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Kumbh Mela
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Kumbh Mela
कुम्भ मेला
Pilgrims at the Haridwar Kumbh Mela in 2010
Genre
Fair
Frequency
Rotates to the same site every 12 years
Location(s)
Haridwar, Prayag (Allahabad), Nashik-Trimbak, and Ujjain
Country
India
Previous event
2016 (Ujjain Simhastha)
Next event
2022 (Haridwar Kumbh Mela)
2025 (Allahabad Kumbh Mela)
Participants
Akharas, Hindu pilgrims and merchants
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v
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Kumbh Mela or Kumbha Mela (/ˌkʊm ˈmeɪlə/ or /ˌkʊm məˈlɑː/) is a mass Hindu pilgrimage of faith in which Hindus gather to bathe in a sacred or holy river. Traditionally, four fairs are widely recognized as the Kumbh Melas: the Haridwar Kumbh Mela, the Allahabad Kumbh Mela, the Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha, and Ujjain Simhastha. These four fairs are held periodically at one of the following places by rotation: Haridwar, Allahabad (Prayaga), Nashik district (Nashik and Trimbak), and Ujjain. The main festival site is located on the banks of a river: the Ganges (Ganga) at Haridwar; the confluence (Sangam) of the Ganges and the Yamuna and the invisible Sarasvati at Allahabad; the Godavari at Nashik; and the Shipra at Ujjain. Bathing in these rivers is thought to cleanse a person of all sins.[1]
At any given place, the Kumbh Mela is held once in 12 years. There is a difference of around 3 years between the Kumbh Melas at Haridwar and Nashik; the fairs at Nashik and Ujjain are celebrated in the same year or one year apart. The exact date is determined, as per Vikram Samvat calendar and the principles of Jyotisha, according to a combination of zodiac positions of the Jupiter, the Sun and the Moon. At Nashik and Ujjain, the Mela may be held while a planet is in Leo (Simha in Hindu astrology); in this case, it is also known as Simhastha. At Haridwar and Allahabad, an Ardha ("Half") Kumbh Mela is held every sixth year; a Maha ("Great") Kumbh Mela occurs after 144 years.
The priests at other places have also claimed their local fairs to be Kumbh Melas. For example, the Mahamaham festival at Kumbakonam, held once in 12 years, is also portrayed as a Kumbh Mela.
The exact age of the festival is uncertain. According to medieval Hindu mythology, Lord Vishnu dropped drops of Amrita (the drink of immortality) at four places, while transporting it in a kumbha (pot). These four places are identified as the present-day sites of the Kumbh Mela. The name "Kumbh Mela" literally means "kumbha fair". It is known as "Kumbh" in Hindi (due to schwa deletion); in Sanskrit and some other Indian languages, it is more often known by its original name "Kumbha".[2]
The festival is one of the largest peaceful gatherings in the world, and considered as the "world's largest congregation of religious pilgrims".[3] There is no precise method of ascertaining the number of pilgrims, and the estimates of the number of pilgrims bathing on the most auspicious day may vary. An estimated 120 million people visited Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013 in Allahabad over a two-month period,[4] including over 30 million on a single day, on 10 February 2013 (the day of Mauni Amavasya).[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Mythological origin
2 History
3 Places
4 Dates
5 Attendance
6 The ritual
6.1 Darshan
7 Kumbh Mela in media
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Bibliography
10 External links
Mythological origin[edit]
Samudra manthan or churning of the milk ocean
According to medieval Hindu mythology, the origin of the festival can be found in the ancient legend of samudra manthan. The legend tells of a battle between the Devas and Asuras for amrita, the drink of immortality. During samudra manthan, or churning of the ocean, amrita was produced and placed in a kumbha (pot). To prevent the asuras (malevolent beings) from seizing the amrita, a divine carrier flew away with the pot. In one version of the legend, the carrier of the kumbha is the divine physician Dhanavantari, who stops at four places where the Kumbh Mela is celebrated. In other re-tellings, the carrier is Garuda, Indra or Mohini, who spills the amrita at four places.[7]
While several ancient texts, including the various Puranas, mention the samudra manthan legend, none of them mentions spilling of the amrita at four places.[7] Neither do these texts mention the Kumbh Mela. Therefore, multiple scholars, including R. B. Bhattacharya, D. P. Dubey and Kama Maclean believe that the samudra manthan legend has been applied to the Kumbh Mela relatively recently, in order to show scriptural authority for it.[8]
History[edit]
There are several references to river-side festivals in ancient Indian texts, but the exact age of the Kumbh Mela is uncertain. The Chinese traveler Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) describes a ritual organized by Emperor Shiladitya (identified with Harsha) at the confluence of two rivers, in the kingdom of Po-lo-ye-kia (identified with Prayaga). He also mentions that many hundreds took a bath at the confluence, to wash away their sins.[9] According to some scholars, this is earliest surviving historical account of the Kumbh Mela, which took place in present-day Allahabad in 644 CE.[10][11][12] However, Australian researcher Kama Maclean notes that the Xuanzang reference is about an event that happened every 5 years (and not 12 years), and might have been a Buddhist celebration (since Harsha was a Buddhist emperor).[13]
A common conception, advocated by the akharas, is that Adi Shankara started the Kumbh Mela at Prayag in 8th century, to facilitate meeting of holy men from different regions. However, academics doubt the authenticity of this claim.[14]
The Kumbh Mela of Haridwar appears to be the original Kumbh Mela, since it is held according to the astrological sign "Kumbha" (Aquarius), and because there are several references to a 12-year cycle for it.[13] The earliest extant texts that contain the name "Kumbha Mela" are Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh (1695 CE) and Chahar Gulshan (1759 CE). Both these texts use the term "Kumbh Mela" to describe only Haridwar's fair, although they mention the similar fairs held in Allahabad and Nashik district.[15] The Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh lists the following melas: an annual mela and a Kumbh Mela every 12 years at Haridwar; a mela held at Trimbak when Jupiter enters Leo (that is, once in 12 years); and an annual mela held at Prayag in Magh.[16] The Magh Mela of Allahabad is probably the oldest among these, dating from the early centuries CE, and has been mentioned in several Puranas.[15] However, its association with the Kumbha myth and the 12-year old cycle is relatively recent, probably dating back to the mid-19th century. D. P. Dubey notes that none of the ancient Hindu texts mention the Allahabad fair as a "Kumbh Mela". Kama Maclean states that even early British records do not mention the name "Kumbh Mela" or the 12-year cycle for the Allahabad's fair. The first British reference to the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad occurs only in an 1868 report, which mentions the need for increased pilgrimage and sanitation controls at the "Coomb fair" to be held in January 1870. According to Maclean, the Prayagwal Brahmin priests of Allahabad adapted their annual Magh Mela to Kumbh legend, in order to increase the importance of their tirtha.[7]
The Kumbh Mela at Ujjain began in the 18th century, when the Maratha ruler Ranoji Shinde invited ascetics from Nashik to Ujjain for a local festival.[15] Like the priests at Allahabad, the pandits of Nashik and Ujjain, competing with other places for a sacred status, may have adopted the Kumbh tradition for their pre-existing melas.[7][13]
Haridwar Kumbh Mela by the English painter J. M. W. Turner. Steel engraving, 1850s.
