text:
Darynda Jones
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Darynda Jones is the American author of the Charley Davidson series of paranormal romantic thrillers and a young adult series called The Darklight Trilogy. She lives in New Mexico.
Contents
[hide]
1 Charley Davidson novels
2 Bibliography
2.1 Charley Davidson series
2.2 Darklight Trilogy
3 Awards
4 References
5 External links
Charley Davidson novels[edit]
Darynda Jones’ protagonist Charley Davidson is a private investigator living in Albuquerque, New Mexico but that isn't all Charley does for a living. Charley is a portal to heaven and was born onto Earth as a Grim Reaper. Not only can she see the dead but she can touch them. The dead who have lingered around after passing, due to numerous reasons, can see her 'light' from anywhere on Earth. When they pass through her, Charley gets a glimpse of their life, scents, feelings, memories and such.
The very first person to pass through Charley was her mother who died giving birth to Charley. Her mother told her she loved her and then passed though Charley. Charley remembers this because her memory extends from the day she was born. One of the very first things she can recall is the Big Bad, a being shrouded in darkness who always seemed to be saving her. The books balance humor, romance and suspense.
Characters:
Charlotte/Charley Davidson: The main character who tries to balance life as a private investigator and grim reaper. She lives in a building across from her office, which is above her fathers' bar. From as early as the age of five, Charley has been helping her father, a former policeman, and her uncle Bob, also a cop, solve cases using her reaper abilities. She is sarcastic and has quick wit. She is a portal to heaven for the souls of the departed to cross through. She is able to heal faster than any other human and, when forced, she can move at an inhuman speed. She has the cunning ability to almost get killed in the most unlikely places.
Reyes Farrow: A boy who Charley met when she was younger and tried to save after witnessing him being beaten by his father. At that time, he called her 'Dutch'. Later, she comes across him in prison. He was charged with the murder of his abusive father. Reyes has a large fan base of women who scour prison photos for good looking men. He often visits Charley in her dreams while she was unaware it was him. He is the son of Satan. He was sent to look for a portal to heaven, but once he saw her he wanted to be with her and thus got himself born onto Earth. Just as Charley is a portal to heaven, Reyes, is a portal to hell.
Leland Davidson: Charley and Gemma's father was once a cop. He would get help solving cases with Charley's ability to speak to the dead. Now he owns a bar and allows his daughter to use the second floor as an office for her clients. It took three days for Leland to see Charley after his wife's death but he loves his daughter very much. By the end of the second book, and for most of the third book, Leland's relationship with Charley is strained after he sends a killer after her. Leland knew that Charley would be all right due to some strange events that occurred when Charley was younger. However, he did not warn her and she ended up facing the murderer after being caught off guard.
Cookie: Cookie and her daughter, Amber, live across the hall from Charley. Cookie is her best friend and they work together. Charley does field work while Cookie does the research. They bonded over their love of coffee. Cookie worries about Charley after she stops sleeping, due to Reyes invading her dreams. She does her best to help her in any way. She knows all about Charley's abilities and about Reyes.
Gemma: Gemma is Charley's older sister. The two of them were in competition when they were at university. They are almost estranged and rarely speak. Gemma knows that Charley can see and speak to the dead but she isn't aware of the fact she is the Grim Reaper. Gemma gets along with her stepmother while Charley doesn't.
Denise: Denise is Charley's stepmother and finds Charley to be an embarrassment. She has never accepted Charley's abilities and hates to be around her.
Uncle Bob: Charley is close to her Uncle who she regularly helps on cases as long as he returns the favour. He has access to things that one would need a police clearance to get. He loves her, stands by her, fears for her, and supports her whenever she needs it. When her father tells her to quit her job, her Uncle Bob stands by her side and promises to talk to him.
Garret Swopes: Garret was told of Charley's abilities by Uncle Bob one night when he was drunk. Garret had a hard time coming to terms with the idea. He dislikes Reyes and his involvement with Charley, just as Reyes hates Garret's involvement. He becomes a close friend to Charley and often helps her when she needs it, and even when she doesn't want it.
Angel: Angel is a 13yr old ghost Charley met on the same night as Reyes. Angel was killed trying to stop a drive by shooting and works for Charley by tailing the suspects. In return, Charley sends the money he would have earned to his mother. He keeps trying to see Charley naked.
Rocket: A ghost who has the uncanny ability to know the names of every person who has died. He lives in an asylum and even though he's old his personality is that of a big kid. He enjoys pretending to scare Charley and gets excited whenever she mentions names. He has a younger sister named Blue, who died when she was little.
Bibliography[edit]
Charley Davidson series[edit]
First Grave on the Right, St. Martin’s Press, 2011[1]
Second Grave on the Left, St. Martin’s Press, 2011[2]
Third Grave Dead Ahead, St. Martin’s Press, 2012[3]
Fourth Grave Beneath My Feet, St. Martin's Press, 2012
Fifth Grave Past The Light, St. Martin's Press, 2013
Sixth Grave on the Edge, St. Martin's Press, 2014
Seventh Grave and No Body, St. Martin's Press, 2014
Eighth Grave after Dark, St. Martin's Press, May 19, 2015
The Dirt on Ninth Grave, St. Martin's Press, Jan 5, 2016
The Curse of Tenth Grave, St. Martin's Press, Jun 28, 2016
Eleventh Grave in Moonlight, St. Martin's Press, Jun 27, 2017
The Trouble with Twelfth Grave, St. Martin's Press, Oct 31, 2017
Thirteenth and final book, expected publication Oct 2017
Darklight Trilogy[edit]
Death and the Girl Next Door, St. Martin's Press, 2012
Death, Doom and Detention, St. Martin's Press, 2013
Death and the Girl He Loves, St. Martin's Press, 2013
Awards[edit]
The manuscript of First Grave on the Right won the 2009 Golden Heart Award for Best Paranormal Romance from Romance Writers of America,[4] an award for manuscripts by unpublished authors. Her book Third Grave Dead Ahead was on the New York Times best seller list.[5] NYTimes and USA Today Bestselling Author Darynda Jones has won numerous awards for her work, including a prestigious Golden Heart®, a Rebecca, two Hold Medallions, a RITA ®, and a Daphne du Maurier.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ""First Grave on the Right", Publishers Weekly, 12/06/2010".
Jump up ^ ""Second Grave on the Left", Publishers Weekly, 6/20/2011".
Jump up ^ ""Third Grave Dead Ahead", Publishers Weekly, 12/05/2011".
