Celestials in Thor #389 (Mar. 1988)
Jump up ^ Thor vol. 2, #11 (May 1999) and restored Thor vol. 2, #11 (June 1999)
Jump up ^ Thor vol. 2, #80 (Aug. 2004). Not seen again until Thor vol. 3, #1 (Sept. 2007)
Jump up ^ Thor #294 (Apr. 1980)
Jump up ^ Hulk: Future Imperfect #2 (Jan 1993)
Jump up ^ Captain Marvel (Vol. 3) #27–30 (March–May 2002)
Jump up ^ "The Last Avengers Story" #1-2 (Nov. 1995)
Jump up ^ The Ultimates #4-13 (March 2002)
Jump up ^ The Ultimates 2 #1-13(February 2005-February 2007)
Jump up ^ The Ultimates 3" #1
Jump up ^ The Ultimates 3" #4
Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics: Thor#4
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Jump up ^ McMillan, Graeme (April 10, 2017). "'Thor: Ragnarok' Trailer — The Surprising Moment It Takes From the Comics". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
External links[edit]
Mjolnir at the Marvel Universe wiki
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text:
The Snowman and the Snowdog
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Snowman and The Snowdog
Written by
Joanna Harrison and Hilary Audus (story)
Raymond Briggs (characters)
Directed by
Hilary Audus
Theme music composer
Ilan Eshkeri and Andy Burrows
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Production
Running time
24 minutes
Production company(s)
Lupus Films (Original)
Release
Original network
Channel 4
Original release
24 December 2012 (2012-12-24)
The Snowman and The Snowdog is a 2012 animated short film. It is the sequel to The Snowman, and was created to mark the 30th anniversary of the original short film. The Snowman and The Snowdog is dedicated to John Coates (the film's producer, who died in September 2012) and features a new song called "Light the Night" by former Razorlight drummer Andy Burrows. The Snowman and The Snowdog won the Televisual Bulldog Award 2013 in the Best Children's category.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Promotion
4 Reception
5 Video game
6 Popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The story begins similarly to that of The Snowman, at the house where James, the boy from The Snowman, used to live. Once situated in the open countryside, it is now located in a bustling housing estate.
On a summer day a young boy named Billy and his mother arrive at the house, which they have just moved into. Billy helps his elderly dog from the removal van and they enter the property. As autumn arrives it becomes apparent that Billy's dog has died and one can see the family burying him in the back garden. With Christmas approaching Billy writes to Father Christmas in the form of a hand-drawn picture; the one and only thing he asks for is another dog. In his excitement, at the prospect of posting the letter, he stumbles over a loose floorboard in his bedroom and beneath it discovers some toys including a toy aeroplane and a small box tied with tinsel. Within the box he finds a photo of James and the Snowman along with the original scarf, hat, coal lumps and an old dried up tangerine (once the Snowman's nose).
As Billy realises his discovery he peers out of the window and it has begun to snow. He rushes out to build the Snowman, portrayed in the photo, but after barely completing his lower body he realises not enough snow has fallen to complete the task, having already used the entire covering of snow in the garden. He hurriedly runs around the yard salvaging every bit of snow he can find off fences and a shed's roof and suchlike. Adding the final touches to his creation he decides that the original dried tangerine is long past its usefulness so, discarding it in the garden, he claims a fresh one from a fruit bowl in the kitchen. He finally completes the Snowman and in memory of his own dog uses the remaining snow to build a little snowdog, next to the Snowman, with mismatching socks on sticks for ears, gloves for spots and the discarded tangerine for a nose.
Night time approaches and Billy goes to bed and drifts into sleep. As midnight arrives, he is awoken by the barking of a dog in the garden. Billy looks out of his bedroom window, and is astonished to notice the Snowdog waggle an ear at him. As Billy rushes downstairs he finds, to his surprise, that his cold companions have miraculously come to life. The Snowdog, sniffing around in the snow, uncovers the ball that had once belonged to Billy's dog and starts to play with it. The ball bounces into the house and both the Snowman and the Snowdog enter the abode. The Snowman sees the photo of James and his former self on the fridge and smiles. Before too long Billy realises that the Snowdog has started to melt after sitting too close to the fireplace in the kitchen. The party thus ventures outside and explores the garden shed where the motorbike, which the Snowman rode in the first film, can still be seen along with some other mementos from James' family home.
It isn't long before the three of them are off into the air to visit the annual snowman party in the frozen north. However, whilst flying, the Snowman loses his nose and as they land to search for it they come across an old-style red single-engined light plane with open cockpit that they use for the rest of their journey. During the flying sequence, as in the original, a number of famous English landmarks can be seen, such as The Shard, London Eye, Big Ben, The Gherkin and the Crystal Palace transmitting station, as the three of them fly over London.
