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Chaudhary Charan Singh University
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This article is about the general university. For the agricultural university, see Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University.
Chaudhary Charan Singh University
Former names
Meerut University
Motto in English
Where that supreme treasure of Truth resides
Type
State university
Established
1965
Chancellor
Governor of Uttar Pradesh
Vice-Chancellor
Narendra Kumar Taneja
Registrar
Deep Chand (IAS officer)
Location
Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Campus
Urban
Affiliations
UGC
Website
www.ccsuniversity.ac.in
Chaudhary Charan Singh University (CCS University), formerly Meerut University, is a public state university located in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. The university was established in 1965.[1] It was later renamed to its current name after Chaudhary Charan Singh, former Prime minister of India.[1] The university celebrated its silver jubilee in 1991.
Narendra Kumar Taneja is the current vice-chancellor of the university.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Academics
3 Libraries
4 Affiliated colleges
5 Notable alumni
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The university started as Meerut University later named after Chaudhary Charan singh (Former Prime minister of India). the university having various schools of studies viz. sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences, and Engineering. M.Phil and Ph.D. programmes were started in 1969. In 1973, Post Graduate level courses were also introduced with the modernized syllabi.
Academics[edit]
There are five Faculties with 22 UGC sponsored and 35 self-financed/job oriented. University has Engineering Collge located in Campus Sir Chhoturam Institute Of Engg. & Technology, It is the most leading and only government engineering college in Western UP. 7 courses being run in the campus. A distinct feature of the academic program is the semester system.
Libraries[edit]
Library was established in 1968 to serve the academic community of the university in particular and this region of the state in general. In 1969, the library was temporarily moved in L.L.R.M Medical College Campus. A few buildings were built in 1970 at the university campus and the library was housed in room No. 106 on the ground floor of the Institute of Advanced Studies. Construction of the library was started in 1970 and it was formally declared open by the first Chancellor, Dr Gopal Reddy on 11 January 1972. The shoebox type library building is designed on modular pattern. It provides 2655.38 sq. meters of floor area spread over four floors. The Library is now known as Raja Mahendra Pratap Library.
Affiliated colleges[edit]
The University has many degree colleges affiliated to it. They fall in two divisions: Meerut and Saharanpur with nine districts including Bagpat, Bulandshahr, Gautam Budh Nagar, Ghaziabad, Hapur, Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur and Shamli.
Notable alumni[edit]
This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability or notability policies. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they are notable AND alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (December 2017)
Mayawati, Indian politician[3]
Arvind Kumar Jain , Former Director of Punjab & Sind Bank
K. C. Tyagi, Indian politician[4]
Kamal Davar, Indian Army officer, first Director General of the Defence Intelligence Agency
Arun Govil, film actor
Deepti Bhatnagar, actress and model
Yuvika Chaudhary, actress
Jai Verma, Nottingham-based poet and Hindi language/culture advocate
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Chaudhary Charan Singh University - About Us". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "UPTU, Chaudhary Charan Singh University get new VCs". Retrieved 2015-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Ms. Mayawati, Chief Minister, Uttar Pradesh, Life History: At A Glance (Official Profile of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh)". upgov.nic.in. Government of Uttar Pradesh. 16 July 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "K.C. Tyagi Indian Parliament Profile". National Portal of India. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
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Universities in Uttar Pradesh
Central
Aligarh Muslim University
Banaras Hindu University
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
Rajiv Gandhi National Aviation University
INIs
Indian Institute of Management Lucknow
Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi
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Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli
Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University
University of Allahabad
State
Allahabad State University
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology
Bundelkhand University
Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology
Chaudhary Charan Singh University
Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University
Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University
Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University
Gautam Buddha University
Harcourt Butler Technical University
Jananayak Chandrashekhar University
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Urdu, Arabi-Pharsi University
King George's Medical University
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Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith
Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology
Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology
Siddharth University
U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Ansundhan Sansthan
University of Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University
Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences
Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University
