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List of civil rights leaders
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George Mason
Olympe de Gouges
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
Victoria Woodhull
W.E.B. Du Bois
Mahatma Gandhi
Alice Paul
B. R. Ambedkar
Dorothy Height
Betty Friedan
Frank Kameny
Martin Luther King Jr.
James Bevel
Malala Yousafzai
Civil rights leaders are influential figures in the promotion and implementation of political freedom and the expansion of personal civil liberties and rights. They work to protect individuals and groups from political repression and discrimination by governments and private organizations, and seek to ensure the ability of all members of society to participate in the civil and political life of the state.
Civil rights include individual rights to equal protection and service, privacy, freedom of thought, freedom of expression, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom to travel, freedom of worship, protection of civil liberties, the right to vote, and the right to freely share ideas and opinions through all forms of communication and media. People who motivated themselves and then led others to gain and protect these rights and liberties include:
George Mason (1725–1792) – American who wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights and influenced U.S. Bill of Rights
Thomas Paine (1737–1809) – English-American activist, author, theorist, wrote Rights of Man
Elizabeth Freeman (1744–1829) also known as Mum Bett - first former slave to win a freedom suit in Massachusetts
Olympe de Gouges (1748–1793) – French women's rights pioneer, writer, beheaded during French Revolution
Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) – British philosopher, writer, and teacher on civil rights, inspiration
James Madison (1751–1836) – American founding father, introduced and lobbied for the U.S. Bill of Rights
William Wilberforce (1759–1833) – leader of the British abolition movement
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) – British author, early advocate for women's rights
Thaddeus Stevens (1792–1868) American senator from Pennsylvania, anti-slavery leader, originator of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
Lucretia Mott (1793–1880) – American women's rights activist, abolitionist
William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879) – American abolitionist, writer, organizer, feminist, initiator
Lysander Spooner (1808–1887) – American abolitionist, writer, anarchist, proponent of Jury nullification
Charles Sumner (1811–1874) – American Senator from Massachusetts, Anti-slavery leader
Abby Kelley (1811–1887) – American abolitionist and suffragette
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902) – American women's suffrage/women's rights leader
Lucy Stone (1818–1893) – American women's suffrage/voting rights leader
Frederick Douglass (1818–1895) – American abolitionist, women's rights and suffrage advocate, writer, organizer, black rights activist, inspiration
Julia Ward Howe (1818–1910) – American writer, organizer, suffragette
Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906) – American Women's suffrage leader, speaker, inspiration
Harriet Tubman (1822–1913) – African American abolitionist and humanitarian
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825–1895) – German writer, organizer, and the pioneer of the modern LGBT rights movement
Antoinette Brown Blackwell (1825–1921) – founded American Woman Suffrage Association with Lucy Stone in 1869
Victoria Woodhull (1838–1927) – American suffragette organizer, women's rights leader
Frances Willard (1839–1898) – American women's rights activist, woman suffrage leader
Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin (1842–1924) – suffragist, editor, co-founder of the first chapter of the NAACP
Kate Sheppard (1847–1934) – New Zealand suffragist in first country to have universal suffrage
Eugene Debs (1855–1926) – American organizer, campaigner for the poor, women, dissenters, prisoners
Booker T. Washington (1856–1915) – American educator, founder of Tuskegee University, and adviser to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft
Thomas Clarke (11 March 1858 – 3 May 1916) – Signatory of the Irish Proclamation. Advocate for equality and freedom for Irish men and women
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858–1928) – founder and leader of the British Suffragette Movement
Carrie Chapman Catt (1859–1947) – suffrage leader, president National American Woman Suffrage Association, founder League of Women Voters and International Alliance of Women
Jane Addams (1860–1935) – American reformer, co-founder of the Hull House and American Civil Liberties Union, Nobel Peace Prize winner
Ida B. Wells (1862–1931) – American journalist, early activist in 20th Century Civil Rights Movement, women's suffrage/voting rights activist
James Connolly (5 June 1868 – 12 May 1916) – Signatory of the Irish Proclamation. Advocate for equal rights for Irish men and women.