Jump up ^ "Golden Heart Awards". Archived from the original on 2012-07-22.
Jump up ^ "Third Grave Dead Ahead on the New York Times best seller list". The New York Times. 19 February 2012.
External links[edit]
Darynda Jones biography
Darynda Jones at macmillan.com
Darynda Jones at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
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United States presidential election, 1912
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
United States presidential election, 1912
← 1908 November 5, 1912 1916 →
All 532 electoral votes of the Electoral College
266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout
58.8%[1] 6.6 pp
Nominee
Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt
Party
Democratic Progressive
Home state
New Jersey New York
Running mate
Thomas R. Marshall Hiram Johnson
Electoral vote
435 88
States carried
40 6
Popular vote
6,296,284 4,122,721
Percentage
41.8% 27.4%
Nominee
William Howard Taft Eugene V. Debs
Party
Republican Socialist
Home state
Ohio Indiana
Running mate
Nicholas M. Butler
(replacing James S. Sherman) Emil Seidel
Electoral vote
8 0
States carried
2 0
Popular vote
3,486,242 901,551
Percentage
23.2% 6.0%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Wilson/Marshall, light green denotes those won by Roosevelt/Johnson, red denotes states won by Taft/Butler. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election
William Howard Taft
Republican
Elected President
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic
The United States presidential election of 1912 was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1912. Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey unseated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and defeated Former President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran as the Progressive Party ("Bull Moose") nominee. Roosevelt remains the only third party presidential candidate in U.S. history to finish better than third in the popular or electoral vote.
Roosevelt had served as president from 1901 to 1909, and Taft had won the 1908 Republican president nomination with Roosevelt's support. Displeased with Taft's actions as president, Roosevelt challenged Taft at the 1912 Republican National Convention. After Taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed at the Republican convention, Roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third party bid. Backed by William Jennings Bryan and other progressives, Wilson won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination on the 46th ballot, defeating Speaker of the House Champ Clark and several other candidates. Meanwhile, the Socialist Party renominated its perennial standard-bearer, Eugene V. Debs.
The election of 1912 was bitterly contested by three individuals, Wilson, Roosevelt, and Taft, who all had or would serve as president. Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" platform called for social insurance programs, an eight-hour workday, and a strong federal role in regulating the economy. Wilson's "New Freedom" platform called for tariff reform, banking reform, and a new antitrust law. Knowing that he had little chance of victory, Taft conducted a subdued campaign based on his own platform of "progressive conservatism." Debs claimed that the other three candidates were largely financed by trusts and tried to galvanize support behind his socialist policies.
The Progressive party was nicknamed the "Bull Moose Party" after journalists quoted Roosevelt saying that he felt "fit as a bull moose" following an assassination attempt on the campaign trail shortly after the new party was formed.[2]
Wilson carried 40 states and won a large majority of the electoral vote, taking advantage of the split in the Republican Party. He was the first Democrat to win a presidential election since 1892, and would be one of just two Democratic presidents to serve between the Civil War and the onset of the Great Depression. Roosevelt won 88 electoral votes, while Taft carried just two states, taking 8 electoral votes. Wilson won 41.8% of the national popular vote, while Roosevelt won 27%, Taft 23%, and Debs 6%.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Nominations
2.1 Republican Party nomination
2.1.1 Candidates gallery
2.2 Progressive Party
2.3 Democratic Party nomination
2.3.1 Candidates gallery
2.4 Socialist Party nomination
3 General election
3.1 Campaign
3.2 Tariffs and Republican Party split
3.3 Results
3.4 Geography of results
3.4.1 Cartographic gallery
3.5 Results by state
3.6 Close states
3.6.1 Statistics
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
7.1 Primary sources
8 External links
Background[edit]
Republican President Theodore Roosevelt had declined to run for re-election in 1908 in fulfillment of a pledge to the American people not to seek a second full term. Roosevelt's first term as president (1901–1905) was incomplete, as he succeeded to the office upon the assassination of William McKinley; it was only his second term (1905–1909) that encompassed four full years. He had tapped Secretary of War William Howard Taft to become his successor, and Taft defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the general election.
During Taft's administration, a rift grew between Roosevelt and Taft as they became the leaders of the Republican Party's two wings: the progressives, led by Roosevelt, and the conservatives, led by Taft. The progressive Republicans favored restrictions on the employment of women and children, promoted ecological conservation, and were more sympathetic toward labor unions. The progressive Republicans were also in favor of the popular election of federal and state judges and opposed to having judges appointed by the president or state governors. The conservative Republicans were in support of high tariffs on imported goods to encourage consumers to buy American-made products (as were most progressive Republicans), favored business leaders over labor unions, and were generally opposed to the popular election of judges.
By 1910 the split between the two wings of the Republican Party was deep, and this, in turn, caused Roosevelt and Taft to turn against one another, despite their personal friendship. The 1910 Midterm elections proved to be rather rough for the Republicans which seemed to further cement the growing divide among the party. Taft's popularity among Progressives collapsed when he supported the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act in 1909,[3] abandoned Roosevelt's anti-trust policy[4] and fired popular conservationist Gifford Pinchot as head of the Bureau of Forestry in 1910.[5]
Nominations[edit]
Republican Party nomination[edit]
Main articles: Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1912 and 1912 Republican National Convention
Republican Party Ticket, 1912
William Howard Taft
James S. Sherman
for President for Vice President
27th
President of the United States
(1909–1913) 27th
Vice President of the United States
(1909–1912)
Campaign
Republican candidates:
William Howard Taft, President of the United States
Theodore Roosevelt, former President of the United States from New York
Robert M. La Follette, Senator from Wisconsin
Candidates gallery[edit]
President William Howard Taft
Theodore Roosevelt from New York
Senator Robert M. La Follette from Wisconsin
A Punch cartoon by Leonard Raven-Hill, depicting the perceived aggression between Taft and Roosevelt.
For the first time, significant numbers of delegates to the national conventions were elected in presidential preference primaries. Primary elections were advocated by the progressive faction of the Republican Party, which wanted to break the control of political parties by bosses. Altogether, twelve states held Republican primaries. Robert M. La Follette won two of the first four primaries (North Dakota and Wisconsin). Beginning with his runaway victory in Illinois on April 9, however, Roosevelt won nine of the last ten presidential primaries (in order, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Oregon, Maryland, California, Ohio, New Jersey, and South Dakota), losing only Massachusetts to Taft.[6] As a sign of his great popularity, Roosevelt even carried Taft's home state of Ohio.
