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Groot
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For other uses, see Groot (surname) and de Groot.
For the mountain, see Hohgrat.
Groot
Groot (left) with Rocket Raccoon.
Art by Clint Langley.
Publication information
Publisher
Marvel Comics
First appearance
Tales to Astonish #13 (November 1960)
Created by
Stan Lee
Larry Lieber
Jack Kirby
In-story information
Species
Flora Colossus
Team affiliations
Guardians of the Galaxy
S.H.I.E.L.D. Paranormal Containment Unit
Partnerships
Rocket Racoon
Notable aliases
Monarch of Planet X
Abilities
Accelerated healing factor
Superhuman strength and durability
Elasticity/plasticity
Plant manipulation
Groot (/ɡruːt/) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Tales to Astonish #13 (November 1960). An extraterrestrial, sentient tree-like creature, the original Groot first appeared as an invader that intended to capture humans for experimentation.
The character was reintroduced as a heroic, noble being in 2006, and appeared in the crossover comic book storyline "Annihilation: Conquest". Groot went on to star in its spin-off series, Guardians of the Galaxy, joining the team of the same name. Groot has been featured in a variety of associated Marvel merchandise, including animated television series, toys and trading cards. Vin Diesel voices Groot in the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy, its 2017 sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and reprised the role in the 2018 film Avengers: Infinity War while Krystian Godlewski played the character via performance capture in the first film. Since his film premiere and animated series debut, Groot has become a pop culture icon, with his repeated line "I am Groot" becoming an internet meme.[1]
Contents
1 Publication history
2 Origins
3 Fictional character biography
3.1 Original Groot
3.2 Guardians of the Galaxy's Groot
4 Powers and abilities
5 "I am Groot"
6 In other media
6.1 Television
6.2 Film
6.3 Video games
6.4 Toys
6.5 Telecommunications
6.6 Theme Parks
7 Collected editions
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Publication history[edit]
Groot first appeared in Tales to Astonish #13 (November 1960), and was created by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby.[2] "Groot" is the Dutch word for "large", possibly referring to his stature and ability to grow in size.[3] He appeared again in The Incredible Hulk Annual #5 (Oct. 1976), alongside five other monsters from Marvel's anthology horror comics of the late 1950s and early 1960s. In The Sensational Spider-Man #−1 (July 1997), Groot was featured in a nightmare of the young Peter Parker.
Groot reappeared in 2006 in the six-issue limited series Nick Fury's Howling Commandos, and appeared in the Annihilation: Conquest and Annihilation: Conquest – Star-Lord limited series. Groot went on to join the Guardians of the Galaxy in the series of the same name, and remained a fixture of the title until its cancellation with issue #25 in 2010. Groot appeared in its follow-up, the limited series The Thanos Imperative, and, alongside fellow Guardian Rocket Raccoon, Groot starred in backup features in Annihilators #1–4 (March–June 2011) and Annihilators: Earthfall #1–4 (September–December 2011).
Groot appeared in issues #6–8 of Avengers Assemble as a member of the Guardians. Groot is one of the stars of Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3, a part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch.[4]
In March 2015, it was announced that Groot would be getting his very first solo series by writer Jeff Loveness and artist Brian Kesinger.[5]
The Groot that debuted in Tales to Astonish and the one that was introduced in Annihilation: Conquest were retroactively established as being separate members of the same species in the sixth and final issue of the Groot ongoing series that launched in June 2015.[6] With Infinity Wars in August of 2018, however, Groot specifically references the fact that during his first visit to the planet Earth, he had promised to "march across the surface of the planet and doom all who dared to oppose Groot."[7] This seemingly reverted the character's origins to having both eras of Groot referencing the same persona, therefore invalidating the retroactive change from issue six of the Groot series.
