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Brazil at the FIFA World Cup
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Brazil national team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia
This articles summarizes the results and overall performance of Brazil at the FIFA World Cup.
The tournament consists of two parts, the qualification phase and the final phase, officially called the World Cup Finals. The qualification phase, which currently takes place over the three years preceding the Finals, is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals. The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title, at venues within the host nation (or nations) over a period of about a month. The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world, with an estimated over 1 billion people watching the 2014 tournament final.[1]
Brazil is the most successful national team in the history of the World Cup, having won five titles, earning second-place, third-place and fourth-place finishes twice each. Brazil is one of the countries besides Argentina, Spain and Germany to win a FIFA World Cup away from its continent (Sweden 1958, Mexico 1970, USA 1994 and South Korea/Japan 2002). Brazil is the only national team to have played in all FIFA World Cup editions without any absence or need for playoffs. Brazil also has the best overall performance in World Cup history in both proportional and absolute terms with a record of 73 victories in 109 matches played, 124 goal difference, 237 points and only 18 losses.[2][3]
Traditionally, Brazil's greatest rival is Argentina. The two countries have met each other four times in the history of the FIFA World Cup, with two wins for Brazil (West Germany 1974 and Spain 1982), one for Argentina (Italy 1990) and a draw (Argentina 1978). The country that played most against Brazil in the finals is Sweden: 7 times, with five wins for Brazil and two draws. Three other historical rivals are Italy, which lost two World Cup finals against Brazil and eliminated the Brazilians in two tournaments (France 1938 and Spain 1982), France, which has eliminated Brazil on three occasions (Mexico 1986, France 1998 and Germany 2006), and the Netherlands, which has eliminated Brazil at two of their five meetings (West Germany 1974 and South Africa 2010) and won the third place match in Brazil 2014.
Contents
[hide]
1 Records
1.1 Winning World Cups
2 By match
3 By opponent
4 Record Players
5 Top Goalscorers
6 Awards and Records
6.1 Team Awards
6.2 Individual Awards
6.2.1 Golden Ball awards
6.2.2 Golden Boot awards
6.2.3 Other Individual Awards
6.2.4 Awards as coaches of other nations
6.3 Team Records
6.4 Individual Records
7 References
8 External links
Records[edit]
Year
Status
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GS
GA
1930 Group stage 6th 2 1 0 1 5 2
1934 First round 14th 1 0 0 1 1 3
1938 Third place 3rd 5 3 1 1 14 11
1950 Runners-up 2nd 6 4 1 1 22 6
1954 Quarter-finals 5th 3 1 1 1 8 5
1958 Champions 1st 6 5 1 0 16 4
1962 Champions 1st 6 5 1 0 14 5
1966 Group stage 11th 3 1 0 2 4 6
1970 Champions 1st 6 6 0 0 19 7
1974 Fourth place 4th 7 3 2 2 6 4
1978 Third place 3rd 7 4 3 0 10 3
1982 Second group stage 5th 5 4 0 1 15 6
1986 Quarter-finals 5th 5 4 1 0 10 1
1990 Round of 16 9th 4 3 0 1 4 2
1994 Champions 1st 7 5 2 0 11 3
1998 Runners-up 2nd 7 4 1 2 14 10
2002 Champions 1st 7 7 0 0 18 4
2006 Quarter-finals 5th 5 4 0 1 10 2
2010 Quarter-finals 6th 5 3 1 1 9 4
2014 Fourth place 4th 7 3 2 2 11 14
2018 Quarter-finals 6th 5 3 1 1 8 3
2022 TBD
2026
Total
21/21
5 Titles
109
73
18
18
229
105
*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
Winning World Cups[edit]
Year
Manager
Captain
Goalscorer(s) in Final
1958 Vicente Feola Hilderaldo Bellini Vavá, Pelé, Mário Zagallo
1962 Aymoré Moreira Mauro Ramos Amarildo, Zito, Vavá
1970 Mário Zagallo Carlos Alberto Pelé, Gérson, Jairzinho, Carlos Alberto
1994 Carlos Alberto Parreira Dunga N/A
2002 Luiz Felipe Scolari Cafu Ronaldo
By match[edit]
Year
Round
Against
Score
Scorers
1930 Group B Yugoslavia 1–2 Preguinho
Group B Bolivia 4–0 Moderato (2), Preguinho (2)
1934 Round 1 Spain 1–3 Leônidas
1938 Round 1 Poland 6–5 (AET) Leônidas (3), Romeu, Perácio (2)
Quarter-finals Czechoslovakia 1–1 (AET) Leônidas
Quarter-finals (replay) Czechoslovakia 2–1 Leônidas, Roberto
Semi-finals Italy 1–2 Romeu
Third place playoff Sweden 4–2 Romeu, Leônidas (2), Perácio
1950 Group A Mexico 4–0 Ademir (2), Jair, Baltazar
Group A Switzerland 2–2 Alfredo, Baltazar
Group A Yugoslavia 2–0 Ademir, Zizinho
Final Round Sweden 7–1 Ademir (4), Chico (2), Maneca
Final Round Spain 6–1 Ademir (2), Jair, Chico (2), Zizinho
Final Round Uruguay 1–2 Friaça
1954 Group A Mexico 5–0 Baltazar, Didi, Pinga (2), Julinho
Group A Yugoslavia 1–1 (AET) Didi
Quarter-finals Hungary 2–4 Djalma Santos, Julinho
1958 Group D Austria 3–0 Mazzola (2), Nilton Santos
Group D England 0–0
Group D Soviet Union 2–0 Vavá (2)
Quarter-finals Wales 1–0 Pelé
Semi-finals France 5–2 Vavá, Didi, Pelé (3)
Final Sweden 5–2 Vavá (2), Pelé (2), Zagallo
1962 Group C Mexico 2–0 Pelé, Zagallo