The Republican Convention was held in Chicago from June 18 to 22. Taft, however, had begun to gather delegates earlier, and the delegates chosen in the primaries were a minority. Taft had the support of the bulk of the party organizations in the Southern states. These states had voted solidly Democratic in every presidential election since 1880, and Roosevelt objected that they were given one-quarter of the delegates when they would contribute nothing to a Republican victory (as it turned out, delegates from the former Confederate states supported Taft by a 5 to 1 margin). When the convention gathered, Roosevelt challenged the credentials of nearly half of the delegates.[citation needed] By that time, however, it was too late. The delegates chose Elihu Root — once Roosevelt's top ally — to serve as chairman of the convention. Afterwards, the delegates seated Taft delegations in Alabama, Arizona, and California on tight votes of 597-472, 564-497, and 542-529, respectively. After losing California, where Roosevelt had won the primary, the progressive delegates gave up hope. They voted "present" on most succeeding roll calls. Not since the 1872 election had there been a major schism in the Republican party. Now, with the Democrats holding about 45% of the national vote, any schism would be fatal. Roosevelt's only hope at the convention was to form a "stop-Taft" alliance with La Follette, but Roosevelt had alienated La Follette, and the alliance could not form.
Unable to tolerate the personal humiliation he suffered at the hands of Taft and the Old Guard, and refusing to entertain the possibility of a compromise candidate, Roosevelt struck back hard. On the evening of June 22, 1912, Roosevelt asked his supporters to leave the convention. Roosevelt maintained that President Taft had allowed fraudulent seating of delegates to capture the presidential nomination from progressive forces within the Party. Thus, with the support of convention chairman Elihu Root, Taft's supporters outvoted Roosevelt's men, and the convention renominated incumbents William Howard Taft and James S. Sherman, making Sherman the first sitting vice-president to be nominated for re-election since John C. Calhoun in 1828.
Presidential Ballot[7][8][9]
William Taft
561
Theodore Roosevelt
107
Robert La Follette
41
Albert B. Cummins
17
Charles Evans Hughes
2
Present, not voting
344
Absent
6
Vice Presidential Ballot
James S. Sherman
596
William Borah
21
Charles Edward Merriam
20
Herbert S. Hadley
14
Albert J. Beveridge
2
Progressive Party[edit]
Main article: 1912 Progressive National Convention
Progressive Party Ticket, 1912
Theodore Roosevelt
Hiram Johnson
for President for Vice President
26th
President of the United States
(1901–1909) 23rd
Governor of California
(1911–1917)
Campaign
Progressive candidate:
Theodore Roosevelt, former President of the United States, from New York
Progressive convention, 1912
Republican progressives reconvened in Chicago and endorsed the formation of a national progressive party. When formally launched later that summer, the new Progressive Party chose Roosevelt as its presidential nominee and Governor Hiram Johnson from California as his vice presidential running mate. Questioned by reporters, Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a "bull moose". Henceforth known as the "Bull Moose Party," the Progressives promised to increase federal regulation and protect the welfare of ordinary people.
The party was funded by publisher Frank Munsey and its executive secretary George Walbridge Perkins, an employee of banker J. P. Morgan and International Harvester. Perkins blocked an anti-trust plank, shocking reformers who thought of Roosevelt as a true trust-buster. The delegates to the convention sang the hymn "Onward, Christian Soldiers" as their anthem. In a famous acceptance speech, Roosevelt compared the coming presidential campaign to the Battle of Armageddon and stated that the Progressives were going to "battle for the LORD." However, many of the nation's newspapers, which tended to be pro-Republican, harshly depicted Roosevelt as an egotist who was only running for president to spoil Taft's chances and feed his vanity. Many of these newspapers' political cartoons portrayed Roosevelt in this fashion; the anti-Roosevelt cartoon below was drawn by Edward Windsor Kemble for the January 1912 edition of Harper's Weekly.[10]
Democratic Party nomination[edit]
Main article: 1912 Democratic National Convention
Democratic Party Ticket, 1912
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas R. Marshall
for President for Vice President
34th
Governor of New Jersey
(1911–1913) 27th
Governor of Indiana
(1909–1913)
Campaign
Democratic candidates:
Woodrow Wilson, Governor of New Jersey
Champ Clark, Speaker of the House from Missouri
Judson Harmon, Governor of Ohio
Oscar Underwood, House Majority Leader from Alabama
Eugene Foss, Governor of Massachusetts
Thomas R. Marshall, Governor of Indiana
Simeon E. Baldwin, Governor of Connecticut
Candidates gallery[edit]
Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey
Speaker of the House Champ Clark from Missouri
Governor Judson Harmon of Ohio
House Majority Leader Oscar Underwood from Alabama
Governor Eugene Foss of Massachusetts
Governor Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana
Governor Simeon E. Baldwin of Connecticut
The Democratic Convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland, from June 25 to July 2. It proved to be one of the more memorable presidential conventions of the twentieth century. Initially, the frontrunner appeared to be Champ Clark of Missouri, the Speaker of the House, and Clark did receive the largest number of delegate votes early in the balloting. However, he was unable to get the two-thirds majority required to win the nomination. His chances were hurt when Tammany Hall, the powerful and corrupt Democratic political machine in New York City, threw its support behind Clark. Instead of helping him, this led William Jennings Bryan, the three-time Democratic presidential candidate and still the leader of the party's progressives, to turn against Clark as the candidate of "Wall Street". Bryan instead threw his support to New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson, who had consistently finished second to Clark on each ballot, and who was regarded as a moderate reformer. Wilson had nearly given up hope that he could be nominated, and he was on the verge of having a concession speech read for him at the convention that would free his delegates to vote for someone else. Bryan's defection from Clark to Wilson led many other delegates to do the same, and Wilson gradually gained strength while Clark's support dwindled. Wilson finally received the nomination on the 46th ballot.
Thomas R. Marshall, the Governor of Indiana, who had swung his state's delegate votes to Wilson in later ballots, was named as Wilson's running mate.