Origins[edit]
Groot is a Flora colossus from Planet X, the capital of the branch worlds. The Flora colossi are tree-like beings whose language is almost impossible to understand due to the stiffness of their larynges, causing their speech to sound like they are repeating the phrase "I am Groot". Other beings try to be friendly but become angry with the Flora colossi for not being able to speak. (Groot was shown to be capable of speaking not just understandably but eloquently throughout Annihilation: Conquest.) The Flora colossi are ruled over by the "Arbor Masters" and teach the children of the species with "Photonic Knowledge", which is the collected knowledge of the Arbor Masters of the generations and is absorbed through photosynthesis; this is a highly advanced education method, making the Flora colossi geniuses. Planet X's biome is managed by "Maintenance Mammals" which are small squirrel-like beings.[volume & issue needed]
The Flora colossus sapling that would come to be known as "Groot" came from an "Ennobled Sap-line" and gifted with a tremendous grasp of quasi-dimensional super-positional engineering. Groot did not get along with fellow saplings but instead preferred the company of the "Maintenance Mammals", which the other saplings treated with prejudice. Groot was exiled by the "Arbor Masters" in GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY #14[8] after killing another sapling to defend a maintenance mammal it was brutalizing.
An alternate origin was presented in the Groot ongoing series. In the story, it is revealed that the other Flora colossi had been abducting organisms from other planets, including a young human girl named Hannah. After seeing Hannah, Groot realized what his people were doing was wrong and managed to save the child and send her back to Earth. However, for his disobedience, Groot was exiled from Planet X and forced to wander the universe until he met Rocket Raccoon many decades later where this version of Groot later became a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy.[6]
Yet another alternate origin was presented in "Guardians of Infinity", written by Edgardo Miranda Rodriguez, wherein a woman makes the claim that Groot is a ceiba tree from Ponce, Puerto Rico. According to Puerto Rican folklore, a ceiba tree is believed to possess the spirits of the indigenous Taino population that formerly thrived on the Caribbean island. By her logic, the woman considers Groot to be Puerto Rican.[9]
Fictional character biography[edit]
Original Groot[edit]
Groot is an extraterrestrial tree monster who initially came to Earth seeking humans to capture and study. Groot was seemingly destroyed by termites used by Leslie Evans.[10]
Xemnu made a duplicate of Groot by making a human and tree hybrid that was used to fight the Hulk, but it was destroyed in the battle.[11]
Groot was later revealed to have survived, but was a captive of the Collector and held in his zoo in Canada until Groot and the other captive creatures were freed by the Mole Man. Groot and the other creatures rampaged in New York City until they were stopped by a band of superheroes, and were then dumped through a portal to the Negative Zone.[12]
Groot was later tracked down and captured by S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Paranormal Containment Unit, nicknamed the Howling Commandos when his tree scent was detected by Sasquatch and Abominable Snowman.[13] While Groot was being held captive, Gorilla-Man talked to Groot about joining the Howling Commandos.[14] When Merlin and his forces attacked the base, the Howling Commandos let Groot and their other captives free and they stampeded on Merlin's army; Groot was the only one to turn back and offered to join the Howling Commandos.[15] Groot aided the Howling Commandos as they assaulted Merlin's forces.[16]
Guardians of the Galaxy's Groot[edit]
A different Groot played a part in Annihilation: Conquest, at which time it was shown Groot may be the last remaining member of the Flora Colossi, and was under arrest by the Kree for an unknown reason. Groot earned freedom by joining Star-Lord's strike force, where Groot and Rocket Raccoon formed a bond, Rocket being one of the few beings with the ability to understand Groot's language.[17] Star-Lord's team fought their way through the Phalanx, but after the death of Deathcry the team decided to escape through a drainage pipe that Groot could not fit into.
As a consequence of the battle, Groot dies, buying the team some time to escape.[18] A new Groot was created as a sprig offshoot and went on to accompany the team on their continued mission against the Phalanx, but was one of the team members captured by the Phalanx.[19] Groot and the others were freed by Mantis, and escaped back to the lines of the Kree’s resistance. In time, Groot's body regenerated from the twig, growing back to full size. Groot and the others intended to carry on as part of Star-Lord's team.[20]
Groot and the team returned to Hala to prepare another assault against the Phalanx, but their agent Blastaar was captured by the Phalanx and taken to their Babel Spire as he tried to carry Groot's pollen spores.[21] Groot and Rocket Raccoon continued their mission by sneaking into the sub-basement of the Babel Spire.[22] When Star-Lord was captured by Ultron, the original plan of laying explosives in the Spire failed, so Rocket Raccoon and Groot needed to come up with a new plan.[23] Groot decided to sprout inside the Spire, growing to colossal size and filling a large portion of the building.