Until the East India Company rule, the Kumbh Melas were managed by the akharas (sects) of religious ascetics known as the sadhus. They collected taxes, and also carried out policing and judicial duties. The sadhus were heavily militarized, and also participated in trade. The Melas were a scene of sectarian politics, which sometimes turned violent.[17] The Chahar Gulshan states that the local sanyasis at Haridwar attacked the fakirs of Prayag who came to attend the Kumbh Mela there.[18] At the 1760 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar, a clash broke out between Shaivite Gosains and Vaishnavite Bairagis (ascetics), resulting in hundreds of deaths, with Vaishnavite forming most of the victims. A copper plate inscription of the Maratha Peshwa claims that 12,000 ascetics died in a clash between Shaivite sanyasis and Vaishnavite bairagis at the 1789 Nashik Kumbh Mela. The dispute started over the bathing order, which indicated status of the akharas.[19] At the 1796 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar, the Shaivites attacked and injured the Udasis for erecting a camp without their permission. In response, the Khalsa Sikhs accompanying the Udasis killed around 500 Gosains; the Sikhs lost around 20 men in the clash.[20][21] The clashes subsided after the Company administration severely limited the trader-warrior role of the sadhus, who were increasingly reduced to begging.[22]
Besides their religious significance, historically the Kumbh Melas were also major commercial events. Baptist missionary John Chamberlain, who visited the 1824 Ardh Kumbh Mela at Haridwar, stated that a large number of visitors came there for trade. He noted that the fair was attended by "multitudes of every religious order", including a large number of Sikhs.[23] According to an 1858 account of the Haridwar Kumbh Mela by the British civil servant Robert Montgomery Martin, the visitors at the fair included people from a number of races and religions. Besides priests, soldiers, and religious mendicants, the fair was attended by several merchants, including horse traders from Bukhara, Kabul, Turkistan, Arabia and Persia. Several Hindu rajas, Sikh rulers and Muslim Nawabs visited the fair. A few Christian missionaries also preached at the Mela.[24]
The Kumbh Melas played an important role in spread of the cholera outbreaks and pandemics. The British administrators made several attempts to improve the sanitary conditions at the Melas, but thousands of people died of cholera at these fairs until the mid-20th century.[25][26]
Several stampedes have occurred at the Kumbh Melas. After an 1820 stampede at Haridwar that killed 430 people, the Company government took extensive infrastructure projects, including construction of new ghats and road widening, to prevent further stampedes.[27] Since then Haridwar has experienced fewer deaths in stampedes: the next big stampede occurred in 1986, when 50 people were killed.[28] Allahabad has also experienced major stampedes, in 1840, 1906, 1954, 1986 and 2013. The deadliest of these was the 1954 stampede, which left 800 people dead.[29]
Places[edit]
Kumbh Mela at Haridwar
Planetary positions during 2013 Kumbh Mela at Allahabad (Prayag)
Traditionally, the fairs at the following four sites are recognized as Kumbh Melas: Prayag (Allahabad), Haridwar, Trimbak-Nashik and Ujjain.[30][31] The Kumbh Mela in the Nashik district was originally held at Trimbak, but after a 1789 clash between Vaishnavites and Saivites over precedence of bathing, the Maratha Peshwa shifted the Vaishnavites' bathing place to Ramkund in Nashik city.[15] The Shaivites continue to regard Trimbak as the proper location.[32]
Priests at other places have also attempted to boost the status of their tirtha by adapting the Kumbh legends. The places whose festivals have been claimed as "Kumbh Mela" include Varanasi, Vrindavan, Tirumakudal Narsipur, Kumbhakonam (Mahamaham) and Rajim (Rajim Kumbh). Even Tibet has hosted a festival claimed to be a Kumbh Mela.[33][34]
Each site's celebration dates are calculated in advance according to a special combination of zodiacal positions of Bṛhaspati (Jupiter), the Sun and the Moon.
Place
River
Zodiac[35]
Month
Note
Haridwar Ganga Jupiter in Aquarius, Sun in Aries Chaitra (March–April)
Prayag (Allahabad) Ganga and Yamuna Jupiter in Aries, Sun and Moon in Capricorn; or Jupiter in Taurus and Sun in Capricorn Magha (January–February) "Magh Mela", called the "mini Kumbh Mela", is held annually
Trimbak-Nashik Godavari Jupiter in Leo; or Jupiter, Sun and Moon in Cancer on lunar conjunction (Amavasya) Bhadra (August–September) Also known as Simhastha / Sinhastha, when Leo is involved
Ujjain Shipra Jupiter in Leo, Sun in Aries; or Jupiter, Sun, and Moon in Libra on Kartik Amavasya Vaisakha (April–May) Also known as Simhastha / Sinhastha, when Leo is involved
Dates[edit]
Triveni Sangam during Allahabad Kumbh Mela 2013
Nashik Pilgrims gather for the Shahi Snan (royal bath) in Ramkund in Dakshin Ganga River, 1991.
The Kumbh Mela occurrences follow the Hindu calendar, as follows:[31]
The Kumbh Mela (sometimes specifically called Purna Kumbh or "full Kumbha"), occurs every 12 years at a given site.
Ardh Kumbh ("Half Kumbh") Mela occurs between the two Purna Kumbha Melas at Prayag and Haridwar.
The Maha Kumbh occurs after 12 Purna Kumbh Melas i.e. every 144 years.