W.E.B. Du Bois (1868–1963) – American writer, scholar, founder of NAACP
Kasturba Gandhi (1869–1944) – wife of Mohandas Gandhi, activist in South Africa and India, often led her husband's movements in India when he was imprisoned
Mohandas Gandhi (1869–1948) – Indian activist, movement leader, writer, philosopher, and teacher
Vallabhbhai Patel (1875–1950) Indian activist, movement leader
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) – lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah lead Pakistan Movement for the rights of Muslims in the subcontinent
Thomas MacDonagh (1 February 1878 – 3 May 1916) – Signatory of the Irish Proclamation, advocate for equal rights for Irish men and women
Pádraig Pearse (10 November 1879 – 3 May 1916)) – Signatory of the Irish Proclamation, advocate for equal rights for Irish men and women
Lucy Burns (1879–1966) – American women's suffrage/voting rights leader
Éamonn Ceannt (21 September 1881 – 8 May 1916) – Signatory of the Irish Proclamation, advocate for equal rights for Irish men and women
Getúlio Vargas (1882–1954) – Brazilian civil leader, President of Brazil, first as dictator, from 1930 to 1945
Seán Mac Diarmada (27 January 1883 – 12 May 1916) – Signatory of the Irish Proclamation, advocate for equal rights for Irish men and women
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962) – women's rights and human rights activist both in the United States and in the United Nations
Alice Paul (1885–1977) – American 1910s Women's Voting Rights Movement leader, strategist, and organizer
Joseph Mary Plunkett (21 November 1887 – 4 May 1916) – Signatory of the Irish Proclamation, advocate for equal rights for Irish men and women
Sonia Schlesin (1888–1956) – worked with Mohandas Gandhi in South Africa and led his movements there when he was absent
Toyohiko Kagawa (1888–1960) – Japanese labor activist, Christian reformer, author
Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964) – first Prime Minister of India, central figure in Indian politics before and after independence, advocate for freedom of the press
A. Philip Randolph (1889–1979) – American labor and civil rights movement leader
B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956) — reformer who drafted Constitution of India, campaigned for Indian independence, Fought for the women's rights (Hindu Code Bill), fought discrimination and inequality among the people
Walter Francis White (1895–1955) – American NAACP executive secretary
Thich Quang Duc (1897–1963) – Vietnamese monk, freedom of religion self-martyr
Edgar Nixon (1899–1987) – Montgomery Bus Boycott organizer, civil rights activist
Roy Wilkins (1901–1981) – American NAACP executive secretary/executive director
Harriette Moore (1902-1951) Civil rights activist, and part of the only married couple to be assassinated during the Civil Rights Movement
Ella Baker (1903–1986) – American SCLC activist, initiated the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Marvel Cooke (1903–2000) – American civil rights leader
Myles Horton (1905–1990) – American teacher of nonviolence, pioneer activist, founded and led the Highlander Folk School
John Peters Humphrey (1905–1995) – author of Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Nellie Stone Johnson (1905–2002) – labor and civil rights activist
Harry T. Moore (1905-1951) - Civil rights activist, leader, and the first martyr of the Civil Rights Movement.
Willa Brown (1906–1992) – American civil rights activist, first African American lieutenant in the US Civil Air Patrol, first African American woman to run for Congress
Walter P. Reuther (1907–1970) – American labor leader and civil rights activist
T.R.M. Howard (1908–1976) – founder of Mississippi's Regional Council of Negro Leadership
Winifred C. Stanley (1909–1996) – First member of Congress to introduce legislation prohibiting discrimination in pay on the basis of sex
Elizabeth Peratrovich (1911–1958) – Alaska activist for native people
Amelia Boynton Robinson (1911–2015) – Selma Voting Rights Movement activist and early leader
Dorothy Height (1912–2010) – American activist and advocate for African-American women
Bayard Rustin (1912–1987) – American civil rights activist
Jo Ann Robinson (1912–1992) – Montgomery Bus Boycott activist
Harry Hay (1912–2002) – early leader in American LGBT rights movement, founder Mattachine Society
Rosa Parks (1913–2005) – American NAACP official, activist, Montgomery Bus Boycott inspiration
Daisy Bates (1914–1999) – American organizer of the Little Rock Nine school desegregation events
Claude Black (1916–2009) – American civil rights activist
Fannie Lou Hamer (1917–1977) – leader in the American Civil Rights Movement; co-founder of the National Women's Political Caucus and Freedom Democratic Party.
Marie Foster (1917–2003) – American voting rights activist, a local leader in the Selma Voting Rights Movement
Gordon Hirabayashi (1918–2012) – Japanese-American civil rights hero
Humberto "Bert" Corona (1918–2001) – labor and civil rights leader
Nelson Mandela (1918–2013) – South African statesman, leading figure in anti-apartheid movement
Fred Korematsu (1919–2005) – American, Japanese internment resister during WWII
James Farmer (1920–1999) – Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) leader and activist.