Mantis was able to remix Groot's sap in a way as to make it extremely flammable, and again Groot died for the team, this time by purposefully igniting so the resulting fire would destroy the Babel Spire.[24] A cutting of Groot was kept by Rocket Raccoon, though, and Groot was again able to regrow.[25] Groot then joined the new Guardians of the Galaxy (or, as Groot would have it, "Groot and Branches"), and began regrowing under the care of Mantis.[26][27]
When the Guardians reformed, Groot joined with Star-Lord, Rocket Raccoon, Drax the Destroyer and Gamora, whom Groot counted as friends.[28]
During the 2015 Secret Wars storyline, Groot is with the Guardians of the Galaxy when they take part in the incursion between Earth-616 and Earth-1610. Groot and Rocket Raccoon are killed by the Children of Tomorrow.[29] However, when Peter Quill — one of the few survivors of the incursions from Earth-616 — finds himself confronted by Black Swan in the castle of Emperor Doom, he reveals that he has been carrying a small twig of Groot in his pocket ever since the incursion, slamming it into the roots of the World Tree and causing Groot to transform the giant tree into his body, decimating Doom's castle as the surviving heroes mount their final assault.[30]
During the "Civil War II" storyline, Groot and the Guardians of the Galaxy are summoned by Captain Marvel to help her in her fight against Iron Man's side when it came to the fate of the Inhuman Ulysses Cain. The resulting battle damaged the Guardians of the Galaxy's ship stranding them on Earth.[31]
During the "Monsters Unleashed" storyline, the Guardians of the Galaxy defend Groot from a snake-headed Leviathon.[32]
During the "Secret Empire" storyline, Groot and the rest of the Guardians of the Galaxy assist Captain Marvel, the Alpha Flight Space Program, members of the Ultimates, Hyperion, and Quasar in intercepting a fleet of Chitauri that are approaching Earth until a Hydra-aligned Steve Rogers activated the Planetary Defense Shield trapping those fighting the Chitauri outside of Earth's atmosphere.[33] Star-Lord, Rocket Raccoon, and Groot try to enlist representatives of the Skrulls, Kree, Brood, Shi'ar and Spartax empires that are on the Galactic Council in helping against the Chitauri hordes and to break down the Planetary Defense Shield and get rid of Hydra. Realizing they are now facing a galaxy without human interference, the Galactic Council refuses aid and attempt to kill the three Guardians as they flee.[34] After the Planetary Defense Shield is shut down, Groot and the Guardians of the Galaxy join the final battle against Hydra.[35]
Rocket Raccoon and Groot are on their way to the Stohlad Ring when they are ambushed by Gardener where he shattered Groot because the Guardians of the Galaxy "corrupted" him and devated him from his true purpose. Rocket Raccoon escaped with a splinter where Groot grew a new body from it.[36]
During the "Infinity Countdown" storyline, Groot was with the Guardians of the Galaxy when they notice that the planet Telferina is under attack by the Flora Colossi that Gardener grew from Groot's splinters. Groot got close to Gardener and used his healing powers to purge the poison that Loki put in him from his body. Gardener repaid Groot by using his abilities to restore Groot back to his previous size. In addition, Groot can now speak in full sentences and refers to himself in the third person.[37]
Powers and abilities[edit]
Groot can absorb wood as food, and has the ability to regenerate. Groot can control trees and plants, using them to attack others, and appears to be resistant to fire. Groot is able to sprout dramatically increasing mass which then severely inhibits movement.[volume & issue needed]
Groot has been seemingly killed on multiple occasions, each time regrowing from a sprig.[volume & issue needed]
"I am Groot"[edit]
Black Bolt's brother Maximus the Mad asserted that whenever Groot is saying the trademark "I am Groot!" he has actually been saying a number of things, and his varying inflections of the sentence are the equivalent of words and sentences. People who have interacted with Groot are gradually able to decipher the meaning of the inflections and can carry on full conversations with Groot as time goes on. The mature form of Groot's species is robust and heavyweight, which causes the organs of acoustic generation to become stiff and inflexible. It is this hardened nature of Groot's larynx that causes people, who are oblivious to the subtle nuances of Flora Colossi speech, to misinterpret Groot as merely repeating his name. It could not be determined whether Maximus's claim was true or merely another manifestation of his madness, though Groot did genuinely seem to be assisting Maximus with highly advanced engineering.[38] Later, in All New X-Men #23, Jean Grey telepathically links with Groot, showing that Groot's thought processes are indeed complex, and the declaration of "I am Groot!" usually represents attempts at highly intelligent communication.[39]
In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the Flora colossi language is offered as an elective in Asgardian schools; in Avengers: Infinity War, Thor reveals that he understands what Groot is saying because he had taken said elective class.