The Kumbh Mela at Prayag is celebrated after approximately 3 years of Kumbh Mela at Haridwar. There is a difference of around 3 years between the Kumbh Festivals at Prayag and Nashik. Kumbh at Nashik and Ujjain are celebrated in the same year or one year apart.[35]
Year
Prayag (Allahabad)
Haridwar
Trimbak (Nashik)
Ujjain
1980 Kumbh Mela Kumbh Mela
1983 Ardh Kumbh Mela
1986 Kumbh Mela
1989 Kumbh Mela
1992 Ardh Kumbh Mela Kumbh Mela Kumbh Mela
1995 Ardh Kumbh Mela
1998 Kumbh Mela
2001 Kumbh Mela
2003 Kumbh Mela
2004 Ardh Kumbh Mela Kumbh Mela
2007 Ardh Kumbh Mela
2010 Kumbh Mela
2013 Kumbh Mela
2015 Kumbh Mela
2016 Ardh Kumbh Mela Kumbh Mela
2019 Ardh Kumbh Mela
2022 Kumbh Mela
Attendance[edit]
Kumbh Mela at Prayag, 2001
According to The Imperial Gazetteer of India, an outbreak of cholera occurred at the 1892 Mela at Haridwar leading to the rapid improvement of arrangements by the authorities and to the formation of Haridwar Improvement Society. In 1903 about 400,000 people are recorded as attending the fair.[36] During the 1954 Kumbh Mela stampede at Prayag, around 500 people were killed, and scores were injured. Ten million people gathered at Haridwar for the Kumbh on 14 April 1998.[37]
In 2001, more than 40 million gathered on the busiest of its 55 days.[38]
According to the Mela Administration's estimates, around 70 million people participated in the 45-day Ardha Kumbh Mela at Prayag in 2007.[39]
The 2001 Kumbh Mela at Allahabad (Prayag) was estimated by the authorities to have attracted between 30 and 70 million people.[40][41][42] The estimated attendance for the 2013 Allahabad Kumbh Mela was 120 million.[6]
The ritual[edit]
A saint at Maha Kumbh 2013
Naga sadhu procession 1998 Kumbh Mela
One of the major events of Kumbh Mela is the Peshwai Procession, which marks the arrival of the members of an akhara or sect of sadhus at the Kumbh Mela.[43] The major event of the festival is ritual bathing at the banks of the river in whichever town Kumbh Mela being held:Ganga in Haridwar, Godavari in Nasik, Kshipra in Ujjain and Sangam (confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and mythical Saraswati) in Allahabad (Prayag). Nasik has registered maximum visitors to 75 million. Other activities include religious discussions, devotional singing, mass feeding of holy men and women and the poor, and religious assemblies where doctrines are debated and standardised. Kumbh Mela is the most sacred of all the pilgrimages.[citation needed] Thousands of holy men and women attend, and the auspiciousness of the festival is in part attributable to this. The sadhus are seen clad in saffron sheets with Vibhuti ashes dabbed on their skin as per the requirements of ancient traditions. Some, called naga sanyasis, may not wear any clothes even in severe winter.[citation needed] The right to be naga, or naked, is considered a sign of separation from the material world.[1]
After visiting the Kumbh Mela of 1895, Mark Twain wrote:
“ It is wonderful, the power of a faith like that, that can make multitudes upon multitudes of the old and weak and the young and frail enter without hesitation or complaint upon such incredible journeys and endure the resultant miseries without repining. It is done in love, or it is done in fear; I do not know which it is. No matter what the impulse is, the act born of it is beyond imagination, marvelous to our kind of people, the cold whites.[44] ”
The order of entering the water is fixed, with the Juna, the Niranjani and Mahanirvani akharas preceding.[45]
Darshan[edit]
Darshan, or respectful visual exchange, is an important part of the Kumbh Mela. People make the pilgrimage to the Kumbh Mela specifically to observe and experience both the religious and secular aspects of the event. Two major groups that participate in the Kumbh Mela include the Sadhus (Hindu holy men) and pilgrims. Through their continual yogic practices the Sadhus articulate the transitory aspect of life. Sadhus travel to the Kumbh Mela to make themselves available to much of the Hindu public. This allows members of the Hindu public to interact with the Sadhus and to take "darshan." They are able to "seek instruction or advice in their spiritual lives." Darshan focuses on the visual exchange, where there is interaction with a religious deity and the worshiper is able to visually "'drink' divine power." The Kumbh Mela is arranged in camps that give Hindu worshipers access to the Sadhus. The darshan is important to the experience of the Kumbh Mela and because of this worshipers must be careful so as to not displease religious deities. Seeing of the Sandus is carefully managed and worshipers often leave tokens at their feet.[1]
Kumbh Mela in media[edit]
Kumbh Mela has received extensive media coverage, with several documentaries and films based on it.
Kumbh Mela has been theme for many a documentaries, including Kings with Straw Mats (1998) directed by Ira Cohen, Kumbh Mela: The Greatest Show on Earth (2001) directed by Graham Day,[46] Short Cut to Nirvana: Kumbh Mela (2004) directed by Nick Day and produced by "Maurizio Benazzo",[47] Kumbh Mela: Songs of the River (2004) by Nadeem Uddin,[48] Invocation, Kumbh Mela (2008), Kumbh Mela: Walking with the Nagas (2011), Amrit: Nectar of Immortality (2012) directed by Jonas Scheu and Philipp Eyer,[49] Inside the Mahakumbh (2013) by the National Geographic Channel and Kumbh Mela 2013: living with Mahatiagi (2013) by the Ukrainian Religious Studies Project Ahamot.[50]
Indian and foreign news media have covered the Kumbh Mela regularly. On 18 April 2010, a popular American morning show CBS News Sunday Morning extensively covered Haridwar's Kumbh Mela, calling it "The Largest Pilgrimage on Earth". On 28 April 2010, BBC reported an audio and a video report on Kumbh Mela, titled "Kumbh Mela 'greatest show on earth."
Young siblings getting separated at the Kumbh Mela were once a recurring theme in Hindi movies.[51] Amrita Kumbher Sandhane, a 1982 Bengali feature film directed by Dilip Roy, also documents the Kumbh Mela. On 30 September 2010, the Kumbh Mela featured in the second episode of the Sky One TV series "An Idiot Abroad" with Karl Pilkington visiting the festival.
See also[edit]
Similar festivals: Mahamaham and Pushkaram
List of largest gatherings in history
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c McLean, Kama. "Seeing, Being Seen, and Not Being Seen: Pilgrimage, Tourism, and Layers of Looking at the Kumbh Mela." (2009): 319-41. Ebscohost. Web. 28 Sept. 2014..
Jump up ^ "Kumbh Mela 2015-16: Nashik City" (PDF). Police Commissionerate, Nasik City. 2014.
Jump up ^ The Maha Kumbh Mela 2001 indianembassy.org
Jump up ^ "Record 120 million take dip as Maha Kumbh fest ends". Khaleej Times. 12 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Over 3 crore take holy dip in Sangam on Mauni Amavasya". IBNLive. 10 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Rashid, Omar (11 February 2013). "Over three crore devotees take the dip at Sangam". The Hindu. Chennai.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kama MacLean (August 2003). "Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (3): 873–905. doi:10.2307/3591863. JSTOR 3591863.
Jump up ^ Maclean 2008, pp. 88-89.
Jump up ^ Buddhist Records of the Western World, Book V Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. by Xuan Zang
Jump up ^ Dilip Kumar Roy; Indira Devi (1955). Kumbha: India's ageless festival. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. xxii.
Jump up ^ Mark Tully (1992). No Full Stops in India. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-0-14-192775-6.
Jump up ^ Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2011). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. pp. 677–. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vikram Doctor (2013-02-10). "Kumbh mela dates back to mid-19th century, shows research". Economic Times.
Jump up ^ Maclean 2008, p. 89.
^ Jump up to: a b c d James G. Lochtefeld (2008). "The Kumbh Mela Festival Processions". In Knut A. Jacobsen. South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 32–41.
Jump up ^ Jadunath Sarkar (1901). India of Aurangzib. Kinnera. pp. 27–124.
Jump up ^ William R. Pinch (1996). "Soldier Monks and Militant Sadhus". In David Ludden. Contesting the Nation. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 141–156. ISBN 9780812215854.
Jump up ^ Jadunath Sarkar (1901). India of Aurangzib. Kinnera. p. 124.
Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld (2009). Gods Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place. Oxford University Press. pp. 252–253. ISBN 9780199741588.
Jump up ^ Thomas Hardwicke (1801). Narrative of a Journey to Sirinagur. pp. 314–319.
Jump up ^ Hari Ram Gupta (2001). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls (Volume IV). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 175. ISBN 978-81-215-0165-1.
Jump up ^ Maclean 2008, pp. 57-58.
Jump up ^ John Chamberlain; William Yates (1826). Memoirs of Mr. John Chamberlain, late missionary in India. Baptist Mission Press. pp. 346–348.
Jump up ^ Robert Montgomery Martin (1858). The Indian Empire. 3. The London Printing and Publishing Company. pp. 4–5.
Jump up ^ Biswamoy Pati; Mark Harrison (2008). The Social History of Health and Medicine in Colonial India. Routledge. pp. 68–71. ISBN 978-1-134-04259-3.