Golden Frinks (1920–2004) – American civil rights organizer in North Carolina, field secretary of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Whitney M. Young, Jr. (1921–1971) – Executive director of National Urban League, adviser to U.S. presidents
Mamie Elizabeth Till-Mobley (1921–2003) – American who held an open casket funeral for her son, Emmett Till; speaker, activist
Betty Friedan (1921–2006) – American writer, women's rights activist, feminist
Del Martin (1921–2008) – American co-founder of Daughters of Bilitis, the first social and political organization for lesbians in the US
Fred Shuttlesworth (1922–2011) – American clergyman, activist, SCLC co-founder, initiated the Birmingham Movement
Clara Luper (1923–2011) – American sit-in movement leader in Oklahoma, activist
James Baldwin (1924–1987) – American essayist, novelist, public speaker, SNCC activist
Medgar Evers (1925–1963) – American, NAACP official in the Mississippi Movement
Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga (born 1925) – American activist in Japanese-American redress movement
Malcolm X (1925–1965) – American author, speaker, activist, inspiration
Lenny Bruce (1925–1966) – American free speech advocate, comedian, political satirist
Frank Kameny (1925–2011) – American gay rights activist
Ralph Abernathy (1926–1990) – American activist, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) official
Jackie Forster (1926–1998) – English lesbian rights activist
Hosea Williams (1926–2000) – American civil rights activist, SCLC organizer and strategist
Cesar Chavez (1927–1993) – Chicano activist, organizer, trade unionist
Coretta Scott King (1927–2006) – American SCLC leader, activist
Elie Wiesel (1928–2016) – American, writer, Holocaust survivor, Jewish rights leader
James Forman (1928–2005) – American SNCC official and civil rights activist
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–1968) – SCLC co-founder/president/chairman, activist, author, speaker
Edison Uno (1929–1976) – American, leader for Japanese-American civil rights and redress after World War II
Harvey Milk (1930–1978) – American politician, gay rights activist and leader
Charles Morgan, Jr. (1930–2009) – American attorney, established principle of "one man, one vote"
Barbara Gittings (1932–2007) – American lesbian rights activist
Miriam Makeba (1932–2008) – South African singer, anti-apartheid activist
Roy Innis (1934–2017) - American activist, longtime leader of CORE
Barbara Jordan (1936–1996) – American legislator, educator, civil rights advocate
James Bevel (1936–2008) – American organizer and Direct Action leader, SCLC's main strategist, movement initiator, and movement director
Fela Kuti (1938–1997) – Nigerian multi-instrumentalist, musician, composer, pioneer of the Afrobeat music genre, human rights activist, and political maverick
Jack Herer (1939–2010) – American pro-hemp activist, speaker, organizer, author
Julian Bond (1940–2015) – American activist, politician, scholar, NAACP chairman
Prathia Hall (1940–2002) – American SNCC activist, a leading speaker in the civil rights movement
Stokely Carmichael (1941–1998) – American SNCC and Black Panther activist, organizer, speaker
James Orange (1942–2008) – American SCLC activist and organizer, a voting rights movement leader, trade unionist
Marsha P. Johnson (1945–1992) - Gay liberation activist, STAR co-founder, AIDS activist with ACT UP
Fred Hampton (1948–1969) – American NAACP youth leader and Black Panther activist, organizer, speaker
Frankie Muse Freeman (1916–2018) – American civil rights attorney, first woman appointee to United States Commission on Civil Rights
Joseph Lowery (born 1921) – American SCLC leader and co-founder, activist
Charles Evers (born 1922) – American civil rights activist
Phyllis Lyon (born 1924) – American co-founder of Daughters of Bilitis, first social and political organization for lesbians in the U.S.
C.T. Vivian (born 1924) – American student civil rights leader, SNCC and SCLC activist
James Lawson (born 1928) – American minister and activist, SCLC's teacher of nonviolence in civil rights movement
Wyatt Tee Walker (born 1929) – American activist and organizer with NAACP, CORE, and SCLC
Dorothy Cotton (born 1930) – American SCLC official, activist, organizer, and leader
Dolores Huerta (born 1930) – American labor and civil rights activist, initiator, organizer
Desmond Tutu (born 1931) – South African anti-apartheid organizer, advocate, first black archbishop of Cape Town
Lola Hendricks (born 1932) – activist, local leader in Birmingham Movement
Andrew Young (born 1932) – American civil rights activist, SCLC executive director
Dick Gregory (1932–2017) – American free speech advocate, civil rights activist, comedian
James Meredith (born 1933) – American independent student leader and self–starting Mississippi activist
Louis Farrakhan (born 1933) – American, controversial minister and National Representative of the Nation of Islam
Gloria Steinem (born 1934) – American writer, activist, feminist
Bob Moses (born 1935) – leader, activist, and organizer in '60s Mississippi Movement
Tenzin Gyatso (born 1935) – Tibetan, 14th Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists, advocate for nonviolence, compassion, and Tibetan autonomy
Charles Sherrod (born 1937) – American civil rights activist, SNCC leader
Diane Nash (born 1938) – American SNCC and SCLC activist and official, strategist, organizer
Claudette Colvin (born 1939) – American Montgomery Bus Boycott pioneer, independent activist
Bernard Lafayette (born 1940) – American SCLC and SNCC activist, organizer, and leader
John Lewis (born 1940) – American Nashville Student Movement and SNCC activist, organizer, speaker, congressman
Jesse Jackson (born 1941) – American civil rights activist, politician
Aung San Suu Kyi (born 1945) – Burmese Politician, former political prisoner, democracy and human rights activist
Rebiya Kadeer (born 1946) – ethnic Uyghur civil right activist, independence right activist, businesswoman
Dana Beal (born 1947) – American pro-hemp activist, organizer, speaker, initiator
Ashok Row Kavi (born 1947) – Indian LGBT rights activist, gay rights pioneer, founder of Humsafar Trust
