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Languages of the Philippines
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See also: Philippine languages
Languages of the Philippines
Map of the dominant ethnolinguistic groups of the Philippines.
Official languages
Filipino and English[2]
Regional languages
Aklanon
Central Bikol
Cebuano
Chavacano
Hiligaynon
Ibanag
Ilocano
Ivatan
Kapampangan
Kinaray-a
Maguindanao
Maranao
Pangasinan
Sambal
Surigaonon
Tagalog
Tausug
Waray
Yakan[3]
Main foreign languages
Spanish
Hokkien
Mandarin
Korean
Japanese
Arabic
Sign languages
Philippine Sign Language
Common keyboard layouts
QWERTY
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There are some 120 to 187 languages and dialects in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification.[4][5][6] Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages. A number of Spanish-influenced creole varieties generally called Chavacano are also spoken in certain communities. The 1987 constitution designates Filipino as the national language and an official language along with English. While Filipino is used for communication across the country's diverse linguistic groups and is used in popular culture, the government operates mostly using English. Including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Tagalog than English in the Philippines.[7] The other regional languages are given official auxiliary status in their respective places according to the constitution but does not specify any language in particular.[8] Some of these regional languages are also used in education.[3]
The indigenous scripts of the Philippines (such as the Kulitan, Tagbanwa and others) are used very little; instead, Filipino languages are today written in the Latin script because of the Spanish and American colonial experience. Baybayin, though generally not understood, is one of the most well-known of the indigenous Filipino scripts and is used mainly in artistic applications such as on the Philippine banknotes, where the word "Pilipino" is inscribed using the writing system. Additionally, the Arabic script is used in the Muslim areas in the southern Philippines.
Contents
1 National and official languages
2 Indigenous languages
2.1 Mutual intelligibility
2.1.1 Dialectal variation
2.1.2 Comparison chart
2.2 Native speakers
3 Language vitality
3.1 2010 UNESCO designation
3.2 2014 North Dakota study
3.3 Proposals to Conserve Philippine Languages
4 Major immigrant languages
4.1 Arabic
4.2 English
4.3 Hokkien
4.4 Japanese
4.5 Malay
4.6 South Asian languages
4.7 Spanish
4.7.1 Spanish creoles
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 General references
7 Further reading
8 External links
National and official languages[edit]
The 1987 Constitution declares Filipino as the national language of the country. Filipino and English are the official languages, with the recognition of the regional languages as auxiliary official in their respective regions (though not specifying any particular languages). Spanish and Arabic are to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis.[9]
Spanish was the official language of the country for more than three centuries under Spanish colonial rule, and became the lingua franca of the Philippines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced universal education, creating free public schooling in Spanish.[10] It was also the language of the Philippine Revolution, and the 1899 Malolos Constitution effectively proclaimed it as the official language of the First Philippine Republic.[11] National hero José Rizal wrote most of his works in Spanish. Luciano de la Rosa established that Spanish was spoken by a total of 60% of the population in the early 20th century as a first, second or third language. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of English, the use of Spanish declined gradually, especially after the 1940s.
Under the U.S. occupation and civil regime, English began to be taught in schools. By 1901, public education used English as the medium of instruction. Around 600 educators (called "Thomasites") who arrived in that year aboard the USAT Thomas replaced the soldiers who also functioned as teachers. The 1935 Constitution added English as an official language alongside Spanish. A provision in this constitution also called for Congress to "take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages." On November 12, 1937, the First National Assembly created the National Language Institute. President Manuel L. Quezón appointed native Waray speaker Jaime C. De Veyra to chair a committee of speakers of other regional languages. Their aim was to select a national language among the other regional languages. Ultimately, Tagalog was chosen as the base language December 30, 1937, on the basis that it was the most widely spoken and developed local language.[12]
In 1939, President Manuel L. Quezón renamed the Tagalog language as Wikang Pambansa ("national language" in English translation).[13] The language was further renamed in 1959 as Pilipino by Secretary of Education Jose Romero. The 1973 constitution declared the Pilipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a national language, to be known as Filipino. In addition, Spanish regained its official status when President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155, s. 1973.[14]
The present constitution, ratified in 1987, designates Filipino and English as joint official languages. Filipino also had the distinction of being a national language that was to be "developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages." Although not explicitly stated in the constitution, Filipino is in practice almost completely composed of the Tagalog language as spoken in the capital, Manila; however, organizations such as the University of the Philippines began publishing dictionaries such as the UP Diksyonaryong Filipino in which words from various Philippine languages were also included. The present constitution is also the first to give recognition to other regional languages. The constitution also made mention of Spanish and Arabic, both of which are to be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
Language map of the 12 recognized auxiliary languages based on Ethnologue maps.
Filipino is an official language of education and also the major language of the broadcast media and cinema, but less important than English as a language of publication (except in some domains, like comic books) and less important for academic-scientific-technological discourse. Filipino is used as a lingua franca in all regions of the Philippines as well as within overseas Filipino communities, and is the dominant language of the armed forces (except perhaps for the small part of the commissioned officer corps from wealthy or upper-middle-class families) and of a large part of the civil service, most of whom are non-Tagalogs.
There are different forms of diglossia that exist in the case of regional languages. Locals may use their mother tongue or the regional lingua franca to communicate amongst themselves, but sometimes switch to foreign languages when addressing outsiders. Another is the prevalence of code-switching to English when speaking in both their first language and Tagalog.