Jump up ^ R. Dasgupta. "Time Trends of Cholera in India : An Overview" (PDF). INFLIBNET. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Maclean 2008, p. 61.
Jump up ^ "Five die in stampede at Hindu bathing festival". BBC. 14 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Maha Kumbh Mela (1954): 800 dead". rediff.com. 4 March 2010.
Jump up ^ J. S. Mishra (2004). Mahakumbh, the Greatest Show on Earth. Har-Anand Publications. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-241-0993-9.
^ Jump up to: a b J. C. Rodda; Lucio Ubertini; Symposium on the Basis of Civilization--Water Science? (2004). The Basis of Civilization--water Science?. International Association of Hydrological Science. pp. 165–. ISBN 978-1-901502-57-2.
Jump up ^ Vaishali Balajiwale (13 July 2015). "Project Trimbak, not Nashik, as the place for Kumbh: Shaiva akhadas". DNA.
Jump up ^ "Kumbh Mela concludes at T. Narsipur". The Hindu. 7 February 2004.
Jump up ^ Maclean 2008, p. 102.
^ Jump up to: a b Mela Adhikari Kumbh Mela 2013. "Official Website of Kumbh Mela 2013 Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India". Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Haridwar The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 13, p. 52.
Jump up ^ What Is Hinduism?: Modern Adventures into a Profound Global Faith. Himalayan Academy Publications. pp. 242–243. ISBN 978-1-934145-27-2.
Jump up ^ "India's Hindu Kumbh Mela festival begins in Allahabad". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "Ardha Kumbh – 2007: The Ganges River". Mela Administration. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
Jump up ^ Kumbh Mela pictured from space – probably the largest human gathering in history BBC News, 26 January 2001.
Jump up ^ Kumbh Mela: the largest pilgrimage – Pictures: Kumbh Mela by Karoki Lewis The Times, 22 March 2008. Behind paywall.
Jump up ^ Kumbh Mela, New Scientist, 25 January 2001
Jump up ^ Sadhus astride elephants, horses at Maha Kumbh
Jump up ^ Mark Twain, "Following the Equator: A journey around the world"
Jump up ^ Nandita Sengupta (13 February 2010). "Naga sadhus steal the show at Kumbh", TNN
Jump up ^ Kumbh Mela: The Greatest Show on Earth on IMDb
Jump up ^ "Short Cut to Nirvana - A Documentary about the Kumbh Mela Spiritual Festival". Mela Films.
Jump up ^ Kumbh Mela: Songs of the River on IMDb
Jump up ^ "Amrit:Nectar of Immortality". Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Kumbh Mela 2013: Living with Mahatiagi
Jump up ^ "Why twins no longer get separated at Kumbh Mela". rediff.com. 15 January 2010.
Bibliography[edit]
Maclean, Kama (28 August 2008). Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765-1954. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-533894-2.
Harvard University, South Asia Institute (2015) Kumbh Mela: Mapping the Ephemeral Megacity New Delhi: Niyogi Books. ISBN 9789385285073
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kumbh Mela.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
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Miranda Bailey
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This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Miranda Bailey
Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice character
The season nine promotional photograph of Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey
First appearance
"A Hard Day's Night"
1x01, March 27, 2005
Created by
Shonda Rhimes
Portrayed by
Chandra Wilson
Information
Nickname(s)
The Nazi
Dr. B
Mandy
BCB (Booty Call Bailey)
Occupation
Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital
Attending General Surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital
Title
Chief of Surgery
M.D.
F.A.C.S.
Family
William Bailey (father)
Spouse(s)
Tucker Jones (divorced)
Ben Warren
Significant other(s)
Eli Lloyd
Children
William George "Tucker" Bailey Jones[1]
Religion
Christianity
Miranda Bailey, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, which airs on ABC in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, and has been portrayed by actress Chandra Wilson since the show's inception in 2005. Introduced as a resident in general surgery at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, Bailey worked her way up to the attending physician level, and on September 24, 2015, was named the Chief of Surgery. Her relationship with the five surgical interns she was in charge of - Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl), George O'Malley (T.R. Knight) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) - formed a focal point at the beginning of the series.
Her colleagues refer to her as "The Nazi" because of her tough personality and blunt attitude. Although often harsh with her interns, she has been shown to provide both support and advice. She married Tucker Jones in 1995, but their marriage encountered difficulties in 2007, due to her commitments as both a parent to son Tuck and to her career as a surgeon. Miranda Bailey is a Wellesley College graduate.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storyline
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Storyline[edit]
Miranda Bailey is introduced to the interns as "The Nazi" in the first season premiere because of her blunt attitude and demanding of respect. When she was still a resident, Webber once pointed out that she disliked nearly every attending she worked under and, indeed, the attendings take her seriously due to her formidable reputation. Off the bat she tells her interns to 'not bother sucking up cause I already hate you and that's not going to change' however Miranda's more motherly and protective side is exhibited as she increasingly cares about not only her patients but also her colleagues. She is protective of her interns, as shown when she warns Derek to stay away from Meredith. Miranda also stays beside Cristina's side as she recovers from surgery. It is later found out that she has been married for ten years and is expecting a baby. Her son was born during a bomb scare at Seattle Grace while her husband was in surgery with Dr. Derek Shepherd, having crashed his car on the way to the hospital. George O'Malley helped her through labor, and she thanked him by naming her son William George Bailey (though he is nicknamed "Tuck").
Bailey adjusts to becoming a parent and reconciling this with her desire to continue her career as a surgeon. Her professional confidence was shaken and questioned by other surgeons when Izzie Stevens cut Denny Duquette's LVAD wire and Denny subsequently died and Burke's secret was kept by Cristina; Bailey felt that she wasn't in control of her interns, and that the incidents were ultimately her fault. Dr. Richard Webber, Chief of Surgery, comforts her saying 'You raised them like babies, and some of them turn out just like you'. Disillusioned by how little she can help patients as a surgeon, Bailey decided to open a free clinic at Seattle Grace; The Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic has since opened, paid for using part of the $8.7 million bequeathed to Izzie by Denny Duquette. She competed for the post of Chief Resident but lost to Callie Torres.
After losing the Chief Resident position Miranda decided to be Callie's "number two," as Torres was lacking competence. The Chief saw Bailey pick up the slack and told Bailey that he made a mistake in not giving her the job in the first place. Miranda helped save the life of a white supremacist paramedic despite his racist treatment of her. When closing his stomach after the surgery, she comments to George that the incision will need to be aligned better, thus ruining the patient's large swastika tattoo on his stomach. Following severe injuries to her son and several arguments over the state of their marriage, Doctor Bailey and her husband separated because her husband believed that she placed her job at the hospital before her family and that it led to Tucker's injuries. Miranda realizes that if she wants to continue with her surgical career, she will not be able to remain in control of the clinic, and so hands over the reins to Izzie Stevens, telling her she has earned it.
After watching the residents fight after the chance to do a solo surgery Bailey realizes that she has become somewhat bored with General Surgery and may need a change of specialty. She became drawn to Pediatric surgery after working on a number of pediatric case and working closely with, (and having many arguments with, Arizona Robbins, a Pediatric surgeon. Chief Webber is unhappy with Bailey's decision to leave General Surgery, and discouraged her at every opportunity, giving her an uninspiring letter of recommendation and purchasing a surgical robot to lure her back to General Surgery. Ultimately, Bailey decided to continue to pursue her career in General Surgery because she had a fight with her husband who said that if she accepted a position as a Peds fellow, he would divorce her. She decides to go through with the divorce and states there will be no time to start a new specialty as a single-mom. Additionally, Bailey supports Izzie through her rounds of chemo and cancer treatments.