State institute
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences
Deemed
Bhatkhande Music Institute Deemed University
Central University for Tibetan Studies
Dayalbagh Educational Institute
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology
Santosh University
Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology
Private
Amity University, Noida
Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow
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Galgotias University
GLA University
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Monad University
Rama University
Sharda University
Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University
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Shri Venkateshwara University
Swami Vivekanand Subharti University
Teerthanker Mahaveer University
Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University
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Meerut division topics
General
Doab
Noida
National Capital Region
Chaudhary Charan Singh University
Shobhit University
Okhla Sanctuary
Mythology, history
Meerut Conspiracy Case
Nauchandi Mela
Mayasura
Mandodari
Districts
Bagpat
Bulandshahr
Gautam Buddha Nagar
Ghaziabad
Hapur
Meerut
Rivers, dams, lakes
Yamuna
Ganga
Hindon
Languages, people
Hindi
Khariboli
Standard Hindi
Urdu
Western Hindi
Jat
Gujjar
Transport
Air
Meerut Airport
Rail
Delhi Meerut RRTS
Meerut Metro
Bhagpat
Ghaziabad Jn
Meerut City Jn
Meerut Cantt
Modinagar
New Ghaziabad
Hapur
Road
Delhi–Meerut Expressway
NH 24
NH 58
Noida Greater Noida Expressway
Yamuna Expressway
Upper Ganga Canal Expressway
NH 91
NH 119
Industries
NTPC Dadri
Lok Sabha constituencies
Baghpat
Bulandshahr
Gautam Buddha Nagar
Ghaziabad
Meerut-Hapur
See also
Cities and towns in Bagpat district
Cities and towns in Bulandshahr district
Cities and towns in Gautam Buddha Nagar district
Cities and towns in Ghaziabad district
Cities and towns in Meerut district
Cities and towns in Panchsheel Nagar district
Villages in Bagpat district
Villages in Bulandshahr district
Villages in Gautam Buddh Nagar district
Villages in Ghaziabad district
People from Bagpat district
People from Bulandshahr
People from Gautam Buddha Nagar
People from Ghaziabad district
People from Meerut
Other Divisions
Agra
Aligarh
Allahabad
Azamgarh
Bareilly
Basti
Chitrakoot
Devipatan
Faizabad
Gorakhpur
Jhansi
Kanpur
Lucknow
Mirzapur
Moradabad
Saharanpur
Varanasi
Coordinates: 28°58′12″N 77°44′29″E / 28.9700°N 77.7415°E / 28.9700; 77.7415

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text:
Civil Rights Act of 1866
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Long title
An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights and liberties, and furnish the Means of their Vindication.
Acronyms (colloquial)
CRA 1866
Enacted by
the 39th United States Congress
Effective
April 9, 1866
Citations
Public law
14 Stat. 27-30
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 61 by Sen. Lyman Trumbull (R-IL) on January 5, 1866
Committee consideration by Judiciary
Passed the Senate on February 2, 1866 (33–12)
Passed the House on March 13, 1866 (34 "not voting") (111–38)
Vetoed by President Andrew Johnson on March 27, 1866
Overridden by the Senate on April 6, 1866 (33–15)
Overridden by the House and became law on April 9, 1866 (21 "not voting") (122–41)
Major amendments
Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Section 1981) P.L. 102–166
United States Supreme Court cases
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. (1968)
Saint Francis College v. al-Khazraji (1987)
Domino's Pizza, Inc. v. McDonald (2006)
The Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14 Stat. 27-30, enacted April 9, 1866, was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law.[1] It was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of persons of African descent born in or brought to the U.S., in the wake of the American Civil War.[2] This legislation was enacted by Congress in 1865 but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill to support the Thirteenth Amendment. Although Johnson again vetoed it, a two-thirds majority in each chamber overcame the veto and the bill therefore became law.
John Bingham and some other congressmen argued that Congress did not yet have sufficient constitutional power to enact this law. Following passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, Congress reenacted the 1866 Act in 1871.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction and amendment
2 Content
3 Enactment, constitutionalization, and reenactment
4 Aftermath and consequences
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Introduction and amendment[edit]
The author of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was Senator Lyman Trumbull, who introduced the bill in the Senate.[3] Congressman James F. Wilson summarized what he considered to be the purpose of the act as follows, when he introduced the bill in the House of Representatives:[4]
It provides for the equality of citizens of the United States in the enjoyment of "civil rights and immunities." What do these terms mean? Do they mean that in all things civil, social, political, all citizens, without distinction of race or color, shall be equal? By no means can they be so construed. Do they mean that all citizens shall vote in the several States? No; for suffrage is a political right which has been left under the control of the several States, subject to the action of Congress only when it becomes necessary to enforce the guarantee of a republican form of government (protection against a monarchy). Nor do they mean that all citizens shall sit on the juries, or that their children shall attend the same schools. The definition given to the term "civil rights" in Bouvier's Law Dictionary is very concise, and is supported by the best authority. It is this: "Civil rights are those which have no relation to the establishment, support, or management of government."