The Constitution of the Philippines provides for the use of the vernacular languages as official auxiliary languages in provinces where Filipino is not the lingua franca. Filipinos at large are polyglots; In the case where the vernacular language is a regional language, Filipinos would speak in Filipino when speaking in formal situations while the regional languages are spoken in non-formal settings. This is evident in major urban areas outside Metro Manila like Camarines Norte in the Bikol-speaking area, and Davao in the Cebuano-speaking area. As of 2017[update], the case of Ilocano and Cebuano are becoming more of bilingualism than diglossia due to the publication of materials written in these languages.[citation needed]
The diglossia is more evident in the case of other languages such as Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Bikol, Waray, Hiligaynon, Sambal, and Maranao, where the written variant of the language is becoming less and less popular to give way to the use of Filipino. Although Philippine laws consider some of these languages as "major languages" there is little, if any, support coming from the government to preserve these languages. This may be bound to change, however, given current policy trends.[15]
There still exists another type of diglossia, which is between the regional languages and the minority languages. Here, we label the regional languages as acrolects while the minority languages as the basilect. In this case, the minority language is spoken only in very intimate circles, like the family or the tribe one belongs to. Outside this circle, one would speak in the prevalent regional language, while maintaining an adequate command of Filipino for formal situations. Unlike the case of the regional languages, these minority languages are always in danger of becoming extinct because of speakers favoring the more prevalent regional language. Moreover, most of the users of these languages are illiterate[specify] and as expected, there is a chance that these languages will no longer be revived due to lack of written records.[citation needed]
Aside from the two official nationwide languages used in the Philippines, namely, Filipino and English, other languages have been proposed as additional nationwide languages. Among the most prominent proposals are Japanese[16][17], and Spanish.[18]
Indigenous languages[edit]
Major languages by region. Regions marked with black diamonds denote the language comprises only a substantial minority of the populace.
According to Ethnologue, a total of 182 native languages are spoken in the nation and four languages have been classified as extinct: Dicamay Agta, Katabaga, Tayabas Ayta and Villaviciosa Agta.[19] Except for English, Spanish, Chavacano and varieties of Chinese (Hokkien, Cantonese and Mandarin), all of the languages belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family.
There are 12 indigenous languages with at least one million native speakers:
Tagalog
Cebuano
Ilocano
Hiligaynon
Waray-Waray
Bikol
Kapampangan
Pangasinan
Maranao
Tausug
Maguindanao
Kinaray-a
One or more of these is spoken natively by more than 90% of the population.
A Philippine language sub-family identified by Robert Blust includes languages of north Sulawesi and the Yami language of Taiwan, but excludes the Sama–Bajaw languages of the Tawi-Tawi islands, as well as a couple of North Bornean languages spoken in southern Palawan.
Eskayan is an artificial auxiliary language created as the embodiment of a Bohol nation in the aftermath of the Philippine–American War. It is used by about 500 people.
Mutual intelligibility[edit]
Philippine languages are often referred to by Filipinos as dialects, partly as a relic of the inaccurate vocabulary used in literature during the American period (1898–1946).[13] While there are indeed many hundreds of dialects in the Philippines, they represent variations of no fewer than 120 distinct languages, and many of these languages maintain greater differences than those between established European languages like French and Spanish.
The vast differences between the languages can be seen in the following translations of the Philippine national proverb:
Language
Translation
English
He who does not (know how to) look back at his past (where he came from) will not reach his destination. (Those who forget their roots will not grasp their future)
Aklanon
Ro uwa' gatan-aw sa anang ginhalinan hay indi makaabut sa anang ginapaeangpan.
Asi (Bantoanon)
Kag tawong waya giruromroma it ida ginghalinan, indi makaabot sa ida apagtuan.
Boholano (Binol-anon)
Sija nga dī kahibawng mulingi sa ijang gi-gikanan, dī gajud maka-abot sa ijang padul-ngan.
Bolinao
Si'ya a kai tanda' nin lumingap sa pangibwatan na, kai ya mirate' sa keen na.
Bontoc (Ifuntok)
Nan Adi mang ustsong sinan narpuwan na, adi untsan isnan umayan na.
Botolan
Hay ahe nin nanlek ha pinag-ibatan, ay ahe makarateng ha lalakwen.
Butuanon
Kadtong dili kahibalo molingi sa iyang atubangan, sigurado jud ma dam-ag.
West Miraya Bikol (Ligao)
Kan idi tatao magkiling sa inalian, idi makaabot sa papaidtuhan
Buhinon Bikol (Buhi)
Yu di nikiling sa pinagalinan, di makaantos sa pupuntahan.
Central Bikol (Canaman)
An dai tataong magsalingoy sa saiyang ginikanan, dai makakaabot sa padudumanan.
Gubatnon Bikol (Gubat)
An diri maaram mag-imud sa pinaghalian, diri makaabot sa pakakadtu-an.
East Miraya Bikol (Daraga)
Su indi tataw makarumdom nung ginitan, indi makaabot sa adunan.
West Miraya Bikol (Oas)
Kan na taw na idi tataw mag linguy sa sanyang inalian, idi man maka abot sa sanyang paidtunan.
Rinconada Bikol (Iriga)
A dirî tattaoŋ maglīlî sa pinaŋgalinan, dirî makaaābot sa pig-iyānan.
Capiznon
Ang indi kabalo magbalikid sa iya ginhalinan, indi makalab-ot sa iya palakadtuan.
Cebuano
Kadtong dili kahibalo molingi sa iyang giagi-an, dili makaabot sa iyang padulngan.
Caviteño Chavacano
Quien no ta bira cara na su origen no de incarsa na su destinacion.
Ternateño Chavacano
Ay nung sabi mira i donde ya bini no di yega na destinasyon.
Zamboangueño Chavacano
El Quien no sabe vira el cara na su origen, nunca llega na su destinación.
Cuyonon
Ang ara agabalikid sa anang ing-alinan, indi enged maka-abot sa anang papakonan.
Ibanag
I tolay nga ari mallipay ta naggafuananna, ari makadde ta angayanna.
