text:
Results of the War of 1812
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Results of the War of 1812 the war of 1812 happened between Great Britain and the United States in 1812. It caused no geographical changes. The main result of the war was two centuries of peace between the United States and Britain. All the causes of the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of Indians to block American expansion into the Northwest. American fears of the Native Americans ended, as did British plans to create a buffer Native American state. The American quest for honor after its humiliations by the British were satisfied. The final collapse of the opposition Federalist Party opened an "Era of good feelings" with lessened partisanship and an exuberant spirit. The British paid little attention to the war, concentrating instead on their final defeat of Napoleon in 1815. The U.S. failed to gain any territory from British North America, contrary to many American politicians'n land from Spain.[1]
After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Britain was no longer at war with France and there were no restrictions on trade; the British suspended their policy of impressment of American sailors, and never resumed it, but they insisted they still had the right to resume it. Americans believed they had regained their honour[2] and proclaimed victory in what they called a "second war of independence" for the decisive defeat of the British invaders at New Orleans seemed to prove that Britain could never regain control of America (although this had at no time during the war been either plausible or a British intention).[3] The threat of secession by New England ended with the failure of the Hartford Convention.
In Britain, the importance of the conflict was totally overshadowed by European triumphs: Napoleon had returned from exile in March 1815, and was finally defeated at Waterloo 100 days later.
Upper Canada emerged from the war with a sense of unity and pride as part of the British Empire. Anglophone Canadians claimed the war as a victory for their freedom from American control and credited their militia for the repulse of American invasions. Francophone Canadians largely ignore the war.
Contents
1 Efforts to end the war
2 Negotiations
3 Native American affairs
4 Canada
5 Britain
6 United States
6.1 Impact on U.S. military
7 Honor
8 Economic impact
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
11.1 Memory of the war
12 External links
Efforts to end the war[edit]
Efforts to end the war began in 1812 when the chief U.S. diplomat in London proposed an armistice in return for a renunciation of impressments; the British refused. Later, in 1812, when the British captured Detroit and news of the repeal of the Orders reached Washington, Sir George Prevost arranged an armistice with his counterpart Henry Dearborn. The British Frigate HMS Junon was sent to relay The American’s response to the British squadrons on the North American Station. However, President James Madison decided to continue the war. In 1813, Russia offered to mediate a peace, but London rejected the offer, because it might compromise British interests in Europe.[4] Finally, Great Britain and the United States agreed to commence peace negotiations in January 1814: the talks were delayed.
Negotiations[edit]
At last in August 1814, peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent. Both sides began negotiations with unrealistic demands. The U.S. wanted an end to all British maritime practices it deemed objectionable and also demanded cessions of Canadian territory and guaranteed fishing rights off Newfoundland. The British announced as an essential element of the peace treaty their long-standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state, a large "neutral" Indian state that would cover most of the Old Northwest. It would be independent of the United States and under the tutelage of the British, who would use it to block American expansion and to build up their control of the fur trade.[5] London dropped the demand when the Americans adamantly refused and indicated it would end the negotiations. The British had been weakened by the collapse of Tecumseh's Confederacy after the Battle of the Thames in 1813 and no longer controlled adequate supply lines to support an Indian barrier state.[6] Britain also wanted to keep the far-northeastern parts of Maine that had been captured to provide a land corridor to Quebec from the maritime colonies.
After months of negotiations, against the background of changing military victories, defeats and losses, the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war. Now each side was tired of the war. Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain, so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France, and it no longer needed more seamen. The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon. The negotiators agreed to return to the status quo ante bellum with no changes in boundaries. Both sides signed the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814. The next and final step would be formal ratification by each government.[7]
The British—but not the Americans—knew, when they signed, that a battle was imminent at New Orleans (it was fought on January 8, 1815).[8] This treaty finally went into effect when it was formally ratified by both sides in February 1815.
The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgment of American maritime rights, but in the century of peace between the worlds naval powers from 1815 until World War I these rights were not seriously violated. The British navy ended the practices that angered Americans, for they were no longer needed after Napoleon. American pride and honor was built as a result of the Indian threat being ended, and through rejoicing surrounding American victory at New Orleans.[9] In doing so, the United States had successfully created sense of becoming fully independent from Britain.[10]
Native American affairs[edit]
A key reason that American frontiersmen were so much in favor of the war in the first place was the threat posed to their continued settlement of Native American-inhabited territory by various tribes, which they blamed on the arms and supplies provided by British agents in Canada. In addition, they wanted access to lands that the British acknowledged belonged to the U.S. but that the British were blocking expansion into by inciting and arming the Native Americans. The death of Tecumseh in battle in 1813 removed a powerful obstacle to expansion, although Native American involvement in the war continued, as did their resistance to American westward expansion after the war's end. The natives were the main losers in the war, losing British protection, and never regained their influence.[11]
In the Southeast, Andrew Jackson's destruction of Britain's allies, the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, ended the threat of Native American hostilities in that region. It opened vast areas in Georgia and Alabama for settlement as plantations and farmlands. The U.S. occupied all of West Florida during the war and in 1819 purchased the rest of Florida from Spain, thus preventing the Spanish from arming hostile tribes there. Creek Indians who escaped to Spanish Florida joined the Seminoles there, and put up a long resistance known as the Seminole Wars.[12]