Group C Czechoslovakia 0–0
Group C Spain 2–1 Amarildo (2)
Quarter-finals England 3–1 Garrincha (2), Vavá
Semi-finals Chile 4–2 Garrincha (2), Vavá (2)
Final Czechoslovakia 3–1 Amarildo, Zito, Vavá
1966 Group C Bulgaria 2–0 Pelé, Garrincha
Group C Hungary 1–3 Tostão
Group C Portugal 1–3 Rildo
1970 Group C Czechoslovakia 4–1 Rivelino, Pelé, Jairzinho (2)
Group C England 1–0 Jairzinho
Group C Romania 3–2 Pelé (2), Jairzinho
Quarter-finals Peru 4–2 Rivelino, Tostão (2), Jairzinho
Semi-finals Uruguay 3–1 Clodoaldo, Jairzinho, Rivelino
Final Italy 4–1 Pelé, Gérson, Jairzinho, Carlos Alberto
1974 Group B Yugoslavia 0–0
Group B Scotland 0–0
Group B Zaire 3–0 Jairzinho, Rivelino, Valdomiro
Group A Round 2 East Germany 1–0 Rivelino
Group A Round 2 Argentina 2–1 Rivelino, Jairzinho
Group A Round 2 Netherlands 0–2
Third place playoff Poland 0–1
1978 Group C Sweden 1–1 Reinaldo
Group C Spain 0–0
Group C Austria 1–0 Roberto Dinamite
Group B Round 2 Peru 3–0 Dirceu (2), Zico
Group B Round 2 Argentina 0–0
Group B Round 2 Poland 3–1 Nelinho, Roberto Dinamite (2)
Third place playoff Italy 2–1 Nelinho, Dirceu
1982 Group F Soviet Union 2–1 Sócrates, Éder
Group F Scotland 4–1 Zico, Oscar, Éder, Falcão
Group F New Zealand 4–0 Zico (2), Falcão, Serginho
Group C Round 2 Argentina 3–1 Zico, Serginho, Júnior
Group C Round 2 Italy 2–3 Sócrates, Falcão
1986 Group D Spain 1–0 Sócrates
Group D Algeria 1–0 Careca
Group D Northern Ireland 3–0 Careca (2), Josimar
Round of 16 Poland 4–0 Sócrates, Josimar, Edinho, Careca
Quarter-finals France 1–1 (AET) Careca
1990 Group C Sweden 2–1 Careca (2)
Group C Costa Rica 1–0 Müller
Group C Scotland 1–0 Müller
Round of 16 Argentina 0–1
1994 Group B Russia 2–0 Romário, Raí
Group B Cameroon 3–0 Romário, Márcio Santos, Bebeto
Group B Sweden 1–1 Romário
Round of 16 United States 1–0 Bebeto
Quarter-finals Netherlands 3–2 Romário, Bebeto, Branco
Semi-finals Sweden 1–0 Romário
Final Italy 0–0 (AET)
1998 Group A Scotland 2–1 César Sampaio, Boyd (OG)
Group A Morocco 3–0 Ronaldo, Rivaldo, Bebeto
Group A Norway 1–2 Bebeto
Round of 16 Chile 4–1 Ronaldo (2), César Sampaio (2)
Quarter-finals Denmark 3–2 Bebeto, Rivaldo (2)
Semi-finals Netherlands 1–1 (AET) Ronaldo
Final France 0–3
2002 Group C Turkey 2–1 Ronaldo, Rivaldo
Group C China PR 4–0 Roberto Carlos, Rivaldo, Ronaldinho, Ronaldo
Group C Costa Rica 5–2 Ronaldo (2), Edmílson, Rivaldo, Júnior
Round of 16 Belgium 2–0 Rivaldo, Ronaldo
Quarter-finals England 2–1 Rivaldo, Ronaldinho
Semi-finals Turkey 1–0 Ronaldo
Final Germany 2–0 Ronaldo (2)
2006 Group F Croatia 1–0 Kaká
Group F Australia 2–0 Adriano, Fred
Group F Japan 4–1 Ronaldo (2), Juninho, Gilberto
Round of 16 Ghana 3–0 Adriano, Ronaldo, Zé Roberto
Quarter-finals France 0–1
2010 Group G North Korea 2–1 Maicon, Elano
Group G Ivory Coast 3–1 Luís Fabiano (2), Elano
Group G Portugal 0–0
Round of 16 Chile 3–0 Juan, Luís Fabiano, Robinho
Quarter-finals Netherlands 1–2 Robinho
2014 Group A Croatia 3–1 Neymar (2), Oscar
Group A Mexico 0–0
Group A Cameroon 4–1 Neymar (2), Fred, Fernandinho
Round of 16 Chile 1–1 (AET) David Luiz
Quarter-finals Colombia 2–1 Thiago Silva, David Luiz
Semi-finals Germany 1–7 Oscar
Third place playoff Netherlands 0–3
2018 Group E Switzerland 1–1 Coutinho
Group E Costa Rica 2–0 Coutinho, Neymar
Group E Serbia 2–0 Paulinho, Thiago Silva
Round of 16 Mexico 2–0 Neymar, Firmino
Quarter-finals Belgium 1–2 Renato Augusto
By opponent[edit]
Country
Played
Won
Drawn
Lost
GF
GA
GD
Win%
Sweden 7 5 2 0 21 8 +13 71
Mexico 5 4 1 0 13 0 +13 80
Czechoslovakia 5 3 2 0 10 4 +6 60
Spain 5 3 1 1 10 5 +5 60
Serbia 5 2 2 1 6 3 +3 40
Italy 5 2 1 2 9 7 +2 40
Netherlands 5 1 1 3 5 10 –5 20
Chile 4 3 1 0 12 4 +8 75
Scotland 4 3 1 0 7 2 +5 75
England 4 3 1 0 6 2 +4 75
Poland 4 3 0 1 13 7 +6 75
Argentina 4 2 1 1 5 3 +2 50
France 4 1 1 2 6 7 –1 25
Costa Rica 3 3 0 0 8 2 +6 100
Russia 3 3 0 0 6 1 +5 100
Cameroon 2 2 0 0 7 1 +6 100
Peru 2 2 0 0 7 2 +5 100
Austria 2 2 0 0 4 0 +4 100
Croatia 2 2 0 0 4 1 +3 100
Turkey 2 2 0 0 3 1 +2 100
Uruguay 2 1 0 1 4 3 +1 50
Switzerland 2 0 2 0 3 3 0 0
Portugal 2 0 1 1 1 3 –2 0
Hungary 2 0 0 2 3 7 –4 0
Germany 2 1 0 1 3 7 –4 50
Belgium 2 1 0 1 3 2 +1 50
Bolivia 1 1 0 0 4 0 +4 100
Japan 1 1 0 0 4 1 +3 100
Ghana 1 1 0 0 3 0 +3 100
Morocco 1 1 0 0 3 0 +3 100
Northern Ireland 1 1 0 0 3 0 +3 100
Zaire 1 1 0 0 3 0 +3 100
Ivory Coast 1 1 0 0 3 1 +2 100
Australia 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2 100
Denmark 1 1 0 0 3 2 +1 100
Romania 1 1 0 0 3 2 +1 100
Bulgaria 1 1 0 0 2 1 +1 100
North Korea 1 1 0 0 2 1 +1 100
Colombia 1 1 0 0 2 1 +1 100
Algeria 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 100
East Germany 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 100
United States 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 100
Wales 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 100
New Zealand 1 1 0 0 4 0 +4 100
China PR 1 1 0 0 4 0 +4 100
Norway 1 0 0 1 1 2 –1 0
Record Players[edit]
Brazil's record World Cup player, Cafu is also the only player ever to have appeared in three consecutive World Cup finals: 1994, '98 and 2002.