[show](1-24)
Presidential Ballot
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
Woodrow Wilson
324
339.75
345
349.5
351
354
352.5
351.5
352.5
350.5
354.5
354
356
361
362.5
362.5
362.5
361
358
388.5
395.5
396.5
399
402.5
Champ Clark
440.5
446.5
441
443
443
445
449.5
448.5
452
556
554
547.5
554.5
553
552
551
545
535
532
512
508
500.5
497.5
496
Judson Harmon
148
141
140.5
136.5
141.5
135
129.5
130
127
31
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
0
0
0
Oscar Underwood
117.5
111.25
114.5
112
119.5
121
123.5
123
122.5
117.5
118.5
123
115.5
111
110.5
112.5
112.5
125
130
121.5
118.5
115
114.5
115.5
Eugene Foss
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
5
43
45
43
Thomas R. Marshall
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Simeon E. Baldwin
22
14
14
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
William J. Bryan
1
2
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
John W. Kern
0
0
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
2
2
2
4.5
3.5
1
1
1
1
0
0
Ollie M. James
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
William Sulzer
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
William J. Gaynor
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
J. Hamilton Lewis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Blank
2
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.5
0
0
0
0
3.5
3.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
[show](25-46)
Presidential Ballot
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th
31st
32nd
33rd
34th
35th
36th
37th
38th
39th
40th
41st
42nd
43rd
44th
45th
46th
Unanimous
Woodrow Wilson
405
407.5
406.5
437.5
436
460
475.5
477.5
477.5
479.5
494.5
496.5
496.5
498.5
501.5
501.5
499.5
494
602
629
633
990
1,088
Champ Clark
469
463.5
469
468.5
468.5
455
446.5
446.5
447.5
447.5
433.5
434.5
432.5
425
422
423
424
430
329
306
306
84
Judson Harmon
29
29
29
29
29
19
17
14
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
28
27
27
28
27
25
12
Oscar Underwood
108
112.5
112
112.5
112
121.5
116.5
119.5
103.5
101.5
101.5
98.5
100.5
106
106
106
106
104
98.5
99
97
0
Eugene Foss
43
43
38
38
38
30
30
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
27
27
27
0
Thomas R. Marshall
30
30
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Simeon E. Baldwin
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
William J. Bryan
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0.5
1
0
0
0
John W. Kern
0
0
0
1
4
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
Ollie M. James
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
William Sulzer
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
William J. Gaynor
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
J. Hamilton Lewis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Blank
0
1.5
2.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
0
0
2
Vice Presidential Ballot
1st
2nd
Unanimous
Thomas R. Marshall
389
644.5
1,088
John Burke
304.67
386.33
George E. Chamberlain
157
12.5
Elmore W. Hurst
78
0
James H. Preston
58
0
Martin J. Wade
26
0
William F. McCombs
18
0
John E. Osborne
8
0
William Sulzer
3
0
Blank
46.33
44.67
Socialist Party nomination[edit]
Socialist Party Ticket, 1912
Eugene V. Debs
Emil Seidel
for President for Vice President
Former Indiana State Senator
(1885–1887) 36th
Mayor of Milwaukee
(1910–1912)
Campaign
Socialist candidates:
Eugene V. Debs, former State Representative from Indiana
Eugene V. Debs' 6% was an all-time high for the Socialist Party
The Socialist Party of America was a highly factionalized coalition of local parties based in industrial cities and usually was rooted in ethnic communities, especially German and Finnish. It also had some support in old Populist rural and mining areas in the West, especially Oklahoma. By 1912, the party claimed more than a thousand locally elected officials in 33 states and 160 cities, especially the Midwest. Eugene V. Debs had run for president in 1900, 1904, and 1908, primarily to encourage the local effort, and he did so again in 1912 and from prison in 1920.[11]
The conservatives, led by Victor L. Berger from Milwaukee, promoted progressive causes of efficiency and an end to corruption, nicknamed "gas and water socialism." Their opponents were the radicals who wanted to overthrow capitalism, tried to infiltrate labor unions, and sought to cooperate with the Industrial Workers of the World ("the Wobblies"). With few exceptions, the party had weak or nonexistent links to local labor unions. Immigration was an issue—the radicals saw immigrants as fodder for the war with capitalism, while conservatives complained that they lowered wage rates and absorbed too many city resources. Many of these issues had been debated at the First National Congress of the Socialist Party in 1910, and they were debated again at the national convention in Indianapolis in 1912. At the latter, the radicals won an early test by seating Bill Haywood on the Executive Committee, sending encouragement to western "Wobblies", and passed a resolution seeming to favor industrial unionism. The conservatives counterattacked by amending the party constitution to expel any socialists who favored industrial sabotage or syndicalism (that is, the IWW), and who refused to participate in American elections. They adopted a conservative platform calling for cooperative organization of prisons, a national bureau of health, abolition of the Senate and the presidential veto. Debs did not attend; he saw his mission as keeping the disparate units together in the hope that someday a common goal would be found.
General election[edit]
Campaign[edit]
The 1912 presidential campaign was bitterly contested. Vice-President James S. Sherman died in office on October 30, 1912, less than a week before the election, leaving Taft without a running mate. (Nicholas M. Butler was designated to receive electoral votes that would have been cast for Sherman.) With the Republican Party divided, Wilson captured the presidency handily on November 5.[citation needed]
Republican campaign postcard charging a Democratic administration would remove pensioners from the rolls
While Roosevelt was campaigning in Milwaukee on October 14, 1912, a saloonkeeper from New York, John Flammang Schrank, shot him, but the bullet lodged in his chest only after penetrating both his steel eyeglass case and a 50-page single-folded copy of the speech titled "Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual", he was to deliver, carried in his jacket pocket. Schrank was immediately disarmed, captured and might have been lynched had Roosevelt not shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed.[12] Roosevelt assured the crowd he was all right, then ordered police to take charge of Schrank and to make sure no violence was done to him.[13] Roosevelt, as an experienced hunter and anatomist, correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood, the bullet had not reached his lung, and he declined suggestions to go to the hospital immediately. Instead, he delivered his scheduled speech with blood seeping into his shirt.[14] He spoke for 90 minutes before completing his speech and accepting medical attention. His opening comments to the gathered crowd were, "Ladies and gentlemen, I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose."[15][16][16][citation needed] Afterwards, probes and an x-ray showed that the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt's chest muscle, but did not penetrate the pleura. Doctors concluded that it would be less dangerous to leave it in place than to attempt to remove it, and Roosevelt carried the bullet with him for the rest of his life.[17][18] In later years, when asked about the bullet inside him, Roosevelt would say, "I do not mind it any more than if it were in my waistcoat pocket."[19]
Both Taft and Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson suspended their own campaigning until Roosevelt recovered and resumed his. When asked if the shooting would affect his election campaign, he said to the reporter "I'm fit as a bull moose", which inspired the party's emblem.[20] He spent two weeks recuperating before returning to the campaign trail.