Benjamin Chavis (born 1948) – American activist, chemist, minister, author, leader of Wilmington Ten, led Commission for Racial Justice of the United Church of Christ, campaigner against Environmental Racism, executive director of NAACP, national director of Million Man March
Judy Shepard (born 1952) – gay rights activist, public speaker
Barbara May Cameron (1954–2002) – American advocate for the rights of Native Americans, lesbians, and women
Al Sharpton (born 1954) – American clergyman, activist, media
Will Roscoe (born 1955) – American gay rights activist
Rigoberta Menchú (born 1959) – Guatemalan indigenous rights leader, co-founder Nobel Women's Initiative
Steven Goldstein (born 1962) – American gay rights advocate, political activist
Chee Soon Juan (born 1962) – Singaporean politician, former political prisoner, democracy and human rights activist
Manasi Pradhan (born 1962) – Indian women's rights activist, founder of Honour for Women National Campaign
Harish Iyer (born 1979) – Indian gender and sexuality rights activist, campaigner against child sexual abuse and for animal rights
Jignesh Mevani (born 1982) – Indian Dalit activist, led a campaign by Dalit people
Edvin Kanka Ćudić (born 1988) – Human rights activist, founder and coordinator of Association for Social Research and Communications in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Malala Yousafzai (born 1997) – Pakistani advocate for education for girls, Nobel Peace Prize laureate-
See also[edit]
Abolition of slavery timeline
African-American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954)
Civil Rights Movement
Chicano Movement
Civil and political rights
Civil liberties in the United Kingdom
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
Convention on the Political Rights of Women
Counterculture of the 1960s
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
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European Convention on Human Rights
Founding Fathers of the United States
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Free Speech Movement
History of human rights
Human rights
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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
LGBT rights by country
LGBT social movements
List of human rights organizations
List of indigenous rights organizations
List of LGBT rights activists
List of LGBT rights organizations
List of peace activists
List of suffragists and suffragettes
List of women's rights activists
Magna Carta
National human rights institutions
Seneca Falls Convention
Status of same-sex marriage
Suffrage
Timeline of the African-American Civil Rights Movement
Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries
Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)
Timeline of women's suffrage
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
United Nations Human Rights Committee
United Nations Human Rights Council
United States Bill of Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Universal suffrage
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Women's rights
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Briggs v. Elliott
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
Gebhart v. Belton
White America, Inc.
Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
Emmett Till
Montgomery bus boycott
Browder v. Gayle
Tallahassee bus boycott
Mansfield school desegregation
1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
"Give Us the Ballot"
Royal Ice Cream sit-in
Little Rock Nine
National Guard blockade
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Kissing Case
Biloxi wade-ins
1960–1963
Greensboro sit-ins
Nashville sit-ins
Sit-in movement
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Gomillion v. Lightfoot
Boynton v. Virginia
Rock Hill sit-ins
Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
Freedom Rides
attacks
Garner v. Louisiana
Albany Movement
University of Chicago sit-ins
"Second Emancipation Proclamation"
Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
"Segregation now, segregation forever"
Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1963 Birmingham campaign
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Children's Crusade
Birmingham riot
16th Street Baptist Church bombing
John F. Kennedy's Report to the American People on Civil Rights
March on Washington
"I Have a Dream"
St. Augustine movement
1964–1968
Twenty-fourth Amendment
Bloody Tuesday
Freedom Summer
workers' murders
Civil Rights Act of 1964
1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
"How Long, Not Long"
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
March Against Fear
White House Conference on Civil Rights
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
Memphis sanitation strike
King assassination
funeral
riots
Poor People's Campaign
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
Activist
groups
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
Atlanta Student Movement
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
Dallas County Voters League
Deacons for Defense and Justice
Georgia Council on Human Relations
Highlander Folk School
Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
Montgomery Improvement Association
Nashville Student Movement
NAACP
Youth Council
Northern Student Movement
National Council of Negro Women
National Urban League
Operation Breadbasket
Regional Council of Negro Leadership
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Southern Regional Council
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
The Freedom Singers
Wednesdays in Mississippi
Women's Political Council
Activists
Ralph Abernathy
Victoria Gray Adams
Zev Aelony
Mathew Ahmann
William G. Anderson
Gwendolyn Armstrong
Arnold Aronson
Ella Baker
Marion Barry
Daisy Bates
Harry Belafonte
James Bevel
Claude Black
Gloria Blackwell
Randolph Blackwell
Unita Blackwell
Ezell Blair Jr.
Joanne Bland
Julian Bond
Joseph E. Boone
William Holmes Borders
Amelia Boynton
Raylawni Branch
Ruby Bridges
Aurelia Browder
H. Rap Brown
Guy Carawan
Stokely Carmichael
Johnnie Carr
James Chaney
J. L. Chestnut
Colia Lafayette Clark
Ramsey Clark
Septima Clark
Xernona Clayton
Eldridge Cleaver
Kathleen Cleaver
Charles E. Cobb Jr.
