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Washington Square Park
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For other uses, see Washington Park (disambiguation), Washington Square (disambiguation), and Washington Square Park (disambiguation).
Washington Square Park
The Washington Square Arch, at the park's northern gateway
Type
Municipal public park
Coordinates
40°43′51″N 73°59′51″W / 40.73083°N 73.99750°W / 40.73083; -73.99750Coordinates: 40°43′51″N 73°59′51″W / 40.73083°N 73.99750°W / 40.73083; -73.99750
Area
9.75 acres (4 ha)
Created
1871
Operated by
New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
Status
Open
Washington Square Park is a 9.75-acre (39,500 m2) public park in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City. One of the best known of New York City's 1,900 public parks, it is a landmark as well as a meeting place and center for cultural activity.[1] It is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.
The park is an open space, dominated by the Washington Square Arch at the northern gateway to the park, with a tradition of celebrating nonconformity. The park's fountain area has long been one of the city's popular spots for residents and tourists. Most of the buildings surrounding the park now belong to New York University, but many have at one time served as homes and studios for artists. Some of the buildings have been built by NYU while others have been converted from their former uses into academic and residential buildings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Location and features
2 History
2.1 Early usage
2.2 Creation of Washington Square
2.3 Construction of the arch
2.4 Early 20th-century renovation
2.5 Mid-20th century
2.6 Early 21st-century renovation
3 Cultural importance
3.1 Performers and entertainers
3.2 Protests and demonstrations
3.3 Notable people
3.4 In popular culture
4 References
5 External links
Location and features[edit]
An aerial view of Washington Square Park and the start of Fifth Avenue, as seen from New York University's Kimmel Center on Washington Square South.
Located at the foot of Fifth Avenue, the park is bordered by Washington Square North (Waverly Place east and west of the park), Washington Square East (University Place north of the park), Washington Square South (West 4th Street east and west of the park), and Washington Square West (MacDougal Street north and south of the park).
While the park contains many flower beds and trees, little of the park is used for plantings due to the paving. The two prominent features are the Washington Square Arch and a large fountain. It includes children's play areas, trees and gardens, paths to stroll on, a chess and scrabble playing area, park benches, picnic tables, commemorative statuary and two dog runs.[1]
Statue of Giuseppe Garibaldi
Those commemorated by statues and monuments include George Washington; Italian patriot and soldier Giuseppe Garibaldi, commander of the insurrectionist forces in Italy's struggle for unification; and Alexander Lyman Holley, a talented engineer who helped start the American steel industry after the invention of the Bessemer process for mass-producing steel.[1]
The New York City Police Department operates security cameras in the park.[2] The New York University Department of Public Safety also keeps a watch on the park, and the city parks department has security officers who sometimes patrol the park. The area has a low crime rate in the "safest big city in the United States."[3]
History[edit]
Early usage [edit]
Hangman's Elm
The land was once divided by a narrow marshy valley through which Minetta Creek (or Brook) ran.[4] In the early 17th century, a Native American village known as Sapokanican[5] or "Tobacco Field" was nearby. By the mid-17th century, the land on each side of the Minetta was used as farm land by the Dutch. The Dutch gave the land, then outside the city limits (Wall Street) to Angolan residents of the colony, intending for their plots and settlement to serve as a buffer zone to hostile Native Americans outside the settlement. The families who received the land were told, although they were no longer slaves, they had to give a portion of the profits they received from the land to the Dutch West India Company. Also, their children would be born as slave, rather than free. The tract, then called "the Land of the Blacks", is today Washington Square Park. owned by Africans from 1643 to 1664, became the core of an early African American community in New York, "Little Africa, centered around Minetta Lane, just south of the Park.[6] Among those who who owned parcels in what is now Washington Square Park, then "The Land of the Blacks" was Paulo D'Angola.[7]
It remained farmland until April 1797, when the Common Council of New York purchased the fields to the east of the Minetta (which were not yet within city limits) for a new potter's field, or public burial ground. It was used mainly for burying unknown or indigent people when they died.[4] But when New York (which did not include this area yet) went through yellow fever epidemics in the early 19th century, most of those who died from yellow fever were also buried here, safely away from town, as a hygienic measure.[8]
A legend in many tourist guides says that the large elm at the northwest corner of the park, Hangman's Elm, was the old hanging tree.[8] However, research indicates the tree was on the side of the former Minetta Creek that was the back garden of a private house.[4] Records of only one public hanging at the potter's field exist. Two eyewitnesses to the recorded hanging differed on the location of the gallows. One said it had been put up at a spot where the fountain was prior to 2007 park redesign. Others placed the gallows closer to where the arch is now. However, the cemetery was closed in 1825. To this day, the remains of more than 20,000 bodies rest under Washington Square.[4] Excavations have found tombstones under the park dating as far back as 1799.[9]
Creation of Washington Square[edit]
Washington Square, New York Public Library
A view of the park, showing the Washington Square Arch and the central fountain
In 1826, the city bought the land west of Minetta Creek, the square was laid out and leveled, and it was turned into the Washington Military Parade Ground. Military parade grounds were public spaces specified by the city where volunteer militia companies responsible for the nation's defense would train.