In other media[edit]
Television[edit]
Groot appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Troy Baker.[40] He (along with the other Guardians of the Galaxy) appear in the episode "Michael Korvac".
Groot appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man cartoon series, initially voiced by Michael Clarke Duncan (in "Guardians of the Galaxy"), and later by Kevin Michael Richardson (for subsequent episodes). He first appears in the episode "Guardians of the Galaxy" in his stick form before later growing to his full size to defeat Korvac and some of the Chitauri soldiers. At the end of the episode, two irises briefly open up as Groot says 'I am Groot' and Spider-Man says 'He is Groot', a dedication due to Duncan's passing in 2012 where the episode was dedicated in memory of him.[41] Groot returns in "The Return of the Guardians of the Galaxy" alongside the other Guardians to repair their spaceship at the same time when Titus was leading the Chitauri army into targeting Nova's helmet. While on Earth, Groot blended in by posing as a tree in front of Aunt May's house. The episode "Return to the Spider-Verse" Pt. 2 featured an alternate version of Groot who resides in a pirate reality and is the sentient pirate ship of Web Beard with his head being the figurehead of the pirate ship.
Groot appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson.[42]
Groot appears in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., with Kevin Michael Richardson reprising the role.[43]
Groot appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers episode "Guardians of the Galaxy".
Kevin Michael Richardson reprises his role in the animated series Guardians of the Galaxy.[44] The episode "Origins" revealed that Groot's planet was invaded by Ronan the Accuser and Groot was the last of his kind once Ronan's army was done with the Flora Colossus. In the episode "Can't Fight This Seedling", Star-Lord fell into the green thing within Groot while fighting the parasitic fungus and had a vision that the green thing can be used to recreate the Flora Colossus race. Baby Groot appears in "Mission: Breakout", the title of the third season.
Groot appears in the Christmas TV special Marvel Super Hero Adventures: Frost Fight! voiced again by Kevin Michael Richardson. In order to obtain money to repair their ship, Groot and Rocket Raccoon take up the bounty to apprehend Santa Claus where they have an encounter with Mrs. Claus.
Groot appears in the Rocket and Groot shorts, voiced again by Kevin Michael Richardson.
Groot appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy: The Thanos Threat, voiced again by Kevin Michael Richardson.[45]
Film[edit]
Groot in a character poster for the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy.
Groot appears in the 2014 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced by Vin Diesel (who performed the voice work for a number of languages the movie was released in and also provided some motion capture elements for the character).[46][47][48] Although initially simply described as Rocket's hired muscle, he shows a softer side throughout the film, growing a flower to give to a little girl and saving Drax the Destroyer's life even after Drax's actions brought Ronan the Accuser's forces to them. He agrees with Peter Quill's plan to stand up to Ronan, and later seemingly sacrifices himself to save the rest of the team by enveloping them in a wooden ball grown from himself as Ronan's ship crashes. At the film's conclusion, Rocket has recovered a twig from Groot, which is shown to be regrowing into a miniature Groot; this new Groot is actually Groot's offspring.[49] When sacrificing himself, he actually speaks another phrase, "We are Groot", which implies a bond formed among the heroes.
Vin Diesel again voices and motion-captures Groot in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, released in May 2017.[50] Still a small child in the film, Baby Groot continues to travel with the Guardians, but genuinely acts like a child, such as dancing to music while the rest of the team are trying to defeat a monster. He is briefly captured by the Ravagers, along with Rocket and Yondu, while Quill, Drax and Gamora are visiting Quill's father Ego, but when the Ravagers mockingly decide to make him their mascot, Groot is able to help Rocket and Yondu escape capture and go to assist the other Guardians in the confrontation with Ego. In the final battle, Groot is entrusted with planting a bomb on Ego's core as the only person small enough to fit through the cracks, although he was initially unable to remember which button on the bomb would start the timer and which would set it off immediately. In a mid-credits sequence, Groot has grown to a rebellious adolescent stage.