In the treaty, the British promised not to arm the Native Americans in the U.S. from Canada (nor even trade with them), and the U.S.-Canada border was largely pacified. However, some Americans assumed that the British continued to conspire with their former Native American allies in an attempt to forestall U.S. hegemony in the Great Lakes region. Such perceptions were faulty, argues Calloway (1987). After the Treaty of Ghent, the Native Americans in the Great Lakes region became an undesirable burden to British policymakers.[13]
Canada[edit]
Some in Washington had expected the largely American population of Upper Canada to throw off the "British yoke", but that did not happen. After 1815, British officials, Anglican clergy and Canadians loyal to the Empire tried to spot and root out American ideals, such as democracy and republicanism. Thus, the British and Loyalist elite were able to set the different colonies, of what would later become Canada, on a different course from that of their former enemy. Canada discouraged further American immigration.[14]
When the United States attacked British North America, most of the British forces were engaged in the Napoleonic Wars. Thus, British North America had minimal troops to defend against the United States, who had a much larger (though initially poorly trained) military force. For most of the war, British North America stood alone against a much stronger American force. Reinforcements from the United Kingdom did not arrive until 1814, the final year of the war. The repelling of the American force helped to foster British loyalties in the colonies that later became Canada.
The nationalistic sentiment caused a suspicion of such American ideas as republicanism, which would frustrate political reform in Upper and Lower Canada until the Rebellions of 1837. However, the War of 1812 started the process that ultimately led to Canadian Confederation in 1867. Canadian writer Pierre Berton has written that, although later events such as the rebellions and the Fenian raids of the 1860s were more important, Canada would have become part of the United States if the War of 1812 had not taken place, because more and more American settlers would have arrived and Canadian nationalism would not have developed.
The War of 1812 was highly significant in Britain's North American colonies. After the war, British sympathizers portrayed the war as a successful fight for national survival against an American democratic force that threatened the peace and stability the Canadians desired. Throughout the war, most of Canada's inhabitants assigned the war to an American desire to annex the British colonies, a perception reinforced by American Generals like William Hull, who issued proclamations stating that Canada would be annexed.[15]
An alleged Canadian myth from the war was that Canadian militiamen had performed admirably, while the British officers were largely ineffective. Jack Granatstein has termed this the "militia myth", and he feels it has had a deep effect on Canadian military thinking, which placed more stress on a citizens' militia than on a professional standing army. The United States suffered from a similar "frontiersman myth" at the start of the war, believing falsely that individual initiative and marksmanship could be effective against a well-disciplined British battle line. Granatstein argues that the militia was not particularly effective in the war and that any British military success was the work of British regular forces and the result of British domination over the sea. Isaac Brock, for example, was reluctant to trust the militia with muskets.[16]
Others argue that, in fact, the Canadian militia played important roles in several key engagements, including at the Battle of Chateauguay where they were central to defeating the American advance on Montreal in the fall of 1813.[17][18] Historian Robert Henderson has referred to this as "The myth of the Militia myth".[19] See: Canadian Units of the War of 1812
During the war, British officers constantly worried that the Americans would block the St. Lawrence River, which forms part of the Canada–U.S. border. If the U.S. military had done so, there would have been no British supply route for Upper Canada, where most of the land battles took place, and British forces would likely have had to withdraw or surrender all western British territory within a few months. British officers' dispatches after the war exhibited astonishment that the Americans never took such a simple step, but the British were not willing to count on the enemy repeating the mistake: as a result, Britain commissioned the Rideau Canal, an expensive project connecting Kingston, on Lake Ontario, to the Ottawa River, providing an alternative supply route that bypassed the part of the St. Lawrence River along the U.S. border. The settlement at the northeastern end of the canal, where it joins the Ottawa River, later became the city of Ottawa, Canada's fourth-largest city and its capital (placed inland to protect it from U.S. invasion—known then as the 'defensible back-country'). Because population away from the St. Lawrence shores was negligible, the British, in the years following the war, took great lengths to ensure that back-country settlement was increased. They settled soldiers and initiated assisted-immigration schemes, offering free land to farmers, mostly tenants of estates in the south of Ireland. The canal project was not completed until 1832 and was never used for its intended purpose.[20]
Britain[edit]
In contrast to Canada, the War of 1812 is seldom remembered in Britain today, as the conflict was quickly forgotten by the British public. Chiefly, this is because it was overshadowed by the dramatic events of the contemporary Napoleonic wars, and because Britain herself neither gained nor lost anything by the peace settlement, except for the fact that it kept control of Canada.[21]
The Royal Navy was acutely conscious that the United States Navy had won single-ship duels during the war, even though they had no strategic effect. Particular attention was given these battles because American propaganda had projected them as battles of equal force, when actually the only single ship duel where the forces were equal was the Battle of Boston Harbor which the British won. Furthermore, Britain had effectively won the war on the ocean as almost the entire US Navy was blockaded and unable to fight. British honor was restored when the USS President was captured and taken to Britain for all to see that the American ships that participated in battles of so-called equal force where actually much larger than the British ships they were engaged with.[22]