Ilokano
Ti tao nga saan na ammo tumaliaw iti naggapuanna ket saan nga makadanon iti papananna.
Itawis
Ya tolay nga mari mallipay tsa naggafuananna, mari makakandet tsa angayanna.
Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)
Ang indi makahibalo magbalikid sang iya ginhalinan, indi makaabot sa iya padulungan.
Jama Mapun
Soysoy niya' pandoy ngantele' patulakan ne, niya' ta'abut katakkahan ne.
Kapampangan
Ing e byasang malikid king kayang penibatan, e ya miras king kayang pupuntalan.
Kinaray-a
Ang indi kamaan magbalikid sa ana ginhalinan, indi makaabot sa ana paaragtunan.
Malaysian & Indonesian
Orang yang melupakan asal-usulnya tak mungkin mencapai tujuannya.
Manobo (Obo)
Iddos minuvu no konnod kotuig nod loingoy to id pomonan din, konna mandad od poko-uma riyon tod undiyonnan din.
Maranao
So tao a di matao domingil ko poonan iyan na di niyan kakowa so singanin iyan.
Masbateño
An dili maaram maglingi sa ginhalian, kay dili makaabot sa kakadtuhan.
Pangasinan
Say toon agga onlingao ed pinanlapuan to, agga makasabi'd laen to.
Northern Catanduanes Bikol
Ang mai batid magkiling sa hinarian, mai makaabot sa pupuntahan.
Romblomanon (Ini)
Ang tawo nga bukon tigo mag lingig sa iya guinghalinan hay indi makasampot sa iya ning pagakadtoan.
Sambali
Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinangibatan, kay immabot sa kakaon.
Sangil
Tao mata taya mabiling su pubuakengnge taya dumanta su kadam tangi.
Sinama
Ya Aa ga-i tau pa beleng ni awwal na, ga-i du sab makasong ni maksud na.
Español
El que no sabe mirar atrás, de donde viene, nunca llegará a su destino.
Surigaonon
Adton dili mahibayo molingi sa ija ing-gikanan, dili gajod makaabot sa ija pasingdan.
Sorsoganon
An diri mag-imud sa pinaghalian diri makaabot sa kakadtuan.
Tagalog (Tayabas)
Ang hindi maalam lumingon sa pinaroonan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan.
Tagalog (Manila)
Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.
Tausug
In di' maingat lumingi' pa bakas liyabayan niya, di' makasampay pa kadtuun niya.
Waray (Leyte)
An diri maaram lumingi ha tinikangan, diri maulpot ha kakadtoan.
Waray (Northern Samar)
An diri maaram lumingi sa tinikangan, diri maulpot sa kakadtoan.
Yakan
Mang gey matau mamayam si bakas palaihan nen, gey tekka si papilihan nen.
Dialectal variation[edit]
The amount of dialectal variation varies from language to language. Languages like Tagalog, Kapampangan and Pangasinan are known to have very moderate dialectal variation.
The languages of the Bicol Region, however, there is great dialectal variation. There are cities and towns which have their own dialects and varieties. Below is the sentence "Were you there at the market for a long time?" translated into certain varieties of Bikol. The translation is followed by dialect and corresponding language, and a city/town in Bicol where they are spoken. The final translation is in Tagalog.
Haloy ka duman sa saodan? (Standard Coastal Bikol, a dialect of Central Bikol; Canaman, Camarines Sur)
Aloy ka duman sa saodan? (Magarao, a variety of Coastal Bikol; Magarao, Camarines Sur)
Huray ka doon sa saodan? (Northern Catanduanes Bicolano or Pandan Bikol; Pandan, Catanduanes)
Naawat ka duman sa saod? (Southern Catanduanes Bikol or Virac Bikol, a dialect of Coastal Bikol; Virac, Catanduanes)
Naәban ikā sadtō sāran? (Rinconada Bikol; Iriga City)
Nauban ikā sadtō sāran? (Rinconada Bikol; Nabua, Camarines Sur)
Uban ika adto sa saod? (Libon, Albay Bikol; Libon, Albay)
Naәgәy ika adto sa saran? (Buhinon, Albay Bikol; Buhi, Camarines Sur)
Eley ka idto sa sed? (West Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Oas, Albay)
Na-alõy ika idto sa sâran/mercado?(West Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Polangui, Albay)
Naulay ka didto sa saran? (East Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Daraga, Albay)
Dugay ka didto sa mercado? (Ticao, Masbateño; Monreal, Masbate)
Awat ka didto sa plasa? (Gubat, Southern Sorsogon; Gubat, Sorsogon)
Matagal ka ba roon sa pamilihan? (Tagalog)
Comparison chart[edit]
Below is a chart of Philippine languages. While there have been misunderstandings on which ones should be classified as language and which ones should be classified as dialect, the chart confirms that most have similarities, yet are not mutually comprehensible. These languages are arranged according to the regions they are natively spoken (from north to south, then east to west).