By the time the Snowman, Snowdog and Billy reach the gathering the party is in full swing with many familiar faces from the original. During the partying the three of them decide to enter a downhill race against numerous snowmen competitors and a rather determined and skilled skiing penguin. As they descend the course many of the participating snowmen, including the titular snowman, end up embedded in snow drifts but Billy and the Snowdog manage to stay hot on the penguin's tail, and the duo win the race by a nose, to be congratulated on their victory by Father Christmas himself.
As the sun starts to rise, and the Snowman signals their departure, another snowman discovers the letter from Billy and whispers into Father Christmas's ear. From his sleigh Father Christmas reveals a small present which he gives to Billy. Whilst another snowman flies the plane back to where it came from, Billy, the Snowman and the Snowdog return home.
Upon arriving home, Billy opens his present. It is a dog collar, which he puts on the Snowdog. The Snowdog turns into a real live dog that matches the one that Billy asked for. They both bid the Snowman a fond farewell and retire for the night.
The next morning, Billy awakes to find his bed empty, and worriedly searches for the dog. His search ends in the kitchen, where his dog is alive and well, attempting to get outside. As the two go out together they discover that the Snowman has once again melted. Beside the remains in the melted snow, the dog places his ball and the two kneel together in silent contemplation, mourning for their lost friend.
Production[edit]
The 24-minute film, taking nearly two years to complete, cost £2 million to produce and, like the original movie, was created from over 200,000 hand drawn images.[2] While the film was primarily hand drawn, CGI was used to add digital falling snow and lighting effects.[3]
The composer Howard Blake, who composed the soundtrack to the original 1982 film was one of the few crew members not asked to return and after expressing an interest in returning was allegedly asked to "send a demo", which he refused citing the success of the original orchestral production score.[4] The film instead features a largely pop-music orientated soundtrack featuring a song called "Light the Night" by former Razorlight drummer Andy Burrows and incidental music by Ilan Eshkeri.[5]
Drawing by hand was a laborious process that employed a crew of 94, 77 of whom were artists and animators. Each second of the film was made up of 12 animated frames, each taking up to 30 hours to complete.[6]
Reluctant to have the original The Snowman produced into a short film, Raymond Briggs was quoted to have said that "it took a lot of persuasion to allow the sequel to be made." Although Briggs was not himself responsible for the story of the new animation, the sequel could not have taken place without his permission as he owns the rights to the original characters and premise.
Promotion[edit]
The Snowman and the Snowdog was heavily promoted in the weeks leading to its original broadcast, mostly by Channel 4, but also by other companies such as Nationwide.[7][8] An official videogame based on the film's flying sequence was released for iOS and Android devices.[9][10] A novelisation of the story is available as an e-book from both Apple's iBookstore service and Amazon's Kindle store.[11][12] Also, the soundtrack for the film, featuring the theme song "Light the Night", is available digitally from iTunes and Amazon[13][14] and a single version of "Light the Night" is available from both iTunes and the Google Play Music store.[15][16] The film was released on home media on 3 November 2013, as a DVD, Blu-ray or a double pack with the original film. The soundtrack was released on CD format around the same time.
Reception[edit]
When the film was broadcast on Channel 4, on 24 December 2012, it drew nearly six million viewers: one of the channel's highest of the year and their biggest audience on Christmas Eve for more than a decade.[6] Writing in The Guardian, Sam Wollaston praised the animation, but criticised the numerous similarities to the original plot.[17]
Video game[edit]
A smartphone game was released by Channel 4 on 9 December 2012 for iOS and Android.[18] The game was developed by Crash Lab. It reached number 1 in the iPhone and iPad game charts and was downloaded over 1 million times in the UK and Ireland.[19]
Popular culture[edit]
In November 2016, a Christmas advert for British clothing company Barbour featured an older Billy and his dog reuniting with the Snowman and reminiscing about meeting Father Christmas.[20] In November 2017, Barbour released another Christmas advert, following on from the previous one in 2016.[21]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Christmas portal
The Snowman – the original story.
Father Christmas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Televisual". Televisual. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Behind the scenes – The Snowman Films – The Official Snowman Website". Thesnowman.co.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Snowman Creator Moans About CGI And Says 'I Don't Like Christmas'". Huffingtonpost.co.uk. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Tom Kelly, Send a demo! What Walking In The Air composer was told when he offered to help with Snowman sequel, Daily Mail 12 December 2012
Jump up ^ "Andy Burrows Announces Music Soundtrack To Channel 4'S The Snowman And The Snowdog". Contactmusic.com. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Snowman and the Snowdog melts hearts of six million: Animation draws one of Channel 4's biggest audiences of the year (but it's still beaten by Coronation Street and Merlin)". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Snowman Competition – Your Nationwide". Your.nationwide.co.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nationwide to support film sequel to The Snowman". Thedrum.com. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Connecting to the iTunes Store". itunes.apple.com. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Snowman and The Snowdog – Android Apps on Google Play". Play.google.com. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Snowman and the Snowdog (Enhanced Edition) by Raymond Briggs on iBooks". iBooks. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Briggs, Raymond (29 December 2012). "The Snowman and the Snowdog". Puffin. Retrieved 27 December 2017 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "The Snowman & the Snowdog (Original Soundtrack) by Ilan Eshkeri on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Snowman & The Snowdog - Original Soundtrack". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2017 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "iTunes – Music – Light the Night – Single by Andy Burrows". Itunes.apple.com. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Andy Burrows: Light The Night – Music on Google Play". Play.google.com. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Wollaston, Sam (25 December 2012). "TV review: The Snowman and The Snowdog; Doctor Who: The Snowmen; Call The Midwife". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Snowman and The Snowdog game – Channel 4 – Info – Press". Channel 4.