After declining a fellowship in Pediatrics Bailey starts as an Attending in General Surgery. Bailey is deeply hurt by the news of George's death and Izzie's near-death that she realizes that she is caring about them like her own children. She begins a relationship with the anesthesiologist from Mercy West, Ben Warren. After witnessing Charles Percy being shot Bailey is caught at gunpoint when Gary Clark comes back to the hospital. She grows close with a patient, Mary Portman who was to get her colostomy bag removed that day, when she fights to save Charles' life. She is unsuccessful in getting him down to the OR and Charles dies in Miranda's lap. As Miranda comforts him Charles' last words were "You [Bailey] were always my favorite, I thought you should know".
Left devastated, Bailey goes to visit her parents with her son and upon coming back breaks up with Ben trying to hold it together. Mary Portman comes back to get her surgery however ends up in a coma after the surgery and dies, with no known cause. Miranda starts on a quest to cure fistulas and encounters a nurse, Eli, who she starts dating.
Dr. Bailey takes Meredith's deceit in the Alzheimer's trial personally, and she takes her anger out on Meredith throughout the first when Richard resigns as head of surgery and takes the fall for Meredith's mistake. Dr. Bailey resumes control of Ellis Grey's Diabetes trial and Richard consistently pushes Dr. Bailey to forgive Meredith and put her on the trial. Bailey forgives Meredith admitting that her anger stemmed from her frustration at seeing her interns stand up for principles at the detriment of their careers (Meredith) and lives (George). Bailey breaks off her relationship with Eli, recognizing that she was not interested in pursuing the relationship further, and renews her relationships with Ben the anesthesiologist. Though she eventually moves in with him and Ben asks her to marry him on a crossword puzzle. However, at the moment she is about to say yes, he tells her he landed a surgical internship in California.
They become engaged and her newfound happiness leads to her being dubbed as BCB ("Booty Call Bailey") by new interns because whenever Ben is in town she is giddy and has sex with him as much as possible. On the way to her wedding, Bailey is pulled in to perform surgery on Richard's wife, Adele. After saving Adele she returns to the venue and gets married to Ben. She launches a genome mapping program and Meredith is the first one to test it. An investigation on Bailey takes place after three of her patients contracted an infection and died. It concludes that she initially had the infection but that it spread via permeable gloves, which are a new brand the hospital had been recently using. Following that incident, Bailey shuts everyone out for some time, because she feels that she is dirty and contaminated. She blamed Dr. Webber the most for abandoning her and avoids him altogether. Eventually, her husband, Ben, flies to Seattle to get her out of the genome lab. In the first part of the season finale, Bailey returns to work but does not go into the surgical OR. Eventually, with Dr. Webber's stern push, she decides to be on the OR rotation for the upcoming storm along with her intern, Shane Ross.
After feeling responsible for the electrical injuries of Dr. Richard Webber, Bailey takes him on as a patient. Bailey's husband Ben returns for Halloween and states that he has dropped out of residency to spend more time with her and Tuck. Bailey is not impressed by this decision and starts exhibiting some odd behaviors. Ben suggests that Bailey might have developed OCD after what happened with the CDC investigation.
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
Shonda Rhimes intended the character of Bailey to be a tiny blonde with curls as "it would be unexpected to have this sweet-looking person open her mouth and say tough things." However, Wilson's audition went so well that she was offered the part, and the character was rewritten.[2] Sandra Oh was initially looking to audition for the part of Dr. Bailey.[3] Of her role, Wilson said: "I thought it was endearing; endearing as the word 'Nazi' can be."[4] Wilson explained how she plays Bailey:
“ It's a teacher's mentality. The pilot described me as the Nazi, so I had to think about that and try to relate. It's about my demeanor, how I carry myself, demanding respect from my students. Once I have that, I just teach.[5] ”
Characterization[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)
Bailey has been characterized as "straightforward", "tough", and "quick-witted" by Grey's Anatomy executives.[6] Reflecting on her character, Chandra Wilson said: "I think a strength and a weakness for her is her ego. The strength part is great because it really does make her a really good physician. She's really good at her job and she continues to evolve and she continues to look at ways to be 'value added' at the hospital and is incredibly independent. That independence has certainly gotten in the way of her personal relationships. It's gotten in the way of her being a team player on many occasions."[7]
Reception[edit]
USA Today TV critic wrote in 2006 that Emmy voters could consider Chandra Wilson because she adds "warmth and humor to Bailey without making her go all squishy."[8] Reviewing the show's fourth season, Patrick Luce of Monsters and Critics found Bailey "one of the most interesting characters to watch" as "she had to deal with losing a promotion to Sara Ramírez’s Dr. Torres; her own marriage trouble; and the continued stress of balancing being a mom and being a doctor." He also appreciated the fact that people got to see "a softer side" of her while she kept "all the biting satire and sarcasm that made the character great."[9] Shawna Malcom of the Los Angeles Times deemed Bailey and Sam her favorite pairing of the Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice crossover, praising: "The grief he gave her about becoming a pediatric surgeon … the grief she gave him for letting ex-wife Naomi go and wind up in the arms of Archer … the fist bump. I say again, the fist bump! Together, Chandra Wilson and Taye Diggs are hilarious and touching and all sorts of fabulous. Here’s hoping this isn’t the last we ever see of this unexpectedly dynamic duo."[10] Fellow Los Angeles Times critic, Carina MacKenzie, welcomed Bailey's "flirtation" with Ben (Jason George) because it was "nice to see her fun, flirty side" presented with a bit of humor after the deterioration of her relationship with Tucker.[11] Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine was happy with the evolution of Bailey and Torres' friendship in the first half of the ninth season, calling it "the one bright spot": "They joke, they tease each other, they offer sage love advice to one another, now that they're both on their second marriages."[12] Entertainment Weekly included Bailey in its list of the "30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses".[13] AOL TV named her one of the 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters.[14]
Chandra Wilson has received multiple nominations for her portrayal of Dr. Miranda Bailey. She won a 2007 Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance in the show's third season. She has been nominated each year from 2006 to 2009 at the Emmy Awards for "Supporting Actress in a Drama Series", losing in 2007 to co-star Katherine Heigl in the role of Izzie Stevens for the performance in the episode "Oh, the Guilt". She has also been praised for her performance in Grey's Anatomy at the Screen Actors Guild Awards, receiving three nominations along with the other cast members for "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series" each year from 2006 to 2008, with the 2007 Awards marking a victory.