English
one
two
three
four
person
house
dog
coconut
day
new
we (inclusive)
what
and
Ivatan
asa dadowa tatdo apat tao vahay chito niyoy araw va-yo yaten ango kan
Ilokano
maysa dua tallo uppat tao balay aso niog aldaw baro datayo ania ken
Ifuntok
əsang tswa Tulo əpat tacu Afong aso inyog acəw falu tsattaku ngag ya
Ibanag
tadday dua tallu appa' tolay balay kitu inniuk aggaw bagu sittam anni
Gaddang
tata addwa tallo appat tolay balay atu ayog aw bawu ikkanetem sanenay
Pangasinan
sakey duara talora apatira too abong aso niyog agew balo sikatayo anto tan/et
Kapampangan
metung adwa atlu apat tau bale asu ngungut aldo bayu ikatamu nanu ampong/at
Tagalog
isa dalawa tatlo apat tao bahay aso niyog araw bago tayo ano at
Coastal Bikol
saro duwa tulo apat tawo harong ayam niyog aldaw ba-go kita ano buda
Rinconada Bikol
əsad darwā tolō əpat tawō baləy ayam noyog aldəw bāgo kitā onō ag, sagkəd, sakâ
West Miraya Bikol
sad duwa tulo upat taw balõy ayam nuyog aldõw bâgo kita, sato uno dangan, mî, saka
East Miraya Bikol
usad duwa tulo upat taw balay ayam nuyog aldaw bâgo kita, satun, kami uno dangan, mî, saka, kina
North Catanduanes Bikol
sadu dawha tatlo apat taho baray ayam lubi / butong ardaw ba-go kita, kami, amo ano kag / buda
Masbateño
usad duha tulo upat tawo balay ido buko, lubi aldaw bag-o kita, kami, amon nano kag
Romblomanon
isa duha tuyo upat tawo bayay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita, aton ano kag
Bantoanon
usa ruha tuyo upat tawo bayay iro nidog adlaw bag-o kita, ato ni-o ag
Onhan
isya darwa tatlo apat tawo balay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita, taton ano ag
Kinaray-a
sara darwa tatlo apat taho balay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita, taten ano, iwan kag
Hiligaynon
isa duha tatlo apat tawo balay ido lubi adlaw bag-o kita ano kag
Cebuano
usa duha tulo upat tawo balay iro lubi adlaw bag-o kita unsa ug
Surigaonon
isa duha tuyo upat tao bayay idu Niyog adlaw bag-o kami unu sanan
Waray
usa duha tulo upat tawo balay ayam lubi adlaw bag-o kita ano ngan, ug
T'boli
sotu lewu tlu fat tau gunu ohu lefo kdaw lomi tekuy tedu
Tausug
hambuuk duwa tu upat tau bay iru' niyug adlaw ba-gu kitaniyu unu iban
Español
uno dos tres cuatro persona casa perro coco día nuevo nosostros que y/e
Chavacano
uno dos tres cuatro gente casa perro coco dia nuevo Zamboangueño: nosotros/kame; Bahra: mijotros/motros; Caviteño: nisos cosá/ qué y/e
There is a language spoken by the Tao people (also known as Yami) of Orchid Island of Taiwan which is not included in the language of the Philippines. Their language, Tao (or Yami) is part of the Batanic languages which includes Ivatan, Babuyan, and Itbayat of the Batanes.
English
one
two
three
four
person
house
dog
coconut
day
new
we
what
and
Tao
ása dóa (raroa) tílo (tatlo) ápat tao vahay gara ngata araw vayo tata vela
Ivatan
asa dadowa tatdo apat tao vahay chito niyoy araw va-yo yaten ango
Native speakers[edit]
Below are population estimates from the 2000 Philippine census by the Philippine Statistics Authority on the number of Filipinos who speak the following 18 languages as a native language.
Language
ISO 639-3
Native speakers[20]
Tagalog
tgl 26,387,855
Cebuano
ceb 21,340,000
Ilocano
ilo 7,779,000
Hiligaynon
hil 7,000,979
Waray-Waray
war 3,100,000
Central Bikol[21]
bcl 2,500,000
Kapampangan
pam 2,480,000
Pangasinan
pag 2,434,086
Maranao
mrw 2,150,000
Tausug
tsg 1,822,000
Maguindanao
mdh 1,800,000
Zamboangueño
cbk 1,200,000
Kinaray-a
krj 1,051,000
Surigaonon
sgd, tgn 1,000,000
Masbateño
msb 530,000
Aklanon
akl, mlz 520,000
Ibanag
ibg 320,000
Yakan
yka 110,000
Eskayan
esy 500
Language vitality[edit]
2010 UNESCO designation[edit]
Endangered and extinct languages in the Philippines are based on the 3rd world volume released by UNESCO in 2010.
Degree of endangerment (UNESCO standard)
Safe: language is spoken by all generations; intergenerational transmission is uninterrupted
Vulnerable: most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)
Definitely endangered: children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home
Severely endangered: language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves
Critically endangered: the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently
Extinct: there are no speakers left >> included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s
Vulnerable languages
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source
Central Cagayan Agta
779 Cagayan 17°59′21″N 121°51′37″E / 17.9891°N 121.8603°E / 17.9891; 121.8603 agt UNESCO 2000
Dupaninan Agta
1400 Cagayan 17°58′06″N 122°02′10″E / 17.9682°N 122.0361°E / 17.9682; 122.0361 duo David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Definitely endangered
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source
Bataan Agta
500 Bataan 14°25′57″N 120°28′44″E / 14.4324°N 120.4788°E / 14.4324; 120.4788 ayt David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Mt. Iraya Agta
150 Camarines Sur 13°27′32″N 123°32′48″E / 13.459°N 123.5467°E / 13.459; 123.5467 atl David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Batak
200 Palawan 10°06′29″N 119°00′00″E / 10.1081°N 119°E / 10.1081; 119 bya David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Severely endangered
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source
Faire Atta
300 Ilocos Norte 18°01′37″N 120°29′34″E / 18.027°N 120.4929°E / 18.027; 120.4929 azt David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Northern Alta
200 Aurora 15°42′58″N 121°24′31″E / 15.7162°N 121.4085°E / 15.7162; 121.4085 agn David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Camarines Norte Agta
150 Camarines Norte 14°00′49″N 122°53′14″E / 14.0135°N 122.8873°E / 14.0135; 122.8873 abd David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Critically endangered
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source
Alabat Island Agta