The election of 1912 is considered the high tide of progressive politics. Had either Roosevelt or Taft stayed out of the race, a Republican victory would have been assured.[citation needed]
The Socialists had little money; Debs' campaign cost only $66,000, mostly for 3.5 million leaflets and travel to rallies organized by local groups. His biggest event was a speech to 15,000 supporters in New York City. The crowd sang "La Marseillaise" and "The Internationale" as Emil Seidel, the vice- presidential candidate, boasted, "Only a year ago workingmen were throwing decayed vegetables and rotten eggs at us but now all is changed... Eggs are too high. There is a great giant growing up in this country that will someday take over the affairs of this nation. He is a little giant now but he is growing fast. The name of this little giant is socialism." Debs said that only the socialists represented labor. He condemned "Injunction Bill Taft" and ridiculed Roosevelt as "a charlatan, mountebank, and fraud, and his Progressive promises and pledges as the mouthings of a low and utterly unprincipled self seeker and demagogue." Debs insisted that the Democrats, Progressives, and Republicans alike were financed by the trusts. Party newspapers spread the word—there were five English-language and eight foreign-language dailies along with 262 English and 36 foreign-language weeklies. The labor union movement, however, largely rejected Debs and supported Wilson.[citation needed]
Roosevelt mixing radical ingredients in his speeches in this 1912 editorial cartoon by Karl K. Knecht (1883–1972) in the Republican Evansville Courier newspaper
Roosevelt conducted a vigorous national campaign for the Progressive Party, denouncing the way the Republican nomination had been "stolen". He bundled together his reforms under the rubric of "The New Nationalism" and stumped the country for a strong federal role in regulating the economy and chastising bad corporations. Wilson supported a policy called "The New Freedom". This policy was based mostly on individualism instead of a strong government. Taft campaigned quietly, and spoke of the need for judges to be more powerful than elected officials. The departure of the more progressive Republicans left the conservative Republicans even more firmly in control of their party until 1916, when many progressives returned. Much of the Republican effort was designed to discredit Roosevelt as a dangerous radical, but this had little effect.[citation needed]
Tariffs and Republican Party split[edit]
Before the ratification of the Sixteenth United States Constitutional Amendment (1913), the funding of the United States government heavily relied upon tariffs. Tariffs are a direct taxation of raw materials and manufactured goods with regard to trade. This issue was key in fracturing the Republican Party. Early in his term, President Taft had promised to stand for a less protectionist tariff bill. Protectionism was major policy of the business oriented Republican Party.[21]
After Congressional deliberation, the Payne-Aldrich Act (1909) was passed and signed by President Taft. The Payne-Aldrich Act would not satisfy the growing economic sectionalism of the country; the Northwest and South wanted tariff reductions on manufactured goods, as well as more raw materials to be added to the 'free-list' (non-taxed goods)[22] The new tariff policy would increase duties; going against President Taft's promises, it further alienated the progressive wing of the Republican Party. President Taft's inability to satisfy both wings of his party would create a political opening for his predecessor, Theodore Roosevelt, to make a run for the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt would rally progressives with speeches to pressure the political establishment. In regards to the existing tariff policy, Theodore Roosevelt would vouch for "...an expert tariff commission, wholly removed from the possibility of political pressure or of improper business influence.".[23]
Results[edit]
Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Wilson (Democratic), shades of green are for Roosevelt (Progressive), shades of red are for Taft (Republican), shades of yellow are for Debs (Socialist), light grey indicates zero recorded votes and dark grey indicates territories not elevated to statehood
The impact of the third-party vote is indicated by the fact that few states were carried by a majority of the popular vote. Taft carried two states (Utah and Vermont), Roosevelt six, and Wilson forty. Taft carried no state with a popular majority, Roosevelt one (South Dakota, where there was no Republican ticket), and Wilson eleven, all of them states of the former Confederacy. More than two-thirds of Wilson’s total vote was cast in the 37 states that he did not carry by majority vote.[24]
Wilson’s vote, 6,296,919, was less than William Jennings Bryan totaled in any one of his campaigns, and over 100,000 less than Bryan received in 1908, when Bryan won only 162 electoral votes.[24] Wilson fell behind Bryan's results in most of the country, and notably so in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Nebraska, Kansas, South Carolina, Kentucky, and Arkansas. In only two sections was Wilson’s vote greater than the greatest Bryan vote: New England and the Pacific.[25] Wilson led the poll in 1,969 counties, but he received a majority of the vote in only 1,237 counties, less than Bryan had had in any of his campaigns.[25] Taft had a majority in only 35, and "Other(s)" in only 305. These small figures clearly reveal the result of the division of the normal Republican vote, as does the fact that in a plurality of counties (1,396) no candidate obtained a majority.[26] Taft had a lead over the field in only 232 counties. In addition to South Dakota and California, where there was no Taft ticket, and seven “Solid South” states in which he carried no county, Taft also carried no counties in Maine, New Jersey, Minnesota, Nevada and Arizona.[25] Nine counties did not record any votes due to either black disenfranchisement or being inhabited only by Native Americans who would not gain full citizenship for twelve more years.
The 772 counties not carried by Wilson or by Taft were distributed in 38 states, most of them in Pennsylvania (48), Illinois (33), Michigan (68), Minnesota (75), Iowa (49), South Dakota (54), Nebraska (32), Kansas (51), Washington (38), and California (44), and almost without exception were carried by Roosevelt. Debs carried four counties in Minnesota (Lake and Beltrami), North Dakota (Burke County), and Kansas (Crawford County), the only counties ever to vote socialist in a presidential election, unless one counts the 14 California counties that voted for Robert M. La Follette in 1924, where he had obtained the endorsement of the Socialist Party in that state.