Annie Lee Cooper
Dorothy Cotton
Claudette Colvin
Vernon Dahmer
Jonathan Daniels
Joseph DeLaine
Dave Dennis
Annie Devine
Patricia Stephens Due
Joseph Ellwanger
Charles Evers
Medgar Evers
Myrlie Evers-Williams
Chuck Fager
James Farmer
Walter E. Fauntroy
James Forman
Marie Foster
Golden Frinks
Andrew Goodman
Fred Gray
Jack Greenberg
Dick Gregory
Lawrence Guyot
Prathia Hall
Fannie Lou Hamer
William E. Harbour
Vincent Harding
Dorothy Height
Lola Hendricks
Aaron Henry
Oliver Hill
Donald L. Hollowell
James Hood
Myles Horton
Zilphia Horton
T. R. M. Howard
Ruby Hurley
Jesse Jackson
Jimmie Lee Jackson
Richie Jean Jackson
T. J. Jemison
Esau Jenkins
Barbara Rose Johns
Vernon Johns
Frank Minis Johnson
Clarence Jones
J. Charles Jones
Matthew Jones
Vernon Jordan
Tom Kahn
Clyde Kennard
A. D. King
C.B. King
Coretta Scott King
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Sr.
Bernard Lafayette
James Lawson
Bernard Lee
Sanford R. Leigh
Jim Letherer
Stanley Levison
John Lewis
Viola Liuzzo
Z. Alexander Looby
Joseph Lowery
Clara Luper
Malcolm X
Mae Mallory
Vivian Malone
Thurgood Marshall
Benjamin Mays
Franklin McCain
Charles McDew
Ralph McGill
Floyd McKissick
Joseph McNeil
James Meredith
William Ming
Jack Minnis
Amzie Moore
Douglas E. Moore
Harriette Moore
Harry T. Moore
William Lewis Moore
Irene Morgan
Bob Moses
William Moyer
Elijah Muhammad
Diane Nash
Charles Neblett
Edgar Nixon
Jack O'Dell
James Orange
Rosa Parks
James Peck
Charles Person
Homer Plessy
Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
Fay Bellamy Powell
Al Raby
Lincoln Ragsdale
A. Philip Randolph
George Raymond Jr.
Bernice Johnson Reagon
Cordell Reagon
James Reeb
Frederick D. Reese
Gloria Richardson
David Richmond
Bernice Robinson
Jo Ann Robinson
Bayard Rustin
Bernie Sanders
Michael Schwerner
Cleveland Sellers
Charles Sherrod
Alexander D. Shimkin
Fred Shuttlesworth
Modjeska Monteith Simkins
Glenn E. Smiley
A. Maceo Smith
Kelly Miller Smith
Mary Louise Smith
Maxine Smith
Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
Charles Kenzie Steele
Hank Thomas
Dorothy Tillman
A. P. Tureaud
Hartman Turnbow
Albert Turner
C. T. Vivian
Wyatt Tee Walker
Hollis Watkins
Walter Francis White
Roy Wilkins
Hosea Williams
Kale Williams
Robert F. Williams
Andrew Young
Whitney Young
Sammy Younge Jr.
James Zwerg
Influences
Nonviolence
Padayatra
Sermon on the Mount
Mahatma Gandhi
Ahimsa
Satyagraha
The Kingdom of God Is Within You
Frederick Douglass
W. E. B. Du Bois
Mary McLeod Bethune
Related
Jim Crow laws
Plessy v. Ferguson
Separate but equal
Buchanan v. Warley
Hocutt v. Wilson
Sweatt v. Painter
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
Katzenbach v. McClung
Loving v. Virginia
Fifth Circuit Four
Brown Chapel
Holt Street Baptist Church
Edmund Pettus Bridge
March on Washington Movement
African-American churches attacked
Journey of Reconciliation
Freedom Songs
"Kumbaya"
"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
"Oh, Freedom"
"This Little Light of Mine"
"We Shall Not Be Moved"
"We Shall Overcome"
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence"
Watts riots
Voter Education Project
1960s counterculture
In popular culture
King Memorial
Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
Freedom Riders National Monument
Civil Rights Memorial
Noted
historians
Taylor Branch
Clayborne Carson
John Dittmer
Michael Eric Dyson
Chuck Fager
Adam Fairclough
David Garrow
David Halberstam
Vincent Harding
Steven F. Lawson
Doug McAdam
Diane McWhorter
Charles M. Payne
Timothy Tyson
Akinyele Umoja
Movement photographers
[show]
v
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Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
Article 4
Article 5
Article 6
Article 7
Article 8
Article 9
Article 10
Article 11
Article 12
Article 13
Article 14
Article 15
Article 16
Article 17
Article 18
Protocols
[show]
v
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International human rights organisations and institutions
Types
Human rights group
Human rights commission
Human rights institutions
Truth and reconciliation commission
International institutions
Committee on the Rights of the Child
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
International Criminal Court
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
UN Human Rights Committee
UN Human Rights Council
UN Security Council
Regional bodies
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
African Court of Justice
European Court of Human Rights
European Committee for the Prevention of Torture
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Multi-lateral bodies
European Union
Council of Europe
Organisation of American States (OAS)
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
World Health Organization (WHO)
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)
Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)
UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)
UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
UN Development Programme (UNDP)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)
Major NGOs
Amnesty International
FIDH
Human Rights Watch
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
Emergency NGO
Human Rights First
[show]
v
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Early LGBT rights advocacy in the United States (pre–Stonewall riots)
Organizations
Council on Religion and the Homosexual
Daughters of Bilitis
Janus Society
Knights of the Clock
Mattachine Society
Metropolitan Community Church
NACHO
ONE, Inc.