30 Quezon 14°07′15″N 122°01′42″E / 14.1209°N 122.0282°E / 14.1209; 122.0282 dul David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Isarog Agta
5 Camarines Sur 13°40′50″N 123°22′50″E / 13.6805°N 123.3805°E / 13.6805; 123.3805 agk David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Southern Ayta (Sorsogon Ayta)
150 Sorsogon 13°01′37″N 124°09′18″E / 13.027°N 124.1549°E / 13.027; 124.1549 ays David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Extinct
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source
Dicamay Agta
(Dumagat, Dicamay Dumagat)
0 Isabela 16°41′59″N 122°01′00″E / 16.6998°N 122.0167°E / 16.6998; 122.0167 duy David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Arta
0 near Isabela-Quirino Border 16°25′21″N 121°42′15″E / 16.4225°N 121.7042°E / 16.4225; 121.7042 atz David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Katabaga
0 Quezon 13°26′12″N 122°33′25″E / 13.4366°N 122.5569°E / 13.4366; 122.5569 ktq David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
Ata
0 Negros Oriental 9°36′29″N 122°54′56″E / 9.6081°N 122.9155°E / 9.6081; 122.9155 atm David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)
2014 North Dakota study[edit]
In a separate study by Thomas N. Headland, the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Dallas, and the University of North Dakota called Thirty Endangered Languages in the Philippines, the Philippines has 32 endangered languages, but 2 of the listed languages in the study are written with 0 speakers, noting that they are extinct or probably extinct. All of the listed languages are Negrito languages, the oldest languages in the Philippines.[22]
Language
General location
of speakers[22]
Population of speakers
in the 1990s[22]
Bibliographic source[22]
Batak
Palawan Island 386 Elder 1987
Mamanwa
Mindoro Island 1000 Grimes 2000
Ati
Northern Panay Island 30 Pennoyer 1987:4
Ati
Southern Panay Island 900 Pennoyer 1987:4
Ata
Negros Island 450 Cadelina 1980:96
Ata
Mabinay, Negros Oriental 25 Grimes 2000
Atta
Pamplona, western Cagayan 1000 Grimes 2000
Atta
Faire-Rizal, western Cagayan 400 Grimes 2000
Atta
Pudtol, Kalinga-Apayao 100 Grimes 2000
Ayta
Sorsogon 40 Grimes 2000
Agta (extinct, unverified)
Villaviciosa, Abra 0 Grimes 2000; Reid, per. com. 2001
Abenlen
Tarlac 6000 K. Storck SIL files
Mag-anchi
Zambales Tarlac, Pampanga 4166 K. Storck SIL files
Mag-indi
Zambales, Pampanga 3450 K. Storck SIL files
Ambala
Zambales, Pampanga, Bataan 1654 K. Storck SIL files
Magbeken
Bataan 381 K. Storck SIL files
Agta
Isarog, Camarines Sur (noted as nearly extinct) 1000 Grimes 2000
Agta
Mt. Iraya & Lake Buhi east, Camarines Sur (has 4 close dialects) 200 Grimes 2000
Agta
Mt. Iriga & Lake Buhi west, Camarines Sur 1500 Grimes 2000
Agta
Camarines Norte 200 Grimes 2000
Agta
Alabat Island, southern Quezon 50 Grimes 2000
Agta
Umirey, Quezon (with 3 close dialects) 3000 T. MacLeod SIL files
Agta
Casiguran, northern Aurora 609 Headland 1989
Agta
Maddela, Quirino 300 Headland field notes
Agta
Palanan & Divilacan, Isabela 856 Rai 1990: 176
Agta
San Mariano-Sisabungan, Isabela 377 Rai 1990: 176
Agta (noted as recently extinct)
Dicamay, Jones, Isabela 0 Headland field notes, and Grimes 2000
Arta
Aglipay, Quirino 11 (30 in 1977) Headland field notes, and Reid 1994:40
Alta
Northern Aurora 250 Reid, per. comm.
Alta
Northern Quezon 400 Reid, per. comm.
Agta
eastern Cagayan, Supaninam (several close dialects) 1200 T. Nickell 1985:119
Agta
central Cagayan 800 Mayfield 1987:vii-viii; Grimes 2000
Proposals to Conserve Philippine Languages[edit]
There have been numerous proposals to conserve the many languages of the Philippines. According to the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino, there are 135 ethno-linguistic groups in the country, each having their own distinct Philippine language.
Among the proposals include (1) "establishing a dictionary & sentence construction manual" for each of the 135 living languages in the country, (2) "video documentation" of all Philippine languages, (3) "revival of the ancient scripts of the Philippines" where each ethnic group's own script shall be revived and used in schools along with the currently-used Roman script in communities where those script/s used to be known, (4) "teaching of ethnic mother languages first" in homes and schools before the teaching of Filipino and foreign languages (English or Arabic), and (5) "using the ethnic mother language and script first in public signs" followed by Filipino and foreign languages (English and/or Arabic) and scripts, for example, using Sebwano first followed by Filipino and English underneath the sign.
Currently, only the fourth proposal has been made by the national government of the Philippines.[23] A National Script bill has been filed in Congress in support of the third and fifth proposal, however, the bill only mandates the usage of the ancient script compatible with the national language, which is Filipino.[24]
Major immigrant languages[edit]
Arabic[edit]
Arabic is used by some Filipino Muslims in both a liturgical and instructional capacity since the arrival of Islam and establishment of several Sultanates in the 14th century. Along with Malay, Arabic was the lingua franca of the Malay Archipelago among Muslim traders and the Malay aristocracy.
The 1987 Constitution mandates that Arabic (along with Spanish) is to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis. As of 2015[update] Arabic is taught for free and is promoted in some Islamic centres predominantly in the southernmost parts of Philippines. It is used primarily in religious activities and education (such as in a madrasa or Islamic school) and rarely for official events or daily conversation. In this respect, its function and use is somewhat like the traditional roles of Latin and Spanish in Filipino Catholicism vis-à-vis other currently spoken languages.