Diesel reprised his role again in the 2018 film Avengers: Infinity War[51], with Groot in his adolescent form from Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[52] In the film, Groot accompanies Rocket and Thor to Nidavellir, a dwarf planet where Thor asks the dwarf king Eitri to forge a weapon. He assists Eitri in molding the weapon, and severs one of his hands, which forms the handle of Thor's new weapon, the Stormbreaker. He later joins the rest of the Avengers and Rocket in the battle of Wakanda. Groot is one of the victims of Thanos after he claims all of the Infinity Stones and wipes out half of all life in the universe.
Video games[edit]
Groot appears as a summon skill for Rocket Raccoon called "My Friend Groot", in Marvel Heroes. He also appears in the game as a team-up hero.
Groot appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes,[53] voiced by Troy Baker.[54]
Groot was a playable character in the Marvel: Avengers Alliance game on Facebook.
Groot is a playable character in Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson.
Groot is a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
Groot is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.
Groot is a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
Groot appears in Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series, voiced by Adam Harrington.
Groot appears in Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite as part of Rocket Raccoon's assist call-based moves during Rocket's gameplay. Kevin Michael Richardson reprises his role.[55]
Groot is as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2, voiced by Stefan Ashton Frank[56]. He has three variations including Small Groot (based off Baby Groot from the second film), Small Groot with a Ravager uniform, and normal-sized Groot.[57]
Toys[edit]
A Groot action figure was included with the Guardians of the Galaxy pack in 2011 part of the Marvel Universe toyline.[citation needed]
A Rocket Raccoon and Groot figure set with a "Dancing Baby Groot" will be released by Hot Toys.[58]
Funko announced the "Dancing Groot Funko POP" vinyl figure on August 26, 2014 and released it shortly after Christmas 2014.[59]
Telecommunications[edit]
In 2014 Twilio employee Ricky Robinett set up a phone number at which Groot can be texted, (866) 740-4531, which results in the character's familiar response "I am Groot".[60]
Theme Parks[edit]
Baby Groot appears in the ride Guardians of the Galaxy Mission Breakout at Disney's California Adventure voiced by Fred Tatasciore. He and the other Guardians are captured by the Collector and have to be rescued by Rocket and the guests. In the Halloween version of the ride titled "Monsters After Dark," the Guardians accidentally left Groot behind during their escape, so Rocket goes back and has the guests distract Surtur's Fire Dragon so they can escape.[61]
Collected editions[edit]
Rocket Raccoon & Groot: The Complete Collection (softcover, April 2013, ISBN 978-0-7851-6713-6) collects: a story from Tales to Astonish #13, the story from Marvel Preview #7, The Incredible Hulk #271, Rocket Raccoon Vol. 1 #1–4, Annihilators #1–4, and Annihilators: Earthfall #1–4.
Groot (hardcover, February 2016, ISBN 978-0785195528) collects: Groot (2015) #1-6
Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 0: Bite and Bark (softcover, October 2016, ISBN 978-1302902186) collects: Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 #1-11, Groot #1-6, and material from Guardians of the Galaxy: Tomorrow's Avengers #1.
Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 1: Tricks of the Trades! (softcover, August 2016, ISBN 978-0785199731) collects: Rocket Raccoon & Groot #1-6.
Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 2: (softcover, November 2016, ISBN 978-0785199748) collects: Rocket Raccoon & Groot #7-10, TBD.
See also[edit]
List of Marvel Comics superhero debuts
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Vin Diesel: Groot & Hulk Must 'Get Down' in Infinity War". Screenrant.com. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "James Gunn explains Groot's age difference in 'Guardians 2' vs. 'Infinity War' footage". Ew.com. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment [@Marvel] (17 October 2013). "#Groot joins #LEGO #Marvel Super Heroes, and we've got your EXCLUSIVE first look!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Groot". Behind the Voice Actors. Archived from the original on August 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Capcom. Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite. Capcom. Scene: Credits, "Cast".
Jump up ^ "Stefan Ashton Frank-The Voice Dude". Facebook.com. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 coming to PC, PS4, Switch, Xbox One". Polygon.com. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Ratcliffe, Amy (August 6, 2014). "Rejoice Because Hot Toys Is Making THAT Groot Toy from Guardians of the Galaxy". Nerdist. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. The potted Groot is a bonus accessory available exclusively to people who order the Hot Toys Rocket Raccoon and Groot figure set from Sideshow Collectibles.