The streets surrounding the square became one of the city's most desirable residential areas in the 1830s. The protected row of Greek Revival style houses on the north side of the park remains from that time.[10]
In 1849 and 1850, the parade ground was reworked into the first park on the site. More paths were added and a new fence was built around it. In 1871, it came under the control of the newly formed New York City Department of Parks, and it was redesigned again, with curving rather than straight secondary paths.[4]
Construction of the arch[edit]
Washington Square Arch
Main article: Washington Square Arch
In 1889, to celebrate the centennial of George Washington's inauguration as president of the United States, a large plaster and wood Memorial Arch was erected over Fifth Avenue just north of the park. The temporary plaster and wood arch was so popular that in 1892, a permanent Tuckahoe marble arch, designed by the New York architect Stanford White, was erected,[11] standing 77 feet (23 m) and modeled after the Arc de Triomphe, built in Paris in 1806. During the excavations for the eastern leg of the arch, human remains, a coffin, and a gravestone dated to 1803 were uncovered 10 feet (3.0 m) below ground level.[4]
The first fountain next to the arch was completed in 1852 and replaced in 1872. In 1851, it was described as having "a very large circular basin, with a central jet and several side jets." A story on the completion of the fountain appeared in the first edition of the New-York Daily Times, which would eventually become the New York Times[12]. The monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi was unveiled in 1888.[4] In 1918, two statues of George Washington were added to the north side.
Early 20th-century renovation[edit]
Washington Arch, circa 1893 by Childe Hassam
Robert Moses became the parks commissioner in 1934. He embarked on a crusade to fully redesign the park, and local activists began an opposing fight that lasted three decades.
In 1934, Robert Moses had the fountain renovated to also serve as a wading pool. In 1952, Moses finalized plans to extend 5th Avenue through the park. He intended to eventually push it through the neighborhood south of the park, as part of an urban renewal project. Area residents, including Eleanor Roosevelt, opposed the plans. The urbanist Jane Jacobs became an activist and is credited with stopping the Moses plan and closing Washington Square Park to all auto traffic, but Jacobs, in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities, praised another local advocate in the fight against park traffic, Shirley Hayes: "[Hayes and the Washington Square Park Committee] advocated eliminating the existing road, that is, closing the park to all automobile traffic – but at the same time, not widening the perimeter roads either. In short, they proposed closing off a roadbed without compensating for it."[13]
Washington Square Park, 1936
Hayes, former Chairman of the Washington Square Park Committee and member of the Greenwich Village Community Planning Board, a local resident and mother of four sons, started a public outcry for the park when large apartment buildings were raised on one of its borders. When then-Manhattan borough president Hulan E. Jack suggested an elevated pedestrian walkway over a four-lane road through the park, Ms. Hayes initiated "Save the Square!", a seven-year battle to keep automobiles out of the quiet area. Though several different proposals were given for a roadway in the park, Hayes and her followers rejected them all. Seeking to "best serve the needs of children and adults of this family community," Hayes in turn presented her own proposal: 1.75 acres (700 m2) of roadway would be converted to parkland, a paved area would be created for emergency access only, and all other vehicles would be permanently banned from the park. This plan received widespread support, including that of then-Congressman John Lindsay, as well as Washington Square Park West resident Eleanor Roosevelt. After a public hearing in 1958, a "ribbon tying" ceremony was held to mark the inception of a trial period in which the park would be free of vehicular traffic. In August 1959, the efforts of Ms. Hayes and her allies paid off; from that time forward Washington Square Park has been completely closed to traffic. A plaque commemorating her tireless crusade can be seen in the park today.