Jump up ^ "The Snowman and The Snowdog hits over 1m downloads". Channel 4. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
Jump up ^ ""The Snowman and The Snowdog" by Barbour". Campaignlive.co.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Barbour reawakens the The Snowman & Snowdog for Christmas with grown-up Billy and family". Thedrum.com. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
External links[edit]
Official Snowman website
The Snowman and the Snowdog on IMDb
Video at Channel 4OD
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Snowman_and_the_Snowdog&oldid=817530123"
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text:
The Kissing Booth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Kissing Booth
Film release poster
Directed by
Vince Marcello
Produced by
Ed Glauser
Andrew Cole-Bulgin
Vince Marcello
Michele Weisler
Screenplay by
Vince Marcello
Based on
The Kissing Booth
by Beth Reekles
Starring
Joey King
Jacob Elordi
Joel Courtney
Molly Ringwald
Music by
Patrick Kirst
Edited by
Paul Millspaugh
Production
company
Komixx Entertainment
Netflix
Distributed by
Netflix
Release date
May 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
Running time
110 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
The Kissing Booth is a 2018 American romantic comedy film directed by Vince Marcello, based on the novel of the same name by Beth Reekles. It stars Molly Ringwald, Joey King, Jacob Elordi and Joel Courtney. The film was released on May 11, 2018 on Netflix.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
5 Reception
6 The Kissing Booth on Wattpad
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Born on the same day and time in the same hospital, Elle Evans (Joey King) and Lee Flynn (Joel Courtney) have been best friends all their lives. To protect their special relationship, the pair created a set of friendship rules they are sworn to follow including #9: relatives totally off limits, especially Lee's bad boy older brother Noah (Jacob Elordi).
On the first day of school Elle's pants rip forcing her to go to school wearing a skirt that is too small. Tuppen, another student, touches her which almost gets Lee into a fight but Noah intervenes. Elle, having violated the dress code, has to serve detention with Noah and Tuppen. Tuppen later apologizes to Elle. She later agrees to go out with him however she is stood up. He goes to see her later that night to let her know that he was threatened by Noah not to go out with her.
Elle and Lee have to create a booth for the school carnival and decide on a kissing booth. The two have difficulty finding people to participate but get a group of popular girls called the OMG's (Olivia, Mia, and Gwyneth) to participate by lying to them saying that Noah likes one of them and will go if they go.
That night, the kissing booth is a success. However, girls including the OMG's become angry when they discover that Noah is not actually working the kissing booth. For payback, the girls send Elle up to the booth to kiss a nerdy kid while blindfolded. The boy switches with Noah having him next in line to kiss Elle. When Elle won't stop talking Noah kisses her, not knowing who it is she takes off her blindfold and Noah goes in for a second kiss. After cleaning up Elle sees Noah flirting with another girl so she runs home while Noah looks at her. While on her way home it starts to rain and Noah offers her a ride on his motorcycle. However, the rain gets too heavy and they have to stop. They shelter in a nearby glass ‘bandstand’ in a park. Elle kisses Noah again and he pulls away. After staring at each other Noah goes in for another kiss. Elle ends up pulling away, telling him she can't be another one of his conquests. He looks hurt but tells Elle why he likes her. They kiss again but are interrupted by a security guard who recognizes Noah and tells him to stop bringing girls there. Elle gets upset that Noah brought her to the place where he brings his other girlfriends and leaves.
The next day while at a party Elle is harassed by another student and Noah almost starts a fight with him. This causes her to storm off but Noah requests her to get in his car. Instead of going home he takes her to the Hollywood Sign and they talk about their relationship. They both admit to liking each other and decide to come up with rules for their relationship, one being that Lee never finds out. The two kiss and end up having sex.