American privateers and commerce raiders had captured approximately 1200 British merchant ships, sending insurance rates up and embarrassing the Admiralty. Nevertheless, 50% of all American privateers were captured by the British while the privateers only captured 5% to 7% of British commerce. Meanwhile, for every 14 American merchant ships that traded before the start of the war only 1 ship dared leave port during the war despite the American effort to double maritime trade. Furthermore, of the few ships that left port, a total 1400 were captured. In addition, Britain did win many sea battles. The Royal Navy had been able to deploy overwhelming strength to American waters, annihilating rather than merely denting American maritime trade, and driving the American economy close to bankruptcy. The Royal Navy would emerge unchecked from the conflict.[23]
The British Army regarded the 1812-15 conflict in Canada and America as a sideshow. Only one regiment, the 41st, was awarded a battle honor (Detroit) from the war. The army was more interested in the lessons of the Peninsular War in Spain. The battle New Orleans could be conveniently attributed to poor leadership or insuperable physical obstacles and British attention was given to the Royal Navy's successful capture of the American flagship which the Americans conveniently overlooked.[24] If generalship had been better, it was believed, then British would have been successfully at New Orleans. Due to the huge, overwhelming success and pre-eminence of the Duke of Wellington in Europe, the British army was to make no change to its systems of recruitment, discipline and awards of commissions for more than half a century.
The British suffered 5,000 killed or wounded soldiers and sailors in the war.
United States[edit]
The gloom in New England, which staunchly opposed the war, culminated in December 1814, as delegates from five states met secretly in the Hartford Convention. It demanded constitutional amendments to protect New England's interests against the West and the South. Secession talk was rife and the region might have threatened to secede from the Union, if their demands had been ignored, but the news of peace ended the movement.
The United States had faced near-disaster in 1814, but the victories at the Battle of New Orleans and the Battle of Baltimore and what seemed to be a successful fight against the United Kingdom increased to unite the United States into one nation. Meanwhile, the loss of the American flagship USS President was conveniently overlooked by the public. The best-known patriotic legacy of the war was The Star Spangled Banner. The words are by Francis Scott Key, who after the bombardment of Fort McHenry set them to the music of a British drinking song, "To Anacreon in Heaven." In 1889 the U.S. Navy began using The Star Spangled Banner at flag-raising ceremonies, a practice copied by the Army. In 1931, Congress made it the U.S. National Anthem.[25]
Although all of the original objectives of the war had failed, the American people saw the War of 1812 as evidence of the success of the democratic experiment. The war ushered in a period of American history that has frequently been called "the Era of Good Feelings," a time when, at least on the surface, most Americans felt unified behind a common purpose. The War of 1812 convinced the country that it could fend off any foreign threats and that its focus should be on expansion at home.
With the collapse of the Hartford Convention and news of the triumph at the Battle of New Orleans, Americans had cause for celebration. In February, President James Madison sent Congress the treaty of peace. He congratulated the nation on the close of a war "waged with the success which is the natural result of the wisdom of the legislative councils, of the patriotism of the people, of the public spirit of the militia, and of the velour of the military and naval forces of the country." The spirit of nationalism and pride led to the collapse of the nay-sayer Federalist Party and the new Era of Good Feelings.[26]
One indirect result of the War of 1812 was the later election to the presidency of war heroes Andrew Jackson and of William Henry Harrison. Both of these men won military fame which had much to do with their elections. Another indirect result was the decline of Federalist power.
Impact on U.S. military[edit]
During the war a total of 2,260 American soldiers and sailors were killed. The war cost the United States about $200 million. Neither the United States nor Great Britain gained any military advantage. Indirectly the United States made some gains.[27]
A significant military development was the increased emphasis by General Winfield Scott on professionalism in the U.S. Army officer corps and in particular, the training of officers at the United States Military Academy ("West Point"). This new professionalism would become apparent during the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). After the Texas Annexation by the U.S., the term Manifest Destiny became a widely used political term for those who propagated American expansionism and military pride.[28]
In a related development, the United States officially abandoned its reliance on the militia for its defense. Moreover, Army Corps of Engineers (which at that time controlled West Point), began building fortifications around New Orleans as a response to the British attack on the city during the war. This effort then grew into numerous civil river works, especially in the 1840s and 1850s under General Pierre Beauregard. The Corps remains the authority over Mississippi (and other) river works.
The embarrassing defeat of Fort Madison in what is now Iowa and Fort McKay in Prairie du Chien led to the fortification of the Mississippi, with the expansion of Fort Belle Fontaine near St. Louis, and the construction of Fort Armstrong (1816) and Fort Edwards (1816) in Illinois, Fort Crawford (1816) in Prairie du Chien, and Fort Snelling (1819) in Minnesota. Removal of all Indians from the Mississippi Valley became a top priority for the U.S. government.[29]
Honor[edit]
Historian Norman Risjord has emphasized the central importance of honour as a cause the war.[30] Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honour, and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity. Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response.[31] This quest for honour was a major cause of the war in the sense that most Americans who were not involved in mercantile interests or threatened by Indian attack strongly endorsed the preservation of national honour.[32] Chesapeake–Leopard Affair in which the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake in June 1807 was a decisive event.[33] Historians have documented the importance of honour in shaping public opinion in a number of states, including Massachusetts,[34] Ohio,[35] Pennsylvania,[36][37] and Tennessee,[38] as well as the territory of Michigan.[39] Americans widely celebrated the conclusion of the war as successful, especially the spectacular defeat of the main British invasion army at New Orleans, while conveniently overlooking the loss of their flagship the very next week. For the next century it was often called "the Second American War for Independence" and it propelled Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison to the White House.[40] Americans felt they had restored their sense of honour.