English[edit]
Main articles: Philippine English, Taglish, and Bislish
The first significant exposure of Filipinos to the English language occurred in 1762 when the British invaded Manila, but this was a brief episode that had no lasting influence. English later became more important and widespread during American rule between 1898 and 1946, and remains an official language of the Philippines.
English is used in official documents of business, government, the legal system, medicine, the sciences and as a medium of instruction. Filipinos prefer textbooks for subjects like calculus, physics, chemistry, biology, etc., written in English rather than Filipino.[dubious – discuss] However, the topics are usually taught, even in colleges, in Tagalog or the local language. By way of contrast, native languages are often heard in colloquial and domestic settings, spoken mostly with family and friends. The use of English attempts to give an air of formality, given its use in school, government and various ceremonies.[citation needed] A percentage of the media such as cable television and newspapers are also in English; major television networks such as ABS-CBN and GMA and all AM radio stations broadcast primarily in Filipino. However, a 2009 article by a UNICEF worker reported that the level of spoken English language in the Philippines was poor. The article reported that aspiring Filipino teachers score the lowest in English out of all of the subjects on their licensing exams.[25]
A large influx of English (American English) words has been assimilated into Tagalog and the other native languages called Taglish or Bislish. There is a debate, however, on whether there is diglossia or bilingualism, between Filipino and English. Filipino is also used both in formal and informal situations. Though the masses would prefer to speak in Filipino, government officials tend to speak in English when performing government functions.[according to whom?] There is still resistance to the use of Filipino in courts and the drafting of national statutes.
On August 22, 2007, three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English, in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University College of Law following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines. De la Rama said it was the dream of former Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna, Cavite, Quezón, Nueva Écija, Batangas, Rizal, and Metro Manila.[26]
Hokkien[edit]
Main article: Philippine Hokkien
Diplomatic ties with the Ming dynasty among some established states or kingdoms in Luzon and direct interactions and trade overall within the archipelago as a whole may go as far back as the early 10th century. Mandarin Chinese is the medium of instruction in Chinese schools and the lingua franca of mainland and overseas Chinese. However, the Lan-nang variant of Hokkien Chinese is the majority language the Chinese in the Philippines, who immigrated from the Fujian (pronounced locally as Fukkien or Hokkien) province in China. Other varieties of Chinese such as Hakka and Yue Chinese (especially Cantonese) are spoken among a few Chinese in the Philippines whose ancestral roots trace all the way back from the Guangdong and Guangxi provinces in Southern China.
As with Spanish, many native languages have co-opted numerous loanwords from Chinese, in particular words that refer to cuisine, household objects, and Philippine kinship terminology.
Japanese[edit]
The Japanese first came to the Philippines around the 11th century CE, the first country they emigrated to, as well as in waves from the 15th century, 17th century, late 19th century, 1900s, 1930s, and the 1940s.[27][28][29][30] There is a small Japanese community and a school for Japanese in Metro Manila due to the number of Japanese companies. Also there is a large community of Japanese and Japanese descendants in Laguna province, Baguio City, and in the Davao Region. Davao City is a home to a large population of Japanese descendants. Japanese laborers were hired by American companies like the National Fiber Company (NAFCO) in the first decades of the 20th century to work in abaca plantations. Japanese were known for their hard work and industry. During World War II, Japanese schools were present in Davao City.
Malay[edit]
Main article: Malay language in the Philippines
Malay is spoken as a lingua franca in the southernmost parts of the Philippines, from Zamboanga down to Tawi-Tawi among a minority of the Tausug, Sama-Bajau, and Yakan peoples. It is also spoken as a daily language by the Malaysians and Indonesians who have settled, or do business in the Philippines. It is also spoken in southern Palawan to some extent. It is not spoken among the Maranao and Maguindanao peoples. Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia and the southern Philippines are largely Islamic and the liturgical language of Islam is Arabic, but the vast majority of Muslims in the Philippines have little practical knowledge of Arabic beyond limited religious terminology.
Ancient Malaysian and Indonesian cultures and civilizations in ancient Malaya, Sumatra and Java influenced the history, lifestyles, and culture of the Filipino peoples. The Malay language, along with Philippine languages belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian language family, has also had an immense influence on many languages spoken in the Philippines. This is because Old Malay used to be the lingua franca throughout the archipelago, a good example of this is Magellan's translator Enrique using Malay to converse with the native Sugbuanon (Cebuano) during this time period.
An example of Old Malay and Javanese languages spoken in Philippine history can be seen in the language of the 10th century Laguna Copperplate Inscription.
When the Spanish had first arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, Old Malay was spoken among the aristocracy.
It is believed that Ferdinand Magellan’s Moluccan slave Enrique could converse with the local leaders in Cebu Island, confirming to Magellan his arrival in Southeast Asia.
Today, Indonesian is taught as a foreign language in the Department of Linguistics and Asian Languages in the University of the Philippines. Also, the Indonesian School in Davao City teaches the language to preserve the culture of Indonesian immigrants there. The Indonesian Embassy in Manila also offers occasional classes for Filipinos and foreigners.
Since 2013, the Indonesian Embassy in the Philippines has given basic Indonesian language training to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.[31]
In an interview, Department of Education Secretary Armin Luistro[32] said that the country's government should promote Indonesian and Malaysian, which are both related to Filipino and other Philippine languages. Thus, the possibility of offering it as an optional subject in public schools is being studied.