Mid-20th century[edit]
The central fountain, with the Philip Johnson-designed Bobst Library on the right
Since around the end of World War II, folksingers had been congregating on warm Sunday afternoons at the fountain in the center of the park. Tension and conflicts began to develop between the bohemian element and the remaining working-class residents of the neighborhood. The city government began showing an increasing hostility to the use of public facilities by the public and, in 1947, began requiring permits before public performances could be given in any city park.
In the spring of 1961, the new parks commissioner refused a permit to the folksingers for their Sunday afternoon gatherings, because "the folksingers have been bringing too many undesirable [beatnik] elements into the park."[14] On April 9, 1961, folk music pioneer Izzy Young, owner of the Folklore Center—who had been trying to get permits for the folksingers—and about 500 musicians and supporters gathered in the park and sang songs without a permit, then held a procession from the park through the arch at Fifth Avenue, and marched to the Judson Memorial Church on the other side of the park. At about the time the musicians and friends reached the church, the New York City Police Department Riot Squad was sent into the park, attacked civilians with billy clubs, and arrested 10 people. The incident made the front pages of newspapers as far away as Washington, DC. The New York Mirror initially reported it as a "Beatnik Riot", but retracted the headline in the next edition, although tensions remained for a while.
Early 21st-century renovation[edit]
Visitors wading in the fountain
In December 2007, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation began construction on a US$16 million project to redesign and refurbish Washington Square Park. Changes to the park's design include the realignment of the central fountain with the arch, a replacement of the existing perimeter fence with a taller iron fence, and the flattening and shrinking of the central plaza. The plan also called for the downing of dozens of mature trees and the reinstitution of ornamental water plumes in the fountain—which, opponents worried, would undermine the park's informal character.
Five lawsuits were filed to challenge the parks department's renovation plans. A 2005 suit was withdrawn by the petitioners as premature. In July 2006, New York County Supreme Court Justice Emily Jane Goodman enjoined any renovation work on the fountain or fountain plaza area, pending further review of the plans by the local community board, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and the Art Commission, stating that the parks department misrepresented the project to secure its approval, but this decision was reversed on appeal.[15] Another lawsuit challenging the art commission's approval of the plan was dismissed. Two more lawsuits questioning the environmental review of the renovation project were heard in 2007 by the New York County Supreme Court, then dismissed.
Upon the completion of phase one of the park's renovation on May 22, 2009, the Coalition for a Better Washington Square Park, a private organization, began raising money to "hire off-duty cops and maintenance workers to patrol the park" by the summer of 2010.[16]
On June 2, 2011, the eastern half of the park was reopened to the public, leaving only the park's southwest corner under construction. In mid-August 2012, the new granite benches heated up to 125°F in the sun, rendering them temporarily unusable.[17]
Washington Square Park surrounded by NYU buildings
Cultural importance[edit]
Washington Square has long been a hub for politics and culture in New York City.