This was the first time in 60 years (since 1852) that Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Rhode Island voted for a Democrat, and the first time in history that Massachusetts voted for a Democratic candidate. This was the last election in which the Democrats won Maine until 1964, the last in which the Democrats won Connecticut and Delaware until 1936, the last in which the Democrats won Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin until 1932, and the last in which the Democrats won Massachusetts and Rhode Island until 1928. After the 2016 presidential election, 1912 remains the last election in which the key Indiana counties of Hamilton and Hendricks, along with Walworth County, Wisconsin, Pulaski and Laurel Counties in Kentucky and Hawkins County, Tennessee have given a plurality to the Democratic candidate.[27]
Presidential candidate
Party
Home state
Popular vote
Electoral
vote
Running mate
Count
Percentage
Vice-presidential candidate
Home state
Electoral vote
Woodrow Wilson Democratic New Jersey 6,296,284 41.84% 435 Thomas R. Marshall Indiana 435
Theodore Roosevelt Progressive New York 4,122,721 27.40% 88 Hiram W. Johnson California 88
William Howard Taft (Incumbent) Republican Ohio 3,486,242 23.17% 8 Nicholas Murray Butler New York 8
Eugene V. Debs Socialist Indiana 901,551 5.99% 0 Emil Seidel Wisconsin 0
Eugene W. Chafin Prohibition Illinois 208,156 1.38% 0 Aaron S. Watkins Ohio 0
Arthur E. Reimer Socialist Labor Massachusetts 29,324 0.19% 0 August Gillhaus New York 0
Other 4,556 0.03% — Other —
Total
15,048,834 100% 531 531
Needed to win
266 266
Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1912 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 28, 2005.
Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.
Popular vote
Wilson
41.84%
Roosevelt
27.40%
Taft
23.17%
Debs
5.99%
Others
1.60%
Electoral vote
Wilson
81.92%
Roosevelt
16.57%
Taft
1.51%
Geography of results[edit]
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
Cartographic gallery[edit]
Map of presidential election results by county
Map of Democratic presidential election results by county
Map of "other" presidential election results by county
Map of Republican presidential election results by county
Cartogram (county sizes based on total votes recorded) of presidential election results by county
Cartogram (county sizes based on total votes recorded) of Democratic presidential election results by county
Cartogram (county sizes based on total votes recorded) of "other" presidential election results by county
Cartogram (county sizes based on total votes recorded) of Republican presidential election results by county
Results by state[edit]
[28]
States won by Wilson/Marshall
States won by Roosevelt/Johnson
States won by Taft/Butler
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic
Theodore Roosevelt
Progressive
William H. Taft
Republican
Eugene V. Debs
Socialist
Eugene Chafin
Prohibition
Arthur Reimer
Socialist Labor
Margin
State Total
State
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
#
Alabama 12 82,438 69.89 12 22,680 19.23 - 9,807 8.31 - 3,029 2.57 - - - - - - - 59,758 50.66 117,959 AL
Arizona 3 10,324 43.52 3 6,949 29.29 - 3,021 12.74 - 3,163 13.33 - 265 1.12 - - - - 3,375 14.23 23,722 AZ
Arkansas 9 68,814 55.01 9 21,644 17.30 - 25,585 20.45 - 8,153 6.52 - 908 0.73 - - - - 43,229 34.55 125,104 AR
California 13 283,436 41.81 2 283,610 41.83 11 3,914 0.58 - 79,201 11.68 - 23,366 3.45 - - - - -174 -0.03 677,944 CA
Colorado 6 114,232 42.80 6 72,306 27.09 - 58,386 21.88 - 16,418 6.15 - 5,063 1.90 - 475 0.18 - 41,926 15.71 266,880 CO
Connecticut 7 74,561 39.16 7 34,129 17.92 - 68,324 35.88 - 10,056 5.28 - 2,068 1.09 - 1,260 0.66 - 6,237 3.28 190,404 CT
Delaware 3 22,631 46.48 3 8,886 18.25 - 15,998 32.85 - 556 1.14 - 623 1.28 - - - - 6,633 13.62 48,694 DE
Florida 6 35,343 69.52 6 4,555 8.96 - 4,279 8.42 - 4,806 9.45 - 1,854 3.65 - - - - 30,537 60.07 50,837 FL
Georgia 14 93,087 76.63 14 21,985 18.10 - 5,191 4.27 - 1,058 0.87 - 149 0.12 - - - - 71,102 58.53 121,470 GA
Idaho 4 33,921 32.08 4 25,527 24.14 - 32,810 31.02 - 11,960 11.31 - 1,536 1.45 - - - - 1,111 1.05 105,754 ID
Illinois 29 405,048 35.34 29 386,478 33.72 - 253,593 22.13 - 81,278 7.09 - 15,710 1.37 - 4,066 0.35 - 18,570 1.62 1,146,173 IL
Indiana 15 281,890 43.07 15 162,007 24.75 - 151,267 23.11 - 36,931 5.64 - 19,249 2.94 - 3,130 0.48 - 119,883 18.32 654,474 IN
Iowa 13 185,325 37.64 13 161,819 32.87 - 119,805 24.33 - 16,967 3.45 - 8,440 1.71 - - - - 23,506 4.77 492,356 IA
Kansas 10 143,663 39.30 10 120,210 32.88 - 74,845 20.47 - 26,779 7.33 - - - - - - - 23,453 6.42 365,560 KS
Kentucky 13 219,484 48.48 13 101,766 22.48 - 115,510 25.52 - 11,646 2.57 - 3,253 0.72 - 1,055 0.23 - 103,974 22.97 452,714 KY
Louisiana 10 60,871 76.81 10 9,283 11.71 - 3,833 4.84 - 5,261 6.64 - - - - - - - 51,588 65.10 79,248 LA
Maine 6 51,113 39.43 6 48,495 37.41 - 26,545 20.48 - 2,541 1.96 - 946 0.73 - - - - 2,618 2.02 129,640 ME
Maryland 8 112,674 48.57 8 57,789 24.91 - 54,956 23.69 - 3,996 1.72 - 2,244 0.97 - 322 0.14 - 54,885 23.66 231,981 MD
Massachusetts 18 173,408 35.53 18 142,228 29.14 - 155,948 31.95 - 12,616 2.58 - 2,754 0.56 - 1,102 0.23 - 17,460 3.58 488,057 MA