South Asian languages[edit]
Since pre-Spanish times, there have been small Indian communities in the Philippines. Indians tend to be able to speak Tagalog and the other native languages, and are often fluent in English. Among themselves, Sindhi and Punjabi are used. Urdu is spoken among the Pakistani community. Only few South Asians, such as Pakistani, as well as the recent newcomers like speakers of Tamil, Nepali and Marathi retain their own respective languages.[27][33][34][35][36][37]
Spanish[edit]
Main article: Spanish language in the Philippines
Spanish was introduced in the islands after 1565, when the Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi set sail from Mexico and founded the first Spanish settlement on Cebú. Though its usage is not as widespread as before, Spanish has had a significant influence in the various local Philippine languages such as providing numerous loan words.[25] Several Spanish-based creole language varieties collectively known as Chabacano have also emerged. The current 1987 constitution makes mention of Spanish in which it provides that Spanish (along with Arabic) is to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis.
In 1593, the first printing press in the Philippine islands was founded and it released the first (albeit polyglot) book, the Doctrina Christiana that same year. In the 17th century, Spanish religious orders founded the first universities in the Philippines, some of which are considered the oldest in Asia. During colonial rule through Mexico, Spanish was the language of education, trade, politics, and religion, and by the 19th century, became the colony's lingua franca although it was mainly used by the educated Filipinos.[38] In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced a system of public education, creating free public schooling in Spanish. In the 1890s, the Philippines had a prominent group of Spanish-speaking scholars called the Ilustrados, such as José Rizal. Some of these scholars participated in the Philippine Revolution and later in the struggle against American occupation. Both the Malolos Constitution and the Lupang Hinirang (national anthem) were written in Spanish.
Under U.S. rule, the English language began to be promoted instead of Spanish. The use of Spanish began to decline as a result of the introduction of English into the public schools as a language of instruction.[10] The 1935 constitution establishing the Philippine Commonwelath designated both English and Spanish as official languages. The 1950 census stated that Filipinos who spoke Spanish as a first or second language made up only 6% of the population. In 1990, the census reported that the number had dwindled to just 2,500. A 2012 survey estimates that while around 3 million people can speak Spanish with varying degrees of competency, only around 439,000 people can speak the language at a native level.[39]
Spanish briefly lost its status as an official language upon promulgation of the 1973 constitution but regained official status two months later when President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155.[14] In the 1987 constitution, Spanish is designated as an "optional and voluntary language" but does not mention it as an "official language". Spanish was dropped as a college requirement during Corazón Aquino's administration. Former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, a third-language Spanish speaker, introduced legislation to re-establish the instruction of Spanish in 2009 in the state education system. Today, the language is still spoken by Filipino-Spanish mestizos and Spanish families who are mainly concentrated in Metro Manila, Iloilo and Cebu. It remains a required subject in some academic institutions, such as the University of Santo Tomás in Manila and the University of San Carlos in Cebu.
Many historical documents, land titles, and works of literature are written in Spanish and are still not translated into Filipino languages, despite the fact that some such as land titles have legal value. Spanish, through colonization has contributed the largest number of loanwords and expressions in Tagalog, Cebuano, and other Philippine languages.[40] The Academia Filipina de la Lengua Espanola (Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language), established in 1924, is a founding member of the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language; an association of the various Spanish academies of the world which cooperate in the standardizing and promotion of the Spanish language. Among its past and present academics are former President Arroyo, former Foreign Affairs Secretary Alberto Romulo, and Archbishop of Cebú Cardinal Ricardo Vidal.
Spanish creoles[edit]
Main article: Chavacano
There are several Spanish-based creole languages in the Philippines, collectively called Chavacano. These may be split into two major geographical groups:
In Luzon:
Caviteño (Chabacano de Cavite), spoken in Cavite City, Cavite.
Ternateño (Chabacano de Barra), spoken in Ternate, Cavite.
Ermitaño (Chabacano de Ermita), formerly spoken in Ermita, Manila but is now extinct. The last reported speakers were a woman and her grandson during the 1980s and 1990s.
In Mindanao:
Zamboangueño Chavacano (Chabacano de Zamboanga / Zamboangueño Chavacano), spoken in Zamboanga City, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi and Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia (360,000 native speakers-Zamboanga City alone as per 2000 census, making it the most spoken form and known form of Chavacano)
Cotabateño (Chabacano de Cotabato), spoken in Cotabato
Davaoeño Abakay (Chabacano de Davao), spoken in Davao City
See also[edit]
Philippines portal
Languages portal
Filipino alphabet
Filipino orthography
Philippine languages
List of English words of Philippine origin
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines - GOVPH".
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Philippines 1987,[1] Article XIV, Section 7.
^ Jump up to: a b "DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3". GMA News Online. July 13, 2013. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Philippines". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
Jump up ^ McFarland, C. D. (1994). "Subgrouping and Number of Philippine Languages". Philippine journal of linguistics. 25 (1-2): 75–84. ISSN 0048-3796.
Jump up ^ The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino enumerated 134 Philippine languages and 1 national language (Filipino) present in the country through its Atlas Filipinas map published in 2016.
Jump up ^ "Philippines". Ethnologue.
Jump up ^ The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein... Article XIV Section 7.
Jump up ^ Article XIV, Sec 7: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
^ Jump up to: a b "Philippines - EDUCATION". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Article 93 of the Malolos Constitution reads, "Art. 93. The use of languages spoken in the Philippines shall be optional. This use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for acts of public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language will be used in the meantime."