Performers and entertainers[edit]
A street entertainer in Washington Square Park
The presence of street performers has been one of the defining characteristics of Washington Square Park.[18] For many years, people visiting the park have mingled with the buskers, performers, musicians, and poets.[19] Because of a change in policy on a 2010 rule that involved artists, the new ruling that was to come in on May 8, 2013, would involve entertainers. This could mean that performers could be fined $250 for the first offense and up to $1,000 for further violations. The 2010 rule on which the 2013 ruling was based stated that artists could not sell within 50 feet of a monument or five feet from any bench or fence.[18]
Protests and demonstrations[edit]
In 1834, New York University decided to use prison labor to dress the stone for its new building, across from the park, as prison labor from Sing Sing was cheaper than hiring local stonemasons. This, the stonecutters of the city said, was taking the bread out of their mouths. They held a rally in Washington Square Park, and then held the first labor march in the city. That turned into a riot, and the 27th New York regiment was called out to quell the stonecutters. The regiment camped in Washington Square for four days and nights until the excitement subsided. New York University continued their use of prison labor.[20]
In 1912, approximately 20,000 workers (including 5,000 women) marched to the park to commemorate the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, which had killed 146 workers the year before. Many of the women wore fitted tucked-front blouses like those manufactured by the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. This clothing style became the working woman's uniform and a symbol of female independence, reflecting the alliance of labor and suffrage movements. Over 25,000 people marched on the park demanding women's suffrage in 1915.[citation needed]
Notable people[edit]
Chess players in the southwest corner of the park
In 1888, Robert Louis Stevenson, visiting the U.S. to seek medical help for his battle with consumption, talked to Mark Twain in the park.[citation needed]
In the years before and after World War I, the park was a center for many American artists, writers, and activists, including the photographer André Kertész, who photographed the square during winter. Later, the park was a gathering area for the Beat generation, folk, and hippie movements in the 1950s and 1960s; in 1958, musician Buddy Holly, a nearby resident of Greenwich Village, spent time in the park both listening to people play and helping guitarists with musical chords.[21] In the mid-1960s, His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada sat beneath a tree in the park and chanted Hare Krishna to the people there. On September 27, 2007, Democratic Presidential candidate Barack Obama held a rally at Washington Square; 20,000 people registered for the event, and the crowds overflowed past security gates set up as a cordon. The New York Times described the rally "as one of the largest campaign events of the year."[22]
In popular culture[edit]
Washington Square is the setting of New York native Henry James' novel, Washington Square.
The park was featured extensively in the 2007 film I Am Legend. The protagonist, Dr. Robert Neville, played by Will Smith, lived directly across the street from the park. It was used as a major action piece, especially in the last scenes of the film.
Washington Square is the titular park in the 1967 Jane Fonda and Robert Redford vehicle Barefoot in the Park (film); taking its title from the climatic scene, where Corie says Paul is so uptight, that he won't even just walk 'barefoot in the park' with her.
Many scenes shot in the park in the film August Rush with Robin Williams and Freddie Highmore were shot in the park. Highmore, playing the titular character August Rush, a musical prodigy, basks in the park under the watchful eye of the Fagin-like Williams.
The park scene in the 1995 film Kids took place at Washington Square Park.
Built-in outdoor chess tables on the southwest corner encourage outdoor playing along with throngs of watchers (in his youth, Stanley Kubrick was a frequent player). These tables were featured in the films Searching for Bobby Fischer (1993) and Fresh (1994). The Washington Square tables form the cornerstone of what is called Manhattan's "chess district", as the area around the park (Thompson Street, between West 3rd Street and Bleecker Street) has a number of chess shops, the oldest being the Village Chess Shop, which was founded in 1972, but closed in November 2012.[23]
The park is also the starting line for the upcoming 30th season of The Amazing Race.[24]
A 1958 Jane-Jacobs-led demonstration against Robert Moses' plans for the park is featured in a 2017 episode of the Amazon series, "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel."
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Washington Square Park Highlights : NYC Parks". Nycgovparks.org. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070707210203/http://www.xcp.bfn.org/moore1.html. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "KELLY'S HEROES". Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Geismar, Joan H. Washington Square Park: Phase 1A Archaeological Assessment Archived July 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, August 2005. Accessed October 1, 2007. See page 24 of the cited document (page number 30 in the attached PDF.)
Jump up ^ Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995), The Encyclopedia of New York City, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300055366 , p. 1381
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Washington Square Park, in the heart of Greenwich Village - EC New York Blog". EC New York Blog. 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
More information can be found at the exhibit "Slavery in New York" at the New-York Historical Society of Manhattan.
^ Jump up to: a b "Washington Square Park Council". Washington Square Park Council. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sulzberger, A. G. "Gravestone From 1799 Is Found in Washington Square Park", The New York Times, October 28, 2009. Accessed April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New York Architecture Images-1-3 Washington Square North". Nyc-architecture.com. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Architectural Homage". Teachinghistory.org. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Unkown (18 September 1851). "New York City". New-York Daily Times (VOL. 1.....NO. 1.). Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Jane (1961). The Death and Life of Great American cities, p.471. Modern Library, New York. ISBN 0-679-60047-7.