During the subsequent legislative process, the following key provision was deleted: "there shall be no discrimination in civil rights or immunities among the inhabitants of any State or Territory of the United States on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." John Bingham was an influential supporter of this deletion, on the ground that courts might construe the term "civil rights" more broadly than people like Wilson intended.[5] Weeks later, Senator Trumbull described the bill's intended scope:[6]
This bill in no manner interferes with the municipal regulations of any State which protects all alike in their rights of person and property. It could have no operation in Massachusetts, New York, Illinois, or most of the States of the Union.
The next day, on April 5, 1866, the Senate overrode President Johnson's veto. This marked the first time that the U.S. Congress ever overrode a president's veto for a major piece of legislation.[7]
Content[edit]
With an incipit of "An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights, and furnish the Means of their vindication", the act declared that all people born in the United States who are not subject to any foreign power are entitled to be citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude.[8] A similar provision (called the Citizenship Clause) was written a few months later into the proposed Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 also said that any citizen has the same right that a white citizen has to make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property. Additionally, the act guaranteed to all citizens the "full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, as is enjoyed by white citizens, and ... like punishment, pains, and penalties..." Persons who denied these rights on account of race or previous enslavement were guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both.
The act used language very similar to that of the Equal Protection Clause in the newly proposed Fourteenth Amendment. In particular, the act discussed the need to provide "reasonable protection to all persons in their constitutional rights of equality before the law, without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. ..."[8]
This statute was a major part of general federal policy during Reconstruction, and was closely related to the Second Freedmen's Bureau Act of 1866. According to Congressman John Bingham, "the seventh and eighth sections of the Freedmen's Bureau bill enumerate the same rights and all the rights and privileges that are enumerated in the first section of this [the Civil Rights] bill."[9][10]
Parts of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 are still in effect in the 21st century,[11] according to the United States Code:[12]
All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other.
This section of the United States Code, § 1981, is based on section one of the Civil Rights Act of 1866.[8]
Enactment, constitutionalization, and reenactment[edit]
Illustration of the passage of the act
Senator Lyman Trumbull was the Senate sponsor of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and he argued that Congress had power to enact it in order to eliminate a discriminatory "badge of servitude" prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment.[13] Representative John Bingham, principal author of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment, was one of several Republicans who believed (prior to that Amendment) that Congress lacked power to pass the 1866 Act.[14] In the 20th century, the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately adopted Trumbull's Thirteenth Amendment rationale for congressional power to ban racial discrimination by states and by private parties, in view of the fact that the Thirteenth Amendment does not require a state actor.[13]
To the extent that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 may have been intended to go beyond preventing discrimination, by conferring particular rights on all citizens, the constitutional power of Congress to do that was more questionable. For example, Representative William Lawrence argued that Congress had power to enact the statute because of the Privileges and Immunities Clause in Article IV of the original unamended Constitution, even though courts had suggested otherwise.[15]
In any event, there is currently no consensus that the language of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 actually purports to confer any legal benefits upon white citizens.[16] Representative Samuel Shellabarger said that it did not.[17][18]
After the Civil Rights Act of 1866 had been enacted into law over President Andrew Johnson's veto,[19][20] some members of Congress voted for the Fourteenth Amendment in order to eliminate doubts about the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1866,[21] or to ensure that no subsequent Congress could later repeal or alter the main provisions of that Act.[22] Thus, the Citizenship Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment parallels citizenship language in the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and likewise the Equal Protection Clause parallels nondiscrimination language in the 1866 Act; the extent to which other clauses in the Fourteenth Amendment may have incorporated elements of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 is a matter of continuing debate.[23]
Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment was completed in 1868. Two years later, the 1866 Act was reenacted, as Section 18 of the Enforcement Act of 1870.[24]
Aftermath and consequences[edit]
The activities of insurgent groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) undermined the act; and it failed to immediately secure the civil rights of African Americans. Since 1866 it has been illegal in the U.S. to discriminate in jobs and housing on the basis of race. However, federal penalties were not provided for, so that remedies were left to the individuals involved. Because those being discriminated against had limited access to legal help, this left many victims of discrimination without recourse. Since the latter half of the 20th century and passage of related civil rights legislation, there have been an increasing number of remedies provided under this act, including the landmark Jones v. Mayer and Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc. decisions in 1968.[25]
See also[edit]
US labor law
Slave Trade Acts
References[edit]
Jump up ^ White, Deborah (2012). Freedom On My Mind. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-312-64884-8.