Cafu won the World Cup twice, in 1994 and in 2002, and is Brazil's record World Cup player.
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups
1 Cafu 20 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2006
2 Ronaldo 19 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2006
3 Cláudio Taffarel 18 1990, 1994 and 1998
Dunga 18 1990, 1994 and 1998
5 Roberto Carlos 17 1998, 2002 and 2006
Lúcio 17 2002, 2006 and 2010
7 Jairzinho 16 1966, 1970 and 1974
Gilberto Silva 16 2002, 2006 and 2010
9 Nílton Santos 15 1950, 1954, 1958 and 1962
Didi 15 1954, 1958 and 1962
Rivellino 15 1970, 1974 and 1978
Bebeto 15 1990, 1994 and 1998
Top Goalscorers[edit]
Five Brazilians have won the World Cup Golden Boot Award over the years: Leônidas with 7 goals in 1938, Ademir with 9 goals in 1950, Garrincha and Vavá with 4 goals each in 1962 and Ronaldo with 8 goals in 2002.
With 15 goals, Ronaldo is the second-most successful striker in World Cup history, behind Miroslav Klose (16).
No.
Name
Goals
World Cups
1 Ronaldo 15 1998 (4), 2002 (8) and 2006 (3)
2 Pelé 12 1958 (6), 1962 (1), 1966 (1) and 1970 (4)
3 Ademir 9 1950
Jairzinho 9 1970 (7) and 1974 (2)
Vavá 9 1958 (5) and 1962 (4)
6 Leônidas 8 1934 (1) and 1938 (7)
Rivaldo 8 1998 (3) and 2002 (5)
8 Careca 7 1986 (5) and 1990 (2)
9 Bebeto 6 1994 (3) and 1998 (3)
Rivellino 6 1970 (3) and 1974 (3)
Neymar 6 2014 (4) and 2018 (2)
Awards and Records[edit]
Team Awards[edit]
World Champions 1958
World Champions 1962
World Champions 1970
World Champions 1994
World Champions 2002
Second Place 1950
Second Place 1998
Third Place 1938
Third Place 1978
FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1982
FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1986
FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1994
FIFA Fair Play Trophy 2006
Most Entertaining Team 1994
Individual Awards[edit]
Golden Ball awards[edit]
Golden Ball 1938: Leônidas
Golden Ball 1950: Zizinho
Golden Ball 1958: Didi
Golden Ball 1962: Garrincha
Golden Ball 1970: Pelé
Golden Ball 1994: Romário
Golden Ball 1998: Ronaldo (youngest Golden Ball winner of all time at 21 years)
Silver Ball 1958: Pelé (youngest Ball award winner at 17 years)
Silver Ball 1970: Gérson
Silver Ball 1982: Falcão
Silver Ball 2002: Ronaldo
Bronze Ball 1950: Ademir
Bronze Ball 1978: Dirceu
Golden Boot awards[edit]
Golden Boot 1938: Leônidas
Golden Boot 1950: Ademir
Golden Boot 1962: Garrincha and Vavá (shared)
Golden Boot 2002: Ronaldo
Silver Boot 1958: Pelé (youngest Boot award winner at 17 years)
Silver Boot 1970: Jairzinho
Silver Boot 1986: Careca
Silver Boot 2002: Rivaldo
Bronze Boot 1950: Chico
Bronze Boot 1982: Zico
Bronze Boot 1994: Romário
Bronze Boot 2006: Ronaldo
Bronze Boot 2014: Neymar
Other Individual Awards[edit]
Best Young Player Award 1958: Pelé (youngest Best Young Player award winner at 17 years)
Man of the Match award 2002: Rivaldo
Awards as coaches of other nations[edit]
Brazilian coaches have appeared on the sidelines of other nations with some regularity. Three of them have won team awards with their nations:
Otto Glória won Third Place with Portugal in 1966.
Didi won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy with Peru in 1970.
Luiz Felipe Scolari won the Most Entertaining Team award with Portugal in 2006.
Team Records[edit]
Most titles (5)
Most participations (21)
Most victories (73)
Most sendings-off (11)
One of two teams to have defended their title as champions (1962). The other being Italy 1938.