Elle and Noah start to see each other secretly and are careful that Lee or anyone else don't find out. While in Noah's room his mom almost walks in on them and Elle has to hide. While hiding she overhears her say that he had been accepted to an Ivy League school. Soon after he reveals to her that he is going to Harvard and she starts to realize that he won't be around next year. One day while hanging out with Noah, Lee walks in on him tending to a cut on her face. He become suspicious and asks Elle if it was Noah who hurt her. This infuriates Noah and they are about to get involved in a fight, but Elle stops them and takes Lee away. Lee asks her is there is something going on between the two of them, to which she denies. She ends up feeling guilty about lying to Lee and goes back to Noah and tells him that they need to come clean that night and when Noah agrees he says that way he can take her to prom. They kiss but Lee ends up seeing it. Hurt, Lee attempts to leave his house but Elle tries to get him to talk before Noah intervenes and eventually get into a fight. After backing off, Lee leaves and Elle tells Noah to leave her alone.
Lee starts giving Elle the silent treatment and Noah goes missing. While at the arcade one day Lee invites Elle over to play a game and they make up and make plans for their upcoming birthday party. Before prom, Noah finally returns but to talk to Elle's dad who says he does not approve but it is her decision.
Elle goes to prom with Lee and his girlfriend Rachel and has a good time until a replica of their kissing booth is revealed. Noah comes out from behind the curtains to tell Elle that he loves her but she responds by saying that she cannot keep on hurting the people she loves because of him and that no one wants them to be together. Noah agrees to this but then asks her what does she want. To this Elle does not seem to have an answer and she runs away sobbing. Rachel chases after her but she gets away before they can say anything.
The next day at their costume themed birthday party, Elle begins missing Noah and decides to leave. Lee stops her and Elle tells him that she loves him but she also loves Noah and if he can't accept that then maybe they shouldn't be friends. Lee, finally accepts that Noah makes her happy and agrees to help Elle find him. Elle and Lee get in the car and leave for the airport. She starts sharing her true feelings for Noah to Lee and then it is revealed that all this time in the car it was Noah in Lee's costume. Elle is surprised to see Noah and admits to him that she loves him. They embrace and kiss.
During the next few weeks, Elle and Noah spend every day together before he has to leave for college. When it is time to go Elle goes with him to the airport and he leaves. After watching him leave, she drives off on Noah's motorcycle saying that she does not know if they will be together forever but she knows that a part of her heart will always belong to Noah Flynn. The story ends with Elle stating that everything happened just because of the Kissing Booth.
Cast[edit]
Joey King as Shelley "Elle" Evans
Joel Courtney as Lee Flynn
Jacob Elordi as Noah Flynn
Molly Ringwald as Mrs. Flynn
Production[edit]
In June 2014, Vince Marcello was hired to write the film adaptation of teenage author Beth Reekles' young adult novel The Kissing Booth, which was originally published on Wattpad.[1] In November 2016, it was announced that Netflix had purchased rights to the film, with Marcello now set to helm his screenplay.[2] In January 2017, Joey King and Molly Ringwald signed on to star in the film.[3]
The filming took place in Los Angeles, California, and in Cape Town, South Africa between January and April 2017.[3]
Release[edit]
The film was released on 11 May 2018 on Netflix.[4] According to Netflix, one in three viewers of the film have re-watched it, "which is 30 percent higher than the average movie re-watch rate on the [streaming service]."[5] Deeming the film a huge success for the service, CCO Ted Sarandos called the film "one of the most-watched movies in the country, and maybe in the world."[6]
Reception[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 13%, based on 8 reviews, and an average rating of 3.7/10.[7]
The Kissing Booth was panned by critics.[8] IndieWire's Kate Erbland gave the film a "D" grade, adding that "Unfortunately, the high school-set rom-com is a sexist and regressive look at relationships that highlights the worst impulses of the genre."[9] Ani Bundel of NBCNews criticized the film's "problematic stereotyping of masculinity and relationships" and lack of original ideas. "It feels like it was written by someone who simply digested everything she was told 'romance' was supposed to be by the patriarchy, and vomited back at us. Nearly every cliché in the film feels cribbed from another movie, like a song made completely of samples from better-known hits."[8]
Despite being deemed "sexist"[9][10] and "objectively bad"[11][12] by several critics, The Kissing Booth was widely consumed among audiences. Netflix's Ted Sarandos, CCO affirmed the film's success as a "hugely popular original movie" for the streaming service.[11]
The Kissing Booth on Wattpad[edit]