Jump up ^ Text of Civil Rights Act of 1866 http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/the-civil-rights-act-of-1866
Jump up ^ Lash, Kurt. "The Origins of the Privileges or Immunities Clause, Part II: John Bingham and the Second Draft of the Fourteenth Amendment", Georgetown Law Journal, Volume 99, p. 361 (2011).
Jump up ^ Congressional Globe, House of Representatives, 39th Congress, 1st Session, p. 1117 (March 1, 1866).
Jump up ^ Kull, Andrew. The Color-Blind Constitution, pp. 75-78 (Harvard University Press, 1994).
Jump up ^ Lash, Kurt. "The Origins of the Privileges or Immunities Clause, Part II: John Bingham and the Second Draft of the Fourteenth Amendment", Georgetown Law Journal, Volume 99, p. 394 (2011). This statement by Senator Trumbull was discussed by both the majority as well as by dissenting Justice Harlan in the Supreme Court case of Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968). See the transcript from April 4, 1866.
Jump up ^ Zak, Michael (March 13, 2016). "Republicans passed 'An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights, and to furnish the means for their Vindication'". Grand Old Partisan. Retrieved March 17, 2016. [T]his was the first time Congress had overridden a veto for major legislation. Even so, President Johnson refused to enforce this law. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c See Civil Rights Act of 1866 (full text) via the Online Library of Liberty.
Jump up ^ Halbrook, Stephen. Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms, 1866-1876, page 29 (Greenwood Publishing Group 1998).
Jump up ^ Full text of Second Freedmen's Bureau Bill (December 4, 1865) from the Online Library of Liberty.
Jump up ^ Foner, Eric (December 9, 2015). "Politics of Reconstruction". C-SPAN. Washington, D.C. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ 42 U.S.C. § 1981
^ Jump up to: a b Salzman, Lawrence. "Civil Rights Act of 1866" in Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties, by Paul Finkelman, Volume 1, pages 299-300 (CRC Press, 2006).
Jump up ^ Curtis, Michael Kent. No State Shall Abridge: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights, p. 80 (Duke University Press 1986).
Jump up ^ Bogen, David. Privileges and Immunities: Reference Guide to the United States Constitution, page 43 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003).
Jump up ^ Lund, Nelson. "Two Faces of Judicial Restraint (Or Are There More?) in McDonald v. Chicago", Florida Law Review (forthcoming).
Jump up ^ Harrison, John. "Reconstructing the Privileges or Immunities Clause", 10 Yale Law Journal 1385 (1992).
Jump up ^ Congressional Globe, House of Representatives, 39th Congress, 1st Session, page 1293 (1866).
Jump up ^ Johnson, Andrew. "Veto of the Civil Rights Bill" (March 27, 1866).
Jump up ^ Belz (2000)
Jump up ^ Jones v. Mayer Archived 2012-07-12 at Archive.is, 392 U.S. 409 (1968).
Jump up ^ Yen, Chin-Yung. Rights of citizens and persons under the Fourteenth amendment, page 7 (New Era Printing Company 1905).
Jump up ^ See McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. (2010).
Jump up ^ See Enforcement Act of 1870 (full text) via the Online Library of Liberty.
Jump up ^ Player (2004).
Further reading[edit]
Belz, Herman. A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedom Rights, 1861 to 1866 (2000)
Dew, Lee Allen. "The Reluctant Radicals of 1866," Midwest Quarterly (Spring 1967) pp 261–276.
Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988)
Hyman, Harold M. A More Perfect Union (1975)
Player, Mack A. Federal Law of Employment Discrimination in a Nutshell (2004)
Rutherglen, George (2013). Civil Rights in the Shadow of Slavery: The Constitution, Common Law, and the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 9780199739707.
Tsesis, Alexander. The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom: A Legal History (2004)
External links[edit]
Texts on Wikisource:
Civil Rights Act of 1866
"Civil Rights Bill". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Civil Rights Bills". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
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