PRIDE
Society for Human Rights
Student Homophile League
Veterans Benevolent Association
Mattachine Society
Hal Call
Rudi Gernreich
James Gruber
Harry Hay
Dale Jennings
Frank Kameny
Jack Nichols
Daughters of Bilitis
Lisa Ben
Barbara Gittings
Barbara Grier
Kay Lahusen
Phyllis Lyon
Del Martin
Ruth Simpson
Others
Merton Bird
Reed Erickson
Arthur Evans
Charles Henri Ford
Henry Gerber
Morris Kight
Aristide Laurent
W. Dorr Legg
Bob Mizer
Troy Perry
Clark Polak
Craig Rodwell
José Sarria
Parker Tyler
Randy Wicker
H. Lynn Womack
Publications
The Advocate
Drum
Focus: A Journal for Lesbians
Journal of Homosexuality
The Ladder
Vice Versa
Events
List of actions
Newport sex scandal (1919)
Secret Court of 1920 (1920)
One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958)
MANual Enterprises v. Day (1962)
Annual Reminder (1965–1969)
Compton's Cafeteria riot (1966)
Film/TV
The Rejected (1961)
"The Homosexuals" (1967)
Related
Athletic Model Guild
Black Cat Bar
Black Cat Tavern
DOB Australia
Homophile
Garden of Allah (cabaret)
Julius (NYC bar)
Henry Gerber House
Minorities Research Group (UK)
ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives
Oscar Wilde Bookshop
The Patch
Tavern Guild
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_civil_rights_leaders&oldid=833984843"
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Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl"
Single by The Barbarians
from the album Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl
B-side
"Take It or Leave It"
Released
September 1965
Format
7" single
Recorded
1965
Length
2:17
Label
Laurie
Songwriter(s)
Geoffry Morris
Producer(s)
Doug Morris
The Barbarians singles chronology
"Hey Little Bird"
(1965) "Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl"
(1965) "What the New Breed Say"
(1965)
"Hey Little Bird"
(1965) "Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl"
(1965) "What the New Breed Say"
(1965)
"Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl" is a song written by Geoffry Morris for the American band The Barbarians. The song was released as the group's second single, and was the first and most successful tune for the Barbarians to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 and Cashbox.[1]
Following the group's unsuccessful debut, "Hey Little Bird", The Barbarians had their breakthrough with an appearance, alongside other musical artists such as The Rolling Stones and The Supremes, on The T.A.M.I. Show. In order to take advantage of their exposure, the band recorded "Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl" with the B-side, "Take It or Leave It". Guitarist Geoffry Morris, who had recently joined the band, was responsible for the arrangements.[2] The song reflected on the social commentary of the period, more so on what distinguishes a male from a female. The lyrics express both sides' opposing views on issues like hair length or how a person dresses. The band themselves were atypical as they grew their hair long and wore unusual clothing. Jerry Causi, as lead vocalist, initiates call and response with Bruce Benson and Jeff Morris on backing vocals.[3] There is also mockery toward bands from England with lyrics like "Your're either a girl, or you come from Liverpool", and more specifically "You can dance like a female monkey, but sink like a stone...yeah a rolling stone", a direct reference to The Rolling Stones.[4] The song ends with a brief R&B influenced guitar solo before fading out.
"Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl", with its B-side "Take It or Leave It", was released in September 1965 on the Laurie label. It peaked at number 55, nationally, and stayed on the charts for six weeks. The song was also featured on the group's debut album with the same name, as the opening track. Despite the publicity following their modest hit, the album failed to chart. The song has been included on several compilations thereafter, most prominently the 1998 reissue of Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965-1968.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Releases
1.1 Singles/EPs
1.2 Albums/Compilations
2 References
Releases[edit]
Singles/EPs[edit]
"Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl" b/w "Take It or Leave It" - Laurie Records, #LR 3308, 1965
Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl EP - Disques Vouge, #INT 18027, 1965
"Little Bit O' Soul" b/w "Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl" - Laurie Records, #LDG 113, 1978 (A-side features The Music Explosion)
Albums/Compilations[edit]
Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl - 1965
Nuggets, Vol. 1: The Hits - 1986
Classic Old and Gold - 1987
Nuggets: Even More Nuggets - 1989
Classic Rock: Rock Renaissance, Vol. 3 - 1990
Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965-1968 - 1998 (reissue)
The Laurie Records Story, Vol. 1 - 2003
Absolutely the Best of the Sixties, Vol. 2 - 2004
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Barbarians". last.fm. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "BARBARIANS". badcatrecords.com. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lindsay Planer. "Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl". allmusic.com. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ James Reed. "Old Music:The Barbarians". boston.com. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Charts". billboard.com. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger. "Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl - Overview". allmusic.com. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Are_You_a_Boy_or_Are_You_a_Girl&oldid=777432262"
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Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Relief with Ashurbanipal killing a lion, c. 645–635 BC
The king shoots arrows from his chariot, while huntsmen fend off a lion behind