National honour, the reputation of republican government, and the continuing supremacy of the Republican party had seemed to be at stake.... National honour had [now] been satisfied," says historian Lance Banning, "Americans celebrated the end of the struggle with a brilliant burst of national pride. They felt that they had fought a second war for independence, and had won.[41]
According to Historians such as Andrew Lambert and William James, British honor was challenged because deserters from the Royal Navy were granted citizenship in the United States. This led to the impressment of American citizens into the Royal Navy. In 1811, the Little Belt Affair would anger the Admiraly and embarrass the United States. This would lead to the British having a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship USS President. Although the British would effectively disable the vast majority of the United States Navy during the war by having the ships blockaded, the single ship actions that the American's won embarrassed the Admiralty. Specific attention was given to these battles as the American's claimed there were between ships of equal force.[42]
The British effectively restored their honor by capturing the sloop of war USS Frolic and more importantly the flagship USS President . Both ships were taken to Britain for all to see that the American ships of the so-called engagements of equal force were much larger than the British ships they had fought in single ship duels. Furthermore, the United States failed at abolishing impressment when the treaty was signed, but the British did not continue the practice as the Napoleonic Wars had ended so they no longer needed as many sailors. In doing so British honor was restored, only for the entire conflict to be overshadowed by the defeat of Napoleon.[43]
Economic impact[edit]
Although during the War of 1812 the United States' economy was severely damaged by the British blockade, the aftermath gave a dramatic boost to the manufacturing capabilities of the United States. The British blockade of the American coast created a shortage of cotton cloth in the United States, leading to the creation of a cotton-manufacturing industry, beginning at Waltham, Massachusetts by Francis Cabot Lowell. The war also spurred on construction of the Erie Canal project, which was built to promote commercial links yet was also perceived as having military uses should the need ever arise.[44] As the charter of the First Bank of the United States had been allowed to expire in 1811, the federal government was ill-prepared to finance the war and resorted to such expediencies as the suspension of specie payment and the issuance of Treasury Notes. These actions set a precedent for future Federal responses to financial crises. Also, this exposure of the nation's financial weaknesses explained in part the Congressional decision to charter the Second Bank of the United States in 1816. The readiness of Southern leaders especially John C. Calhoun to support such a measure also indicates a high degree of national feeling.[45] Perhaps the clearest sign of a new sense of national unity was the victorious Democratic-Republican Party, its long-time foes, the Federalists, vanishing from national politics. The result was an Era of Good Feelings with the lowest level of partisanship ever seen.[46]
Canadians, however, contrasted their post-war economic stagnation to the booming American economy, which Desmond Morton believes led to the Rebellions of 1837.[47] During the war, Bermudian privateers, with their fast Bermuda sloops, were to capture 298 ships (the total captures by all British naval or privateering vessels between the Great Lakes and the West Indies was 1,593 vessels).[48]
See also[edit]
Chronology of the War of 1812
Origins of the War of 1812
War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent
Anglo-American Convention of 1818
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Taylor, Alan (2010). The Civil War of 1812. Random House. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978-0-679-77673-4.
Jump up ^ Bradford Perkins, ed. The Causes of the War of 1812: National Honor or National Interest? (1962)
Jump up ^ Hickey p. 300; Barry Schwartz, "The Social Context of Commemoration: A Study in Collective Memory." Social Forces 61#2 (1982), p. 312 in JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Benn (2002), p. 81.
Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith"A North American Neutral Indian Zone: Persistence of a British Idea." Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61#2-4 (1989): 46-63.
Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll (2001). A Good and Wise Measure: The Search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1783-1842. U. of Toronto Press. p. 24.
Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1992), pp. 94-122.
Jump up ^ Pratt (1955), pp. 135-7.
Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt-Brown, "Andrew Jackson's Honor," Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Spring, 1997), pp. 1-36 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Watts (1989)
Jump up ^ Walter R. Borneman, 1812: The War That Forged a Nation (2005), p. 269.
Jump up ^ Robert Remini, Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars (2002), pp. 277-82.
Jump up ^ Colin G. Calloway, Crown and Calumet: British-Indian Relations, 1783-1815 (1987)
Jump up ^ Alan Taylor, The Civil War of 1812 (2010), p. 443.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Alan (2010). The Civil War of 1812. Random House. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978-0-679-77673-4.
Jump up ^ J. L. Granatstein, Canada's army: waging war and keeping the peace (2004), p. 4.
Jump up ^ http://www.warof1812.ca/lacolle1812.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.warof1812.ca/chatgy.htm
Jump up ^ Robert Henderson "The myth of the 'Militia Myth' Dorchester Review (Volume 3 No. 1 Spring/Summer 2013)
Jump up ^ J. L. Granatstein, Canada's army: waging war and keeping the peace (2004), p. 15.
Jump up ^ Jeremy Black, The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon (2009), pp. 221-32.
Jump up ^ Lambert, Andrew: The Challege: Britain against America in The War of 1812, Kindle edition
Jump up ^ Lambert, Andrew: The Challege: Britain against America in The War of 1812, Kindle edition
Jump up ^ Lambert, Andrew: The Challege: Britain against America in The War of 1812, Kindle edition
Jump up ^ Benn, p. 84.
Jump up ^ George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings (1952), ch 1.
Jump up ^ War of 1812. (2006). Compton's by Britannica. Retrieved April 1, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. (The Curious End of the War[permanent dead link])
Jump up ^ Weigley (1973)
Jump up ^ Prucha, Francis P. (1969) The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier 1783–1846. Macmillan, New York
Jump up ^ Norman K. Risjord, "1812: Conservatives, War Hawks and the Nation's Honor." William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History (1961): 196-210. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Robert L. Ivie, "The metaphor of force in prowar discourse: The case of 1812." Quarterly Journal of Speech 68#3 (1982), pp. 240-253.
Jump up ^ Bradford Perkins, The causes of the War of 1812: National honor or national interest? (1962).
Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker, Injured Honor: The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, June 22, 1807 (Naval Institute Press, 1996)
Jump up ^ William Barlow and David O. Powell. "Congressman Ezekiel Bacon of Massachusetts and the Coming of the War of 1812." Historical Journal of Massachusetts 6#2 (1978): 28.
Jump up ^ William R. Barlow, "Ohio's Congressmen and the War of 1812." Ohio History 72 (1963): 175-94.
Jump up ^ Victor Sapio, Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 (University Press of Kentucky, 2015)
Jump up ^ Martin Kaufman, "War Sentiment in Western Pennsylvania: 1812." Pennsylvania History (1964): 436-448.
Jump up ^ William A. Walker, "Martial Sons: Tennessee Enthusiasm for the War of 1812." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 20.1 (1961): 20+
Jump up ^ William Barlow, "The Coming of the War of 1812 in Michigan Territory." Michigan History 53 (1969): 91-107.
Jump up ^ Andrew Robertson; et al. (2010). Encyclopedia of U.S. Political History. SAGE Publications. p. 372.
Jump up ^ Lance Banning (1980). The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology. Cornell UP. p. 295.
Jump up ^ Lambert, Andrew: The Challege: Britain against America in The War of 1812, Kindle edition
Jump up ^ Lambert, Andrew: The Challege: Britain against America in The War of 1812, Kindle edition
Jump up ^ Stanley Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, eds. The Cambridge economic history of the United States: the colonial era: Volume 1 (2000), p. 372.
Jump up ^ Wiltse (1944)
Jump up ^ George Dangerfield, The Awakening of American Nationalism, 1815-1828 (1966), ch. 1.
Jump up ^ Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (2007), p. 71.
Jump up ^ Walter Brownell Hayward, Bermuda past and present (1910), pp. 58-66.
Further reading[edit]
Further information: List of books about the War of 1812
Berton, Pierre; The Invasion of Canada: 1812-1813 (1980). ISBN 0-7710-1244-6; Flames Across the Border: 1813-1814 (1981); reissued as Pierre Berton's War of 1812 (Toronto: Anchor Canada, 2011); popular Canadian narrative; 928pp
Bickham, Troy, The Weight of Vengeance: The United States, The British Empire, and the War of 1812 (Oxford University Press, 2012) ISBN 978-0195391787
Black, Jeremy. The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon (2009) by English military historian
Borneman, Walter R. 1812: The War That Forged a Nation (2004), popular American version
Burt, A. L. The United States, Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812. (1940) online edition
Heidler, Donald & Jeanne T. Heidler (eds) Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 (2nd ed 2004) 636pp; most comprehensive guide; 500 entries by 70 scholars from several countries
Hickey, Donald R. Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812. (2006) ISBN 0-252-03179-2
Hickey, Donald R. The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict. ISBN 0-252-06059-8 (1990), standard scholarly history.
Hickey, Donald R. 187 Things You Should Know about the War of 1812 (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2012), 170 pp.
Hitsman, J. M. The Incredible War of 1812 (1965), survey by Canadian scholar
Jensen, Richard. "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812," The Journal of Military History 76#4 (October 2012): 523-556; online version; the debate here on Wikipedia
Langguth, A. J. Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence (2006) 495pp, popular history
Latimer, Jon, 1812: War with America (Harvard, 2007). A British naval perspective.
Perkins, Bradford. Castelereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812-1823. (1964), the standard scholarly diplomatic history
Remini, Robert Vincent, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1991), pp. 94–122.
Stagg, J.C.A. The War of 1812: Conflict for a Continent (Cambridge Essential Histories, 2012) brief overview by New Zealand scholar
Taylor, Alan. The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies (2010) by Pulitzer Prize winner
Tucker, Spencer C., ed. The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 (3 vol: ABC-CLIO, 2012), 1034pp.
Zuehlke, Mark. For Honour's Sake: The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace. (2007) by Canadian military historian.
Memory of the war[edit]
Austen, Ian. "Canada Puts Spotlight on War of 1812, With USA as Villain." New York Times 7 October 2012. online
Coates, Colin M., and Cecilia Morgan. Heroines and History: Representations of Madeleine de Verchères and Laura Secord (U of Toronto Press, 2002).
Eamon, Michael. "The War Against Public Forgetfulness: Commemorating 1812 in Canada" London Journal of Canadian Studies (2014) 29#1 pp. 134–185 online
Forest, Timothy S. "Epic Triumph, Epic Embarrassment or Both? Commemorations of the War of 1812 Today in Niagara Region," Ontario History 104#1 (2012), pp. 96+.
Hammack Jr., James W. (1976). Kentucky and the Second American Revolution: The War of 1812. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 107–112.
Knowles, Norman. Inventing the Loyalists: the Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts (U of Toronto Press, 1997)
MacDonald, Heather. "Heroes and Identity: Two-Hundred Years in the Making," The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History (2013) 1#1 Article 6 online
Morgan, Cecilia. ""Remembering 1812 in the 1840s: John Richardson and the Writing of the War", London Journal of Canadian Studies (2014) 29#1 pp. 39–69 online
Robertson, James Tyler. "For God, King, and Country: Nineteenth-Century Methodist Interpretations of the War of 1812" London Journal of Canadian Studies (2014) 29#1 pp. 1–38; Canadian Methodists online
Sheppard, George. Plunder, Profit, and Paroles: A Social History of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994)
Tiro, Karim M. "Now You See It, Now You Don't: The War of 1812 in Canada and the United States in 2012." Public Historian 35#1 (2013): 87-97. in JSTOR
Wasson, Jeffrey. "Inventing a Foundation Myth: Upper Canada in the War of 1812" (Clark University, 2014) online
External links[edit]
A Question of Identity: War of 1812, a 1966 National Film Board of Canada documentary on the war's role in fostering a sense of Canadian identity
hide
v
t
e
War of 1812
Battles
Campaigns
Origins
Chronology
Results
People
Isaac Brock
Andrew Jackson
Francis Scott Key
James Madison
Laura Secord
Tecumseh
Places
Fort Detroit/Shelby
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Battles
Baltimore
Beaver Dams
Chateauguay
Crysler's Farm
Frenchtown
Lundy's Lane
New Orleans
Queenston Heights
Spur's Defeat
Thames
Washington
Songs
"The Bold Canadian"
"The Hunters of Kentucky"
"The Star-Spangled Banner"
Other
Books
Opposition in United States
War of 1812 Bicentennial
Related
Tecumseh's War
Creek War
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_War_of_1812&oldid=851553222"
Categories:
War of 1812
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from April 2018
Articles with permanently dead external links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 July 2018, at 02:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Era_of_good_feelings
mw-redirect
Era of good feelings