Most wins in one tournament (7, 2002)
Individual Records[edit]
Pelé holds a number of FIFA World Cup records:
Only player to win three FIFA World Cups (1958, 1962 and 1970)
Youngest tournament winner (1958, at 17y 249d)
Youngest goalscorer (1958 v Wales, at 17y 239d)
Youngest hat-trick scorer (1958 v France, at 17y 244d)
Youngest goalscorer in a final (1958 v Sweden, at 17y 249d)
Youngest Golden Ball winner: Ronaldo (1998, at 21y 9m 24d)
Most appearances in an All-Star Team: Djalma Santos (3, 1954-1962) (shared with Franz Beckenbauer and Philipp Lahm)
Most appearances as a substitute: Denílson (11, 1998-2002)
Most tournament wins as player and coach: Mário Zagallo (3, 1958 & 1962 as player, 1970 as coach)
Only player to appear in three consecutive FIFA World Cup finals: Cafu (1994, 1998 and 2002)
Most team awards won: Cafu (6, 1994-2006)
Most cautions: Cafu (6)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2014 FIFA World Cup™ reached 3.2 billion viewers, one billion watched final" (Press release). FIFA. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "FIFA World Cup™ Teams Statistics". FIFA. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "World Cup All Time League Table". WorldFootball.net.
External links[edit]
FIFA World Cup official website
Brazil at FIFA.com
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Brazil at the FIFA World Cup
Uruguay 1930
Italy 1934
France 1938
Brazil 1950
Switzerland 1954
Sweden 1958
Chile 1962
England 1966
Mexico 1970
West Germany 1974
Argentina 1978
Spain 1982
Mexico 1986
Italy 1990
United States 1994
France 1998
Korea/Japan 2002
Germany 2006
South Africa 2010
Brazil 2014
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Brazil FIFA World Cup squads
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Brazil squad – 1930 FIFA World Cup
GK Joel
GK Velloso
DF Brilhante
DF Itália
DF Oscarino
DF Zé Luiz
MF Benevenuto
MF Fausto
MF Fernando
MF Fortes
MF Hermógenes
MF Ivan Mariz
MF Pamplona
FW Araken
FW Benedicto
FW Carvalho Leite
FW Doca
FW Manoelzinho
FW Moderato
FW Nilo
FW Poly
FW Preguinho
FW Russinho
FW Teóphilo
Coach: Píndaro
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Brazil squad – 1934 FIFA World Cup
GK Germano
GK Pedrosa
DF Luiz Luz
DF Octacílio
DF Sylvio Hoffmann
MF Ariel
MF Canalli
MF Martim
MF Tinoco
MF Waldyr
FW Armandinho
FW Áttila
FW Carvalho Leite
FW Leônidas
FW Luisinho
FW Patesko
FW Waldemar de Brito
Coach: Vinhaes
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Brazil squad – 1938 FIFA World Cup third place
GK Batatais
GK Walter
DF Domingos da Guia
DF Jaú
DF Machado
DF Nariz
MF Afonsinho
MF Argemiro
MF Brandão
MF Britto
MF Martim
MF Zezé Procópio
FW Hércules
FW Leônidas
FW Lopes
FW Luisinho
FW Niginho
FW Patesko
FW Perácio
FW Roberto
FW Romeu
FW Tim
Coach: Pimenta
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Brazil squad – 1950 FIFA World Cup runners-up
1 Barbosa
2 Castilho
3 Augusto (c)
4 Ely
5 Juvenal
6 Nena
7 Nílton Santos
8 Bauer
9 Bigode
10 Danilo
11 Noronha
12 Rui
13 Adãozinho
14 Ademir
15 Alfredo
16 Baltazar
17 Chico
18 Friaça
19 Jair
20 Maneca
21 Rodrigues
22 Zizinho
Coach: Costa
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Brazil squad – 1954 FIFA World Cup
1 Castilho
2 Djalma Santos
3 Nílton Santos
4 Brandãozinho
5 Pinheiro
6 Bauer (c)
7 Julinho
8 Didi
9 Baltazar
10 Pinga
11 Rodrigues
12 Paulinho
13 Alfredo Ramos
14 Ely
15 Mauro
16 Dequinha
17 Maurinho
18 Humberto
19 Índio
20 Rubens
21 Veludo
22 Cabeção
Coach: Moreira
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Brazil squad – 1958 FIFA World Cup winners (1st title)
1 Castilho
2 Bellini (c)
3 Gilmar
4 Djalma Santos
5 Dino Sani
6 Didi
7 Zagallo
8 Oreco
9 Zózimo
10 Pelé
11 Garrincha
12 Nílton Santos
13 Moacir
14 De Sordi
15 Orlando
16 Mauro
17 Joel
18 Mazzola
19 Zito
20 Vavá
21 Dida
22 Pepe
Coach: Feola
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Brazil squad – 1962 FIFA World Cup winners (2nd title)
1 Gilmar
2 Djalma Santos
3 Mauro (c)
4 Zito
5 Zózimo
6 Nílton Santos
7 Garrincha
8 Didi
9 Coutinho
10 Pelé
11 Pepe
12 Jair Marinho
13 Bellini
14 Jurandir
15 Altair
16 Zequinha
17 Mengálvio
18 Jair
19 Vavá
20 Amarildo
21 Zagallo
22 Castilho
Coach: Moreira
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Brazil squad – 1966 FIFA World Cup
1 Gilmar
2 Djalma Santos
3 Fidélis
4 Bellini (c)
5 Brito
6 Altair
7 Orlando
8 Paulo Henrique
9 Rildo
10 Pelé
11 Gérson
12 Manga
13 Denílson
14 Lima
15 Zito
16 Garrincha
17 Jairzinho
18 Alcindo
19 Silva
20 Tostão
21 Paraná
22 Edu
Coach: Feola
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Brazil squad – 1970 FIFA World Cup winners (3rd title)
1 Félix
2 Brito
3 Piazza
4 Carlos Alberto (c)
5 Clodoaldo
6 Marco Antônio
7 Jairzinho
8 Gérson
9 Tostão
10 Pelé
11 Rivellino
12 Ado
13 Roberto
14 Baldocchi
15 Fontana
16 Everaldo
17 Joel
18 Paulo Cézar Caju
19 Edu
20 Dario
21 Zé Maria
22 Leão
Coach: Zagallo
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Brazil squad – 1974 FIFA World Cup fourth place
1 Leão
2 Luís Pereira
3 Marinho Peres
4 Zé Maria
5 Piazza (c)
6 Marinho Chagas
7 Jairzinho