References[edit]
Specific
Jump up ^ Episode 17 of Season 2 "(As We Know It)"
Jump up ^ Winfrey, Oprah (December 2006). "Oprah Talks to Shonda Rhimes". O, The Oprah Magazine. Harpo Productions, Inc. p. 5. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sandra Oh (2007). Grey's Anatomy – Sandra Oh Audition. Paley Center. Event occurs at 0:05–0:15. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fogel, Matthew (May 8, 2005). "'Grey's Anatomy' Goes Colorblind". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ McDaniel, Mike (August 10, 2006). "Grey's Anatomy role nets actress an Emmy bid". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) Bio". American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Samson, Janalen (April 25, 2013). "'Grey's Anatomy' Exclusive Interview: Chandra Wilson Says Bailey 'Didn't Do Anything Wrong'". BuddyTV. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bianco, Robert (May 14, 2006). "The cure for bromidic TV: 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'House'". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Luce, Patrick (September 14, 2008). "Grey’s Anatomy: The Complete Fourth Season (Expanded) – DVD Review". Monsters and Critics. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Malcom, Shawna (February 13, 2009). "'Grey’s Anatomy': Crossing over at Seattle Grace". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
Jump up ^ MacKenzie, Carina (March 12, 2010). "'Grey's Anatomy': Love is in the air for Bailey". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret (January 23, 2013). "Now That Private Practice Is Over, Addison Should Go Back to Grey’s Anatomy". New York. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Amy (June 15, 2009). "Paging Dr. Feelgood: 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Potts, Kim (March 2, 2011). "100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters". AOL TV. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
General
"Grey's Anatomy: Episode Recap Guide". ABC. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
External links[edit]
Grey's Anatomy portal
Fictional characters portal
Miranda Bailey on IMDb
Grey's Anatomy at ABC.com
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Kingsman: The Golden Circle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kingsman: The Golden Circle
British theatrical release poster
Directed by
Matthew Vaughn
Produced by
Matthew Vaughn
Mark D W
Adam Bohling
Screenplay by
Jane Goldman
Matthew Vaughn
Based on
Kingsman
by Mark Millar
Dave Gibbons
Starring
Colin Firth
Julianne Moore
Taron Egerton
Mark Strong
Halle Berry
Elton John
Channing Tatum
Jeff Bridges
Music by
Henry Jackman
Matthew Margeson
Cinematography
George Richmond
Edited by
Eddie Hamilton
Production
company
TSG Entertainment
Marv Films
Cloudy Productions
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
18 September 2017 (2017-09-18) (London)
20 September 2017 (2017-09-20) (United Kingdom)
22 September 2017 (2017-09-22) (United States)
Running time
141 minutes[1]
Country
United Kingdom
United States
Language
English
Budget
$104 million[2]
Box office
$261.2 million[3]
Kingsman: The Golden Circle is a 2017 action spy comedy film produced and directed by Matthew Vaughn and written by Vaughn and Jane Goldman. It is a sequel to Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014), which is based on the comic book series Kingsman, created by Dave Gibbons and Mark Millar. The film features Colin Firth, Taron Egerton, Mark Strong, Edward Holcroft, Sophie Cookson, and Hanna Alström reprising their roles from the first film, with Julianne Moore, Halle Berry, Pedro Pascal, Elton John, Channing Tatum, and Jeff Bridges joining the cast. The plot follows the members of Kingsman needing to team up with their American counterpart, Statesman, after the world is held hostage by a new threat.
The Golden Circle premiered in London on 18 September 2017, and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on 20 September 2017, In 3D, 2D and in the United States on 22 September, in IMAX. It has grossed $261 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics, with the use of new characters and over-stylized action being met with a polarized reception and the 141 minute runtime being criticized.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
3.2 Music
3.3 Marketing
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 Video games
6 Sequel and potential spin-off
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
A year has passed since Eggsy Unwin and the secret organisation Kingsman saved the world from Richmond Valentine's neurological wave broadcast. He has since taken his late mentor Harry Hart's title of Galahad and lives with Crown Princess Tilde of Sweden. On his way home he is ambushed by Charlie Hesketh, a former Kingsman trainee who lost his arm and vocal cords during the Valentine incident. Eggsy evades Charlie and his henchmen in a car chase across London, but Charlie's severed cybernetic arm hacks into the Kingsman servers through the car's computer system. While Eggsy is away in Sweden, a volley of missiles destroy the Kingsman headquarters and wipe out all of the agents in Britain.
Being the only surviving agents, Eggsy and Merlin follow the Doomsday protocol, which leads them to Statesman, a secret American organisation posing as a Bourbon whiskey distillery in Kentucky. There, they discover that Harry survived Valentine's gunshot a year earlier, but is suffering from amnesia. Eggsy and Merlin are briefed by Statesman head Champagne about a secret terrorist organisation called The Golden Circle. They begin their mission by following Charlie's ex-girlfriend Clara Von Gluckfberg. When Statesman agent Tequila develops blue rashes, he is replaced by agent Whiskey as Eggsy's partner. At the Glastonbury Festival, Eggsy manages to plant a tracking device inside Clara, but his revelation of the mission to Princess Tilde strains their relationship. After several failed attempts to cure Harry's amnesia, Eggsy triggers Harry's memories by threatening to shoot a Cairn Terrier that resembles Harry's late dog.
Poppy Adams, head of world's largest drug cartel, broadcasts a message telling the world about a toxin she laced within every recreational drug available, which causes users to develop blue rashes before progressing through mania, paralysis, and ultimately, death. She also demonstrates the antidote on a captive Elton John and offers it to the world if the President of the United States ends his country's War on Drugs and offers her organisation immunity. The President decides to have every affected user quarantined, including his Chief of Staff, Fox. Eggsy, Harry, and Whiskey head to the antidote factory in Italy after intercepting a phone call to Charlie by Clara. Eggsy manages to steal an antidote sample, but it is broken by Whiskey during an ambush by The Golden Circle's henchmen. During the gunfight, Harry shoots Whiskey in the head, as he suspects that Whiskey is playing both sides, but Eggsy saves him with the same alpha-gel that Statesman had used to save Harry. Princess Tilde calls Eggsy in a state of mania, revealing that she has been affected. Eggsy, Harry, and Merlin discover the location of Poppy's hideout, "Poppy Land", in Cambodia and fly there to steal the remote control for the antidote drones.
Upon their arrival at Poppy Land, Eggsy steps on a land mine, but is saved by Merlin, who sacrifices himself while taking the lair's guards with him. Eggsy and Harry storm through the lair and Eggsy kills Charlie while Harry destroys Poppy's robotic attack dogs with the help of Elton. They secure the briefcase with the access code to the drones and inject Poppy with a more potent dose of her toxin. She gives them the password before succumbing to an overdose. Before they can activate the drones they are stopped by Whiskey, who, having previously lost his wife to crossfire from two drug users, is revealed to be working alone to ensure that all drug users are eliminated. Eggsy and Harry battle and brutally kill Whiskey in a fight. They release the antidote drones, saving millions of lives around the world.