value: p

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/George_Prevost
mw-redirect
George Prevost

values:
/wiki/HMS_Junon_(1810)
mw-redirect
HMS Junon (1810)

values:
/wiki/North_American_Station
mw-redirect
North American Station

values:
/wiki/Old_Northwest
mw-redirect
Old Northwest

values:
/wiki/Creek_Indian
mw-redirect
Creek Indian

values:
/wiki/Seminole_(tribe)
mw-redirect
Seminole (tribe)

values:
/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists
mw-redirect
United Empire Loyalists

values:
/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837
mw-redirect
Rebellions of 1837

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Chateauguay
mw-redirect
Battle of Chateauguay

values:
/wiki/Canadian_Units_of_the_War_of_1812
mw-redirect
Canadian Units of the War of 1812

values:
/wiki/St._Lawrence_River
mw-redirect
St. Lawrence River

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Boston_Harbor
mw-redirect
Battle of Boston Harbor

values:
/wiki/Capture_of_the_USS_President
mw-redirect
Capture of the USS President

values: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

values:
/wiki/The_Star_Spangled_Banner
mw-redirect
The Star Spangled Banner

values:
/wiki/U.S._National_Anthem
mw-redirect
U.S. National Anthem

values:
/wiki/Mexican-American_War
mw-redirect
Mexican-American War

values:
/wiki/Texas_Annexation
mw-redirect
Texas Annexation

values:
/wiki/Manifest_Destiny
mw-redirect
Manifest Destiny

values:
/wiki/Pierre_Beauregard
mw-redirect
Pierre Beauregard

values:
/wiki/Fort_Madison
mw-redirect
Fort Madison

values:
/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien
mw-redirect
Prairie du Chien

values:
/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_Affair
mw-redirect
Chesapeake–Leopard Affair

values:
/wiki/Little_Belt_Affair
mw-redirect
Little Belt Affair

values: Democratic-Republican Party (United States)

values:
/wiki/Chronology_of_the_War_of_1812
mw-redirect
Chronology of the War of 1812

values:
/wiki/Anglo-American_Convention_of_1818
mw-redirect
Anglo-American Convention of 1818

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/pss/2578232

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3124641

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.warof1812.ca/lacolle1812.htm

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.warof1812.ca/chatgy.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1918543

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Battles_of_the_War_of_1812
mw-redirect
Battles of the War of 1812

values:
*_Battles
*_Campaigns
*_Origins
*_Chronology
*_Results

values: Isaac Brock portrait 1, from The Story of Isaac Brock (1908)-2.png

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px

values:
/wiki/File:James_Madison.jpg
image
James Madison

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2018

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Results_of_the_War_of_1812
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: 米英戦争の結果 – Japanese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Results_of_the_War_of_1812 rootpage-Results_of_the_War_of_1812 skin-vector action-view