The Kissing Booth was written in 2011 by author Beth Reekles. It originated as a story on Wattpad where it won a Watty Award for "Most Popular Teen Fiction" in Wattpad's annual writing contest.[13] By 2012 it had amassed over 19 million reads and, in 2013, was published by Penguin Random House.[14] In an interview with Forbes, Reekles explains what drew her to Wattpad: "I loved the feeling of community on the site, and when I began to share, I liked the anonymity of it because I was so self-conscious about my writing and hadn't shared it with anyone before."[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kemp, Stuart (June 10, 2014). "'Zombie Prom' Scribe Hired To Pen Teenage Publishing Sensation Beth Reekles' 'The Kissing Booth'". The Hollywood Reporter. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (November 30, 2016). "Netflix Orders 'The Kissing Booth'; YA Adaptation To Be Produced By Komixx". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b N'Duka, Amanda (30 January 2017). "Joey King & Molly Ringwald To Pucker Up In 'The Kissing Booth'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Hemmert, Kylie (May 1, 2018). "The Kissing Booth Official Trailer Released". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (June 20, 2018). "'Set It Up' and the Rise of the Non-Studio Rom-Com". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Adalian, Josef (June 10, 2018). "Netflix Binge Factory". Vulture. New York Media. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Kissing Booth (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Bundel, Ani (July 3, 2018). "Netflix's 'The Kissing Booth' is a runaway teen phenomenon that critics hate and adults have never heard of". NBCNews. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Erbland, Kate (May 31, 2018). "'The Kissing Booth': Netflix's Teen Comedy Sensation Is Sexist and Outdated — Review". IndieWire. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cagle, Tess (May 14, 2018). "Netflix celebrates the male gaze with puzzlingly sexist teen flick, 'The Kissing Booth'". The Daily Dot. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Rowles, Dustin (June 21, 2018). "Why Is The Objectively Bad Netflix Movie 'The Kissing Booth' So Insanely Popular?". Uproxx. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Foreman, Alison (June 15, 2018). "'The Kissing Booth' is the problematic, lazy dumpster fire dominating Netflix". Mashable. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/04/beth-reekles-kissing-booth/316454/
Jump up ^ https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/14/netflixs-latest-hit-the-kissing-booth-is-a-wattpad-success-story/
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamrowe1/2018/06/26/why-beth-reekles-is-the-wattpad-success-story-behind-netflix-hit-the-kissing-booth/#46dd974e28d5/
External links[edit]
The Kissing Booth on Netflix
The Kissing Booth on IMDb
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Joseph Addison
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For the 20th-century British ambassador, see Joseph Addison (diplomat). For the British general, see Joseph Edward Addison.
Joseph Addison
Joseph Addison, the "Kit-cat portrait", circa 1703–1712, by Godfrey Kneller
Born
1 May 1672
Milston, Wiltshire, England
Died
17 June 1719 (aged 48)
Kensington, Middlesex, England
Occupation
Writer and politician
Joseph Addison (1 May 1672 – 17 June 1719) was an English essayist, poet, playwright, and politician. He was the eldest son of The Reverend Lancelot Addison. His name is usually remembered alongside that of his long-standing friend, Richard Steele, with whom he founded The Spectator magazine.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and writing
1.1 Background
1.2 Political career
1.3 Magazine founder
1.4 Plays
1.4.1 Cato
1.5 Hymn
2 Marriage and death
3 Contribution
4 Timeline
5 Albin Schram letters
6 Analysis
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Life and writing[edit]
Background[edit]
Addison was born in Millstone, Wiltshire, but soon after his birth his father, Lancelot Addison, was appointed Dean of Lichfield and the Addison family moved into the cathedral close. He was educated at Charterhouse School, where he first met Richard Steele, and at The Queen's College, Oxford.[1] He excelled in classics, being specially noted for his Latin verse, and became a fellow of Magdalen College. In 1693, he addressed a poem to John Dryden, and his first major work, a book of the lives of English poets, was published in 1694. His translation of Virgil's Georgics was published in the same year. Dryden, Lord Somers and Charles Montague, 1st Earl of Halifax, took an interest in Addison's work and obtained for him a pension of £300 to enable him to travel to Europe with a view to diplomatic employment, all the time writing and studying politics. While in Switzerland in 1702, he heard of the death of William III, an event which lost him his pension, as his influential contacts, Halifax and Somers, had lost their employment with the Crown.
Political career[edit]
He returned to England at the end of 1703. For more than a year he remained without employment, but the Battle of Blenheim in 1704 gave him a fresh opportunity to distinguish himself. The government, more specifically Lord Treasurer Godolphin, commissioned Addison to write a commemorative poem, and he produced The Campaign, which gave such satisfaction that he was forthwith appointed a Commissioner of Appeals in Halifax's government.[2] His next literary venture was an account of his travels in Italy, Remarks on several parts of Italy, &c., in the years 1701, 1702, 1703, published in 1705 by Jacob Tonson, which was followed by an opera libretto titled Rosamond[1]. In 1705, with the Whigs in political power, Addison was made Under-Secretary of State and accompanied Halifax on a mission to Hanover. Addison's biographer states: "In the field of his foreign responsibilities Addison's views were those of a good Whig. He had always believed that England's power depended upon her wealth, her wealth upon her commerce, and her commerce upon the freedom of the seas and the checking of the power of France and Spain."[3]
From 1708 to 1709 he was MP for the rotten borough of Lostwithiel. Addison was shortly afterwards appointed secretary to the new Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Wharton, and Keeper of the Records of that country. Under the influence of Wharton, he was Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons for Cavan Borough from 1709 until 1713. From 1710, he represented Malmesbury, in his home county of Wiltshire, holding the seat until his death.