Michigan 15 150,751 27.36 - 214,584 38.95 15 152,244 27.63 - 23,211 4.21 - 8,934 1.62 - 1,252 0.23 - -62,340 -11.31 550,976 MI
Minnesota 12 106,426 31.84 - 125,856 37.66 12 64,334 19.25 - 27,505 8.23 - 7,886 2.36 - 2,212 0.66 - -19,430 -5.81 334,219 MN
Mississippi 10 57,324 88.90 10 3,549 5.50 - 1,560 2.42 - 2,050 3.18 - - - - - - - 53,775 83.39 64,483 MS
Missouri 18 330,746 47.35 18 124,375 17.80 - 207,821 29.75 - 28,466 4.07 - 5,380 0.77 - 1,778 0.25 - 122,925 17.60 698,566 MO
Montana 4 27,941 35.00 4 22,456 28.13 - 18,512 23.19 - 10,885 13.64 - 32 0.04 - - - - 5,485 6.87 79,826 MT
Nebraska 8 109,008 43.69 8 72,681 29.13 - 54,226 21.74 - 10,185 4.08 - 3,383 1.36 - - - - 36,327 14.56 249,483 NE
Nevada 3 7,986 39.70 3 5,620 27.94 - 3,196 15.89 - 3,313 16.47 - - - - - - - 2,366 11.76 20,115 NV
New Hampshire 4 34,724 39.48 4 17,794 20.23 - 32,927 37.43 - 1,981 2.25 - 535 0.61 - - - - 1,797 2.04 87,961 NH
New Jersey 14 178,289 41.20 14 145,410 33.60 - 88,835 20.53 - 15,948 3.69 - 2,936 0.68 - 1,321 0.31 - 32,879 7.60 432,739 NJ
New Mexico 3 20,437 41.39 3 8,347 16.90 - 17,733 35.91 - 2,859 5.79 - - - - - - - 2,704 5.48 49,376 NM
New York 45 655,573 41.27 45 390,093 24.56 - 455,487 28.68 - 63,434 3.99 - 19,455 1.22 - 4,273 0.27 - 200,086 12.60 1,588,315 NY
North Carolina 12 144,407 59.24 12 69,135 28.36 - 29,129 11.95 - 987 0.40 - 118 0.05 - - - - 75,272 30.88 243,776 NC
North Dakota 5 29,555 34.14 5 25,726 29.71 - 23,090 26.67 - 6,966 8.05 - 1,243 1.44 - - - - 3,829 4.42 86,580 ND
Ohio 24 424,834 40.96 24 229,807 22.16 - 278,168 26.82 - 90,144 8.69 - 11,511 1.11 - 2,630 0.25 - 146,666 14.14 1,037,094 OH
Oklahoma 10 119,156 46.95 10 - - - 90,786 35.77 - 41,674 16.42 - 2,185 0.86 - - - - 28,370 11.18 253,801 OK
Oregon 5 47,064 34.34 5 37,600 27.44 - 34,673 25.30 - 13,343 9.74 - 4,360 3.18 - - - - 9,464 6.91 137,040 OR
Pennsylvania 38 395,637 32.49 - 444,894 36.53 38 273,360 22.45 - 83,614 6.87 - 19,525 1.60 - 706 0.06 - -49,257 -4.04 1,217,736 PA
Rhode Island 5 30,412 39.04 5 16,878 21.67 - 27,703 35.56 - 2,049 2.63 - 616 0.79 - 236 0.30 - 2,709 3.48 77,894 RI
South Carolina 9 48,357 95.94 9 1,293 2.57 - 536 1.06 - 164 0.33 - - - - - - - 47,064 93.37 50,405 SC
South Dakota 5 48,942 42.07 - 58,811 50.56 5 - - - 4,662 4.01 - 3,910 3.36 - - - - -9,869 -8.48 116,325 SD
Tennessee 12 133,021 52.80 12 54,041 21.45 - 60,475 24.00 - 3,564 1.41 - 832 0.33 - - - - 72,546 28.80 251,933 TN
Texas 20 221,589 72.62 20 28,853 9.46 - 26,755 8.77 - 25,743 8.44 - 1,738 0.57 - 442 0.14 - 192,736 63.17 305,120 TX
Utah 4 36,579 32.55 - 24,174 21.51 - 42,100 37.46 4 9,023 8.03 - - - - 510 0.45 - -5,521 -4.91 112,386 UT
Vermont 4 15,354 24.43 - 22,132 35.22 - 23,332 37.13 4 928 1.48 - 1,095 1.74 - - - - -1,200 -1.91 62,841 VT
Virginia 12 90,332 65.95 12 21,776 15.90 - 23,288 17.00 - 820 0.60 - 709 0.52 - 50 0.04 - 67,044 48.95 136,975 VA
Washington 7 86,840 26.90 - 113,698 35.22 7 70,445 21.82 - 40,134 12.43 - 9,810 3.04 - 1,872 0.58 - -26,858 -8.32 322,799 WA
West Virginia 8 113,197 42.11 8 79,112 29.43 - 56,754 21.11 - 15,248 5.67 - 4,517 1.68 - - - - 34,085 12.68 268,828 WV
Wisconsin 13 164,230 41.06 13 62,448 15.61 - 130,596 32.65 - 33,476 8.37 - 8,584 2.15 - 632 0.16 - 33,634 8.41 399,975 WI
Wyoming 3 15,310 36.20 3 9,232 21.83 - 14,560 34.42 - 2,760 6.53 - 434 1.03 - - - - 750 1.77 42,296 WY
TOTALS:
531
6,296,284
41.84
435
4,122,721
27.40
88
3,486,242
23.17
8
901,551
5.99
-
208,156
1.38
-
29,324
0.19
-
2,173,563
14.44
15,048,834
US
Close states[edit]
Margin of victory less than 1% (13 electoral votes):
California, 0.03%
Margin of victory less than 5% (142 electoral votes):
Idaho, 1.05%
Illinois, 1.62%
Wyoming, 1.77%
Vermont, 1.91%
Maine, 2.02%
New Hampshire, 2.04%
Connecticut, 3.28%
Rhode Island, 3.48%
Massachusetts, 3.58%
Pennsylvania, 4.04%
North Dakota, 4.42%
Iowa, 4.77%
Utah, 4.91%
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (73 electoral votes):
New Mexico, 5.48%
Minnesota, 5.81%
Kansas, 6.42%
Montana, 6.87%
Oregon, 6.91%
New Jersey, 7.60%
Washington, 8.32%
Wisconsin, 8.41%
South Dakota, 8.48%
Statistics[edit]
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)
Greenville County, South Carolina 100.00%
Marlboro County, South Carolina 100.00%
Hampton County, South Carolina 100.00%
Jasper County, South Carolina 100.00%
Reagan County, Texas 100.00%
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)
Scott County, Tennessee 82.80%
Campbell County, South Dakota 80.42%
Clearwater County, Minnesota 77.35%
Avery County, North Carolina 72.84%
Cook County, Minnesota 72.70%
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)
Zapata County, Texas 80.89%
Valencia County, New Mexico 77.25%
Kane County, Utah 75.40%
Clinton County, Kentucky 64.79%
Huerfano County, Colorado 63.36%
Inauguration platform being constructed in front of the Capitol
See also[edit]
Progressive Era
History of the United States (1865–1918)
United States House of Representatives elections, 1912
United States Senate elections, 1912 and 1913
First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections". The American Presidency Project. UC Santa Barbara.