text:
Alcohol laws of Texas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A person must be at least be 18 years of age to publicly drink an alcoholic beverage in Texas, with some exceptions[1]
Texas is one of ten states (California, Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) that allow consumption by minors in the presence of consenting and supervising family members. In the state of Texas, parents accept responsibility for the safety of minors under 18 when the minor is on their property or on property leased by them and under their care, custody, and control; an adult may provide alcohol to a minor if he/she is the minor’s adult parent, guardian, or spouse, and is visibly present when the minor possesses or consumes the alcoholic beverage.[2] It is against the law to make alcohol available to a non-family person younger than 21 even in your own residence, even with the parent’s permission.[2]
Texas holds parents/adults civilly liable for damages caused by the intoxication of a minor younger than 18 if they knowingly provided alcohol or allowed alcohol to be served on property owned or leased by them and the minor:
is injured or dies as a result of drinking on the property,
gets into a fight, falls and hurts him/herself, or is sexually assaulted,
damages someone else’s property, or
leaves and is involved in a motor vehicle accident and causes injury to themselves or others.
An operator of a motor vehicle is considered automatically under the influence of alcohol if a chemical screening shows a blood-alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08 percent or greater. If under the age of 21, a driver in Texas is not able to test positive for any blood-alcohol content (BAC) under penalty of DUI charges.
Contents
[hide]
1 Wet and dry counties
1.1 Sales of alcohol
2 Legitimate age
3 Open container laws
4 Blood alcohol content limits
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Wet and dry counties[edit]
Several counties are completely "dry" counties, where no sales of alcoholic beverages are legal anywhere in the county:[3]
Borden
Hemphill
Kent
Martin
Roberts
Throckmorton
Many counties are completely "wet" counties, where all alcoholic beverage sales are legal everywhere in the county:[3]
Aransas
Austin
Bexar
Brazos
Brewster
Brooks
Cameron
Childress
Collingsworth
Colorado
Comal
Cottle
Culberson
Dimmit
Donley
Duval
Ector
El Paso
Fayette
Fisher
Fort Bend
Goliad
Gonzales
Guadalupe
Hidalgo
Hudspeth
Jim Hogg
Kendall
Kenedy
Kinney
Kleberg
La Salle
Midland
Mitchell
Nolan
Nueces
Presidio
San Saba
Scurry
Sherman
Starr
Sutton
Val Verde
Victoria
Washington
Webb
Wharton
Wilbarger
Zapata
Zavala
All others are "moist" counties, which are a combination of wet and dry areas.[3]
Sales of alcohol[edit]
Beer sales are permitted between 7 AM and midnight on all days except Sunday; Sunday sales are permitted between midnight and 1AM and between noon and midnight (excepting certain sales of beer with food).[4] Wine sales are generally permitted at the same time as beer sales.[5] Any retailer with a proper permit may sell beer and wine.
Liquor sales are more stringently regulated. Liquor sales are prohibited 1) on Sundays, 2) on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day (and when Christmas and New Year's fall on a Sunday, the prohibition is carried over to the following Monday), and 3) before 10AM and after 9PM on any other day.[6] Furthermore, liquor can only be sold in "package stores", which must be closed whenever liquor sales are prohibited (even for sales of otherwise allowable products)[7], and which further must be physically separated from any other business.[8] Moreover, no owner can own more than five package stores[9], and no publicly-traded company can own such a store.[10]
Legitimate age[edit]
People must be at least 21 years of age to legally consume alcoholic beverages in Texas with certain exceptions, as in any other state in the United States. However, employment at a company serving alcoholic beverages can be entered into at age 18 but the person cannot actually serve the alcohol.[11]
No specific training is required to serve alcohol; however, the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code states that the actions of an employee (such as serving alcohol to a clearly intoxicated patron) will not be imputed to the employer if 1) the employer requires the employee to complete training approved by the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission, 2) the employee actually completes the training, and 3) the employer has not directly encouraged the employee to violate the law.[12]
Open container laws[edit]
All previously opened containers of alcoholic beverages must be stored and transported in a vehicle’s trunk or other storage to which the driver and or any passengers do not have access.
Blood alcohol content limits[edit]
An operator of a motor vehicle is considered under the influence of alcohol if a chemical screening test shows a blood-alcohol content of 0.08 percent or higher. No other evidence (such as Field Sobriety tests) need be presented to the court to obtain a DUI (driving under the influence) conviction. A driver testing 0.15 percent or more over the legal limit of 0.08 percent faces more severe penalties for enhanced BAC. When under the age of 21, a driver in Texas must not test positive for any blood-alcohol content (BAC) and may be charged with DUI even if the amount tested is under 0.08 percent.
See also[edit]
Law of Texas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "When Minor Drinking is Legal in Texas". KFOR TV. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.tabc.state.tx.us/education/pdfs/Alcohol-And-Your-Child.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c "Wet and Dry Counties". Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 105.05.
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 105.04.
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 105.01.
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 22.14(e)..
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 22.14(a)..
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 22.04
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 22.16.
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 106.09.
Jump up ^ Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code Section 106.14(a).
External links[edit]
alcohollaws.org
tabc.state.tx.us
[hide]
v
t
e
Alcohol laws of the United States
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Federal district
Washington, D.C.
Insular areas
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_Texas&oldid=843112333"
Categories:
Alcohol law in the United States by state
Texas law
Food and drink in Texas
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from June 2014
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 26 May 2018, at 23:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

value: tr

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage
mw-redirect
Alcoholic beverage

values: -moz-column-width: 18em; -webkit-column-width: 18em; column-width: 18em;

values: Edit section: Blood alcohol content limits

values: Template:Alcohol laws of the United States

values: Template talk:Alcohol laws of the United States

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of the United States

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Alabama
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Alabama

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Alaska
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Alaska

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Arizona
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Arizona

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Arkansas
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Arkansas

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_California
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of California

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Colorado
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Colorado

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Connecticut
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Connecticut

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Delaware
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Delaware

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Florida
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Florida

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Hawaii
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Hawaii

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Idaho
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Idaho

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Illinois
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Illinois

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Iowa
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Iowa

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Louisiana
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Louisiana

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Michigan
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Michigan

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Minnesota
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Minnesota

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Mississippi
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Mississippi

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Montana
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Montana

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Nebraska
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Nebraska

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_New_Hampshire
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of New Hampshire

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_New_Mexico
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of New Mexico

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_North_Carolina
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of North Carolina

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Ohio
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Ohio

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Oregon
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Oregon

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Rhode_Island
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Rhode Island

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_South_Dakota
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of South Dakota

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Vermont
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Vermont

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Virginia
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Virginia

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Wyoming
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Wyoming

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Washington,_D.C.
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Washington, D.C.

values: Alcohol laws of American Samoa (page does not exist)

values: Alcohol laws of Guam (page does not exist)

values: Alcohol laws of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Puerto_Rico
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of Puerto Rico

values: Alcohol laws of the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Alcohol law in the United States by state

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Texas
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Alcohol_laws_of_Texas rootpage-Alcohol_laws_of_Texas skin-vector action-view