8 Leivinha
9 César Maluco
10 Rivellino
11 Paulo Cézar Caju
12 Renato
13 Valdomiro
14 Nelinho
15 Alfredo
16 Marco Antônio
17 Carpegiani
18 Ademir da Guia
19 Mirandinha
20 Edu
21 Dirceu
22 Waldir Peres
Coach: Zagallo
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Brazil squad – 1978 FIFA World Cup third place
1 Leão
2 Toninho
3 Oscar
4 Amaral
5 Cerezo
6 Edinho
7 Zé Sérgio
8 Zico
9 Reinaldo
10 Rivellino (c)
11 Dirceu
12 Carlos
13 Nelinho
14 Abel
15 Polozzi
16 Rodrigues Neto
17 Batista
18 Gil
19 Jorge Mendonça
20 Roberto Dinamite
21 Chicão
22 Waldir Peres
Coach: Coutinho
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Brazil squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup
1 Waldir Peres
2 Leandro
3 Oscar
4 Luizinho
5 Cerezo
6 Júnior
7 Paulo Isidoro
8 Sócrates (c)
9 Serginho
10 Zico
11 Éder
12 Paulo Sérgio
13 Edevaldo
14 Juninho
15 Falcão
16 Edinho
17 Pedrinho
18 Batista
19 Renato
20 Roberto Dinamite
21 Dirceu
22 Carlos
Coach: Telê Santana
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Brazil squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup
1 Carlos
2 Édson
3 Oscar
4 Edinho (c)
5 Falcão
6 Júnior
7 Müller
8 Casagrande
9 Careca
10 Zico
11 Edivaldo
12 Paulo Vitor
13 Josimar
14 Júlio César
15 Alemão
16 Mauro Galvão
17 Branco
18 Sócrates
19 Elzo
20 Silas
21 Valdo
22 Leão
Coach: Telê Santana
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Brazil squad – 1990 FIFA World Cup
1 Taffarel
2 Jorginho
3 Ricardo Gomes (c)
4 Dunga
5 Alemão
6 Branco
7 Bismarck
8 Valdo
9 Careca
10 Silas
11 Romário
12 Acácio
13 Mozer
14 Aldair
15 Müller
16 Bebeto
17 Renato
18 Mazinho
19 Ricardo Rocha
20 Tita
21 Mauro Galvão
22 Zé Carlos
Coach: Lazaroni
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Brazil squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup winners (4th title)
1 Taffarel
2 Jorginho
3 Ricardo Rocha
4 Ronaldão
5 Mauro Silva
6 Branco
7 Bebeto
8 Dunga (c)
9 Zinho
10 Raí
11 Romário
12 Zetti
13 Aldair
14 Cafu
15 Márcio Santos
16 Leonardo
17 Mazinho
18 Paulo Sérgio
19 Müller
20 Ronaldo
21 Viola
22 Gilmar
Coach: Parreira
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Brazil squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup runners-up
1 Taffarel
2 Cafu
3 Aldair
4 Júnior Baiano
5 César Sampaio
6 Roberto Carlos
7 Giovanni
8 Dunga (c)
9 Ronaldo
10 Rivaldo
11 Emerson
12 Carlos Germano
13 Zé Carlos
14 Gonçalves
15 André Cruz
16 Zé Roberto
17 Doriva
18 Leonardo
19 Denílson
20 Bebeto
21 Edmundo
22 Dida
Coach: Zagallo
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Brazil squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup winners (5th title)
1 Marcos
2 Cafu (c)
3 Lúcio
4 Roque Júnior
5 Edmílson
6 Roberto Carlos
7 Ricardinho
8 Gilberto Silva
9 Ronaldo
10 Rivaldo
11 Ronaldinho
12 Dida
13 Belletti
14 Ânderson Polga
15 Kléberson
16 Júnior
17 Denílson
18 Vampeta
19 Juninho Paulista
20 Edílson
21 Luizão
22 Rogério Ceni
23 Kaká
Coach: Scolari
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Brazil squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup
1 Dida
2 Cafu (c)
3 Lúcio
4 Juan
5 Emerson
6 Roberto Carlos
7 Adriano
8 Kaká
9 Ronaldo
10 Ronaldinho
11 Zé Roberto
12 Rogério Ceni
13 Cicinho
14 Luisão
15 Cris
16 Gilberto
17 Gilberto Silva
18 Mineiro
19 Juninho
20 Ricardinho
21 Fred
22 Júlio César
23 Robinho
Coach: Parreira
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Brazil squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup
1 Júlio César
2 Maicon
3 Lúcio (c)
4 Juan
5 Felipe Melo
6 Michel Bastos
7 Elano
8 Gilberto Silva
9 Luís Fabiano
10 Kaká
11 Robinho
12 Gomes
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text:
Indian Airlines flight 814 hijacking
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Indian Airlines Flight 814
Taliban militia in front of the hijacked plane.
Hijacking
Date
24 December 1999 – 31 December 1999
Site
Hijacked in Indian airspace between Kathmandu, Nepal and Delhi, India; landed at Amritsar, India; Lahore, Pakistan; Dubai. United Arab Emirates and Kandahar, Afghanistan.
Aircraft
Aircraft type
Airbus A300B2-101
Operator
Indian Airlines
Registration
VT-EDW
Flight origin
Tribhuvan International Airport
Kathmandu, Nepal
Destination
Indira Gandhi International Airport
Delhi, India
Passengers
176
Crew
15
Fatalities
1 (Rupan Katyal)
Injuries
17
Survivors
190
Indian Airlines Flight 814 commonly known as IC 814 was an Indian Airlines Airbus A300 en route from Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu, Nepal to Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, India on Friday, 24 December 1999, when it was hijacked. Harkat-ul-Mujahideen was accused of the hijacking.
The aircraft was hijacked by gunmen shortly after it entered Indian airspace at about 17:30 IST. Hijackers ordered the aircraft to be flown to several locations. After touching down in Amritsar, Lahore and Dubai, the hijackers finally forced the aircraft to land in Kandahar, Afghanistan, which at the time was controlled by the Taliban. The hijackers released 27 of 176 passengers in Dubai but fatally stabbed one and wounded several others.