Jump up ^ Morris, Edmund. Colonel Roosevelt. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. p. 215.
Jump up ^ Coletta, Presidency of William Howard Taft ch 3
Jump up ^ Anderson (1973), p.79
Jump up ^ Schweikart and Allen, p. 491.
Jump up ^ "History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian". Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Taft Is Nominated On First Ballot". Santa Cruz News. Santa Cruz, CA. June 22, 1912. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Taft Wins With 561". The Courier. Harrisburg, PA. June 23, 1912. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pietrusza, David (2007). 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1622-3.
Jump up ^ "HarpWeek | Elections | 1912 Large Cartoons". Elections.harpweek.com. 1912-01-20. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
Jump up ^ Ira Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement, 1897–1912 1952.
Jump up ^ "The Bull Moose and related media". Archived from the original on March 8, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2010. to make sure that no violence was done
Jump up ^ Remey, Oliver E.; Cochems, Henry F.; Bloodgood, Wheeler P. (1912). The Attempted Assassination of Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: The Progressive Publishing Company. p. 192.
Jump up ^ "Medical History of American Presidents". Doctor Zebra. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Excerpt", Detroit Free Press, History buff .
^ Jump up to: a b "It Takes More Than That to Kill a Bull Moose: The Leader and The Cause". Theodore Roosevelt Association. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Roosevelt Timeline". Theodore Roosevelt. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Timeline of Theodore Roosevelt's Life by the Theodore Roosevelt Association at www.theodoreroosevelt.org
Jump up ^ Donavan, p. 119
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-19. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
Jump up ^ NEW YORK TIMES. (1909, September 19). MR. TAFT'S DECISION. Retrieved February 22, 2017, from http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D0DE1DE143EE033A2575AC1A96F9C946897D6CF
Jump up ^ Fisk, G. M. (1910). The Payne-Aldrich Tariff. Political Science Quarterly,25(1), 35-39. doi:10.2307/2141008
Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt Association. "The New Nationalism." The New Nationalism - Theodore Roosevelt Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. 14
^ Jump up to: a b c The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. 15
Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. 17
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
Jump up ^ "1912 Presidential General Election Data – National". Uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Broderick, Francis L. Progressivism at risk: Electing a president in 1912 (Praeger, 1989).
Chace, James (2004). 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, and Debs—The Election That Changed the Country. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-0394-1.
Cooper, John Milton, Jr. (1983). The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt. Cambridge: Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-94751-7.
Cowan, Geoffrey. Let the People Rule: Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of the Presidential Primary (2016).
Delahaye, Claire. "The New Nationalism and Progressive Issues: The Break with Taft and the 1912 Campaign," in Serge Ricard, ed., A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt (2011) pp 452–67. online
DeWitt, Benjamin P. The Progressive Movement: A Non-Partisan, Comprehensive Discussion of Current Tendencies in American Politics. (1915).
Flehinger, Brett. The 1912 Election and the Power of Progressivism: A Brief History with Documents (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003).
Flynn, James P. "Eugene Debs and the Politics of Parrhesia." (MA thesis, U of South Carolina, 2015). online
Gable, John A. The Bullmoose Years: Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Party. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1978.
Gould, Lewis L. Four hats in the ring: The 1912 election and the birth of modern American politics (Univ Pr of Kansas, 2008).
Jensen, Richard. "Theodore Roosevelt" in Encyclopedia of Third Parties. (ME Sharpe, 2000). pp 702–707.
Kipnis, Ira (1952). The American Socialist Movement, 1897–1912. New York: Columbia University Press.
Kraig, Robert Alexander. "The 1912 Election and the Rhetorical Foundations of the Liberal State." Rhetoric and Public Affairs (2000): 363-395. in JSTOR
Link, Arthur S. (1956). Wilson: Volume 1, The Road to the White House.
Milkis, Sidney M., and Daniel J. Tichenor. "“Direct Democracy” and Social Justice: The Progressive Party Campaign of 1912." Studies in American Political Development 8#2 (1994): 282-340.
Milkis, Sidney M. Theodore Roosevelt, the Progressive Party, and the Transformation of American Democracy. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2009.
Morgan, H. Wayne (1962). Eugene V. Debs: Socialist for President. Syracuse University Press.
Mowry, George E. (1946). Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement. Madison: Wisconsin University Press.
Mowry, George E. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America. New York: Harper and Row, 1962.
O'Mara, Margaret. Pivotal Tuesdays: Four Elections That Shaped the Twentieth Century (2015), compares 1912, 1932, 1968, 1992 in terms of social, economic, and political history
Painter, Carl, "The Progressive Party In Indiana," Indiana Magazine of History, 16#3 (1920), pp. 173–283. In JSTOR
Pinchot, Amos. History of the Progressive Party, 1912–1916. Introduction by Helene Maxwell Hooker. (New York University Press, 1958).
Selmi, Patrick. "Jane Addams and the Progressive Party Campaign for President in 1912." Journal of Progressive Human Services 22.2 (2011): 160-190.
Wilensky, Norman N. (1965). Conservatives in the Progressive Era: The Taft Republicans of 1912. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
Primary sources[edit]
Pinchot, Amos. What's the Matter with America: The Meaning of the Progressive Movement and the Rise of the New Party. n.c.: Amos Pinchot, 1912.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Bull Moose on the Stump: The 1912 Campaign Speeches of Theodore Roosevelt Ed. Lewis L. Gould. (UP of Kansas, 2008).
Wilson, Woodrow (1956). John Wells Davidson, ed. A Crossroads of Freedom, the 1912 Campaign Speeches.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election, 1912.
United States presidential election of 1912 at Encyclopædia Britannica
Presidential Election of 1912: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
editorial cartoons
Sound recording of TR speech
Woodrow Wilson Suspends Campaign After TR Assassination Attempt Shapell Manuscript Foundation
OurCampaigns.com overview of Republican Presidential Primaries of 1912
1912 popular vote by counties
1912 State-by-state Popular vote
The Election of 1912
How close was the 1912 election? — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Booknotes interview with James Chace on 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft & Debs—The Election That Changed the Country, August 29, 2004.
Election of 1912 in Counting the Votes
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values: United States presidential election in Washington (state), 1912

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values: Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1912 – German

values: Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 1912 – Spanish

values: Élection présidentielle américaine de 1912 – French

values: Elezioni presidenziali negli Stati Uniti d'America del 1912 – Italian

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values: 1912 Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkanlık seçimleri – Turkish

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