text:
Age of Revolution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Age of Revolution" redirects here. For the book, see The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848.
The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1774 to 1849 in which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in many parts of Europe and the Americas.[1] The period is noted for the change in government from absolutist monarchies to constitutionalist states and republics. The Age of Revolution includes the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the Haitian Revolution, the Greek Revolution, the revolt of the slaves in Latin America, the First Italian War of Independence and the 1848 revolutions in Italy, and the independence movements of Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America. In a way, it includes the Industrial Revolution. The period would generally weaken the imperialist European states, who would lose major assets throughout the New World. For the British, the loss of the Thirteen Colonies would bring a change in direction for the British Empire, with Asia and the Pacific becoming new targets for expansion.
Contents
[hide]
1 Industrial Revolution
2 American Revolution (1775–1783)
3 French Revolution (1789–1799)
4 Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
5 United Irishmen Rebellion (1798)
6 Serbian Revolution (1804–1835)
7 Latin American Wars of Independence (1808–1833)
8 Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)
9 Revolutions of 1830
10 Revolutions of 1848
11 See also
12 References
Industrial Revolution[edit]
Main article: Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. It marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth.
American Revolution (1775–1783)[edit]
Main article: American Revolution
The Thirteen Colonies of British America famously became independent in the American Revolution of 1776. The movement was the first European colony to claim independence and saw the application of elected government, a constitution, and limited civil rights, none of which were unheard of but were unique in their combination. This was the birth of the United States of America.
French Revolution (1789–1799)[edit]
Main article: French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799 that profoundly affected French and modern history, marking the decline of powerful monarchies and churches and the rise of democracy and nationalism. Popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and aristocracy grew amidst an economic crisis following two expensive wars and years of bad harvests, motivating demands for change. These were couched in terms of Enlightenment ideals and caused the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789.
Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)[edit]
Main article: Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Revolution was a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Republic of Haiti. The Haitian Revolution was the only slave revolt which led to the founding of a state. Furthermore, it is generally considered the most successful slave rebellion ever to have occurred and as a defining moment in the histories of both Europe and the Americas. The rebellion began with a revolt of black African slaves in August 1791. It ended in November 1803 with the French defeat at the battle of Vertières. Haiti became an independent country on January 1, 1804.
United Irishmen Rebellion (1798)[edit]
Main article: Irish Rebellion of 1798
In 1798, Irishmen rose against British Rule in Ireland in the hopes of creating a Republic. The rebellion was initiated by the Society of United Irishmen and led by Theobald Wolfe Tone. They rebelled against the government for a number of reasons but most notably due to the sectarian nature of British Rule, which upheld the Penal Laws that discrimated against Catholics and Presbyterians in Irish society. The rebellion failed and led to the Act of Union in 1801.
Serbian Revolution (1804–1835)[edit]
Main article: Serbian Revolution
The Serbian Revolution was the national uprising and constitutional change in Serbia that took place between 1804 and 1835, during which this territory evolved from an Ottoman province into a rebel territory, a constitutional monarchy and a modern Serbia.The first part of the period, from 1804 to 1815, was marked by a violent struggle for independence from the Ottoman Empire with two armed uprisings taking place, ending with a ceasefire. The later period (1815–1835) witnessed a peaceful consolidation of political power of the increasingly autonomous Serbia, culminating in the recognition of the right to hereditary rule by Serbian princes in 1830 and 1833 and the territorial expansion of the young monarchy. The adoption of the first written Constitution in 1835 abolished feudalism and serfdom, and made the country suzerain. The term "Serbian Revolution" was coined by a German academic historiographer, Leopold von Ranke, in his book Die Serbische Revolution, published in 1829. These events marked the foundation of modern Serbia.
Reason why scholars have characterized Serbian War of Independence and subsequent national liberation as a revolution were that the uprisings were started by broad masses of rural Serbian people who were standing in the most severe class conflict with the Turkish landowners as a political and economic masters at the same time, similar to Greece in 1821–1832.
Latin American Wars of Independence (1808–1833)[edit]
Main articles: Spanish American wars of independence and form of Independence of Brazil
Latin America experienced the independence revolutions at this time that separate the colonies from Spain and Portugal, creating new nations. These movements were generally led by the ethnically Spanish but locally born Criollo class; these were often wealthy citizens that held high positions of power but were still poorly respected by the European-born Spaniards. One such Criollo was Simón Bolívar, who led several revolutions throughout South America and helped establish Gran Colombia. Another important figure was José de San Martín who helped create the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata and became the first president of Peru. Some Latin American revolts, such as the Haitian Revolution, were led by slaves.
Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)[edit]
Main article: Greek War of Independence
Greece in the early part of the 1800s was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. A series of revolts, starting in 1821, began the conflict. The Ottoman Empire sent in forces to suppress the revolts. By 1827, forces from Russia, Great Britain, and France entered the conflict, helping the Greeks drive the Turkish forces off the Peloponnese Peninsula. The Turks finally recognized Greece as a free nation in May 1832.
Revolutions of 1830[edit]
Main article: Revolutions of 1830
Revolutions of 1848[edit]
Main article: Revolutions of 1848
The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history, but within a year, reactionary forces had regained control, and the revolutions collapsed.
See also[edit]
List of revolutions and rebellions
Atlantic Revolutions
American Revolution
French Revolution
Haitian Revolution
Modern history
Long nineteenth century
Industrial Revolution
Risorgimento
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Matson, Cathy (July 2005). "The Atlantic Economy in an Era of Revolutions: An Introduction". William and Mary Quarterly.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_Revolution&oldid=800230030"
Categories:
18th century
19th century
Historical eras
History of Europe
History of North America
History of South America
18th century in Europe
19th century in Europe
18th century in North America
19th century in North America
18th century in South America
19th century in South America
Revolutions
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Español
Lietuvių
Rumantsch
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 September 2017, at 06:22.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: sup

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)
mw-redirect
Absolutism (European history)

values:
/wiki/Greek_Revolution
mw-redirect
Greek Revolution

values: Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states

values: Edit section: American Revolution (1775–1783)

values:
/wiki/United_States_of_America
mw-redirect
United States of America

values: Edit section: French Revolution (1789–1799)

values: Edit section: Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)

values: Edit section: United Irishmen Rebellion (1798)

values: Edit section: Serbian Revolution (1804–1835)

values:
/wiki/Belgrade_Pashaluk
mw-redirect
Belgrade Pashaluk

values: Edit section: Latin American Wars of Independence (1808–1833)

values: Form of Independence of Brazil (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Age_of_Revolution
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Age_of_Revolution rootpage-Age_of_Revolution skin-vector action-view