Jump up ^ Dain, John (August 26, 2014). "Check out the Baby Groot POP Vinyl release". popvinyl.net. Archived from the original on November 28, 2014. The Funko Dancing Baby Groot Funko POP Vinyl Figure
Jump up ^ Kumparak, Greg (September 15, 2014). "You Can Now Text Groot". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Glover, Erin (October 23, 2017). "Experience Guardians of the Galaxy – Monsters After Dark All Day on October 31 at Disney California Adventure Park". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
External links[edit]
Groot at the Comic Book DB
Groot at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
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text:
Group 10 element
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Group 10" redirects here. For the rugby league competition, see Group 10 Rugby League.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Group 10 in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
group 9 ← → group 11
IUPAC group number
10
Name by element nickel group
CAS group number
(US, pattern A-B-A)
part of VIIIB
old IUPAC number
(Europe, pattern A-B)
part of VIII
↓ Period
4
Nickel (Ni)
28 Transition metal
5
Palladium (Pd)
46 Transition metal
6
Platinum (Pt)
78 Transition metal
7
Darmstadtium (Ds)
110 unknown chemical properties
Legend
primordial element
synthetic element
Atomic number color:
black=solid
v
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Group 10, numbered by current IUPAC style, is the group of chemical elements in the periodic table that consists of nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and perhaps also the chemically uncharacterized darmstadtium (Ds). All are d-block transition metals. All known isotopes of darmstadtium are radioactive with short half-lives, and are not known to occur in nature; only minute quantities have been synthesized in laboratories.
Like other groups, the members of this group show patterns in electron configuration, especially in the outermost shells, although for this group they are particularly weak, with palladium being an exceptional case. The relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital is the explanation to the predicted electron configuration of darmstadtium, which, unusually for this group, conforms to that predicted by the Aufbau principle.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chemistry
2 Properties
3 Occurrence
4 Production
5 Applications
6 Biological role and toxicity
7 See also
8 Notes and references
Chemistry[edit]
Z
Element
No. of electrons per shell
28 nickel 2, 8, 16, 2
46 palladium 2, 8, 18, 18
78 platinum 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1
110 darmstadtium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2 (predicted)
Darmstadtium has not been isolated in pure form, and its properties have not been conclusively observed; only nickel, palladium, and platinum have had their properties experimentally confirmed. All three elements are typical silvery-white transition metals, hard, and refractory, with high melting and boiling points.
Properties[edit]
Group 10 metals are white to light grey in color, and possess a high luster, a resistance to tarnish (oxidation) at STP, are highly ductile, and enter into oxidation states of +2 and +4, with +1 being seen in special conditions. The existence of a +3 state is debated, as the state could be an illusory state created by +2 and +4 states. Theory suggests that group 10 metals may produce a +6 oxidation state under precise conditions, but this remains to be proven conclusively in the laboratory other than for platinum.
Occurrence[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2012)
Production[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2012)
Applications[edit]
The group 10 metals share several uses. These include:
Decorative purposes, in the form of jewelry and electroplating.
Catalysts in a variety of chemical reactions.
Metal alloys.
Electrical components, due to their predictable changes in electrical resistivity with regard to temperature.
Superconductors, as components in alloys with other metals.
Biological role and toxicity[edit]
Nickel has an important role in the biochemistry of organisms, as part of the active center of enzymes. None of the other group 10 elements have a known biological role, but platinum compounds have widely been used as anticancer drugs. Aside from nickel, the elements are toxic for organisms.
See also[edit]
Platinum group
Notes and references[edit]

[hide]
v
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Periodic table
(Large cells)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
H He
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post-transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown
chemical
properties
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[show]
v
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Group 10 elements
Nickel
Ni
Atomic Number: 28
Atomic Weight: 58.6934
Melting Point: 1726.15 K
Boiling Point: 3186 K
Specific mass: 8.912 g/cm3
Electronegativity: 1.91
Palladium
Pd
Atomic Number: 46
Atomic Weight: 106.42
Melting Point: 1825.15 K
Boiling Point: 3236 K
Specific mass: 12.02 g/cm3
Electronegativity: 2.2
Platinum
Pt
Atomic Number: 78
Atomic Weight: 195.084
Melting Point: 2045.15 K
Boiling Point: 4098 K
Specific mass: 21.46 g/cm3
Electronegativity: 2.28
Darmstadtium
Ds
Atomic Number: 110
Atomic Weight: [281]
Melting Point: ? K
Boiling Point: ? K
Specific mass: ? 34.8 g/cm3
Electronegativity: ?