At that time, most of Afghanistan, including Kandahar where the plane landed, was under Taliban control, who resisted allowing the plane to land there. After eventually granting the plane landing rights, the Taliban still pressured the hijackers to release the hostages and give up on some of their demands.[1] Taliban fighters surrounded the aircraft to prevent any Indian military intervention.[citation needed]
The motive for the hijacking appears to have been to secure the release of Islamist figures held in prison in India. The hostage crisis lasted for seven days and ended after India agreed to release three militants – Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and Masood Azhar. These militants have since been implicated in other terrorist actions, such as the kidnap and murder of Daniel Pearl and Mumbai terror attacks.[2] The hijacking has been seen as one of the millennium attack plots by al-Qaeda-linked jihadists.[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Hijacking
1.1 Landing in Amritsar, India
1.2 Landing in Lahore, Pakistan
1.3 Landing in Dubai, UAE
1.4 Landing in Kandahar, Afghanistan
1.5 Negotiations
2 Aftermath
3 See also
4 Further reading
5 References
6 External links
Hijacking[edit]
Anil Sharma, the chief flight attendant on IC-814, later recalled that a masked, bespectacled man threatened to blow up the plane with a bomb and ordered Captain Devi Sharan to "fly west".[6] Four other men wearing red masks then stood up and took positions throughout the aircraft. The hijackers wanted Captain Sharan to divert the aircraft over Lucknow and head towards Lahore. However, there was insufficient fuel. Captain Sharan told the hijackers that they had to land in Amritsar, India.[6]
Landing in Amritsar, India[edit]
At Amritsar, Captain Sharan requested refuelling for the aircraft. However, the Crisis Management Group in Delhi directed Amritsar Airport authorities to ensure that the plane was immobilised. The armed personnel of the Punjab police were already in position to try and do this. They did not receive approval from New Delhi. Eventually, a fuel tanker was dispatched and instructed to block the approach of the aircraft. As the tanker sped towards the aircraft, air traffic control radioed the pilot to slow down, and the tanker immediately came to a stop. This sudden stop aroused the hijackers' suspicion and they forced the aircraft to take off immediately, without clearance from air traffic control. The aircraft missed the tanker by only a few feet.[7]
Landing in Lahore, Pakistan[edit]
Due to extremely low fuel level, the aircraft requested an emergency landing in Lahore, Pakistan. Pakistan initially denied the request. Pakistan also shut down their air traffic services, thus effectively blackening the whole of Pakistan airspace for the Indian Airlines flight and switched off all lights at Lahore Airport.[8] With no help from ATC, Captain Sharan banked on his visual instincts and began descending on what he thought was a runway only to find out that it was a well-lit road and aborted landing the aircraft in time.[9] On understanding that the only other option for the aircraft was to crash land, Lahore Airport switched on its lights and allowed the aircraft to land. Lahore airport officials refuelled the aircraft and allowed it to leave Lahore at 22:32 IST. Pakistani officials rejected the pilot's request to offload some women and children passengers due to tense relations with India.[10]
Landing in Dubai, UAE[edit]
The aircraft took off for Dubai where 27 passengers aboard the flight were released.[10] The hijackers also released a critically injured 25-year-old male, Rupan Katyal, who was stabbed by the hijackers multiple times. Rupan had died before the aircraft landed in Al Minhad Air Base, in Dubai. Indian authorities wanted to carry out a commando hijack specialist operation in Dubai involving Indian military officials, which was rejected by the UAE government.[citation needed]
Landing in Kandahar, Afghanistan[edit]
After the aircraft landed in Kandahar, Taliban authorities, in an attempt to gain international recognition, agreed to co-operate with Indian authorities and took the role of mediators between the hijackers and the Indian government.[11] Since India did not recognise the Taliban regime, it dispatched an official from its High Commission in Islamabad to Kandahar.[10] India's lack of previous contact with the Taliban regime complicated the negotiating process.[12][13]
However, the intention of the Taliban was under doubt after its armed fighters surrounded the aircraft.[14] The Taliban maintained that the forces were deployed in an attempt to dissuade the hijackers from killing or injuring the hostages but some analysts believe it was done to prevent an Indian military operation against the hijackers.[15][16]
Negotiations[edit]
The Indian Government sent in a team for negotiations, headed by Vivek Katju, to discuss the demands of the hijackers, which included the release of:
Maulana Masood Azhar – founded Jaish-e-Muhammed in 2000 which gained notoriety for its alleged role in the 2001 Indian Parliament attack.[17][18]
Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh – arrested in 2002 by Pakistani authorities for the abduction and murder of Daniel Pearl.[19][20]
Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar – has played an active role since release in training Islamic militants in POK.[21]
Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, who had been imprisoned in connection with the 1994 Kidnappings of Western tourists in India, went on to murder Daniel Pearl and also allegedly played a significant role in planning the September 11 attacks in the United States.[22]
After the three militants landed in Kandahar, the hostages aboard the flight were freed. On 31 December 1999, the freed hostages of the Indian Airlines Flight 814 were flown back through special plane.[citation needed]
Meanwhile, the Taliban had given the hijackers ten hours to leave Afghanistan. The five hijackers departed with a Taliban hostage to ensure their safe passage and were reported to have left Afghanistan.[citation needed]
Aftermath[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2012)
The case was investigated by Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), which charged 10 people out of whom seven including the five hijackers were still absconding and are in Pakistan.[23][not in citation given] On 5 Feb 2008, a special anti-hijacking Patiala House Court sentenced all three convicts namely Abdul Latif, Yusuf Nepali and Dilip Kumar Bhujel, to life imprisonment. They were charged for helping the hijackers in procuring fake passports and to take weapons on board.[24] However, CBI moved Punjab and Haryana High Court demanding death penalty (instead of life imprisonment) to Abdul Latif.[23] The case came up for regular hearing in high court in September 2012.[25] On 13 September 2012, the Jammu and Kashmir Police arrested terror suspect Mehrajuddin Dand, who allegedly provided logistical support for the hijacking of IC-814 in 1999. He allegedly provided travel papers to IC-814 hijackers.[26]
Captain Devi Sharan (Commander of IC814) recounted the events in a book titled Flight into Fear – A Captain's Story (2000). The book was written in collaboration with journalist Srinjoy Chowdhury.