Magazine founder[edit]
Joseph Addison: engraving after the Kneller portrait
He encountered Jonathan Swift in Ireland and remained there for a year. Subsequently, he helped found the Kitcat Club and renewed his association with Richard Steele. In 1709 Steele began to bring out Tatler, to which Addison became almost immediately a contributor: thereafter he (with Steele) started The Spectator, the first number of which appeared on 1 March 1711. This paper, which at first appeared daily, was kept up (with a break of about a year and a half when The Guardian took its place) until 20 December 1714. His last undertaking was The Freeholder, a political paper, 1715–16.
Plays[edit]
He wrote the libretto for Thomas Clayton's opera Rosamond, which had a disastrous premiere in London in 1707.[4] In 1713 Addison's tragedy Cato was produced, and was received with acclamation by both Whigs and Tories. He followed this effort with a comedic play, The Drummer (1716).
Cato[edit]
The actor John Kemble in the role of Cato in Addison's play, which he revived at Covent Garden in 1816, drawn by George Cruikshank.
Main article: Cato, a Tragedy
In 1712, Addison wrote his most famous work of fiction, Cato, a Tragedy. Based on the last days of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis, it deals with such themes as individual liberty versus government tyranny, Republicanism versus Monarchism, logic versus emotion, and Cato's personal struggle to cleave to his beliefs in the face of death. It has a prologue written by Alexander Pope and an epilogue by Dr. Garth.[5]
The play was a success throughout Britain and its possessions in the New World, as well as Ireland. It continued to grow in popularity, especially in the American colonies, for several generations. Indeed, it was almost certainly literary inspiration for the American Revolution, being well known to many of the Founding Fathers. In fact, George Washington had it performed for the Continental Army while they were encamped at Valley Forge. Among the founders, according to John J. Miller, "no single work of literature may have been more important than Cato".[6]
Some scholars have identified the inspiration for several famous quotations from the American Revolution in Cato. These include:
Patrick Henry's famous ultimatum: "Give me liberty or give me death!"
(Supposed reference to Act II, Scene 4: "It is not now time to talk of aught/But chains or conquest, liberty or death.").[7]
Nathan Hale's valediction: "I regret that I have but one life to give for my country."
(Supposed reference to Act IV, Scene 4: "What a pity it is/That we can die but once to serve our country.").[7]
Washington's praise for Benedict Arnold in a letter to him: "It is not in the power of any man to command success; but you have done more—you have deserved it."
(Clear reference to Act I, Scene 2: "'Tis not in mortals to command success; but we'll do more, Sempronius, we'll deserve it.").
Not long after the American Revolution, Edmund Burke quotes the play as well in his Letter to Charles-Jean-François Depont (1789) in Further Reflections on the Revolution in France, saying the French may be yet be obliged to go through more transmigrations and "to pass, as one of our poets says, 'through great varieties of untried being'", before their state obtains its final form.[8] The poet in reference is of course Addison and the passage Burke quoted is from Cato (V.i. II): "Through what variety of untried being,/Through what new scenes and changes must we pass!"
Though the play has fallen from popularity and is now rarely performed, it was widely popular and often cited in the eighteenth century, with Cato as an exemplar of republican virtue and liberty. For example, John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon were inspired by the play to write a series of letters, Cato's Letters on individual rights, using the name "Cato".[citation needed]
The action of the play involves the forces of Cato at Utica, awaiting the arrival of Caesar just after Caesar's victory at Thapsus (46 BC). The noble sons of Cato, Portius and Marcus, are both in love with Lucia, the daughter of Lucius, a senatorial ally of Cato. Juba, prince of Numidia, another fighting on Cato's side, loves Cato's daughter Marcia. Meanwhile, Sempronius, another senator, and Syphax, general of the Numidians, are conspiring secretly against Cato, hoping to draw off the Numidian army from supporting him. In the final act, Cato commits suicide, leaving his supporters to make their peace with the approaching Caesar—an easier task after Cato's death, since he has been Caesar's most implacable foe.
Hymn[edit]
Addison wrote the popular church hymn "The Spacious Firmament on High", publishing it in The Spectator in 1712. It is sung either to the tune known as "London (Addison's)" by John Sheeles, written c. 1720, or to "Creation" by Franz Haydn, 1798.[9]
Marriage and death[edit]
Joseph Addison in 1719, the year he died.