Jump up ^ "Ted White: Balladeers & Billy Clubs". Ftldesign.com. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Matter of Greenberg v City of New York (2007 NY Slip Op 01943)". Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Edroso, Roy (June 22, 2009). "Washington Square Park to Get Private Security Force". The Village Voice. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hot stuff! Park benches are unfit to sit, as they hit 125 °F". The Villager. August 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "WSN : Park performers' to lose stage in Washington Square". Nyunews.com. May 1, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ The New York Times, December 4, 2011 City Cracking Down on Performers in Washington Square Park, Lisa W. Foderaro
Jump up ^ "The Great Riots of New York, 1712 to 1873 by Joel Tyler Headley – Free Ebook". Gutenberg.org. November 1, 2004. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kerns, William (August 15, 2008). "Buddy and Maria Elena Holly married 50 years ago". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Jeff, Zeleny (September 28, 2007). "Obama Distances Himself From Clinton, on Her Turf". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2007. Mr. Obama's aides said more than 20,000 people registered for the event through the campaign's Web site. While it was impossible to determine even a reliable attendance estimate, a view from the vantage point of an elevated lift seemed to reveal the gathering as one of the largest campaign events of the year.
Jump up ^ Jeremiah Moss (November 7, 2012). "Jeremiah's Vanishing New York: Village Chess Shop". Vanishingnewyork.blogspot.com. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Big Brother 19's Jessica And Cody Bring Their Showmance To The Amazing Race - CBS.com". CBS. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington Square Park.
Information about Washington Square Park at the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation website
Washington Arch Records, 1872–1925 New-York Historical Society
Shirley Hayes Oral History Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation
Washington Square Arch: A Triumph (2001)
Guide to the Washington Square Park Redevelopment Collection, 1952-1966
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Giant slalom
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A skier attacks a gate in GS
Giant slalom (GS) is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding discipline. It involves skiing between sets of poles (gates) spaced at a greater distance from each other than in slalom but less than in Super-G.
Giant slalom and slalom make up the technical events in alpine ski racing. This category separates them from the speed events of Super-G and downhill. The technical events are normally composed of two runs, held on different courses on the same ski run.
Contents
[hide]
1 Course
2 Speed
3 Equipment
4 History
5 Men's World Cup podiums
6 Men's most podiums in World Cup
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Course[edit]
The vertical drop for a GS course must be 250–450 m (820–1,480 ft) for men, and 250–400 m (820–1,310 ft) for women. The number of gates in this event is 56–70 for men and 46–58 for women. The number of direction changes in a GS course equals 11–15% of the vertical drop of the course in metres, 13–18% for children. As an example, a course with a vertical drop of 300 m (984 ft) would have 33–45 direction changes for an adult race.[1]
Speed[edit]
Olympian Lotte Smiseth Sejersted
in a GS race
Although not the fastest event in skiing, on average a well-trained racer may reach average speeds of 40 km/h (25 mph) in the giant slalom.
Equipment[edit]
Top: giant slalom skis from 2006,
bottom: slalom skis.
Giant slalom skis are shorter than super-G and downhill skis, and longer than slalom skis.
In an attempt to increase safety for the 2003–04 season, the International Ski Federation (FIS) increased the minimum sidecut radius for giant slalom skis to 21 m (69 ft) and for the first time imposed minimum ski lengths for GS: 185 cm (72.8 in) for men and 180 cm (70.9 in) for women. A maximum stand height (the distance from the snow to the sole of the boot) of 55 mm (2.17 in) was also established for all disciplines.
In May 2006, the FIS announced further changes to the rules governing equipment. Beginning with the 2007–08 season, the minimum radius for GS skis was increased to 27 m (89 ft) for men and 23 m (75 ft) for women. Additionally, the minimum ski width at the waist was increased from 60 to 65 mm (2.36 to 2.56 in), and the maximum stand height for all disciplines was reduced to 50 mm (1.97 in).[1] The best skiers tended to use a bigger sidecut radius, like Ted Ligety 29 m (95 ft) and Lindsey Vonn 27 m (89 ft).