In the aftermath, Chief of Staff Fox has the President impeached for conspiring to commit genocide on the drug victims. Champ announces that Statesman has acquired a distillery in Scotland to help rebuild Kingsman. To avoid the confusion of two Kingsman agents using the codename "Galahad", Champagne offers either Eggsy or Harry the agent title of Whiskey, but they decline and Statesman tech support Ginger Ale steps in to take the role. Eggsy marries Princess Tilde, and Tequila moves to London to work for Kingsman.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Kingsman characters
Colin Firth as Harry Hart / Galahad
Julianne Moore as Poppy Adams
Taron Egerton as Gary "Eggsy" Unwin / Galahad
Mark Strong as Merlin
Halle Berry as Ginger Ale
Elton John as himself
Channing Tatum as Tequila
Jeff Bridges as Champagne "Champ"
Pedro Pascal as Jack Daniels / Whiskey
Hanna Alström as Crown Princess Tilde of Sweden
Edward Holcroft as Charles "Charlie" Hesketh
Poppy Delevingne as Clara Von Gluckfberg
Bruce Greenwood as the President of the United States
Emily Watson as Chief of Staff Fox
Sophie Cookson as Roxanne "Roxy" Morton / Lancelot
Michael Gambon portrays Sir Giles / Arthur, the head of Kingsman. Footage from The Secret Service includes Samuel L. Jackson and Sofia Boutella as Richmond Valentine and Gazelle, respectively. Tobias Bakare and Theo Barklem-Biggs return as Eggsy's friends Jamal and Ryan, with Thomas Turgoose and Calvin Demba introduced as two of Eggsy's other friends, Liam and Brandon. Furthermore, Samantha Womack makes a brief return appearance as Michelle Unwin, Eggsy's mother. Keith Allen and Tom Benedict Knight feature as Charles and Angel, two of Poppy's henchmen, while Mark Arnold portrays General McCoy, an advisor to the President of the United States. Björn Granath (in his final film performance) and Lena Endre feature as the King and Queen of Sweden.
Production[edit]
Near the release of Kingsman: The Secret Service, Mark Millar and Matthew Vaughn stated that a sequel would be possible if the first film was to perform well at the box office, and Vaughn expressed interest in returning to direct.[5][6] Vaughn also noted that he had hoped to have Firth back in the sequel, though it was later stated that Firth would not be returning.[7][8]
On 29 April 2015, Fox announced that a sequel was in production, but that it was unclear if Vaughn would return due to his interest in directing a Flash Gordon film.[9] On 11 June 2015, Vaughn told Yahoo that he had begun writing the script for the sequel, and that he could return to direct.[10] In September 2015, Millar reiterated that the sequel was in development, and that Vaughn was looking for ways to bring Firth back without sacrificing the integrity of the story. Later that month, The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that Egerton had also signed on for a new Robin Hood film, which was then set to begin shooting in February 2016; Egerton's schedule was thus in conflict with the Kingsman sequel. However, in mid-October, it was confirmed that scheduling issues had been settled between both studios. Lionsgate began Robin Hood's production right after Egerton wrapped filming on Kingsman: The Golden Circle, which began in May 2016.[11]
The cast of Kingsman: The Golden Circle at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con
On 17 February 2016, it was revealed that Julianne Moore was in negotiations to play the villain in the film.[12] On 10 March 2016, Halle Berry was cast in the film,[13] in a role that later turned out to be the Statesmen's tech support. In late March, Vaughn confirmed Berry's and Moore's casting, as well as the title, Kingsman: The Golden Circle. On 8 April 2016, Pedro Pascal was cast in the film as Jack Daniels,[14] and on the same day, a promotional poster was released featuring Firth's character's glasses, confirming Firth's return for the film;[15] Firth's return was later officially confirmed on 11 July 2016.[16] Channing Tatum confirmed his casting through his Twitter account, while Variety reported that Elton John was in talks for a role.[17] In late April, Vaughn talked about writing the sequel, and stated "writing this was the hardest thing I've ever done."[18] Jeff Bridges was added to the cast on 28 May 2016.[19] Vinnie Jones announced on Twitter that he had been cast, though he did not appear in the finished film.[20]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on 15 May 2016 in Birmingham.[21][22][23] Filming also took place in Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden. On 13 September 2016, Kingsman: The Golden Circle completed initial filming.[24] Additional footage was filmed on location in London in December 2016.
Music[edit]
Main article: Kingsman: The Golden Circle (soundtrack)
Henry Jackman and Matthew Margeson reunited to compose the score for the film. The soundtrack was released on iTunes on 22 September 2017, and is scheduled for CD release on October by La-La Land Records.[25]
Marketing[edit]
On 20 July 2017, FOX released an animated Kingsman/Archer crossover short film featuring Eggsy and Sterling Archer.[26] On 18 September, FOX released a TV spot featuring a mock Kingsman board game.[27] In August 2017, FOX partnered with Old Forester to release a Statesman edition of their 95 proof Bourbon whisky for the U.S. market.[28] In addition, GlenDronach released a Kingsman Edition 1991 of their scotch whisky. Director Vaughn cited GlenDronach as his favourite scotch whisky brand, and the distillery used casks from 1991, as it is the fictional year of Eggsy's birth. Only 240 bottles have been allocated to the U.S. market, all of which are signed by Vaughn.[29] In September 2017, Hard Rock Cafe introduced the "Poppy Burger" in their menu to promote the film.[30]
Release[edit]
20th Century Fox originally scheduled Kingsman: The Golden Circle for a summer release date of 16 June 2017, but pushed the film back to 6 October 2017.[31] The film was then moved up to 20 September in the UK and 22 September 2017 in the US, likely to avoid competition with Blade Runner 2049. The film had an IMAX release.[32]
Box office[edit]
As of 11 October 2017[update], Kingsman: The Golden Circle has grossed $83 million in the United States and Canada and $178.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $261.2 million, against a production budget of $104 million.[3]
In North America, the film was released alongside The Lego Ninjago Movie and Friend Request, and was projected to gross $40–45 million from 4,003 theaters in its opening weekend.[33] It made $3.4 million from Thursday night previews at 3,100 theaters, up from the $1.4 million made by the first film, and $15.3 million on its first day. It went on to open to $39 million, an increase over the first film’s $36.2 million debut and topping the box office, overtaking two-time defender It.[34] In its second week, the film initially made a projected gross of $17 million, finishing second at the box office behind It. However the following day, actual results had the film finishing atop It by a gross of $16.93 million to $16.90 million, and also beat out newcomer American Made ($16.8 million).[35]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 50% based on 220 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Kingsman: The Golden Circle offers more of everything that made its predecessor so much fun, but lacks the original's wild creative spark."[36] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 44 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[37] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by its predecessor.[34]
Writing for Uproxx, Amy Nicholson called the film better than the first, writing: "The Golden Circle has matured just enough. It’s doubled down on the mayhem and hammered out the tone. Everything is sincere even when it’s insane."[38] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars and wrote, "The stunts defy the laws of gravity, but are no less fun for that; watch out for the fight on the ski lift. Even when Kingsman: The Golden Circle goes off the rails, and it inevitably does, this cracked caper wears you down with action and giggles. Sometimes overkill can hurt so good."[39]
Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1.5/4 stars and said, "Kingsman: The Golden Circle offers everything – several bored Oscar winners; two scenes featuring death by meat grinder; Elton John, mugging in close-up – except a good time."[40] Wendy Ide, reviewing the film for The Guardian, gave it 1/5 stars and called it "a knowing sneer of a movie that shrugs off its plot holes along with a particularly unsavoury attitude to violence and a tendency to use female characters as the decorative punchline to jokes."[41] Writing for RogerEbert.com, Glenn Kenny gave the film 0/4 stars, saying: "As action-packed as the movie is, it feels like it's six hours. That's in part because the pacing is so spavined; the movie lurches twitchily from set piece to set piece and spends inordinate amounts of time on shots of its sharp-dressed characters slow-motioning into the widescreen frames showing off accessories that will be sold to you by various companies in various Kingsman tie-ins all over the Internet."[42]
Video games[edit]
In August 2017, it was confirmed that Kingsman: The Golden Circle would have a tie-in game to accompany its release, and that it would be a turn-based match-3 role-playing combat game, released on iOS and Android by the Korean mobile game company NHN PixelCube.[43] The game also includes characters from Kingsman: The Secret Service, and was released globally on 14 September 2017, about a week before the film's release.[44] Unlike the films, the game does not have graphic violence or explicit language, but it is classified a "12+" rating for "mild realistic violence".[45][46] In the days before the film's release, another mobile game based on the Kingsman franchise, simply titled Kingsman: The Secret Service, was announced to be in development also for iOS and Android, by American mobile game developer YesGnome. The game is a hybrid action adventure-construction simulator, where players construct impregnable secret bases, similar to Fallout Shelter, while infiltrating enemy bases in run-and-gun missions based on the plot of at least the first film.[47] The Android version is currently in early access.[48] Both games are free-to-play, offer in-app purchases, and support online player-versus-player multiplayer, with the former game requiring an Internet connection to play.