The royal Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal is shown on a famous group of Assyrian palace reliefs from the North Palace of Nineveh that are now displayed in room 10a of the British Museum. They are widely regarded as "the supreme masterpieces of Assyrian art".[1] They show a formalized ritual "hunt" by King Ashurbanipal (reigned 668 – c. 631/627 BC) in an arena, where captured Asian lions were released from cages for the king to slaughter with arrows, spears, or his sword.[2] They were made about 645–635 BC, and originally formed different sequences placed around the palace. They would probably originally have been painted, and formed part of a brightly coloured overall decor.[3]
The slabs or orthostats from the North Palace were excavated by Hormuzd Rassam in 1852–54, and William Loftus in 1854–55 and most were sent back to the British Museum,[4] where they have been favourites with the general public and art historians alike ever since. The realism of the lions has always been praised, although the pathos modern viewers tend to feel was perhaps not part of the Assyrian response. The human figures are mostly seen in formal poses in profile, especially the king in his several appearances, but the lions are in a great variety of poses, alive, dying, and dead.[5]
The carvings come from late in the period of some 250 years over which Assyrian palace reliefs were made, and show the style at its most developed and finest,[6] before decline set in. Ashurbanipal was the last great Assyrian king, and after his reign ended the Neo-Assyrian Empire descended into a period of poorly-recorded civil war between his descendants, generals and rebelling parts of the empire. By 612, perhaps as little as 25 years after these were made, the empire had fallen apart and Nineveh been sacked and burnt.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Assyrian lion hunts
2 Palace reliefs
3 Scenes
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Assyrian lion hunts[edit]
Detail of dead lion
For over a millennium before these reliefs, it seems that the killing of lions was reserved in Mesopotamia for royalty, and kings were often shown in art doing so. There may have been a religious dimension to the activity. A surviving letter on a clay tablet records that when a lion entered a house in the provinces, it had to be trapped and taken by boat to the king. The Asiatic lion, today only surviving in a small population in India, is generally smaller than the African variety, and much later records show that their killing at close quarters, as depicted in the reliefs, was not an impossible feat. When the sword is used, it seems likely that, as in relatively recent times, the actual technique was that "the lion-killer wrapped his left arm in a huge quantity of goats'-hair yarn or tent-cloth" and tempted the lion to attack this, while the sword in the right hand despatched him. This padded defence is never depicted.[8] More often, the king shoots arrows at the lion; if these fail to stop him and he leaps, the huntsmen close beside the king use their spears.[9]
An earlier king, Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883-859), who had erected other lion hunt reliefs in his palace at Nimrud some 200 years before, boasted in inscriptions of about 865 BC that "the gods Ninurta and Nergal, who love my priesthood, gave me the wild animals of the plains, commanding me to hunt. 30 elephants I trapped and killed; 257 great wild oxen I brought down with my weapons, attacking from my chariot; 370 great lions I killed with hunting spears".[10] Ashurnasirpal is shown shooting arrows at lions from his chariot, so perhaps this was a more conventional hunt in open country, or is also in an arena.[11]
In the later reliefs captured lions are released into an enclosed space, formed by soldiers making a shield-wall. Some are shown being released from wooden crates by an attendant in a smaller crate sitting on top, who lifts up a gate.[12] Despite the hunting, Mesopotamian lions survived in the wilderness, until 1918.[13][14]
The lions may sometimes have been raised in captivity. Ashurnasirpal II, in an inscription boasting of his zoo, stated: "With my fierce heart I captured 15 lions from the mountains and forests. I took away 50 lion cubs. I herded them into Kalhu (Nimrud) and the palaces of my land into cages. I bred their cubs in great numbers."[15]
Palace reliefs[edit]
External video
Assyrian Art: Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions, Smarthistory
Main article: Assyrian sculpture
There are some two dozen sets of scenes of lion hunting in recorded Assyrian palace reliefs,[16] most giving the subject a much more brief treatment that here. Neo-Assyrian palaces were very extensively decorated with such reliefs, carved in a very low reliefs on slabs that are mostly of gypsum alabaster, which was plentiful in northern Iraq. Other animals were also shown being hunted, and the main subject for narrative reliefs was the war campaigns of the king who built the palace. Other reliefs showed the king, his court, and "winged genie" and lamassu protective minor deities.
Most palace reliefs occupied the walls of large halls, with several rooms in sequence. But the lion hunt scenes in the North Palace come from more than one space; mostly from relatively narrow passageways, leading off the larger rooms. They are not complete. Some also were originally on the upper floor, though they had fallen down to below ground level by the time they were excavated.[17] Their original setting was, in terms of dimensions, not that different to the way they are displayed today, though the ceiling would have been higher. The same palace has a much less usual relief with a male and female lion relaxing in a lush palace garden, the lioness snoozing, a "shady idyll" that perhaps represents palace pets, which we know lions sometimes were.[18]
Scenes[edit]
The tuft at the end of one of the dead lions' tail was misplaced initially by the sculptor. Its outline can be seen clearly.