For the 2012–13 season, the FIS increased the sidecut radius to 35 m (115 ft) and the minimal length to 195 cm (76.8 in). Many athletes criticized this decision. Often David Dodge was cited. Dodge argues that FIS used studies which do not comprise a scientific proof. He states that it is well known that if one tips the ski 7° more the 35 m ski will have the same turning radius as the 28 m ski. He states as well that knee injuries are decreasing since the 1990s, when carving skis started to be used.[2][3][4][5][6]
History[edit]
The first giant slalom was set in 1935 on the Mottarone in Italy, over the Lake Maggiore, near Stresa, on January 20.[7] After one month, the second giant slalom was set on the Marmolada in Italy's Dolomite mountains, by Guenther Langes.[8]
The giant slalom was added to the world championships in 1950 at Aspen, Colorado, and debuted at the Winter Olympics in 1952 at Oslo, Norway, run at Norefjell. The GS has been run in every world championships and Olympics since. Originally a one-run event, a second run was added for men at the world championships in 1966, run on consecutive days, and at the Olympics in 1968. The second run for women was added at the world championships in 1978, and made its Olympic debut in 1980.
The world championships changed to a one-day format for the giant slalom in 1974, but the Olympics continued the GS as a two-day event through 1980. Also scheduled for two days in 1984, both giant slaloms became one-day events after repeated postponements of the downhills. Following the extra races added to the program in 1988, the GS has been scheduled as a one-day event at the Olympics.
Upon its introduction, giant slalom briefly displaced the combined event at the world championships; it was absent in 1950 and 1952. The combined returned in 1954 in Åre, Sweden, but as a "paper race," using the results of the three events (downhill, giant slalom, and slalom), a format used through 1980. The combined returned as a stand-alone event at the world championships in 1982 at Schladming, Austria, and at the 1988 Calgary Olympics. It was changed to the super-combined format (one run of slalom on same day as downhill) at the world championships in 2007 and the Olympics in 2010.
Men's World Cup podiums[edit]
In the following table men's giant slalom World Cup podiums from the World Cup first edition in 1967.[9]
Season
1st
2nd
3rd
1967 Jean-Claude Killy Georges Mauduit Jimmy Heuga
1968 Jean-Claude Killy Edmund Bruggmann Herbert Huber
1969 Karl Schranz Reinhard Tritscher Jean-Noel Augert
1970 Gustav Thöni Patrick Russel
Dumeng Giovanoli
1971 Gustav Thöni
Patrick Russel Edmund Bruggmann
1972 Gustav Thöni Edmund Bruggmann Rogers Rossat-Mignod
1973 Hans Hinterseer Erik Haker Adolf Rösti
1974 Piero Gros Hans Hinterseer Gustav Thöni
1975 Ingemar Stenmark Piero Gros Erik Haker
1976 Ingemar Stenmark Gustav Thöni Piero Gros
1977 Ingemar Stenmark
Heini Hemmi Klaus Heidegger
1978 Ingemar Stenmark Andreas Wenzel Phil Mahre
1979 Ingemar Stenmark Peter Lüscher Bojan Krizaj
1980 Ingemar Stenmark Hans Enn Jacques Lüthy
1981 Ingemar Stenmark Alexander Zhirov Phil Mahre
1982 Phil Mahre Ingemar Stenmark Marc Girardelli
1983 Phil Mahre Ingemar Stenmark
Max Julen
1984 Ingemar Stenmark
Pirmin Zurbriggen Hans Enn