Sequel and potential spin-off[edit]
Vaughn has stated that he and Goldman have a third Kingsman film planned.[49] In the September 2017 edition of Total Film, Egerton revealed that his personal choice for the role of the villain of Kingsman 3 is Dwayne Johnson.[50] He also went on to suggest that this sequel may be the last, as he envisions the Kingsman franchise to be a trilogy.[51]
Vaughn has also revealed that with the success of the Kingsman films, he is interested in making a Statesman spin-off.[52]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Kingsman: The Golden Circle (15)". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "September B.O. Booming To Near All-Time $700M Record As 'Kingsman: The Golden Circle' & 'Lego Ninjago' Enter Fall Fray". Deadline.com. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Pearson, Ben (19 September 2017). "'Kingsman: The Golden Circle’ Review Round-Up: An Overlong But Entertaining Sequel". /Film. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kingsman Sequel? Mark Millar Interview". 4 February 2015 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Maidy, Alex (11 February 2015). "Exclusive: Matthew Vaughn Shares Details On Kingsman 2 and Kick-Ass 3". Joblo.
Jump up ^ "Colin Firth Could Be Back For Kingsman: The Secret Service Sequel". wegotthiscovered.com.
Jump up ^ "2015 Jameson Empire Awards - Mark Strong". Empire Magazine. 30 March 2015 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Todd (29 April 2015). "'Kingsman: The Secret Service' Sequel in Works at Fox (Exclusive)". thewrap.com. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Bovingdon, Edward (11 June 2015). "Matthew Vaughn Confirms Plans For Kingsman 2 (Exclusive)". yahoo.com. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (12 October 2015). "Robin Hood Reboot Pushed for 'Kingsman 2' Shoot (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (17 February 2016). "Julianne Moore Circling Villain Role for 'Kingsman 2' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (10 March 2016). "Halle Berry In Talks To Star In 'Kingsman 2'". Deadline. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Jaafar, Ali (8 April 2016). "'Games Of Thrones' Pedro Pascal To Board 'Kingsman: The Golden Circle'". Deadline. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Hill, Sam (8 April 2016). "Colin Firth Set To Reprise His Role In Kingsman: The Golden Circle". WhatCulture. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Shoard, Catherine (11 July 2016). "Colin Firth back from the dead for Kingsman 2". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (13 April 2016). "Channing Tatum Joins the Cast of 'Kingsman' Sequel". Variety. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Matthew Vaughn: Kingsman sequel was tough to write". The List. 23 April 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Lincoln, Ross A. (28 May 2016). "Jeff Bridges Infiltrates 'Kingsman: The Golden Circle'". Deadline. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vinnie Jones on Twitter".
Jump up ^ Hurst, Ben (15 May 2016). "Watch: Final preparations for Kingsman 2 filming in Birmingham city centre". birminghammail. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham turns Hollywood with big movie shoot". Express & Star. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Channing Tatum Spotted Filming Kingsman: The Golden Circle!". Comingsoon.net. 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Hood, Cooper (13 September 2016). "Taron Egerton: Kingsman 2 Wrapped Filming; Will 'Blow Everyone Away'". ScreenRant. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kingsman: The Golden Circle Score Album Details". Film Music Reporter. 21 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Couch, Aaron; Kit, Borys (20 July 2017). "'Kingsman' Shows Off Action-Filled New Scenes at Comic-Con". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Marnell, Blair (18 September 2017). "Kingsman: The Golden Circle Board Game Turns Kids Into Kingsmen (Exclusive)". Nerdist Industries. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Statesman". Old Forester. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Dunn, Dan (20 September 2017). "A Whisky Fit for a Kingsman". The Robb Report. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hard Rock Serves Up the "Poppy Burger" Inspired by Motion Picture Release of Kingsman: The Golden Circle". Hard Rock Cafe. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Relations, Exhibitor (23 November 2016). "Kingsman: The Golden Circle has been reassigned to fall duty instead of summer: October 6, 2017 is in, June 16 is out.".
Jump up ^ "Theatrical Movie Schedule Additions and Changes". www.boxofficemojo.com.
Jump up ^ "'Kingsman: The Golden Circle' Tracking for $40M-Plus U.S. Debut". The Hollywood Reporter. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Allesandro, Anthony (23 September 2017). "'Kingsman: The Golden Circle’ Ropes $38M+; 'Ninjago' Dulls Sword To $21M; 'Friend Request' A Loner With $1.8M". Deadline.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Kingsman' Edges Out 'It' In Fierce Three-Way B.O. Tie; Early AM Figures Have 'American Made' In 3rd". Deadline.com. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kingsman: The Golden Circle reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Amy (19 September 2017). "'Kingsman: The Golden Circle' Sees The Spy Series Growing Up a Little and Getting a Lot Better". Uproxx. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (20 September 2017). "'Kingsman: The Golden Circle' Review: It's 'James Bond on Laughing Gas,' Violent as Ever". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Michael (19 September 2017). "Kingsman: Golden Circle review: James Bond for idiots". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kingsman: The Golden Circle review – sneering spy spoof sequel". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Kenny, Glenn (20 September 2017). "Kingsman: The Golden Circle Movie Review (2017)". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Chapple, Craig. "FoxNext Games and NHN Pixelcube partner for Kingsman mobile game". Pocketgamer.biz. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kingsman: The Golden Circle mobile game official website". NHN PixelCube. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Apple App Store listing for Kingsman: The Golden Circle". Apple App Store. Retrieved 14 September 2017. Rating: Rated 12+ for...Frequent/Intense Cartoon or Fantasy Violence [and] Infrequent/Mild Realistic Violence.
Jump up ^ "Google Play Store listing for Kingsman: The Golden Circle". Google Play. Retrieved 14 September 2017. Rating: Rated Teen for Violence. (ESRB)
Jump up ^ "Kingsman - The Secret Service game information". YesGnome. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Google Play Store listing for Kingsman: The Secret Service". Google Play. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Robert. "Matthew Vaughn Says Third 'Kingsman' Film Already Planned". Variety. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Total Film - September 2017
Jump up ^ Watson, Lexi; Jeffery, Morgan. "Exclusive: Kingsman 3 could be the end of the franchise, with Matthew Vaughn planning a trilogy". DigitalSpy. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Chichizola, Corey (19 September 2017). "How Many Kingsman Movies Matthew Vaughn Plans to Make". Cinemablend.
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