Jump up ^ Manuel L. Quezon (December 1937). "Speech of His Excellency, Manuel L. Quezón, President of the Philippines on Filipino national language" (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved 2009-01-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrew Gonzalez (1998). "The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines" (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 19 (5, 6): 487–525. doi:10.1080/01434639808666365. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-16. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Presidential Decree No. 155 : Philippine Laws, Statutes and Codes". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Ricardo Ma. Nolasco. "Maraming Wika, Matatag na Bansa - Chairman Nolasco" (in Filipino). Commission on the Filipino Language. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
Jump up ^ https://www.academia.edu/26500370/NIHONGO_NO_BENKYOU_WHY_AND_HOW_FILIPINOS_LEARN_JAPANESE_LANGUAGE
Jump up ^ https://www.slideshare.net/animation0118/similarities-and-differences-between-japan-and-philippine-cultures
Jump up ^ Felongco, Gilbert (2007-12-05). "Arroyo wants Spanish language in schools". GulfNews. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
Jump up ^ Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F., eds. (2015). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World" (18 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
Jump up ^ Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000
Jump up ^ Lobel, Jason. An Satuyang Tataramon - Ethnologue. Central Bicolano (Dialects: Naga, Legazpi, Daet, Partido, and Virac)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Headland, Thomas N. (1 January 2003). "Thirty endangered languages in the Philippines".
Jump up ^ http://www.deped.gov.ph/press-releases/mother-tongue-based-learning-makes-lessons-more-interactive-and-easier-students
Jump up ^ See, Stanley Baldwin (August 15, 2016). "A primer on Baybayin". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Adriano, Joel. "The Philippines: still grappling with English". Safe-democracy.org. Forum for a safer democracy. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Inquirer.net, 3 Bulacan courts to use Filipino in judicial proceedings
^ Jump up to: a b "Philippinealmanac.com". Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Paul Kekai Manansala. "Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ancient Japanese pottery in Boljoon town". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Philippines History, Culture, Civilization and Technology, Filipino". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Indonesian Language Club - Embassy of Indonesia - Washington D.C." Archived from the original on 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ Rainier Alain, Ronda (22 March 2013). "Bahasa in schools? DepEd eyes 2nd foreign language". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Going Banana". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "KINDING SINDAW".
Jump up ^ "The Indian in the Filipino - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Indian Communities in Southeast Asia (First Reprint 2006). Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Estadisticas: El idioma español en Filipinas". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "El español, una lengua viva: Informe 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). pp. 6 and 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2015-03-15. (439,000 native speakers + 2,557,773 limited competency + 20,492 students.)
Jump up ^ "Spanish language in Philippines". Retrieved 1 March 2015.
General references[edit]
Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James; & Tryon, Darrell (1995). The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives. Department of Anthropology, Australian National University. ISBN 0-7315-2132-3. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
"Ethnologue report for Philippines".
Lobel, Jason William; Wilmer Joseph S. Tria (2000). An Satuyang Tataramon: A Study of the Bikol language. Lobel & Tria Partnership Co. ISBN 971-92226-0-3.
Malcolm Warren Mintz (2001). "Bikol". Facts About the World's Languages: an Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. ISBN 0-8242-0970-2.
Reid, Lawrence A. (1971). Philippine minor Languages: Word lists and phonologies. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-87022-691-6.
Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez (1998). Tagalog-English English-Tagalog Dictionary. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0961-4.
Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez (2000). Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-2088-6.
Carl Ralph Galvez Rubino. "The Philippine National Proverb". Translated into various Philippine languages. Retrieved July 28, 2005.
Sundita, Christopher Allen (2002). In Bahasa Sug: An Introduction to Tausug. Lobel & Tria Partnership, Co. ISBN 971-92226-6-2.
Christopher Sundita. "Languages or Dialects?". Understanding the Native Tongues of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 2006-06-16. Retrieved July 28, 2005.
Yap, Fe Aldave (1977). A Comparative Study of Philippine Lexicons. Institute of Philippine languages, Department of Education, Culture, and Sports. ISBN 971-8705-05-8.
R. David Zorc (1977). "The Bisayan dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and reconstruction". Pacific Linguistics. C (44).
R. David Zorc (2001). "Hiligaynon". Facts About the World's Languages: an Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present.
Joseph Reylan B. Viray (2006). "Dagang Simbahan". Makata International Journal of Poetry. 7 (12).
Luciano de la Rosa (1960). "El Filipino: Origen y Connotación". El renacimiento filipino.
Further reading[edit]
Dedaić, Mirjana N.; Nelson, Daniel N. (2003). At War With Words. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017649-1. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
Hamers, Josiane F. (2000). Bilinguality and Bilingualism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64843-2. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
External links[edit]
Linguistic map of the Philippines at Muturzikin.com
Ricardo Maria Nolasco on the diversity of languages in the Philippines
Lawrence R. Reid webpage of Dr. Lawrence A. Reid. Researcher Emeritus of linguistics at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Has researched Philippine languages for decades.
The Metamorphosis of Filipino as a National Language
Carl Rubino webpage of Dr. Carl Rubino. A Filipino linguist who has studied Philippine languages.
Literatura hispanofilipina: siglos XVII al XX by Edmundo Farolan Romero, with a brief Philippine poetry anthology in Spanish.
Salita Blog by Christopher Sundita. A blog about a variety of issues concerning the languages of the Philippines.
Espaniero An Online Spanish conversation group for Pinoys
Philippine Language Tree
The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines, by Andrew González, FSC
kaibigankastila webpage of the Spanish culture in the Philippines.
On linguistic mutual intolerance in the Philippines
Filipino Translator
Tagalog Translator Online Online dictionary for translating Tagalog from/to English, including expressions and latest headlines regarding the Philippines.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&oldid=856758642"
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Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
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values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: لغات في الفلبين – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: Mga tataramon kan Filipinas – Central Bikol

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: 필리핀의 언어 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ഫിലിപ്പൈൻസിലെ ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: Языки Филиппин – Russian

values: Мови Філіппін – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Languages_of_the_Philippines rootpage-Languages_of_the_Philippines skin-vector action-view