The later events in the life of Addison did not contribute to his happiness. In 1716, he married Charlotte, Dowager Countess of Warwick, to whose son Edward Rich, 7th Earl of Warwick, he had been tutor, and his political career continued to flourish, as he served as Secretary of State for the Southern Department from 1717 to 1718. However, his political newspaper, The Freeholder, was much criticised, and Alexander Pope, in An Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot, made him an object of derision, christening him "Atticus", likening him to an adder, "Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike". His wife appears to have been arrogant and imperious; his stepson, seventh Earl, was a rake and unfriendly to him; his shyness in public limited his effectiveness in Parliament. He eventually fell out with Steele over the Peerage Bill of 1719. In 1718, Addison was forced to resign as Secretary of State because of his poor health, but remained an MP until his death at Holland House, London, on 17 June 1719 (age 48). Addison was buried in Westminster Abbey. Posthumously, a story circulated that Addison, on his deathbed, had sent for his wastrel stepson to witness how a Christian meets death.
On 6 April 1808, 89 years after his death, the name of a town in upstate New York, originally known as Middletown, was changed to Addison, in his honor.
Contribution[edit]
It is mostly as an essayist that Addison is remembered today. Addison began writing essays quite casually. In April 1709, his childhood friend, Richard Steele, started The Tatler. Addison inspired him to write this essay. Addison contributed 42 essays while Steele wrote 188. Of Addison's help, Steele remarked, "when I had once called him in, I could not subsist without dependence on him".[10] On 2 January 1711, The Tatler was discontinued. On 1 March 1711, The Spectator was published, and it continued until 6 December 1712. The Spectator was issued daily and achieved great popularity. It exercised a great deal of influence over the reading public of the time. In The Spectator, Addison soon became the leading partner. He contributed 274 essays out a total of 555; Steele wrote 236 for this periodical. Addison also assisted Steele with the Guardian which Steele began in 1713.
The breezy, conversational style of the essays later elicited Bishop Hurd's reproving attribution of an "Addisonian Termination", for preposition stranding, the casual grammatical construction that ends a sentence with a preposition.[11]
Besides the works above mentioned, he wrote an essay, Dialogues on Medals, and left incomplete a work, Of the Christian Religion. The 18th-century French priest and journalist Simon-Jérôme Bourlet de Vauxcelles (1733–1802) translated into French the ''Dialogues on Medals.
Timeline[edit]
Joseph Addison by Kraemer
Albin Schram letters[edit]
In 2005 an Austrian banker and collector named Albin Schram died and, in his laundry room, a collection of around 1000 letters from great historical figures was found.
One was written by Joseph Addison, reporting on the debate in the House of Commons over the grant to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, and his heirs, following the Battle of Ramillies. The letter was written on the day of the debate, probably to George Stepney.
Addison explains that the motion was opposed by Mr Annesley, Ward, Caesar and Sir William Vevian, "One said that this was showing no honour to His Grace but to a posterity that he was not concern'd in. Casar ... hoped ye Duke tho he had ben Victorious over the Enemy would not think of being so over a House of Commons: wch was said in pursuance to a Motion made by some of the Craftier sort that would not oppose the proposition directly but turn it off by a Side-Wind pretending that it being a money affaire it should be refer'd to a Committee of the whole House wch in all probability would have defeated the whole affaire...."[citation needed]
Following the Duke of Marlborough's highly successful campaigns of 1706, he and George Stepney became the first English regents of the Anglo-Dutch condominium for governing the southern Netherlands. It was Stepney who formally took possession of the principality of Mindelheim in Marlborough's name on 26 May, following the Battle of Ramillies. On Marlborough's return to London in November, Parliament granted his request that his grant of £5,000 'out of ye Post-Office' be made in perpetuity for his heirs.
A second letter to his friend Sir Richard Steele was also found, concerning the Tatler and other matters.
'I very much liked your last paper upon the Courtship that is usually paid to the fair sex. I wish you had reserved the Letter in this days paper concerning Indecencies at Church for an entire piece. It wd have made as good a one as any you have published. Your Reflections upon Almanza are very good.' The letter concludes with references to impeachment proceedings against Addison's friend, Henry Sacheverell ('I am much obliged to you for yor Letters relating to Sackeverell'), and the Light House petition: 'I am something troubled that you have not sent away ye Letters received from Ireland to my Lord Lieutenant, particularly that from Mr Forster [the Attorney General] with the Enclosed petition about the Light House, which I hope will be delivered to the House before my Return'.
Analysis[edit]
Addison's character has been described as kind and magnanimous, albeit somewhat cool and unimpassioned. His appealing manners and conversation made him one of the most popular men of his day; and while he laid his friends under obligations for substantial favours, he showed great forbearance towards his few enemies. His essays are noted for their clarity and elegant style, as well as their cheerful and respectful humour. One flaw in Addison's character was a tendency to convivial excess, which nonetheless should be judged in view of the somewhat lax manners of his time.