Flight Engineer Anil K. Jaggia also wrote a book specifically depicting the events unfolded during the hijacking ordeal. His book is titled IC 814 Hijacked! The Inside Story. The book was written in collaboration with Saurabh Shukla.
The CBI's application to convert the life imprisonment of Abdul Latif to a death sentence has been rejected. Also, Abdul Latif's application to decrease his sentence from life imprisonment has been rejected.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Nepal portal
India portal
Aviation portal
Afghanistan portal
Terrorism portal
Pakistan portal
1990s portal
2000s portal
1973 Nepal plane hijack
2000 millennium attack plots
Air India Flight 182
Air France Flight 8969
Dawson's Field hijackings
2015 Kandahar Airport attack
Further reading[edit]
Misra, Neelesh (2000). 173 Hours in Captivity. HarperCollins. ISBN 8172233949.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ An Enemy We Created: The Myth of the Taliban-Al Qaeda Merger in Afghanistan – Alex Strick van Linschoten, Felix Kuehn – Google Books. Books.google.ca. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Omar Sheikh sentenced to death in Pearl murder case, Rediff.com, 2002-07-15
Jump up ^ "Other Millennium Attacks". PBS Frontline. October 25, 2001.
Jump up ^ Riedel, Bruce O. (2012). Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 9780815722748.
Jump up ^ Hiro, Dilip (2014). "War Without End: The Rise of Islamist Terrorism and Global Response". Routledge. pp. 287–288. ISBN 9781136485565.
^ Jump up to: a b "How Govt lost the IC-814 hijack deal". 7 September 2006. Retrieved 7 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Cover Story: Hijacking; ... in Amritsar, a speeding tanker causes panic". India-today.com. 10 January 2000. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cover Story: Hijacking; ... in Lahore, there is a political sideshow". India-today.com. 10 January 2000. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c India-Pakistan in war & peace By Jyotindra Nath Dixit. Books.google.com. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Pakistan's ISI By Srikanta Ghosh. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
Jump up ^ The greater game By David Van Praagh. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Riedel, Bruce. "The Search for al-Qaeda", 2008
Jump up ^ Hijacking and Terror in Sky By Giriraj Shah. Books.google.com. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Inside Al Qaeda By Rohan Gunaratna. Books.google.com. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Hijacking and hostages By J. Paul de B. Taillon. Books.google.com. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
Jump up ^ The Independent: Pakistan blamed by India for raid on parliament
Jump up ^ How we missed the story By Roy Gutman[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Profile: Omar Saeed Sheikh". BBC News. 16 July 2002. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Online NewsHour Update: Pakistan Convicts Four Men in Pearl Murder – July 15, 2002 Archived 9 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Abhinandan Mishra (27 July 2008). "India's Response To Terrorism – Are We Losing The War?". Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2008.
Jump up ^ CNN Transcript "Suspected Mastermind of Pearl Killing Arrested". CNN. 7 February 2001. Retrieved 29 June 2006. 12 February 2002.
^ Jump up to: a b "CBI seeks death penalty for IC-814 hijack accused". Outlook India. 2 October 2008. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Patiala court gives life imprisonment to IC-814 hijacking convicts". 5 February 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Over 3 years in cold storage, case to come up for hearing in September". The Indian Express. 1 June 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "IC-814 hijack: Key conspirator Mehrajuddin Dand arrested in Kishtwar district – India – IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
External links[edit]
Photographs of the hijackers
My experiences aboard IC-814
Indian Airlines Capt. Devi Sharan was awarded the 1999 Safe Skies Award
Aziz hand seen in Kandahar hijacking
IC-814 hijackers free birds in Pak
IC-814 Captain becomes a celebrity in India
Hijacking description at the Aviation Safety Network
[hide]
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Aviation accidents and incidents in 1999 (1999)
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Judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice
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The Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, home to the Permanent Court of International Justice
The Permanent Court of International Justice was an international court attached to the League of Nations. The Court initially consisted of 11 judges and 4 deputy judges, recommended by member states of the League of Nations to the Secretary General of the League of Nations, who would put them before the Council and Assembly for election. The Council and Assembly were to bear in mind that the elected panel of judges was to represent every major legal tradition in the League, along with "every major civilization". Each member state was allowed to recommend 4 potential judges, with a maximum of 2 from its own nation. Judges were elected by a straight majority vote, held independently in the Council and Assembly.[1] The judges served for a period of nine years, with their term limits all expiring at the same time, necessitating a completely new set of elections.[2] The judges were independent and rid themselves of their nationality for the purposes of hearing cases, owing allegiance to no individual member state, although it was forbidden to have more than one judge from the same state. As a sign of their independence from national ties, judges were given full diplomatic immunity when engaged in Court business The only requirements for a judge were "high moral character" and that they have "the qualifications required in their respective countries [for] the highest judicial offices" or be "jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law".[3]
The first panel was elected on 14 September 1921, with Deputy Judges elected 2 days later.[4] In 1930 the number of judges was increased to 15 and a second set of elections were held on 25 September.[5] Judges continued to hold their posts, despite the Court not sitting for most of the 1940s due to the Second World War, until they resigned en masse in October 1945.[6] Judges were paid 15,000 Dutch florins a year, with daily expenses of 50 florins to pay for living expenses, and an additional 45,000 florins for the President, who was required to live at The Hague. Travelling expenses were also provided, and a "duty allowance" of 100 florins was provided when the court was sitting, with 150 for the Vice-President. This duty allowance was limited to 20,000 florins a year for the judges and 30,000 florins for the Vice-President; as such, it provided for 200 days of court hearings, with no allowance provided if the court sat for longer. The deputy judges received no salary, but when called up for service were provided with travel expenses, 50 florins a day for living expenses and 150 florins a day as a duty allowance.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 List of Judges