Room 10a, British Museum. On the left, the better-preserved single register scenes, with the smaller triple register ones beyond.
Some of the lion hunt reliefs occupy the whole height of the slab; like most narrative Assyrian reliefs the scenes of military campaigns from the same palace are mostly divided into two horizontal registers.[19] The reliefs which came from the upper floor have scenes on three registers.[20] Ground-lines are clearly indicated, which is not always the case, and indeed some lions are given individual ground lines when forming part of a larger scene. As well as the animals, depicted with "extraordinary subtlety of observation",[21] the carving of the details of the king's costume are especially fine.[22] At a late stage in their execution, the tails of nearly all the lions in the single register reliefs were shortened.[23]
The single register scenes show three large scenes from one side of a corridor. The arena of shields is shown, with a crowd of people either climbing a wooded hill for a good view, or getting away from this dangerous activity. At the top of the hill is a small building carrying a scene showing the king lion-hunting. The king makes ready in his chariot, the horses held by grooms. Huntsmen with large mastiff dogs and spears wait within the arena for any lion that comes too close to the shield-wall. In the large scene with the king hunting in his chariot, a total of 18 lions is shown, mostly dead or wounded. The other side of the corridor had similar scenes with the royal chariot in action shown twice.[24]
Another group of reliefs, some originally located on the upper floor and some in a small "private gate-chamber",[25] are set out in three registers with a plain strip between them, with the figures much smaller. Some scenes are repeated, but not exactly, between the two groups. The lions released from cages charging at the king on foot are from here, and also the king pouring a libation onto the collected bodies of the dead lions. Some of this group are in Paris, and others were recorded in drawings but lost. These include scenes showing the king hunting lions and other animals in the wild; gazelles are beaten towards the king, hiding in a pit with bow and arrow.[26] In one scene, the same lion is shown three times close together: exiting his cage, charging towards the king, and leaping up at him, somewhat in the manner of a modern strip cartoon.[27]
Ashurbanipal on his horse thrusting a spear at a lion’s head
An attendant releases a lion from its cage
Wounded lion
Wounded lioness
Dead lion
Lions behind the king's chariot
Huntsmen carrying dead lions away
Chariot horses
The wooded hill, with the shield-wall at right
See also[edit]
Ishtar Gate
Lion of Babylon (statue)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Reade, 73
Jump up ^ Honour & Fleming, 76–77; Reade, 72–79, 73; Frankfort, 186–192; Hoving, 40–41
Jump up ^ Honour & Fleming, 77
Jump up ^ Grove
Jump up ^ Honour & Fleming, 76–77; Reade, 73
Jump up ^ Frankfort, 189
Jump up ^ Reade, 90–91
Jump up ^ Reade, 72–73, 76–77; Frankfort, 187, quoted. Reade emphasizes that the lions reaching the king were probably already badly wounded. Frankfort assumes arm-padding was actually used, but omitted in the images.
Jump up ^ Frankfort, 187
Jump up ^ Reade, 39
Jump up ^ Frankfort, 189, Reade, 39
Jump up ^ Frankfort, 187
Jump up ^ Reade, 79
Jump up ^ Hatt, R. T. (1959). The mammals of Iraq. Ann Arbor: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.
Jump up ^ Oates, 34
Jump up ^ Hoving, 40
Jump up ^ Grove
Jump up ^ Frankfort, 186, Reade, 72
Jump up ^ Grove
Jump up ^ Reade, 73
Jump up ^ Frankfort, 187
Jump up ^ Grove
Jump up ^ Reade, 73–74
Jump up ^ Reade, 74–75
Jump up ^ Reade, 74–75, 74 quoted
Jump up ^ Reade, 75–79
Jump up ^ Frankfort, 187; Reade, 76; Honour & Fleming, 76–77
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal.
Frankfort, Henri, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, Pelican History of Art, 4th ed 1970, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), ISBN 0-14-056107-2
"Grove": Russell, John M., Section 6. "c 1000–539 BC., (i) Neo-Assyrian." in Dominique Collon, et al. "Mesopotamia, §III: Sculpture." Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 19 November 2016, subscription required
Hugh Honour and John Fleming, A World History of Art, 1st edn. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback. ISBN 0-333-37185-2
Hoving, Thomas. Greatest Works of Western Civilization, 1997, Artisan, New York, ISBN 978-1-885183-53-8
Oates, D. and J. Oates, Nimrud, An Assyrian Imperial City Revealed, 2001, London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, full PDF (332 pages) ISBN 978-0-903472-25-8
Reade, Julian, Assyrian Sculpture, 1998 (2nd edn.), The British Museum Press, ISBN 978-0-7141-2141-3
Wilson, David M.; The British Museum; A History, 2002, British Museum Press, ISBN 0-7141-2764-7
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal&oldid=828408597"
Categories:
Cultural depictions of Ashurbanipal
Assyrian art and architecture
Hunting in art
Middle Eastern objects in the British Museum
Lions in art
7th-century BC works
Animal cruelty incidents before 19th century
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