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_10_element&oldid=808986611"
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John Carpenter (game show contestant)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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John Carpenter
Born
1968 (age 48–49)
Education
Rutgers University
Occupation
IRS agent
Known for
First top prize winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
Home town
Northampton, Massachusetts
John Carpenter (born c. 1968)[1] is an American game show contestant and IRS agent. He is best known for becoming the first top prize winner on the United States version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. He held the record for the largest single win in United States game show history, until it was broken by Rahim Oberholtzer who won $1.12 million on another U.S. quiz show, Twenty One.[2] Carpenter was also the first top prize winner among all international versions of the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? series.
On the November 19, 1999, episode of Millionaire, Carpenter proceeded to advance to the million-dollar question without using any lifelines. He then used his Phone-A-Friend to call his father not for help, but rather to tell him he was going to win the game. Carpenter answered the question correctly and became the show's first millionaire. His win gave him national recognition and led to multiple talk show appearances, as well as reappearances on Millionaire itself.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career and family
2 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
3 Later work
3.1 Other game show appearances
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Career and family[edit]
Carpenter is from Northampton, Massachusetts. His father, Tom, worked as a computer program analyst for the Department of Veterans Affairs, while his mother, Gail, served as an administrative assistant for the Massachusetts Audubon Society.[3] In 1986, he enrolled at Rutgers University and graduated in 1990 with a degree in economics.[4] In January 1991, he joined the Internal Revenue Service after completing government exams and tests.[3] In November 1996, Carpenter met his future wife, Deborah, who was studying for a master's degree at Southern Connecticut State University and worked as a manager of a Fleet Bank branch in New Haven. They married in August 1998.[3] At the time of his appearance on Millionaire, he was 31 years old.[5] When he revealed his profession as an IRS officer on Millionaire, Carpenter was playfully booed by the audience.[6]
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire[edit]
$1 million (15 of 15) - no time limit
Which of these U.S. Presidents appeared on the television series "Laugh-In"?
• A: Lyndon Johnson • B: Richard Nixon
• C: Jimmy Carter • D: Gerald Ford
Carpenter was originally uninterested in Millionaire but eventually tuned in one night after dinner while having friends over at his house. When he found the show's higher-tier questions to not be, in his words, "any more difficult" than the lower-tier ones, he decided to call in to the show's hotline for a chance to become a contestant.[7] Carpenter answered all of the hotline questions correctly and was on the show within two days.[7]
Host Regis Philbin described Carpenter as having "cruised right through those first fourteen questions,"[7] he had proceeded to reach the final question without using any of his lifelines. The $1 million question was, "Which of these U.S. Presidents appeared on the television series 'Laugh-In'?", with the choices being A) Lyndon Johnson, B) Richard Nixon, C) Jimmy Carter, and D) Gerald Ford.[8] Carpenter used his Phone-A-Friend lifeline to call his father not for help, but rather to inform him that he knew the answer. Carpenter later explained, "I thought I'd look so cocky if I didn't use any lifelines, so I faked it."[8]
With his win, Carpenter became the first contestant in the worldwide Millionaire franchise to win the show's top prize.[9] He said that the only question that had flustered him was one which asked for the location of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Carpenter eventually remembered that the film Tombstone included the gunfight, and he replied correctly with the answer 'Tombstone, Arizona'.[4] While taking a vacation after his win, Carpenter considered quitting his job with the IRS, but eventually decided against it. He explained to Kiplinger's Personal Finance that "after the taxes, it's not change-your-life kind of money if you want to eat every day."[10] Carpenter also described the fame as having a bigger impact on his life than the money, later stating: "The money doesn't change your life. What happens afterwards might."[11]
Later work[edit]
Shortly after winning on Millionaire, Carpenter played himself in a Saturday Night Live skit.[11] Donald Trump, played by Darrell Hammond, announced that Carpenter would be his running-mate in the presidential election. Afterward, Carpenter pretended to call his father, then shouted, "Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!" Carpenter also appeared on Good Morning America, Oprah Winfrey Show, Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, and Late Show with David Letterman.[11][12]