Thackeray wrote Addison and his colleague Richard Steele into the novel The History of Henry Esmond as characters.
"As a man, he may not have deserved the adoration which he received from those who, bewitched by his fascinating society, and indebted for all the comforts of life to his generous and delicate friendship, worshipped him nightly, in his favourite temple at Button’s. But, after full inquiry and impartial reflection, we have long been convinced that he deserved as much love and esteem as can be justly claimed by any of our infirm and erring race. Some blemishes may undoubtedly be detected in his character; but the more carefully it is examined, the more it will appear, to use the phrase of the old anatomists, sound in the noble parts, free from all taint of perfidy, of cowardice, of cruelty, of ingratitude, of envy. Men may easily be named, in whom some particular good disposition has been more conspicuous than in Addison. But the just harmony of qualities, the exact temper between the stern and the humane virtues, the habitual observance of every law, not only of moral rectitude, but of moral grace and dignity, distinguish him from all men who have been tried by equally strong temptations, and about whose conduct we possess equally full information." – Lord Macaulay[12]
See also[edit]
Poetry portal
Addison's Walk
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Addison, Joseph". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Jump up ^ Deighton, Ken (ed.). Coverley Papers from The Spectator. New York, 1964: Macmillan.
Jump up ^ Peter Smithers, The Life of Joseph Addison (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954), p. 382.
Jump up ^ McGeary, Thomas (1998). "Thomas Clayton and the Introduction of Italian Opera to England", Philological Quarterly, Vol. 77 (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Joseph Addison, Cato: A Tragedy, and Selected Essays. ed. Christine Dunn Henderson & Mark E. Yellin. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2004. ISBN 0-86597-443-8.
Jump up ^ John J. Miller, "On Life, Liberty, and Other Quotable Matters," Wall Street Journal, 2 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Richard, Carl J. (2009). Greeks & Romans Bearing Gifts: How the Ancients Inspired the Founding Fathers, p. 151. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Jump up ^ Burke, Edmund (1872) Reflections on the revolution in France, and on the proceedings of certain societies in London relative to that event, p. 232. Seeley, Jackson, and Halliday.
Jump up ^ "The Spacious Firmament on High". Hymn Time. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Sir Richard Steele, p. 148. Haskell House Publishers, first published 1865.
Jump up ^ William Rose Benet, The Reader's Encyclopedia, s.v. "Addisonian Termination".
Jump up ^ Essay on the Life and Writings of Addison, Essays vol. V (1866) Hurd and Houghton
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. Wikisource
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Joseph Addison
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Joseph Addison
Joseph Addison at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
Joseph Addison Seminar
Works by Joseph Addison at Project Gutenberg
Works by Joseph Addison at Faded Page (Canada)
Works by or about Joseph Addison at Internet Archive
Works by Joseph Addison at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Joseph Addison's Grave, Westminster Abbey
Quotations Book – Joseph Addison
The Bow and Grimace: International journal inspired by Addisons Spectator no. 69
Cato (A Tragedy in Five Acts) (1713)
Essays by Joseph Addison at Quotidiana.org
"Archival material relating to Joseph Addison". UK National Archives.
Index entry for Joseph Addison at Poets' Corner
Joseph Addison at University of Toronto Libraries
Political offices
Preceded by
George Dodington Chief Secretary for Ireland
1708–1710 Succeeded by
Edward Southwell
Preceded by
Sir John Stanley Chief Secretary for Ireland
1714–1715 Succeeded by
Martin Bladen
Charles Delafaye
Preceded by
Paul Methuen Secretary of State for the Southern Department
1717–1718 Succeeded by
James Craggs the Younger
Parliament of Great Britain
Preceded by
Russell Robartes
James Kendall Member of Parliament for Lostwithiel
1708–1709
With: James Kendall Succeeded by
Francis Robartes
Russell Robartes
Preceded by
Thomas Farrington
Henry Mordaunt Member of Parliament for Malmesbury
1710–1719
With: Thomas Farrington 1710–1713
Sir John Rushout, Bt 1713–1719 Succeeded by
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Fleetwood Dormer
Parliament of Ireland
Preceded by
Thomas Ashe
Robert Saunders Member of Parliament for Cavan Borough
1709–1713
With: Thomas Ashe Succeeded by
Charles Lambart
Theophilus Clements
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 7413288
LCCN: n80051828
ISNI: 0000 0001 2119 3313
GND: 118500619
SELIBR: 242277
SUDOC: 028972783
BNF: cb12069747f (data)
BIBSYS: 11058154
ULAN: 500287191
MusicBrainz: fd0cf2e1-e7ee-4a43-a49a-f1f5a98d12d0
NLA: 35001322
NDL: 00620246
NKC: jo2002112124
ICCU: IT\ICCU\RAVV\056812
BNE: XX1116615
IATH: w6h136w3
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Addison&oldid=811056015"
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