1985 Marc Girardelli Pirmin Zurbriggen Thomas Bürgler
1986 Joel Gaspoz Ingemar Stenmark Hubert Strolz
1987 Pirmin Zurbriggen
Joel Gaspoz Richard Pramotton
1988 Alberto Tomba Hubert Strolz Helmut Mayer
1989 Ole-Christian Furuseth
Pirmin Zurbriggen Rudolf Nierlich
1990 Günther Mader
Ole-Christian Furuseth Hubert Strolz
1991 Alberto Tomba Rudolf Nierlich Marc Girardelli
1992 Alberto Tomba Hans Pieren Paul Accola
1993 Kjetil-Andre Aamodt Alberto Tomba Marc Girardelli
1994 Christian Mayer Kjetil-Andre Aamodt Franck Piccard
1995 Alberto Tomba Jure Kosir Harald Strand Nilsen
1996 Michael von Grünigen Urs Kälin Lasse Kjus
1997 Michael von Grünigen Kjetil-Andre Aamodt Hans Knauß
1998 Hermann Maier Michael von Grünigen Christian Mayer
1999 Michael von Grünigen Stephan Eberharter Hermann Maier
2000 Hermann Maier Christian Mayer Michael von Grünigen
2001 Hermann Maier Michael von Grünigen Erik Schlopy
2002 Frederic Covili Benjamin Raich Stephan Eberharter
2003 Michael von Grünigen Bode Miller Hans Knauß
2004 Bode Miller Kalle Palander Massimiliano Blardone
2005 Benjamin Raich Bode Miller Thomas Grandi
2006 Benjamin Raich Massimiliano Blardone Fredrik Nyberg
2007 Aksel Lund Svindal Massimiliano Blardone Benjamin Raich
2008 Ted Ligety Benjamin Raich Manfred Mölgg
2009 Didier Cuche Benjamin Raich Ted Ligety
2010 Ted Ligety Carlo Janka Benjamin Raich
2011 Ted Ligety Aksel Lund Svindal Cyprien Richard
2012 Marcel Hirscher Ted Ligety Massimiliano Blardone
2013 Ted Ligety Marcel Hirscher Alexis Pinturault
2014 Ted Ligety Marcel Hirscher Alexis Pinturault
2015 Marcel Hirscher Alexis Pinturault Ted Ligety
2016 Marcel Hirscher Alexis Pinturault Henrik Kristoffersen
2017 Marcel Hirscher Mathieu Faivre Alexis Pinturault
Men's most podiums in World Cup[edit]
Skiers having most podium in FIS Alpine Ski World Cup.[10]
Still active
Updated to 5 February 2018.
#
Skier
Total
Last
1
Ingemar Stenmark 72 19-02-1989
2
Marcel Hirscher 52 28-01-2018
3
Michael Von Grueningen 46 15-03-2003
4
Ted Ligety 41 28-01-2018
5
Benjamin Raich 35 01-03-2015
6
Alberto Tomba 31 06-01-1998
7
Hermann Maier 28 23-10-2005
8
Phil Mahre 26 05-03-1984
9
Gustavo Thoeni 26 02-01-1977
10
Alexis Pinturault 26 06-01-2018
11
Marc Girardelli 26 27-03-1993
12
Massimiliano Blardone 25 13-02-2016
13
Bode Miller 21 08-12-2013
14
Fredrik Nyberg 20 17-03-2006
See also[edit]
List of Olympic medalists in men's giant slalom
List of Olympic medalists in women's giant slalom
List of Paralympic medalists in men's giant slalom
List of Paralympic medalists in women's giant slalom
List of World Champions in giant slalom
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The International Ski Competition Rules" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-01-16.
Jump up ^ Ted Ligety, Skiing's Most Outspoken Critic, Is Still the Best in the World, bleacher report, 2012-10-28.
Jump up ^ A Letter To FIS, David Dodge, 2011.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Update on Injury Trends in Alpine Skiing, Johnson, Etlinger, Shealy, Update on Injury Trends in Alpine Skiing, 2009
Jump up ^ Unfälle und Verletzungen im alpinen Skisport, David Schulz, Auswertungsstelle für Skiunfälle, Stiftung Sicherheit im Skisport, 2011.
Jump up ^ Francesco Vida. La storia dello sci in Italia.