Carpenter appeared as himself in the second half of the fourth season of Oz.[11] He plays a contestant in a fictional TV game show called Up Your Ante that the prisoners in Em City are watching. The show within the show is hosted by Gordon Elliott, with Eartha Kitt and Didi Conn appearing as celebrity participants.[13]
With Rod L. Evans, Carpenter co-authored a trivia book titled Matching Wits With the Million-Dollar Mind: The World's Hardest Trivia Quizzes From America's First Quiz Show Millionaire. The book was published by Berkley Books in 2002.[14]
Other game show appearances[edit]
In 2000, Carpenter appeared in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Champions Edition, in which previous contestants who won $250,000–$1,000,000 played again, with half of their additional winnings from the Champions Edition going to a charity of their choice.[15] Carpenter won $250,000,[16] bringing his total Millionaire winnings to $1,250,000. In 2004, Carpenter participated in Super Millionaire, as one of the "Three Wise Men" on the episode during which Robert "Bob-O" Essig won $1,000,000.[17]
He later participated as part of the Mob on NBC's 1 vs. 100 on October 27, 2006,[18] and as a contestant on the Game Show Network game show Grand Slam.[19] Carpenter appeared on the August 16, 2009 episode of Millionaire in prime time for its tenth anniversary.[20] In the audience with him were his father, his wife, and his son.[21] Additionally, he was also the first expert in the "Ask the Expert" lifeline for the eighth season of the syndicated series.[22]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? top prize winners
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Millionaire Makeovers!". People. Vol. 54 no. 20. Time Inc. November 13, 2000. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Petrozello, Donna (February 3, 2000). "Million-plu$ reply an educated guess". New York Daily News. p. 101.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jerome, Jim (December 6, 1999). "Many Happy Returns". People. Vol. 52 no. 22. Time Inc. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenthal, Phil (November 20, 1999). "Contestant wins $1 million". Chicago Sun Times. p. 30.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Frances Grandy (November 20, 1999). "Final answer? Quiz show: a million to 1 taxman". Hartford Courant. p. A1.
Jump up ^ Bianculli, David (November 22, 1999). "Cool million makes red-hot TV". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire". Gameshow Hall of Fame. GSN. January 21, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Vigoda, Arlene (November 22, 1999). "Million-dollar winner untaxed by celebrity". USA Today. Gannett Company. p. 1D.
Jump up ^ "Taxman scoops a million". BBC News. November 21, 1999. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Davis, Kristin (November 2000). "I'm Rich! (Now what?)". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. pp. 93–94.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Duca, Lauren (August 15, 2014). "The Final Answer On Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?, 15 Years After It Premiered". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ de Moraes, Lisa (November 23, 1999). "Drab 'Millionaire' Winner Emerges as a Media Animal". The Washington Post. p. C07.
Jump up ^ Moore, Frazier (January 6, 2001). "Wizard of 'Oz' lives with permanent reminder of gritty show". The San Diego Union Tribune. p. E6.
Jump up ^ "Matching Wits with the Million-Dollar Mind : The World;s Hardest Trivia Quizzes from America's First Quiz Show Millionaire". The Book Depository. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Deggans, Eric (May 12, 2000). "Miami 'Millionaire' gets 2nd shot at final answer". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bracht, Mel (May 26, 2000). "Money isn't the root of happiness: Tulsan has more fun in 2nd Millionaire gig". NewsOK. Oklahoma Publishing Company. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Super Millionaire. Season 1. Episode 2. February 23, 2004. ABC.
Jump up ^ 1 vs. 100. Season 1. Episode 3. October 27, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ Owen, Rob (August 2, 2007). "Dennis Miller rallies around game show all-stars". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. WE-33.
Jump up ^ Grosvenor, Carrie (July 27, 2009). "Millionaire Experts, Former Contestants Announced". About.com. About Entertainment. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire: 10th Anniversary Celebration. Episode 6. August 16, 2009. ABC.
Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. Season 8. Episode 1. September 7, 2009. Syndicated.
External links[edit]
John Carpenter on IMDb
Honorary titles
Preceded by
First Millionaire Top prize winner on
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S.)
November 19, 1999 Succeeded by
Dan Blonsky
Preceded by
Michael Shutterly All-time American game show winnings leader
1999–2000 Succeeded by
Rahim Oberholtzer
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Carpenter_(game_show_contestant)&oldid=810563150"
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