2 List of Deputy Judges
3 References
4 Bibliography
List of Judges[edit]
Nationality
Name
Term as a Judge
Other roles
Reason for termination
Notes
Japan Adachi, MineichirōMineichirō Adachi 15 January 1931 — 28 December 1934 President 1931-1933 Died [8]
Spain Altamira y Crevea, RafaelRafael Altamira y Crevea January 1922 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse [8]
Italy Anzilotti, DionisioDionisio Anzilotti January 1922 — October 1945 President 1928 — 1930 Court resigned en masse [8]
Brazil Barbosa, RuyRuy Barbosa January 1922 — 1 March 1923 Died
Cuba Bustamante y Sirven, Antonio Sánchez deAntonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven January 1922 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse [8]
China Ch'ung-hui, WangWang Ch'ung-hui 15 January 1931 — 15 January 1936 Resigned [8]
Finland Erich, RafaelRafael Erich 26 September 1938 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse
Netherlands Eysinga, Willem vanWillem van Eysinga 15 January 1931 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse [8]
United Kingdom Finlay, RobertRobert Finlay January 1922 — 9 March 1929 Died
France Fromageot, HenriHenri Fromageot 19 September 1929 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse [8]
El Salvador Guerrero, José GustavoJosé Gustavo Guerrero 15 January 1931 — October 1945 Vice President 1931-1936, President 1936-1946 Court resigned en masse [8]
Sweden Hammarskjöld, ÅkeÅke Hammarskjöld 8 October 1936 — 7 July 1937 Died [8]
Switzerland Huber, MaxMax Huber January 1922 — 6 December 1930 President 1925-1927, Vice President 1928-1931 Not re-elected
United States Hudson, Manley OttmerManley Ottmer Hudson 8 October 1931 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse
United States Hughes, Charles EvansCharles Evans Hughes 8 September 1928 — 15 February 1930 Resigned [9]
United Kingdom Hurst, CecilCecil Hurst 19 September 1929 — October 1945 President 1934-1936, Vice President 1936-1946 Court resigned en masse [8]
United States Kellogg, Frank B.Frank B. Kellogg 25 September 1930 — 9 September 1935 Resigned [10]
Netherlands Loder, BernardBernard Loder January 1922 — 6 December 1930 President 1922-1924 Not re-elected
United States Moore, John BassettJohn Bassett Moore January 1922 — 11 April 1928 Resigned
Japan Nagaoka, HarukazuHarukazu Nagaoka 17 September 1935 — 15 January 1942 Resigned
Romania Neglulesco, DemetreDemetre Neglulesco 15 January 1931 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse [8]
Denmark Nyholm, DidrikDidrik Nyholm January 1922 — 6 December 1930 Not re-elected
Japan Oda, YorozuYorozu Oda January 1922 — 6 December 1930 Not re-elected
Belgium Rolin-Jaequemyns, EdouardEdouard Rolin-Jaequemyns 15 January 1931 — 11 July 1936 Died [8]
Poland Rostworowski, Michał JanMichał Jan Rostworowski 15 January 1931 — 24 March 1940 Died [8]
Germany Schücking, WaltherWalther Schücking 15 January 1931 — 25 August 1935 Died [8]
Brazil Silva Pessoa, Epitácio daEpitácio da Silva Pessoa 10 September 1923 — 6 December 1930 Not re-elected
China Tien-Hsi, ChengCheng Tien-Hsi 8 October 1936 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse
Colombia Urrutia, Francisco JoséFrancisco José Urrutia 15 January 1931 — 9 January 1942 Resigned [8]
Belgium Visscher, Charles DeCharles De Visscher 27 May 1937 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse
France Weiss, Charles AndreCharles Andre Weiss January 1922 — 31 August 1928 Vice President 1922-1928 Died
List of Deputy Judges[edit]
Nationality
Name
Term as a Deputy Judge
Reason for termination
Notes
Norway Beichmann, FrederikFrederik Beichmann 30 January 1920 — 6 December 1930 Not re-elected [11]
China Ch'ung-hui, WangWang Ch'ung-hui 30 January 1920 — 6 December 1930 Not re-elected [11]
Finland Erich, RafaelRafael Erich 15 January 1931 — 1 February 1936 Post abolished [8]
Portugal Matta, Jose Caeiro daJose Caeiro da Matta 15 January 1931 — 1 February 1936 Post abolished [8]
Romania Negulesco, DemetreDemetre Negulesco 30 January 1920 — 6 December 1930 Not re-elected [11]
Yugoslavia Novaković, MiletaMileta Novaković 15 January 1931 — 1 February 1936 Post abolished [8]
Austria Redlich, JosefJosef Redlich 15 January 1931 — 1 February 1936 Post abolished [8]
Yugoslavia Jovanović, MihajloMihajlo Jovanović 30 January 1920 — 6 December 1930 Not re-elected [11]
References[edit]
General References
"Permanent Court of International Justice Organizational Chart of Judges". League of Nations Archive. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
"Permanent Court of International Justice Individual Judges". League of Nations Archive. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
Specific References
Jump up ^ Scott (1921) p.556
Jump up ^ Hudson (1930) p.719
Jump up ^ Moore (1922) p.504
Jump up ^ Scott (1921) p.557
Jump up ^ Hudson (1931) p.23
Jump up ^ Hudson (1957) p.569
Jump up ^ Moore (1922) p.506
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Hudson (1931) p.23
Jump up ^ Hudson (1931) p.21
Jump up ^ Hudson (1931) p.22
^ Jump up to: a b c d Scott (1921) p.558
Bibliography[edit]
Hudson, Manley O. (1930). "The Election of Members of the Permanent Court of International Justice". The American Journal of International Law. American Society of International Law. 25 (4). ISSN 0002-9300.
Hudson, Manley O. (1931). "The Ninth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice". The American Journal of International Law. American Society of International Law. 25 (1). ISSN 0002-9300.
Hudson, Manley O. (1957). "The Succession of the International Court of Justice to the Permanent Court of International". The American Journal of International Law. American Society of International Law. 51 (3). ISSN 0002-9300.
Moore, John Bassett (1922). "The Organization of the Permanent Court of International Justice". Columbia Law Review. Columbia Law School. 22 (6). ISSN 0010-1958.
Scott, James Brown (1921). "The Election of Judges for the Permanent Court of International Justice". The American Journal of International Law. American Society of International Law. 15 (4). ISSN 0002-9300.
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This page was last edited on 27 March 2015, at 09:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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