Jump up ^ Allen, John. "First Giant Slalom". Skiing Heritage. International Skiing History Assoc. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Winter Sports Chart - Alpine Skiing". wintersport-charts.info. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "GIANT SLALOM - COMPETITORS HAVING MORE THAN ONE PODIUM". fis-ski.com. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to Giant slalom skiing at Wikimedia Commons
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State Ministry for Reconciliation and Civic Equality of Georgia
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State Ministry for Reconciliation and Civic Equality
შერიგებისა და სამოქალაქო თანასწორობის საკითხებში სახელმწიფო მინისტრის აპარატი
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Agency overview
Formed
January 24, 2008
Superseding agency
State Ministry on Conflict Resolution Issues
Headquarters
7 Ingorokva str. Tbilisi, Georgia 0134
Agency executive
Ketevan Tsikhelashvili,
State Minister for Reintegration
Website
www.smr.gov.ge
The State Ministry for Reconciliation and Civic Equality (Georgian: შერიგებისა და სამოქალაქო თანასწორობის საკითხებში სახელმწიფო მინისტრის აპარატი) is a governmental agency within the Cabinet of Georgia in charge of coordination and monitoring of activities undertaken towards Georgian–Ossetian and Georgian–Abkhazian conflict resolution, generating new peace initiatives and reintegrating the conflict regions and their population with the rest of Georgia.[1] The ministry was established in 2008 and it was known as the State Ministry for Reintegration until 2014. Incumbent minister is Ketevan Tsikhelashvili[2]
Contents
1 History
2 Structure
3 Ministers
3.1 State Ministers of Conflict Resolution Issues
3.2 State Ministers for Reintegration
3.3 State Ministers for Reconciliation and Civic Equality
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
The office was established on January 24, 2008 by Presidential Decree No. 33 effectively replacing State Ministry on Conflict Resolution Issues. On February 8, 2008, office of the minister was created and all of its statutes approved by Resolution No. 23. Its first minister Temur Iakobashvili was appointed on January 31, 2008.
After establishment of the agency, Georgian officials proposed a peace format "3+1" (Russia, North Ossetia–Alania, separatist authorities of South Ossetia and Georgia) through "2+2+2" format, where conflict resolution negotiations would be held in three levels. The first level was proposed to include local leaders of the Tskhinvali separatist authorities and Dmitry Sanakoyev's Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia. The second level was to include Russian and Georgia as international legal parties to the conflict and the third level was to involve OSCE and the EU as neutral international mediating parties. Both Russia and South Ossetian separatist authorities rejected the proposal.[1] On January 1, 2014, the ministry was renamed into the State Ministry for Reconciliation and Civic Equality with the declared aim of easing engagement with Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[3]
Structure[edit]
Main functions of the agency are providing political support for both Georgian–Ossetian and Georgian–Abkhazian conflict resolutions, initiating new peace proposals and assisting with reintegration of breakaway regions and its Abkhazian, Ossetian and Georgian population with the rest of Georgia. The office also facilitates the process of creating necessary preconditions for a full scale resolution of the conflicts including reactivation of Georgian-Ossetian and Georgian-Abkhaz relations. Among main aims of the agency were involving European Neighborhood Program, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe rehabilitation programs and European Union as chief mediator in the peaceful conflict resolution process.[1] The activities of the office also include development, organization and management of the peace process, instituting mechanisms for unconditional return of refugees and IDPs to their homes, restoration of economic ties with Abkhazia and South Ossetia and contributing to joint economic activities, restoration and development of social ties with the breakaway regions, elaboration of a mutually acceptable system of political arrangement based on democratic principles.[4]
Ministers[edit]
State Ministers of Conflict Resolution Issues[edit]
Giorgi Khaindrava, 2004–2006
Merab Antadze, 2006–2007
David Bakradze, 2007–2008
State Ministers for Reintegration[edit]
Temur Iakobashvili, 2008–2010
Ekaterine Tkeshelashvili, 2010–2012
Paata Zakareishvili, 2012–2014
State Ministers for Reconciliation and Civic Equality[edit]
Paata Zakareishvili, 2014–2016
Ketevan Tsikhelashvili, 2016-present
See also[edit]
Georgia portal
Cabinet of Georgia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Diaspora Ministry. Chapter 4: The Period Following the Rose Revolution". Retrieved 2011-02-16.
Jump up ^ "Government of Georgia. Members". Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
Jump up ^ State Ministry for Reintegration Renamed. Civil Georgia. January 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Office of the State Minister for Reintegration. Mission Statement". Retrieved 2011-02-16.
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